HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

Group 4 PRESENTATION
Done by:
Masosonore Tadiwanashe K. R213400K
Makandwa Ezekiel. R213405K
Mahwire Finton. R213386X
Maombedze Desmond. R13397W
Marimana Mercy R189255U
Maponga Kundai. R201871A
 Introduction?
Now we know that a diode allows flow of current in one direction ad blocks the
current in reverse direction.
This property of diodes is very useful in certain applications e.g. ac to dc conversions
The process of converting ac voltage to dc is called rectification and the circuit used is
the rectifier.
2 types of rectification
1.Half wave rectification
2.Full wave rectification
Assumptions

Ideal diode


Half wave rectification
 It is possible to obtain rectification by means of a single diode
 Only the positive half is made use of.
 When a diode is connected in series with a alternating voltage
and a load, it produces a direct component of current
Why rectify the input signal

 Production of direct-voltage supplies for electronic amplifiers.

 For the driving of a dc motor from ac mains supply.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step-down
transformer. The obtained secondary low voltage is applied to the
diode. The diode is forward biased during the positive half cycle of
the AC voltage and reverse biased during the negative half cycle
Working principle
 During the negative cycle of the supply, the diode becomes
reverse biased, such that ideally no current will be allowed to pass
through.
 This results in the negative half of the waveform being cut off.
 Repeated cycles will produce the rectified signal.
 In essence this is a series negative Clipping as we are clipping the
negative signal.
 Furthermore we change the orientation and connect it counter
clockwise.
 Diode arranged In counter direction
 During the negative half cycle, the diode is forward biased and during the
positive half cycle the diode is reverse biased, so the negative half wave
rectifier allows electric current only during the negative half cycle. Thus, the
negative half wave rectifier allows negative half cycles and blocks positive
half cycles.
 This is the series positive clipper
 Half wave rectifier with capacitor
 The rectified waveform is evidently bumpy.
 To smoothen the output signal, a capacitor is introduced.
 During the time when the diode is forward biased, current flows through to
the load resistor and the capacitor charges as well.
 When the diode is reverse biased and blocks the current, the capacitor
discharges and the resultant waveform is as follows.
Half wave rectifier with capacitor
waveform
The ripple effect
 'Ripple' is the unwanted AC component remaining when
converting the AC voltage waveform into a DC waveform. Even
though we try our best to remove all AC components, there is still
some small amount left on the output side which pulsates the DC
waveform. This undesirable AC component is called a 'ripple'.
RIPPLE FACTOR
 Ripple factor determines how well a half-wave rectifier can convert AC
voltage to DC voltage. The ripple factor of a half-wave rectifier is 1.21.
 The definition of the ripple factor is the ratio of the AC component’s RMS
value of current and the DC component’s RMS value of current within the
output of the rectifier. The symbol is denoted with “γ”.
 (R.F) γ = AC component’s RMS value / DC component’s RMS value
 Thus R.F = I (AC) / I (DC)
Advantages of half wave rectifier

 Cheaper because of a few number of components

 Simpler to construct
 Easy to use
Disadvantages of half wave rectifier

 Low efficiency
 The output contains a lot of ripple i.e it has a high ripple factor.
 Since they only give out a half wave, the other half is wasted
leading to power loss
 They produce a low output voltage
Applications of Half wave rectifiers

 Amplitude demodulation of modulated signal

 The are used in pulse generating circuits
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Important formulae

 Peak Inverse Voltage = Vsmax

 Imax =
 Idc =
 Irms =

D.C power output = Idc2 RL

 = Iav2 RL
 Form Factor =
 The Form factor of a half wave rectifier = 1.57
 Vdc = where Vmax is the amplitude of the secondary voltage

Total Input power(P(ac))

 Pac = I2rms*(RF + Rcoil + RL) where Rf=forward bias resistance, Rcoil=resistance of
secondary coil and Rl= resistance of Load
• Total output power(P(dc))
• Pdc = I2dc * RL

 Efficiency, = *100

 Efficiency of half wave rectifiers is approximately equal to 40%

 Ripple factor, ϒ =
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

 1. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of Half

Wave Rectifier (HWR). [You are expected to cover: (i) Ckt
diagram of HWR, (ii) Ckts showing current conduction path
through Load during +ve and –ve half cycles of i v (iii) Input i v
and Output voltage o v waveforms,
Answer
Question2

 2. The primary to secondary turns ratio of a transformer used in a HWR

is 20:1. If the primary is connected to the power mains: 220V, 50Hz,
calculate D.C voltage across the 1KΩ load resistor. Also find the diode
current. [Ans: 4.95V, 4.95mA]
Answer
References
 Solomon, J.A. and Sperling, G., 1994. Full-wave and half-wave
rectification in second-order motion perception. Vision research,
34(17), pp.2239-2257.
 Schaab, J., Skjærvø, S.H., Krohns, S., Dai, X., Holtz, M.E., Cano,
A., Lilienblum, M., Yan, Z., Bourret, E., Muller, D.A. and Fiebig,
M., 2018. Electrical half-wave rectification at ferroelectric
domain walls. Nature nanotechnology, 13(11), pp.1028-1034.
 Chubb, C. and Nam, J.H., 2000. Variance of high contrast
textures is sensed using negative half-wave rectification. Vision
research, 40(13), pp.1677-1694.