Prevención

Prevención
 Screening and immunization
Screening
Screening is a way of idmrifying péOplc at increased or grearer risk for a condirion,
alrhough rhey do nor ye, have any signs or symproms. In sorne cases, mass screeniog
- scre<:ning large numbets of péOple - is appropriare, for examplc in the past for
tuberculosis. In orher cases, only those with high risk facrors. like a family history of
conditions such as cancer and diabcres, are screcned. l-lowever, there are a nmnber of
problems with screening. There are always false nt..-gativcs) cases where a paticnt has a
disease but screening docs nor idcntify it. There are also false positives, where someone is
told they have a disease when in facr rhey do not. Furthermore, wirh some diseases, early
idenrificarion is of no benefit ro rhe parienr as there is no rreatmenr availablc.

Common screening tests

Cond1t1on Test SuhJecls Frcqucn,y
Neura l mbe AFP pregnanr women bctw<'<!n 16 and 17
defecrs and Down's weeks
Syndromc risk
Breast cancer mammography women, 50- 70 every 3 ycars
Cervical cancer smcar ces, women, 20-60 every 3 ycars
Cardiovascular blood cholcstcrol >40 wirh high risk every year
disease factors
Srrnndary prevent,or
Cholesrerol >4 blood cholcstcrol parienrs with hearr every 6 monrhs
disease
Diaberic ophthalmoscopy parienrs wirh every year
rerinoparhy (see Unir 34) diabetes

lmmunization for travellers

ne lollowingvaccinations are recommended lor lravellers !o Soufü Asia:

HT:PA1TI15 A OR I.M.MUNt GLOWUN (tC} MA.URIA
Transmission oí hepa,itis A virus cin ()l.--cur through Your ris:k of malaria may be high in thcse counmcs.,
direet p,ctSOO•;IO-pet'$0n contac1.; rhrough txposurt incJuding, cirjes, Travellers sh()Uld rnkt nn effecrivc
10 com~min:.ucd wat~r. ict, o r shcllfish harv~td in antimafari•d dM.1g.
oon1a.mln;ucd water; or from unrooked f'ruits, \·tgttabks. RAIIIF.S
or 01hcr fO<.>ds. lf you might h:we t.Xttnsivt, unprotcc1ed ourdoor
1U:PA1TI1S 8 expoSure in rural are-.as.
EspcciaJJy if you mighr be cxposcd 10 Mood or bódy 'JYl'l-tOID
flujds (fot examp&e. healrhcrc workcrs}, han:~ se.~uaJ 'ryphoid fe,,·cr can be oontractcd through oontam.inattd
contaa with the l0ctl popubrion, orbe exposed through drinking water or food. Lu-ge outbrtaks uc inos1 ofte1,
medica! rrc:nmcm. rdated co lm.."Cal c:ont:11nina1ion of watrt s.upplics or
JAPA1'"FQ: TNf'H'MAl.ni, fuod!> sold by street ve:ndors. V.iccil\3rion is. pan-icularly
1( fOU plan to visit rural furmi,tg areas and un<lcr spa'lal iinportaut be-cause of tbe prescocc of S. ryphi str-ains
cirtumstanetS, such as .t knowo ombrcak r.,Í J:tpanrse resisuuu to muhiple annbiotics in 1his rcg:ion.
t11ccphalitis,

AS 1''F.fDFD
Boos1cr doses fo, tt.'t.anus. diphtheria Md meas)es1 and a ooe-rimc dosc oí polio for 1dults.

94 Pro(essioool Engfish in Use Medicine

-13.1 C-Omplcre rhc senrences. Look ar A, B and C opposire ro help you.
_ _ _ _ _ _ ,____................. for hearr disease include smoking, high cholesrerol and a
family hisrory of heart disease.
2 In a small nurnber of cases screening will not idenrify parienrs wirh rhe e-a rly signs of a clise-ase.
Thesc are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3 Some people withour signs of rhe disease will be wrongly idenrified as having rhe disease.
Thcsc are ____________
4 People _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ blood or body Auids should be immunizcd against
Hepariris B.
5 A _______ vacdnation is givcn some rime afrcr rhc first vaccinarion to makc surc the
leve! oí anribodies remains high.
6 Hepatitis B can be _ _ _ _ _ _ rhrough cxposure ro body íluids.
7 Penicillin now has no effect againsr sorne hospitak1equircd infecrions as rhey are
............................................................................... penicillin,
8 An ................. ____ of mcasles has affecred a numbcr of childrcn who had not lx.-cn
immun i1..ed with rhe MM R vaccine.

.13.2 Complete rhe senrences using informarion from B opposire. The firsr one has been dooe
for you.
1 Women aged from 50 ro 70 :;,IJQy.!<il.11ª:11:..mª.mmQ¡¡r.<1p.hY..~ .tb!.'l:§.~f'.'ii.W..lib."k.f.Qr..m:;,1,..c.ª.n~r. .
2 Parients wirh hearr disease - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
3 Womcn bctwcen 20 and 60 _______ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _
4 Patiems over 40 with hi¡;h risk facrors .
5 Parients with diaberes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -
6 Pregnanr women - - - - - - - - - - - -·- - - - -·- - - - - - - - - - - - -

43.3 Which of the immunizarions listed in C opposire would you recommend íor rhe íollowing
visirors to South Asia?
A tourisr who will stay for a few nights in five-star hotels in major ciries
2 A backpacker who will tra vcl by local rransporr from one city to anorher
3 A medica! studenr doing an elective in a ciry hospital
4 A volunreer who wiJI live for a year in a rural community
5 A travdler who has nor had a reranus vaccination for ren ycars

Pro(essionol Engl,sh m Ust MtdO'lt 95

 Prevención

BIBLIOGRAFÍA
• GLENDINNING, E. H. y HOWARD, R. Prevention. En GLENDINNING, E. H. y
HOWARD, R. Professional English in use (pp: 94-95). Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge, Reino Unido.1

1
Uso con fines académicos