MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Estimasi Biaya
Proyek
Lanjutan Basic Concept of Capital
Investment

Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh

15
Fakultas Teknik Sipil MK11031 Retna Kristiana, ST, MM, MT
Teknik

Abstract Kompetensi
Matakuliah Estimasi Biaya mengenai
meng Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan
cara dalam memperkirakan dan tentang Basic Concept of Capital
menghitung biaya proyek dalam Investment
hubungannya dengan Rekayasa
Ekonomi dalam dunia konstruksi

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

1 Retna Kristiana, ST, MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 A. Breakeven Analysis for a Single Project

Understanding Breakeven
Given P, F, A, i, n;
If all of the parameters shown above are known except one, then the unknown
parameter can be calculated or approximated;
A breakeven value can be determined by setting PW, FW, or AW = 0 and solve or
approximate for the unknown parameter.

Solving for a Breakeven

reakeven Value
Two approaches for solving for an unknown parameter:
1. Direct Solution manually if only one interest factor is involved in the setup;
2. Trial and Error – manually if multiple factors are present in the formulation;
3. Spreadsheet model where the Excel financial functions { PV, FV, RATE,
IRR, NPV, PMT, and NPER are part of the modeling process: (use Goal Seek
or Solver).

A Cost – Revenue Model Approach

A popular application of Breakeven (BE) is where cost – revenue – volume
relationships are studied;
We define cost and revenue functions and assume some linear or non-linear
non cost or
revenue relationships to model;
One objective: Find a parameter that will minimize costs or maximize profits –
termed QBE.

Cost Models – Fixed Costs

Essentially constant for all values of the variable in question;
If no level of activity, fixed costs continue;
Must shut down the activity before fixed costs can be altered downward;
To buffer fixed costs one must work on improved efficiencies of operations.

Fixed Costs – Cost that do not vary with production or activity levels
Costs of buildings;
Insurance;
Fixed Overhead;
Equipment capital recovery;

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

2 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 Variable Costs
Variable Costs change
ange with the level of activity;
More activity – greater variable costs;
Less activity – lover variable costs;
Variable costs are impacted by efficiency of operation, improved designs, quality,
safety, and higher sales volume.
Costs that vary with the level of activity;
Direct Labor – wages;
Materials;
Indirect costs;
Marketing;
Advertising;
Warranty;
Etc.

Total Costs
Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs;
TC = FC + VC;
Profit Relationships;
Profit = Revenue – Total Cost
P = R – TC
P = R –{FC + VC}.

Cost – Revenue Relationships

Linear Models;
Non-linear models;
Linear and non-linear
linear models are used as approximations to reality;
A basic linear Cost Relationship is shown on the next slide.

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

3 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 Figure Linear and nonlinear revenue and cost relations used in
breakeven analysis.

Basic Cost Relationship (Linear)

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

4 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Non-linear Models
Non-linear Models;
One or more of the relationships is (are) non-linear;
non
Example Follows:

Breakeven
The breakeven point, QBE is the point where the revenue and total cost relationships
intersect:
For non-linear
linear forms, it is possible to have more than one QBE point.
Revenue and Total cost relationships tend to be static in nature;
May not truly reflect reality of the dynamic firm;
However, the breakeven point(s) can be useful for planning purposes.

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

5 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 Reduction of Variable costs

Figure Effect on the breakeven point when the variable

cost per unit is reduced.

linear BE illustration
Non-linear
For non-linear
linear analysis the point of maximum profit is of interest;
And, multiple BE’s may exist;

Figure Breakeven points and maximum-profit

maximum profit point for a
nonlinear analysis.

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

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 B. Breakeven Analysis Between Two Alternatives

Two Alternative Analysis

Given two alternatives (assume mutually exclusive)
Need to determine a common variable or economic parameter common to both
alternatives;
Could be:
Interest rate,
First cost (investment),
Annual operating cost,
Etc.
Common analysis considers:
Revenue or
Costs
Common to both options.
Assume a linear revenue-cost
revenue relationship……

Total Cost Relationships for Two alternatives. Note the intersection Of the two TC
Plots. Both alternatives Are equal.

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

7 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 The preferred approach is to define either a:
Present worth relationships or,
Annual worth relationships and,
Set to two expressions equal and solve for the parameter or variable of
interest.

Three Alternative Analysis

If three alternatives are present…
Compare
are the alternatives pair-wise
pair or,
Use a spreadsheet model to plot the present worth or annual worth over a specified
range of values.
A typical three alternative plot might look like ….

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

8 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 Non-linear Breakeven
When variable cost relationships are non-linear,
linear, the analysis becomes more
complicated;
Use of spreadsheet models and plotting aids are suggested.

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

9 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Daftar Pustaka
1. Iman Soeharto, Manajemen Konstruksi, 1999.
2. Donald S Barrie, Manajemen Konstruksi Profesional, 1995.
3. Asianto, Project Cost Estimation and Control, 2003.
4. Tung Au, Handbook of Basic Concept of Capital Investment, 1990.
5. Leland Blank and Anthony Tarquin, Engineering Economic, 2011
6. Stephen D Schuette and Roger W Liska, Building Construction Estimation 2nd Edition,
1998

‘16 Estimasi Biaya Proyek Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

10 Retna Kristiana, ST,MM, MT http://www.mercubuana.ac.id