Characteristics of distributed systems

Motivating of distributed systems deals with network of computers.

Mobile phones networks
Factory networks
Campus networks
e-cash networks

All these are about sharing of information.

Definitions
A system in which or software components are located at network computers communicate and
coordinate their actions only by message passing.
The main components of networks are LAN and WAN.

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the user as a single
computer.

Features of a distributed system

 Computers carry out task independently
 They can coordinate actions
 No global clock
 They coordinate by exchange of information

Sometimes there is independent network failure.

 Parts of network port failure
Examples of network in distributed systems
 web search library
 massive multiple player online gaming
 financial trade
selected application domains and associated networked applications

Finance and commerce
The information society
Creative industries and
entertainment
Healthcare
Education
Transport and logistics
Science
Environment management
Ecommerce e.g., Amazon and eBay, Paypal, online banking and
trading.
Web information and search engines, ebooks, Wikipedia, social
networking, social networking, facebook and MySpace.
Online gaming, music and film in the home, user generated content,
e.g., YouTube, Flickr
Health informatics, on online patient records, monitoring patients.
e-learning, virtual learning environments, distance learning.
GPS in route finding systems, map services, Google Maps, Google
Earth
The Grid as an enabling technology for collaboration between
scientists.
Sensor technology to monitor earthquakes, floods or tsunamis
Trend in distributed systems
1. Influential trends
a) Emergence of pervasive networking technology.
b) Emergence ubiquitous computing couple with the desire to support mobility.
c) Increasing demanding of multimedia services.
d) View of distributed systems as a utility.
Sections
1. Pervasive networking and the modern internet
2. Mobile and ubiquitous computing
3. Distributed multimedia systems
4. Distributed computing as a utility (cloud)

Focus on resource sharing

We share network computers and hardware such as printers, data and files.
We can also search specific functionality such as search engine. (Internet, Intranet and Extranet).

Client-server communication
There are two types, two tier and three tiers

Challenges and Failures of a Distributed System are:

 Heterogeneity.
 Scalability.
 Openness.
 Transparency.
 Concurrency.
 Security.
 Failure Handling.
Web servers and web browsers
A web browser is basically the software that we use for browsing on the internet and displaying
pages. Conversely, a web server refers to the software that provides its users with the
documents they request via their web browsers.
Difference Between Web Browser and Web Server
Parameters

Definition and
Purpose

Basics

Process

Role of HTTP

Storage of Data
Processing It contains no processing model. It majorly follows processing models
Model of three types: thread-based, process-
based, or hybrid.

Installation We install a web browser on the machine/ device One can easily install a web server
of the user- like a laptop, desktop, tablet, anywhere. But the server needs to be
smartphone, etc. on a local computer or on a network.

Example Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Apache Server.

Explorer, etc.

https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-web-browser-and-web-server/#:~:text=Web%20Browser%20Vs.,request
%20via%20their%20web%20browsers .

System models
Introduction of models
Physical models
Architectural models
Fragmental models