CJ.

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C
ight Training Manual
~-
edition
Pri nted a nd bound in Ca nada
Photographs courtesy Aviation Training Systems Ltd .

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Canadia n Cataloguing In Publication Dat a

Mai n entry under title:
Flight train ing manual
4th ed . (revised)
ISBN 0-660- 1935 1-5
I. Airplanes - Piloti ng. 1. Canada. Tran spo rt Canada .
TL7 12.F55 1992 629.132'52 C9 1-095123-3

TF lI 02E
(0812004)

TC- lOOl OO6

Catalogue No . T52 · 14nOO4E

5GG0302
Contents

Preface v

PART O NE 11 Slow Flight 73

The Aircraft and Operational Conside rations 1
12 Stalls 75
1 Basic Principles of Flight 3 13 Spinning 81
2 Weight and Balance 16 14 Spiral 85
3 Engine Handling 19 15 Slipping 86
4 Aircraft Documentation 23 16 Take-off 88
5 Airport Operations 26 17 The Circuit 99
6 Weather Considerations 29 18 Approach and Landing 104
19 First Solo 116
PART TWO
20 Illusions Created by Drift 118
21 Precautionary Landing 121
Air Exe rcises 31 22 Forced Landing 127
1 Familiarization 33 23 Pilot Navi gatio n 132
2 Aircraft Familiarization and 24 Instrument Flying 147
Preparation for Flight 34 25 Night Flying 178
3 Ancillary Controls 40 26 Floatplanes 182
4 Taxiing 45 27 Skiplanes 192
5 Attitude s and Moveme nts 48 28 Type Conversion 197
6 Straight-and-Level Flight 52 29 Emergency Procedures 202
7 Climbing 54 30 Radio Communication 206
8 De scending 57
9 Turns 60
10 Flight for Range and Endurance 66 Epilogue 210
Preface
Th e aim of this manual is to provide basic. progressive
study material for student pilots preparing for licens-
ing, pilots improv ing their qu alificati ons, and for the
guidance of flight instructors. As such, it complements
the Tran sport Canada Flight Instructor Guide.
This manual provides information and direction in
the introduction and perform ance of flight training
manoeuvres as well as basic information on aerody-
nami es and othe r subjec ts related to flight training
co urses. Thu s, a wo rking knowledge of the term s and
the material in this manual that are relevant to the
training being taken will enable the student to gain
maximum ben efit from the train ing.
The co ntribution s by many Canadian flight instruc-
tors to the material presented here are gratefully
acknowledged.
v
PART ONE

THE AIRCRAFT AND

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER ONE
Basic Principles of Flight
The Third Law of Motion
Heavier-than-air flight ca n be explained by various
scientific laws and theorem s. Of the se, Newton's
Third Law of Motion is possibly the fundamental one.
"For every action there is an equal and opposite reac-
tion." A propeller accelerates a mass of air backward,
and thereby receives an equal forward force . This for-
ward force, called thrust , pulls the aircraft ahead.
As the aircraft is thrust forward by the propeller on
take-off. the wing meeting the oncoming air begins to
generate lift (Fig. 1- 1). As the forward speed of the
aircraft increases. this lift force increases proportion-
ately. When the lift force is equal to the weight of the
aircraft , the aircraft begins to fly.
Uft
wa
Relative
airflow
Figure 1·1 Lift Is Generated by Air Travelling
Faster above the Aerofoil than below it
The Atmosphere
An aircraft ope rates in a world that is very near the
earth. yet has vastly different properties. This world
is the atmosphere, composed of air. which surrounds
the earth. We must know something about this atmos-
phere to understand flight.
Density and Pressure
One property of air that is apt to mislead the novice
student of flight is dens ity. Ask the weight of the air
in an ordinary room and answers will vary from
"almost nothing," to "about 10 pounds." Yet the
answer is close to 300 pounds and in a large hall may
be over a ton! Raise that half a mile above the earth,
tho ugh, and the air in it will weigh far less. Its density
- its mass per unit volume - has changed. The se
changes in density are measured as air press ure.
It is true, of course, that the density of air is low
compared with that of water, yet it is this propert y of
air that makes flight possible. Air bei ng the medium
in which ni ght occur s, as its properties change the
characteri stics of a particu lar flight will change.
The average pressure at sea level due to the weight
of the atmosphere is 14 .7 pounds per square inch, a
pressure that ca uses the mercury in a barometer to rise
29.92 inches. In a standard situation the pressure
dro ps from 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level
to 10.2 pounds per square inch at 10,000 feet .
Temperature Changes (Lapse Rate)
With an increase in height there is a decrease in air
temperature. The reaso n is that the sun's heat passes
through the atmosphere without apprec iably raising
the temperature. The earth, however, absorb s the
heat. The temperature ofthe earth is raised and the air
in contact with it absorbs some of the heat.
The Four Forces
An aircraft in flight is under the influence of four
main forces: lift , weight. thru st , and drag (Fig. 1·2).