Chapter 1: Getting Started with Multisim

Objective
We are going to learn about the basics of Multisim Software by designing,
simulating and analyzing some of the basic circuits of Electronics in
Multisim

Introduction
Multisim software integrates industry-standard SPICE simulation with an
interactive schematic environment to instantly visualize and analyze
electronic circuit behavior. Its intuitive interface helps educators reinforce
circuit theory and improve retention of theory throughout engineering
curriculum. By adding powerful circuit simulation and analyses to the
design flow, Multisim helps researchers and designers reduce printed circuit
board (PCB) prototype iterations and save development costs.

Multisim helps to analyze and simulate any circuit to check its results
before being made the hardware practically.

Half Wave Rectifier

What is a rectifier?

A rectifier is nothing but a simple diode or group of diodes which converts

the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).

We know that a diode allows electric current in one direction and blocks
electric current in another direction.

Fig1.1. Input and output of Half Wave Rectifier

Half Wave rectifier Definition

A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which allows only half cycle (either
positive half cycle or negative half cycle) of the input AC signal while the
other half cycle is blocked. 

What is half wave rectifier?

The half wave rectifier is the simplest form of the rectifier. We use only a
single diode to construct the half wave rectifier.

The half wave rectifier is made up of an AC source, transformer (step-down),

diode, and resistor (load).  The diode is placed between the transformer and
resistor (load).

Half wave rectifier operation

Positive half wave rectifier

When high AC voltage is applied, the step-down transformer reduces this

high voltage into low voltage. Thus, a low voltage is produced at the
secondary winding of the transformer. The low voltage produced at the
secondary winding of the transformer is called secondary voltage (V S). The
AC voltage or AC signal applied to the transformer is nothing but an input
AC signal or input AC voltage.

The low AC voltage produced by the step-down transformer is directly

applied to the diode.

Fig1.2. Circuit Diagram of a Half Wave Rectifier

When low AC voltage is applied to the diode (D), during the positive half
cycle of the signal, the diode is forward biased and allows electric current
whereas, during the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and
blocks electric current. In simple words, the diode allows the positive half-
cycle of the input AC signal and blocks the negative half-cycle of the input
AC signal.

The positive half-cycle of the input AC signal or AC voltage applied to the

diode is analogous to the forward DC voltage applied to the p-n junction
diode similarly the negative half-cycle of the input AC signal applied to the
diode is analogous to the reverse DC voltage applied to the p-n junction
diode.

We know that diode allows electric current when it is forward biased and
blocks electric current when it is reverse biased. Similarly, in an AC circuit,
the diode allows electric current during the positive half cycle (forward
biased) and blocks electric current during the negative half cycle (reverse
biased).

The positive half wave rectifier does not completely block the negative half
cycles. It allows a small portion of negative half cycles or small negative
current. This current is produced by the minority carriers in the diode.

The current produced by the minority carriers is very small. So it is

neglected. We can’t visually see the small portion of negative half cycles at
the output.

In an ideal diode, the negative half cycles or negative current is zero.

The resistor placed at the output consumes the DC current generated by the
diode. Hence, the resistor is also known as an electrical load. The output DC
voltage or DC current is measured across the load resistor RL.

The electrical load is nothing but an electrical component of a circuit that

consumes electric current. In half wave rectifier, the resistor consumes the
DC current generated by the diode. So the resistor in half wave rectifier is
known as a load.

Sometimes, the load is also refers to the power consumed by the circuit.

The load resistors are used in half wave rectifiers to restrict or block the
unusual excess DC current produced by the diode.

Thus, the half wave rectifier allows positive half cycles and blocks negative
half cycles. The half wave rectifier which allows positive half cycles and
blocks negative half cycles is called a positive half wave rectifier. The output
DC current or DC signal produced by a positive half wave rectifier is a series
of positive half cycles or positive sinusoidal pulses.

Mathematical Equations in Half Wave Rectifier

DC current

The DC current is given by,

                      

Where Imax = maximum DC Load Current

 Output DC voltage (VDC)

The output DC voltage (VDC) is the voltage appeared at the load resistor (R L).
This voltage is obtained by multiplying the output DC current with load
resistance RL.

It can be mathematically written as,

                      VDC = IDC RL

The output DC voltage is given by,

                       

                Where, VSmax = Maximum secondary voltage

Peak inverse voltage (PIV)

Peak inverse voltage is the maximum reverse bias voltage up to which a

diode can withstand. If the applied voltage is greater than the peak inverse
voltage, the diode will be destroyed.

During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased and allow electric
current. This current is dropped at the resistor load (RL). However, during
the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and does not allows
electric current, so the input AC current or AC voltage is dropped at the
diode.

The maximum voltage dropped at the diode is nothing but an input voltage.
Therefore, peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode = VSmax

Rectifier Efficiency

Rectifier Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output DC power to the input

AC power.

The rectifier efficiency of a half wave rectifier is 40.6%

Root mean square (RMS) value of load current IRMS

The root mean square (RMS) value of load current in a half wave rectifier is

Root mean square (RMS) value of output load voltage V RMS

The root mean square (RMS) value of output load voltage in a half wave
rectifier is

Form factor

Form factor is defined as the ratio of RMS value to the DC value

It can be mathematically written as

F.F = RMS value / DC value

The form factor of a half wave rectifier is

F.F = 1.57
Advantages of half wave rectifier

 We use very few components to construct the half wave rectifier. So

the cost is very low.
 Easy to construct

Disadvantages of half wave rectifier

 Power loss
The half wave rectifier either allows the positive half cycle or negative half
cycle. So the remaining half cycle is wasted. Approximately half of the
applied voltage is wasted in half wave rectifier.

 Pulsating direct current

The direct current produced by the half wave rectifier is not a pure direct
current; it is a pulsating direct current which is not much useful.

 Produces low output voltage.

Fig1.3. Half Wave Rectifier Circuit in Multisim

 Fig1.4.Voltage obtained at Half Wave Rectifier Output in Multisim

Collector Characteristics of BJT

Collector Characteristic Curves

Consider the circuit of Basic Transistor, we will use to learn about the
operation of the transistor in a circuit by adjusting the voltage
sources VBB and VCC.

  
 Fig1.5. Basic Transistor Circuit

Expected graph of the collector characteristic, Ic versus VCE is shown below

in Fig 1.6.

  
 Fig1.6. Collector characteristic curve

Suppose VBB and VCE are set to produce a current iB > 0 and VCE=0 V. Then

both BE and BC junctions are forward biased. The saturation
region   corresponds to the case where both junctions are forward biased.

As VCE increases and reaches about 0.7 V, the BC junction becomes reverse

biased (before this, the transistor is in saturation). When vCE exceeds 0.7 V,
the transistor goes into the active region,   or linear
region   corresponding to the BE junction forward biased and BC reverse
biased. This is the normal mode of operation of the transistor, e.g. as in
amplifiers. In the active region the collector characteristic is almost flat,
meaning that iC is almost constant but VCE can vary. The value of iC is
determined by iB,

If vCE increases too much, the transistor goes into the breakdown region.

This should be avoided.

Figure 1.7 shows collector curves for different values of base current.

When iB=0 Amp, the transistor is in its cutoff region, and only a small
leakage current flows as iC.
  

Fig1.7. Collector characteristic curves for various values of IB.

Fig1.8. Circuit for BJT Collector Characteristics in Multisim

Fig1.9. Output waveform of our BJT Collector Characteristic in Multisim
MOSFET Drain Characteristics
Construction of N- Channel MOSFET

Let us consider an N-channel MOSFET to understand it’s working. A lightly

doped P-type substrate is taken into which two heavily doped N-type
regions are diffused, which act as source and drain. Between these two N+
regions, there occurs diffusion to form an N-channel, connecting drain and
source.

Fig1.10. Structure of N-Channel MOSFET

A thin layer of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is grown over the entire surface and
holes are made to draw ohmic contacts for drain and source terminals. A
conducting layer of aluminum is laid over the entire channel, upon
this SiO2 layer from source to drain which constitutes the gate.
The SiO2 substrate is connected to the common or ground terminals.
Because of its construction, the MOSFET has a very less chip area than
BJT, which is 5% of the occupancy when compared to bipolar junction
transistor. This device can be operated in modes. They are depletion and
enhancement modes. Let us try to get into the details.
Working of N-Channel MOSFET (Enhancement Mode)

The same MOSFET can be worked in enhancement mode, if we can change

the polarities of the voltage VGG. So, let us consider the MOSFET with gate
source voltage VGG being positive as shown in the fig 1.11.

Fig1.11. Working of MOSFET in Enhancement Mode

When no voltage is applied between gate and source, some current flows
due to the voltage between drain and source. Let some positive voltage is
applied at VGG. Then the minority carriers i.e. holes, get repelled and the
majority carriers i.e. electrons gets attracted towards the SiO2 layer.
With some amount of positive potential at VGG a certain amount of drain
current ID flows through source to drain. When this positive potential is
further increased, the current ID increases due to the flow of electrons from
source and these are pushed further due to the voltage applied at VGG.
Hence the more positive the applied VGG, the more the value of drain
current ID will be. The current flow gets enhanced due to the increase in
electron flow better than in depletion mode. Hence this mode is termed
as Enhanced Mode MOSFET.
Drain Characteristics

The drain characteristics of a MOSFET are drawn between the drain

current ID and the drain source voltage VDS. The characteristic curve is as
shown below in fig 1.12 for different values of inputs.

Fig1.12. Expected Drain Characteristics of N-Channel MOSFET

Actually when VDS is increased, the drain current ID should increase, but

due to the applied VGS, the drain current is controlled at certain level.

Hence the gate current controls the output drain current.

Fig1.13. Circuit for MOSFET drain Characteristic in Multisim

Fig1.14. Obtained drain characteristics curves in Multisim

Conclusion
We simulated and analyzed the output of some basic circuits like Half Wave
rectifier, BJT Collector Characteristics, MOSFET Drain Characteristics
curve. All results obtained were similar to the theoretical results.

References
 https://www.ni.com/en-in/shop/electronic-test-instrumentation/application-
software-for-electronic-test-and-instrumentation-category/what-is-multisim.html
 https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-circuits/
rectifier/halfwaverectifier.html
 http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~Matthew.James/engn2211-2002/notes/
bjtnode4.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgjaxmC7NB8
 https://www.electronicshub.org/mosfet/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-05ETpv-fc