D

REGAL

ENWIRONMENTAL
SISTAiKA9Y
Approaches and Policy Options
R25359

S. Ramaswamy G. Sathis Kumar

Foreword by
Dr. SM. Ramasamy
Cune

EGAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Approaches and Policy Options

R25359
S. RAMASWAMY
Professor and Head
Department of Economics
Gandhigram Rural Institute-Decmed University
Gandhigram, Dindigul District (T.N.)

and

G. SATHIS KUMAR
Rescarch Scholar
Department of Economics
Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University
Gandhigram, Dindigul District (T.N.)

Forewordby
DR. SM. RAMASAMY
Vice-Chancellor
Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University
Gandhigram, Dindigul District (TN.)

REGAL

REGAL PUBLICATIONS
New Delhi 110 027
 2
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 343:7T
Approa hes and P'olicy Options
R16Be

STRTENT PENGA
R 2535 9
DAE.. /2-061
ISBN 978-81-8484-078-0 Ro Eoo-

C2010 S. RAMASWAMY
G. SATHIS KUMAR

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 Contents

Foreword x1

Preface xiii

. APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW
Introduction 2
Genesis of Sustainable Development
Objectives of Sustainable Development 5
Sustainable Development:
Ecologists' Approach 6
Sustainable Development:
Sociologists' Approach 7
Sustainable Development:
Economists' Approach 8
Sustainable Development
Political Scientists' Approach 10

Sustainability Development:
Common Man's Approach 11

Sustainable Development:
Energy Economists' Approach 11
Conclusion 12
The vi Environmental Sustainability
2. SUSTAINABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
n t RESOURCES NEED FOR GLOBAL
woN
envi THINKING AND LOCAL ACTION 15
a de Introduction 18
that Environment, Society and Technology
hum
the w (S&T): Worlds of Human Habitats 19
threa
pobc
Environment Society and Technology (S&T):
vs.

Envi Understanding the Changing Interactions 24

econ
susta
Save Environment through Sustainable
CSS
Development Policy 30
whic
warm Conclusion 31
ioss
this
to 3. THREE-TIER PARTICIPATORY GLOBAL
of tin ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE (TPGEG):
in th
A MECHANISM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY 34
Deve
Envr Introduction 35
Loca
Envin GEG Mechanisms: State and Examination 36
Envin Obstacles of Existing GEG Mechanism 38
Micr
Coms TPGEG Mechanism: Environmental
Agria Economists' Initiative 41
Know
Rcsou Tier One-Local Players and Stakeholders 41
Prina Tier Two-National Players and Stakeholders 43
Envirc
Living Tier Three-Global Players and Stakeholders 44
Sustai
Ecolog Conclusion 44

4. MACRO POLICY INITIATIVES AND

MICRO ACTION PLANS FOR SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE 48
Introduction
49
Criteria for Sustainable
Agriculture 50
Technological Intervention for Sustainable
Agriculture 51
Contents vii

Institutional Intervention for Sustainable

Agricultu 53
Sustainable Agriculture Call for Ma ro Policy
Initiatives 54
Sustainable Agriculture: Call for Micro Action Plans 57
Coneusion 59

COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN AND POLICY

FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND
sUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 61
Introduction 62
Approaches of Sustainable Development 62
Sustainable Agricultural Technology : The Need 64
Sustainable Development and Agriculture:
Policy Initiatives in India 67
Conclusion 70

6. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (IKS)

FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT 72
Introduction 73
Indigenous Knowledge for Natural
Resource Management 74
Unnoticed Tribal Population: From Global to Local
7
Sustainability of Indigenous Knowledge
for Tribal Development
Conclusion 78

7. WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD:

PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES 80
Introduction 81
hallenges of the Water Crisis 83
Sustainable Water Principles:
Global Policy Framework Towards a
86
viii Environmental Sustainability
Responsibilities of Stakeholders
87
Conclusion 90

8. GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 93
Introduction 94
Green Energy Technologies for Clean Environment 95
Characteristics of Green Energy Technologies 97
Indian Energy Scenario: An Overview 97

Global Green Energy Technologies: A Scan 99

Relevance of Green Energy Technologies in India 100
Green Energy Policies and Programmes 101

Conclusion 102

9.
9. BIOETHICS FOR SUSTAINABLE
LIVING ENVIRONMENT 104
Introduction 105
Principles of Bioethics 106
Initiatives for International Bioethics Regulations 107
Bioethics and UDBHR 108
Conclusion 110

10. ECOTOURISM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY
I12
Introduction
113
Tourism and Development:
Economists' Approach
115
Tourism and Environment:
Environmentalists Approach
116
Tourism and Environment:
Leisure Economists' Approach
Types of Tourism 117
119
 ix

sinability Contents
119

Forms o t Tourism 121

87 Environment

Tourism on 121
90 Impacts of Environmental
'Tourism
Sustainable
Strategies for
Sustainable
Ecotourism:
122
Call for
93 The Way Ahead 125
94 Conclusion
95 SUSTAINABILITY
CLIMATE 129
97 I1. PATH TO
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS APPROACH

130
97
Introduction
99 131
Overview
Climate Change: An 132
100 Economics Approach
Climate Change : Ecological 136
101 Conclusion
102
140
Bibliography
104 149
Index
105
106
107
108

110

12
113

115

116

117
119
xiv Environmental Sustainability
interdisciplinary approach t o the concept of sustainahi
development (Chapter 1), emphasizing the need for.e
global
thinking and local actions to bring sustainability of
environmental resources (Chapter 2), bringing mechanics of
global environmental governance (Chapter 3), underlining the
macro policies and micro action plans for sustainable
agriculture (Chapter 4), highlighting the need for communit
action planning in sustainable agriculture (Chapter 5,
picturising the Indigenous Knowledge Systems and natural
resource management (Chapter 6), stressing principles of
conservation and preservation of scare resource like water
(Chapter 7), accentuating with green energy technologies for
environmental sustainability (Chapter 8), illustrating the codes
of bioethics for sustainable living environment (Chapter 9),
drawing anattention to leisure and pleasure economics in terms
of ecotourism (Chapter 10), and ending with the recent topic ot
discussion-climate change and its impacts on humanity
(Chapter 11). This book can be used as source of reference tor
man
researchers, academicians, policy-makers, and the common
who concerned with environmental resources provided by the

mother earth.
We are much thankful to Shri R.D.S. Bhatia, Regal
Publications, New Delhi, who kind enough to publish this boo
and to show the torch of our academic intelligentsia, to the re
of the world, where the enlightened readers get the fruits of tn

piece of academic exercise done by the academic workers.

S. RAMASWAMY

G. SATHIS KUMAAR
 Index

Adventure Tourism, 120 Earthworm Cultivation, 65

Agro-Forestry, 67 Ecological Economics Approach, 129
Annan, Kofi, 82 Eco-system Services
Trends, 26
Bargaining and Trade-offs Ecotourism for Environmental
Mechanism, 38 Sustainability, 112
Bioethics and UDBHR, 8 Energy Consumption by Source, 28
Bioethics for Sustainable Living Environment
Environment, 104 Impacts of Tourism, 121
Bio-Manures, 65 Environment v. Society and
Bio-Pesticides, 65 Technology, 24
Brundtland, Gro Harlen, 49 EPL (Environmental Policy Cycle),
Business Tourism, 120 41

Call for Sustainable Ecotourism, 122 FAO (Food and Agriculture

Capital Management, 58 Organization), 50, 67
Carson, Rachel, 2
Galbraith, G.K., 2
Comparison of GEF (Global Environmental Facility),
Human, Social, Economic and
Environmental Sustainability, 21 75
(Global Environmental

Civil Participation GEG

Society Governance), 32, 36
Mechanism, 38 GEG Mechanism, 36
Climate Change, 131 Obstacles, 38
Ecological Economics Approach, 44Stakeholders,
Global Players and
132 System), 22
GPS (Global Positioning and
Community Action Plan and Policy Energy
Policies
61 Green
for Sustainable Agriculture, Programmes, 101
95
Community Tourism, 120 Technologies, 93,
Green Energy
Characteristics, 97
Cultural Tourism, 119
I C T ( l n f o r m a t i o n C o m m u n i c a t i o n

Mechanism, 38
Settlement
Dispute Technology), 22
2
Summit,
Rio de Janeiro,
Earth
Index 151

Three-tier larticipatory Global UDBHR (Universal Declaration on

Environmental Governance, 34 Bioethics and Human Rights), 107
TKS (Traditional Knowledge UN Conference on Human
System), 22 Environment, Stockholm, 2
Tourism and Development: UNEP (United Nations Environment
Economists' Approach, 115 Programme), 3, 36
Tourism and Environment: Unnoticed Tribal Population, 76
Environmentalists' Approach, 116 Upgrading UNEP Model, 44
Leisure Economists' Approach,
117 Water Crisis
Tourism Challenges, 83
Types, 19 Water for Sustainable Livelihood, 80
Forms, 119 Watershed Development, 64
TPGEG Mechanism, 41 WCED (World Commission on
Tribal Development: Environment and Development),4
Sustainability of Indigenous Worlds of Human Habitats, 19
Knowledge, 77 WWF (World Wildlife Fund), 3