ASSIGNMENT OF ECOLOGY II

SUBITTED TO MAM MARYAM

ROLL NO 254754,254766
254773,254776
254783, 254785
254807
COURSE CODE BOT 602
CREDIT HOUR 3(2 ̶ 1)
SEMESTER 7TH
DEPARTMENT BOTANY
GOVT ISLAMIA POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE
FOR WOMAN EID GAH ROAD FAISALABAD
LOCAL VEGETATION
CONCEPT OF VEGETATION
The term of vegetation in ecology is applied to explain the overall characteristics of plant cover
in an area referring to dominant plant growth form and structural characteristics such as;
 Forest vegetation
 Grassland vegetation
 Desert vegetation
 Cliff vegetation, arctic vegetation
LOCAL VEGETATION
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and plant cover they provide.
Vegetation integrate the combined impudence of a variety of environmental factor. The main
factors determining vegetation condition in a specific area are;
 Climate: Microclimate have a primary effect on the overall flora- the plant that make up
the vegetation.
 Organisms: The vegetation development is affected by plants, animals and fungi,
microorganisms through various interspecies and habitat relationship.
 Topography: The movement of surface and soil water is determined and therefore the
moisture and some nutrients availability; also influence microclimate e.g; aspect cold air ,
drainage .
 Soil parent material: It has a primary influence on moisture and nutrients condition on
substrates within which plant grows.
 Time: The length of development time , since either vegetation establishment or
significance disturbance of existing vegetation, effect the characteristics of current
vegetation.
Relationship between climate and vegetation of Pakistan
Climate and vegetation exert some degree of influence each other. Both climate and vegetation
profoundly affect soil development.
TYPES OF VEGETATION
The vegetation of Pakistan is divided into five categories on the basis of climate, altitude and
plant types;
1. Dry tropical forest vegetation
2. Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation
3. Dry temprate forest vegetation
4. Moist temprate forest vegetation
5. Sub Alpine and Alpine vegetation
DRY TROPICAL FOREST VEGETATION
Distribution
→In tropical coastal area
→Indus plan
→Low hills of Balochistan and Sindh
→There vegetation chiefly consist of xerophytes
→The forest occur at elevation 1200-2000 ft.
Floristic
→Bombax cieba
→Dilbergia sissoo
→Cassia fistula
→Shurbs and grasses
Uses
→The forest of Pakistan is major source of lumber
→Fuelwood
→Latex
→Medicine as well as for human and animal food.
Types of Dry Tropical Forest
 Dry Tropical Thorn Forest Vegetation
 Vegetation of Irrigated Plantation
 Vegetation of Sandy Tracks
 Vegetation of Riverian Track and Indus Delta
1) Dry Tropical Thorn Forest Vegetation
 Kikar

They are distributed in Indus basin plains of Punjab, Sindh,

and costal region of Pakistan. The hills are scattered
throughout the Indus plains.
2) Vegetation of Irrigated Plantation
Canal system is developed in the Indus basin regions of Pakistan. This area was include
in tropical rain forest, this forest has been cleared and use for agriculture.
3) Vegetation of Sandy Track

Acacia

Sandy Tracks include that, cholistan and coastal track of Makran and Sindh.
The average rainfall in these region is 6-12 inches.
4) Vegetation of Riverian Track
 Tramix indica
The area present around the river is called riverian
track .The track where river enter into sea is called delta.
The delta has forests of mangroves.

DRY SUB-TROPICAL SUB-MOUNTAINOUS

TROPICAL VEGETATION

This vegetation include the tree and shrubs. The tree may show dense growth.
The tree and shrubs are thorny. The average rainfall in this region is 10-16 inches. Humidity is
low.
Floristic
→These forests are home to pine tree.
→Pinus longifoli
→Trees may show solid growth and shurbs are sharp.
→Some alpine plants serve as medical plants.
Types of dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous tropical vegetation
 Vegetation of Balochistan Plateau
 Vegetation of Siwalik Hills
1) Vegetation of Balochistan Plateau

Metha
→This area is distributed in dry hills, sand dunes and costal low hills of Balochistan.
→They have xerophytic plants.
 2) Vegetation of Siwalik Hills

Dalbergia sissoo
→Siwalik hills are include Potohar plateau salt range and hills of the NWFP.

DRY TEMPLATE FOREST VEGETATION

Stipa
Distribution
→This region include Sulimen Range.
→Koh Sadaf Range and Koh Hindu Kush Range.
→Karakoram Range and lower part of Neelam Valley.
→Here plants are mostly xerophytic.
→They have unfavorable climate.Thus they have less no of plants. Most of this area has bear
soil.
Floristic
→Some of the genera found in this region are juniperous.
→Frarinus. Prunus.
→Stipa
→Ephcdra
→Rume
→Dodonoea Fagraria min
Uses
→Most prunus fruit are commonly used in processing, such as jam production.
→Canning, drying.
→Seeds for roasting.
→Garden ornamentals and esperto is used to make rope, cord and papers.
MOIST TEMPRATE FOREST
Distribution
→These forests are found between 4500 feet to 10,000 feet elevation these are found along the
Himalayan Mountains.
→They are located in Kashmir
→Murree
→Hazard Hill track
→Swat
→Dir
→Gilgit
→Baltistan district
Floristic
These are coniferous forest. They contain coniferous plants like
→Pious wallichiono
→Abies pindrow
→Some broad leaves plants are also present there. These are Apple, Almond, Apricot etc.
Uses
In the lower zoon the dominated vegetation are of
→Cedrusdeodara
→Deodara is used in Ayurvedic medicine.
→The inner wood is aromatic and used to make insence.
Types of moist forest vegetation
 Coniferous Forest
 Park Lands
1) Coniferous Forest

Abies pindrow
→Most of the precipitation take place in the form of snow.
→Snowfall is reaches upto 15 ft.
→The melting of snow provide adequate moisture.
→Average humidity is 57 percent.
→Temperature ranges from 25 to 30 C.
2) Park Land
 Khaghan valley
→In coniferous forest heavy grazing and trembling take place.
→Therefore most of the moist forest have been destroyed.
→These forest are replaced by small grasses, some lugumes and some members of iliaceae.
→These flates grassy grounds are called Park Land.
SUB-ALPINE AND ALPINE VEGETATION

Polygonum
Distribution of sub-alpine
→The vegetation zone above the moist temprate coniferous forest are called sub-alpine and
alpine region.
→It is found in Himalayan Mountains of kaghan, Swat
→Baltistan
→Gilgit
→Chitral
→Dir and kurram agency.
Floristic of sub-alpine
→Pinus wallichian
→Abies spectabili
→Betula utilis
→These are the typical tree species. The dominating Angiospermic tree is Vibernu salix.
→Short trees are present . One of it is junipers Cummins.
→The Gymnospermic plant is the Ephedra sp.
Uses of sub-alpine
→Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for skin complaint, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc
and used in the form of linimant plasters, poultices, herbal steam bath and inhalers.
→The wood is diaphoretic and stimulant.
→It is useful in treating of burning of body, cough, fainting and ulcers.
Distribution of alpine
→Generally about 1000 ft. Altitude and above. Alpine are present in Kashmir.
→Hazara
→Uper Dir
Floristic of alpine
→Betula utilis is characteristic mid dominant specie of alpine region.
→Arenaria
→Salix
→Berberis
→Polygonum
Uses of alpine
→The bark of saliks alba has been used as a remedy for cold, fever and joint pains across
cultures for thousands of years.
→According to traditional medicine B. Vulgaris is used to treat fever, cough, lever disease and
depression, hyperglycemia and bleeding.
→Polygonum Edible plants: Leaves seeds Edible: Uses: tea young leave and plant .