AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY , KARAMPURA

Course: B.A. in Law and Politics

Introduction to law
Submitted to: Paroma Ray
Submitted by: Ravi Kumar
Roll no. – skp202k0031
ASSIGNMENT 1
1) Explain the different ways in which the English law is classified. 

Ans – English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales
which consists mostly of criminal and civil law, with each component having its
own set of courts and processes. English law is unique in that it is built on the
set of legal precedent to current and future judicial judgments. English law is
classified into different types :-

Common law vs Civil law

Common law vs Civil law are the result of fundamentally approaches to the
legal process. The basic concepts and norms of civil law are written in codes
and legislation which are applied by the courts . common law has been formed
through court decisions with little regard for a conceptual structure.Civil law is
founded on the idea of separation of powers, which states that the job of the
legislature is to legislate. In common law, the courts are tasked with
establishing the law. In the civil law system, the courts’ main task is to decide
specific cases by applying and interpreting legal norms. In the common law
system, the courts are supposed not only to decide disputes between specific
parties .
Civil law vs criminal law

Harms, agreements, families, and companies are all covered by civil law.The
purpose of civil law courts is to offer a remedy, such as damages or a
declaration, to a party who has a lawful claim. A fine may also be issued. In
civil law matters, the victim receives compensation to settle the issue. In such
circumstances, no punishment is imposed. The court in Civil law can only pass
judgement to compensate for damage done to the aggrieved party.

The Crown prosecutes the accused under criminal law, which is the law of
crime and punishment. The seriousness of the criminal offence committed
would depend on the severity of the punishment. In criminal cases the court is
empowered charge a fine, imprison the guilty of a crime, or discharge the
defendant.

Public law vs private law

The law that governs people's interactions with the government is known as
public lawPublic Law aims to protect the public interest.  Private Law seeks to
protect only private interests. The main parties involved Public law are the
individuals and the state.The main parties involved in Private Law are the
private entities or organizations acting in the private capacity. Public law
establishes the rights and responsibilities of the relationship between people
and governments by regulating the state's powers and duties. The rights and
duties of persons and private bodies in their relationships are defined by
private law.

Substantive law vs procedural law

Procedural law is a law that specifies the practice, procedure and machinery for
the imposition of rights and duties. Procedural law establishes the legal rules
by which substantive law is created, applied and enforced, particularly in a
court of law.Substantive law establishes the rights and obligations that govern
people and organizations; it includes all laws of general and specific
applicability.

2) what is the relationship between Morality and law and authority and law?

Ans- Relationship between Law and Morality:

While law is a subject of study in Political Science and morality is a subject of

study in ethics, the two have a close relationship. Law and morality are
mutually reinforcing. People are taught the code of conduct by ethics. It
demonstrates the difference between fact and deception. It makes us aware of
our acts' wrongness and rightness. Ethics allows us to think morally and
improves our moral standing. It aids in the creation of our moral standards.
The same goal is pursued by state-enacted legislation.

The overarching goal of the state is to promote people's well-being. Individuals

can also benefit from political science in order to become better people. An
individual can only become an ideal citizen if he adheres to the morality code
of conduct. As a result, there is a strong connection between law and morality.
And when a state functions under ideal moral rules can it be called an ideal
state. The foundation of ideal laws is morality. It would aid the emergency of
an ideal state if the state works under ideal laws based on morality.

For example, moral laws are those enacted with the aim of eliminating evils
and malpractices such as wine drinking, gambling, theft, dacoity, and murder.
They arouse spiritual feelings in us and help us develop as humans. Only such
morally based rules are everlasting. Progress is impossible to achieve in a
society ruled by moral principles. In a state where crime is promoted, people
will be too preoccupied with committing crimes to think about their own
success. As a result, they will return to their natural state of savagery.
3) Using an example from modern day India illustrate how social opinion
influences law

Ans – In a democracy, listening is essential. People have a right to have their

voices heard by their elected representativesThat is what gives democracy
legitimacy in the eyes of the public and promotes trust in the government and
its institutions. A stable community cannot exist without the tools of free-flowing
two-way communication – talking and listening – and an openness to the views
of others.

Members of the public can voice their dissatisfaction with politicians who refuse
to consider their views and vote them out of office, which could also act as a
check on leadership.Bringing the public's viewpoints to the attention of
government leaders who are making decisions that will have an impact on
society. When making policy decisions, leaders frequently check the public's
opinion, especially when facing an election campaign.

Public opinion is expressed through a range of sources, including:

All organizations, institutions, and people that significantly contribute to the

development and expression of public opinion are referred to as public opinion
agencies. A huge number of people and age groups play an essential part in
the formation and expression of public opinion in any society.