Fatty Acid Composition in Commonly Consumed Bangladeshi Fish

Species- Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio),

Shor Puti (Systomus sarana).

A Thesis submitted to The Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,

University of Development Alternative, in partial fulfillment of Master’s in
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (MBGE).

Submitted By-
Md. Manik Mia
Student ID: 593201013
Department: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,
Batch: MBGE-30

Page: 1 of 23
Fatty Acid Composition in Commonly Consumed Bangladeshi Fish
Species- Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio),
Shor Puti (Systomus sarana).

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,

University of Development Alternative in partial fulfillment of Master’s in

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (MBGE).

Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Rahmatullah
Dean
Faculty of Life Science
University of Development Alternative (UODA)

Page: 2 of 23
Fatty Acid Composition in Commonly Consumed Bangladeshi Fish
Species- Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio),
Shor Puti (Systomus sarana).

A Thesis submitted to The Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,

University of Development Alternative in partial fulfillment of Master’s in

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (MBGE).

Co-Supervisor
Tridib Kumar Paul
Lecturer
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,
University of Development Alternative (UODA)

Page: 3 of 23
 Acknowledgment

I would like to express my respect and heartfelt gratitude and admiration to the supervisor of this
research, Professor Dr. Mohammed Rahmatullah, Dean of Life Science faculty, University of
Development Alternative, for giving me the opportunity of gaining this significant experience.

My special thanks to honorable Chairperson Professor Dr. Rownak Jahan, Department of

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, University of Development
Alternative, for keeping me under her observation and helps to take chances for correction.

I am obliged and thankful to my honorable Coordinator, Associate Professor Sharmin Jahan

Ansary for her kind co-operation and immense concern throughout the thesis.

I am immensely grateful to my co- supervisor, Tridib Kumar Paul, Lecturer, Department of

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering University of Development Alternative. He gives me
proper guideline and his suggestion helped me to complete this thesis.

I am also obliged to my dear Teachers of Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of

Life Science, University of Development Alternative, and my dear classmates whose support me
to complete this thesis.

Md. Manik Mia

June, 2022

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 CONTENTS

SL.NO Chapter Name Sub Chapter Name Page No

Abstract 07

01 Introduction 01 Introduction 08 – 09

02 2.1 Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris) 10

Fish Profile 2.2 Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) 11

2.3 Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) 12
03 3.1 Sample collection and Preparation 13
Materials and method 3.2 Method 14
04 Results 04 Results 15

5.1 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 16-17

05 Discussion (MUFA) in fish sample

5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 17
(PUFA) in Fish Sample
06 Conclusion 6 Conclusion 18

07 References & 7 References 19-22

Bibliography
Abbreviation 23

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No Title Page No
01 Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris) 10
02 Deshi Puti (Puntiu spuntio) 11
03 Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) 12
04 Bele Fish Collection From Local Market 13
05 Deshi Puti Collection From Local Market 13
06 Shor Puti Collection From Local Market 13
07 AOAC Method 14
08 BRiCM 14

LIST OF TABLE
Tab. No Title Page No
01 Scientific classification of Bele Fish 10
02 Scientific classification of Deshi Puti Fish 11
03 Scientific classification of Shor Puti Fish 12
04 Fatty acid composition in fish Samples 15
05 Total Fatty Acid Content of a Fish Sample 15

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 Abstract

Fatty acids have many health benefits. Certain types of fatty acids are critical to proper function
of the body. The local fishes are good sources of fatty acids. The aim of this study was to
quantify the fatty acid contents of three different local fish varieties. The total fatty acid
composition of three commonly consumed fish species in Bangladesh were found that 1.94%
(Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 1.76%, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 0.18%) in Bele Fish
(Glossogobius giuris), 1.71 % (Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 1.22%, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
0.49%) in Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio), 3.2% (Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 2.28%,
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 0.92%) in Shor Puti (Systomus sarana). There are seven classes of
fatty acids were identified under Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) and Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acid (PUFA). Among these fish samples, Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) contains a large
amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other fishes also contained both
types of unsaturated fatty acids which could also be consumed to maintain good health.

Keywords: Common fishes, Bangladesh, Fatty acids.

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 Introduction

Fatty acids are an important component of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in
plants, animals, and microorganisms. Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an
even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end
of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end. It is that carboxyl group that
makes it an acid (carboxylic acid). If the carbon-to-carbon bonds are all single, the acid is
saturated; if any of the bonds are double or triple, the acid is unsaturated and is more reactive. A
few fatty acids have branched chains; others contain ring structures (e.g., prostaglandins). Fatty
acids are not found in a free state in nature; commonly, they exist in combination with glycerol
(alcohol) in the form of triglycerides [1]. A variety of fatty acids exists in the diet of humans, in
the bloodstream of humans, and in cells and tissues of humans. Fatty acids are energy sources
and membrane constituents. They have biological activities that act to influence cell and tissue
metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals. The biological activities
may be grouped as regulation of membrane structure and function; regulation of intracellular
signaling pathways, transcription factor activity, and gene expression; and regulation of the
production of bioactive lipid mediators. Through these effects, fatty acids influence health, well-
being, and disease risk. The effects of saturated, cis monounsaturated, ω-6 and ω-3
polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids are discussed. Although traditionally most interest in the
health impact of fatty acids related to cardiovascular disease, it is now clear that fatty acids
influence a range of other diseases, including metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes,
inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Scientists, regulators, and communicators have described the
biological effects and the health impacts of fatty acids according to fatty acid class. However, it
is now obvious that within any fatty acid class, different members have different actions and
effects [2]. The interest in fat, which holds an important place in human nutrition, has increased
with the recently increasing interest in, and awareness of, human health. Fats are important
components of hormones, cell membranes, and signaling molecules, as well as being important
energy sources. Fat ingested into the body is first stored in the liver, hypodermic connective
tissues, mesentery, and muscles and used when necessary [3]. Young children require adequate
amounts of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA),

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arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for normal growth, development and
immune function [4-9].

Many recent studies have shown the importance of and necessity for n‐3 fatty acids in human
development and health. Some studies show that they have a positive effect on maternal and fetal
health during pregnancy and on newborn and childhood health. These is an important role for
fatty acids in prevention of hormone‐related cancers and important functions in the prevention of
cardiovascular diseases. These fatty acids also are purported to relieve dementia, hyperactivity,
and some psychiatric disorders [10]. Fish consumption has an important role in n‐3 PUFA (EPA
and DHA) intake. Although fatty acids of the n‐3 group that cannot be synthesized in the body
vary in different species and individuals, fish contain significant amounts of n‐3 fatty acids. The
nutritional contents and fatty acid compositions of fish differ, depending on various factors. For
example, fatty fish, such as herring and mackerel have 400 mg of PUFA per 15 g; thus, weekly
consumption of 300 g fatty fish or a daily 200 mg EPA and DHA intake is reported to be
sufficient [11]. Furthermore, the n‐3/n‐6 ratio is reported to be a good index for comparison of
the relative nutritional value of fish oils [12]. Although there is no specific recommendation for
the n‐3/n‐6 ratio, evidence found in wild animals and estimated food intake during human
evolution indicates a dietary ratio of 1:1 [13].These study has illustrated fatty acid composition
in Puntius puntio (Deshi Puti), Glossogobius giuris (Bele Fish), Systomus sarana (Shor Puti)
which are fresh water fish in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh the fish ranks third after rice and
vegetables in terms of weight of food consumed and the major dietary source is carbohydrate
which intake daily per capita 384.00 gm while the content of fat intake is 15.96 gm daily per
capita [14]. Fishes are considered as an important source of fat with a balanced ω3
polyunsaturated composition which has beneficial effect on human health due to its most unique
properties is not shared by any other foods [15].

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 Fish Profile
2.1) Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris)

The species Glossogobius giuris (Common name (English) ‘Tank Goby’, locally known as

‘Bele’ (in Bangla)) is widely distributed in the freshwater and estuaries of Bangladesh, India,
Pakistan, Myanmar and Far East [16]. This species generally inhabits clear to turbid freshwater
to estuarine habitats in rivers and streams with sand, gravel or rock substrate [17]. It is also found
in shallow sandy streams as well as floodplain lagoons and in the lake. G. giuris is a ben-
thopelagic and amphidromous species that is mainly found in estuaries and freshwater river sys-
tems that extend well inland, but it is also found in marine habitats. G. giuris is also known to be
a host for a variety of parasites [18]. Gobiidae is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes,
one of the largest fish families which are sometimes referred to as the “true gobies” [19]. One of
the Small Indigenous Species (SIS) of fish, Glossogobius giuris, has a special preference in the
diet of South Asian people because of its unique taste, low fat and high protein content [20].

[Fig - 01 Bele Fish]

Table: - 01, Scientific classification of Bele Fish

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Actinopterygii
Order : Gobiiformes
Family : Gobiidae

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 Genus : Glossogobius
Species : Glossogobius giuris

2.2) Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio)

Puntius puntio is  species of fish inthe family Cyprinidae inthe order Cypriniformes. It is

a freshwater fish. It is found in India , Bangladesh , and Burma.

[Fig: 02, Deshi Puti ]

Table: - 02,Scientific classification of Deshi Puti

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Teleostei
Order : Cypriniformes
Family : Cyprinidae
Genus : Puntius
Species : Puntius puntio

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2.3) Shor Puti (Systomus sarana)

S. sarana inhabits in standing and running water in rivers, canals, beels, ponds and inundated
fields of Bangladesh [21]. It is omnivorous in nature, usually feeds on plants, insects, molluscs,
worms, detritus and plankton. This fish attains the sexual maturity in the first year of its life and
prefers shallow water of floodplain for the breeding [22].

[Fig:03, Shor Puti]

Table: - 03,Scientific classification of Shor Puti

Scientific name : Systomus sarana
Rank : Species
Family : Cyprinidae
Order : Cypriniformes

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 Materials and Method

3.1) Sample collection and preparation

Fresh samples of three fish species were collected from the local fish market in the early morning
with proper icing and packaging in insulated containers and brought to BRiCM for analysis of
Fatty acids.

[Fig:04 -Bele Fish Collection] [Fig:05 - Deshi Puti Fish Collection]

[Fig:06 -Shor Puti Collection]

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3.2) Method

AOAC 996.06 method was followed for determination of total, saturated, and unsaturated fat in
foods using capillary GC-FID. The procedure involves hydrolytic extraction, methylation, and
capillary GC-FID analysis of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).

[Fig: 07 - AOAC Method for Trans Fats Detection by Gas Chromatography]

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[Fig: 08 - Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)]

Results
According to specimen analysis report from BRiCM laboratory, there are seven different classes
of fatty acids under two major types – monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid
were identified. Total fatty acid composition in those samples, 1.94% (Monounsaturated Fatty
Acid 1.76%, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 0.18%) in Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), 1.71 %
(Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 1.22%, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 0.49%) in Deshi Puti (Puntius
puntio), 3.2% (Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 2.28%, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 0.92%) in Shor
Puti(Systomus sarana).[Table-05]. The total fatty acid amount in each fish samples were
compared as follows: Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) 3.2% >Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris) 1.94%
>Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) 1.71% [Table-05]. Comparison of fatty fatty acids types, MUFA
amount in each fish sample-Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) 2.28% >Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris)
1.76% >Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) 1.22% and, Comparison with PUFA amount in each fish
sample-Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) 0.92% > Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) 0.49% > Bele Fish
(Glossogobius giuris) 0.18% > Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris) 0.18% [Table-05].
[Table: - 04,Fatty acid composition in fish sample]
Fatty Acid Type Fatty Acid Class Bele Fish DeshiPuti ShorPuti
Monounsaturated Cis-10-Pentadecenoic 0.92 % 0.77 % 1.67 %
Acid
Fatty Acids
Cis-10-Heptadecenoic 0.39 % 0.21 % 0.61 %
(MUFA) Acid
Palmitoleic Acid 0.25 % 0.24 % ---
Nervonic Acid 0.20 % --- ---
Polyunsaturated Cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic --- 0.17 % ---
Acid
Fatty Acids
Linolelaidic Acid --- 0.16 % 0.92 %
(PUFA)
Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- 0.18 % 0.16 % ---
Doeosahexanoic Acid

[Table: - 05, Total Fatty Acid Content in Fish Sample]

Fatty Acid Types Bele Fish Deshi Puti Shor Puti
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids 1.76% 1.22% 2.28%

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 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 0.18% 0.49% 0.92%
Total Fatty Acids 1.94% 1.71% 3.2%

Discussion
5.1) Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) in fish sample

Monounsaturated fatty acids, or MUFAs, are one type of unsaturated fat. “Mono,” meaning one,
signifies that monounsaturated fats have only one double bond. Monounsaturated fats are healthy
fats. Many evidence shows that monounsaturated fats have a number of health benefits. They can
help with weight loss, reduce the risk of heart disease and decrease inflammation. Diet high in
MUFA promoted benefits on weight loss and body composition in women with obesity. There
was no influence of the type of dietary fat in obesity related biomarkers [24]. The most recent
position statement on nutrition from the American Diabetes Association recommends an individ-
ualized approach to nutrition that is based on the nutritional assessment and desired outcomes of
each patient and that takes into consideration patient preferences and control of hyperglycemia
and dyslipidemia. To achieve these nutritional goals, either low-saturated-fat, high-carbohydrate
diets or high-monounsaturated-fat diets can be advised [25]. High-MUFA diets have also many
positive to breast cancer risk [26].The people who eat a Mediterranean diet high in MUFAs have
significantly lower inflammatory chemicals in their blood, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and
interleukin-6 (IL-6) [27]. The study demonstrates four types of MUFA in the samples (Fishes).
These are - I). Cis-10-Pentadecenoic Acid was found at 0.92% in Bele Fish (Glossogobius
giuris), 0.77% in Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio), and 1.67% in Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) [Table-
4], which is the high purity monounsaturated fatty acid that is ideal as a standard and for biologi-
cal systems. II).Cis-10-Heptadecenoic Acid was found 0.39% in Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris),
0.21% in Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) and 0.61% in Shor Puti (Systomus sarana)[Table-04]. This
high purity monounsaturated fatty acid has been shown to have some inhibitory activity against
human cancer cells HL-60, although less than some other saturated long-chain fatty acids [28].
III). Palmitoleic Acid was found 0.25% in Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), 0.24% in Deshi Puti
(Puntius puntio), and not found in Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) [Table-04]. Palmitoleic (pal-mee-
to-lay-ick) acid is a monounsaturated fat and is one of eight others that are part of the omega-
7 fatty acid group. Palmitoleic acid has been reported to have beneficial effects on insulin sensi-

Page: 16 of 23
tivity, cholesterol metabolism, and hemostasis. It has been proposed that palmitoleic acid may
prevent beta-cell apoptosis induced by glucose or saturated fatty acids [29]. IV) Nervonic Acid
found 0.20 % in Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), not found  in Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) and
Shor Puti (Systomus sarana)[Table-04]. Nervonic acid can repair the damaged brain nerve path-
ways and promote the regeneration of nerve cells, which can be effective in the treatment of
schizophrenia, psychosis, peroxisomal disorders, diabetes, alcoholism, and other conditions [30].

5.2) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) in Fish Sample

A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids omega-3 and
omega-6 are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain 2 or more cis double bonds. Di-
etary intake of some PUFAs may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum lipds, and in-
flammation. Some PUFAs, such as omega-3 PUFAs, may have anti-neoplastic or chemo-preven-
tive activities. Some PUFA classes have been identified in fish samples. I). Cis-8,11,14-
Eicosatrienoic Acid was found at0.17% in Deshi Puti (Puntius sophore) and there is no
Eicosatrienoic Acid found in Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), and Shor Puti(Systomus sarana)
[Table-04]. Cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. II). Linoleic acidwas
found at 0.16% of Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio), 0.92% of Shor Puti (Systomus sarana), and not in
Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris) [Table-04]. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 trans fatty acid (TFA)
and is a geometric isomer of linoleic acid. The TFA vaccenic acid, which is of animal origin,
poses less of a health risk. III).Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Doeosahexanoic Acid was found at 0.18% in
Bele Fish (Glossogobius giuris), 0.16% found in Deshi Puti (Puntius puntio) and not found in
Shor Puti (Systomus sarana) [Table-04]. These three types of fatty acids are omega-3, omega-6,
fatty acids that have huge health benefits. Ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids is known to exert fa-
vorable health effects on a number of biological processes, such as an improved immune profile,
enhanced cognition, and optimized neuromuscular function. Recently, data has emerged demon-
strating a positive influence of omega-3 fatty acid intake on skeletal muscle [31]. Previous stud-
ies found that ω-3 fatty acids might exert potential benefits on the cardiovascular system, mental
health, and cognitive function [32]. Maintaining a balance of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids is essential
for cardiac health. Current ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in the American diet have shifted from the
ideal ratio of 2:1 to almost 20:1. While there is a body of evidence that suggests the negative im-

Page: 17 of 23
pact of such a shift in younger organisms, the underlying age-related metabolic signaling in re-
sponse to the excess influx of ω-6 fatty acids is incompletely understood [33].

Conclusion
After analyzing the total fatty acid composition of three commonly consumed fish species in
Bangladesh, Bele (Glossogobius giuris), DeshiPuti (Puntius puntio), and Shar Puti (Systomus
sarana), it was clearly understood that the fishes are very good source of fatty acids. There are
seven classes of fatty acids broadly classified as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty
acids were identified in these fishes. Among these fish samples, Shor Puti (Systomus sarana)
contained a large amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other fishes
also contained both major types of unsaturated fatty acids, which have a wide range of health
benefits. 

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 Abbreviation

01. MUFA: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid.

02. PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid.

03. EPA: Eicosapentaenoic Acid.

04. DHA: Docosahexaenoic Acid.

05. GC-FID: Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection.

06. BRiCM: Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements.

07. CRP: C-reactive protein.

08. DM: Diabetes mellitus. 

09. SIS: Small Indigenous Species.

10. TFA: Trans Fatty Acid.

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