Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Planning Definitions
- Making an orderly sequence of actions - Systematic process of establishing ends
to achieve stated goals and determining means and procedures
to achieve that end
Environmental Planning Definition
Scope and Practice of EnP (PD 1308) “… General Welfare Goals (RA 7160 Sec. 16)
professional services in the form of - Preservation and enrichment of culture
technical consultation, plan preparation, - Promote health and safety
and /or implementation involving:” - Enhance right to a balanced ecology
(a)Community, town, city, or region - Development of appropriate and self-
development reliant scientific /technological
(b) Development of a site for a particular capabilities
need (housing, institutions, etc.) - Improve public morals
including creating spatial - Enhance economic prosperity and
arrangements of buildings, utilities social justice
(c) Land Use /zoning plans for - Promote full employment
management, development, - Maintain Peace and Order
preservation of environment - Preserve comfort and Convenience
(d) Pre-Investment, feasibility studies
Important Definitions
History of Cities
Post-Industrial City
Socio-Cultural Theory of Urbanization (Information Revolution)
- Gideon Sjoberg “The Origin and - ICT’s impact on spatial organization of
Evolution of Cities” activities
- Urbanization is a cultural process; trade, - Pre-eminence of highly-skilled,
commerce fosters socio-cultural diversity intellectual, creative, imaginative labour
- Cities brought together specialists, force.
which resulted in innovation and - Dominant form: extended sprawling
technology, ideas. metro
Planning Approaches
Radiant City (Le Corbusier) Brasilia, Brazil (1957) (Radiant City influenced)
- Decongest by increasing density at core - Authoritarian, inflexible, simplistic
- Uniform 60-storey apartment-towers - Standardization inhuman, socially-
with large open spaces in between destructive
meant for 3 million people - Combining activities key to success
- Influenced CBD Designs - Design good for temporary living,
not permanent residence
Great Thinkers
Notable Names
I. Downtown / CBD
II. Industries / Transition Area
III. Working Class Area
IV. Residential Area
V. Suburban Area
Concentric Zones
- Zone I – CBD. Only scattered residences remain
- Zone II – Zone in Transition. Early suburban fringe being taken over by industry, hence
run-down, declining residential
- Zone III – Independent Working Men’s Homes. Respectable working class with families
that escaped Zone II but need cheap housing close to work places. Zone focused on factories
- Zone IV – Better Residences. Middle-class private housing / good apartments
- Zone V- Commuter Belt. Suburban dormitory, single-family dwellings
- Possible additional zones – Agricultural district, Hinterland
- Expansion driven by economic ‘trade-off’, creates land-use pattern (accessibility and cost)
Critics: overemphasized residential patters; neglected factors like physical features, industrial
use, effects of radial routes.
Criticisms
- Few zones are socio-economically homogenous
- Transport routes today surrounded by low-rent
4 Geographic Principles:
- Dominant core with secondary centers - Low density center surrounded by high-
distributed along main radials. Very density
strong visual image - Strong visual image due to contrast
Agricultural Land Rent Theory (1842, 1896) - Johann Heinrich Von Thünen (1783-1850)
Range and Threshold of Goods and Services (1958) – BJL Berry and Garrison
- Threshold: minimum effective demand, market needed, population to support supply
- Market Range: distance willing to travel to obtain goods/services (Upper level – competition
from other central places)
- Range of Goods and Services: average maximum distance willing to travel to purchase at
market price
Region - sub-national territory with known scale (size) and extent (scope)
- Refers to a city or central place plus its - Based on natural/physical,
functionally integrated outlying territories. economic/political relationships between
Economic Linkages urban and rural.
- Extent of urban influence on non-urban Infrastructure Linkages
areas; dependence on resources, - Transport nodes, utility trunks
production/consumption. (water, power supply)
- Areas performing sink-functions (e.g. landfills)
Formal Region Geographical area uniform and homogenous in terms of related criteria;
variability absent
- Political-Administrative Region - - Urban Region – cities/towns and socio-
common political authority, economically linked/dependent
administrative boundaries (national, commuter villages or communities.
local), electoral constituency Erroneously treated as homogenous;
actually physical, socio-cultural mosaic,
heterogeneous “ecosystem
Historical Region – common historical past
Virtual Region – network of functionally – related areas with high level of connectivity (ICT)
and economic inter-flows though not spatially proximate or contiguous.
(Ex. Network Economy – ICT enables firms to create dispersed economic networks)
Regional Planning
- Cross-cutting, more encompassing concept, treats cities in relation to environs
- Regional divergence – inherently unequal due to geography, natural resources, history,
socio-economics
Backwash circuits:
Capital / investment: Capital attracted to center Lack of investment, retarded growth in periphery
Services/Infrastructure: Reduced investment, jobs in periphery smaller local market, purchasing power,
decline in local services
Migration/Employment: Young workers migrate to center aging labor force in periphery decreased
attraction
Section 2. Declaration of Policy: “subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful
local autonomy… fullest development as self-reliant communities… effective partners in the
attainment of national goals.”
Section 6. Authority to Create Local Government Units
- Either by law enacted by Congress (province, city, municipality, other political
subdivision), or ordinance by Sangguniang Panlalawigan/Panglungsod (barangays)
Section 15. Political and Corporate Nature of Local Government Units
Section 16. General Welfare
Section 18. Power to Generate and Apply Resources: taxes, fees for development
Section 19. Eminent Domain: through an ordinance, for public use/welfare, upon payment of
just compensation, after a valid offer has been rejected
Section 20. Reclassification of Lands
(a) A city/municipality through an ordinance can authorize reclassification of Agriculture lands if:
1) Land ceases to be economically feasible and sound for agri purposes
2) Land shall have substantially greater economic value for residential, commercial, or
industrial purposes – limited to the following percentages:
- 15% | Highly Urbanized and Independent Component Cities
- 10% | Component cities, 1st-3rd class municipalities
- 5% | 4th – 6th class municipalities
(b) Agri lands under CARP/CARL (RA 6657) not affected
(c) LGU shall prepare Comprehensive Land Use plans enacted through zoning ordinance.
Section 25. National Supervision over LGUs: by the President - directly over Provinces, HUCs,
and Independent Component Cities; through Province for municipalities and component cities;
through Cities and municipalities for Barangays.
Section 26. Duty of National Government Agencies in the Maintenance of Ecological Balance:
to coordinate with LGUs regarding envi impact of projects/programs
Section 27. Prior Consultations Required: No project/programs implemented unless
consultations are complied with and approved by the Sanggunian
Section 48. Local Legislative Power / Section 49. Presiding Officer
- Sanggunian Panlalawigan – Vice Governor
- Sangguniang Bayan – Municipal Mayor
- Sangguniang Panlungsod – City Vice Mayor
- Sangguniang Barangay – Punong Barangay
Section 106. Local Development Councils: Each LGU shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral
development plan initiated by its development council, approved by the Sanggunian
Section 107. Composition / Section 108. Functions of Local Development Councils
Section 271. Distribution of Proceeds: Basic real property tax, not including SEF/Idle lands
a) Province 35% Province 40% Municipality 25% Barangay
where property is located where property is located
Section 453. Duty to declare Highly Urbanized Status: By the President within 30 days of
meeting minimum requirements
Read also Sections on LGU officials and their functions, responsibilities.
(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 2/2.1 General Planning and Development Model)
(RA 7160 Local Government Code/Sec. 107) (Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Local Planning Structure)
Sub-sectors (3
- Population (size, growth, distribution)
- Social services and status of well-being:
Health; Education, culture, recreation; Welfare; Housing; Protective Services
- Gender Equity Concerns
Sub-sectors (7)
- Lands – Public Domain; Private, A&D; - Water resources – Freshwater (ground,
Ancestral Domain surface); marine
- Forest lands – Protection; Production - Air Quality
- Parks, wildlife & other reservations - Waste management – Solid; Liquid
- Mineral lands – metallic; non-metallic waste; Toxic & hazardous
Sub-sectors (4)
- Organization and Management - LGU-NGO-People’s Organization
- Fiscal Management linkages
- Legislative Output
(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Box 1//Chapter 6 /6.2 the Sectors and their Concerns)
Vision to Goals
Local Development Indicator System (LDIS) Transforming Data into Useful Information
- Step 1: Indicators: Intermediate (input, output); Final (outcome, impact)
- Index – combination of Indicators designed to measure overall condition of object
- Indicators – standardized measures that ensure comparability across time /space
- Statistics – Organized data, usually in the form of tables, require analysis/interpretation
- Data – new information
- Step 2: Construct Statistical Compendium (3-Dimensional Database)
- Sectoral/Sub-sectoral: maintain 5 development sectors
- Geographical / Spatial: reflect at least 3 levels of spatial scale
- Temporal: show time-series data
- Step 3: Problem – Solution Finding Analysis
Observed Conditions – Explanations (Causes) – Implications when unresolved – Policy Options
(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 3 Building and Maintaining an Information Base for Local Planning)
(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 6) (EnP Pack/Manuals/Local Planning Manuals/ CDP Guide)
Development Fund
- 20% IRA + non-office (capital outlay + MOOE
Regional (R)
R PFP R DP R DIP
Provincial (P)/
P DPFP P CDP/ P DIP/
City (C) C DIP
C CDP
City (C)/
C/M C /M L DIP
Municipal (M)
CLUP CDP
PFP = Physical Framework Plan MTPDP = Medium Term Philippine Development
DPFP = Development and Physical Framework Plan
Plan DP = Development Plan
DIP = Development Investment Program
Philippine Agenda 21: Policy framework for the country’s sustainable development strategy
Protected Areas – Life-support systems; food source, clean air/water, waste receptor
- NIPAS; - Non-NIPAS; - Protected Agricultural
- Environmentally Constrained: forestland (slope > 18%), escarpments and fault zones (40m
buffer zones) waterfalls, volcanoes, geohazard areas.
- Permanent Forest (virgin or old growth, primary broadleaf, areas with > 1000m elevation)
- National Parks; - Forest; - Critical river Watersheds; - Forestland buffer zone
- Integrated Social Forestry;
- Watershed/water catchment reserve: forestland section with area 100m-radius around
rivers, springs which serve as catchment for water sources
VII. Preparing the Land Use Plan (detailing preferred development strategy)
1. Review quantified land requirements (identified from IV, VI)
2. Match lands available with requirements
3. Design basic land use scheme (mapping)
3.1 Quantify, tabulate proposed land uses (including water bodies)
4. Plot / delineate proposed uses to create LGU Land Use Maps
5. Formulate land use policies
6. Delineate transportation network, circulation pattern
7. Identify programs and projects to support plan implementation
Municipal Waters
Color
Base Zones Regulations / Uses Codes
Forest (protection/production) PD 705, NIPAS, specific proclamations
Agri (protection/production) AFMA (NPAAAD, SAFDZ)
Residential – 1 (R-1) Low-rise, 20 dwellings/ha; 3 storeys
R-2 Medium-density, multi-family; 3-5 storeys
R-3 Medium-high density, 3-12 storeys
R-4 / R-5 Low-rise townhouses/ high-rise; 3-18 floors
Commercial – 1 (C-1) Neighbourhood-scale businesses; 3 storeys
C-2 Complementing/supplementing CBD; 6 storeys
C-3 High-density, might be CBD, 60 storeys
Industrial – 1 (I-1) Non-pollutive / (non)-hazardous
I-2 Pollutive / (non)-hazardous
I-3 (highly) pollutive / (extremely) hazardous
General Institutional (GI) Government offices. Hospitals, academics
Special Institutional (SI) Social welfare homes, military bases
Parks /Cemetery Recreation, internment of the dead
Utilities, Transportation Transport terminals, power/water lines, telecoms
Overlay Zones Ancestral Domain, Hazards, Ecotourism,
etc.
(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/ (2006) CLUP Guide Vol.3 Model Zoning Ordinance_HLURB)
1987 Constitution
-Article XIII, Section 1: “…the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use and
disposition of property and its increments (to equitably diffuse wealth and power)
-Article XII, Section 6: “…duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to intervene
when the common good so demands.”
EO 72 – For the preparation and implementation of CLUPs (Pres. Ramos, 1993)
-Section 1: (a) Cities and municipalities, (b) Metro Manila LGUs shall prepare, update their
CLUPs in conformity with planning standards and guidelines of HLURB
-Section 2: (d) power of HLURB to approve/review CLUPs of component cities and
municipalities devolved to province;
(e) Pursuant to LOI 729 S. of 1987, EO 648, RA 7279, CLUPs of Provinces, HUCs, and ICCs
reviewed and ratified by HLURB;
(f) By EO 362 S. of 1990, CLUPs of Metro Manila LGUs shall be reviewed by HLURB
EO 648 – Reorganizing the HSRC (mandating HLURB) (a) To promulgate zoning and other
land use control standards and guidelines that shall govern CLUPs / ZO
Land Use Conversion – Reversible (soil to soil or site to site) or Irreversible (soil to site)
Land Use Capacity: practical limits to which land can be put to productive use
- Economic use Capacity: ability to produce net return above production costs of its use
- Highest and Best Use: Use of land provides optimum return to operator or society
- Carrying Capacity: Intensity of use that land can be put without causing significant damage
- Sustainable Development: Highest and best use without exceeding carrying capacity
Land Use Planning: Proper management of land resources to promote the public interest
(E.M Serote/Property, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 1 Essential Concepts Related to Land Use Planning )
- Soil Erosion: Searing away of land surface by running water, wind, ice, etc.
Erosivity - potential ability of rain to cause erosion (intensity, force of rainfall)
Erodibility - vulnerability of soil to erosion (physical characteristics, land cover)
Tolerable soil loss – max rate of annual erosion that permits sustained crop productivity
Land Value – in terms of appraisal, the present worth of future benefits from property
- Utility: capacity to satisfy needs, desires - Scarcity: demand greater than supply
- Effective demand: need/desire backed - Transferability: ease of transfer of
by financial means ownership
Social Values, Customs, Traditions – dietary habits, family ties, “hiya”, religion
Patterns of Land Ownership – size of land holdings, communal ownership, ancestral domains
Government and Political Influence: - to protect rights, regulate its exercise
- Surface right: to enjoy current use of land (within limits of CLUP)
- Productivity right: to make profit from land (controlled through taxation)
- Development right: to improve land (limited by land use planning/zoning)
- Pecuniary right: to benefit from development value (subject to special assessments)
- Restrictive right: to not develop land (subject to idle lands tax)
- Disposal right: to sell or will to others (donor’s tax, capital gains tax)
RA 333 – Quezon City established as seat of National Government (July 17, 1948).
- Created Capital City Planning Commission (CCPC). Functions like NUPC but area-specific.
Task Force on Human Settlements (TFHS) created by EO 419 on Sept. 19, 1973
- Evolved into Human Settlements Commission (HSC) through PD 933 on May 13, 1976.
- National planning body created to institutionalize Human Settlements movement
Ministry of Human Settlements (MHS) created by PD 1396 after Habitat I (June 11, 1978) as
“Mother agency” to consolidate efforts of HSC and 30 gov’t entities. HSC gained
“Regulatory” (HSRC)
Human Settlements Regulatory Commission (HSRC) given quasi-judicial powers on Feb 8,
1981 through EO 648, giving 3 programs; Town Planning and Zoning, Real Estate
Management, Urban Land Reform
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) replaced MHS which
was abolished 1986 after Marcos Regime
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is HRC renamed by EO 90 (1986)
(E.M Serote/Property, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 4 Institutional Framework for Land Use Planning)
RA 7160 mandates LCES to: “present the program of government and propose
- Sec 444(municipality), Policies for the consideration of the
- 445 (city), 465 (province) Sanggunian… initiate and propose legislative
measures to the Sanggunian”
12– Step ELA Planning Process
I. Planning to Plan – preparation of work plan, budget, team orientation, securing EO
- ELA Team (Executive) LCE, LPDC, Dept. Heads; (Legislative) Vice LCE, Sanggunian
Secretary, Appropriations Committee Chair
II. Prioritizing Issues – “shortlisting” issue to be addressed during elected officials’ terms
III. Consulting with Stakeholders
IV. Defining / Revisiting LGU Vision and Mission
V. Formulating Goals and Objectives
VI. Prioritizing Programs, Projects, and Capacity Development Needs
- Plan for development of Competencies, Structure, Systems and Procedures, Logistics
VII. Determining Legislative Requirements – identifying policy gaps, priority Legislation &
when needed
VIII. Budgeting Commitment – Pledges, naming ELA to create sense of ownership
IX. Securing Endorsement and Approval – LDC endorses ELA and AIP to Sanggunian;
adopts former through resolution, latter through Appropriations Ordinance
X. Moving ELA to Action – Annual Operation/Work & Financial Plan, resource mobilization
XI. Popularizing the ELA – for support, transparency, accountability, through IEC, for a
XII. Managing and Sustaining ELA Implementation
[See: EnP Pack/Manuals/Local Planning Manuals/ELA Manual_DILG]
Population
Projection:
- Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) = Crude Birth Rate (CBR) –(CDR) Crude Death Rate
As percent / per 100 population = RNI
10
- Doubling Time = 69.3 - Sex Ratio = _M_ x 100
% Growth Rate F
Dependency Ratios
Po-14 + 65+
P15-64
0 – 14 Young Dependent
15 – 64 Productive Working
65 + Old Dependent
Sectoral Standards
Education
A. Pre-school (Kindergarten)
- Min 500 sqm lot = 4 classes - Classroom size = 1.5 sqm/child
- Space for playground (140sqm) or open space within 200m walking distance
B. Elementary
- Barrio school 0.5 ha = 2 classes (no Grade above Grade 4)
- Central School 1 ha = 6 classes 3 ha = 10-12 classes
2 ha = 7 – 9 classes 4 ha = > 12 classes
- Non-Central school 1 ha = 3-4 classes
- Special Cases
Rural Central Barrio
0.5 ha 6 classes 3 – 4 classes
1.5 ha 2 ha 7-10 classes
0.5 ha > 10 classes
Urban 0.75 ha 6 classes 7 – 10 classes
11-20 classes > 21 classes
- Classroom = 1.4sqm /pupil - Medical /Guidance office = 28sqm gross
C. Secondary Schools - School buildings / structures = < 40% of school site (60% open space)
Classroom = 1.4sqm / place Trades (wood/metal), Practical Arts = 5sqm / place
Science lab = 2.1sqm / place Tech/Home Ec = 7sqm / place
Medical/Dental = 28sqm gross Homemaking = 4sqm / place
Admin = 5sqm/ place Library 2.4sqm/place
D. College / Universities - Site area = 0.5 ha / 500 students (ex. 2,000 pupils = 2 ha)
School Age Population
- Sprague multiplier = NSO age groupings vs. school age brackets
- Interpolation Technique
Hospitals
Standard Areas - Municipal (6 – 24 beds) / Provincial (100-199 beds) = 1.5 ha
-Regional (200-300 beds) = 2.5 ha
-Medical Center (>300 beds) = 3.5 ha
City/Main health center = municipal level - Any RHU Personnel:
- 1 per 50,000 population 1 per 20,000 population
Criteria for new Government Hospitals
- 35 km from existing Government Hospital
- Referral facility for 3 RHU / main health center
- Permanent catchment population 75,000 / 25,000 for remote areas, 3 hours away
- Municipal Hospital = 30 km service zone
Protective Services
A. Ideal police ratio = 1 per 500 population | Minimum ratio = 1per 1,000 population
Police Station Area Population (Component City) (Municipal)
“A” 2,500 sqm > 100,000 > 75,000
“B” 600 sqm 75,000 - 100,000 30,000 – 75,000
“C” 400 sqm 0 – 75,000 0 – 30,000
B. Fireman = 1: 2,000 population| Fire truck = 1:28,000 pop | Fire truck = 1:14 Firemen
C. Ideal - jail guard 1 : 5 inmates | Minimum - jail guard 1: 7 inmates
Commercial = 1.5% - 3% of total built-up area Health Facilities = 0.4 ha / 1,000 population
Industrial = 2.5 ha /1,000 population Gov’t/Admin = 0.5 ha / 1,000 population
Schools = 0.8 ha / 1,000 population
Burial Grounds – minimum = 1m x 2.44m | 20m away from dwellings, 50m from rivers
Sanitary Landfill requirements: Total area x 1.5 to allow for roads, cover, etc.
Area = Waste generated (kg/year) x Residence time (year)
330 kg / m3 (DENR standard) 10m landfill depth
- Target service life of landfill 5 years | 75m away from faults, 50m away from waters
Net Present Value (NPV) – compares cost and benefit streams discounted to present
- if NPV is positive / greater than 1, project viable and can be accepted
- Budget constraint: choose project which maximizes NPV
- Mutually Exclusive Projects: no budget constraint, chosen from mutually exclusive
projects, choose highest NPV
- Different Project Lives: mutually exclusive, adjust lives, highest positive NPV
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) – present value of benefits equals cost / NPV = 0
- If IRR > cost of funds, implement, choose highest
- Favors budgets with short lives
Economic Evaluation
Social Discount Rate (SDR) – discount stream of economic cost and benefits to present values,
rate of social value declines over time (at 15%)
1987 Constitution
II. Declaration of Principles and State Policies – democratic, renounces war, separate from
Church; (5) promotion of general welfare, (10) social justice, (14) role of women, (16)
balanced ecology, (21) rural development / agrarian reform, (22) IP rights, (25) autonomy of
LGUs.
III. Bill of Rights – (9) Private property cannot be taken without just compensation;
rights related to criminal prosecution.
IV. Citizenship - qualifications
V.. Suffrage – right to vote
Legislative Department – composition, government appropriations, passing of laws
VII.. Executive Department – the Presidency, powers and responsibilities
Judicial Department – composition, powers and mechanisms
Constitutional Commissions – Civil Service, Elections, Audit; responsibilities
Local Government – (2) local autonomy, (3) LGC, (5) creating revenue sources, (6) share in IRA and
(7) development of national wealth, (12) HUC, ICC Independence, (14) Regional Development councils
XII. National Economy and Patrimony – (1) General Welfare 6/7, and (2) 4, natural resources
belong to the State, allow small-scale use, (3) public domain classification, can only be leased, (4)
conservation of forestlands, natural parks, (6) right to private property, (9) NEDA, 60% Filipino
ownership
XIII. Social Justice and Human Rights – (1) regulation of property, (4) agrarian reform, (7)
fisherfolk rights, (9) urban land reform, (10) resettlement, (14) women’s working rights
XIV. Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports – (5) right to select a course
XV. Family – foundation of the nation
Section 1. Policy – continuing policy of the State to create conditions where man and nature can
live in harmony, fulfill requirements of present and future generations.
Section 2. Goal – recognize responsibility of each generation as guardians of the environment,
preserving cultural / historic heritage, national resource use while preserving environment
Section 3. Right to a Healthy Environment – and everyone’s duty and responsibility to
contribute
Section 4. Environmental Impact Statements – basis for EIA system, directed to NEPC
Section 34 Post-Qualification
- verification/validation if requirements/conditions met in Bidding docs
- If passed, Lowest Calculated Bid = “Lowest Calculated Responsive Bid”;
- Highest Rated Bid = “Highest Rated Responsive Bid”
- If failed, becomes “post-disqualified”. Then next LCB/HBR becomes LCRB/HRRB
Section 35 Failure of Bidding – if:
(a) No bids received (c) when bidder with Lowest/Highest Rated refuses to accept
(b) None qualifies for Lowest/Highest Responsive Bid
- Rebidding same process. If 2nd Failed bidding, may resort to Negotiated Procurement (sec. 53)
Section 36 Single Calculated/Rated and Responsive Bid Submission – considered if
(a) Only one bidder submits Letter of Intent, applies for eligibility check, passes, then bids
(b) More than one bidder but only one passes eligibility
(c) If more pass eligibility, but only one bids
Section 37 Notice and Execution of Award
- 15 days after Lowest/Highest Responsive bid, issue Notice of Award
- 10 days after Notice of Award, bidder enters contract – 20 days for approval (30 for GOCCs)
- 7 days after approval of contract, Notice to Proceed
Section 38 Procurement Process shall not exceed 3 months
Section 39 Performance Security – before signing of contract
Section 40 Disqualified if unable to enter contract or post Performance Security. Post-
qualification for next ranked bidder
Section 46 Lease Contracts – for equipment, subject to same bidding process
Section 48 Alternative Methods – by approval of HOPE /rep, if justified
(a) Limited Source Bidding/Selective Bidding – direct invitation to pre-selected
suppliers/consultants
(b) Direct Contracting/Single Source Procurement – supplier asked to submit price quotation
or pro-forma invoice with conditions of sale – may be accepted or negotiated with
(c) Repeat Order – direct procurement of goods from previous winning bidder of competitive
bidding
(d) Shopping – request for submission of price quotations for off-the-shelf goods or
ordinary/regular equipment from suppliers of known qualification
(e) Negotiated Procurement – extraordinary circumstances (sec. 53) or Failed Bidding –
negotiates contract with supplier, contractor or consultant
Section 49 Limited Source/Selective Bidding – only if:
(a) Highly specialized goods/consulting obtainable from limited sources
(b) Major plant components to maintain uniform quality
Section 50 Direct Contracting – only if:
(a) Proprietary goods/source – copyright, patent, trade secrets
(b) Critical components from specific supplier
(c) Exclusive dealer/manufacturer