The global temperature is not relenting for a long time.

A rise in sea levels and melting glaciers are

climate change's effects. These changes have produced debatable arguments over the compliance of the
terms set in the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, as they were executed given the problem of the
rising temperature of the earth. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 for the UN framework
convention on climate change, whereas the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015 and was also overseen
by UNFCCC. The problem can be expected to be solved by global cooperation between nations. Still, the
future cannot be predicted, as an event of the recent past has triggered climate change in South Asian
countries and some European countries. This paper discusses climate change within the purview of
problems and solutions and analyzes the negativity and positivity of the policies enacted to control
climate change.

Rising sea levels:

Climate change has contributed to rising sea levels in various geographical locations. In addition, climate
change has affected developing countries more than developed nations. The reason for this is the
unpreparedness of the government of developing nations, as global sea level rise (SLR), as is commonly
known, has been the common cause of flooding and decreased crop yield. High temperatures adversely
affect crop yields because crops' shortened life cycle with the requirement of extra water strains crops
from the adequate water supply. (Zhao et al., 2017). More health concerns for humans become evident
when certain diseases spread from water and air due to extreme weather events resulting from global
warming. (Fann et al., 2016).

Furthermore, climate change triggers unwanted rainfalls precluded by heavy storms. The main reason
for this is the inability to hold moisture in the air, resulting in heavy rain in some areas of the world.
However, dry spells or drought is another concern researched by climate change. These dry spells trigger
wildfires in dense forests. The result can be devastating for the forests and the entire ecosystem. The
extreme heat caused by wildfires forces animals to flee from their region to enter another territory or
zone, which could either be of humans or another species. This migration can result in competition with
other animals for food, upsetting the food chain of that forest. However, entering human territory
would be dangerous for humans and their pets. Climate changes worsen the reproduction cycle of
plants and animals and disrupt the migration patterns of wild animals due to geographical differences.
(Peterson et al., 2018).

Average prediction of weather becomes difficult for meteorologists. The smoke and gas emission from
wildfire brings irreparable damage to the ecosystem by heating the planet and affecting the climate.
Furthermore, the destruction of trees by the wildfires inhibits the CO2 control generally expected for the
trees, which is a natural phenomenon. (Berwyn, 2018). Warmer climates pose threatening health risks
to children and the elderly population due to the intensity of the heat waves. Moreover, vulnerable
people cannot adapt to the change in adverse situations. (Vose et al., 2017).

Furthermore, rising sea levels threaten ecosystems, especially in the coastal areas, which affects the
livelihood of the marginalized population, including the fisherman communities. (Fleming et al., 2018)
Hydroelectricity production from the rivers gets affected by water flow during heavy rainfalls, disrupting
water supplies and quality. (Lall et al., 2018).

Earth is a global property for all countries and their inhabitants. If some countries do not want to save
the planet, there will be a massive crisis. Moreover, more than fellow citizens, politicians, and business
people are involved in the decision-making to save the earth from further problems. In addition, nations
are apathetic towards saving the planet and are concerned only about their development. United
Nations has strived to keep SDGs in line with climate change and has urged nations to participate in the
plea. For example, Finland and Sweden have similar weather conditions, but Sweden has halved its total
emission level than Finland. In effect, Sweden is targeting to be emission-free by 2045. (Ylä-Anttila et al.,
2018).

Inequality

The changing climate may have affected globally, but inequality of effects can be seen in parts of the
world where development is less. Climate change has hit disadvantaged populations with failing crop
yields, unseasonal rainfall, drought, and flood. The ratio of the difference in Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) between developed and developing nations has widened over the last ten years. Developing
nations suffer from the shock waves of natural disasters. (Hallegate, 2016). For example, the houses
destroyed in flooding in developing nations bring poverty to the victims, inseparable from the
development indexes set by economists. The situation exacerbated by the flood is a sign of inequality
when the whole incident would have resulted from a developed nation's irresponsible emission of
greenhouse gases.

Furthermore, besides economic inequalities, gender inequalities are also experienced because
explaining the effect of climate change on societies. For instance, the threat of climate change is more
likely to affect marginalized gender in developing nations through human trafficking, child marriage, and
gender-based violence. (UNWomen, 2022).

Future of climate change

Climate change will affect the world in alarming proportions. The number and severity of extreme
weather events, like heat waves, droughts, and floods, can result in more significant property losses,
expensive societal disruptions, and decreased insurance affordability. (Ebi et al., 2018). Developed
nations may not face food shortages or poverty problems, but health problems cannot be overlooked.
Developing countries will face food insecurity, agricultural loss, biodiversity loss, and health risks.
(Akanwa & Joe-Ikechebelu, 2019). In the future, the vulnerability of unforeseen events will be evidenced
as rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers would increase temperature globally and affect human
and animal health. UN Climate Change expert Patricia Espinosa voiced her opinion in the UN climate
speech in 2017 for a severe explanation on including health measures and environmental concerns
brought by climate change.

The Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are landmark agreements marked for climate change
policymakers. Both agreements are inclusive of maintaining transparency for tracking harmful activities
affecting climate and reporting events for international cooperation. Partnerships and agreements have
been formed between nations to be involved in mitigation goals of global climate change. However, the
financial progress of the Paris agreement has been reported to be slow. Furthermore, climate finance
flows are distributed unevenly between nations. USD 100 Billion was pledged to be supported for
climate change per year, with a reduction in fossil fuel levels by governments of developing and
developed countries. (IPCC, 2022). Climate is changing, and statistics provide compelling evidence of a
change of about two degrees between 1901 and 2016. (Hayhoe et al., 2018). The Paris agreement has
clearly stated that the two-degree increase in global temperature should decrease by 2 degrees in the
next century. (UNFCCC, 2020). The Kyoto Protocol has been defined as the original treaty of 1997,
wherein six greenhouse gases emission were to be reduced in as many as 41 countries, and for the
European Union members to decrease the emission level to lower than 5.2 percent, as was existing in
1990. The major greenhouse gases include Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide,
Hydrofluorocarbons, etc.

The Paris Agreement signed in December 2015 has been reviewed by various policymakers, but the
targets do not seem to have been met in the six years since the treaty was signed. However, experts
have predicted that temperatures cannot go down by 2 degrees but will increase by 3 degrees in the
next ten years. (Clémençon, 2016). Recent climate change catastrophes faced by the world do not
evidence the change in emission levels. Clearly, the Paris agreement has been a failure, as the member
countries have not maintained compliance. The entire agreement is a debacle because the global
temperature has not decreased, and protocols are seen to have been violated, which will result in heat
waves and floods in the future. (Maizland, 2021). The Paris agreement cannot stand on its own, and
recent natural catastrophes in South-East Asia related to unpredictable monsoons and heat waves are
examples of failure to agree with the context given in the agreement.

The Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol have not been able to achieve the targets set in the initial draft.
As is evidenced, global warming has increased in the last decade. The temperature has risen, leading to
worldwide flooding, heat waves, and landslides. All of these events can be linked to climate change.
Despite working hard to reduce global temperature, policymakers could not realize the difference.
Global leaders did not implement the changes proposed in the Paris Agreement, as the failure is
evidenced in the recent chain of events like heat waves in the UK. Therefore, strict protocols and
restrictions must be imposed on non-compliance.

The main obstacle to being unable to control climate change must be the policymaking of countries.
Although bans on the use of greenhouse gases may have been publicized, monitoring of complying with
policies may have been weak. Thus, policymakers should review the policy frequently and ensure that
the local bodies and government agencies bring strict compliance regarding greenhouse gases in
businesses and homes.
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