UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE 2021 NOVEMBER EXAMINATIONS Faculty: Engineering and the Built Environment Department: Electrical and Electronic Engineering -ancielitle: EENG204 - Measurement and Instrumentation Duration: 3 Hours Examiner: Mr T. Marufu Authorized Materials: Blue/ Black Pens, Pencils, Ruler, Non programmable Electronic Calculator & Mathematical Instruments Instructions: 1.This paper contains Seven (7) Questions 2. Answer Five (5) Questions 3. Start each question on a new page 4. This question paper comprises 6 (Six) printed pages NB: DO NOT TURN OVER THE QUESTION PAPER OR COMMENCE WRITING UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO./ pe uestion 1, Vi | Question 1, yp Gabi | egapertie | (a) What are the three general classes of error? [3] sgh | (b) The solution tothe differential equation representing first order instrument is given by: cant de® lhe) Ak (What is the meaning of t? [1] (ii) Such instruments are associated with lag and dynamic error. What is the meaning of these 4 Wye del terms? [22] PE 9 ; = ; (©) @) Under what conditions is a dummy strain gauge used and what js the function of that gauge? [4] two esse ye (ii) Show how temperature compensation i achieved by the dummy strain gauge. [3] (d) (i) What are the three advantages of the thermistor over the RTD for temperature measurement ? [3] i « SS e (ii) What are the two major disadvantages? [2]. .\g°"\7.& (iii) Distinguish between photoconctiv and photodinissive cells [2] (Ry ; oye / Question 2. ia iy (a)_-By-dertving the balance conditions of a Wien bridge in Figure I,show that it can be used to measure frequency, f. [5] Ghee 5 | Qh ere . U Qi ki + Q(Qt 4 ’) - Cc d "i ( E) pigick. “4 4 a _& __» Ra v Ty ne wt a Quy \ \ Figure 1 RQt.Re FS 2 B Qc by a strain gauge whose gauge factor is 4. IF the (b) A de bridge haS resistor Ra replaced y voltage is 30V anda strain « = 2x107is applied, find: unstrained resistance is 1002, suppl: (i) The change in gauige resistance. [3] ii) The out-of-bal tage. [3 7 ine (ii) The out-of-balance voltage. [3] exe A a at. e (c(i) Describe the reverse piezo-electric effect. [2] e (ji) Describe applications which utilize this effect.[4] Q, ve \ (d).The gain of a photomultiplier tube is given by: G= ky," What is the meaning of the ky, kz \n and vs (3] . eng cw t& * aC OB pee ieeh "9 Rh Se ee” SZ \ oa Ae - 0 cp &ey \ eet \ a a + aie 0 Cages BO co Pagerot 6SSS igu cs Site 2 represents cartier system for ue fa) F n 3 ghal conditioner, Figure 2 7% (i) Describe how the circuit works.[4] Gi) What type of signals can be conditioned by this cieuit? [2] & ci i) )t lighlight the major function of the phase sensitive detector, {> (6) An amplifier has a signal voltage level of SmV and a noise vollage level of 2mV A ‘tg inp, (1) What is the signal — 10 ~ noise ratio at the input? (2] : (ii) Ifthe amplifier has a gain of 20, what is the signal — to ~ noise ratio at the output? [2] “olinoise, whatis thessignalmto-=noise atio.at the output? {2 (6) Explain how noise may be picked up from an external source. [4] ~S () Give two reasons to justify conversion of analogue signals to digital. [2] \ Byes can be mee pre, + SJ ovys : Ay ques es (a) Figure 3 shows a full-wave rectified ac meter. The meter movement has internal resistance of 25002 and ImA for full deflection. The diodes cach has a forward resistance of 502 and infinite reverse 4, in as, We Bie resistance. Calculate: (i) The series resistance required for full-scale meter deflection when 25V rms is applied to the meter terminals. [5] (i)Phe ohms-per-volt rating of this ac votgmeter. [4] ox Hg v 3 coe Coin E ve, \6° a Page 3 of 6Full-wove fectiber bridge Inpyr Current = NY A voltage C Nata Gres ves:stancelt payne tos teunter: Diode Figure 3 (b) Explain why loading errors and insertion errors are encountered in voltage measurements and current measurements respectively. [4] (©) What precautions should be taken when using a PMMC based ammeter to measure de current? [3] (d) (@) A system of piezo and amplifier has a time constant of 75 sce. How long will it take to lose the 5} first 5% of the step input? [4] (a) Ina digital instrumentation system, both serial and parallel buses can ke used. When data rates are low “and transmission distances are long which type of bus would you choose to use and why? [4] (b) Describe a typigal bus that you chose in 5(a) and explain how “hand-shake” is achieved. [4] ie (©) Atypical nfodern data acquisition system is made up of a number of building blocks. What are, C these blocks? [5] nS (d) When designing a data acquisitiog system, what three properties of data should be taken into vy account. [3] 1 : (©) Drawa block diagram ofa general Yata acquisition system(4] |, \ «fe aa 6 . SS i I > Question 6, (a D c four of (2) Digital instruments offer very attractive advantages over their analogue equivalents. Mention these advantages. [4] (b) Distinguish between a digital instrument and a digital read-out instrument.[4] .se processes and explain their (©) Analogue to Digital conversion involves three processes. What are the meaning,(3] (@ Shown in Figure 4 is a simultancous Analogue — to ~ Digital Convertor. KR y GO ve Page 406 ———_ TH jfareriee » 2100 #0) Figures eS es (i) What is A and B? (2) : _(ii) What are C, to Cy 2[1} (+r S83 fi Deseribetrowsthecirouit-converts analoguc signals to digital (6] 3 TOC aes Ee Question 7 [344 (a) A balanced ac bridge shown in Figure 5 has the following constants: 7 Zq, R=10002 in series with C-0.47HF. Zgunknown arm and Zy, 1002 in parallel with C-0.047HF. 0.5pF. The frequency of the supply is 1000Hz. : ( 450-47 as 3 oe rengs fe: 00 Page Sof 6. (0(Find the constants of 24.46] (ii) What are the gvo conditions for the bridge to balance? |2] (b) A VOM has 20ka/v rating and is used on the 30V rangé, What is the voltmeter resistance? (2) (6) Iis desired to measure the voltage acros: he SOKE? resisidy\jn Figure 6. Two voltmeters are available for this measurement. Voltmeter | has seisitivity of 1000Q/¥ Jind voltmeter has a sensitivity of L >anooa/yy ‘Both meters are used on ni 50V range, See war oJ . “3! u —_— 5 ie ar z Figure 6 Calculate the reading on each meter. [4] i) the error in each reading expressed as a percentage of the true (expected) value. (6) ‘ | Be ‘ ¥ A oY END OF EXAMINATION PAPER A 5 a - sa) - 42.8 a. “(ate ) = 39,6 (try 45") atl iyo + 1g + 196-84, 2 Hye 435 39 en ASRS Page 6 of 6