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General Information on Land
Transportation R.A. No. 4136

REGISTRATION
Registration of Motor Vehicle
Compulsory Registration of Motor Vehicles
REGIONAL OFFICE NEW ASSIGNED LETTER
I I
II B
III C
IV – A D Assignment and distribution of Motor Vehicle
IV – B V License Plates from July 1, 2016 onwards.
V E
VI F
VII G
VIII H
IX J
X K
XI L
XII M
NCR N
CAR Y Based on Memorandum Circular No. 2018-2143 (Annex I)
CARAGA Z
WEEKLY SCHEDULE IS BASED ON THE 2ND TO THE MONTHLY SCHEDULE IS BASED ON THE
LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE NUMBER LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE NUMBER
LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE NUMBER
2ND TO THE LAST DIGIT SCHEDULE / WEEKLY (Monthly Schedule)
OF THE PLATE NUMBER DEADLINE 1 – January
2 – February
1 2 3 1234567
3 – March
4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 4 – April
5 – May
7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 6 – June
0 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 7 – July
8 – August
9 – September
0 – October
Note: Vehicles may be registered two
months in advance
Schedule of Registration Fees (Refer to MVUC LAW)
Special Permit
Vehicles exceeding the permissible dimension without special permit
are not allowed to be operated on public highways.
Additional Fees
Any changes on Certificate of Registration or Driver’s License requires
additional fees otherwise known as miscellaneous transaction.
Use and Authority of Certificates of Registration

A photocopy or the original CR are required to be preserved and carried
in the car by the owner or driver of a motor vehicle
Suspension of Registration Certificate
Registration of MV may be suspended if found:
Unsightly
Unsafe
Overloaded
Improperly marked or equipped
Unfit to be operated
Capable of causing excessive damage to the highways
Not conforming to minimum standards and specifications
NUMBER PLATES
PRIVATE GOVERMENT
FOR HIRE DIPLOMATIC

Land Transportation and Traffic Code
Use of Number Plates
At all times, number plates must be displayed in

conspicuous places, one in front and one in the rear
The number plates must be kept clean and cared for,
and firmly affixed to the motor vehicle in such a manner
as will make it entirely visible and always legible.
Land Transportation and Traffic Code
ARTICLE II – Illegal Use of Licenses, Number Plates, etc.
SEC. 31 Imitation and false representations. – No person shall make or use or attempt to make or
use a driver’s license, badge, certificate of registration, number plate, tag, or permit in imitation
or similitude of those issued under this Act., or intended to be used as for a legal license, badge,
certificate, plate, tag or permit, or with intent to sell or otherwise dispose of the same to another.
No person shall falsely or fraudulently represent as valid and in force any driver’s license,
badge, certificate, plate, tag or permit issued under this Act which is delinquent or which has
been revoked or suspended.
No person shall, knowingly and with intent to deceive, make one or more false or fraudulent
statements in an application for the registration of vehicles, or for a driver’s license
OLD VALIDATION STICKERS
NEW WINDSHIELD RFID NEW MOTORCYCLE RFID

PERMITS and
LICENSES
PERMIT & LICENSES
Duty to have License
The license must be carried at all times when

operating a motor vehicle and shall be shown
and/or surrendered for cause and upon
demand to any person with authority under
this RA 4136 to confiscate the same.
PERMIT & LICENSES
Operation of Motor Vehicle by Tourists
Any Tourist or transients desiring to operate Motor Vehicle are

allowed to do so for a period of not more than 90 days from
the date of arrival. Provided, Bona fide tourist and transients
are duly licensed in their respective countries.
After 90 days – required to have Philippine DL
R.A. No. 10930
AN ACT RATIONALIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE
POLICY REGARDING DRIVER'S LICENSE BY EXTENDING
THE VALIDITY PERIOD OF DRIVERS' LICENSES, AND
PENALIZING ACTS IN VIOLATION OF ITS ISSUANCE AND
APPLICATION AMENDING FOR THOSE PURPOSES
SECTION 23 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136, AS AMENDED
BY BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 398 AND EXECUTIVE ORDER
NO. 1011, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LAND
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE
PERMIT & LICENSES
Classification of Driver’s License
Professional
- An authority embodied in a form prescribed by the LTO to a person to
operate a private and public utility vehicle for a fee. fee
Shall mean every
and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle,
whether for private use or for hire to the public.
Non-Professional
- An authority embodied in a form prescribed by the LTO to a
person to operate a private motor vehicle.
PERMIT & LICENSES
Main Provisions of R.A. No. 10930
• Five (5) year license and shall be entitled to a renewal for ten (10)
years – provided, that DL holder has no traffic violation prior to
renewal.
• The LTO shall serve as the repository of all lawfully issued traffic
violation.
• Establishment of Stricter Rules Before the Issuance of Driver's

License.
PERMIT & LICENSES
DRIVER’S LICENSE CODE AND VEHICLE CATEGORY SUMMARY
DL SEAT CAPACITY
RC DESCRIPTION GVW (KGS)
CODE (DRIVER + PASSENGERS)
A MOTORCYCLE 1+1
1
A1 TRICYCLE 1 + XX
B PASSENGER VEHICLES 1 + 8 or less UP TO 5000 KGS
2 B1 PASSENGER VEHICLES 1 + 9 or more UP TO 5000 KGS
B2
CARRIER OF GOODS 1 + 2 or less UP TO 3500 KGS
6 BE LIGHT ARTICULATED UP TO 3500 KGS
3 C CARRIER OF GOODS 1 + 2 or less More than 3500 KGS
8 CE ARTICULATED 1 + 2 or less More than 3500 KGS
3 D PASSENGER VEHICLES 1 + 8 or more More than 5000 KGS
*XX – depending on the approved design by LGU or LTO

PERMIT & LICENSES
Automatic and Manual Clutch

• A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with manual transmission (MT) is allowed to
drive vehicles with automatic transmission (AT)
• A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with automatic transmission (AT) is not
allowed to drive vehicles with manual transmission (MT)
• A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with automatic transmission (AT) who
intends to operate vehicles with manual transmission (MT) must take and pass the
practical driving test.
Vehicles under DL Codes A and A1 with Vehicles under DL Codes B, B1, B2, BE, C, CE and D
CLUTCH CABLE are considered Vehicles with with CLUTCH PEDAL are considered Vehicles with
Manual Transmission Manual Transmission
PERMIT & LICENSES
Special-purpose Vehicle - Required Training
School Service
PERMIT & LICENSES
DL Code and Vehicle Category
DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures
L1 - A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

design speed not exceeding 50 kph
A L2 - A three-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

design speed not exceeding 50 kph
L3 - A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

design speed exceeding 50 kph
PERMIT & LICENSES
L4 - A vehicle with three wheels asymmetrically arranged in relation to

the longitudinal median plane with a maximum design speed exceeding
50 kph (Motorcycle with sidecar)
L5 - A vehicle with three wheels symmetrically arranged in relation to the

longitudinal median plane with a maximum design speed exceeding 50
kph
A1 L6 - A vehicle with four wheels whose unladen mass is not more than
350kg, not including the mass of the batteries in case of electric
vehicles, whose maximum design speed is not more than 45 kph
L7 - A vehicle with four wheels, other than that classified for the category
L6, whose unladen mass is not more than 400kg (550kg for vehicles
intended for carrying goods), not including the mass of batteries in the
case of electric vehicles, whose maximum design speed is not more than
45 kph
PERMIT & LICENSES
M1 – Light Passenger Vehicles
Vehicles used for the carriage of

B passengers and comprising not
more than 8 seats in addition to the
driver's seat, and having a gross
vehicle weight not exceeding 5000kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
M2 – Light Passenger Vehicles
B1 Vehicles used for the carriage of

passengers, comprising more than 8
seats in addition to the driver's seat,
and having a gross vehicle weight
not exceeding 5000kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
N1 – Light Commercial Vehicle
B2 Vehicles used for the carriage of goods

and having a maximum gross vehicle
weight not exceeding 3500kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
DL
Vehicle Category Sample Pictures
Code
N2 – Heavy Commercial (Straight Truck)

Vehicles used for the carriage of goods
weight exceeding 3500kg but not
exceeding 12000kg
C N3 - Heavy Commercial (Straight Truck)
Vehicles used for the carriage of goods
weight exceeding 12000kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
M3 – Large Passenger Vehicle
Vehicles used for the carriage of

D passengers, comprising more than 8
seats in addition to the driver's seat and
having a maximum gross vehicle weight
exceeding 5000kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
Heavy Articulated Vehicle
O3 - Trailers with a maximum gross

CE vehicle weight exceeding 3500kg but not
exceeding 10000kg
O4 - Trailers with a maximum gross
vehicle weight exceeding 10000kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
Light Articulated Vehicle
BE O1 - Trailers with a maximum gross vehicle

weight not exceeding 750kg
O2 - Trailers with a maximum gross vehicle

weight exceeding 750kg but not exceeding
3500kg
PERMIT & LICENSES
Demerit Schedule
Drivers of public utility vehicles (PUV) shall be meted

double the number of demerit points for every traffic
violation committed while operating a For Hire motor Accumulation Period – during
vehicle. the validity of DL
This includes the driver of a private motor vehicle operating
as a PUV but without proper authority from the LTFRB
PERMIT & LICENSES
Period of Prohibition
From NPDL to PDL or Additional DL Code
Demerit Points from

Period of Prohibition
Date of Issuance
1-2 3 months
3-4 6 months
5 or more 1 year
PERMIT & LICENSES
Training and Experience Requirement
PDL - Light Articulated Vehicle (BE)
Holder of B, B1 or B2 for at least three (3) years

and equivalent Training from LTO Accredited
TESDA Training Center or PDC from Driving School
prior to application;
or
Holder of CE (RC 8)
Must pass the written and practical exam with LTO

PERMIT & LICENSES
PDL - Passenger Bus (D)
Must be a holder of PDL Code B1 for at least four (4)

years;
and
Must have equivalent Training from LTO accredited
TESDA Training Center for NC III or PDC from
Driving School prior to application
PERMIT & LICENSES
PDL - Straight Commercial Vehicle (C)
Must be a holder of PDL Code B2 for at least four

(4) years;
and
Must have equivalent Training from LTO accredited
TESDA Training Center for NC III or PDC from
Driving School prior to application
PERMIT & LICENSES
PDL – Articulated Trucks Heavy (CE)
Holder of DL Code C or D for at least six (6) months
and
Must have equivalent Training from LTO Accredited

TESDA NC III Training Center or PDC from Driving
School prior to application
PERMIT & LICENSES
Driving Conditions
1. Drive only with corrective lenses - This is indicated in the driver’s license of a licensee that he/she is
certified by an accredited physician to be out of the 20/40 vision and will not be allowed to drive without
wearing eyeglasses or corrective lenses.
1. Drive only with special equipment for upper limbs and/or lower limbs - This is indicated in the driver’s
license of a licensee with impairment at the upper limb and/or lower limb.
1. Drive customized motor vehicle only - This is indicated in the driver’s license of a licensee to drive
especially designed motor vehicles only and duly registered with LTO.
1. Drive only during daylight - This is indicated in the driver’s license of a licensee that he/she is only allowed
to drive during daylight. This includes partially or totally blind in one eye.
1. Drive only with hearing aid - This is indicated in the driver’s license of a licensee with impaired hearing.
• Drivers with driving conditions 2, 3, 4, 5 are not allowed to operate For-Hire / Public Utility Vehicles
or Commercial Vehicles, unless, expressly allowed in writing by a qualified medical specialist
PERMIT & LICENSES
Driver’s License - Front
1
PERMIT & LICENSES
Driver’s License - Back
MOTORCYCLE (A) – NONPROFESSIONAL – MT
TRICYCLE (A1) – PROFESSIONAL – MT
LIGHT VEHICLE (B) – NONPROFESSIONAL – AT
LIGHT VEHICLE (B1) – NONPROFESSIONAL – MT
LIGHT VEHICLE GOODS (B2) – PROFESSIONAL - MT

PERMIT & LICENSES
Driving Enhancement Program
• Initial renewal of a 5-year of driver’s license are required

to attend the Comprehensive Driver’s Education
• Holders of DL not renewed for more than 2 years must
attend the DEP and must pass the theoretical and
practical examination
• Re-orientation Course, theoretical examination may be
imposed to DL holders during intervention program
PERMIT & LICENSES
Failure to attend Intervention Program
A driver who is not able to complete the

intervention program within thirty (30) days from
his last apprehension, after a notice has been
given, shall have his driver’s license suspended
until he is able to attend the required course.
PERMIT & LICENSES
Other Supplemental Guidelines
• Renewal of DL after two (2) years from the expiry date – theoretical
and practical examinations
• Absentee renewal (DL holder is abroad at the time of renewal) may
be done thru representative but the DL holder must physically report
to LTO upon arrival in the Philippines for biometrics
• License may be renewed on or before but not earlier than sixty (60)
days from the expiry date
• Advance renewal with valid transportation ticket may be done within
one (1) year in advance from expiration
PERMIT & LICENSES
Additional DL Code
• Valid DL or DL not expired for more than two (2) years

• Must be eligible with the minimum experience and training
requirements
• Must have completed practical driving course
• Must pass the theoretical examination
• Must pass the practical driving test
• For special-purpose vehicle – must pass the special training course
PERMIT & LICENSES
Renewal of Invalid Phil DL (more than two years expired)
But with Valid Foreign DL
• Must be a holder of valid Foreign DL

• Must pass theoretical and practical examination if vehicle
category is NOT found in FDL
• Must pass practical examination if FDL country is operating
right hand drive vehicles
PERMIT & LICENSES
Change of DL Classification
Light Vehicle - From Nonprofessional to

Professional Driver’s License
PDL for DL Codes A, A1 (motorcycle or tricycle)

- at least eighteen (18) years old
- NPDL holder for at least six (6) month with the same DL Codes.
PDL for DL Codes B, B1, B2 (sedan, suvs, or light commercial vehicles)

- at least eighteen (18) years old
- NPDL holder for at least one (1) year with the same DL Codes.
PERMIT & LICENSES
Change of DL Classification (Nonprofessional to Professional)

DL Code A, A1, B, B1, B2

• For special-purpose vehicle – must pass the special training
course
PERMIT & LICENSES
Application for DL Codes BE, C, CE, D

• Must pass the practical driving test
• For special-purpose vehicle – must pass the special training course
For dropping DL Classification (from PDL to NPDL) – application form

only, provided that DL is valid
PERMIT & LICENSES
Conversion of Foreign Driver’s License (DL Code A, A1, B, B1, B2)

• Valid Foreign Driver’s License
• Must pass practical examination if FDL country is operating right
hand drive vehicles
• NPDL - Foreign nationals must have a valid visa for at least 120
days
• PDL – Foreign nationals must have valid working visa for at
least 120 days
PERMIT & LICENSES
Lost / Replacement of Driver’s License

• Affidavit of Loss / Mutilated DL
Dropping of DL Code
• Valid Driver’s License or DL not expired for more than two (2)
years
PERMIT & LICENSES
Change of Driving Conditions or Revision of Records
• Certification from Accredited Medical Clinic if applicable

PERMIT & LICENSES
Passenger Vehicle
Conductors
• Conductors License – valid for five (5) years and renewable for ten
(10) years if no traffic violation
• New Conductors must attend eight (8) hours Road Safety Seminar
• Renewal of CL – must attend four (4) hours Road Safety Seminar
• No Contagious Disease
• No pending criminal case
Fines and Penalties in Violation of RA 10930
A fine in the amount of Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00) shall be imposed upon an
applicant for a driver's license found to have committed any of the following acts:
(1) Willful misrepresentation with respect to material information in one's application;

(2) Connivance with the officer in the irregular conduct of examinations or issuance of license;
(3) Falsification of documents; or
(4) Cheating during examinations.
If one is granted by reason of such misrepresentation, connivance, falsification or cheating , this

shall be revoked, and the applicant shall be prohibited from applying for a period of two(2) years.
The repetition of such offense shall warrant the perpetual disqualification from being granted a
driver's license
PERMIT & LICENSES
Imitation and False Representation
No person shall make or use or attempt to make or

use a driver’s license, badge, certificate of
registration, number plate, tag or permit and imitation
or similitude of those issued DL or SP
PERMIT & LICENSES
Exceeding Registered Capacity, Issuance of Conductor’s License,
Validity and Fee
No person operating any motor vehicle is allowed more

passengers or more freight or cargo on his vehicle than its
registered carrying capacity.
No person operating any motor vehicle is allowed any
passengers to ride on the cover or top of such vehicle.
No driver is allowed to let any person ride on the running

board, step board, or mudguard of his motor vehicle for any
purpose while the vehicle is in motion.
PERMIT & LICENSES
Exceeding Registered Capacity, Issuance of Conductor’s License,
Validity and Fee
No person operating any motor vehicle are allowed more

passengers or more freight or cargo on his vehicle than its
registered carrying capacity.
No person operating any motor vehicle allowed any
passengers to ride on the cover or top of such vehicle.
No driver is allowed to let any person ride on the running

board, step board, or mudguard of his motor vehicle for any
purpose while the vehicle is in motion.
ENFORCEMENT
Law Enforcement
Types of Enforcement
Punitive
enforcement of traffic laws
Preventive
deployment of traffic enforcers on the road
Persuasive
information and education campaign

Law Enforcement
1. Uniform Ordinance Violation Receipt (UOVR) - issued by
Local Government Units (LGU’s) under the Single Ticketing
System dated Jan. 26, 2012, MMDA Resolution No. 12-02
(Only in Metro Manila)
2. Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) - issued by the LGU under Sec. 5

of PD 1605 dated Nov. 21, 1978
Note: Non-confiscation of Driver’s License under Joint Memorandum

Circular No. 1 Series of 2008 dated September 10, 2008, under Sec.
3.4A
Law Enforcement
Confiscation of Driver’s License
Only LTO deputized Traffic enforcers are

allowed to confiscate driver’s license
Law Enforcement
Ticketing System
Temporary Operator‘s Permit Traffic Citation Ticket Ordinance Violation Receipt

Traffic Violation Receipt (TVR)
(TOP) (TCT) (OVR)
Law Enforcement
DEPUTIZED TRANSPORTATION
REGULATION OFFICERS
The Land Transportation Office (LTO) through its deputation

power authorizes expressway traffic regulation officers to
enforce R.A. No. 4136 and other pertinent laws, rules, and
regulation (e.g. NLEX, SCTEX, SFEX, TPLEX, SLEX,
Skyway, Star Tollway, CAVITEX, MCEX, CALAEX, C5
Extension Expressway)
Law Enforcement
Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) - issued by LTO deputized

enforcers for traffic and administrative (non-moving) violation which
serves as:
• Receipt for driver’s license confiscated ;
• Notice and Summon;
• Temporary driver’s license (for 72 hrs. only)
• 5 days to contest, 15 days to settle; otherwise, 30 days
suspension of driver’s license will be meted
Law Enforcement
Relationship with other

Agencies
Law Enforcement
Relationship with Other Agencies
Agency Involved in Traffic Administration
DOTr is the primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating, implementing,
regulating and administrative entity of the executive branch of the government in the
DOTr
promotion, development, regulation of a dependable and coordinated network of
transportation.
Certificate of Public Convenience (franchising of public utility motor vehicle) including

LTFRB
enforcement of the Public Service Law (CA 146).
PNP-HPG Enforcement of Republic Act No. 4136
MMDA/LGUs Responsible for traffic direction and control within Metro Manila and its Localities
Responsible for road engineering and infrastructure as well as construction,

DPWH maintenance and repairs of roads including installation of traffic signs and signals and
pavement markings.
GAD
GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
GENDER and DEVELOPMENT
R.A. No. 9710 - Magna Carta of Women

- is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate
discrimination against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and
promoting the rights of Filipino women, especially those in marginalized
sector.
- discrimination meaning any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or restriction,
act or omission
E.O. No. 227 - The New Family Code of the Philippines
R.A. No. 7192 - The Women in Development and Nation Building Act
- integration of women as full and equal partners of men in development and
nation building
GENDER and DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
R.A. No. 7192

AN ACT PROMOTING THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN AS FULL AND
EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
▪ Not a war of the sexes

▪ Not male bashing
▪ Both women and men are victims, although women are
affected more than men
R.A. No. 6725 - An Act Strengthening the Prohibition on Discrimination against Women with respect
to terms and conditions of employment
R.A. No. 7877 - An Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful In The Employment, Education Or
Training Environment, And For Other Purposes
R.A. No. 9262 - An Act Defining Violence Against Women And Their Children, Providing for Protective
Measures For Victims, Prescribing Penalties Therefore, and for Other Purposes
Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 11313

Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in Public Utility Vehicle (PUV)
The license of a driver and the operators CPC may be suspended or

revoked by LTO and LTFRB if Gender-Based Sexual Harassment (GBSH)
is committed during the operation of Public Utility Vehicle.
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Active Transport and
Light Mobility Vehicle
Objective:
1. Give courtesy and respect to active
transport users.
2. Encourage the use of active transportation.
https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/bicycle-lane
ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND LIGHT MOBILITY VEHICLE
NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION
SKATEBOARD
BICYCLE
ROLLERSKATE
PERSONAL MOBILITY DEVICES
ELECTRIC
SEATED E-BIKE
SCOOTER WALKCAR
UNICYCLE ELECTRIC KICK SCOOTER SELF-BALANCING SCOOTER

SEGWAY
Guidelines for Drivers of Motorcycles, Cars, Trucks and

Other Motorized Vehicles
1. Do not travel nor park into bicycle or 2. Give cyclist sufficient clearance and watch
pedestrian lanes. your speed when passing.
Source: DOTr Facebook

Source: DOTr Facebook Page
Page
3. Be extra careful turning at intersections. 4. Open doors with care.
Source: DOTr Facebook Page Source: DOTr Facebook Page
5. Check blind spots.
Source: DOTr Facebook Page

BENEFITS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Health Benefits Environmental Benefits
Cycling can better your health and Leaving your vehicle at home:
well-being by: • Cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions ang global
• Improve posture/balance climate change.
• Lower blood pressure • Reduces air pollutants (walking and biking emit no
• Increase energy greenhouse gases)
• Increase flexibility and muscle strength • Reduces noise pollution and congestion.
• Lower stress levels • Saves valuable green space from development.
• Reduces your ecological footprint
Physical activity reduce the risk of:
• Depression Economic Benefits
• Heart disease • You save money and cause less wear and tear on the
• Obesity road each time you walk or bike instead of driving.
• Adult-onset diabetes • Increased contact with your neighbors and community.
• Osteoporosis • Calmer and safer roads.
• High blood pressure • More “eyes on the street”
• Safety in numbers
END
NOTICE
SOME PICTURES PRESENTED IN THIS PPTX WERE

TAKEN and DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET WITH
NO INTENTION OF CLAIMING THEM.
ALL INFORMATION ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL
PURPOSES ONLY. NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
Other Regulations
Passenger Care
Loading and Unloading Passengers
• Load and unload at designated pick-up and

drop-off points.
• Do not load/unload passengers at curve or
intersections.
• Stop the vehicle out of traffic or traveled lane.
• As much as possible, assist passengers.
Passenger Care
Greeting passengers is a courtesy that is expected of all bus or van drivers.

-Be polite and courteous to all your passengers.
-Communicate with your passengers while assisting them to the vehicle.
- Anticipate passenger’s need.
Passenger Comfort
Comfort must be a priority for drivers of persons with disabilities. Various
conditions can cause discomfort to passengers. It is the responsibility of
the driver to be alert and sensitive to the environmental conditions that can
affect the comfort of passengers.
Passenger Care
Fare Discount Regulation
Particulars Discount Penalty

Children less than one (1) meter in Free of Charge 1st offense: Fine of P5,000
height
From one meter to 1.3 meters – 50% Fare Discount 2nd offense: Fine of P10,000 and
50% Discount impounding of unit for thirty (30) days
Senior Citizen and Person with 20% Fare Discount

3rd and subsequent offenses: Fine of
Disabilities P15,000 and cancellation of CPC where
Students from Preschool to College 20% Fare Discount the unit is authorized
Passenger Care
Passenger Seats
Vehicle Classification Requirement

Regular Bus At least 5 designated seats for PWDs near the
passenger door
Airconditioned Bus At least 4 designated seats near the passenger door
Jeepneys At least 2 designated seats at the convenience of PWD
International Symbol of All public utility vehicles
Accessibility
PENALTY:
1st offense: Fine of P5,000
2nd offense: Fine of P10,000 and impounding of unit for thirty (30) days
3rd and subsequent offenses: Fine of P15,000 and cancellation of CPC where the unit
is authorized
Passenger Care
Passenger Seats
PENALTY:
1st offense: Fine of P50,000.00
2nd offense: Fine of P75,000.00 and impounding of unit of at least

forty-five (45) days. An impounding fee of P500/day shall be
imposed
3rd and subsequent offenses: Fine of P100,000 and cancellation

of CPC where the unit is authorized
Cargo Handling
• Loading areas should always have good lighting. They should

also be away from both vehicles and pedestrians.
• Loading areas should be firm, flat and free from potholes and
other obstructions that may cause slips or trips.
• Before loading transport, ensure that the vehicle is properly

stopped.
• Passengers has free of charge of up to 10 kilograms of

baggage
• PUBs carrying freight on the roof – shall not exceed 20 kgs per
square meter
Cargo Handling
• Use a red flag to mark loads that extend more than one meter beyond
the body of the vehicle. When transporting cargo at night, use a red
light instead.
• Never load unsecured items on the backseat or rear window deck of

the vehicle. This can cause the load to hit passengers or the driver
when the vehicle comes to a sudden stop.
• When on the road, stop regularly to check your cargo. This is all the
more necessary when traveling long distances.
• Use canvas cover when transporting gravel and sand.

Cargo Handling
Violation Penalty
Overloading Passengers
Failure to provide space for carriage
1st Offense- Fine of P5,000
Failure to provide baggage compartment
Overloading of top carrier (20 kgs max) 2nd Offense- Fine of P10,000
Transporting Cadaver
Loading and unloading on illegal zones 3rd Offense and subsequent Offenses- Fine of
P15,000 and cancellation of CPC where the
Failure to issue tickets unit is authorized
Failure to seal/reseal taxi meters
Common Violations
Bus and Tricycle – Failure to drive in designated lanes

Common Violations
Bus and Tricycle – Failure to drive in designated lanes

Common Violations
Illegal Loading resulting to TRAFFIC JAM

Common Violations
Failure to use Designated Lane

Common Violations
Obstruction or Illegal Parking

Common Violations
Illegal Parking
Eateries
Passenger Overloading
Passenger Overloading
Cargo Overloading
Not Wearing Seatbelt
Using mobile phones
Reminder
1. Use the designated lanes

2. Load and Unload at a correct zone
3. Park at a legal parking space
4. Never Overload (passenger or cargo)
5. Be courteous and polite
6. Instill self-discipline
7. Follow RA No. 10913
8. Do not leave your vehicle without interior and
exterior check
Land Transportation
Related Special Laws
Other Transportation Laws, Rules, and Regulations
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Joint Administrative Order (JAO) No. 2014-01 dated June 02, 2014
Traffic and Administrative

Rules, Violations, Fines and
Penalties with Demerit
Points
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1st 2nd 3rd

Violation Remarks Demerit Points
Offense Offense Offense
Driving without valid 3,000 plus one year suspension to

Driver’s License/ commence from the payment of 5
Conductor’s Permit fine
Driving a Motor
10,000 plus perpetual
Vehicle used in the
Commission of a
disqualification and impounding of 5
MV
Crime
Commission of a 10,000 plus 5 years suspension

Crime in the Course of from payment of fine and 5
Apprehension impounding of MV
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Offense Offense Offense Points
2nd Offense – 3 months suspension
3rd– 6 months suspension
4th and succeeding – NPDL 2 years
revocation
Reckless Driving 2,000 3,000 10,000
4th and succeeding – PDL perpetual
1/3/5
revocation
SUSPENSION SHALL START FROM
PAYMENT OF FINE
Submission of fake
documents in relation to the 3,000 plus one year disqualification
application for a driver’s plus criminal charges
5
license (new/renewal)
Failure to carry Driver’s
License, Certificate of
Registration (CR) or Official 1,000 1
Receipt (OR) while driving a
motor vehicle
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
All Other Violation of Traffic Rules and
Regulations
Parking
a. In an intersection
b. Within 6 meters of the intersection
c. 4 meters from the driveway entrance
d. Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant
3
e. In front of a private driveway
f. On the roadway side of any unmoving or
parked MV at the curb or edge of the 1,000
highway
g. At any place where signs of prohibitions
have been installed
Disregarding Traffic Signs 5
Allowing passengers on top or cover of a

motor vehicle except for a truck helper
3
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Failure to provide canvas cover to cargos or
freight of trucks requiring the same
1
Permitting passenger to ride on running board,
stepboard or mudguard of MV while the same is 1
in motion.
Failure to dim headlights when approaching
another motor vehicle
3
Driving in a place not intended for traffic or into 1,000
a place not allowed for parking
1
Hitching or permitting a person or a bicycle,
motorcycle, tricycle or skate roller to hitch to a
3
motor vehicle
Driving against the flow of traffic

5
Illegal overtaking 5
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Overtaking at an unsafe distance 5
Cutting an overtaken vehicle
5
Failure to give way to an overtaking vehicle
5
Increasing speed when being overtaken 5
Overtaking when left side is not visible or
clear of oncoming traffic
5
Overtaking upon a crest or a grade 1,000 5
Overtaking upon a curve 5
Overtaking at any railway grade crossing 5
Overtaking at an intersection 5
Overtaking on “men working” or “caution”
signs 1
Overtaking at no overtaking zone 5

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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Failure of a vehicle on the left to yield the right of way

to the vehicle on the right when these vehicles 5
approach or enter an intersection at the same time
Failure of a vehicle approaching but not entered an 1,000

intersection to yield the right of way to a vehicle 1
within such intersection
Failure to stop before traversing a "through highway"
or railroad crossing
3
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit
Violation Remarks
Failure to yield right-of-way to ambulance, police or fire
department vehicles
3
Failure to yield right-of-way at a “through highway” or a “stop
intersection”
3
Failure to give the appropriate signal 1
Illegal turn- failure of the driver of a motor vehicle intending to run to the
right at an intersection to approach such intersection in the lane for
traffic nearest to be right-hand side of the highway and, in turning, to 1
keep as close as possible to the right-hand curve or edge of the
1,000
highway.
Illegal turn- failure of the driver of a vehicle intending to turn to the left, to
approach such intersection in the lane for traffic to the right of and
nearest to the center line of the highway, and in, turning to pass to the 1
left of the center of the intersection except upon highway laned for traffic
and upon one-way highway.
Failure to stop motor and notch handbrake of motor vehicle

when unattended
3
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Unsafe towing 1
Obstruction 3
Motorcycle carrying more passenger other than the
back ride or cargo other than the saddle bags and 5
luggage carriers.
1,000
Operating the unit/s with defective parts and
accessories.
5
Failure to yield the right of way to vehicle within such

intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of
travel of the first mentioned vehicle when such vehicle has
1
given a plainly visible signal of intention to turn
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Illegal turn - failure to conduct the motor vehicle to the right
of the intersection of the highway when turning to the left in 3
going from one highway to another
Failure to yield the right to way to a pedestrian crossing on
such highway within a crosswalk except at intersection
where the movement of traffic is regulated by a peace officer
3
1,000
or by traffic signal
Failure to yield the right of way when entering a highway

from private road
1
Overcharging/ undercharging fare 1
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Presentation of fake/ spurious CPC/OR/CR/ plates/stickers
and tags
5
Carrying of illegal and/ or prohibited cargoes 5
Refusal to render service to the public or convey passenger to
destination
3
1,000
Trip cutting 3
No Franchise I Certificate of Public Conveyance carried

inside MV
1
Fast, tampered, defective taximeter or operating without or

with an old seal taximeter
1
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Tampered , broken, joined, reconnected, fake or altered
sealing wire
1
Failure to provide fare discount to those entitled under
existing laws and pertinent MCs of L TFRB
1
No signboard 1,000 1
Pick and drop of passengers outside the terminal 1
Failure to display fare matrix 1
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Driving an Unregistered 10,000 plus impounding of MV
Motor Vehicle if expired registration is more
(engine or tampered than 1 month
chassis)
5
Undocumented engines – MV
shall be impounded for one
year
Additional fine of 2,000 for
reckless driving (Sec 1e)
Unauthorized Motor Vehicle 5,000 5
Modification
Operating a Right Hand 50,000 5
Drive Motor Vehicle
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Motor Vehicle operating without or with
defective/improper/unauthorized
accessories, devices, equipment and
5,000 5
parts
Failure to attach or improper
attachment/ tampering of authorized
motor vehicle license plates and/or third 5,000 3
plate sticker
Fraud in relation to the motor vehicle

registration and/or its renewal
3,000 5
All other violations in connection with

motor vehicle registration/ 2,000 5
renewal/operation
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III
VIOLATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH
DIMENSIONS, SPECIFICATIONS, WEIGHT AND LOAD LIMITS
1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Load extending beyond projected

width without permit
1,000 3
Operating a passenger bus/truck with 1,000 3

cargo exceeding 160 kilograms
Failure to display International 50,000 75,000 plus 100,000 After 2nd offense – 1
impounding for
Symbol of Accessibility and/or failure 45 days with cancellation of CPC
to designate seats specifically for the P500 per day
use of PWDs or failure or refusal to impounding
fee
transport PWDs
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1st 2nd 3rd Demerit

Violation Remarks
Colorum – Bus 1 million 5
Colorum – Truck / Van 200,000

5
Plus three
CPC 5
Colorum - Sedan 120,000 months
Revocation
suspension
Colorum - Jeepney 50,000

5
Colorum - Motorcycle 6,000

5
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Land Transportation Related Special Laws and Others
R.A. No. 8749

“PHILIPPINE
CLEAN AIR ACT
OF 1999” X
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R.A. No. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
DOTC (DOTr) - implement the emission standard set by DTI/DENR

- deputize other law enforcement agencies and
LGU’s for this purpose.
The DOTr shall have the power to:
a. Inspect and monitor the emissions of motor vehicles;
b. prohibit or enjoin the use of motor vehicles or a class of
motor vehicles in any area or street at specified time; and
c. authorize private emission testing centers duly accredited by the DTI.
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REQUIREMENT FOR REGISTRATION

Imported New or Locally-assembled Any imported used motor vehicle or
new Motor vehicles rebuilt motor vehicle
Complies with the emission standards as Compliant with the applicable emission
evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity standards (Certificate Of Compliance to
(COC) by DTI Emission Standard)
No Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR) shall be issued unless such

motor vehicle passes the emission and other test requirements. Such
testing shall be conducted by the DOTr or its authorized inspection
centers within sixty (60) days prior to date of registration.
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FINES AND PENALTIES

1ST OFFENSE not exceeding Php2,000.00
2ND OFFENSE not exceeding Php4,000.00
3RD OFFENSE and succeeding Not more than Php6,000.00 and one (1) year
offense suspension of the motor vehicle registration
AND
The driver and operator of the apprehended Demerit Points
vehicle shall undergo a seminar on pollution 1/3/5
control and management conducted by the
DOTr
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Reminder!
Regularly check your MV level of smoke
emission and always have proper motor
vehicle maintenance and correction.
Be the solution! Make sure that your motor

vehicle is not the source of air pollution!
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R.A. No. 8750

“SEAT BELTS
USE ACT OF
1999”
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R.A. No. 8750 – Seat Belts Use Act of 1999
An act requiring the mandatory compliance by motorists

of private and public vehicles to use seat belt devices, and
vehicle manufacturers to install seat belt devices in all
their manufactured vehicles.
Source: google images Source: google images

Source: google images
PRIVATE PUBLIC
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OBJECTIVES OF SEAT BELT ACT
• To secure and safeguard the

passengers and drivers of
private and public motor
vehicles from the disastrous
and extremely injurious
effects of road crash.
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TYPES OF SEAT BELT
TWO-POINT (2PT) THREE-POINT (3PT)
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Nature of Violations and Fines and Penalties
DRIVER/CONDUCTOR/OPERATOR/OWNER
▪ Failure to wear the prescribed seat belt
▪ Allowing a child 6 years old and below seated on the front passenger seat
(Amended by R.A. No. 11229)
1st Offense Php 1,000.00
Demerit Points
2nd Offense Php 2,000.00
1/3/5
3rd Offense Php 5,000.00 + one (1) week suspension

from the payment of fine for the 3rd and
succeeding offense.
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Nature of Violations and Fines and Penalties
▪ Failure to post appropriate signage instructing passengers

(for public utility vehicles) ”fasten seat belts”
▪ Failure to instruct front seat passenger to wear seatbelts
*For public utility vehicles, both the driver and the operator
are liable to fine Php 3,000.00 for every violation.
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Reminder!
Three point seat belt
1. The safety belt should rest comfortably across
the torso.
2. The lap belt is placed over the stomach but
not over the hips.
3. Never use a seat belt for two or more people at
the same time.
Wearing SEAT BELT is a MUST!
It keeps your driving safer and serves as a life saver.
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R.A. No. 8794

“MOTOR VEHICLE
USER’S CHARGE
(MVUC) LAW” /
Anti-Overloading Act
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R.A. No. 8794 –The Motor Vehicle Road User’s Charge Law
MVUC LAW
An act imposing a motor vehicle user’s
charge on owners of all types of motor
vehicles and for other purposes.
Collection of MVUC is part of the

annual vehicle registration.
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R.A. No. 8794 – Anti-Overloading Act
1. For road safety.

2. To prevent premature
deterioration of the road.
3. To prevent smoke
belching due from over
tasked engine.
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R.A. No. 8794 – The Motor Vehicle Road User’s Charge Law /Anti-Overloading Act
PENALTY FOR OVERLOADING

Owner of a truck or trailer which is loaded in excess of
the maximum allowable gross vehicle weight (GVW) to
pay a penalty in the amount equivalent to 25% of the
MVUC applicable to the vehicle at the time of
infringement, provided that the penalty shall be waived
for the loading exceeding the GVW by a tolerance of
less than 5%, and
No vehicle shall be permitted to proceed on the
roadway if either a dual-wheel axle load exceeds
Demerit Points 13,500 kgs or the vehicle load exceeds 150% of the
5
maximum allowable GVW.
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R.A. No. 8794 – The Motor Vehicle Road User’s Charge Law /Anti-Overloading Act
Reminder!
Overloading of motor vehicle

deteriorates the road
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R.A. No. 10586

“ANTI-DRUNK
AND DRUGGED
DRIVING ACT
X
OF 2013”
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R.A. No. 10586 – Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013
Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act

(ADDDA)
An act penalizing persons driving under the

influence of:
•Alcohol
•dangerous drugs, and
•similar substances, and for other purpose.
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A. Procedure in screening for driving under the influence of
alcohol
DETERMINATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE

Traffic offense committed by means of:
LANE STRADDLING
MAKING SUDDEN STOPS
OVERSPEEDING
SWERVING
WEAVING
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Shall also constitute probable cause:

Smell of alcohol in the driver’s breath
Generally slurred speech in response
to questioning
Bloodshot or reddish eyes
Flushed face
Poor condition
Difficulty in understanding & responding
intelligently to questions
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Procedure in screening for driving under the

influence of alcohol
Once the Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) have established the existence
of probable cause , the LEO shall expressly inform the driver of his
assessment and direct the driver to perform all of the 3 Field Sobriety
Test
THE FIELD SOBRIETY TEST (FST)
standardized tests to initially assess and
determine intoxication
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1. THE EYE TEST

(HORIZONTAL GAZE NYSTAGMUS)
Horizontal or lateral jerking of the driver’s

eyes as he or she gazes sideways
following a moving object such as pen or
the tip of a penlight held by the LEO from
a distance of about 1 foot away from the
face of the driver.
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2. THE WALK & TURN

requires the driver to walk
heel-to-toe along a straight line for
9 steps, turn at the end and return
to the point of origin without any
difficulty.
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3. THE ONE-LEG STAND

stand at either right or left leg with
both arms on the side. The driver
is instructed to keep the foot
raised about 6 inches off the
ground for 30 seconds.
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If the driver has passed ALL THREE (3) tests and is

proven NEGATIVE, he/she shall be apprehended for
the traffic offense committed.
If the driver fails any of the field sobriety test, the

law Enforcement Officer (LEO) shall proceed to
determine the driver’s Breath Alcohol Content (BAC)
level through the use of the Alcohol Breath Analyzer
(ABA), on site.
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Refusal to Undergo the Mandatory Testing
Penalized by confiscation and

automatic revocation of his / her
Driver’s License
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CONCLUSIVE PROOF THAT A

DRIVER IS DRIVING UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL
DUIA
> 0.00 BAC > 0.05 BAC

Drivers of private
Drivers of
motor vehicle with
trucks, buses,
a gross vehicle
motorcycles,
weight of less than
and PUVs
4500 Kg
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B. MANDATORY ALCOHOL AND

DRUG TESTING
1. Involved in Motor Vehicular

road crash
2. Nationwide Random
Terminal Inspection and
Quick Random Drug Tests
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Driving under the Influence of Dangerous drugs

• Driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and other similar substances (DUID) refers to
the act of operating a motor vehicle while the driver, after being subjected to a confirmatory test
as mandated under this Act, is found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug,
Drug Screening Test refers to a rapid test Drug Recognition Evaluator (DRE) refers to a Law
performed to establish potential/presumptive Enforcement Officer (LEO) trained and deputized by the LTO to
positive result on the presence of dangerous conduct the Drug Recognition Protocol.
drugs in a person's body.
Drug Recognition Protocol (DRP) refers to a standardized and
systematic method of determining whether a person is driving
Drug Confirmatory Test refers to an analytical under the influence of dangerous drugs and other similar
test using a Gas Chromatography-Mass substances,
Spectroscopy (GCMS) to validate and confirm
the result of a Drug Screening Test.
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Fines and Penalties

A. If the violation did not 3 months imprisonment, and a fine
result in physical ranging from Php20,000.00 to
injuries or homicide Php80,000.00
penalty provided in Article 263 of the RPC
or the penalty provided in next preceding
B. If the violation resulted
subparagraph, whichever is higher, and
in physical injuries fine ranging from Php100,00.00 to
Source: google images
Php200,000.00 shall be imposed
penalty provided in Article 249 of the RPC

Demerit Points C. If the violation resulted
and a fine ranging from Php300,000.00 to
5 in homicide Php500,000.00 shall be imposed; and
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Fines and Penalties

Any person found to have violated the law shall also be penalized:
Nonprofessional driver’s license
1st conviction - confiscated and suspended for a period of twelve (12) months
2nd conviction - perpetually revoked
Professional driver’s license

1st conviction - confiscated and perpetually revoked
The perpetual revocation of a driver’s license shall disqualify the person
from being granted any kind of driver’s license
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The prosecution for any violation of this Act

shall be without prejudice to criminal
prosecution for violation of the Revised Penal
Code, Republic Act No. 9165 and Other
special laws and existing local ordinances,
whenever applicable.
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EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN DRIVING:
• Slow brain functions

• Reduces the ability to decide
• Arrogance and aggressiveness
• Reduced focus on the road
• Makes you feel sleepy or tired.
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• Significant liver damage or liver

failure
• Seizures, stroke, mental confusion
and brain damage
• Lung disease
• Problems with memory, attention
and decision-making
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Other effects of drugs:
• missed work
• punishable offenses
• road crashes and injuries
• domestic violence
• damage to property
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R.A. No. 10913
X
“ANTI-DISTRA
CTED
DRIVING ACT”
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R.A. No. 10913 – Anti-Distracted Driving Act
All motorists are prohibited to use any

communication device while the
vehicle is in motion or temporarily
stopped at a red light or intersection.
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ANTI-DISTRACTED ACT
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Exempted from this Law

Motorists that make calls to authorities in case
of:
• Crime
• Road crash
• Bomb or terrorist threat fire explosion
• Immediate medical attention
• Personal safety and security is compromised
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Fines and Penalties

DRIVERS OF THE FOLLOWING:
*public utility vehicle

*school buses or services
*common carriers of volatile,
flammable, toxic materials
violating within a (50) fifty meter radius
from a school’s premise shall be
subjected to a penalty of P30,000.00
Demerit Points and (3) months suspension of
1/3/5 driver’s license.
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R.A. No. 10916 – Speed Limiter Act
SPEED LIMITER
An Act Requiring the
Mandatory
Installation of Speed
Limiter in Public
Utility and Certain
Types of Vehicles
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R.A. No. 10916 – Speed Limiter Act
Demerit Points
1/3/5 Fines and Penalties
a) without speed limiter
P50,000.00
b) nonfunctioning or tampered speed limiter
In addition to the fines,
First Offense - a suspension of the driver’s license for a period of one (1) month or franchise of a motor
vehicle for a period of three (3) months, as the case may be, shall be imposed upon the offender.
Second Offense - a suspension of the driver’s license for a period of three (3) months or franchise of a motor
vehicle shall be suspended for a period of six (6) months
Subsequent Offense – revocation of the driver’s license or the franchise of a motor vehicle shall be suspended
for a period of one year.
Any person who is found guilty of tampering shall suffer a penalty of imprisonment of not less than
6 months but not more than three (3) years and a fine of P30,000.00.
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R.A. No. 11229

“Child Safety
in Motor
Vehicles Act”
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R.A. No. 11229 – Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act
Provides special protection of

child passengers while being
transported in a motor vehicle
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Definition of Terms
Adult - any person eighteen (18) years old and above
Child - any person twelve (12) years old and below
Covered vehicle - any private motor vehicle or public motor vehicle upon the
determination of the DOTr
Child Restraint System - a device, approved by DTI, capable of accommodating
a child occupant in a sitting or supine position.
Designed as to diminish the risk of injury to the wearer, in the

event of a collision or of abrupt deceleration of the vehicle, by
limiting the mobility of the child’s body
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Mandatory Use of Child Restraint System in

Motor Vehicles
It is unlawful for the driver of a covered vehicle not to

properly secure at all times a child, in a child restraint
system while the engine is running or transporting
such child on any road, street or highway.
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A child (12 years old and

below) must sit in the
rear seat of the motor
vehicle with standard
child restraint system.
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Child (12 years old) and below

can only sit in front if:
At least one hundred fifty (150) centimeters

or fifty-nine (59) inches in height (4’11”)
and
Properly secured using the regular seat belt.
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Exceptional Circumstances:
1) During medical emergencies:
2) When the child being transported has a medical, mental,
psychological, psychiatric or developmental condition or
3) Other analogous circumstances as may be determined by
the DOTr in consultation with the DOH
The child being secured in a child restraint system at no instance

shall be left unaccompanied by an adult in a motor vehicle.
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Prohibition on Substandard or Expired

Child Restraint System
“It shall be unlawful for any person, company, partnership,

sole proprietorship, manufacturer, distributor, and/or importer
to manufacture, use, import, sell, distribute, donate, lease,
advertise, promote, or otherwise market the use of
substandard or expired child restraint system.”
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Group 0
Infant Carrier/Baby Seat
Newborn to 13kg/0-2 years old Group III
Junior Seat/Booster Seat
22kg to 36kg/6 years to 12
years
Group I and II
Child Seat/Convertible Seat
9kg to 18kg/9 months to 4 years
15kg to 25kg/4 years to 7 years
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Fines and Penalties

Child with no child restraint system and allowing a child to sit in
front seat of a motor vehicle
Any driver in violation shall be fined: Demerit Points

1st Offense - Php 1,000.00 1/3/5
2nd Offense - Php 2,000.00

3rd and
Succeeding Offenses - Php 5,000.00
and suspension of the driver’s license for a
period of one (1) year
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Fines and Penalties

Manufacturers, Distributors Importers, Retailer and Sellers
• Must secure PS mark license or Import Clearance Certificate
License
• Must not use, import, sell, distribute or market the use of
substandard or expired child restraint system
P50,000.00 but not more than P100,000.00 - for each and

every child restraint system product,
- Other penalties imposed in Republic Act No. 7394 or
the “Consumer Act of the Philippines”:
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Tampering, alteration, forgery and imitation of the PS

mark or the ICC stickers in the child restraint system
P50,000.00 but not more than P100,000.00

- for each and every child restraint system product,
- Other penalties imposed in Republic Act No. 7394
or the “Consumer Act of the Philippines”:
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Amendment
R.A. No. 8750 – 6 years old and

below amended to 12 years old
under R.A. No. 11229
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Always Remember!
Know and follow the law to
avoid payment of fines and
penalties and most
importantly, to save lives
and properties!
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NOTICE
SOME PICTURES PRESENTED IN THIS WERE TAKEN and

DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET WITH NO INTENTION
OF CLAIMING THEM.
ALL INFORMATION ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
ONLY. NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
Road and Traffic Rules
RULES ON THE
ROAD
CLICK TOPICS FROM HERE

ROAD AND TRAFFIC RULES
RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING
When turning to the left in going from one highway to another, every vehicle shall
be conducted to the right of the center of the intersection of the highway.
…every person operating a motor vehicle or an

animal-drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to
the right when meeting persons or vehicles
coming toward him, and to the left when
overtaking persons or vehicles going the same
direction
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Overtaking a Vehicle. – The driver of any motor vehicle overtaking
another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a
safe distance to the left thereof.
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Cutting an overtaken vehicle - No driver shall drive to the right side
of the highway after overtaking before his motor vehicle is safely
clear of such overtaken vehicle.
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Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle (LANE STRADDLING) – The driver of a
vehicle about to be overtaken and passed by another vehicle approaching from the
rear shall give way to the overtaking vehicle on suitable and audible signal being
given by the driver of the overtaking vehicle.
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Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle. – ….. shall not increase the
speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle
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Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing. – The driver of a vehicle shall not drive to
the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking or passing another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is free
of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking or
passing to ensure safety.
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Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing. –
(b) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass another vehicle proceeding in the same direction,
when approaching the crest of a grade, not upon a curve in the highway, where the driver’s view along the
highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead, except on a highway having two
or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction where the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass
another vehicle: Provided, That on a highway within a business or residential district, having two or more
lanes for movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another vehicle
on the right.
Visibility at least 500

feet = 150 meters
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Overtaking upon a curve - No driver shall overtake or pass another vehicle proceeding in the
same direction upon a curve in a highway where the driver's view along the highway is
obstructed within a distance of 500 feet ahead.
Visibility of more than 500

feet = 150 meters
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No driver shall overtake

at any railway grade
crossing overtaking or
pass another vehicle
proceeding in the same
direction at any railway
grade crossing.
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Overtaking at an intersection - No driver shall overtake or pass another
vehicle in the same direction at any intersection of highways except on a
highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction
where the driver of a vehicle may overtake another vehicle on the right.
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CHANGING OF LANES
Safe overtaking or Safe overtaking is allowed
changing of lane is on the right side if there
Changing lane is not allowed on the right side if are two or more lanes
allowed if not safe. the vehicle in front is going to the same
visibly turning left. direction
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RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
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RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
…shall yield the right of way

to a pedestrian crossing such
highway within a crosswalk,
except at intersections where
the movement of traffic is
being regulated by a peace
officer or by traffic signal.
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RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
Right of Way.
The driver of a vehicle upon a
highway shall bring to a full stop
such vehicle before traversing
any “through highway” or railroad
crossing: Provided, That when it
is apparent that no hazard exists,
the vehicle may be slowed down
to five miles per hour (8kph)
instead of bringing it to a full stop.
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YELLOW BOX PROHIBITIONS
- Do not block the intersection even when making a turn

- Do not make a U-turn
- Yield the right-of-way to those inside the yellow box
- Never communicate or exchange pleasantries with fellow
motorists or road users
- Do not park within 6 meters upon intersections
- Do not load/ unload passengers or goods
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RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
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RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
RIGHT OF WAY AND SPEED DE-RESTRICTION OF
EMERGENCY VEHICLES
The driver of a vehicle upon a highway

shall yield the right of way to police or
fire department vehicles and
ambulances when such vehicles are
operated on official business and the
drivers thereof sound audible signal of
their approach.
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GENERAL RULES ON TURNING
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PARKING
Parking IS PROHIBITIED
a. In an intersection
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within 6 meters of the intersection
d. 4 meters from the driveway entrance
e. Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant
f. In front of a private driveway
g. On the roadway side of any unmoving or parked MV at the
curb or edge of the highway
h. At any place where signs of prohibitions have been installed
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HITCHING and DRIVING AGAINST TRAFFIC
• Hitching or permitting a person or a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle or skate roller
to hitch to a motor vehicle
• Driving against traffic- failure to pass to the right when meeting persons or
vehicles coming towards him
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USE OF RED FLAGS
Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the bed
or body thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load a
red flag not less than thirty centimeters both in length and width, except that
during the hours fixed under subsection (c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the
required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.
RED FLAG LIGHTS MUST BE SWITCHED

ON not later than one-half hour after sunset
and until at least one-half hour before
sunrise and whenever weather conditions
so require, shall both be lighted.
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Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion

engine shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle
passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly populated
district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No
motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as to cause it to
emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or
noise.
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Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with metallic tires

shall be operated upon any public highway, and solid tires
whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent the
metal rims thereof from coming in direct contact with the road.
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IN CASE OF A ROAD CRASH
Duty of driver in case of accident. - In the event that any accident
should occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a
highway, the driver present, shall show his driver's license, give his true
name and address and also the true name and address of the owner of
the motor vehicle.
No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall
leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under
any of the following circumstances:
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person
or persons by reason of the accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
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OTHER DRIVING RULES of R.A. No 4136
No person shall drive or
park a motor vehicle upon
or along any sidewalk,
path or alley not intended
for vehicular traffic or
parking.
No person shall drive his motor vehicle

in such a manner as to obstruct or
impede the passage of any vehicle,
nor, while discharging or taking on
passengers or loading or unloading
freight, obstruct the free passage of
other vehicles on the highway.
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OTHER DRIVING RULES of R.A. No 4136
What color is the headlight of a motor vehicle?
White or yellowish white - Sec 34c
What is the allowable height of top clearance lights?
10 cms – Sec 34c
What shall be the color of taillights visible within 100 meters?

Red – Sec 34d
What shall be the color of plate light?

White – Sec 34d
What shall be the color of brake lights?

Bright Red – Sec 34e
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COPYRIGHTS
NOTICE
ALL PICTURES PRESENTED WERE TAKEN and

DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET WITH NO
INTENTION OF CLAIMING THEM.
ALL PICTURES ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
EXPRESSWAY

OTHER EXPRESSWAY SIGNS
Direction to Expressway
SPECIAL SIGNS THAT CAN BE SEEN
200 METERS FROM THE TOLL EXIT
Prohibition Signs Proper Lane Direction Signs
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RIGHT LANE ENDS, MERGE LEFT;

DISTANCE TO THE
MERGING LANES IS
500 METERS
CHECK BRAKES used in conjunction

with REDUCE SPEED NOW sign on
expressway.
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Toll Charges
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EXPRESSWAY RULES
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COPYRIGHTS
NOTICE

SIGNS, SIGNALS and

MARKINGS

Regulatory Signs - Signs that inform

road users of traffic laws and regulations
which, if disregarded, will constitute an
offense.
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REGULATORY SIGNS
PROHIBITIVE
DIRECTIONAL SIGNS
PARKING AND
MISCELLANEOUS GIVE WAY
SIGNS SIGNS
YIELD SIGN
STOP SIGN
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NO TURN SIGNS
NO ENTRY FOR ALL VEHICLES
NO CARS NO JEEPNEYS NO BUSES NO TRUCKS
OTHER PROHIBITIVE SIGNS
NO BICYCLES NO MOTORCYCLES NO TRICYCLES NO VEHICLES

WITH TRAILER
NO ENTRY FOR SPECIFIC

VEHICLES
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MAXIMUM SPEED END OF SPEED MINIMUM SPEED

RESTRICTION RESTRICTION RESTRICTION
pedestrians must use an overpass

or pedestrian crossing.
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In the absence of road signs for speed restrictions, the provisions of RA

4136 Section 35 (b) shall be followed
Passengers Motor trucks

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS Cars and and buses
UNDER RA 4136 Motorcycle
1. Highways with no blind corners and no 50 km. per

80 km. per hour
residential or commercial structures hour
2. Boulevards designated as “through street” 30 km. per
40 km. per hour
with no blind corners hour
30 km. per
3. City or municipal streets 30 km. per hour
hour
20 km. per
4. Crowded streets and intersections 20 km. per hour
hour
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Speeding does not apply to the following:

1) A physician or his driver;
2) The driver of a hospital ambulance;
3) Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person;
4) The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the
Armed Forces in times of insurrection, riot or
invasion;
5) The driver of a vehicle in pursuit of a criminal;
6) A law-enforcement officer in pursuit of violator of
traffic laws; and
7) The fire truck driver.
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DIRECTION SIGNS - These signs indicate the only

direction(s) in which the motorist is obliged to follow.
PRIORITY STOP SIGN- driver must stop at designated

SIGNS STOP LINE. NO PARKING within 6 meters.
GIVE WAY SIGN- yield to the vehicles on right

side of intersection.
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RIPPLE EFFECT
A simple obstruction creates

unmeasurable impact to the
flow of traffic. How much more
if you stop at a non-stopping
zone?
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ALLOWABLE PARKING AND

LOADING ZONE AT A GIVEN
TIME AND PLACE
NO PARKING FIRE
HYDRANT - no parking within
4 meters of the fire hydrant
NO PARKING
NO LOADING /UNLOADING SIGNS
WITHIN RED-PAINTED CURB
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BUS-PUJ STOP ZONE-

parking is not allowed. NO STOPPING OR
PARKING ANYTIME WITHIN
THE YELLOW BOX
BUS STOP ZONE-

parking is not allowed.
RIGHT TURNER CROSS AT BROKEN

LINES - vehicles from the left lane may
cross the broken line to turn right within
PUJ STOP ZONE- the BUS/PUJ zone.
parking is not allowed.
No Parking anytime from

NO PARKING: Monday to Friday.
TOW-AWAY ZONE-
parked vehicle will be
towed.
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NO ENTRY FOR
VEHICLES WITH MORE
NO ENTRY FOR THAN 2 METERS OF
VEHICLES WITH GROSS WIDTH
AXLE LOAD OF MORE
THAN 2 TONNES
NO ENTRY FOR
VEHICLES WITH MORE
THAN 3.5 METERS IN
NO ENTRY FOR HEIGHT
VEHICLES WITH GROSS
VEHICLE MASS OF
MORE THAN 5 TONNES NO ENTRY FOR
VEHICLES WITH MORE
THAN 10 METERS IN
LENGTH
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BE AWARE OF
PEDESTRIAN OR
CHILDREN CROSSING
USE SEAT BELT sign is used

pursuant to R.A. No. 8750, the
Seat Belt Law.
BE AWARE OF BIKERS
OR CYCLIST
NO BLOWING BE AWARE OF
OF HORNS PWD CROSSING
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Warning Signs - Signs used to warn motorists of

potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to
the road. It advise motorists of road conditions that
require caution and may call for a reduction in speed,
in the interest of safety and that of other road users.
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TYPES OF ROAD CURVE AHEAD
SHARP TURN DOUBLE SHARP CURVE DOUBLE CURVE WINDING ROAD HAIRPIN BEND
TURN
APPROACHING INTERSECTION OR JUNCTION

APPROACH TO
MERGING TRAFFIC
INTERSECTION
SIDE ROAD
T-Junction Y-Junction
ahead ahead
APPROACH TO
INTERSECTION
Roundabout ahead
(Rotunda) SIDE ROAD JUNCTION AHEAD
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ADVANCE WARNING OR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE SIGNS
TRAFFIC LIGHTS AHEAD- driver

must not park or stop within six (6) STOP SIGN AHEAD GIVE WAY SIGN AHEAD
meters of this sign as it reduces
visibility for other drivers.
ROAD WIDTH SIGNS
DIVIDED END of DIVIDED

ROAD AHEAD ROAD AHEAD
SALUBUNGAN
ROAD NARROWS AHEAD NARROW BRIDGE AHEAD
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ROAD OBSTACLE SIGNS
OPENING UNEVEN ROAD HUMP AHEAD DOWNHILL UPHILL SIGN LOW-FLYING

BRIDGE AHEAD AHEAD SIGN AIRPLANE ZONE
SPILL WAY FLOOD-PRONE LANDSLIDE-PR ANIMAL CROSSING SLIPPERY ROAD

SIGN AREA ONE AREA AHEAD
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OTHER WARNING SIGNS
BE AWARE AND
STOP FOR PWD
PEDESTRIANS CROSSING CROSSING AHEAD
AHEAD
ADVICE TO PEDESTRIANS
TO CROSS AT DESIGNATED
AREAS
BE AWARE AND STOP FOR
CHILDREN CROSSING AHEAD
MOSTLY WITH SUPPLEMENTARY SIGNS
BE AWARE AND SLOW DOWN

ON BIKE LANE AHEAD
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RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNS
RAILROAD CROSSING
VEHICLES MUST STOP OR
GIVE THE RIGHT OF WAY AND
POSITIONED IN AN AREA RAILROAD CROSSING
THAT ARE EASILY SEEN ADVANCE WARNING
ROAD WORK AHEAD
ROAD WORK OR ROAD

CONSTRUCTION AHEAD ADDITIONAL SIGN ON
ROAD WORKS AHEAD
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GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS

Informs and advice road users about the
directions, distances, routes, the location
of services for road users, and point of
interest.
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INTERSECTION DIRECTION
ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS - SIGNS - Visible in less than 1
These signs indicate the only kilometer before an intersection.
direction(s) in which the motorist is
obliged to follow.
FINGER BOARD & DIRECTION

REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS SIGNS
- Approximate distance of a particular exit - Provides direction to towns,
tourist spots, geographic interests at
less important intersections
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TOURIST INFORMATION, DISTANCE AND

DIRECTION SIGNS
STREET NAME SIGNS

- Informs the road users the names of
roads and streets they are passing or
entering.
TOWN NAMES &
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
SIGNS
- Signs that conveys the general

information of interest, such as
geographical locations.
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SERVICE SIGNS
Hospital First Aid Telephone Gasoline Station Parking Area Accommodation

Ambulance Hospital Hotel, Motel
Caravan Site Camping Area Information Center Refreshment Restaurant, Cafes Rest Area, Picnic
Ground
Litter Bin
Directions of Airport Truck Parking Rest Rooms Disabled

Service
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ROUTE MARKERS - The identification and general direction of arterial roads
and national highways that have significance by showing the number and
direction of the route.
Philippine Highway Network Asian Highway Route Marker
In the Philippines distance is measured from the

Zero Kilometer Post in each Province which should be
somewhere near the Provincial Building. In Luzon
distance is measured between each Provincial Zero
KM Post and the Zero KM Post in Luneta Park, Manila.
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HAZARD MARKERS
These are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked change in the direction of travel
and the presence of an obstruction.
TWO-WAY HAZARD MARKERS

ONE-WAY HAZARD MARKERS CHEVRON SIGNS used where it is necessary to define
indicate to the approaching guide the drivers through a an exposed obstruction on a traffic
driver the direction to be followed change in horizontal alignment island nose at which traffic may
if the marker appears in the of the road. pass to either side.
driving path.
SIGN USED ON A WIDE COLUMN

OF AN OVERPASS STRUCTURE,
MEDIAN ISLAND
OBSTRUCTION MARKERS
road closure ahead
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HAZARD MARKERS
WIDTH MARKERS -
narrowing vehicle width
clearance designed and
placed near the foot of
the bridge approach
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ROADWORKS SIGNS
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PAVEMENT MARKINGS
DOUBLE SOLID YELLOW/ WHITE LINES

overtaking or crossing is prohibited
BROKEN AND SOLID YELLOW LINES- SINGLE SOLID YELLOW/WHITE LINE -

passing is permitted on the side of the overtaking from both directions is prohibited.
broken line but not on side of solid line. crossing movement is allowed.
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CONTINUITY LINE generally means that the lane you are in is about to
end. Continuity lines on your right mean your lane will continue unaffected.
Continuity line on your left means you are approaching an obstruction or
about to enter a different direction.
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What is the correct speed when merging into the expressway?
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TRANSITION LINES are used to guide

traffic safely past obstructions on roadways
such as islands, median strips, bridge piers
or indicate changes in the width of the
traveled portion of the roadway and an
increase or reduction in traffic lanes.
GIVE WAY or HOLDING LINES are markings

consisting of a two adjacent broken white lines
across the carriageway at which drivers must give
way to all traffic in accordance with the standard
sign.
ROUNDABOUT
HOLDING LINES
vehicle within the rotunda
have the right-of-way
over vehicles which are
just about to enter.
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ROUNDABOUT HOLDING LINES vehicle within the rotunda have

the right-of-way over vehicles which are just about to enter.
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NONSIGNALIZED
PEDESTRIAN LANE
PARKING BAY is used to park

TURN LINE is used to guide
but take note of PWD parking
vehicles through a turning
spaces
movement at intersections.
LOADING AND UNLOADING

BAY LANE LINE is an
unbroken white line used to
indicate the proper location of
loading and unloading zone of
public utility vehicles preferably
with parking restriction.
SIGNALIZED
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CHEVRON
BUS AND PUJ LANE is an
unbroken yellow line used
to separate other vehicles
from buses and PUJ’s and
supplemented by raised
pavement markers on
concrete pavements.
APPROACH MARKINGS TO RUMBLE STRIPS

ISLANDS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
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What are the meanings of these colored curbs?
NO PARKING NO LOADING
/ UNLOADING
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Objects within the Roadway
RAILROAD
CROSSING AHEAD
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MOTORCYCLE LANES are designed to
prevent frequent changing of lanes. Riders
are not allowed to use other lanes unless
pulling out from the main road.
FOR BICYCLES ONLY this is painted

on the pavement by a solid line along
either side of street.
PAVEMENT ARROWS are used for

lane control and in white color.
SPEED LIMIT AT 60KPH speed

restriction can also be seen on
pavement markings that must be
strictly followed.
Cat’s Eye - the cat’s eye or road stud is a

retroreflective safety device used in road
markings to separate traffic.
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TRAFFIC LIGHTS
• a RED SIGNAL means you must bring your vehicle to a Stop at a clearly
marked line.
• FLASHING RED SIGNAL means bring your vehicle to a Stop and

proceed only when it is safe.
• a YELLOW SIGNAL indicates that the Red Signal is about to appear.
• FLASHING YELLOW SIGNAL - when a flashing yellow signal is

incorporated with an overhead beacon or a beacon located directly above
a warning sign, it advises you to proceed with caution.
• a GREEN SIGNAL means you proceed, provided you yield to

pedestrians and traffic lawfully using the intersection.
• FLASHING GREEN SIGNAL – Proceed with caution
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PROPER HAND SIGNALS
DRIVER’S BASIC
HAND DESTINATION
SIGNALS
Right Turn Left Turn Stop
Used to control pedestrian traffic at intersections where there is conflict between

vehicle and pedestrian movement. While these pedestrians are crossing the
roadway, they have the right-of-way over all vehicles.
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COPYRIGHTS
NOTICE

Comprehensive Driver’s
Education
ROAD SAFETY
SELECT TOPICS FROM HERE

Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage
COURTESY
What is courtesy?
It is showing politeness in one's attitude
and behavior toward other road users
As a driver, be courteous, and give the

right of way when appropriate. Invoke your
right of way when it is proper, but always
drive defensively.
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BE COURTEOUS
• To Passengers
• To Other Motorists
• To Pedestrians
• To Traffic Enforcers
• To Other Road Users
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SELF-DISCIPLINE
What is Self-discipline?
Self-discipline is the ability to control yourself in a
particular way without needing outside supervision.
Driving requires a determined level of self-control and

proper reaction to a particular situation.
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ROAD DISCIPLINE
Road Discipline is…

Knowing and abiding
by the traffic laws,
rules and regulations.
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STRESS
Physical, mental or
emotional tension
experienced by a
person that demands an
immediate and fair Grrrrrr !!!!
decision
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COMMON CAUSES OF STRESS WHILE DRIVING
• Personal and Family Problems
• Heavy Traffic
• Annoying and Excessive Horn or Noisy Mufflers
• Undisciplined and Discourteous Motorists, Passengers and Pedestrians
• Malfunctioning Traffic Lights
• Improper pavement markings
• Improper parking
• Improper handling of traffic by law enforcers
• Detour or closing of roads
• Fake “Emergency” Vehicles especially “ambulances”
• Incorrect headlights of oncoming vehicles
• Annoying tailgaters
• Unexplained sudden stop of vehicle in front
• Right of way insistence
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HOW TO HANDLE STRESS?

DUE TO PERSONAL OR FAMILY PROBLEMS
• Pull over
• Take deep breaths while counting backwards
• Turn some calming/enjoyable (jazz, folk songs, classical) music on. Avoid loud music.
• Eat something that may loosen up your stomach. Some people need food intake to release emotional
pressure. Others like a cup of coffee.
• Never put yourself in the driver’s seat unless you are completely in control of your emotions.
DUE TO UNDISCIPLINED MOTORISTS AND PEDESTRIANS

• Avoid going to crowded places where there are passing pedestrians, or sidewalk vendors
• Learn to pinpoint undisciplined drivers on the road and avoid them as much as possible
• Be humble and patient. If an aggressive driver is overtaking you, slow down and yield. If the
pedestrian isn’t in the right crosswalk, let them pass through.
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DUE TO HEAVY TRAFFIC and BAD ROAD CONDITIONS
• Keep an open mind about possible ways to reschedule or reroute your drive. If possible, adjust
your departure time.
• STAY CALM. Only a few have road rages, don’t be one of them. Rather than thinking on how to
get out of traffic, take the opportunity to listen to your favorite music or radio program.
• Another solution is – SMILE. Think positive thoughts, no matter how bad the traffic.
• Know in advance, during rainy season, which roads are in a flood-prone area. Familiarity of the
road is an advantage, use it.
• Be familiar with alternative routes to your destination.
• As much as possible, carpool to reduce the vehicle volume on the road.
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DUE TO UNLAWFUL TRAFFIC ENFORCERS
There are instances where Traffic Law Enforcers themselves are the ones contributing to the negative
emotions of a motorist. Positive response on the part of the motorist is the only way to avoid argument.
• Be polite to them.
• Help them resolve the issue by not complaining but to comply. Be constructive and not
destructive.
• Your complaint or observation may be heard at a proper place and time. Be heard when it is your
time to be heard. But not while you are at the steering wheel.
• There are lots of venues where you can air your grievances, but not on the road. Other motorists
have dashboard cameras and smart phones to record incidents. Use these devices when
appropriate.
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IS IT WORTH IT TO OVERCOME STRESS?
Remember that every person experiences stress.

Learn how to handle it in a positive manner. As a
driver, be in control of your emotions. Do not let them
affect your driving and endanger your life and others.
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ROAD RAGE
An assault, in any Ang bagal mo!!!

manner, to another Grrrr @#$^#@^
person resulting from a
misunderstanding, lack
of traffic knowledge or
discourtesy
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BAD HABITS OF AGGRESSIVE DRIVERS

Cut
tin
go
Driving slowly in the left lane ff
Gestures
Tailgating
Annoying and Excessive blowing of horns
Fighting over a parking space

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DON’T BE A VICTIM
AVOID RETALIATION It takes at least two to have a fight.
KEEP DISTANCE Let the angry driver pass you by.
PUT AWAY YOUR PRIDE Forget about winning, driving is not a contest.
Engaging in eye contact with an angry driver could
AVOID EYE CONTACT
mean a provocation.
Condition your mind before you leave your house or
MIND CONDITIONING
office.
Call the traffic authorities. They are the proper authority
GET HELP to deal with an aggressive or dangerous driver.
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RESULTS OF ROAD RAGE
Fines and Penalties
Emotional Setback
Suspension/ Revocation of Driver’s License Imprisonment
Suspension/ Termination from work
Serious Injury
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Road Crashes and Breakdowns –
Causes and Prevention
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Defensive Driving
• Defensive Driving - A driving practice to reduce the possibility of a

road crash. Efficiently transporting self, people or goods from the
point of origin to destination.
• Qualities of a Defensive Driver

✔ Positive attitude on road safety
✔ Physically and mentally fit to drive
✔ Received proper training before driving
✔ Applying the basic knowledge of vehicle maintenance
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Defensive Driving
DRIVING METHODS IN TIMES OF ROAD CRASH
Search/Scan – the road seen ahead, around and rear of the

vehicle
Identify – the potential and immediate hazard on the road
Predict – the actions of other road user
Decide – what to do to avoid an unsafe situation
Execute – the action as a result of decision
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SIPDE ILLUSTRATION
DECID
E
EXECUTE
SLOWDOWN
SCAN
AND
PREPARE TO
CHANGE
LANE
IDENTIF
PREDICT OTHER ROAD USER’S Y
ACTION
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DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE
A person who has

the last clear chance
or opportunity of
avoiding a road
crash and neglected
to avoid such road
crash may be jointly
held liable.
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Roadworthiness
Roadworthiness is the ability of a motor vehicle to be in a suitable operating

condition or meeting acceptable standards for safe driving and transport of
people, baggage or cargo on roads or streets
What makes a motor vehicle unsafe?

a. Poor motor vehicle maintenance
b. Insufficient support from the Company
c. Abusive handling or driving
d. Lack of basic trouble shooting
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BLOWBAGETS
Concerns Adverse Effects Maintenance and Prevention
Battery Bad Battery and Keep the clamps clean and tight
Corrosion Wash with soap and water
Maintain with contact cleaner
Check the battery sight glass
Do not use gadgets when engine is off
Limit short rides or trips
Lights Low Life or Easily Regular check of bulb holders and wirings
Busted
Excessive use of Avoid too much tint. Always clean the headlight lens
high beam
Oil Overheating and Maintain correct oil level (between maximum and minimum)
leaks Check for leaks
Regular Oil Change
Watch out for leaks
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BLOWBAGETS
Water Overheating and Regular check (between minimum and maximum level)
leaks Watch out for leaks
Replace radiator or reservoir cap if required
Regular check of upper and lower hoses and other coolant lines
Brake Hard Pedal Check leaks on vacuum booster connected to intake manifold
Soft Pedal Check for leaks on brake fluid
Noisy brakes Check for brake pad/rotor thickness.
For brake pads - wash with soap and water
Weak Brake Check for odor and color of brake fluid
Accessories / Air Malfunctioning Always check the hand/parking brake
Pressure Accessories Regular check of wiper blade, horn, switches, EWDs, seatbelts, etc.
Tire Air Pressure Check the ALL air pressures and add air when the tire is cold
As a practice, minus 4 or 5 PSI from the maximum allowable level
Toe-in / Toe-out Check for advanced toe-in (outer tread damaged)

Check for advanced toe-out (inner tread damaged)
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BLOWBAGETS
Gas / Fuel Leaks and High Do not overload
Consumption Avoid short trip
Accelerate and shift smoothly
Always check the tire pressure
Replace fuel tank cap if required and do not overfill
Engine / Electrical Engine stuck Check overall conditions (pullies, belts, oil and lubricants)
Electrical overload Never do spaghetti wire (give the job to qualified electricians)
Electrical short Never pour water on the dashboard
circuit
Tools Malfunctioning or Regular check and cleaning of basic tools (jack, open wrenches,
unavailability of adjustable wrench, cross wrench, pliers, screw drivers, rope or cable, etc)
correct tools in
times of breakdown
Self Unfit to Drive Maintain a healthy life and don’t drive if not healthy or unwell.
A regular preventive maintenance is much cheaper than corrective maintenance

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Human Factors resulting to Road Crashes
Cause Prevention
Fatigue due to various reasons Observe driving hours
Plan stops beforehand
Drunk Driving and Hangovers Don’t drink and drive
Partying and Socializing Limit the time
Gambling Avoid gambling
Internet, social media, watching movies Limit the time
Hyper Emotions (sad, happy, fear, bored) Control emotions and concentrate on steering wheel
Loud music Limit decibels (volume)
Eating while driving Eat before driving
Frequent conversation with passengers Limit conversation to the minimum
Illness (flu, sore eyes, dehydration, etc.) Avoid driving if not physically fit and consult a doctor
Not following RA 10913 Safety First and follow the law
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What do you need to do when you are sick?
FOLLOW THE LAW ON ANTI-DISTRACTED DRIVING
LEAVE ALL EMOTIONS BEHIND
CONCENTRATE ON THE STEERING WHEEL
WHEN SICK….. GO TO DOCTOR
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Driving Habits resulting to Road Crash
Causes Prevention
Tailgating Maintain a suitable braking distance when following a
vehicle especially on through highways
Carelessness in changing lanes, turning and overtaking Signal your intentions ahead of your actions according to
your speed
Avoid obstruction and inconvenience to other motorists
Do not overtake on curve if not safe
Disregarding traffic signs, signals and pavement markings Follow the rules of traffic
Disregarding weather conditions Observe safety in times of adverse weather conditions
Insisting on right of way Never insist the right of way to avoid road crash or road
rage
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Engineering Failures resulting to Road Crash
Causes Prevention
Road works and constructions Avoid overtaking or speeding
Improper work signages or unannounced road repairs Be observant of traffic flow

Be cautious and alert when travelling at night
Improper display and location of traffic signs Consider planning ahead of the trip and check for
obstacles on the road using internet applications
Avoid driving at night if not familiar with the road
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Vehicle Failures resulting to Breakdowns
Troubles Causes Prevention
Engine Overheating and Failure Speeding and failure to observe proper Shift to higher or lower gear depending
shifting on the capability of the
vehicle
Always check air filter
Do not overuse aircon system
Check tire pressure
Be proactive and not reactive
Oil or water leaking Do a random check on cooling system

Check the parking area for signs water
or oil leaks
Electrical/Mechanical Engine Fire Spaghetti wiring Let the professionals do their job
Improper use of Fuse Check the exhaust manifold for leaks
Excessive electrical accessories
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Vehicle Failures resulting to Breakdowns
Troubles Causes Prevention
Brake Fade Frequent braking while driving Maintain a suitable speed when driving
downhill downhill to avoid frequent braking
Check brake components before a long
Sticking Brake Result of excessive braking and trip.
mechanical failures on brake parts
Allow competent mechanics to check
Brake Loss Brake fluid leaks or brake booster leak brake components regularly.
Broken belts, pullies and bearings Worn out belts Replace with original belts regularly
Misaligned pullies Always check for noisy bearings or
Worn out bearings pullies
Flat tires Worn out tires, Improper toe Maintain correct tire pressure
Replace tires according to vehicle
specifications
Have to the toe checked by qualified
tire technicians
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What to do on wet or flooded roads?
Be Aware, Calm and Ready

As much as possible do not step on the
brake
Reduce Speed, by releasing the accelerator
pedal
Gently step on the brake pedal after passing wet
roads to dry the brake pads, rotors, linings and
drums.
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Ask yourself – Am I safe?
ILLNESS – do I have any symptom?

MEDICATION – am I taking any over-the-counter prescription or other drugs?
STRESS – any worries about the job, finances or families?

ALCOHOL – have I been drinking for the last twenty-four hours?
FATIGUE – have I worked more than my physical ability, with incomplete rest?
EATING – am I hungry?
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HANDLING EMERGENCIES
and BREAKDOWNS
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Placement of Early Warning Devices
ONE-WAY ROAD TWO-WAY ROAD
4 METERS APART
4 METERS APART
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Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND PROCEDURES
TIRE BLOWOUT
What
Don’t slam on brake pedal. shall I
do?
Look to your target or escape area

and safely pull over
Switch ON hazard lights and properly
place Early Warning Device (EWD) https://philkotse.com/safe-driving/driving-on-a-flat-tire-signs-warnings-tricks-for-pinoy-drivers-4366
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LOSS OF BRAKE
Aim to the target or escape area.
Release the accelerator.
Control steering.
Downshift. Do not switch off the engine.
If possible, use parking brake, keep the Source: google images
release lever open and use it as a

brake.
Use soft crash area if necessary.
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ENGINE FIRE
Steer out of traffic, away from
buildings, people, and other cars.
Have all occupants leave the car
immediately and move away.
Do not open the hood.
Turn off the ignition then get out
quickly.
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SKID & TRACTION LOSS

Look – Where you want to go.
Steer – Where you want to go.
Off pedals – Release the brake or accelerator
to maintain rolling traction.
Never give up - Maintain constant attention to
steering until the vehicle is back under control.
Note: Never take off your hands on the steering wheel
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POOR VISIBILITY
Drive with lights on low beam
Slow down and do not switch ON the hazard lights
Eyes on the road
Use Clean Wipes or cloths if windshield is fogged up.
Stop at a safe place and turn on hazard lights
Note: Avoid using white headlight

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✔ Stay calm and check for injuries.

✔ Keep safety first and find out your location if anyone is
injured, call PNP hotline (117) or Red Cross hotline (143)
immediately.
✔ Be prepared. Always bring your emergency kit in your car.
First aid kit

Flashlight
Early Warning Device
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Check for injured or unconscious passengers. If possible, move them out of the
vehicle to a safe place away from oncoming traffic.
If injuries have occurred like cuts, abrasions, etc. Administer first aid
procedures if possible.
Photograph and document the scene.
• Vehicles
• Involved Parties
• Witnesses
• Police Officers
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FIRST AID
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FIRST AID TIPS
1. Attend to anyone who is not yet walking and talking.
2. If any of part of the vehicle is on fire, remove all occupants and make sure
everyone is safe.
3. Do not remove the injured unless they are in burning car or other immediate
danger. Unnecessary movement often makes injuries worse.
4. If knowledgeable, check for breathing and apply mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation if needed.
5. Call for emergency response for serious and physical injuries.
6. Do not attempt to give first aid unless you have been trained in it.
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Driver’s Duties and
Rights
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Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver
1. He must diligently secure an appropriate driver’s license and to carry it at all

times while driving a motor vehicle.
2. He must know, follow and abide the land transportation laws, rules and
regulations. Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
3. He must be a defensive driver.
4. He must assure that the vehicle he is driving is duly registered,
roadworthy and emission compliant.
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5. He must take appropriate measures to secure and safeguard the vehicle before
leaving it.
6. He must know what to do and act in case of road crash.

7. He must know his rights and privileges. Having a driver’s license is only a
privilege and not a right.
8. He must ensure that he is in a healthy condition. (for holders of professional

DL, no contagious disease ).
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FOR PUV DRIVERS – PROPER UNIFORM
• Polo, Polo Shirt, or T-Shirt with Collar

• Shoes – Rubber or Leather Shoes (Slippers/sandals are not allowed)
• Decent Long Pants
• Identification Cards
PUV CLASSIFICATION COLOR OF POLO OR SHIRT WITH COLLAR
PUJ LIGHT BLUE
PUB WHITE
TAXI RED
UV EXPRESS GREEN
TRUCKS MAROON
TOURIST/SCHOOL/SHUTTLE YELLOW
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Physical and Mental Requirements of a Driver
✔ Ability to process the sensory functions

✔ Physically fit to operate a vehicle
✔ Ability to focus
✔ No health condition that can cause a
✔ Mentally and emotionally stable
driver to lose control while driving
✔ Ability to make sound judgment
that is required while driving
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Rights of a Driver
when Apprehended
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Rights of a Driver when Apprehended
• Right to be informed of the full name and agency of the apprehending officer.
• Right to know if the apprehending officer is an officer for traffic direction and
control or a deputized officer.
• Right to be informed of the nature of violations for which the driver is being
apprehended.
• Right not to step down from the vehicle.
• Right to contest the apprehension at the appropriate office of the concerned traffic
agency when not satisfied with the apprehension.
• Right to file the appropriate criminal, civil or administrative case, in case of abuse
of authority or for any other irregularities which may be committed by the traffic
officer.
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COPYRIGHTS
NOTICE


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General Information on Land

Transportation R.A. No. 4136

Use and Authority of Certificates of Registration

FOR HIRE DIPLOMATIC

Use of Number Plates

At all times, number plates must be displayed in

NEW WINDSHIELD RFID NEW MOTORCYCLE RFID

Duty to have License

The license must be carried at all times when

Operation of Motor Vehicle by Tourists

Any Tourist or transients desiring to operate Motor Vehicle are

• Establishment of Stricter Rules Before the Issuance of Driver's

*XX – depending on the approved design by LGU or LTO

Automatic and Manual Clutch

L1 - A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

A L2 - A three-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

L3 - A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum

L4 - A vehicle with three wheels asymmetrically arranged in relation to

L5 - A vehicle with three wheels symmetrically arranged in relation to the

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

M1 – Light Passenger Vehicles

Vehicles used for the carriage of

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

M2 – Light Passenger Vehicles

B1 Vehicles used for the carriage of

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

N1 – Light Commercial Vehicle

B2 Vehicles used for the carriage of goods

N2 – Heavy Commercial (Straight Truck)

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

M3 – Large Passenger Vehicle

Vehicles used for the carriage of

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

Heavy Articulated Vehicle

O3 - Trailers with a maximum gross

DL Code Vehicle Category Sample Pictures

Light Articulated Vehicle

BE O1 - Trailers with a maximum gross vehicle

O2 - Trailers with a maximum gross vehicle

Drivers of public utility vehicles (PUV) shall be meted

Demerit Points from

Holder of B, B1 or B2 for at least three (3) years

Must pass the written and practical exam with LTO

Must be a holder of PDL Code B1 for at least four (4)

PDL - Straight Commercial Vehicle (C)

Must be a holder of PDL Code B2 for at least four

Holder of DL Code C or D for at least six (6) months

Must have equivalent Training from LTO Accredited

MOTORCYCLE (A) – NONPROFESSIONAL – MT

TRICYCLE (A1) – PROFESSIONAL – MT

LIGHT VEHICLE (B) – NONPROFESSIONAL – AT

LIGHT VEHICLE (B1) – NONPROFESSIONAL – MT

LIGHT VEHICLE GOODS (B2) – PROFESSIONAL - MT

• Initial renewal of a 5-year of driver’s license are required

Failure to attend Intervention Program

A driver who is not able to complete the

• Valid DL or DL not expired for more than two (2) years

• Must be a holder of valid Foreign DL

Light Vehicle - From Nonprofessional to

PDL for DL Codes A, A1 (motorcycle or tricycle)

PDL for DL Codes B, B1, B2 (sedan, suvs, or light commercial vehicles)

Change of DL Classification (Nonprofessional to Professional)

• Valid DL or DL not expired for more than two (2) years