MORALES, KATHLYN KYLE M.

8:00AM – 12:00 PM M-F

BSME 2A SEPTEMBER 20, 2021
SYNTHESIS CHAPTER 5
Materials have accompanied mankind virtually from the very beginning of his
existence. Materials such as stone and wood, bone, fibers, feathers, shells, animal skin and
clay were the first materials that was utilized by man with their specific purposes. In the field
of science and engineering, this is an interdisciplinary field which is concerned with inventing
new materials and improving previously known materials.

By introducing new materials group with properties, who are becoming more
sophisticated almost each day, makes it possible to determine that the future of the market and
the appearance of products are closely related to the advancement of material science and
engineering (Dobranzki, 2006). Engineering materials have important part in our world
economic since they have added to the progression of various innovation into different fields
they are needed. Furthermore, we understand and analyze the properties of materials to learn
more about them to lead for a better estimating of the production output.

There are four components of the discipline of material science and engineering. It
includes the processing or synthesis, structure or composition, performance and properties.
These elements have special relationship which are useful for many materials related problem.

Materials have corresponding properties such as chemical, physical, mechanical and

dimensional properties. Material properties is the ability to stand an applied load without
failure or plastic deformation. When we say chemical properties, to identify it, we look for a
chemical change. We know that a chemical change produces types of matter that are different
from the matter it was before. Flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity and heat of
combustion are some examples of chemical properties. Physical properties on the other hand,
unlike chemical property, it is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.
Known examples under this property includes density, color, hardness, boiling and melting
points and electrical conductivity. Mechanical properties of material are those properties that
involve a reaction to an applied load. They determine the range of usefulness of a material and
establish the service life that can be expected. They are also used to help classify and identify
material. The most common properties considered are strength, hardness, impact resistance,
and fracture toughness. The available size, shape and tolerances on materials are important in
selecting a material. Dimensional properties form an important selection factor. Some other
dimensional properties include surface roughness, waviness and microtopography.

Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classification: metals,
ceramics, and polymers. Materials under metal are composed of one or more metallic
elements and often also nonmetallic elements in relatively small amounts. Atoms in metals
and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and in comparison, to the ceramics and
polymers, are relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are
relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile, and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for
their widespread use in structural applications. Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements. Ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are very
brittle and are highly susceptible to fracture. These materials are typically insulative to the
passage of heat and electricity, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh
environments than metals and polymers. For polymers, it includes familiar plastic and rubber
materials. These materials typically have low densities, whereas their mechanical
characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials, they are not as
stiff nor as strong as others materials types however, on the basis of their low densities, many
times their stiffness and strengths on a per mass. In addition, there are composites,
combinations of two or more of the three basic material classes. The design goal of a
composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single
material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials.

Until very recent times, the general procedure utilized by scientists to understand the
chemistry and physics of materials has been to begin by studying large and complex
structures, and then to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are
smaller and simpler. However, with the advent of scanning probe microscopes which permit
observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and
move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are
built from simple atomic-level constituents. In the future we will undoubtedly find that
increasingly more of our technological advances will utilize these nanoengineered materials.