EFFICIENT CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING IOT

Submitted in partially fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by

Abhijeet Yadav (1900970310004)

Aman Sonkar (1900970310004))
Ashwani Shankar Dubey (1900970310004))

Under the Guidance of

Mr. R. Satheesh Kumar
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

(B. Tech ECE – Accredited by NBA),

Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida. (Affiliated to Dr.

A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow)

December, 2021

i
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Efficient Car Parking System Using IoT”
submitted by us, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow is a
record of bonafide work carried out by us under the supervision of Mr. R. Satheesh
Kumar.

We further declare that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted and
will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma
in this institute or any other institute or university.

Place: Greater Noida

Date: 02/03/21 Signature of the Candidates

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Efficient Car Parking System Using IoT”
submitted by Abhijeet Yadav, Aman Sonkar, Ashwani Shankar Dubey Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
(AKTU), Lucknow, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and Communication Engineering, is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under
my supervision, as per AKTU code of academic and research ethics.

The contents of this report have not been submitted and will not be submitted either
in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other
institute or university. The thesis fulfils the requirements and regulations of the University
and in my opinion meets the necessary standards for submission.

Place: Greater Noida

Date: 02/03/21 Signature of the Guide

The thesis is satisfactory / unsatisfactory

Approved by

Head of the Department

iii
 ABSTRACT

In recent times the thought of smart cities have gained grate success. Because of the evolution
of Internet of things the concept of smart cities currently appears to be achievable. Consistent
efforts are being created within the field of IoT to maximize the productivity of urban
infrastructure. Issues like, traffic congestion, restricted automobile parking facilities and road
safety are being self-addressed by IoT. During this paper, we tried to make IoT based good
parking system which can be easily used anywhere in malls, societies, school etc. The proposed
good Parking system consists of associate on-the-spot deployment of associate IoT module that's
accustomed monitor and signalize the state of accessibility of every single parking space. A
secured parking system is made so that every car parked is safe. The paper additionally describes
a high-level read of the system design. Towards the end, the paper discusses the operating of the
system in kind of use case that proves the correctness of the projected model.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to our beloved Chairman Shri.
Suneel Galgotia and CEO Shri. Dhruv Galgotia for proving necessary facilities to
carry out and finish the project successfully. We are grateful to our Director Dr. Brijesh
Singh for his support and encouragement.

Our special thanks goes to Dr. Lakshmanan. M, Head of the Department,

Electronics and Communication Engineering, for providing an environment that
encouraged us in working towards our goal and supported in completion of our project.
This project gave us an opportunity to apply creative and critical thinking skills.

We would like to present our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide, Mr.
R. Satheesh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering who has always been a source of motivation and firm
support for carrying out the project. The supervision and support that he gave truly
helped in the progression of the project. His cooperation is much indeed appreciated.
We are highly obliged to him for his valuable advices and moral support during research
period.

Finally, our greatest and special gratitude goes to our family for their love and support.

Place: Greater Noida Abhijeet Yadav

Date: Aman Sonkar
Ashwani Shankar Dubey

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter CONTENTS Page

No. No.
Tittle Page i

Declaration ii

Certificate iii

Abstract iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vi

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations xi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 History IoT 3
1.2 Technologies of IoT 4
1.2.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 4
1.2.2 Internet protocol (IP) 5
1.2.3 Electronic product code (EPC)
1.2.4 Barcode
1.2.5 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
1.2.6 Bluetooth
1.2.7 ZigBee
1.2.8 Near filed communication (NFC)
1.2.9 Actuators
1.2.10 Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
1.2.11 Artificial intelligence (AI)
1.3 Advantages of IoT 4
1.3.1 Monitor data
1.3.2 Ease of access
1.3.3 Speedy operation
1.3.4 Adapting to new standards
1.3.5 Better time management

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 1.3.6 Automation and control
1.3.7 Saving money
1.4 Applications of IoT 4
1.4.1 Wearables
1.4.2 Health
1.4.3 Traffic monitoring
1.4.4 Fleet management
1.4.5 Agriculture
1.4.6 Hospitality
1.4.7 Smart grid and energy saving
1.4.8 Water supply
1.4.9 Maintenance management
1.4 Motivation 4
1.4 Literature Review 4

2 Detail description of the work 12

2.1 System Model 12
2.1.1 IR sensor
2.1.2 Pic16f877a microcontroller
2.1.3 Max232 IC
2.1.4 ULN2003
2.1.4 IoT modem
2.2 Arduino Uno 13
2.3 Arduino Nano 14
2.4 Circuit diagram and explanation 15
2.4.1 Code for Arduino 16
2.5 Working of model 19

3 Result & Discussion 22

4 Conclusion
References 23

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 Architecture of online booking for parking slot 11
2.1 System Model 12
2.2 IR sensor module 13
2.3 pic16f877a microcontroller 14
2.4 MAX232 IC Board 14
2.5 15
ULN2003 IC Board
2.6 15
2.7 IoT Modem 21
3.1 Flow chart of the system 24
3.2 Representation of web application 25

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IC Integrated Circuit
Hz Hertz
MOSFET Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
VLSI Very large-scale integration
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
GPS Global Positioning System
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
RF Radio Frequency
W-LAN Wireless Local Area Network
NFC Near-field communication
VT Valid Transmission
LF Low Frequency
VHF Very High Frequency

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) that are
embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect
and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other
communications networks. In other words Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of
interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous
computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems, and machine
learning.[1] Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and
collectively enable the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most
synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices
and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras,
and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be
controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart
speakers. The IoT can also be used in healthcare systems. [5]
There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and
products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently, industry and
governmental moves to address these concerns have begun, including the development of
international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless
and optical networking technologies [3]. Today more than 100 countries are linked into
exchanges of data, news and opinions through Internet. According to Internet World
Statistics, as of December 31, 2011 there was an estimated 2, 267, 233, 742 Internet users
worldwide. This signifies 32.7% of the world’s total population is using Internet. Even
Internet is going into space through Cisco’s Internet Routing in Space (IRIS) program in
the coming fourth years. While coming to the Things that can be any object or person which
1
can be distinguishable by the real world. Everyday objects include not only electronic
devices we encounter and use daily and technologically advanced products such as
equipment and gadgets, but “things” that we do not do normally think of as electronic at
all―such as food, clothing; and furniture; materials, parts and equipment, merchandise and
specialized items; landmarks, monuments and works of art and all the miscellany of
commerce, culture and sophistication [4]. That means here things can be both living things
like person, animals―cow, calf, dog, pigeons, rabbit etc., plants―mango tree, jasmine,
banyan and so on and nonliving things like chair, fridge, tube light, curtain, plate etc. any
home appliances or industry apparatus. So at this point, things are real objects in this
physical or material world.
Internet of Things is maturing and continues to be the latest, most hyped concept in the IT
world. Over the last decade the term Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted attention by
projecting the vision of a global infrastructure of networked physical objects, enabling
anytime, anyplace connectivity for anything and not only for any one [4]. The Internet of
Things can also be considered as a global network which allows the communication
between human-to-human, human-to-things and things-to-things, which is anything in the
world by providing unique identity to each and every object [5]. IoT describes a world
where just about anything can be connected and communicates in an intelligent fashion that
ever before. Most of us think about “being connected” in terms of electronic devices such
as servers, computers, tablets, telephones and smart phones. In what’s called the Internet
of Things, sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects―from roadways to
pacemakers―are linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same
Internet IP that connects the Internet. These networks churn out huge volumes of data that
flow to computers for analysis. When objects can both sense the environment and
communicate, they become tools for understanding complexity and responding to it swiftly.
What’s revolutionary in all this is that these physical information systems are now
beginning to be deployed, and some of them even work largely without human intervention.
The “Internet of Things” refers to the coding and networking of everyday objects and things
to render them individually machine-readable and traceable on the Internet [6]-[11]. Much
existing content in the Internet of Things has been created through coded RFID tags and IP
addresses linked into an EPC (Electronic Product Code) network [12].

2
1.1 HISTORY OF IoT
The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first
ARPANET-connected appliance,[7] able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded
drinks were cold or not.[8] Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The
Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom
produced the contemporary vision of the IOT.[9][10] In 1994, Reza Raji described the
concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so
as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories".[11]
Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work
or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-device
communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic
Forum at Davos in 1999.[12]
The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by
Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th Annual Legislative
Weekend in Washington, D.C, published in September 1985.[13] According to Lewis,
"The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with
connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and
evaluation of trends of such devices."
The term "Internet of things" was coined independently by Kevin Ashton of Procter &
Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999,[14] though he prefers the phrase "Internet
for things".[15] At that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential
to the Internet of things,[16] which would allow computers to manage all individual
things.[17][18][19] The main theme of the Internet of things is to embed short-range mo-
bile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms of commu-
nication between people and things, and between things themselves.[20]
Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects'
were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was
"born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to
1.84 in 2010.[21]

3
1.2 TECHNOLOGIES OF IoT
The Internet of Things [15] was initially inspired by members of the RFID community,
who referred to the possibility of discovering information about a tagged object by brows-
ing an internet address or database entry that corresponds to a particular RFID or Near
Field Communication [16] technologies. In the research paper “Research and application
on the smart home based on component technologies and Internet of Things”, the included
key technologies of IoT are RFID, the sensor technology, nano technology and intelligence
embedded technology. Among them, RFID is the foundation and networking core of the
construction of Internet of Things [17]. The Internet of Things (IoT) enabled users to bring
physical objects into the sphere of cyber world. This was made possible by different tag-
ging technologies like NFC, RFID and 2D barcode which allowed physical objects to be
identified and referred over the internet [18]. IoT, which is integrated with Sensor Tech-
nology and Radio Frequency Technology, is the ubiquitous network based on the omni-
present hardware resources of Internet, is the Internet contents objects together. It is also
a new wave of IT industry since the application of computing fields, communication net-
work and global roaming technology had been applied. It involves in addition to sophisti-
cated technologies of computer and communication network outside, still including many
new supporting technologies of Internet of Things, such as collecting Information Tech-
nology, Remote Communication Technology, Remote Information Transmission Tech-
nology, Sea Measures Information Intelligence Analyzes and Controlling Technology etc.
[19]
1.2.1 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a system that transmits the identity of an object
or person wirelessly using radio waves in the form of a serial number [20]. First use of
RFID device was happened in 2nd world war in Brittan and it is used for Identify of Friend
or Foe in 1948. Later RFID technology is founded at Auto-ID center in MIT in the year
1999. RFID technology plays an important role in IoT for solving identification issues of
objects around us in a cost effective manner [5]. The technology is classified into three
categories based on the method of power supply provision in Tags: Active RFID, Passive
RFID and Semi Passive RFID. The main components of RFID are tag, reader, antenna,
access controller, software and server. It is more reliable, efficient, secured, inexpensive
and accurate. RFID has an extensive range of wireless applications such as distribution,
tracing, patient monitoring, military apps etc. [21].

4
1.2.2 INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary network protocol used on the Internet, developed in
1970s. IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relay-
ing datagrams across network boundaries. The two versions of Internet Protocol (IP) are
in use: IPv4 and IPv6. Each version defines an IP address differently. Because of its prev-
alence, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4.
There are five classes of available IP ranges in IPv4: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D
and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. The actual protocol provides for
4.3 billion IPv4 addresses while the IPv6 will significantly augment the availability to
85,000 trillion addresses [22]. IPv6 is the 21st century Internet Protocol. This supports
around for 2128 addresses.
1.2.3 ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE (EPC)
Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a 64 bit or 98 bit code electronically recorded on an
RFID tag and intended to design an improvement in the EPC barcode system. EPC code
can store information about the type of EPC, unique serial number of product, its specifi-
cations, manufacturer information etc. EPC was developed by Auto- ID centre in MIT in
1999. EPC global Organisation which is responsible for standardization of Electronic
Product Code (EPC) technology, created EPC global Network for sharing RFID infor-
mation. It has four components namely Object Naming Service (ONS), EPC Discovery
Service (EPCDS), EPC Information Services (EPCIS) and EPC Security Services
(EPCSS).
1.2.4 BARCODE
Barcode is just a different way of encoding numbers and letters by using combination of
bars and spaces of varying width. Behind Bars [23] serves its original intent to be descrip-
tive but is not critical. In The Bar Code Book, Palmer (1995) acknowledges that there are
alternative methods of data entry techniques. Quick Response (QR) Codes the trademark
for a type of matrix barcode first designed for the automotive industry in Japan. Bar codes
are optical machine-readable labels attached to items that record information related to the
item. Recently, the QR Code system has become popular outside the automotive industry
due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard. There are 3
types of barcodes of Alpha Numeric, Numeric and 2 Dimensional. Barcodes are designed
to be machine readable. Usually they are read by laser scanners, they can also be read
using a cameras.

5
1.2.5 WIRELESS FIDELITY (WI-FI)
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a networking technology that allows computers and other de-
vices to communicate over a wireless signal. Vic Hayes has been named as father of Wire-
less Fidelity. The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation in Nieu-
wege in the Netherland. The first wireless products were brought on the market under the
name WaveLAN with speeds of 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps. Today, there are nearly pervasive Wi-
Fi that delivers the high speed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connectivity to
millions of offices, homes, and public locations such as hotels, cafes, and airports. The
integration of Wi-Fi into notebooks, handhelds and Consumer Electronics (CE) devices
has accelerated the adoption of Wi-Fi to the point where it is nearly a default in these
devices [24]. Technology contains any type of WLAN product support any of the IEEE
802.11 together with dual-band, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. Nowadays entire
cities are becoming Wi-Fi corridors through wireless APs.
1.2.6 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth wireless technology is an inexpensive, short-range radio technology that elimi-
nates the need for proprietary cabling between devices such as notebook PCs, handheld
PCs, PDAs, cameras, and printers and effective range of 10 - 100 meters. And generally
communicate at less than 1 Mbps and Bluetooth uses specification of IEEE 802.15.1 stand-
ard. At first in 1994 Ericson Mobile Communication company started project named
“Bluetooth”. It is used for creation of Personal Area Networks (PAN). A set of Bluetooth
devices sharing a common channel for communication is called Piconet. This Piconet is
capable of 2 - 8 devices at a time for data sharing, and that data may be text, picture, video
and sound. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group comprises more than 1000 companies
with Intel, Cisco, HP, Aruba, Intel, Ericson, IBM, Motorola and Toshiba.
1.2.7 ZIGBEE
ZigBee is one of the protocols developed for enhancing the features of wireless sensor
networks. ZigBee technology is created by the ZigBee Alliance which is founded in the
year 2001. Characteristics of ZigBee are low cost, low data rate, relatively short transmis-
sion range, scalability, reliability, flexible protocol design. It is a low power wireless net-
work protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [25]. ZigBee has range of around 100
meters and a bandwidth of 250 kbps and the topologies that it works are star, cluster tree
and mesh. It is widely used in home automation, digital agriculture, industrial controls,
medical monitoring &power systems.

6
1.2.8 NEAR FILED COMMUNICATION (NFC)
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of short-range wireless technology at 13.56
MHz, typically requiring a distance of 4 cm. NFC technology makes life easier and more
convenient for consumers around the world by making it simpler to make transactions,
exchange digital content, and connect electronic devices with a touch. Allows intuitive
initialization of wireless networks and NFC is complementary to Bluetooth and 802.11
with their long distance capabilities at a distance circa up to 10 cm. It also works in dirty
environment, does not require line of sight, easy and simple connection method. It is first
developed by Philips and Sony companies. Data exchange rate now days approximately
424 kbps. Power consumption during data reading in NFC is under 15ma.
1.2.9 ACTUATORS
An actuator is something that converts energy into motion, which means actuators drive
motions into mechanical systems. It takes hydraulic fluid, electric current or some other
source of power. Actuators can create a linear motion, rotary motion or oscillatory motion.
Cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet and generally communicate at less than 1
Mbps. Actuators typically are used in manufacturing or industrial applications. There are
three types of actuators are (1) Electrical: ac and dc motors, stepper motors, solenoids (2)
Hydraulic: use hydraulic fluid to actuate motion (3) Pneumatic: use compressed air to ac-
tuate motion. All these three types of actuators are very much in use today. Among these,
electric actuators are the most commonly used type. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
allow for increased force and torque from smaller motor.
1.2.10 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)
A WSN is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using
sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as tempera-
ture, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations (Wikipedia).
Formed by hundreds or thousands of motes that communicate with each other and pass
data along from one to another. A wireless sensor network is an important element in IoT
paradigm. Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead
and large number of sensors. WSN based on IoT has received remarkable attention in
many areas, such as military, homeland security, healthcare, precision agriculture moni-
toring, manufacturing, habitat monitoring, forest fire and flood detection and so on [26].
Sensors mounted to a patient’s body are monitoring the responses to the medication, so
that doctors can measure the effects of the medicines [27].

7
1.2.11 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
Artificial Intelligence refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive
to the presence of people. In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to
support people in carrying out their everyday life activities in easy, natural way using In-
formation and Intelligence that is hidden in the network connected devices. It is charac-
terized by the following systems of characteristics Embedded: Many Net- worked devices
are integrated in to the environment Context Aware: These devices can recognize you and
your situational context Personalized: They can be tailored to your needs Adaptive: They
can change in response to you Anticipatory: They can anticipate your desires without con-
scious mediation.

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF IOT

1.3.1 MONITOR DATA
The primary and main advantage of IoT is monitoring. It helps us know the precise quan-
tity of supplies or the air quality in your home, it can also provide more data that could not
have previously been possible to collect easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on
printer ink could save you another trip to the store in the near future. Also, monitoring the
expiration of products will improve safety.
1.3.2 EASE OF ACCESS
Right now, you can easily gain the required information in real-time, from (almost) any
location you are at. It only takes a smart device and internet connection. We use Google
Maps to see our location, instead of asking a person in real life. Booking tickets is simpler
than ever. Information is also easily accessible, even from the latest scientific research, or
business analysis. It is only a click away.
1.3.3 SPEEDY OPERATION
All this data pouring in enables us to complete multiple tasks with amazing speed. For
example, IoT makes automation effortless. Smart industries automate repetitive tasks, thus
allowing employees to invest their time and effort into more challenging things.
1.3.4 ADAPTING TO NEW STANDARDS
As IoT is an ever-changing topic, its changes are minimal compared to the other techs of
the high-tech world. Without IoT, it would be complicated for us to keep track of all the
latest things.

8
1.3.5 BETTER TIME MANAGEMENT
Overall, it is a clever time-saving tool. We can look up the latest news on our phones
during our daily commute, or check a blog about our favourite pastime, purchase an item
in an online shop, we can do almost all the things from the palm of our hands.
Eventually, we end up with much more time for us.
1.3.6 AUTOMATION AND CONTROL
Due to physical objects being connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wire-
less technology structure, there is a huge amount of automation and control in the work-
ings. Without human interference, the machines are communicating with each other
providing faster and timely output.
1.3.7 SAVING MONEY
Another main advantage of IoT is saving money. If the cost of the tagging and monitoring
machines are less compared with the amount of money saved, this is the reason for the
Internet of Things being very widely adopted.
IoT mainly aids to be helpful to people in their daily life by making their devices com-
municate with each other in an efficient manner thereby saving and conserving energy and
cost. Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and then trans-
lating it into our required way, makes our systems efficient.

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF IoT

The applications of IoT technologies are multiple, because it is adjustable to almost any
technology that is capable of providing relevant information about its own operation, about
the performance of an activity and even about the environmental conditions that we need
to monitor and control at a distance.
Nowadays, many companies from different sectors or sectors are adopting this technology
to simplify, improve, automate and control different processes. Next, we show some of
the surprising practical applications of the IoT.
1.4.1 WEARABLES
Virtual glasses, fitness bands to monitor for example calorie expenditure and heart beats,
or GPS tracking belts, are just some examples of wearable devices that we have been using
for some time now. Companies such as Google, Apple, Samsung and others have devel-
oped and introduced the Internet of Things and the application thereof into our daily lives.

9
These are small and energy efficient devices, which are equipped with sensors, with the
necessary hardware for measurements and readings, and with software to collect and or-
ganize data and information about users.
1.4.2 HEALTH
The use of wearables or sensors connected to patients, allows doctors to monitor a patient's
condition outside the hospital and in real-time. Through continuously monitoring certain
metrics and automatic alerts on their vital signs, the Internet of Things helps to improve
the care for patients and the prevention of lethal events in high-risk patients.
Another use is the integration of IoT technology into hospital beds, giving way to smart
beds, equipped with special sensors to observe vital signs, blood pressure, oximeter and
body temperature, among others.
1.4.3 TRAFFIC MONITORING
The Internet of things can be very useful in the management of vehicular traffic in large
cities, contributing to the concept of smart cities.
When we use our mobile phones as sensors, which collect and share data from our vehicles
through applications such as Waze or Google Maps, we are using the Internet of Things
to inform us and at the same time contribute to traffic monitoring, showing the conditions
of the different routes, and feeding and improving the information on the different routes
to the same destination, distance, estimated time of arrival.
1.4.4 FLEET MANAGEMENT
The installation of sensors in fleet vehicles helps to establish an effective interconnectivity
between the vehicles and their managers as well as between the vehicles and their drivers.
Both driver and manager/ owner can know all kinds of details about the status, operation
and needs of the vehicle, just by accessing the software in charge of collecting, processing
and organizing the data. Even, receive alarms in real time of maintenance incidents with-
out having been detected by the driver.
The application of the Internet of Things to fleet management assists with geolocation
(and with it the monitoring of routes and identification of the most efficient routes), per-
formance analysis, telemetry control and fuel savings , the reduction of polluting emis-
sions to the environment and can even provide valuable information to improve the driving
of vehicles.

10
1.4.5 AGRICULTURE
Smart farms are a fact. The quality of soil is crucial to produce good crops, and the Internet
of Things offers farmers the possibility to access detailed knowledge and valuable infor-
mation of their soil condition.
Through the implementation of IoT sensors, a significant amount of data can be obtained
on the state and stages of the soil. Information such as soil moisture, level of acidity, the
presence of certain nutrients, temperature and many other chemical characteristics, helps
farmers control irrigation, make water use more efficient, specify the best times to start
sowing, and even discover the presence of diseases in plants and soil.
1.4.6 HOSPITALITY
The application of the IoT to the hotel industry brings with it interesting improvements in
the quality of the service. With the implementation of electronic keys, which are sent di-
rectly to the mobile devices of each guest, it is possible to automate various interactions.
Thus, the location of the guests, the sending of offers or information on activities of inter-
est, the realization of orders to the room or room service , the automatic charge of accounts
to the room or the request of personal hygiene supplies, are activities that can be easily
managed through integrated applications using the Internet of Things technology.
With the use of electronic keys, the check-out process is automated, disabling the opera-
tion of doors, offering information about the room’s immediately available, and even as-
signing housekeeping tasks to maintenance personnel.
1.4.7 SMART GRID AND ENERGY SAVING
The progressive use of intelligent energy meters, or meters equipped with sensors, and the
installation of sensors in different strategic points that go from the production plants to the
different distribution points, allows better monitoring and control of the electrical network.
By establishing a bidirectional communication between the service provider company and
the end user, information of enormous value can be obtained for the detection of faults,
decision making and repair thereof.
It also allows offering valuable information to the end user about their consumption pat-
terns and about the best ways to reduce or adjust their energy expenditure.
1.4.8 WATER SUPPLY
A sensor, either incorporated or adjusted externally to water meters, connected to the In-
ternet and accompanied by the necessary software , helps to collect, process and analyse
data, which allows understanding the behaviour of consumers, detecting faults in the sup-
ply service, report results and offer courses of action to the company that provides the
11
service. Likewise, it offers final consumers the possibility of tracking their own consump-
tion information, through a web page and in real time, even receiving automatic alerts in
case of detecting consumption out of range to their average consumption record, which
could indicate the presence of a leak.
1.4.9 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
One of the areas where the application of IoT technology is most extensive is precisely
maintenance management. Through the combination of sensors and software specialized
in CMMS/ EAM maintenance management, a multifunctional tool is obtained whose use
can be applied to a multiplicity of disciplines and practices, with the purpose of extending
the useful life of physical assets, while guaranteeing asset reliability and availability.
When the characteristics of the software in charge of processing and arranging the data
collected by the sensors are designed to specifically address the maintenance management
needs of physical assets, their application is almost unlimited.
The real-time monitoring of physical assets allows determining when a measurement is
out of range and it is necessary to perform condition-based maintenance (CBM), or even
applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms such as Machine Learning or Deep Learn-
ing to predict the failure before it happens.

1.5 MOTIVATION
Now-days, People are very busy in urban areas due to fast pace lifestyle and people do not
want to waste time in finding parking’s, and getting stuck in the traffic. So, our main mo-
tivation is to have automated car parking system. It will help user to find the empty parking
area and pay the parking amount beforehand which reduces the parking time and unwanted
traffic in parking area. IT will also help reduce the unnecessary paper waste caused by the
parking tickets and an additional security to the parking area by monitoring the cars
parked.

1.6 LITRATURE REVIEW

Due to an increase in the number of cars in the cities, finding a suitable vehicle parking
solution has become vital. The traditional parking methods cannot be used today as these
methods require a considerable amount of area, and to meet the parking requirement lot
of area would be required. The cost of land has grown exponentially in cities, so it becomes
essential that the parking solution requires the least possible space and can accommodate

12
the maximum amount of vehicles. An average person spends 10 to 15 % of his travel time
looking for a suitable parking spot in metropolitan cities.[1] The parking system requires
a working mechanism that can operate the system. In addition to this, a detection system
is required to help the person know whether there is an availability of a free parking spot.
The need to consider the safety of cars and humans alike when designing this system. In
this paper, the different types of parking systems and various kinds of sensors used to
increase safety and efficiency are discussed.
The biggest issue with owning a car in a metropolitan city in India is finding a suitable
parking space due to a lack of parking space. The number of cars in India is more than 40
million, which corporations and personal individuals own. And the number is increasing
day by day because of the affordable prices of cars and the improvement of the economic
status of a middle-class person. In recent time there has been an increase in the number of
vehicles, but the space for parking has not increased according to the requirements. As a
result, around 40% of road space is utilized for parking instead of transport activity. Which
increases road accidents. [1]

The parking problem can be eliminated by using various parking solutions in this paper;
the various parking systems and their advantages & limitations are discussed. Modular or
Puzzle Type Puzzle-type automated multilevel parking is inspired by the children's game
of '15-sliding puzzle'; a 4*4 grid has one empty slot. For parking or removal of the car,
shuffling of cars should be done to bring it to its desired location. Major components of
this system are shelves/shuttles, a lift for vertical movement in multilevel, AGVs, I/O
points. Here shelves/shuttles can be either movable in X and Y direction or stationery. The
major drawback is the complicated management of the system. There are various proposed
retrieval methods in movable shuttles, such as optimal dual load retrieval and multiple
load retrieval methods. Some shelf management strategies are autonomous shelf strategy
and AGV powered shelf management strategies. [2] Elevated Type or Tower A tower-
based automatic parking system is a system with a cylindrical appearance. A component
in the design, i.e., a tower crane, can simultaneously perform two types of movements. Up
and down motion in the Y-axis direction and Anti-clockwise rotation and clockwise rota-
tion. The shuttle can move along the diameter of the tower to the opposite parking space.
[3] Multilevel floor Parking In this type of car, vehicles are parked on different layers,
floors of a building. These floors are accessed with the help of external or internal medi-
ums such as ramps or other similar structures. There is a vertical lift (mechanized) for the

13
movement of vehicles in the y-direction. This arrangement helps in less ground space
which directly associates with cost reduction of the building. This arrangement helps to
accommodate more cars and produce a faster parking process. Also, sensor arrangement
in this system helps to control and optimize the parking procedure. The system is designed
so that the ground level gets filled first and then moves to the next level above it, and once
this level is filled, it moves to the next level and so on. [4] Stacker Parking System This
system consists of parking lots with a platform to park the cars.it consists of a stacker
mechanism that moves centrally, and it is equipped with a robotic arm to push and pull the
car.[5] Rotary Type This system consists of a rotary mechanism that allows all the cars to
travel in rotary motion. Cars are loaded and unloaded with the rotary motion of all cars.
This system is preferable for 8 to 12 cars. [5] Circulation Horizontal Parking This system
is meant for parking cars in tight spaces. The system operates in a similar principle to a
conveyor-type chain drive. In this system, once the vehicle is parked, it is then put into the
circulation cycle. [5] D Stacker System This system has various variants like a two-car
stacker system or a three-car stacker system. The variants may be completely over ground
or keep the system partially underground or completely underground. In this parking sys-
tem, one car is placed over the other. The pallet is lifted by using a lift mechanism once a
car is parked. Multilevel Parking systems have provided relief since they have several
advantages like optimal space utilization, lower maintenance, operational, construction
cost. [5]

A smart parking system provides data for real-time parking space availability. A few tech-
nological approaches are used to collect this data, alleviate the urban traffic crunch, and
make parking more efficient and better managed. The most widely used IoT based smart
parking systems include: Cameras, Ground sensors, Overhead radars all the different
types of technology have advantages and limitations, and the optimal choice depends on
the system's requirement and budget. Cameras Development in computer vision and AI,
the camera, can detect empty parking spaces. The advantage of cameras is the possibility
to monitor many parking spaces at once. However, real-world deployments have many
variables like a greater variety of lighting conditions, viewing angles, vehicle types, and
weather conditions, which bring additional challenges into play. Camera-based smart
parking systems are classified as cloud-based/server processing streaming the video or
series of snapshots to the cloud or server. On-board processing is capable of executing
vehicle recognition locally on only sending the parking events and a limited number of

14
images when required. A camera-based system can only be considered a viable approach
in relatively large open surface lots (supermarket or airport parking).[6] Overhead ra-
dars/lidars measures radio signal or laser light reflections to detect the presence of a ve-
hicle. This method has excellent accuracy for a small range (up to ~7m), but the accuracy
dramatically decreases as the distance increase and the angle of arrival of the reflected
signal. As a result, these sensors are only reliable to cover four to five parking spots.
Ground sensors are placed on each parking space to monitor the parking space occupancy.
The detection method is not affected by line-of-sight interference and does not require
supporting systems like pillars, walls, or any similar structural component. High accuracy,
which is due to the working principle of proximity to detected objects. A 1-1 detection
approach, meaning one sensor for one car. Smart Parking System The smart parking mar-
ket is in its initial state, the system's precision, requirements, and what current IoT solu-
tions have to offer. The ground-mounted vehicle detection sensors hold the highest prom-
ise to close that gap by combining the latest sensing, wireless connectivity, and cloud
computing technologies. The ground sensors can be based on various sensing technolo-
gies; the most used are magnetometers and radar. Magnetometer Earth has a very uniform
magnetic field over its surface. A magnetometer is a simple digital compass helping to
measure this field's direction and magnitude and understand object orientation. In smart
parking systems, the vehicle, a metallic object, creates a short-range distortion in the mag-
netic field. The magnitude of the distortion depends on the type of ferrous alloy, the dis-
tance to the sensor, and the object's size. Radar Sensor works on the same ToF (Time-of-
Flight) principle and radio waves rather than sound waves or light. The radar wavelength
is generally a balance between a target object size and distance to the object. In the case
of an in-ground sensor based smart parking system, radars must be at least 15GHz fre-
quency (2cm wavelength) to measure reflection from a low clearance vehicle.[7]

Infra-red Ranging Sensor IR sensors consist of an IR transmitter such as an LED or laser

and an IR receiver. There are two general classes of infra-red (IR) ranging sensors ,re-
flected intensity simpler and more conventional modules consist of LED emitter and pho-
tocell measuring a proportion of reflected light by the object. The closer the thing, the
stronger the reflected signal and vice versa. Time-of-Flight (ToF) builds on the above
principle but uses a much more coherently operated pair of a laser and reflected light sen-
sor capable of measuring the time of reflected light travel. [7] Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor
works on a similar principle to an IR, but the emitter sends ultrasound waves instead of

15
photons in the 40- 60 KHz range. Its utilization brings the advantage of seeing vehicles
that exceed specific height limits. The installation of the sensor does not require the closure
of the facility. [7] GSM & RFID Technology GSM technology works with the help of a
GSM modem. The functionality of the technology mainly depends on this modem. The
modem is placed at the parking end, which generally sends the message to the user if there
is any available parking slot. If there is an open slot, the user has to send the exact time
and duration for which the vehicle needs to be parked. Once the confirmation message is
sent, the reservation's counter automatically starts sending a message. [7] In RFID, the
vehicle owner must register with the parking owner to receive the RGID tag. This tag is
to be applied on the vehicle's windshield, so as the car passes through the entry of parking,
the RFID scanner scans the label and deducts the amount for parking from the linked ac-
count. With this technology, the process speeds up. The entry gate opens when the sensor
detects an RFID tag which allows the car inside the parking area. Simultaneously, the
parking counter increments by one. Similarly, the exit gate opens, and the parking counter
is decremented. [8]

Shrewd Parking proposed a program that pre-owned Google Map App. Ultrasound sensors
and recorded information are put away in the cloud. Android gadget map offers easy to
use data on the spot of opening. Each opening has one LED show that assists with finding
the opportune spot to stop. IoT-based stopping framework was recommended utilizing
Google to permit the client to hold a parking spot. The cell phone shows the closest vehicle
leave. The IR sensor in this gadget is utilized to locate an empty position and is appeared
at the entryway of section and exit. RFID tag gave to allow a person to get to the vehicle
left. On the off chance that the individual is permitted to impart a sign to open the entry-
way. Propelled Car Parking Program to distinguish Free Slots utilizing Arduino and Rasp-
berry PI. This program utilizes a web server to enrol, utilizing GPS on Google Maps. Re-
sults are graphically delineated inside the mark. A viable vehicle leaving framework that
utilizes IR sensors were presented, validation is finished utilizing RFID tag[3]. ZigBee is
utilized as a contact device. Shrewd Car Parking Device dependent on Android. The An-
droid-based application gets data about the vacant stopping space open. The android ap-
plication would have subtleties of the client including area, state, and several vehicles.
Programming with the client entering and leaving time, and picking a parking space. Data
of clients are put away in the MYSQL database. Driven demonstrates to show unfilled or
occupied parking spots. Utilizing a camera, the vehicle number plate is caught and the

16
picture changed over to confirm if the vehicle is affirmed or not. Savvy Parking System
dependent on Embedded System utilizes an installed and sensor organize keen stopping
framework that utilizes the Apps to Android and Windows. Raspberry PI is used in this
framework, and the IR sensor is used to locate an empty stop space. V2I correspondence
to send the leaving solicitation to the driver giving acclimate reservation client data status.
Contact with Infrastructure to Vehicle (I2V) is utilized to apply for hold parking spots and
shows course. JSON design used to alter the information in the middle. For security pur-
poses QR code is utilized, webcam used to check the code and permitted to show the
course of the parking area. Continuous vehicle following can be discovered utilizing cal-
culations dependent on range or without range. Examination of different calculations de-
pendent on the unfenced was tended to in. Parking spots can be apportioned relying upon
where they are arranged. 3. System architecture Across metropolitan zones, individuals
decide to go to shopping centres, theatres, or inns by taxi or vehicle as convenient. Finding
a spot to leave vehicles in a thickly populated region would sit around and expend fuel
when a parking spot is looked at. Subsequently, there is a requirement for assistive ad-
vancements that can pass on to enlisted clients the accessibility of stopping spaces. The
versatile application will expect clients to enlist for the administration, and if the goal and
evaluated time of appearance are indicated, the application would need to find a free park-
ing place to show customers the area. The client makes an instalment on the web to book
the stop opening. Segment 2, shows the genius System Innovation stoppage. Infrared sen-
sors are sent for each stopping area and IR sensors can distinguish the quantity of stopping
openings, some free and booked spaces are shown graphically in the LCD screen, WIFI
module is utilized to impart between the cell phone and sensors.

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) started with things with identity communication
devices. The devices could be tracked, controlled or monitored using remote computers
connected through Internet. IoT extends the use of Internet providing the communication,
and thus inter-network of the devices and physical objects, or ‘Things’. The two prominent
words in IoT are “internet” and “things”. Internet means a vast global network of con-
nected servers, computers, tablets and mobiles using the internationally used protocols and
connecting systems. Internet enables sending, receiving, or communicating of infor-
mation. Thing in English has number of uses and meanings. Dictionary meaning of
‘Thing’ is a term used to reference to a physical object, an action or idea, situation or

17
activity, in case when we do not wish to be precise. IoT, in general consists of inter-net-
work of the devices and physical objects, number of objects can gather the data at remote
locations and communicate to units managing, acquiring, organizing and analysing the
data in the processes and services. It provides a vision where things (wearable, watch,
alarm clock, home devices, surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive
through sensing, computing and communicating by embedded small devices which inter-
act with remote objects or persons through connectivity. The scalable and robust nature of
Cloud computing is allowing developers to create and host their applications on it. Cloud
acts as a perfect partner for IoT as it acts as a platform where all the sensor data can be
stored and accessed from remote locations [11]. These factors gave rise to the amalgama-
tion of both technologies thus leading to the formation of a new technology called Cloud
of Things (CoT). In CoT the things (nodes) could be accessed, monitored and controlled
from any remote location through the cloud. Due to high scalability in cloud any number
of node could be added or removed from the IoT system on a real time basis. In simple
terms IoT can be explained in form of an equation stating: Physical Object + Controller,
Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things The ideal of creating a Smart City is
now becoming possible with the emergence of the Internet of Things. One of the key issues
that smart cities relate to are car parking facilities and traffic management systems [3]. In
present day cities finding an available parking spot is always difficult for drivers, and it
tends to become harder with ever increasing number of private car users. This situation
can be seen as an opportunity for smart cities to undertake actions in order enhance the
efficiency their parking resources thus leading to reduction in searching times, traffic con-
gestion and road accidents. Problems pertaining to parking and traffic congestion can be
solved if the drivers can be informed in advance about the availability of parking spaces
at and around their intended destination. Recent advances in creating low-cost, low-power
embedded systems are helping developers to build new applications for Internet of Things.
Followed by the developments in sensor technology, many modern cities have opted for
deploying various IoT based systems in and around the cities for the purpose of monitor-
ing. A recent survey performed by the International Parking Institute [6] reflects an in-
crease in number of innovative ideas related to parking systems. At present there are cer-
tain parking systems [8] that claim to citizens of delivering real time information about
available parking spaces. Such systems require efficient sensors to be deployed in the
parking areas for monitoring the occupancy as well as quick data processing units in order
to gain practical insights from data collected over various sources

18
 CHAPTER 2
DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK
Across metropolitan zones, individuals decide to go to shopping centers, theatres, or inns by taxi
or vehicle as convenient. Finding a spot to leave vehicles in a thickly populated region would sit
around and expend fuel when a parking spot is looked at. Subsequently, there is a requirement
for assistive advancements that can pass on to enlisted clients the accessibility of stopping
spaces. The versatile application will expect clients to enlist for the administration, and if the
goal and evaluated time of appearance are indicated, the application would need to find a free
parking place to show customers the area. The client makes an instalment on the web to book
the stop opening. Segment 2, shows the genius System Innovation stoppage. Infrared sensors
are sent for each stopping area and IR sensors can distinguish the quantity of stopping openings,
some free and booked spaces are shown graphically, WIFI module is utilized to impart between
the website and sensors. Fig. 2.1 shows void parking spot recognition and contact of utilizing
Wi-Fi to Pic microcontroller.

Fig 2.1 Architecture of online booking for parking slot

19
2.1. SYSTEM MODEL

Fig 2.2 System Model

2.1.1 IR SENSOR

Fig 2.3 IR sensor module

This sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be
formed as a photo-coupler otherwise opt coupler. The infrared photodiode is responsive to
the infrared light that is generated through an infrared LED. The resistance of photo-diode &
the change in output voltage is in proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR
sensor’s fundamental working principle. Once the infrared transmitter generates emission,
20
 then it arrives at the object & some of the emission will reflect back toward the infrared
receiver. When infrared light would be reflected back from the car it will transmit the signal
to the pic microcontroller which provide the information if parking area is empty or occupied.

2.1.2 PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

Fig 2.4 pic16f877a microcontroller

The PIC16F877a is a 40-pin PIC Microcontroller, designed using RISC architecture,

manufactured by Microchip and is used in Embedded Projects. This microcontroller is very
convenient to use, the coding or programming of this controller is also easier. It is the main
controlling unit of the system model it provides a bridge between the IR sensor, the IoT
modem and motor driver IC ULN2003 that helps them to communicate and transfer data to
each other to work in coordination.

2.1.3 MAX232 IC

Fig 2.5 MAX232 IC Board

Max 232 is an IC(integrated circuit) which converts TTL(Transistor Transistor logic) logic
21
level signal in to its equivalent RS-232c level signal and Rs-232c level to its equivalent TTL
level signal. This IC is very important in case when we need to make connection and transfer
data between devices that works on different signal level wave forms (TTL, Rs232c etc.).It
converts the signals between pic16f877a microcontroller and IoT modem and helps them to
communicate with each other making them compatible for each other.

2.1.4 ULN2003

Fig 2.6 ULN2003 IC Board

The ULN2003 is a 16-pin IC. It has seven Darlington Pairs inside, where each can drive loads
up to 50V and 500mA. This IC is commonly used to drive Relay modules, Motors, high current
LEDs and even Stepper Motors. It provides the required voltage and current load for motor and
LED to work by providing the connection from pic16f877a microcontroller which works on
+5V volts.

2.1.4 IoT MODEM

Fig 2.7 IoT Modem

22
IoT Modems are devices that receive wireless data from remote sensors and forward these data
to a different communications format, such as Bluetooth, TCP, Serial, RS-485, or other popular
communication technology. IoT modems simply transfer data bytes from one format to another
format. It receives the information from microcontroller if the parking area is empty or
occupied and send this data to the website from where user can book a parking area according
the occupancy available.

23
 CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The estimation of the astute stop outline is progressively developing. This permits customers
to incorporate consistent access to parking space availability. The current structure nowadays
doesn’t contain the workplaces to stop the booking and stop the availability checker for space
The present framework based on checking framework that computes the quantity of accessible
parking spots in the area by tallying the measure of approaching and active vehicles that take
a great deal of time and vitality. The following existing framework was a sensor-based
framework that utilizes ultrasonic sound waves to distinguish the nearness of vehicles, and
afterward appeared two-level leaving which utilized leaving vehicles over one another. The
paper helps in having the stopping region available to the city, just as limiting time which can
be practical for the buyer. This paper helps in lessening auto robbery. This paper diminishes
the vehicles all out fuel vitality that is utilized in the vehicle mission.

Fig 3.1 Flow chart of the system

We discussed about the architecture and devices used related to the smart parking system. In
this section we talk about the implantation and working of the system in a real world scenario.
The complete process of booking a parking slot, parking a car in that slot and leaving the
parking area is explained with the help of the following flow chart. 268 Figure 3.1 Flow chart
of the system. We conducted an experiment in order to depict the working of our system at
24
every stage from checking the availability of parking space to actually park a car in a vacant
parking slot. This is done by implementing the smart parking system in the parking area of a
shopping mall.
Below are the steps that a driver needs to follow in order to park its car using our parking
system.
Step 1: Open the smart parking web application on your mobile device.
Step 2: With the help of the web app search for a parking area on and around your destination.
Step 3: Select a particular parking area.
Step 4: Browse through the various parking slots available in that parking area.
Step 5: Select a particular parking slot.
Step 6: Pay the parking charges either with your e-wallet or your credit card.
Step 8: Once you have successfully parked your car in the selected parking slot, confirm your
occupancy using the web application.

Fig 3.2 Representation of web application

The above mentioned procedure for booking a slot and parking a car in that very slot is
explained with the help of the following screenshots. Booking a parking slot. The above figure
depicts the presence of vacant and occupied parking slots. In this case parking slots named A1
and A3 are vacant whereas slot A2 is occupies. The driver chooses the A1 parking slot.
Selecting the amount of time. The above figure depicts the scenario when a driver needs to
specify the amount of time for which it needs the selected parking slot. In this case the driver
25
selects the 1 hour option. Occupancy check 269. Once the driver has parked its car in the
selected slot it needs to confirm its occupancy. Figure 5 depicts this very scenario in which the
driver has to specify its presence. This feature is added so that only a genuine driver can park
its car in a particular parking slot. If a driver fails to confirm his occupancy in the next 30
seconds of parking its car, an alarm would start ringing causing the authorities to know that a
car has been parked in the wrong place. If by any chance a genuine driver fails do so he can
stop the alarm any time by confirming his occupancy. In case the driver over shoots it’s parking
time, a notification stating this scenario would be sent to the driver as well as to the parking
attendant. The driver would then have an option of extending its parking time and pay
accordingly for the extra time. In case the driver fails to do so, the parking attendant would
make a note of this and charge money for the extra time in form of a fine. This fine would be
collected from the driver at the time when the car would be leaving from the parking area.

26
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
The main reason for parking systems is there is an absence of parking areas in metropolitan
cities. In old days cars were considered as a luxury and only rich people owns it. However,
thanks to numerous factors, cars have moved from a luxury closely-held by to a necessity and
the maximum medium category family owns a car, which is around 50% to 70%. Therefore,
ancient parking solutions wouldn't hold these days. The idea of Smart Cities has forever been a
dream for humanity. Since the past number of years great advancements has made in creating
smart cities a reality. The expansion of Internet of Things has brought about to new prospects in
terms of smart cities. Efficient parking facilities and traffic management systems which reduces
pollution and energy consumption are the core of constructing smart cities.

We tend to address the problem of the parking and with the help of IoT we tried to make an
efficient car parking system. We used a pic16f877a microcontroller to minimize the cost of our
system model, and we also included an automatic automobile surveillance security camera that
only operates when a car goes through the parking area, which helps to save electricity. The
efforts created during this paper are indented to boost the parking systems of cities and thereby
going to enhance the standard of living of every individual.

27
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