First Aid and Water Survival

Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Panfilo Manguera Sr. Rd., Tanza, Boac, Marinduque 4900 (Main Campus)
Tel. No.: 332-03-23 Email Address: icje@mscmarinduque.edu.ph
Website: www.marinduquestatecollege.edu.ph
(BS - Law Enforcement Administration)

First Aid and Water Survival
(P.E 3)
TOPIC 1: Introduction to First Aid
TIME ALLOCATION: Two Weeks
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
a) Explain the importance of First Aid.
b) Break down and differentiate the terminologies and types of first aid.
c) Embody the Characteristics of a First Aider.
d) Follow and Demonstrate the General Directions of First Aiding.
e) Utilize various techniques and strategies from First Aid Measures on Selected Situations.
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
a) Materials
 Laptop/Smart Phone
b) Reference
 Vicente, Jezreel B., Vicente, Rhescien Mae B. & De Asis, Maria Krisia Fae R.
(2015) Hand Book on First Aid, Rescue & Water Safety, Wiseman’s Books Trading,
Inc.
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID

First aid is an emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful
medical treatment is available. First aid may save a life or improve certain vital signs
including pulse, temperature, a patent (unobstructed) airway, and breathing. In minor
emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim's condition from worsening or provide relief from
pain.
First aid is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly become
ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or is delayed. It
also includes well-selected words of encouragement, evidence of willingness to help, and
promotion to confidence by demonstration of competence. The principles and practice of
First Aid are based on practical medicine and surgery, which would, in case of accidents or
sudden illness, enable trained persons to give Such care until medical aid is available.
Definition of terms
1. Emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or
environment.
2. Injury is a general term that refers to any damage to the human body.
3. Self-aid is any care given to onesell.
4. First Aider refers to a person who gives first aid.
5. Hemorrhage is a escape of large quantities of blood from the blood vessels that may
cause shock
6. Shock is a state of condition when there of condition when there is not enough or adequate
blood supplies to the vital tissues and organs.
7. Dressing is a sterile pad or a compressed sponge that is applied directly to cover the
wound.
8. Bandage is a piece of material that is used to support a dressing, splint, or an injured part
of a person's body.
9. Fracture refers to a break in the continuity of a bone
10. Venom is a poison secreted by some animals and injected into the body of victims
through bites.
11. Heat Injuries are environmental injuries that may result when a person is exposed to
extreme heat, such as from the sun or from high temperature.
12. Heat Cramps are muscle spasms caused by low levels of salt and water in the body.
13. Heat Exhaustion is caused by loss of water through sweating as caused by inadequate
fluid replacement; it may cause heat stroke.
14. Heat Stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated promptly and
correctly. It occurs when a body elevated person experiences an abnormally elevated body
temperature caused by failure of the body's cooling mechanism when the environmental
temperature is too high or there is dehydration.
15. Cold Injuries are most likely to occur when a low unprepared individual is exposed to
very low temperature and the blood circulation to the extremities become inadequate. This is
also known as frostbite.
16. Burn is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or
radiation
Characteristics of First Aider

1. Observant. The first aider should notice all signs and symptoms of the illness.
2. Resource ful. The first aider should make the best use of things at hand.
3. Gentle. The first aider should not cause pain to the Victim/patient.
4. Tactful. The first aider should not alarm the victim/patient.
5. Sympathetic. The first aider should be comforting on the feelings and pain experienced by
the victim/patient.
6. Cheerful. The first aider should have a happy expression that inspires confidence.
Objectives of First Aid
1. To alleviate suffering.
2. To prevent further injury, damage or danger.
3. To prolong life.
Importance of First Aid
1. To save life.
2. To prevent permanent disability
3. To reduce prolonged hospitalization.
Basic Life Saving Steps
1. Check for blood circulation (pulse).
2. Check for breathing.
3. Check for bleeding.
4. Check for shock.
Purposes of First Aid Training
1. To prevent accidents.
2. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.
3. To prevent added injury or danger.
4. To provide proper transportation if necessary.
5. To give First Aid for large numbers of persons caught in a natural disaster.
General Directions for First Aiding

1. Don't panic. The first aider must remain calm so that he or she has a clear mind during the
emergency situation.
2. Ensure the safety of the area. In an emergency situation, the first aider must first make
sure that the area is safe for him/her and the victim. He/she should transport the victim to a
safer place if necessary.
3. Check for vital functioning. The first aider should assess and monitor pulse and breathing
of the victim.
4. Check for injuries. The first aider must conduct careful physical examination of the
victim to prevent further injury. In cases of multiple injuries, the first aider should know
which problem to treat first.
5. Give the needed first aid urgently. The first aider must be capable of applying necessary
and appropriate steps to attain the objectives of first aiding
6. Keep the victim lying down. The victim should be examined in a lying position in order
to immobilize the body.
7. Keep the victim warm. This would help the victim recover faster by increasing the
circulation of blood throughout the body. The victim may be provided with a jacket, a blanket
or a body heat transfer by embracing the victim.
8. Do not give fluids to an unconscious or partly conscious person. This must be noted by
every person not only the first aiders and rescuers. The water may enter the windpipe and
block the airway passage. Do not attempt to arouse an unconscious person by shaking him
because it might cause further injury.
9. Following injury, do not lift a gasping person by the belt. This may aggravate injuries
of the back or internal organs.
10. Reassure the victim. The first aider should explain to the victim the first aid to be done
and how it will help him/her reduce the feelings of anxiety.
11. Be reluctant to make statements. The first aider should be reluctant to give statements
to the victim and bystanders about the injuries. It is not included within the first aider's tasks
to diagnose, evaluate and predict illnesses and injuries, but only to provide needed immediate
care.
Materials Needed for First Aid Training

1. Strips of cloth 2", 3" and 4" wide by 36" or longer
2. Two blankets or mats
3. Triangular bandages
4. Two gauze pads 3"x 3, adhesive compress; bandage compress
5. 1 set of splints for extremities (fixation)
6. 2-stretcher poles, 7 feet long each
7. 1-24-Unit first aid kit
Basic Equipment for First Aid
1. Spine Board
2. Short Board/ Kendrick's Extrication Device
3. Sets of splints
4. Poles
5. Blankets
Suggested Contents of First Aid Kit
1. Rubbing Alcohol
2. Povidone lodine
3. Cotton
4. Gauge pads
5. Tongue Depressor
6. Penlight
7. Band aid
8. Gloves
9. Scissors
10.Forceps
11.Triangular Bandage
12.Elastic Roller Bandage
13.Occlusive Dressing
14. Plaster
FIRST AID MEASURES FOR SELECTED SITUATIONS

Several emergency situations that occur most often and some details on the procedures and
processes of first aiding are presented below. It is very important that lectures on this part of
the lesson should be coupled with enough demonstrations and return demonstrations by
instructors and students respectively.
1. Shock
Shock is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body functions. It
can threaten life even though the injuries or conditions that caused the depression may not
otherwise be fatal. The vital functions are depressed when there is a loss of a significant
amount of blood volume, a reduced blood flow, or an insufficient supply of oxygen.
Causes of Shock
a. Significant loss of blood
b. Heart failure
c. Dehydration
d. Severe and painful blows to the body
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
a. Sweaty but cool skin (cold and clammy)
b. Paleness of the skin
c. Restlessness or nervousness
d. Thirstiness and dry mouth
e. Fast and shallow breathing
f. Dilated pupils
g. Rapid pulse
h. Nausea or vomiting
First Aid Measures for Shock
a. Control bleeding
b. Replacement of fluids
c. Control the pain
d. Prevention from heat exposure
e. Loosen the clothing
f. Elevate the casualty's feet higher than the level of the heart (Shock Position)
g. NPO (Nothing by mouth) to an unconscious patient
2. Drowning
Drowning is a type of asphyxia (inability to breathe) related to either respiration of
fluids or obstruction of the airway caused by spasm of the larynx while the victim is in the
water. Drowning is a major cause of accidental death, occuring in swimming, diving, and
other water activities, usually in unsupervised water areas. Drowning can also occur in the
home pools, bathtubs, washtubs and in shallow water.
First Aid Measures for Shock
a. Open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin.
b.Open the mouth and check for any obstructions.
c. If there are no obstructions, Look, Listen, and Feel for breathing
1. Look at the rise and fall of the chest.
2. Listen for breaths with your ear close to the nose and mouth of the victim.
3. Feel with your cheek for air coming from the nose or mouth.
d. If the victim is breathing, place him or her in the recovery position as shown in the photo
above.
e. If the victim is not breathing, perform Cardiopulmonuray Resuscitation (CPR).
3. Wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body, either internal or external.
Wounds are classified as open and closed. An open wound is a break in the skin or in a
mucous membrane. A closed wound involves tissues without a break in the skin or a mucous
membrane.
Types and Causes of Open Wounds
a. Abrasion wounds result from scraping the skin and thereby damaging it. Bleeding in an
abrasion is usually limited to oozing of blood from ruptured small veins and capillaries.
However, there is danger of contamination and infection in abrasion wound because dirt and
bacteria may enter through the broken tissues.
b. Incised (Incision) wounds are cuts in body tissues which are commonly caused by sharp-
edged objects such as knives, metal edges, broken glass, or surgical blades.
c. Lacerated (Laceration) wounds are jagged, irregular, or blunt breaks or tears in the soft
tissues. Bleedinng may be rapid or extensive. Thne destruction of tissue is greater in in
lacerations than in cuts.
d. Puncture wounds are produced by bullets and sharp-pointed objects, such as pins, nails,
or needles. External bleeding is usually minor, but the puncturing object may penetrate deep
into the body, damage organs, and cause severe internal bleeding.
e. Avulsion wounds involve the forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim's
body. Avulsions are commonly caused by animal bites and accidents involving motor
vehicles, heavy machinery,guns, and explosives.
First Aid for Open Wounds

a. Direct pressure. The first aider needs to directly press his/her fingers or palm on the with
an wound adequate amount of force to constrict the blood vessels and decrease bleeding.
b. Elevation. The first aider may elevate the injured part of the body above the heart. This
would allow gravity to act on the blood flow and prevent bleeding.
c. Pressure on the supplying artery. The first aider may also directly press the supplying
artery that causes the excessive bleeding. This will help avoid excessive loss of blood.
d. Tourniquet. This is a device that functions to control the bleeding from a vein or an
artery. This can be done with the use ofa rubber tourniquet or a bandage.
1. Place the tourniquet around the limb between the wound and the heart. It should be
placed 2-4 inches above the injury site.
2. Do not cover the tourniquet; leave it in full view.
3. Record the time of application.
4. Use padding in the application of tourniquet to maintain intactness of the skin.
5. If the limb is missing, apply dressing to the stump.
6. Fluid replacement may be done by trained medical experts. This may include
giving of intravenous fluids like plasma volume expanders or transfusing the whole
blood.
e. Dressing, also called compressing, is an immediate protective cover placed over a wound
to assist in the control of hemorrhage, to absor blood and wound secretions, to prevent
additional contaminations, and to ease pain. Dressings to be used must be sterile.
Uses of Dressing
1. To control bleeding
2. To cover wound and keep out dirt and bacteria which may cause infection
3. To absorb excess fluid
4. To maintain temperature around the wound
5. To apply medication
Rules in Applying Dressing
1. Apply dressing directly over the wound.
2. Avoid contamination of the dressing.
3. Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever possible.
4. If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots where they are easy to see. Never tie
knots over the Wound.
5. If dressing is applied, it should not be disturbed or replaced unless hemorrhage recurs or
dressing exposes the wound.
f. Bandaging is the skillful application of bandages of various kinds, usually triangular or

roller of bandages. A bandage is a strip of woven material used to hold a wound dressing or
splint in place. It helps to immobilize, support, or protect an injured part of the body.
Occasionally, large pieces of cloth are used as bandages, slings, and binders. A bandage must
be clean but it doesnt need to be sterile.
Types and Causes of Closed Wounds
a. Petechiae are pinpoint-sized, red or purple skin the spots on resulting from small
hemorrhages of the (smallest capillaries blood vessels) in the skin layer.
b. Contusions are injuries in which tiny blood vesselss beneath the skin are ruptured, but the
skin itself is not broken.
c. Strain is an overstretching of a muscle instead of an actual tearing.
d. Sprain is the partial or complete disruption in the continuity of a muscular or ligamentous

support of a joint.
First Aid for Closed Wounds

a. Cold Compress. Initially, an ice pack should be placed on the injured area to reduce
swelling and possible internal bleeding.
b. Immobilization. For sprains, refrain from moving or massaging the joint to avoid further
injury. Put bandage on the injured joint with a splint to keep it immobilized.
4. Fracture
Fracture is a break in the continuity of the bone. Generally, a fracture comes in two
kinds: Open and Closed.
Signs and symptoms of fracture

1. Deformity.
2. Tenderness on the affected area.
3. Swelling
4. Pain.
5. Presence of a protruding bone (open fracture).
6. Inability to move the injured part.
7. Bleeding (open fracture).
8. Discoloration on the affected area.
First aid measures of fracture

1. Immobilize fracture by applying a splint secured by a bandage.
2. Apply cold compress to reduce pain and swelling.
3. Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an open wound.
4. Apply the treatment for shock.
5. Give a pain reliever if pain is severe.
6. Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
7. Place the patient on a stretch and secure the injured part enough to keep it from moving
while he is transported.
8. Bring the patient to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.
5. Burn
Burn occurs when a tissue is damaged as caused by excessive heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or chemicals that corrode the proteins in the skin cells.
Degrees of Burn
a. 1st Degree involves only the epidermis; causes mild pain and erythema (redness); no
blisters; and skin functions remain intact.
b. 2nd Degree destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis; some skin functions are lost. It
causes redness, blister formation, edema and severe pain.
c. 3rd Degree destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer; most skin functions
are lost. This varies in appearance from marble-white to mahogany to black. The burned area
may be numo because the pain sensory nerve endings locatea a the dermis are destroyed.
First Aid Treatment

a. lmmerse or wash the area with cold water.
b. Do not break the blister in second degree burns.
c. Put banana leaves, foil or cellophane.
d. Apply burn ointment, such as petroleum jelly, if available.
e. In cases of third degree burns, take the burn victim to the nearest medical facility as soon
as possible.
f. Do not cover the burn with dressing made up of fibers that easily break, such as cotton.
6. Heat Injury
Heat injury is an environmental injury when one is over exposed to extreme heat or
high temperature.
Types of Heat Injury
a. Heat Cramps happens when there is inadequate salt and electrolytes in the body.
b. Heat Exhaustion is caused by a low amount of water in the body.
c. Heat Stroke is caused by failure of the body's cooling mechanism.
Signs and Symptoms
a. Muscle cramps in the arms, legs or stomach
b. Wet, sweaty skin
c. Extreme thirst
d. Weakness
e. Dizziness
f. Headache
g. Tingling of hands and feet
h. Rapid but weak respiration and pulse
i. Victim may lose consciousness
First Aid Measures
a. Transfer the victim to a cool or shady area.
b. Loosen tight clothing.
c. Have the victim drink slowly at least one liter of water.
d. Apply cold compress or ice bath if available.
e. Elevate the victim's legs in a stroke position.
f. Monitor the victim until the symptoms lessen or disappear.
g. Seek a doctor's assistance if symptoms persist.
7. Poison
Poison refers to any solid, liquid or gas substance that tends to impair health or cause
death when introduced into the body or into the skin surtace.
Methods of Administration of Poison
a. Ingestion (by mouth)
b. Injection (skin or blood vessel)
c. Inhalation (breathed in)
First Aid Measure
d. Check for vital functioning (pulse and breathing) and administer CPR if necessary.
b. If victim is convulsing, prevent further injury.
c. If poison is unknown, corrosive, or flammable, do not induce vomiting nor activated
charcoal.
d. If poison is known and not Corrosive or flammable, induce vomiting with Syrup of Ipecac
followed by 4-5 glasses of water. Once the victim has vomited, give activated charcoal if
available.
e. If the poison container is present but is unknown by the first aider, immediately take the
victim to the nearest medical facility, show the container to the doctor, and allow the doctor
to treat the victim.
8. Snake Bites
Snake bites is an injury caused by a poisonous snake. Venom is a poison injected into
the victim's body through a bite of a snake.
Types of Snakes
The two types of snakes are generally categorized as poisonous and non-poisonous.
Characteristics of Poisonous Snakes
a. Flat and almost triangular or diamond-shaped head
b. With fangs and poison sacks
C. Slit like pupils
d. With sensory pit
e. Fang mark on the bite site
f. Thick bodies
g. Color markings
Characteristics of Non-poisonous Snakes
a. Oval-shaped head
b. No sensory pit
C. No fang mark on the bite site
d. Rounded pupils
Preventive Measures
a. Handle freshly killed venomous snakes only with a long tool or stick. Snake can inflict
fatal bites by reflex action even after death.
b. Wear heavy boots and clothing for protection from snake bites especially in a thick forest
or grassy area.
c. Eliminate conditions under which snakes thrive: brush, piles of trash, rocks or logs and
dense undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much as possible is also a good prevention.
First Aid Measures for Snake Bites

a. ldentify the snake and determine if it is poisonous or nonpoisonous.
b. Wash the area thoroughly with clean water.
c. Have the victim lie quietly and instruct him or her not to do any unnecessary movements.
d. Do not elevate the bitten extremity. Keep it at level with the body.
e. Keep the victim comfortable and reassure him or her.
f. If the part bitten is an arm or leg, Place a constricting band about 1-2 fingerbreadths above
and below the bite above the flow of blood near the skin but not tight enough to interfere with
circulation.
g. If swelling extends beyond the band, move or place another bond above the first one.
h. Never give the victim food, alcohol, stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
i. Remove rings, watches or other jewelry from the affected area.
j. Bring the victim to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible to administer anti-venom
if necessary. When possible, bring the snake that bit the victim.
Important Caution
For snake bites, do not attempt to cut or open the bite or suck out the venom. The venom may
enter any damaged or lacerated tissues in your mouth and enter may be helpful to suck the
venom, although medical your circulation. The application of "Bato" (Special rock) doctors
disagree with this due to its possible harmful effects. Some also say that the effect of that
method is oniy psychological and does not actually cure the snake bite.
9. Dog Bites
Dog bites is an injury caused by a dog. This type of injury becomes fatal if the dog
that bit the victim is infected with the rabies virus.
First Aid Measures for Dog Bites

a.Wipe the dog's saliva irom the wound with a clean cloth. Do not be in contact with the
saliva because it may transmnit the Virus to you.
b.Wash the injury thoroughly with soap and clean water.
c. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing if available and do not put any substance on the
wound.
d. Transport the victim to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.
e. If the dog is caught, let a veterinarian (animal doctor) assess if it has the rabies virus.
10. Allergic Reactions (Allergy)

Allergic reaction occurs when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless
substances in the environment, known as allergens)
Most Common Allergens

a. Insect stings
b. Certain food
c. Medications
d. Pollen, plants, or flowers
e. Dust and fibers
Signs and Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction

a. Hives (red, elevated, irregular-shaped spots on the skin)
b. Itchiness
c. Nasal congestion
d. Rashes
e. Red, watery eyes (rhinitis)
First aid for an allergic reaction

a. Calm and reassure the person having the reaction reaction, as anxiety can make the
symptoms worse.
b. Try to identify the allergen and have the person avoid further contact with it.
c. If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the sting off the skin with something firm
(such as a fingernail or plastic card). Do not use tweezers sino squeezing the stinger will
release more venom
d. Apply cold compress to the rashes and/or hives and apply anti-itch cream if available.
e. If rashes continue to develop, administer over-the-counter anti-allergy medications such as
diphenhydramine.
f. Observe the person for signs of anaphylactic shock.
11. Anaphylactic Shock (Anaphylaxis)

Anaphylactic shock is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that occurs within
minutes of exposure to the allergen. Immediate medical attention is needed for this type of
reaction because it can cause death in less than halt an hour if untreated.
Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
a. High-pitched breathing sounds (wheezing)
b. Chest tightness
c. Cough or difficulty in breathing
d. Dizziness
e. Nausea or vomiting
f. Abdominal pain
g. Redness and swelling of the face
h. Hives and itchiness on different parts of the body
i. Unconsciousness
First Aid for Anaphylaxis

a. Seek medical attention immediately,
b. Calm and reassure the person having the reaction.
c. Do not wait for the reaction to worsen.
d. If the person has allergy medication on hand, help the person take or inject the medication.
Avoid oral medication if the person is having difficulty in breathing.
12. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

Nose bleeding is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose,
usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils. There are two types: anterior
(the most common), and posterior (less common, more likely to require medical attention).
Possible Causes of Nosebleeds

a. Infection
b. Trauma
c. Allergic rhinitis
d. Blood-thinning medications
e. Blood diseases such as hemophilia or anemia
First Aid for Nosebleeds

a. Pinch all the soft parts of the nose together between the thumb and index finger, and press
firmly against the bones of the face.
b. Lean forward slightly with the head tilted forward. Leaning back or tilting the head back
will cause the blood to flow into the throat and can cause choking.
c. Hold the nose for at least five minutes. Repeat as necessary until the nose has stopped
bleeding.
d. Sit quietly, keeping the head higher than the level of the heart. Do not lay flat or put your
head between your legs
e. Apply ice (wrapped in a towel) to nose and cheeks.
13. Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation is also known as over breathing. It is breathing in excess of what the
body needs. The normal rate of breathing is 16-20 breaths or cycles per minute. If the
respiration rate of a person is above that range and the signs and symptoms are present, the
person may be suffering from hyperventilation.
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation

a. Chest pain or discomfort
b. Dizziness
c. Feeling of choking or suffocation o 2
d. Anxiety
e. Fast breathing
f. Muscle spasm in the hands and/or feet
g. Weakness
h. Palpitations or rapid pulse
First Aid for Hyperventilation

a. Remain calm. The first aider needs to calmly instruct the patient to breathe deep, slowly,
and normally. If the first aider panics, it might cause more anxiety to the patient.
b. Instruct the patient to perform Deep Breathing Exercises (DBE) by inhaling through the
nose and slowly breathing out through the mouth with pursed lips (like blowing a candle)
c. If the patient fails to follow the instructions, use a brown paper bag to compensate the high
amount of oxygen in the system. Cover the patient's nose and mouth with the brown bag and
allow him or her to exhale and inhale inside the bag.
d. Position the patient sitting down with knees bent towards the chest and with the head
leaning forward and touching the knees. This will promote circulation to the different parts of
the body.
e. lf symptoms persist after several minutes, seek medical attention.
14. Choking (Airway Obstruction)

Choking is the blocking of the airway that occurs when a foreign object gets lodged in
the respiratory tract (throat or windpipe). It may be partial or complete.
To determine whether the obstruction is, partial or complete, ask the patient if he or
she is choking. If he or she is able to talk, then the obstruction is only partial. However, if the
patient is unable to talk, then the obstruction is complete.
First aid for partial obstruction

a. Calm the patient. Anxiety may cause him or her to move unnecessarily and it may cause
the foreign object to move further into the respiratory tract and cause a complete obstruction.
b. Instruct the patient to forcefully cough out the foreign object. Do not attempt to reach into
the throat of the patient with your fingers and swipe the foreign object. This may cause the
object to be pushed down into the windpipe.
c. If coughing is ineffective, assist the patient by delivering several back blows between the
shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
d.Observe for complete airway obstruction.
First aid for complete obstruction

a. Perform abdominal thrusts known as the Heimlich Maneuver, done in the following
manner:
1. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around his or her waist. Let the person
lean slightly forward.
2. Make a fist with one hand and grasp the fist with the other hand.
3. Position the fist above the patient's belly button (navel).
4. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust
5. Repeat five times.
b. If the Heimlich Maneuver fails after 5 thrusts, apply five back blows between the shoulder
blades with the heel of your hand.
c. If the person is unconscious, call for medical help and perform CPR to dislodge the
obstruction.
15. Dizziness
Dizziness is a word that is used to describe two different situations, such as:
a. Lightheadedness is a feeling that you are about to lose consciousness or faint.
b. Vertigo is a feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning but there is
no actual movemnent.
First Aid for Dizziness

a Let the person sit or lie down. Lightheadedness is usually relieved by lying down.
b. Avoid sudden changes in position.
c.Let the person drink fluids if there is no nausea or vomiting.
d. Call for medical assistance if dizziness is not relieved after several minutes
16. Seizure
Seizure is the physical finding or change that occurs after an an episode of abnormal
electrical activity in the brain. This term is often used interchangeable with “Convulsions”
which is described as the rapid and uncontrollably shakine of the person's body, caused by
muscle contractions. There are different types of seizures. Some have mild symptoms and no
shaking symptoms.
Possible Signs and Symptoms of Seizures

a. Brief blackout followed by period of confusion
b. Drooling or frothing at the mouth
C. Abnormal eye movements
d. Loss of bowel or bladder control
e. Mood changes
f. Shaking of entire body or a part of the body
g. Sudden falling or loss of consciousness
h. Teeth clenching
i. Uncontrollable muscle spasms with twitching and jerking
j. Dizziness or weakness before the attack
First Aid for Seizures

a. When a seizure occurs, the main goal is to protect the person from injury. Prevent the
person from falling and lay the person down on a safe area. Clear the area for objects that
may cause injury.
b. Cushion or support the patient's head.
c. Loosen clothing, especially around the patient's neck. Remove necklaces or sharp objects.
d. Turn the person on his or her sides to avoid airway obstruction.
e. Look for a medical bracelet since persons who experiernce seizures usually have a medical
condition such as epilepsy or brain injury.
f. Stay with the patient until the seizure episode is over
g. Seek medical assistance if seizure persists.
h. Do not restrain the patient to avoid injury
1. Do not put anything inside the person's mouth.
TOPIC 2: Fundamentals of Bandaging

TIME ALLOCATION: Three Weeks
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a) Break down and differentiate the terminologies of Bandaging
b) Define and Elaborate on the Parts of Triangular Bandage
c) Demonstrate Phases of a Triangular Bandage
a) Materials
b) Reference
Inc.
FUNDAMENTALS OF BANDAGING
Rescuers and First aiders must be trained on bandaging techniques. The most
recommended type of bandage is the Triangular Bandage because it can be used in many
ways.
Definition of Terms
1. Dressing is a sterile pad, a compressed sponge or any other materials that is clean and
directly applied to cover the wound.
2. Bandage is a strip of material such as gauze used to protect, immobilize, compress, or
support a wound or injured body part.
3. Splint is a first aid device used for immobilization, usually made of wood.
4. Sling is a device used to support or immobilize an injured part of the body; usually a piece
of cloth.
5. Triangular Bandage is a piece of cloth material that can be utilized in an emergency;
practically, it is the most readily available since you can convert any clothing material into a
triangular bandage in the event of an emergency.
6. Roller/Elastic Bandage is a stretchable bandage used to create localized pressure onto an
injured part of the body. It may be used to control bleeding or to immobilize the injured part.
7. Cravat is a basic first aid item that can used as both a bandage and a sling. It is also a
folded triangular bandage.
Parts of a Triangular Bandage

1. Ends are the two end points of the triangular bandage other than the apex.
2. Sides refer to the two sides of the triangular bandage in between the apex and the two ends.
3. Apex refers to the opposite of base of a triangular bandage.
4. Base refers to the opposite of apex of a triangular bandage.
Phases of a Triangular Bandage

1. Open Phase. With a triangular bandage in open phase, it can be applied to the following
parts or situations:
a. Head (topside)
b. Face; Back of the head
c. Chest; Back of the chest
d. Arm sling
e. Underarm sling
2. Cravat Phase. This includes narrow, semi-Wide and wide cravat phases of the triangular
bandage depending on the affected body part of the victim.
a. Forehead; eye
b. Ear; cheek; jaw
c. Shoulder; hip
d. Arm; leg
e. Elbow bent
f. Elbow straight
g. Knee bent
h. Knee straight
i. Palm pressure (vertical injury)
j. Palm bandage (horizontal injury)
k. Sprained ankle (shoe- on)
l. Sprained ankle (shoe-off)
m. Cravat sling
n. Male/Female organ bandage

TOPIC 3: Introduction to Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

TIME ALLOCATION: Two Weeks
III. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a) Identify, define and display the different procedures of Basic Life Support
b) Understand and Elaborate the emportance of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
c) Demonstrate the Methods of Conducting AR and CPR
a) Materials
b) Reference
Inc.
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND CARDIOPULMONARY

RESUSCITATION
Introduction
This chapter provides basic information on artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation used in first aid and rescue operations.
Definition of Terms
1. Artificial Respiration (AR) is a procedure to manually pump or blow air into the lungs of
a person when his or her normal or natural breathing is inadequate or has ceased.
2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure done to continue the
circulation of oxygen and blood inside a person's body when cardiac and respiratory
functioning has stopped. This is an effort to preserve brain functioning by allowing oxygen to
circulate from the lungs to the brain arteries.
3. Defibrillator is a machine used parallel with CPR that delivers a measured amount of
electric shock to restore appropriate rhythm for the heart's natural an pacemaker.
4. Ventilation is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR that allows air to
enter the lungs o the patient, either by mouth to mouth delivery or by an artificial airway
(endotracheal tube)
5. Compression is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR wherein the hands
and arms are used to manually pump the heart of the victim in a definite rhythm to continue
the circulation of blood from the lungs to the heart to the brain, when cardiac functioning has
stopped.
Method of Conducting AR and CPR

1. Survey the scene. In every rescue, safety is the primary consideration.
2. Introduce yourself to the public. You may introduce yourself this way: "I am (name of
first aider), a trained first aider and rescuer, may I help?"
3. Tap the shoulder of the victim three times to assess for responsiveness. You may say
"Hey sir, hey sir, are you okay? Hey sir, hey sir, are you okay? Hey sir, hey sir, are you okay?
If the victim responds in any way, such as groaning or talking, check for injuries and place in
recovery position if there are none.
4. Ask for help and activate medical assistance or EMS (Emergency Medical Services).
If the victim is unresponsive, the rescuer shall request a specific person to call for an
ambulance or a vehicle for transportation, while the rescuer is doing the preliminary survey.
If the rescuer does not know anyone in the area, then ask a person nearby to activate EMS.
The person may be identified by the color of the shirt or by asking his or her name. Rescuers
may be guided with the letters DCAPBTLS in the preliminary survey:
D - Deformity
C-Contusion
A - Abrasion
P-Puncture
B- Burn
T-Tenderness
L- Laceration
S- Swelling
5. Check for vital functioning. If the victim is unresponsive, check for the pulse andd
breathing for about 5 seconds. Apply Look-Listen-Feel to assess to assess of the VIctim to
assess circulation as shown in the picture.
6. If breathing is negative but the pulse of the victim is positive, perform Artificial
Respiration (AR) by following this procedure:
- Remove any foreign objects inside the mouth (if present) such as dentures or
retainers. If there are fluids in the mouth, turn the patient sideways drain the fluid with
gravity.
-Open airway using the Head Tilt-Chin Lift Method or the Jaw-Thrust Method (if
there is suspected spinal injury).
-Pinch the nostrils with the thumb and index finger place your mouth over the victim's mouth.
Blow air into the victim's airway, making sure that no air escapes as you blow into the mouth,
then watch for the rising of the chest, If the chest does not rise, then check the air way for an
obstruction. If the chest rises, continue with AR until the victim breathes on his or her own or
until medical assistance arrives.
7. If breathing and pulse are negative, apply Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):
- Shock first. If the rescuer is trained in using a using a Defibrillator and the machine is
available, deliver one shock then proceed with CPR.
- Put the victim on his or her back onto a flat, hard surface or a cardiac board (if available).
- Spell CAB (C-Circulation; A-Airway; B-Breathing). Apply 30 compressions by
following this procedure:
- Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
- Place the heel of the dominant hand on the center of the victim's chest, between the
nipples (if male) or between the breasts (if female).
- Place the non-dominant hand over the dominant hand. Interlace the fingers but make
sure the force is delivered onto the heel of the hand and not on the fingers.
- Keep elbows straight and position shoulders position directly above the hands.
shoulders
- Use the force from the shoulders and arms to push straight down on the chest for at
least 2 to inches in depth. Push hard at a rate of 100 Compressions per minute.
- After 30 compressions, deliver 2 ventilations following the procedure for Artificial

Respiration.
-Thirty (30) commpressions with 2 ventilations is 1 CYCLE. Perform 5 cycles then
reassess vital functioning.
-If vital functioning returns, place victim in recovery position (if there is no suspected
spinal injury) and wait for medical assistance
-If vital functioning is absent, perform another 5 cycles until medical assistance
arrives.
-Do not stop until the 5 cycles are completed. If another rescuer is present, he or she
may substitute and continue the cycles if the first rescuer is exhausted. If medical assistance
arrives before the 5 cycles are done, inform the medic on the number of cycles you have
performed so that he or she will allow you to finish before they will take over.
TOPIC 4: Water Safety and Survival

TIME ALLOCATION: Seven Weeks
IV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a) Explain and differentiate the different terminologies about swimming.
b) Demonstrate and perform the different kinds of swimming techniques.
c) Materials
d) Reference
Inc.
 Bustria, Leo M.S., CRIM (2011) Swimming & Water Survival, Wiseman’s Books
Trading, Inc.
WATER SAFETY AND SURVIVAL

Introduction
This part involvees safety and survival involving aquatic environments. Water safety
depends on several factors, such as the individual's ability to swim well enough recognize and
avoid hazardous water conditions and to care for one's self in ordinary conditions, the ability
to practices, and the ability to use rescue skills for dangerous situations (Bustria, 2011).
Definition of Terms
1. Swimming is a form of exercise that involves stokes and movements that allow a person to
move on or under the surface of the water.
2. Water Safety refers to the knowledge and ability of an individual about normal aquatic
situations and how to avoid or manage dangerous situations.
3. Drowning simply means the suffocation in the water.
4. Wave is a surge traveling on the surface of the water from small ripples to huge ocean
waves, usually caused by the wind.
5. Current is the flowing movement of a large volume of water
6. Hazard is something with a potential to cause harm.
How to Swim
Swimming may appear scary if you've never learned how to do it, but it's possible to
learn it. Here's how to get started.
Steps
Getting Comfortable in the Water
1. Let go of your fear. A lot of people put off learning how to swim because they're afraid of
drowning. While drownings do occur, most of them could have been prevented with a few
simple safety measures. Follow these guidelines whenever you're swimming, and your odds
of drowning will decrease dramatically:
a. Never swim alone. Always go swimming with at least one person who is a trained
swimmer, if not several other people.
b. Don't start out swimming in moving water. If you're learning to swim in an ocean
or river, you’ll need to be more aware of the motion of the water. If you must learn to swim
this way, try to make sure you're with someone who knows what he o she is doing, and be
sure to read the step about getting out of a riptide or a rushing river.
c. Stay within a depth you can handle. When you first learning how to swim, don't
venture water that's too deep for you to stand in. That way, if something goes amiss, you can
simply stand up and breathe.
d. Never swim during inclement weather conditions. Swimming in a light rain shower
should be fine, Never swim during inclement weather condition5. but if you see and hear a
storm approaching, get out of the water immediately. This rule is to be followed regardless of
how well you can swim.
e. Don't swim in water that s too cold. Moving your limbs to paddle can become
suddenly difficult if you're in frigid water.
2. Get Used to Floating. When you're in the water, hold on to the side of the pool or a dock,
and let your legs float out behind you - they should lift easily if you let them. Practice doing
this on your stomach and on your back, until you' re comtortable letting half of your body
float. Try floating on your back or your stomach as soon as you're ready. Stay in a shallow
depth so that you can simply stand up if it's not working out. It might feel weird to have water
around your ears while your nose and mouth are in the air, but you'll get used to it. For extra
stability, put out your arms at a right angle so that your body is in a “T” shape.
3. Don't Panic. Always remember that you have a fallback if you're in an unmanageable
depth or you simply can't move your limbs - floating on your back. Don't flail around or start
breathing quickly if you can't Swim simply lie back as flat as you can, and let the water carry
you while you regain your composure.
4. Practice Exhaling Underwater. While you're still in a shallow depth, take a deep breath
and put your face underwater. Slowly exhale out your nose until you re out Or breath, then
come back up. If you're uncomfortable exhaling through your nose, you can hold it closed or
wear a nose plug and exhale through your mouth.
5. Wear Goggles (Optional). Wearing goggles can help you feel more comfortable opening
your eyes under water, and might allow you to see more clearly. Find a pair with spongy
circles around the eyes and dip them in the water, So that they'll stick to your skin. Tighten
the strap around the back of your head so that the goggles fit snugly.
Beginning Strokes and Treading Water
1. Practice Kicking your Legs. Whether you’re floating on your back or still holding on to
the side of the pool, you can practice kicking. (To see how far each kick can propel you,
practice it using a kickboard. This allows you to focus on your kicking technique without
worrying about keeping your head above water.)
a. Try a flutter kick. Point your toes out like a ballerina, keep your legs mostly
straight, and alternate legs as you make small kicks. You should feel the most flexion in your
ankles.
b. Try a whip kick. Keep your legs held tightly together from your hips to your knees,
and from your knees to your ankles. Bend your knees so that your shins come up to about a
90-degree angle, then quickly bring your shins apart and move them in a circular motion,
keeping your thighs together the whole time. (That is, trace half a circle with each leg,
moving your right leg to the right and your left leg to the left.) Bring your shins back together
at the bottom of the circle, and lift them up again to restart the kick.
c. Try an eggbeater kick. This kick is commonly used to tread water, and stay in a
vertical position with your head and shoulders above water. Start with you knees bent and
your legs slightly wider than hip-width apart. Then "pedal" each leg as you would on a bike,
only they'll go in opposite directions: while one leg pedals "forward," the other leg should
pedal "backward". This one takes some practice to get used to, but it's handy for "resting"
when your feet can’t touch bottom.
2. Learn How to do a Crawl. Crawls are great strokes to learn as a beginner, and they'll
move you pretty quickly. Here's how to do them:
a. Try a Backstroke First. Float flat on your back, and do a flutter kick with your
legs. With your arms, do the "crawl" motion, lifting one arm straight into the air and keeping
it straight as it re-enters the water next to your head. Once it's underwater, bend it to bring it
back to a straight position next to your side, and repeat. Alternate arms as you Swim, and try
to keep your fingers together and your hands as flat as possible.
b. Try a Frontstroke (also known as a Freestyle or American crawl). Floating on
your stomach, do a flutter kick with your legs and use your arms to "crawl" forward. Bring
one arm out of the water so that it's "reaching" forward, then bring it back down and use your
cupped hand to "push" the water behind you. Alternate arms. To breathe, turn your head to
one side under the arm that's currently Crawling, lifting enough for you to take a breath. Take
a breath under the same arm each time, so that you're breathing once every two strokes.
3. Tread Water. Treading water can help you catch your breath and keep your head up
without actually Swimming. Do the eggbeater kick listed above, and use your hands to keep
your balance by "sculling" - keep our forearms flat on the surface of the water, and imagine
they're butter knives spreading on a piece of toast. Move one arm in a clockwise circle, and
the other arm in a counter clockwise circle
4. Use Your Arms to Come up from the Bottom. If you're below water and would like to
come up, use your arms to propel yourself. Put them straight up above your head, and quickly
bring them down to your sides. This should push you up a few feet. Kepeat until you break
the surface.
Learning Advanced Techniques
1. Try Some More Advanced Strokes. Once you're more comfortable in the water, you can
start learning new strokes that will move you more quickly or with less energy. Try these:
A. BUTTERFLY STROKE
B. BREAST STROKE
C. SIDE STROKE
D. SWIMMING LAPS
A. Butterfly Stroke - If you swim competitively it is important to know how to swim

butterfly properly and also quickly. Although this article provides some informational
guidance, it is important to get a coach. Although it's possible to self-teach butterfly
knowledgeable swim instructor is valuable.
Steps for Butterfly Stroke
1. Know your other swimming strokes first; Generally butterfly is the last stroke
to be introduced when training for competitive swimming. It requires strength of body
and endurance skills, which you should have been building up before through other strokes
before attempting butterfly.
2. Get a Swim Coach. Although it's possible to self-teach butterfly, a knowledgeable
swim instructor is valuable.
3. Learn the Kick. The butterfly kick is the fundamental movement of the butterfly.
The legs will stay together in a "mermaid" or "body-dolphin" kick in a fluid wavelike motion.
It may be easiest to learn this first wearing flippers, however a kickboard shouldn't be used as
this gives the body the wrong shape, and doesn't represent how the body should be.
4. Learn the Kick. At first this won't make won't make sense, but you will make one
medium sized kick when both your hands go into the water followed by a larger kick to lift
your body up.
5. Now Your Arms into Action. When your head breaks the surface proceed to
moving the arms forward. Once you take your breath, tuck your chin in so it touches above
your chest. This will help your arms lift a lot higher. You perform the arms by making a large
circular swooping motion. Your arms start at the back first and then brings them together up
out of the water, bringing them together directly in front of you. When your hands reach the
water surface once again, continue making a keyhole-shaped motion with your hands.
6. Kick once underwater (a larger kick) before breathing and extending arms out
again.
7. Before you make the next arm stroke, complete a short kick.
8. In a competition, touch with two hands once you hit the wall, and push off. Not
doing a two hand touch will result in a disqualification, so remember! Also, do an open turn.
Touch with both hands and lift one arm over your head and your other arm down through the
water simultaneously and make your body follow it. Then, both your arms will meet and
connect to push off the wall in a streamline position. This is the fastest way to get off a wall.
B. Breast Stroke - The breaststroke can be a tricky stroke to master, but once the steps are
coordinated correctly it can be a very leisurely way to swim.
Steps of Breast stroke
a. Place yourself laterally in the water with your arms extended straight in front
of you and your legs at your back.
b. Push your arms apart so that they create a diagonal with your body. Make sure
your palms are facing out and your elbows are straight.
c. Pull your elbows into the sides of your body, then bring your hands together in
front of your chest. Now simply push your hands forward so they return to where they
started. Do not make your arms go wide open, but do not make a tiny circle either. Also,
when both of your hands get to your chest, shoot them out quickly side by side with palms
up.
d. While completing step 3, lift your head, neck, and upper chest out of the water
to breathe. Do not remove your hands from the water.
e. Bending your knees, bring your feet towards your bottom. Make a circular
motion with your feet until they meet with your legs fully extended once again. Complete this
step as fast as possible.
f. Glide but not too long. In competitions, DO NOT go over 1 or 2 seconds, as it will
slow you down a lot.
g. Do not take 2 Strokes with 1 Breath. This WILL give you automatic
disqualification. If you want to take your breath every other stroke, then you have to lift your
head up and put it back down. If you don't and just do 2 strokes without lifting up your head,
you will be disqualified, so make sure that you at least lift up your head. Also, when you take
a breath, do not look up. Instead, look down at the water. With every stroke of your hands
and arms, it will take your head up automatically so don't move your head, as it will waste
your energy. When you are almost finished, touch the shore with both hands at the same time,
or else you will be disqualified.
C. Side Stroke. This is both a lifesaving stroke and lifetime stroke. Why do I say this? Well,
when a lifeguard makes a rescue, the scissors kick from sidestroke is being used. Sidestroke
is a lifetime stroke as well. If you swim it efficiently, you can swim for hours Without too
much fatigue. It can almost literally be used as a resting or recovery stroke if you swim it
properly. On the other hand, swim it poorly and it won't be much help.
Steps for a Sidestroke

1. Teach the Scissors Kick. You can start by teac the kick on the deck, then move to the pool
wall.
- Teach the learning cues: "Heels up, Split, squeeze and glide" (up, split, squeeze, and
Glide)
- Make sure to demonstrate the kick as well, and have your students recite the cues as
you demonstrate.
- When your student is ready to progress to practicing the kick across the pool, use a
kick board or water barbell.
- Be sure to manipulate the legs through the proper movement pattern.
2. Teach the Sidestroke Arms. Try using the old "Apple Tree analogy:" Pick an apple off
the tree, put it in your other hand, drop it in the basket." (repeat). Further explain the
Sidestroke Arm Action with these cues: "Pull, Push, and Glide," because it would be very
difficult to practice the arms without the legs while swimming. Teach the timing next.
3. Teach the Timing of the Arms and Legs. In this step, put it all together. Demonstrate the
stroke first while having your students use a choral responding technique. In other words,
recite the timing cues as they are demonstrated. The timing cues are: "Arms and Legs Bend,
Arms and Legs Straighten." Once the students have seen it and have a general understanding
of the new stroke-- get them back into the water to start practicing it!
D. Swimming Laps - Swimming is an aerobic activity that Works almost every muscle in the
body and provides cardiovascular exercise. Learning to swim laps can help prove body
strength and endurance. It is an activity at nearly every age group and level of ability can year
round. People who swim regularly have also Par icipate in, and swimming laps can be done
indoors reported mental benefits. It is also safe, and injuries are rare due to its low impact
nature. Keep in shape by Jumping in the pool.
1. Find a Place to Swim. A private pool in the backyard is not required. Public pools
can be found at recreational or community centers, high schools have and health clubs. Many
public pools will have designated lap swim or adult swim times. Pick a lane in the pool that is
empty. Having a private lane will reduce the chance of becoming distracted by other
Swimmers who are passing or splashing. lf the pool is busy, and sharing a lane is necessary,
choose a lane with a swimmer who appears to have swimming laps at a similar pace.
2. Become Acclimated to the Water. Indoor pools are typically heated and
chlorinated. Splash some water onto arms, legs and face, or jump into the pool before doing
swimming laps to eliminate shock to the body. Get comfortable with the environment.
3. Begin Swimming, Using Controlled and Even and Strokes. Lap swimming is
repetitive, and perfecting the strokes will take practice and time. Begin with a stroke that
feels comfortable and start swimming slowly. The front crawl stroke is a stroke the mos
Swimmers start with. Place the body face down it the water, and reach the left arm out in
front, pulling it down into the water. Repeat with the right arm and rotate the body from side
to side, bringing the face out of the water to breathe. Kick legs continuously breathe evenly.
The backstroke is performed on the back. Lift the left arm out of the water, over the head, and
back into the water, gliding it under the body. Repeat with the right arm. Kick legs
continuously.
4. Turn at the End of the Lane. When swimming the front crawl stroke, touch the
wall and push it off it to go to the other direction, or perform a flip underwater and push off
the wall. When swimming the backstroke, turn after touching the wall.
5. Repeat Swimming laps back and forth, up and down the Pool. A lap is
considered 2 lengths of the pool. Continue swimming the same stroke or use different stroke
to swim laps. Keep a steady pace.
2. Try Diving. Dives can be a fun way to get into the water and start a stroke. Start with a
basic dive, and move on to more complicated swan dive, back dive, and rolling dive. Always
make sure the water is deep enough before you dive. At a bare minimum, the water should
be 9 or 10 feet deep; if you're a tall person, make it at least 11 or 12 feet.
Being Prepared for Unlikely Situations

1. Know How to Get out of a Riptide. If you're Swimming in the ocean, you might get
caught in a riptide. Knowing what to do can save your life, so try to memorize these steps
before you get into the water.
a. Do not Panic. This is, by far, the most important step of all. By flailing and
panicking, you could actually keep yourself under the water.
b. Swim Sideways. Do not try to swim directly to shore or directly out further into the
ocean. Instead, try to swim in a line that's exactly parallel to the shoreline.
c. Swim in a stroke that allows you to breathe. Swim with the strongest stroke you
can do that also allows you plenty of room to breathe. This might be a sidestroke, front crawl,
or breaststroke.
d. Keep Swimming until you're out of the Riptide You might have to swim quite
far before you're safely out of the riptide, but keep going. You don't want undo the good work
you've done so far by heading or shore at the wrong time.
e. If Possible call out for Help. If you can, motion to the lifeguard or yell "Help!" as
soon as possible However; don't do this if it means sacrificing a breath or if you have to stop
swimming it's better to keep yourself moving.
2. Know how to get out of a River Current. If you're caught in a river that's flowing too
quickly or pushing you under, follow these steps to get out:
a.Don't flail or panic. As with a riptide, panicking and flailing your limbs can push
you deeper into the water. Try to take even breaths and remain calm.
b. Aim to swim diagonally toward the shoreline at a 90-degree angle will force you to
fight With the current too much, and might cause you to become exhausted quickly. Instead,
plan to get to the shoreline at a diagonal angle that goes with the current.
c. Don't try to swim upstream. You'll spend too much energy for not enough results.
Only try to swim upstream if there's immediate danger downstream, such as sharp rocks or a
waterfall.
Basics of Swimming
1. Breathing is the process of taking air into the lungs and pushing it out again. There are
two types of breathing when swimming. Surface Breathing is the normal kind of breathing
where we inhale through our nose and exhale through the nose or mouth. The second is the
Reverse Breathing, used in wimming exhales whereby slowly the swimmer inhales through
the mouth and exhales slowly through the nose.
2. Floating. This refers to remaininng at or above the surface of the water in order to
continue breathing normally or rest from swimming. Survival Floating is also known as the
"dead man's float" where the swimmer is lying face down on the water with minimal or no
leg movement, and staying afloat with natural buoyancy. The swimmer should lift the head
occasionally to breathe.
3. Back Floating is lying face up on the water with minimal leg and arm movement. Breathe
naturally since the face is above the water surface.
4. Water Treading is where the swimmer is in the water with his head above the water and
the rest of his body is under. This is an aspect of swimming that involves a swimmer staying
in a vertical position in the water wniie keeping his or her head above the surface. This is
basically any movement, such as kicks and hand movements that allows the swimmer to
remain afloat. The most common form of water treading is genelly referred to as the "egg
beater," because the circular movement of the legs resembles the motion of an egg beater.
5. Water Safety. Since aquatic environments are not the natural environments for people,
safety precautions must be observed while swimming:
a. Know about the area you are swimming in, especially if it is in a natural setting such as a
river, especially lake or sea. Know whether there are hazards present such as currents or
animals. Do not swim if there are hazards present.
b. Do not swim alone. Always swim with a "buddy" or a "group" preferably with someone
who also knows about swimming and water rescue.
c. Note the time and the temperature. If it is too hot or too cold to swim, then do not attempt
it.
d. Know your limits. lf the currents or waves are too strong even for a skilled swimmer, or if
the water is too deep, do not swim in that area.
e. Stay out of the water if you have any health problems. It's better to be safe than sorry.
f. Perform diving only in appropriate depths to avoid injury.
g. Do not attempt to rescue a near drowning person if you do not know how to swim well.
Call for help call for help instead.
Hazards in the Aquatic Environment

For every type of environment, there are always relative hazards for people. Since
aquatic environment is not the natural environment for humans, there are more hazards in
environment than in others.
Even if one is already a trained swimmer, he or she may still experience these dangers
when the situation arises. Hazards may either be personal such as cramps or panicking or
environmental such as waves, currents and aquatic creatures.
Cramps
Cramps are sudden and involuntary contraction of a muscle (usually affects muscles between
two joints). Cramps are usually caused by three things: dehydration or electrolyte loss,
overexertion of the muscle or exhaustion, and unnecessary tension.
Management of Cramps
1. Prevent muscle cramps by stretching the muscles to be used in swimming, such as the arms
and legs, before going in the water.
2. Cramps may also be prevented by having a proper meal and drink before swimming.
3. When cramps occur while swimming, minimize the minimize the activity on the affected
muscle and get out of the water as soon as possible and stretch the muscle until it relaxes.
4. If getting out of the water immediately is difficult, perform survival floating and stretch the
muscle untilit relaxes, then proceed to the task of getting out of the water.
5. If cramps persist, call for help. Continue performing survival floating while waiting for
rescue.
Exhaustion
Exhaustion occurs when the body's energy has run out and the swimmer has lost the
ability to move his or her body enough to continue swimming. There are a lot of factors that
may cause swimming exhaustion, including lack of proper nutrition, stress, sleeplessness, and
Swimming without conditioning the lungs and muscles.
Management of Exhaustion
1. If the swimmer is too tired to swim, he or she should Simply perform survival floating to
recover some energy needed to swim back to safety.
2. The swimmer should not panic since this will exnend more energy and he or she may lose
consciousness. He she should slowly and steadily make his or her way back to safety.
Waves
Waves are ridges or swells on the surface of a body of water, normally having a
forward motion. They are unpredictable even in good conditions, thus swimmers should take
caution when entering water with waves.
Management of Waves
1. The power of a wave is at its peak when it breaks in shallow water. At this point, the water
in front is sucked up into a wave form. The swimmer should use this force and dive forward
and under the wave. He or she will simply rise up right behind the wave as it breaks.
2. Do not panic as this may lead to exhaustion and the waves will overcome you.
3. Look for channels, which are the narrow and usually deeper areas where waves aren't
breaking, and where the incoming water has to escape back out to sea. Do not swim against
the channel.
4. Concentrate on breathing, Do not inhale huge amounts because you will find it harder to
dive under the waves.
5. If these attempts fail, call for a needed help.
Marine Life
There are animals that consider water as their natirot habitat. If a person happens to
disturb their natural habitat while Swimming they will activate their defense mechanisms that
may harm the swimmer. Sea urchins, sting rays, and jellyfish each has its own defense
mechanism against possible dangers. The poisonous venom from a sea urchin or a jellyfish,
or the powerful electrical current from a sting ray, may cause death for some death for
persons. Sharks are a hazard if one swims in the sea or ocean.
Management
1. Know the area. If there are sharks, sea urchins, jelly fish, or sting rays, do not attempt to
swim.
2. For a sea urchin sting, try to remove the spines with your hand wrapped around a clean
cloth. Neutralize the injury with vinegar then soak in warm water. Monitor the area for a few
days after the injury. Seek medical help if the sting did not heal for the next few days.
3. For jellyfish stings, the first things to do are not pane and get out of the water immediately.
Do not touch the affected area with your hands. Wash the area with saltwater to remove the
remaining tentacles. You may also scrape them off with an ID card. Deactivate the stingers
and the venom by applying vinegar, then bakigh soda alter, lce may be applied to slow the
circulation of the venom. Take antihistamines in case of allergic reactions. Seek medical
attention if the victim is having trouble breathing or has other symptoms.
4. Seek medical attention immediately for sting rays or shark attacks.
Water Search and Rescue

1. Assess the Situation.
a. Remain calm and plan the rescue.
b. Determine the position of the victim and note the safety of that area for the
rescuers. Do not attempt to rescue if the area is dangerous even for skilled swimmers.
c. Call for assistance if available. If possible, the rescuer should not attempt the rescue
alone.
d. Call for medical experts in case the situation calls for their aid.
e. Maintain crowd control. Non-swimmers should not attempt to rescue the victim.
2. Follow the prescribe d pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go."

Reach
Extend a long stable instrument that can be used cach out to the victim and pull him or her to
sarety. If he or she is within reach, the rescuer may reach out with his or her hand and pull the
victim to safety, provided that the rescuer has a stable structure to anchor himself or herself
to.
Reach
With a long stick, a scarf, clothes or anything else. Crouch or lie down to avoid being pulled
in.
Throw
If the victim is too far away to reach, the rescuer may throw a Personal Floating
Device (PFD) if available. If not, use anything that will allow the victim to float or use
another method of rescue.
Throw
A rope is best - you can then pull in the person. Otherwise throw something that will float a
ball, a plastic bottle, a lifebouy...this will keep the person afloat until help comes.
Row
If a boat (not necessarily a rowboat) is available, use that to rescue the victim. It is
done by extending the rowboat for the victim to hold on.
Row
Use a boat if there is one nearby and if you can use it safely. Do not try to pull the person on
board in case they panic and capsize the boat.
Go
This method could mean two things: go and swim towards the victim with a floating
device; or go and call for help. It is important to note that a rescuer must be skilled in
swimming before going to rescue a drowning victim. If a rescuer is not a swimmer, a floating
device maybe used such as piece of wood, Styrofoam, aside from the commercially available
floaters.
Swimming Lessons
Swimming lesson is the process of learning to swim. In most countries, there is a
definition of a number of swimming levels that is reached in the process of the Curriculum.
The respective certificates of swimming tests Are required for further training in aquatic
abilities. Many Countries have defined a minimum swimming level that children should
reach by the end of primary education, in most cases with the help of school swimming
classes being part of the normal curriculum.
Children are often given swimming lessons, which serve to develop swimming
technique and confidence. Children generally do not swim independently until 4 years of
age.
In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those
run by the local authority and by private leisure companies. Many schools also include
swimming lessons in their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools own
pools, or in the nearest public pool. The Department for Education in England includes
learning to swim as a compulsory element in Primary School PE Curriculum. At the end of
year 6 (age11) All children must be able to swim 25 meters (front and back) and demonstrate
an understanding of water safety. Schools can decide when and where pupils will learn to
swim.
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland, the curriculum for 11-year-olds in the
fifth grade states that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to handle
emergencies near water. Most commonly, children are expected to be able to swim 200
meters (220 yards) of which at least 50 meters (55 yards) is on their back - after first falling
into deep water and getting their head under water. Even though about 95 percent of Swedish
school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death
among children.
In both the Netherlands and Belgium, Swimming lessons during school time
(schoolzwemmen, school swimming) are supported by the government. Most schools provide
swimming lessons. There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and in
Belgium; the Dutch translation for the breaststroke swimming style is school slag (school
stroke). The children learn a variant of the breaststroke, which is technically not entirely
correct.
In Germany and Austria, school Swimming "Schulschwimmen" is a part of the
elementary school curriculum leading to the entry level certificate "Frühschwimmer" for
about 90 percent of the children (a 95% goal set by the ministers for education with actual
percentages ranging as low as 75% in some schools). About 50 percent reach a higher
swimming level certificate during school swimming. In Switzerland most schools offer a
swimming course, however only 70% of the students take part in it which has led to the
"Schulschwimmen für alle" petition in 2007. Unlike in Germany and Austria, Swimming test
including a jump from the diving tower, is common in Swiss schools.
In France, school swimming ("natation scolaire") is part of the curriculum for

physical education in the 2nd and 3rd grade in elementary school, or for children aged between
4 and 6 years of age. The aim is successful completion of entry into water then swimming for
50 metres, before floating for 10 seconds, then swimming on the front and on the back (for 10
metres each), ending with retrieval of an object from deep water of more than 2 metres.
In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the
age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons. These children who have not reached Great
Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by the time they leave
primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks during term-time.
In Canada and Mexico there has been a call for swimming to be included in the
public school curriculum.
In Singapore, most swimming schools teach the SwimSafer Programme introduced
by Singapore National Water Safety Council in July, 2010 with support from the Singapore
Sports Council. The SwimSafer Programme Combines instuction in swimming and lfie-
saving skills.
Common Swimming Lessons in the Philippines and other Countries

1. Parent and Infant is for ages 6-18 months. This class teaches underwater acclimation
while parents learn how to give their child a positive experience in the water. Parent
participation is required.
2. Parent and Toddler is for ages 18-36 months. Students continue developing water
acclimation and safety skills. Children will have fun in the water while developing swimming
readiness. Parent participation is required.
3. Preschool I is for 3 to 5 year olds. This class will develop comfort in the water, learn water
entry, bubble blowing, floating, kicking, underwater exploration and general water safety
skills.
4. Preschool II Prerequisite: Able to demonstrate completion requirements of Preschool 1.
This Class is for 3 to 5 year olds who are very comfortable in the water will learn new skills
such as combined arm and leg action on front, treading with support and general water safety
skills.
5. Learn to Swim Levels 1-5. These classes are for children 6-15 years old. Children are
taught to swim and improve their level of skill.
6. Level 1 Introduction to Water Skills Must be age 6 the first day ot the program in order
to participate and be comfortable away from parents. Objectives: To support floating on front
and back, gliding, kicking, and alternating arm and leg action.
7. Level 2 Fundamental Aquatic Skills Objectives: Unsupported float, gliding, kicking on
front and back without support, combined arm action with kick on front and back, treading
water without support, personal safety and rescue skills.
8. Level 3 Stroke Development Objectives: Front crawl with breathing to the side,
coordinated back crawl, elementary backstroke, scissor and dolphin kick, treading water
skills, diving from the side of the pool, and personal safety and rescue skills.
9. Level 4-Stroke Improvement Objectives: Improve stroke proficiency on front crawl, back
crawl, butterfly, breast stroke, elementary backstroke, sidestroke, surface diving, open turns,
and personal safety and rescue skills.
10. Level 5 - Stroke Refinement Objectives: Refine front crawl, back crawl, butterfly,
breaststroke, elementary backstroke, sidestroke, turns on front and back, long shallow dives
and treading water. Personal safety and rescue skills are also covered.
11. Level 6 Swimming and Skill Proficiency Objectives: Refine all strokes to increase
efficiency, power, and smoothness over great distances. Personal safety and rescue skills are
also covered.
12. Beginning Adult - Overcome fear of the water and learn basic skills such as floating,
gliding, kicking rhythmic breathing, and treading water.
13. Intermediate Adult - Adults with no fear of water who possess beginner swimming
skills must be able to kick and breathe using a kickboard for 25-yards without stopping.
Students will learn front crawl, back crawl, and develop comfort in deep water.
Floating in a Pool
Steps on How to Float in a Pool
1. Start in the shallow end of the pool.
2. Be with someone who can swim and who knows how to float already, as he or she can help
guide you and can get you out of dificulties if you panic.
3. Slowly ease onto your back. Place your arms out to the side and your legs straight out in
front of you. You'll probably sink the first tries but that's okay - you're in the shallow end.
Keep trying. Try the starfish float. Imagine yourself as a starfish and spread your arms and
legs out to make a star shape. This is a good float to try and it soon becomes easier with
practice.
4. Relax your muscles and point your toes.
5. Take a deep breath and relax.
6. Lift your head up or you will sink.

7. Try a front float.
8. Try a rescue float.
Tips in Floating
1. If not ready yet, let someone hold you.
2. Use a boogie board for starters.
Warning in Floating
To prevent the potential for drowning, always practice with someone.
Things You'll Need in Floating

1. Person that can swim
2. Swimsuit or swim shorts
3. Boogie board (optional)
4. Float pads (optional)
Swimming as a Requirement
1. Swimming for some schools is required for courses such as Bachelor of Science in
Criminology, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management, Bachelor of Science
in Marine Engineering, and other special courses that necessitates swimming due to the
nature of the job.
2. Swimming is also a part of screening process in the application for Philippine National
Police Special Action Force (PNP SAF). All applicants are required to pass 15-20 minutes
free style floating and 30-45 meter free style swimming across a swimming pool.
3. Swimming is another requirement for trainees for waterborne as part of the Commando
Training to become a SAF trooper.

First Aid and Water Survival

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First Aid and Water Survival

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Republic of the Philippines

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

(BS - Law Enforcement Administration)

INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID

Characteristics of First Aider

General Directions for First Aiding

Materials Needed for First Aid Training

FIRST AID MEASURES FOR SELECTED SITUATIONS

First Aid for Open Wounds

f. Bandaging is the skillful application of bandages of various kinds, usually triangular or

c. Strain is an overstretching of a muscle instead of an actual tearing.

d. Sprain is the partial or complete disruption in the continuity of a muscular or ligamentous

First Aid for Closed Wounds

Signs and symptoms of fracture

First aid measures of fracture

First Aid Treatment

First Aid Measures for Snake Bites

First Aid Measures for Dog Bites

10. Allergic Reactions (Allergy)

Most Common Allergens

Signs and Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction

First aid for an allergic reaction

11. Anaphylactic Shock (Anaphylaxis)

First Aid for Anaphylaxis

12. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

Possible Causes of Nosebleeds

First Aid for Nosebleeds

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation

First Aid for Hyperventilation

14. Choking (Airway Obstruction)

First aid for partial obstruction

First aid for complete obstruction

First Aid for Dizziness

Possible Signs and Symptoms of Seizures

First Aid for Seizures

TOPIC 2: Fundamentals of Bandaging

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Parts of a Triangular Bandage

Phases of a Triangular Bandage

n. Male/Female organ bandage

TOPIC 3: Introduction to Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

III. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND CARDIOPULMONARY

Method of Conducting AR and CPR

- After 30 compressions, deliver 2 ventilations following the procedure for Artificial

TOPIC 4: Water Safety and Survival

IV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

WATER SAFETY AND SURVIVAL

A. Butterfly Stroke - If you swim competitively it is important to know how to swim

Steps for a Sidestroke

Being Prepared for Unlikely Situations

Hazards in the Aquatic Environment

Water Search and Rescue

2. Follow the prescribe d pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go."

In France, school swimming ("natation scolaire") is part of the curriculum for

Common Swimming Lessons in the Philippines and other Countries

6. Lift your head up or you will sink.

Things You'll Need in Floating

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