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I, together with the ethics committee, am very much excited for the completion of your investigation.
Sincerely,
Norbert Lewin F.Soliven, MAN, LPT, RN
Chair, Institutional Ethics Review Committee
Our Lady of Fatima University – Antipolo Campus
⁴Research Adviser
May 2022
Endorsement
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in
Banking has been examined and now recommended for Oral Examination,
Laganzon, Ann Margarette T. Medina, Ma. Dexter Louise T. Pueda of BSA 3-2, has
Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge
and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by another person or material
to which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning except where due acknowledge in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual context of this thesis is the product of our work, even
though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language
expression.
Principal Investigator
Members:
Table of Contents
Endorsement.....................................................................................................................................i
Program Head...............................................................................................................................i
Certificate of Originality.................................................................................................................ii
Research Adviser.........................................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Literature Review...................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Banking...........................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Cryptocurrency................................................................................................................2
1.1.2.3 Cost of Investment........................................................................................................3
1.2.4 Return on investment.......................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Variable Discussion........................................................................................................4
1.2.1.1 Cryptocurrency..........................................................................................................4
1.2.1.2 Banking.....................................................................................................................5
1.2.1.3 Cost of Investment....................................................................................................5
1.2.1.4 ROI............................................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................6
1.4 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................................6
1.5 Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Theories of Investment....................................................................................................6
1.6 Research Paradigm ................................................................................... 7
1.7 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................7
1.7.1 Future researcher.............................................................................................................7
1.7.2 Investors..........................................................................................................................8
1.7.3 Researchers......................................................................................................................8
1.8 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................8
2.0 METHODS OF RESEARCH.....................................................................................................8
2.1 Research Methods..................................................................................................................8
Research locale............................................................................................................................9
2.3 Population and Sampling.......................................................................................................9
2.4 Research Ethics......................................................................................................................9
2.5 Research Instruments.............................................................................................................9
2.6 Data Collection....................................................................................................................10
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................10
3.0 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................10
4.0 APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................11
4.1 Letter of Permission to Conduct a Survey............................................................................11
4.2 Informed Consent Form for the Respondents.......................................................................12
4.3 Validation Letter...................................................................................................................13
4.4 Statistician’s Letter...............................................................................................................14
4.5 Survey Questionnaire Form..................................................................................................15
4.6 About the Researchers..........................................................................................................17
ABSTRACT
investment in selected towns in NCR and Rizal Province. The researchers aim to examine the
investment and return on investment. Researchers will use survey questionnaire through google
forms to be distributed to 50 respondents residing in NCR and Rizal. Respondents which are all
investors will determine which among the investment methods are more effective and
advantageous for them while using Likert scale method. As a result, the article aims to
understand what is more effective among the Cryptocurrency and Banking as an investment
method. Results will be supported by research article and journal gathered from different
resources.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
A cryptocurrency is a digital form of designed to work as a medium of exchange through a
computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank,
to uphold or maintain it. During the surge of the pandemic, many Filipinos discovered that
investing in cryptocurrency is a good source of one for daily living and very accessible
nationwide. Cryptocurrency can also be gained through the form of games like Axie,
Pegasus, and Bomb Crypto which makes it more interesting to do. In 2021, Bitcoin (BTC),
(MATIC), Dogecoin (DOGE) are the top cryptocurrency that most people invest into.
Although cryptocurrency can be interesting and fun it also has its own disadvantages and
advantages when it comes to investing, not just money but also the time and effort that the
users give. With the rise in popularity of cryptocurrencies, there is a rising demand for
clarification on the legal implications of these new currencies and the technology that fuel
them.
With the rising popularity of cryptocurrency, there is a hesitation for traditional banks to
adopt the technology of using digital assets. The Association of Certified Anti-Money
Laundering Specialists (ACAMS) and the U.K.’s Royal United Services Institute conducted
a study that shows most of the respondent thinks that cryptocurrency is more of a risk than a
anti-money laundering (AML) and know your customer (KYC), and volatility.
Nowadays, investment is very important in the lives of everyone since the longevity of
underwriting the debt and equity securities, assisting in the sale of securities and facilitating
merger and acquisitions, organizations, and broker trades. Investing in cryptocurrency and
banks have an interesting similarities and differences that is why the researchers conducted a
platform. As cryptocurrency rose, people became more invested in knowing more about how
crypto works and how to invest in it. Due to economic shock that cause heavy loss to the
to regain their losses as it gets popularized more when big names enter the space including
Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, boxing legend Mike Tyson, Oscar winning doyenne
Gwyneth Paltrow, and many more huge investors. “In the article, the researchers examine
became more invested in knowing more about how crypto works and how to invest in it”
(Sirico, 2021).
Before people get to know cryptocurrency, bank investment is the adaptable way of
investing. Even though there are new investing platforms, there are still lots of people who
chooses Banking investment as it gives them security and certainty of future funds
(Keythman, 2019).
The study aims to rationalize which investment method compliment well to the
respondents. Results of the paper will provide information to the future investors and give
According to David Stowell (2018) investment banking changed dramatically during the
20-year period preceding the global financial crisis, as market forces pushed banks from their
traditional low-risk role of advising and intermediating to a position of taking considerable risk
for their own account and on behalf of clients. These activities exposed the industry to significant
shocks during the financial crisis. The activities of investment banks impact the global economy
and are very important to the smooth functioning of capital markets. Banking helps investor to
1.2.2 Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is a subset of the class of digital currency (Lee [2015]), but it has become
an important type of digital currency. Unlike other digital currencies that can be centrally issued,
organizations issuing them, cryptocurrency has very different characteristic. Lee (2015) said that,
unlike real assets, are digital assets, and their fundamental value is hard to comprehend. As a
result, we believe that the cryptocurrency market is mainly driven by investor sentiment, leading
to high volatility. These innovations and the perceived investment potential have led to rapid
growth in the number of altcoins and the market size of a cryptocurrency. According to
CoinMarketCap,2 nearly 869 cryptocurrencies are currently trading around the world with a
combined market capitalization The major drawback of the traditional fiat currency payment
system is high transaction fees with a long settlement period, which has led people to alternative
currencies that allow for shorter peer-to-peer (P2P) processing time without intermediaries,
resulting in a thriving market for digital currencies that have lower settlement risk.
According to Gianfranco Gianfrate, Dirk Schoenmaker and Saara Wasama (2018) cost of
capital is a key element for corporate financing and investment decisions. Since cost of capital is
sustainability suggests that environmental, social and governance (ESG) and corporate social
responsibility (CSR) practices might be priced by investors. In this paper, we present a literature
review of studies that examine the relationship between environmental performance (EP) and
firms’ cost of capital (COC). Knowing the cost of capital will help the investors to know when pr
where to invest their money. This will also help them to know if they will invest a large pr small
with high ratings tend to earn high expected returns for the risks they assume and thereby have a
low probability of experiencing financial distress. Bank ratings, a measure of a bank’s intrinsic
safety and soundness, should therefore be able to capture the bank’s ability to manage financial
distress while achieving risk-return and enabling to return the investments of investor. Investing
in stocks1, for example, has the potential to provide higher returns. In contrast, investing in a
money market or a savings account likely won’t offer the same return potential but is considered
less risky than investing in stocks. The amount of risk you carry depends on your appetite or
tolerance for risk. Only you can decide how much risk you’re willing to take for the potential of
higher returns. But if you’re seeking to outpace inflation, taking on some risk may be necessary.
An increase in risk may provide more potential for your money to grow. To help increase the
Crypto As cryptocurrencies become popular and market places for cryptocurrencies are
growing rapidly. Understanding the rate of return can support cryptocurrency world is and how
design choices affect investors. Nizar (2021) said that even though cryptocurrency is an online
platform to invest, return depends on how the investor manage their assets. A lot of tokens can
be invested in the world of crypto. He also mentioned that profit cannot just doubled that’s why
investors putting their assets on risk. Overtime, a lot of businesses had close that made them to
find ways to earn their capitals as soon as it can be gained Laura (2019).
present value of expected revenues, at the margin, are equal to the opportunity cost of capital.
Meaning that investments continue until the net present value equals zero. Having a great return
on investment, which goes above the capital investment, will make the investment worthwhile.
Fisher referred to the discount rate as the rate of return over costs or the internal rate of
return. Keynes, on the other hand, called it the marginal efficiency of capital, (Baddeley, 2003,
and Alchian, 1955). Keynes (1936) argued that investments are made until "there is no longer
any class of capital assets of which the marginal efficiency exceeds the current rate of interest"
(as quoted in Baddeley, 2003, p. 34). The fundamental difference between the "Keynesian view"
and Fisher ("Hayekian view") lies in the perception of risk and uncertainty, and how expectations
are formed. Keynes did not regard investment as an adjustment process toward equilibrium.
Hayek (1941) and Fisher (1930), on the other hand, regarded investment as an optimal
adjustment path towards an optimal capital stock. In the Keynesian theory investment are not
determined by some underlying optimal capital stock. Instead, genuine or radical uncertainty
takes a central position. Keynes believed that humans were "animal spirited" and that this,
combined with irrational and volatile expectations, made the thought of investment as an
an important type of digital currency. Unlike other digital currencies that can be centrally issued,
organizations issuing them, cryptocurrency has very different characteristic. L (2015) said that
unlike real assets, are digital assets, and their fundamental value is hard to comprehend. As a
result, we believe that the cryptocurrency market is mainly driven by investor sentiment, leading
to high volatility. These innovations and the perceived investment potential have led to rapid
growth in the number of altcoins and the market size of cryptocurrency. According to
CoinMarketCap,2 nearly 869 cryptocurrencies are currently trading around the world with a
combined market capitalization The major drawback of the traditional fiat currency payment
system is high transaction fees with a long settlement period, which has led people to alternative
currencies that allow for shorter peer-to-peer (P2P) processing time without intermediaries,
resulting in a thriving market for digital currencies that have lower settlement risk.
1.2.2.2 Banking
Terry Turner (2022) stated that banking is the business of protecting money of
individuals, businesses and other entities. Banks offer banking service that gives convenience
and security to people who wanted to invest, insure, or grow their wealth. It also covers other
financial transactions like credit service. The most common type of banking services is
investment.
accounting perspective, the total cost concept is more applicable to financial reporting, where
overhead costs must be assigned to certain assets. Kelleher (2022) said that in cryptocurrency,
cost of investment may vary on the token that the person wants to invest.
1.2.1.4 ROI
Emily Birken and Banjamin Curry (2021) stated that return on investment (ROI) is a
metric used to understand the profitability of an investment. ROI compares how much you paid
for an investment to how much you earned to evaluate its efficiency. When you put money into
an investment or a business endeavor, ROI helps you understand how much profit or loss your
investment has earned. Return on investment is a simple ratio that divides the net profit (or loss)
from an investment by its cost. Because it is expressed as a percentage, you can compare the
of:
Cost of Investment
Return on Investment
Cost of Investment
Return on Investment
as compared to Banking?
1.4 Hypothesis
H₀: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of doing investment
1. Effectiveness of Cryptocurrency as
an Investment in terms of:
a. Cost of Investment
b. Return of Investment (ROI)
1. Cryptocurrency as an
Investment
2. Effectiveness of Banking as an
2. Banking as an Investment Investment in terms of:
a. Cost of Investment
b. Return of Investment (ROI)
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY AND BANKING… 9
cryptocurrency will remain as an investing platform in the future. Future researchers who want to
study more about investment and its different platform while diving deeper to the importance of
knowing why the study was conducted. They can use this as reference to see how investor’s
1.6.2 Investors
For the investors to know which investment platform fits their strategy using the data
gathered and which platform will satisfy or benefit them in the future
1.6.3 Researchers
The researcher will help investors know which investment platform is more fitting or
beneficial for them in terms of their investment approach and how future researchers compare
focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. The correlational quantitative research
design used in the study presents the data to understand further the relationship between the
variables.
technique. The researchers will locate and select a group of experienced and educated individuals
in the topic of interest that will also refer to an individual with a common interest. The
researchers purposely chose at least 50 respondents and used this sampling method to have a
credible outcome.
respect for persons states that individual should have the consent for participating in the study
and have the right to withdraw in participating any time they want. [2] Principle of justice states
that participants are selected according to the procedures and treated humanely without any
discrimination. [3] Right of privacy states that the subjects have the freedom to determine the
time, extent, and general circumstances under which their private information will be shared or
In this study, the researchers used a questionnaire through google form to acquire the needed
information for this topic. The questionnaire is composed by series of questions about
Cryptocurrency and Banking as an Investment in NCR and Rizal. The questions are answered by
the respondents based on their knowledge and experience using the Likert scale where they can
choose from Very Satisfied (5), Satisfied (4), Neutral (3), Dissatisfied (2) and Very Dissatisfied
(1). To be able to determine the answers, the respondents will put a check mark on the box of
survey and submitted it to the program head to be approved. After the permission was approved,
the researchers then prepared the survey questionnaire. The researchers selected respondents they
know that have knowledge and experience in the field of the study. Subsequently, the researchers
asked the first set of respondents to refer any respondent they might know that has experience in
3.0 REFERENCES
4.0 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Letter of Permission to Conduct a Survey
To our respondents:
Good Day!
We, the 3rd year students of Our Lady of Fatima University taking Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration Major in Accountancy is humbly asking for your participation to meet
our objectives by answering the questionnaire. It is part of our data gathering procedure four our
research entitled “A Comparative Analysis of Cryptocurrency and Banking as an
Investment in NCR and Rizal”
Sincerely yours,
Ann Margarette T. Medina
Catherine Kaye R. Laganzon
Ma. Dexter Louise T. Pueda
Signed by:
Marie Stacy Margarett P. Diaz, CPA, CAT, MST Mr. Francis C. Castro, MBA
Research Adviser University Statistician
Our Lady of Fatima University
Our Lady of Fatima University
APPENDIX B
Informed Consent Form for the Respondents
Greetings,
Rest assured, the data collected will be treated with the utmost confidentiality in that strict
observance of the research ethical processes will be followed. We are hoping that this request
will merit your consideration and approval.
Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
Endorsed by:
Medina, Anne Margarette T.
Laganzon, Catherine Kaye R. Marie Stacy Margarett P. Diaz, CPA, CAT, MST
Pueda. Ma, Dexter Louise Research Adviser
Researchers Our Lady of Fatima University- Antipolo
APPENDIX C
Validation Letter
May 2022
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Medina, Anne Margarette T., Laganzon, Catherine Kaye R., and Pueda.
Ma, Dexter Louise who are working on the research paper entitled “Comparative Analysis of
Cryptocurrency and Banking as an Investment in NCR and Rizal”, has confer with me for
the validation of their Aid of the interpretation of our interview. I acknowledge them for their
effort to consider our judgement regarding our experiences.
Date:
APPENDIX D
Statistician’s Letter
May 2022
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Medina, Anne Margarette T., Laganzon, Catherine Kaye R., and Pueda
Ma., Dexter Louise who are working on the research paper entitled “Comparative Analysis of
Cryptocurrency and Banking as an Investment in NCR and Rizal” has conferred with me for
the statistical analysis of the research paper. I acknowledge them for their efforts to consider my
judgments" regarding the statistics of their paper.
University Statistician
Our Lady of Fatima University- Antipolo
APPENDIX E
We are the Accounting students of Our Lady of Fatima University- Antipolo Campus who are
enrolled in Accounting Research Method. Presently, we are conducting a research survey. In this
regard, please give us your valuable time and effort to answer all the questions in the
questionnaire that are important and useful in conducting the survey. Rest assured that all data
collected from you will be treated with the strictest confidentiality. Your positive response to this
request is a valuable contribution to the research. Thank you for the collaboration.
Criteria
Please rank the efficiency of the following investment type in terms of cost of investment and
return on investment on a scale of 1-5. (5 – Strong Agree, 4 – Agree, 3 – Neutral, 2 –
Disagree, 1 - Very Disagree)
2. Which is more efficient between the two investment methods in terms of Cost and Return on
Investment?
2.1 CRYPTOCURRENCY
CRYPTOCURRENCY
COST OF INVESTMENT
5 4 3 2 1
CRYPTOCURRENCY
ROI
5 4 3 2 1
2.2 BANKING
BANKING
COST
5 4 3 2 1
2. Maintaining balance
BANKING
ROI
5 4 3 2 1
APPENDIX F
About the Researchers