An investigation into tourism industry in Australia and its

comparison with Pakistan

Literature Review:

The impacts of tourism have been tourism reasonably well researched, particularly from the environmental and
economic perspectives. However empirical support to show the relation between the two variables has mainly
based either on direct observation of the data or on some parallel based analyses. Such approaches are clearly
insufficient to classify the nature of the underlying linkage between environment and tourism indicators. A
growing acceptance of sustainable development as an approach to tourism planning has sparked academic
interest in the implications for destinations and the way in which the impacts arising from tourism activities and
developments are recognized, managed and mitigated. Dumitras and Pop intends to envision and understand
recreation visitor attitudes towards the services, recreation opportunities and environmental aspects related to
the Rodna Mountain National Park during winter 2009. The results reveal that there is statistically significant
relationship between the behavior toward the impact of pollution on tourism in general and the behavior toward
the belief that tourism activities affect the natural resources within the park. Choi and Murray examined a range
of variables involved in determining resident attitudes toward tourism development and the adoption of
sustainable tourism. The findings revealed that three major components of sustainable tourism, namely long-
term planning, full community participation tourism and environmental sustainability within tourism, are
critically related to support for tourism and to the positive and negative impacts of tourism. Biagi and Pulina
investigate the relationship between tourist demand and supply by employing various econometrics techniques
for the island of Sardinia (Italy) over the time span 1955 to 2004. The results reveal that tourism supply is
demand-driven and tourism demand is quality driven and it implies a bi-directional Granger-causal relationship
between tourism demand and capacity. Bakhat and Rosselló assess the electricity demand pattern and
investigate the aggregated contribution of tourism to electricity consumption using the case study of the
Balearic Islands (Spain). The results show that, in terms of electricity consumption, tourism cannot be
considered a very energy-intensive sector. Dwyer explores the issues in estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions from the tourism results reveal that there is a unidirectional causal industry and related activity in
Australia. The results reveal that tourism contributes between 3.9% and 5.3% of total industry GHG in
Australia. Ryan seeks the following two questions i.e.,

Does the existence of polluted waters impact on the levels of satisfaction experienced by visitors to Chinese
lakes?

Does the local tourism industry correctly assess the importance of place attributes as assessed by visitors?

The result suggests that polluted areas can still function successfully as tourist locations because visitors in
these instances view the lakescapes as part of a wider attraction that includes a built environment but that the
hotel industry over-emphasizes the importance of that built structure as a contributor to tourist place experience
Mundet and Coenders reviews the development of greenways/car-free trails in Spain linking the Pyrenees with
the Mediterranean Sea, as an alternative environmentally friendly communication system and assesses their
strengths and weaknesses. The results show a complex range of user profiles, tourist and non-tourist, their
perceptions of the trail and some of the direct and indirect impacts of the greenway on the communities through
which it passes. They illustrate that potential importance of greenways in a future low-carbon tourism strategy
adapting to climate change. Khan examines the students’ perceptions about social, economic and environmental
impacts of tourism in the tourists’ destination of Chitral - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The result showed
that students perceived economic impacts of tourism followed by environmental impacts and social impacts.
Students believed that tourism has provided job opportunities and can help to trigger the economy. They have
high hopes and positive outlook of developing tourism in Chitral, Pakistan. Luken examine the relationship
between industrial and environmental policies in Pakistan and to recommend demand and policy measures that
could optimize economic benefits from industrial development with reduced environmental demand pattern.
The results reveal that the environmental damages due to the industrial sector in Pakistan remain moderate, but
they are growing steadily. Malik examine the integration and causal relations among the tourism, economic
growth and current account issues in estimating the deficit in Pakistan for the period of 1972 to 2007. The
results reveal that there is a unidirectional causal relationship from current account deficit to GDP, tourist to
GDP and Tourists to current account deficit. Shafiqullah examine the valuation of tourism’s benefits in Chitral
Valley. The study employs Zonal Travel Cost Method. The findings of the study help the local government for
imposition of an optimal entry and efficient resource allocation. Khalil investigate the role of tourism in short-
run economic growth in Pakistan economy. The study uses the importance of place attributes as assessed by
error-correction model among tourism, receipts and economic expansion.

Question:

Is the tourism industry really affected by societal and cultural factors?

1.10 Hypotheses H0a: There is no impact of societal factors on the tourism Industry H0b: There is no impact of cultural
factors on the tourism industry H1: There is an impact of societal factors on the tourism Industry H2: There is an impact
of cultural factors on the tourism industry

MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Research Method

This research will be quantitative. Data was collected from students who are studying in Greenwich University Karachi.
Sources will be different within the university so that monotonous results could be avoided as it was also noted while
reviewing previous researches.

2.2 Technique for Sampling and procedure used

The technique used to acquire my sample for this research was via Convenience Sampling technique. This is to maintain
the quality of research so only concerned people will fill out the questionnaire.100 individuals will be selected for this
study

2.3 Size of Sample/Time Orientation

This dissertation will utilize 100 students studying in Greenwich University. Questionnaires were circulated in this sample
size. Questionnaires will be floated once in the sample size.

2.4 Data collection methods

2.4.1 Primary Data

Questionnaire survey will be conducted as a tool for primary research and collection of data.

2.5 Data Collection tool

To extract the necessary answers for this dissertation to formulize questionnaires were developed and circulated. The
Questionnaires were structured on a like rt scale from 1 to 5. In this questionnaire“1” represented the highest level of
disagreement whereas “5” represented the highest level of agreement. Each factor was gauged via a sub value or latent
variable formed by an average of those questions.

2.6 Reliability Analysis

Reliability of the data gathered would be calculated via the reliability test option in this software, which will produce a
coefficient known as Cronbach’s alpha, which represents validity of the gathered data.

2.7 Data Analysis

Multiple linear regressions will be used for this research. The hypotheses will be tested via this statistical model. This
model will be executed through computer software for statistical calculations known as SPSS. Since there are 9
independent variables backward regression will be used in-order to refrain from repeating the regression process in case
of insignificant variables.