2022

BIOLOGY

shayan saeed
M2A1
7/28/2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface
Acknowledgement
herbivores

photosynthesis

single celled organisms’

human alimentary canal

nutrition in Amoeba

stomata

exchange of gases

human digestive system

human respiratory system

index
Q1. Why do herbivores have longer, small intestine than carnivores?
Herbivores eat plants and grass-based foods which need a long time to digest. These
contain cellulose. Cellulose takes a long time to digest, hence they take more time in the small
intestine.
Q2. Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of
photosynthesis. How photosynthesis occurs in desert plants?
The balanced chemical equation of photosynthesis:

CO2+ H₂O O₂+ C₆H₁₂O₆

Desert plants perform photosynthesis by the CAM pathway. It is also known as
crassulacean acid metabolism. CAM pathway is adapted in plants inhabiting dry and arid
conditions. In this process stomata open at night and CO2 is diffused in the plants at night, which
is converted into four carbon organic intermediate and stored. During the daytime, stomata
remain closed to prevent gaseous exchange, but photosynthesis occurs and utilizes the
CO2 absorbed during the night.

Q3. In single celled organisms’ diffusion is sufficient to meet all their

requirements of food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes but it is
not in case of multicellular organisms. Explain the reason for this
difference.
Diffusion is a slow process. In single-celled organism it is possible for it to take place because
the entire cell is in contact with the environment. As for multi-celled organisms it would take an
exceptionally long time for the particle to reach an organ in the body, so it cannot take place.
Q4. Draw a neat, labeled diagram of human alimentary canal.
Q5. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition which is part of the following:
Ingestion: Amoeba trap food with pseudopodia (fingerlike projections), which
they take in along with food and water.
Digestion: Amoeba make food vacuole after digestion. The vacuole releases
enzymes for digestion.
Absorption: After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through osmosis.

Assimilation: Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.

 
Egestion: Food vacuole goes near the cell membrane to empty its contents outside the
cell. This results in the expulsion of waste materials from the cell. 
Q6. How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the
stomata?

The opening and closing of stomatal pores are regulated by guard cells by increasing or
decreasing the amount of water in them. When water enters the guard cells, they become
turgid. This results in opening of stomata) pore. When water exits from the guard cells,
they become flaccid. This results in closing of stomata. 

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA-NC

Q7. Explain exchange of gases in humans.

Oxygen enters our body through our nose, in the nose small hairs trap dust
particles and form them into mucus. The oxygen then goes through out trachea to
the lungs through bronchioles. Then the oxygen enters the bloodstream through the
alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
take place in the alveoli.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA
Q8. State the role of the following in human digestive system:
(a) Digestive enzymes
Digestive enzymes help break down food into smaller pieces suitable for
digestion.

(b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Present in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria in the food
and emulsifies fats into fatty acids.

(c) Villi
Villi is where the broken-down food (glucose) enters the bloodstream.
Q9. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the
following:
(a) Part where air is filtered by fine hairs and mucus
(b) Part which terminates in balloon like structures
(c) Part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity
(d) Part where exchange of gases takes place.

A
B

D
C