Elements of Polar Codes

4zèùÂ
A First Course in Polar Codes

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8 ¹
11Ù µ•£ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 ?›‚5©|è†SÈ J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 4zè µVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1 •Ý•2 4zè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 •Ý•2n 4zè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 •Ý•2 n
4zèŒˆ& Nþ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
13Ù 4zè?è . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 4zè E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 šXÚ4zè?èL§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 XÚ4zè?èL§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
14Ù G1-žÈè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1 •Ý•2 4zè SCÈèL§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.4 'A€=SCÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.5.1 ^SCÈèì?1XÚ4zè ?è. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. II . 8 ¹
4.5.2 ¦^SCÈèì?1Monte-Carloè E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
15Ù G1-ž LÈè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.1 ÄuLLR ´»Ýþ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2 ÄuLLR SCLÈèì ‰1L§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.3.1 ´»Ýþ ,˜«OŽ•ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3.2 ´»Ýþ Ã›{zOŽúª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.3 R0!: ¯„SCLÈè•{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.3.4 Rep!: ¯„Èè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.3.5 R1!: ¯„Èè. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3.6 SPC!: ¯„ÈèŽ{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4 SCLÈè Ù§U?Ž{. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.4.1 Ì‚P{ Ïe SCLÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4.2 g·ACA-SCLÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4.3 }{CA-SCLÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

6.1 Ïfã†ÚÈŽ{{0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.2 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.4 •Ý•2n 4zè BPÈè. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4.1 •ÝŒu u4 4zèÏfãk‚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4.2 4zè BPÈè5K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4.3 N = 8 4zèBPÈèŽ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.5.1 ˜† d/ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.5.2 Äu˜†Ïfã 4zèBP LÈèì. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.5.3 6Y‚ d/ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8 ¹ . III .
6.6 4zè'A€=BPÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

6.7 4zèBPÈèì @Ï¥ŽÅ› . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.7.1 GÝ { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.7.2 CRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.7.3 ‰ê{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.7.4 •€&E'A{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
17Ù N¹µ{üMATLAB“è . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

7.1 “è$1„Ý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.2 DÚCA-SCLÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.3 FastSCLÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.4 BPÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.5 LDPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
ë•©z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. IV . 8 ¹
11Ù µ•£
Ù0 ] ¥ •Ä Vg§ù Vgò3 YÙ!¥ª„^ " Ù½n y²

•™•[ Ñ§ ‰ v J«"
§ 1.1 ?›‚5©|è†SÈ J2
ùp‰Ñ˜ •Ä Vg"
½Â 1.1 ‚5˜m
V ´˜‡š˜8Ü§F ´˜‡ê•§XJµ
A0 : V ¥ ƒk\{§T\{÷véu?¿α, β ∈ V §k•˜γ ∈ V ´αÚβ Ú"d'X
PŠα + β = γ.
A1 : \{ †Æ§éu?¿α, β ∈ V §kα + β = β + α.
A2 : \{(ÜÆ§éu?¿α, β, δ ∈ V §k(α + β) + δ = α + (β + δ).
A3 : \{" ƒ§•30 ∈ V §éu?¿α ∈ V §kα + 0 = α.
A4 : \{K ƒ§éu?¿α ∈ V §•3β ∈ V §÷vα + β = 0.
M0 : V ¥ ƒ ÚF ¥ ê k ¦ { § T ¦ { ÷ v é u ? ¿k ∈ F Ú ? ¿α ∈ V § k •
˜ξ ∈ V ´kÚα ¦È"d'XPŠξ = kα.
M1 : ¦{ü §F ¥ ¦{ü P•1§éu?¿α ∈ V §k1α = α.
M2 : ¦{(ÜÆ§éu?¿k, l ∈ F Ú?¿α ∈ V §kk(lα) = (kl)α.
M3 : V ¥ ƒ© Æ§éu?¿k, l ∈ F Ú?¿α ∈ V §k(k + l)α = kα + lα.
M4 : F ¥ ƒ© Æ§éu?¿k ∈ F Ú?¿α, β ∈ V §kk(α + β) = kα + kβ.
.2. 11Ù µ•£
½Â 1.2 ?›‚5©|è
K × N ‘Ý G1÷•§G¥ ƒ $Ž½Â3GF(2)þ"G 1P•g1 , g2 , ..., gK §
PC = span{g1 , g2 , ..., gK }§ ¡C´ ? › ‚ 5 © | è §GĆ )¤Ý §N ´ ‚ 5 © |
èC •Ý§K´‚5©|èC &E'Aê§R = K/N ´‚5©|èC èÇ"?¿•
þx ∈ span{g1 , g2 , ..., gK } Ñ´‚5©|èC èi"
/‚50 ¿gĆ¥ ¤kèi ¤˜‡‚5˜m"C¥ ƒ \{´•þ ÊÏ\{
, 2§C¥¦{´éu?¿x ∈ C§k0x = 0, 1x = x"Œ± yC÷v‚5˜m ¤k‡
¦"Š 5¿ Ć¥\{" ƒ´ 0•þ§?¿˜‡ ƒ \{K ƒÑ´T ƒ "
/©|0 ¿g´˜‡èi•Ý´k• "
/è0´• †››?è"
½Â 1.3 Ý
C )¤Ý ´G§¦)G "˜mµGx = 0§ N − K‡‚5Ã' •þ"
r ùN − K‡ ‚ 5 Ã ' •þü¤˜‡Ý § ˜ ‡N × (N − K)‘ Ý § r ù
‡N × (N − K)‘Ý =˜§ (N − K) × N ‘Ý H§H¡•G Ý "þãL§Œ
Lˆ•GHT = OK×(N −K) "
½Â 1.4 ‚5©|èC¥ SÈ
? x, y ∈ C, x = (x1 , ..., xN ), y = (y1 , ..., yN )§Kx, y SÈ½Â•⊕N
i=1 xi yi §Ù¥⊕L
« 2\{"
, §·‚~^ SÈ¿šþ¡ ½Â§·‚~^ SÈ ½ÂXeµ
½Â 1.5 Eê•þ SÈ
V Éê•Cþ ‚5˜m§éu?¿α, β ∈ V §$Žhα, βi (JĆ¥•˜ ˜‡
ê"d §hα, βie„÷ve¡¤k5Ÿ§K¡hα, βi´αÚβ SÈ"
(i). hα, βi = hβ, αi.
(ii). éu?¿α, βγ ∈ V §khα + β, γi = hα, γi + hβ, γi.
(iii). éu?¿k ∈ CÚ?¿α, β ∈ V §khkα, βi = k hα, βi.
(iv). hα, αi ≥ 0§…hα, αi = 0 ⇔ α = 0.
Œ„§‚5©|èC¥ SÈ– »€ 5Ÿ(iv)µ x´?¿˜‡kóê‡1 èi§Uì

‚5©|èC¥ SÈ§xÚx SÈ´0§ ´xØ´\{" ƒ"
1.2 4zè µVg .3.
¤±§k ‚5“êSÈ˜m¥ Í¶ (Ø§~XR(AH ) = [K(A)]⊥1 , 3‚5©|

èC¥SÈ ½ÂpÒØ2¤á "~X§éuN = 8, K = 4 p - ;Vè(RMè)§kµ
 
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 
 
 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 
G=


 (1.1)
 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GGT = O§ÏdG Ý Ò´§gC§ù«èi¡•góè"

w,G 1 ‚5|Ü§\þH = G 1 ‚5|Ü§ØU)¤ ‡˜m{0, 1}8 "
¤±3?è¥Ø‡† @^Ï~SÈ˜m¥ (Ø"ØL•,¤á ´‘ê½n"
½n 1.1 GÚH ½ÂXþ¤ã§Krank(G) + rank(H) = N .
y² ù‡y² L§Ò´)‚5•§| L§§Ñ"
§ 1.2 4zè µVg
lÑ& • ´Ñ\ÎÒ8ÜÚÑÑÎÒ8ÜÑ´lÑ8Ü & § ] •Ä lÑ&

Ñ\ÎÒ8ÜÚÑÑÎÒ8Ü ƒêþ´k•Š"
& ÃPÁ´•& ?¿ügDÑ´Õá §=& éz‡Ñ\ÎÒV\ D(´Õá
"
lÑÃPÁ& W Œ±^=£VÇW (y|x) •x§Ù¥y ∈ Y ´ÑÑÎÒ8Ü¥
ƒ§x ∈ X ´Ñ\ÎÒ8Ü¥ ƒ§W (y|x)L«3Ñ\ÎÒ•x ^‡e§ÑÑÎÒý
VÇ"3‰½& ©Ù œ¹e§=x ∈ X lÑ©ÙÆ®•§ ‡DÑXÚ(X, Y ) éÜV
ÇPr(X = x, Y = y) = p(x)W (y|x)"
½Â 1.6 éêq,'
?›Ñ\& W ÑÑÎÒy ∈ Y éêq,'£Log-Likelihood Ratio§LLR¤ ½Â
Xeµ
W (y|0)
L(y) = ln . (1.2)
W (y|1)
1
R(A)L«Ý A ¤k‚5|Ü§K(A) L«÷vAx = 0 ¤k )
.4. 11Ù µ•£
XJW ÑÑÎÒ8ÜY´lÑ §þª¥ ©f©1 ^‡VÇŸþ¶XJW ÑÑ

ÎÒ8ÜY´ëY §þª¥ ©f©1 ^‡VÇ—Ý"Ï•y ÚL(y)˜˜éA §Ïdù 1
žL(y)ý ²…¿©ÚOþ"L(y) ò34zè Èè¥¦^"
½Â 1.7 ?›Ñ\lÑÃPÁé¡&
`W ´ ?›Ñ\lÑÃPÁé¡& £Binary-Input Discrete Memoryless output-Symmetric
Channel§BI-DMSC¤§D´•W =£VÇäkXe5Ÿµ
(i) •3˜‡˜†π§÷vπ = 1¶ 2
(ii) W (y|0) = W (π(y)|1)
½Â1.7¥˜†π ½Â•´ÑÑÎÒ8ÜY§1L«ð ˜†"
~ 1.1 BI-DMSC Ä–~f"

 
p1 p2 ... pN , q1 q2 ... qN
W = . (1.3)
q1 q2 ... qN , p1 p2 ... pN
þª¥W ´Œ •2 × 2N Ý §W éA˜†π = (1, N + 1)(2, N + 2), ..., (N, 2N )§Ù¥

êé(a, b)L«é† u¢ÚaÚbþ ƒ"
½Â 1.8 ?›Ñ\lÑ& •Œq, û

?›Ñ\lÑ& W •Œq,£Maximum Likelihood§ML¤ û• ´ Â Î
Òyž§x ŠUeª ûµ
x̂ML = arg max W (y|x). (1.4)

x∈{0,1}
½n 1.2 ?›Ñ\lÑ& W 3ML û5Ke †ØÇ´:
1X
PeML (W ) = min {W (y|0), W (y|1)} . (1.5)
2
y∈Y
(yi |0) W (yj |0)

kž¬ÑyeZ‡LLRƒÓ
1
œ¹µL(yi ) = L(yj ), yi , yj ∈ Y"ù`² W
W (yi |1) = W (yj |1) §
ùžÜ¿ÎÒyi Úyj =Œ"
1.2 4zè µVg .5.
y² ¤¢OŽ†ØÇ§=´Ïéü:¯‡(X = x, Y = y)÷vy3ML û5Ke (J

Ø´x§¿r¤kù ü:¯‡ VÇ¦Ú"dd§•â½Â1.8´ þã½n"
½Â 1.9 ?›Ñ\lÑ& nA næXê

W ´ ?›Ñ\lÑ& §W nA næXêZ(W )Xeµ
Xp
Z(W ) = W (y|0)W (y|1). (1.6)
y∈Y
~ 1.2 ~1.3¥ & W nA næXêXeµ

N
X √
Z(W ) = 2 pi qi . (1.7)
i=1
½n 1.3
0 ≤ Z(W ) ≤ 1,
(1.8)
PeML (W ) ≤ Z(W ).
y² 1 ˜ ‡ ª f ¥ 1 ˜ ‡ Ø Ò ´ w , § 1 ‡ Ø Ò^Ä Ø ªy²"
p
dmin {W (y|0), W (y|1)} ≤ W (y|0)W (y|1) 1 ‡ªf"
dPeML (W ) ≤ Z(W )Œ„§Z(W )´PeML (W ) þ.§Ïd§3vkPeML (W )äNŠ œ¹
e§Z(W )Œ±oÑL«W Œ‚5"
íØ 1.1
Z(W ) = 1 ⇒ PeML (W ) = 0.5,
(1.9)
Z(W ) = 0 ⇒ PeML (W ) = 0.
y² 5¿ Z(W ) = 0½1 ^‡ÚPeML (W ) OŽúªá= y"

.6. 11Ù µ•£
½Â 1.10 ?›Ñ\lÑ& é¡Nþ

W ´ ?›Ñ\lÑ& §W é¡I(W )Xeµ
1 X X W (y|x)
I(W ) = W (y|x) log2 . (1.10)
2 Pr(y)
x∈{0,1} y∈Y
XJW ´BI-DMSC§Kþª¥ é¡Nþ u& Nþ"

PN pi PN qi
~ 1.3 ~1.3¥& W I(W )• i=1 pi log2 1 + i=1 qi log2 1 "
2 (pi +qi ) 2 (pi +qi )
½n 1.4
2 p
log2 ≤ I(W ) ≤ 1 − Z(W )2 . (1.11)
1 + Z(W )
y² ë„©z[3]¥ ·K1§d½nò3y²4zèŒ± ˆ& Nþž¦^"
½n 1.5
N
X
I(X1 , ..., XN ; Y ) = I(Y ; Xi |X1 , ..., Xi−1 ). (1.12)
i=1
y² ù´Í¶ p&Eóª{K§|^^‡p&EI(X; Y |Z) ½Â´ "
½Â 1.11 lÑ& ÚOòz

W (y|x), Q(z|x)´lÑ& §XJ•3lÑ& P (y|z)§¦ W (y|x) =
P
z∈Z Q(z|x)P (y|z)§
K¡W ´Q ÚOòz£Stochastic degrading¤§PŠW Q"
½n 1.6 XJW Q§Keª¤áµ

1.2 4zè µVg .7.
I(W ) ≤ I(Q),
Z(W ) ≥ Z(Q), (1.13)
PeML (W ) ≥ PeML (Q).
y² 1˜‡ªfÒ´&E?nØ ª"1 ‡ªf y²I‡¦^…Ü-ÙZäŒÅdÄ

Ø ª!Z ½Â±9ÚOòz ½Â"1n‡ªf^PeML ½Â±9ÚOòz ½Â´ "
íØ 1.2 XJW Q§Q R§KW R"
y² d½Â1.11´ "
~ 1.4 éu?¿˜‡& Q§Ü¿ÎÒz1 , z2 ∈ Z£ durz1 , z2 éA =£Ý ƒ

\¤ & W §KW Q"
e¡ ½n´Ï~ (Ø§ ´éõžÿ•´ Šö‚‘Ã Ñ5[1]§ y² L§I‡
?é"¦+ù‡½n¹Â{ü§ ´éuÐÆö äk—· · "
½n 1.7 X ´ , ‡ • Ý •N ! è Ç •R ?›‚5©|è è i 8 Ü §xN

1 =
{x1 , x2 , ..., xN } ∈ X ´ ˜ ‡ è i " T ‚ 5 © | è èi-þ Šg,´lÑ §P
•{d0 , d1 , d2 , ..., ds }, d0 = 0, 1 ≤ di ≤ N, di < di+1 § … - þ •di , 0 ≤ i ≤ s èi
kAdi ‡§Ad0 = 1"
b ¦^BPSKDÑèi'Aµsi = 1−2xi §si ´xi éA BPSKN›ÎÒ§si ∈ {−1, 1}"
b DÑsN
1 = (s1 , s2 , ..., sN ) & •AWGN& §=si éA Â&Òyi = si + ni , 1 ≤
i ≤ N §Ù¥ni í.i.d."þŠ…• •σ 2
pd‘ÅCþ"
BPSK N AWGN
þãDÑL§Œ±L«•xN
1 → s1 → 1 "
yN
b z‡xN
1 ∈ X´ VÇÑy 1 Ñy
§z‡xN VÇ•2−N R §@oT‚5©|è
3MLÈèeØ|Ç£BLER¤ ¿þ.£Union Upper bound§UUB¤•µ
ds √ ds r
X d X 2RdEb
PeML ≤ PeML,UUB = Ad Q( )= Ad Q( ). (1.14)
σ N0
d=d1 d=d1
Eb Es
Ù¥N0 = 2σ 2 ´pd\5xD( ü>õÇÌ—Ý§ N0
´&E'A&D'§ N 0
úx
.8. 11Ù µ•£
Es Eb
ÎÒ&D'§Ù'X• RN 0
= RN0 §¿g´¤kUþÑûDÑ&E" ½n¥Es = 1§ù
´Ï^‰{µ(ŒãUþ8˜z"
y²L§¥·‚•Ä éÜ©Ù•(XN N N N N N
1 , Y1 )§éuz‡¢yŠ(x1 , y1 )§kPr(x1 , y1 ) =
−N R N
2
Pr(x1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 ) = 2πσ2 N/2 exp{− i=1 (yi − si ) /2σ }§Ù¥si = 1 − 2xi "3e¡ Qã
N N N 2 2
P
¥§• PÒ {²§•þ þeIÑ DK §~X§xÒ´xN

1 "
y²
(a) X X
PeML = Pr(x, y)I(DecML (y) 6= x)
x∈X y∈RN
(b) X X
= 2−N R Pr(y|x)
(1.15)
x∈X y∈∪xi 6=x Ωxi
ds √
(c) X d
= Ad Q( ).
σ
d=d1
(a)µRN ´ Â&Ò Š8Ü"I(logic value)´•«¼ê§I(true) = 1§ùž¦•«¼

ê uŸo•v‰¶I(false) = 0§ùž¦•«¼ê u4ù˜‘ž”"DecML (y)L« Â&
Òy •Œq,Èè(J"
(b)µΩxi = {y| Pr(y|xi ) > Pr(y|xj ), i 6= j, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2N R } ⊂ RN ´èixi , •Œq, û

«•§=XJy ∈ Ωxi §KDecML (y) = xi " ux èi´xi § Â&Òý§…y ∈ Ωxj , i 6=
jž§K•Œq,Èèu)†Ø§xi † •xj §ù‡†ØÈèìg ,´¿£Ø "
1.2 4zè µVg .9.
(c)µ0L«•Ý•N "èi"?À˜‡x ∈ X §keª¤áµ

X (i) X X
Pr(y|x) = Pr(y|x) + ... + Pr(y|x)
y∈∪xi 6=x Ωxi y∈Ωx1 y∈Ωx
2N R −1
(ii) X X
≤ Pr(y|x) + ... + Pr(y|x)
y∈Ω(x1 ,x) y∈Ω(x ,x)
2N R −1
(iii) X X
= [ Pr(y|x) + ... + Pr(y|x)]
y∈Ω(xi ,x) y∈Ω(xi ,x)
1 Ad
1
X X (1.16)
+[ Pr(y|x) + ... + Pr(y|x)]
Ad +1 Ad
1 2
+ ...
X X
+[ Pr(y|x) + ... + Pr(y|x)]
Ad +1 Ad
s−1 s
√ √ √
(iv) d1 d2 ds
= Ad1 Q( ) + Ad2 Q( ) + ... + Ads Q( ).
σ σ σ
Ù¥ Ò(i)´Ï•Ωxi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 2N R üüØƒ "
Ø Ò(ii)´ Ï • · ‚ r z ˜ ‡ ¦ Ú « • Ñ C Œ µΩxi ⊂ Ω(xi ,x) = {y| Pr(y|xi ) >
Pr(y|x), xi 6= x}"
Ò(iii)rØ Ò(ii) 2N R − 1‘© a§zã^¥)Ò Ñ5"©a •{´µ
†¤kx Ç²ålƒÓ èi´ã§˜‡¥)ÒS ¤kèixAdi +1 , ..., xAdi+1 †x Ç²
ål´di+1 §g,/§1i‡¥)Ò¥kAdi ‘"
Ò(iv)´Ï•µ ,‡èi'Axi †x Ç²ål´d§@o§‚ü‡BPSKN›&Òƒ
√ √
•δ = (1 − 2xi ) − (1 − 2x)§w,||δ|| = 2 d§¿g´xi †x îªål´2 d"dd§Ø
√ √
”b x u˜‘ê¶ d?§ xi u− d?§K3AWGN& ¥§k y∈Ω(x ,x) Pr(y|x) =
P
R +∞ 1 −α2 /(2σ2 ) √ i
√ √ e
d σ 2π
dα = Q( d/σ)"U©a5K§(iv) z‡¥)Ò¥ xiAd +1 , ..., xiAd †x
i i+1
p
ålÑ´di+1 §Ïd˜‡¥)Ò¥ z˜‘Ñ uQ( di+1 /σ)§l Ò(iv) ¤á"
Q,é?¿˜‡x ∈ X kþª¤á1 §Kz‡ y∈∪x 6=x Ωx Pr(y|x)Ñ´þª OŽ(J"Ï
P
i i
• k2N R ‡ y∈∪x 6=x Ωx Pr(y|x)§¤±†ª(1.15)¥ Xê2−N R -ž§ª(1.15)¤á"y."
P
i i
√ q q q
2d (∗) 2dEs 2RdEb
ª(1.14)¥1 ‡ Ò´Ï• σd = N 0
= N0 = N0 § Ò(*) ´Ï•Es = 1"
1
ù´dX ‚5û½ "
. 10 . 11Ù µ•£
100
P(256,128,8),L=32
P(256,128,8),L=256
-1 P(256,128,8),UUB
10
P(512,256,8),L=32
P(512,256,8),L=256
P(512,256,8),UUB
10-2
BLER
-3
10
10-4
10-5
10-6
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
Eb/N0 (dB)
ã 1.1 PeML,UUB †•ý(J é'"
PeML,UUB †•ý(J é'Xã1.1¤«§Ù¥P (N, K, r)L«è••N !&E'Aê•K

±9¦^ •Ý•r CRC 4zè"ã1.1¥ 4zèdpdCq3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB?
E§8 CRC )¤õ‘ª16?›/ª•A6"ã1.1¦^ ÈèìĆRC9Ïe G1-ž
LÈèì§L´ Lê"éuP (256, 128, 8)§kd1 = 16, d2 = 20, Ad1 = 972, Ad2 = 8740¶
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© z[2]" d ã1.1Œ „ § &D' $ ž §PeML,UUB †•ý(J å Œ¶ &D' p
ž§PeML,UUB †•ý(Jš~aq"
4zè SCÈè1 Œ±{²/Lˆ• äþ $Ä§ )˜ ä 5Æ~~´

kÃ "·‚ ½ äŠ!: ê•p§Ù{!:¤3 êdŠ!: êØä~1
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1.2 4zè µVg . 11 .
0 16 23
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† § Ü ••2•vkë ‚•Ž§ù˜L§¡•i3 äþ ,"i3 ,L§¥
rL ë ‚ ãê§¡•i ,gê"˜‡ , ~fXã1.2 ¤«§?Ò•23 “!:
,gê´3 g" ä †Ó+þ !:ÑØU ,"
l“!:m© ,§éA ÍOSCÈè 'AŠ‡"OŽL§"

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. 12 . 11Ù µ•£
½Â 1.13 äþ Lá
i´˜† äþØŠ!: ?¿˜‡!:§liÑu§÷ äþ ë ‚§Ši À
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äþ Lá"iLá i m¯fù˜Ú´7Lk §li m¯fÑuŠÜH••Lá
L§ŒkŒÃ§Œ±‘žÊŽ"i 3LáL§¥rL ë ‚ ãê§¡•i Lágê"
äþ•k“!:ØULá§z‡!:Lá •ª:Ñ´“!:"˜‡Lá ~fXã1.2
¤«§Ù¥ùÚ!:Lágê´3g"
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Ø´7LLá “!:"
!:iLá im¯f§éA ´SCÈèL§¥g¼ê OŽ¶!:iLá im¯fƒ •Ü

H••Lá L§§éA ´SCÈèL§¥f ¼ê OŽ"
!:iLá “!:ù‡L§éAXIOSCÈèì VÇOŽL§"
!:iÿ™Lá “!:ÒÊŽLá§éA ´¯„SCÈè VÇOŽL§"
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1i − 1 þ ?Ò•2j + 1£ ?›e§2j + 1Ò´3j V˜‡˜¤"e¡ (Ø´þã5Æ
{üíØ"
½n 1.8 r ä “!:l† m§l0m©§U›?›g,ê?Ò"

?Ò•i“!: ,gê ui ?›Ðm¥$ ëY1 ‡ê"XJ,‡!:jØ´
“!:§Kj7Œ±d•˜˜‡“!:i3 ,L§¥‘ §@oj ,gê ui ,g
ê~ ir j²L ë ‚ê"
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Lágêí ?›Ðm¥$ ëY" ‡ê\˜"Ù¥/i ?›Ðm¥$ ëY"
‡ê0 uj•ÜH Lágê§/\˜0• ´jLá j m¯f @˜gLá"
y² Ñ"ÐÆöXJØUÕá/ Ñ4zèSCÈèì§ ´Ï•vk˜Ù/@£ þ

¡ 5Æ"
12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
Ù• •u4zèA^ïÄ ÓÆJø{ü´Ã 4zèÄ Vg `²§ ÙSNÄ

Ñ5g©z[3]"
§ 2.1 •Ý•2 4zè
Xã2.1¤«§•Ý•2 4zè´4zè Ä |¤ ¬§Ù¥⊕L« 2\{§=GF(2)þ

\{"ã2.1¥kü‡ d VÇ©Ùµ(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 ) Ú(X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 )§Ù¥(U1 , U2 )´&
S §(Y1 , Y2 ) ´ Â&Ò§(X1 , X2 ) = (U1 , U2 )[ 11 01 ] = (U1 ⊕ U2 , U2 )´(U1 , U2 )éA è
i'A§F = [ 11 01 ]´è•N =2 4zè )¤Ý §ü‡& W (y1 |x1 )ÚW (y2 |x2 )L«&
W ügE^§˜g^5DÑèi'Ax1 §,˜g^5DÑèi'Ax2 "Ï•F ´Œ_ §
2
=3GF(2)þF = I2 §¤±(U1 , U2 ) Ú(X1 , X2 ) ´˜˜éA §l VÇ©Ù(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 )
Ú(X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 ) dµPr(U1 = u1 , U2 = u2 , Y1 = y1 , Y2 = y2 ) = Pr(X1 = u1 ⊕ u2 , X2 =
u2 , Y1 = y1 , Y2 = y2 )"
e¡ ½n¦ ·‚ QãŒ±UY"
(U 1,U 2,Y1,Y2 )
x1 y1
W2(1)(y12 | u1 ) u1 W (y1 | x 1 )
W2(2)(y12, u1 | u2 ) u2 x2 y2
W (y 2 | x 2 )
(X1, X 2,Y1,Y2 )
ã 2.1 4zèN = 2
. 14 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
½n 2.1 N ‘‘ÅCþ(U1 , U2 , ..., UN )¥ ©þ´ÕáÓ©Ù §…U1 ∼ Bernoulli(1/2)"

Ý GŃ ‘Œ_Ý "KN ‘‘ÅCþ(X1 , X2 , ..., XN ) = (U1 , U2 , ..., UN )G¥ ©þ´Õ
áÓ©Ù §…X1 ∼ Bernoulli(1/2)"
y² 8Ü{1, 2, 3, ..., N }¥?¿ü‡Øƒ f8{i1 , i2 , ..., is }Ú{j1 , j2 , ..., jt }§Ù¥s, t ≥

1"
X
Pr(Xi1 = xi1 , ..., Xis = xis ) = Pr(X1 = xi1 , ..., XN = xiN )
{1,...,N }\{i1 ,...,is }
X
= Pr((U1 , ..., UN ) = (u1 , ..., uN ) = (x1 , ..., xN )G−1 )
{1,...,N }\{i1 ,...,is }
(a) X 1 2N −s 1
= N
= N
= s.
2 2 2
{1,...,N }\{i1 ,...,is }
(2.1)
−N
Ò(a)´Ï•éu?¿(U1 , ..., UN )kPr(U1 , ..., UN ) = 2 "ÓnŒ Pr(Xj1 = xj1 , ..., Xjt =
1 1
xjt ) = 2t ÚPr(Xi1 = xi1 , ..., Xis = xis , Xj1 = xj1 , ..., Xjt = xjt ) = 2s+t § =Pr(Xi1 =
xi1 , ..., Xis = xis ) Pr(Xj1 = xj1 , ..., Xjt = xjt ) = Pr(Xi1 = xi1 , ..., Xis = xis , Xj1 = xj1 , ..., Xjt =
xjt )§y."
íØ 2.1 Ï•(X1 , X2 ) = (U1 , U2 )F…FŒ_§¤±X1 †X2 Õá"
Ï•W ´ÃPÁ …X1 †X2 Õá§¤± ‘‘ÅCþ(X1 , Y1 )Ú(X2 , Y2 )Õá§=Pr(X1 =

u1 ⊕ u2 , X2 = u2 , Y1 = y1 , Y2 = y2 ) = Pr(X1 = u1 ⊕ u2 , Y1 ) Pr(X2 = u2 , Y2 = y2 )"
lo‘‘ÅCþ(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 ) éÜ©ÙPr(U1 = u1 , U2 = u2 , Y1 = y1 , Y2 = y2 )Ñu§·
‚Œ±¼ ˜ > ©ÙÚ^‡©Ù"e¡ ü‡^‡©Ù ½Â•DÑ& 'Au1 Úu2
(1) (2)
/4z& 0§Ù¥W2 ÚW2 ©OL«1˜‡Ú1 ‡4z& VÇ8¼ê§¦ ÎÒ
NÉ@§;• Ñ ¤Pr"
½Â 2.1 •Ý•2 4zè ü‡4z&

(1)
DÑ& S u1 4z& W2 (y1 , y2 |u1 ) =£VÇ•µ
2.1 •Ý•2 4zè . 15 .
(1) (a) X
W2 (y1 , y2 |u1 ) = Pr(y1 , y2 , u1 )/P (u1 ) = 2 Pr(y1 , y2 , u1 , u2 )
u2
(b) 1X (c) 1 X
= Pr(y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) = Pr(y1 , y2 |x1 , x2 ) (2.2)
2 u 2 u
2 2
(d) 1X
= W (y1 |u1 ⊕ u2 )W (y1 |u2 ).
2 u
2
(2)
DÑ& S u2 4z& W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |u2 ) =£VÇ•µ
(2) (a)
W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |u2 ) = Pr(y1 , y2 , u1 , u1 )/P (u2 ) = 2 Pr(y1 , y2 , u1 , u2 )
(b) 1 (c) 1
= Pr(y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) = Pr(y1 , y2 |x1 , x2 ) (2.3)
2 2
(d) 1
= W (y1 |u1 ⊕ u2 )W (y1 |u2 ).
2
ª2.2¥ Ò(a)Ú(b)´Ï•b & U1 ÚU2 ´ÕáÓ©Ù Bernoulli(1/2)‘ÅCþ§

Ò(c)´Ï•‘ÅCþ(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 ) Ú(X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 )3Œ_Ý F Šê d§ Ò(d)´
Ï•W ´ÃPÁ& "†*þ§ª(2.2)Ú(2.3) «O3u(2.3)vkéu2 ¦ÚÒ"
(1)
& W2 (y1 , y2 |u1 ) Ñ\ú1 §ÑÑý1 , y2 §Ùp&EÍ(Y1 Y2 ; U1 )"
(2)
& W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |u2 ) Ñ\ú2 §ÑÑý1 , y2 , u1 §Ùp&EÍ(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 )"
e¡©ÛI(Y1 Y2 ; U1 )ÚI(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) 'X§%@& 'AU1 ÚU2 )´ÕáÓ©Ù Bernoulli(1/2)‘
ÅCþ"
½n 2.2 I(Y1 Y2 ; U1 ) + I(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) = 2I(X1 ; Y1 ) = 2I(W )§Ù¥I(W ) = I(X1 ; Y1 ) =

I(X2 ; Y2 )L«& W p&E"d½n ¿Â´& W ügE^¤UD4 &E u4
(1) (2)
z& W2 ÚW2 ¤UD4 &E Ú§4z& Ø¬›”&EDÑ Uå"
(a) (b) (c) (d)

y² 2I(X1 ; Y1 ) = I(X1 , X2 ; Y1 , Y2 ) = I(U1 , U2 ; Y1 , Y2 ) = I(U1 ; Y1 , Y2 )+I(U2 ; Y1 , Y2 |U1 ) =
I(U1 ; Y1 , Y2 ) + I(U2 ; Y1 , Y2 , U1 )§Ù¥ Ò(a)´Ï•(X1 , Y1 )Ú(X2 , Y2 )Õá§ Ò(b)´Ï•FŒ
_§ Ò(c)´p&E óª{K§ Ò(d)´Ï•U1 ÚU2 Õá§y."
(2) (1)
½n 2.3 I(Y1 Y2 ; U1 ) ≤ I(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 )§=W2 D4&E Uå'W2 Œ"
. 16 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
(a) (b)
y² I(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) = I(U2 ; Y2 ) + I(U2 ; Y1 U1 |Y2 ) = I(X2 ; Y2 ) + I(U2 ; Y1 U1 |Y2 )§Ù¥
Ò(a)´p&Eóª{K§ Ò(b)´Ï•X2 = U2 "duI(U2 ; Y1 U1 |Y2 ) ≥ 0§¤±I(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) ≥
I(W )§qÏ•I(Y1 Y2 ; U1 )+I(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) = 2I(W )§¤±kI(Y1 Y2 U1 ; U2 ) ≥ I(W ) ≥ I(Y1 Y2 ; U1 )§
y."
(2) (1)
þ¡ ½nÒ´4zy– Ä:µW2 'W2 äk•Œ & Nþ" è•ªuÃ¡
ž§4z& Nþš"=˜§ù˜:ò3e˜!`²"
(1) (2) (2) (1)
e¡ ½nQã W2 ÚW2 nA næXê 'XµZ(W2 ) Š §Z(W2 ) Š
Œ"
½n 2.4
(1)
Xq (1) (1)
Z(W2 ) = W2 (y1 , y2 |0)W2 (y1 , y2 |1) ≤ 2Z(W ) − [Z(W )]2 ,
y1 ,y2
X q
(2)
Z(W2 ) =
(2) (2)
W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |0)W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |1) = [Z(W )]2 , (2.4)
y1 ,y2 ,u1
(2) (1)
Z(W2 ) ≤ Z(W ) ≤ Z(W2 )
1˜‡ªf¥ Ò¤á …= W ´ ?›ÞØ& £Binary Erasure Channel§BEC¤"

1n‡ªf¥ü‡ Ò¤á …= Z(W ) = 1½0"
(2)
y² 1 ‡ªf y²^W2 ½Â´ § 1˜‡Ú1n‡ªfy² •§žë•©
z[3]¥ ·K5"©z[3] p1n‡ªfy²L§¥¦^ D‰ÅdÄØ ª§D‰ÅdÄØ
ª•x ˜«í2 îª˜m¥ ål A:§ž5¿ëêak Úbk (¹A^"D‰ÅdÄ
Ø ªkëêp > 0§p > 1Úp < 1 žØ ª ••Ø˜ §ž5¿"
(1) (2)
½n 2.5 W2 W2 .
(2)
y² |^W ‰q "Äk5¿ W2 (y1 , y2 , u1 |u2 ) ÑÑÎÒ8Ü•(Y1 , Y2 , U1 )§|^
(2)
~1.4¥ öŠ§ò(Y1 , Y2 = y2 , U1 )éA ¤k Ü¿£3W2 =£Ý ¥ O|Y| × 2 ƒ
(2)
\¤§25¿ X2 = U2 §= & W (y2 |x2 ) = W §ÏdW W2 "
(1)
e ¡ ` ²W2 W" W ´BI-DMSC… é A ˜ † ´π§ K • 3 & P (y1 , y2 |y) =
1 (1) P
2 [W (y2 |0)δ(y1 = y) + W (y2 |1)δ(y2 = π(y))]¦ W2 (y1 , y2 |u1 ) = y∈Y W (y|u1 )P (y1 , y2 |y)§
Ù¥δ(x) L«XJx Ü6Š1§Kδ(x) = 1§XJδ(x)L«XJx Ü6Š0§Kδ(x) = 0"
(1) (2)
ÏdW2 W W2 §y."Ty² g©z[4]"
2.1 •Ý•2 4zè . 17 .
1
Z(W)
Z(W(1)
2
)
0.8
Z(W(2)
2
)
I(W)
0.6 I(W(1)
2
)
I(W(2)
2
)
PML
e
(W)
0.4
PML
e
(W(1)
2
)
PML
e
(W(2)
2
)
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
p
(1) (2)
ã 2.2 W •BSCž§W !W2 ÚW2 éA PeML !IÚZ
(1) (1) (2) (2)

½n 2.6 XJW Q§KW2 Q2 §W2 Q2 §= 5ÒÐ DÑ& 34zƒ
E,Ð"
y² |^½Â1.11Ú½Â2.1´ "
(1) (2)
~ 2.1 W´ ?›é¡& £Binary Symmetric Channel§BSC¤ž§W2 ÚW2 ~
(1) (2)
f" W VÇ´p§KW §W2 ÚW2 =£Ý Xe£Pp = 1 − p¤"
 
p p
W = , (2.5)
p p
 
(1) 1 p2 + p2 2pp 2pp p2 + p2
W2 = , (2.6)
2 2pp p2 + p2 p2 + p2 2pp
 
(2) 1 p2 p2 pp pp pp pp p2 p2
W2 = . (2.7)
2 p2 p2 pp pp pp pp p2 p2
(2) (1) (2)

5¿ PeML (W ) = PeML (W2 ) = p"W !W2 ÚW2 é A PeML !IÚZ‘p CzX
ã2.2¤«"
(1) (2) (1) (2)

~ 2.2 W ´BECž§W2 ÚW2 ~f" W íØVÇ´§KW §W2 ÚW2
. 18 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
=£Ý Xe£P = 1 − ¤"
 
0
W = , (2.8)
0
   
(1) 1  2 2 22 0 0 (a) 2 2 − 2 0
W2 =  =  . (2.9)
2 0 0 22 2 2 0 2 − 2 2
þª¥ Ò(a)´•Ü¿/Ø¬†Ø û ÎÒ0Ú/Ã{«© ÎÒ0§ù öŠØ¬

(1) (1) (1)
éW2 )?ÛK•"/Ø¬†Ø û ÎÒ0y´•W2 (y|0)ÚW2 (y|1)¥k˜‡•0§
(1) (1) (1)
,˜‡š0¶/Ã{«© ÎÒ0y´•W2 (y|0) = W2 (y|1)§Ù¥y´4z& W2 ,‡
(1) (2)
ÑÑÎÒ"Œ„W2 E´BEC & "ÓnŒ W2 =£VÇÝ Xe"
 
(2) 1 − 2 2 0
W2 = . (2.10)
0 2 1 − 2
~`² BEC& 34zL§¥ ) 4z& E,´BEC& §¤±BEC& 4z

5Æäk4ÜLˆª§•Ò´ª(2.4)¥ Ò œ¹"
§ 2.2 •Ý•2n 4zè
•Ý•N = 2n 4zè´•Ý•2 4zè *Ð§=•Ý•2 4zè ) 4z&

(1) (2)
W2 ÚW2 Š,˜‡•Ý•2 4zè W "˜‡•Ý•4 4zè 4zL§Xã2.3
¤«§Ù¥(u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 )´& 'A§(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )´èi'A"•ìã¥r‚§?èL§
l†•mw§4zL§lm•†w"
(1) (2)
h² \êþÒUuy5Æµ N = 2 ž§4zL§Œ±L«•(W, W ) → (W2 , W2 )¶
(1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (3) (4)
N = 4 ž§(W2 , W2 ) → (W4 , W4 )§(W2 , W2 ) → (W4 , W4 )"
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i) (i)
˜„5ù§ù‡5Æ´µ(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N )§Ù¥WN ´•Ý•N 4zè
(2i−1) (2i)
1i ‡4z& § W2N W2N ´•Ý•2N 4zè 12i − 1Ú2i ‡4z& "
•ìù‡5Æ§˜‡•Ý•8 4zè 4zL§Xã2.4¤«§Ù¥(u1 , u2 , ..., u8 )´&
'A§(x1 , x2 , ..., x8 )´èi'A"
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i)
ã2.3Ú2.4®²{3·‚¡cž§lm•†/uy(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N )Ń
´ " e5Ò´é ã2.3Úã2.4 ±›5Æ§•Ò´4zè?èL§½4zL§ Ï^£
2.2 •Ý•2n 4zè . 19 .
u1 W2(1) x1
W4(1)
W
u2 W (2)
x2
W4(2) 2
W
u3 W (1)
x3
W4(3) 2
W
u4 W (2)
x4
W4(4) 2
W
ã 2.3 •Ý•4 4zè
u W4(1) W2(1) x1
W8(1) 1 W
第二列和第三列
(2)u2 W4(2) W2(2) x2
W8 W 的上半部分是长
u 度为4的极化码
W8(3) 3 W4(3) W2(1) x3
W
u4 W (4)
W2(2)
W8(4) 4 x4
W
u W4(1) W2(1) x5
W8(5) 5
W
W4(2) W2(2) x6
W8(6)u6 第二列和第三列
W
u7 W4(3) W2(1) x7 的下半部分是长
W (7)
8 W 度为4的极化码
u8 W4(4) W2(2) x8
W8(8) W
第一列置换第二列第三列
ã 2.4 •Ý•8 4zè
ã"d ·‚rXã2.3Ú2.4¥¤«§d/⊕0Ú/r‚0 ¤ ã¡••Ý•N 4zè ?

èã§L«ùÜã Ý ¡•)¤Ý GN "~X N = 2´)¤Ý •G2 = F = [ 11 01 ]
ã{Œ±ë•ã2.4 Ö"•Ý•N 4zè?èã •† ´çXü N/2‡•Ý
•2 4zè ?èã§¤kùN/2‡•Ý•2 4zè 1˜‡èi'A£u1 ⊕ u2 , u3 ⊕
u4 , ..., uN −1 ⊕ uN ¤ ˜† þ ˜ Œ § ¤ k ùN/2‡ • Ý •2 4zè 1 ‡èi'A
£u2 , u4 , ..., uN ¤ ˜† e˜Œ"l†ýê12–1n þŒÜ©´˜‡•Ý•N/2
4zè ?èã§l†ýê12–1n eŒÜ©ÚþŒÜ© ˜—§•´˜‡•Ý
•N/2 4zè ?èã"ùÒ´4zè?èã 485Æ§ ¤Ý ¦{Xe"
GN = (IN/2 ⊗ F)RN (I2 ⊗ GN/2 ). (2.11)
þª¥/⊗0L«Kronecker¦{"1˜‘IN/2 ⊗ Fã2.4¥ 1˜ "1 ‘RN ´˜‡˜

†Ý §éAã2.4¥ ˜†§=(a1 , a2 , ..., aN )RN = (a1 , a3 , a5 , ..., aN −1 , a2 , a4 , a6 , ..., aN )"1
. 20 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
n‘I2 ⊗ GN/2 éAã¥ ùÚÚÉÚµ"GN Œ_5w ´„§Ï•1˜‘IN/2 ⊗ FÚ1n

‘I2 ⊗ GN/2 ´©¬é §é ‚þ fÝ ÑŒ_§1 ‘RN ´˜†Ý w,Œ_§Ï
dGN Œ_"
½Â 2.2 Wý˜†
`˜‡m1 m2 ×m1 m2 Ý Sm1 ,m2 ´˜‡Wý˜†Ý §D´•Sm1 ,m2 äkXe A5"
Sm1 ,m2 (a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., am1 m2 )T = (a1 , am1 +1 , a2m1 +1 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +1 ,
(2.12)
a2 , am1 +2 , a2m1 +2 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +2 , ..., am1 , a2m1 , a3m1 , ..., am2 m1 )T .
XJŽé1•þ?1˜†§•Iéþª ÒüýÑ =˜"STm1 ,m2 äkXe5Ÿ"
íØ 2.2
STm1 ,m2 = S−1
m1 ,m2 = Sm2 ,m1 . (2.13)
y² 1˜‡ Ò´˜†Ý Ä 5Ÿ§1 ‡ ÒÏLOŽSm1 ,m2 Sm2 ,m1 = I=Œu

y"
Ún 2.1 éuÝ Am1 ,n1 ÚBm2 ,n2 §ke¡ ð ª"
Sm1 ,m2 (Bm2 ,n2 ⊗ Am1 ,n1 ) = (Am1 ,n1 ⊗ Bm2 ,n2 )Sn1 ,n2 (2.14)
y² |^Kronecker¦{ ½ÂÚSm1 ,m2 ½Â§é¦ÈÝ ¥ ƒÅÕŽ=Œuy

5Æ"
Ún 2.2 XJÝ AÚCU‰ÊÏ¦{§Ý BÚD U‰ÊÏ¦{§Kk(A ⊗ B)(C ⊗ D) =

(AC) ⊗ (BD)"
y² ù´Kronecker¦{çý5Ÿ§é Òüý¤k ƒÅ˜ y=Œ"
½n 2.7 GN = BN F⊗n §Ù¥n = log2 N §•ê ˜þ ⊗´Kronecker˜§BN ´'

A S˜†Ý §=BN r¢Ú< i1 i2 ...in >2 þ ƒ˜† ¢Ú< in in−1 ...i1 >2 þ§<
Pn Pn
i1 i2 ...in >2 Ú< in in−1 ...i1 >2 ©Oí = i
k=1 k 2 n−k
kÚj = k=1 ik 2k−1 ?›/ª"
2.2 •Ý•2n 4zè . 21 .
y² |^(2.11)¥ 48'XÚÚn2.1!2.2Œ "5¿(¹¦^ü Ý ?1 n"
½Â 2.3 4zè?è
•Ý•N 4zè ?èL§Œ± ¤GF(2)þ Ý ¦{µ
xN N
1 = u1 GN . (2.15)
Ù¥xN
1 = (x1 , x2 , ..., xN )´èi'A§u1 = (u1 , u2 , ..., uN ) ´&
N
S "± ·‚Ñ^
ù PÒL«•þ§=aji = (ai , ai+1 , ..., aj )"XJj < i§Kaji uŸo•vk"
léÜ©ÙPr(UN N N
1 , Y1 )Ñu§Ù¥U1 Ń ‘& ‘ÅCþ§UN
1 ¥¤k ƒÕáÓ©
Ù§U1 ∼ Bernoulli(1/2)§UN
1 ²Lª(2.15)?è XN N
1 §uxX1 § Â&ÒYN
1 §·‚Œ
± e¡ > !^‡ ©Ù§¡•4z& "
½Â 2.4 4z&
1i‡& 'Aui ¤²{ 1i‡4z& äkXe ^‡©Ù§ù‡^‡©Ù•ØL
´Pr(UN N
1 , Y1 ) > !^‡©Ù"
(i) i−1
WN (yN N i
1 , u1 |ui ) = Pr(y1 , u1 )/ Pr(ui )
X 2 X
=2 Pr(yN N
1 , u1 ) = N
Pr(yN N
1 |u1 )
Pr(u1 ) N
uN
i+1 ui+1 (2.16)
N
1 X (a) 1 XY
= Pr(yN N
1 |x1 ) = W (yi |xi ).
2N −1 2N −1 i=1
uN
i+1 uN
i+1
Ù¥xN
1 = u1 GN §
N
Ò(a)´Ï•& W ´ÃPÁ "
(i)
þ ª ¥WN L « V Ç 8 ¼ ê § ƒ uPr§ • ^ 5 “ • 1i‡ 4 z & " X Ó = £ V
(i) i−1 i−1
ÇW (y|x) ½ Â ˜ § & WN (yN 1 , u1 |ui ) 1 Úu1 § = 4 z &
Ñ \ úi § Ñ Ñ ýN
(i)
WN Ø=U*ÿ Ôn& W ÑÑyN 1 §„U*ÿ 'AŠ(u1 , u2 , ..., ui−1 )"ù´Ï
•4zè¦^G1-žÈè§ lu1 m © Å ˜ O& 'A§† uN " Ï d § 3 È
èui ž§(u1 , u2 , ..., ui−1 ) ŠÑ®²¼ § ŠÈèui ¤I‡ ‡""
½Â 2.5 4z& 48'X

3•Ý•N 4zè¥§4z& kXe 48'X"e¡ ü‡ªfwå5E,§Ù
. 22 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
(1) (2)
¢§‚ Ÿþ†•Ý•2 4zè ü‡4z& W2 ÚW2 ¤Lˆ ¹Â ˜ "
(2i−1) 2i−2 1 X (i) N/2 2i−2 2i−2 (i) 2i−2

WN (yN
1 , u1 |u2i−1 ) = WN/2 (y1 , u1,o ⊕u1,e |u2i−1 ⊕u2i )WN/2 (yN
N/2+1 , u1,e |u2i ),
2 u
2i
(2.17)
(2i) 2i−2 1 (i) N/2 2i−2 (i)

WN (yN
1 , u1 |u2i ) = W (y , u1,o ⊕ u2i−2 N 2i−2
1,e |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i )WN/2 (yN/2+1 , u1,e |u2i ).
2 N/2 1
(2.18)
Ù¥u2i−2 2i−2
1,o L«u1 ¥¢Ú•Ûê ƒ§u2i−2 2i−2
1,e L«u1 ¥¢Ú•óê ƒ§u2i−2
1,o ⊕
u2i−2
1,e L«•þÅ 2\{"þ¡ü‡ªf Ôn¹ÂÚ½Â2.16¥ )ºƒÓ"
éuŒõêÐÆö ó§ùü‡ªfäk—· /E,Ý0§©z[3]léÜ©ÙPr(UN N

1 , Y1 )Ñ
uíÑ þ¡ ªf§ ´éuÐÆö óÙÔn¹ÂE,ØN´w˜"e¡4·‚ÏL˜Ü
ãwwùü‡ªf3`Ÿo"
½Â 2.6 4z ¬
˜‡•Ý•2 4zè¡•˜‡2 × 24z ¬§=ã2.1Ò´2 × 24z ¬"
±e o‡g,ãžéAã2.5 Ö"·‚Äk•Äþ I2i − 1!2iÚi ¹Â"XJ˜‡

'Aú2i−1 §@o¦7,Úu2i uÓ˜‡2 × 24z ¬ Ñ\à"34zè?èã 1˜
¥§u2i−1 Úu2i éA 2 × 24z ¬Ò´1i‡4z ¬§†é{ù2i−1 Úu2i éA 2 × 24z
¬ƒc„ki − 1‡2 × 2 4z ¬§ù c¡ 4z ¬éA ´(u1 , u2 ), ..., (u2i−3 , u2i−2 )"
u2i−1 Úu2i éA 2 × 24z ¬mý üŠr‚©Oë ü‡•Ý•N/2 4zè
4z& þ§ ë 4z& TÑ´•Ý•N/2 4zè¥ 1i‡4z& §ù´
Ï••ÝN/2 4zè¥ 11–1i − 1‡4z& Ñ u2i−1 Úu2i éA 2 × 24z ¬ƒ
(i) N/2 N/2
c i − 1‡2 × 2 4z ¬ë L "WN/2 (y1 , u2i−2
1,o
2i−2
⊕ u1,e |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i )U*ÿy1 §ù
N/2 (i) N/2 2i−2
3ã¥´w, §Ï• uþý •ÝN/2 4zè *ÿŠÒý1 ¶WN/2 (y1 , u1,o ⊕
u2i−2
1,e |u2i−1 ⊕u2i )„U*ÿ u2i−2 2i−2
1,o ⊕u1,e §ù•´w, §Ï•u1 ⊕u2 , u3 ⊕u4 , ..., u2i−3 ⊕u2i−2
du2i−1 Úu2i éA 2×24z ¬ƒc i−1‡2×24z ¬¤Ñx§¦+„vkùÈè§ w
ùp ÖöÑ• §4zè G1-žÈè´S0Èè§3Èèu2i−1 ž§u1 –u2i−2 ŠÑ
(i) N/2
®²¼ § u2i−2
1,o ⊕ u2i−2
1,e •ØL´|û1 –u2i−2 ŠŽÑ (J 2i−2
®¶WN/2 (y1 , u1,o ⊕
u2i−2
1,e |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i ) Ñ\•u2i−1 ⊕ u2i §ù´Ï•u2i−1 Úu2i éA 2 × 2 4z ¬òOŽ(J
ƒ˜§•Òú2i−1 ⊕ u2i x\ T& Š•Ñ\"
(i) 2i−2
WN/2 (yN
N/2+1 , u1,e |u2i ) ¹ÂUþ˜ãaí"
2.2 •Ý•2n 4zè . 23 .
前i-1个2×2
极化模块
u1  u2被传输 WN(1)/2 (y1N /2 | u1  u2 )
u1
u 3  u4 被传输 WN(2)/2 (y1N /2 , u1  u2 | u 3  u 4 ),已经知道前一个信道 WN(1)/2的输入 u1  u2
u2
GN /2 y1N /2
. .
. .
u3 . .2i  4
u2i  3  u2i 2被传输 WN(i/21)(y1N /2, u1,o  u1,2ie4 | u2i 3  u2i 2 ),已经知道前i  2个信道的所有输入 u1,2io4  u1,2ie4
u4
. u2i 1  u2i 被传输 WN(i/2) (y1N /2 , u1,2io2  u1,2ie2 | u2i 1  u2i ),已经知道前 i  1个信道的所有输入 u1,2io2  u1,2ie2
. . .
. . .
u 2i  3 . .
u 2i  2 下半部分信道的含义类似
u2被传输 WN(1)/2 (yNN /2+1 | u2 )
u2i 1
u 4被传输 WN(2)/2 (yNN /2+1, u2 | u 4 )
u2i . .
GN /2 yNN /21
. . .
. 第i个2×2 . .N
. 极化模块 u2i 2被传输 W (i 1)
N /2
(yN /2+1, u 2i  4
1,e
| u2i 2 )
u2i 被传输 WN(i/2) (yNN /2+1, u1,2ie2 | u2i )
ã 2.5 4z& 48 ¹Â
(i) N/2 (i)

l §rWN/2 (y1 , u2i−2 2i−2 2i−2
1,o ⊕ u1,e |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i )ÚWN/2 (yN/2+1 , u1,e |u2i )À•W §ru2i
N
À•u2 §=Œdª(2.2) Ñª(2.17)§dª(2.3) Ñª(2.18)"
¦+©z[3]‰Ñ ª(2.17)Ú(2.18) í § ˜Ù/ )z˜ÚéuÐÆö ó´(J

§Ï•ÎÒ õ§Óž•I‡• Ôn¹Â"duª(2.17)Ú(2.18) í ´4zè Ø%V
. 24 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
gƒ˜§e¡·c[)º˜eª(2.17)Ú(2.18) í "
(2i−1) 2i−2 1 (2i−1) N

WN (yN
1 , u1 |u2i−1 ) = W (y1 , u2i−2
1 , u2i−1 )
Pr(u2i−1 ) N
(a) X X
= 2 WN (yN N
1 , u1 ) = 2 WN (yN N N
1 |u1 ) Pr(u1 )
uN
2i uN
2i
(b) 1 X N/2
= WN/2 (y1 |uN N N N
1,e ⊕ u1,o )WN/2 (yN/2+1 |u1,e )
2N −1
uN
2i
(c) 1 X X N/2
= WN/2 (yN 2i N
N/2+1 |u1,e , u2i+1,e ) WN/2 (y1 |u2i 2i N N
1,e ⊕ u1,o , u2i+1,e ⊕ u2i+1,o )
2N −1
uN
2i,e uN
2i,o
(d) 1 X X 1
= WN/2 (yN 2i N
N/2+1 , u1,e , u2i+1,e )
2N −1 u2i uN
Pr(uN1,e )
2i+1,e
X N/2 1
WN/2 (y1 , u2i 2i N N
1,e ⊕ u1,o , u2i+1,e ⊕ u2i+1,o )
Pr(uN N
1,e ⊕ u1,o )
uN N
2i+1,o ⊕u2i+1,e
(e) X N/2
=2 WN/2 (yN 2i
N/2+1 , u1,e )WN/2 (y1 , u2i 2i
1,e ⊕ u1,o )
u2i
(i) (i) N/2

X
2i−2
=2 WN/2 (yN
N/2+1 , u1,e |u2i ) Pr(u2i )WN/2 (y1 , u2i−2 2i−2
1,e ⊕ u1,o |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i ) Pr(u2i−1 ⊕ u2i )
u2i
1 X (i) N (i) N/2

= WN/2 (yN/2+1 , u2i−2
1,e |u2i )WN/2 (y1
2i−2
, u1,e ⊕ u2i−2
1,o |u2i−1 ⊕ u2i )
2 u
2i
(2.19)
(a): Pr(u2i−1 ) = 0.5.
−N N/2
(b): Äk§Pr(uN
1 )=2 . Ùg§WN (yN N
1 |u1 ) = WN/2 (y1 |uN N N N
1,e ⊕u1,o )WN/2+1 (yN/2 |u1,e )§
ù´d4zè48 ?èL§û½ µ3)¤Ý 4 8 Ž ªGN = (IN/2 ⊗ F)R(I2 ⊗
GN/2 )¥ § · ‚ • Ä(IN/2 ⊗ F)Rù ˜ Ü © ® ² O Ž . § =(u1 , u2 , ..., uN )(IN/2 ⊗ F)R =
(u1 ⊕ u2 , u3 ⊕ u4 , ..., u2i−1 ⊕ u2i |u2 , u4 , ..., u2i )§Ù¥ç‚L« ©•c üã§c˜ŒÑ
\‰˜‡GN/2 £éAã2.5 mþ ¤§ ˜ŒÑ\‰,˜‡GN/2 £éAã2.5 me ¤"ù
ƒ u²LÜ©OŽ §l˜‡/¥m0 Ý* )¤Ý "
(c)µr¦ÚUÛó ©§kéÛê I¦Ú§2Uóê I¦Ú§•=¦Ûê I Ú
ž§óê I CþŠ´®‰½ ¶r^‡VÇ¥ ^‡Ü©U I´ÄŒu2i ©"
(d)µkru2i üÕJÑ"ƒ'þ˜‡ Ò§d?1 ‡¦ÚÒ e IõÑ 2i+1,e ù
uN
2.3 •Ý•2n 4zèŒˆ& Nþ . 25 .
˜Ü©"5¿ ¦Ú´ §= H(u2i+1 , u2i+3 , ..., uN −1 ) ¤kŠ§•= H8

P
uN
2i+1,o
Ü{0, 1} N/2−i
"y3§du u1 ‡¦ÚÒ§¤±uN 2i+1,e ù˜Ü©´‰½ Š§Œ±r
¦ Ž – ¤(0, 1, ..., 0)ù ˜‡äN • þ " o ƒ § éu2i+1,o ⊕ u2i+1,e ¦ Ú § • , H 8
N N
Ü{0, 1} N/2−i
¥ ¤kŠ§ÏdØUC¦Ú (J§•´3¦Ú L§¥UC ¦Ú‘ ^
−N/2
S", §5¿ Pr(uN N N
1,e ) = Pr(u1,e ⊕ u1,o ) = 2 o´¤á"
(e): ·‚Ñ• ªf ‰ÝK£
P
X Pr(X = x, Y = y) = Pr(Y = y)§ù‡¯¤±•
Ñ, ‘Ý¤"ù˜ÚÒ´r¦Ú ¯‡3VÇ¥ K"ù Ò ¤ OŽ"
ª(2.18) OŽL§Ø1Úª(2.17)aq§ …„•{ü§3‰ÖöŠ•öS"
§ 2.3 •Ý•2n 4zèŒˆ& Nþ
ù˜!{ü/0 4zè & NþŒˆ 5Ÿ§= èi•ÝN = 2n ªuÃ¡ž§X

J4zè èÇ$u& Nþ§K4zèU ±?¿ †ØÇDÑ&E"
íØ 2.3 ù´½n2.2 íØµ

N N
(i)
X X
i−1
I(WN ) = I(YN
1 , U1 ; Ui ) = N I(W ) = N I(X; Y ). (2.20)
i=1 i=1
y² 34zè?èãþ§lm•†§d½n2.2§z‡2 × 24z ¬ÑØ›”&E"
½Â 2.7 . d
n´šK ê§N = 2n §{0, 1, ..., N − 1}´dëY›?›g,ê ¤ 8Ü§rT8
Ü¥ ›?›êÐm¤n ?›ê 8ÜB = {(000...000), (000...001), (000...010)..., (111...111)}§
Ke¡ ü‡XÚ . d"
XÚ .1µ ÑB ˜‡f8Bs §OŽBs ¥ ƒÓB¥ ƒêþ '~"ù‡(Jw
,´|Bs |/N §Ù¥|B|L«Bs ¥ ƒ êþ"
XÚ .2µ˜‡‘ÅXÚzg¬ÑÑB¥ ˜‡ ƒ"²LÚOuyB¥z‡ ƒÑy
VÇƒ §Ñ´1/N " ÑB ˜‡f8Bs §OŽe˜gT‘ÅXÚÑÑ ƒáuBs
VÇ§ù‡VÇw,´|Bs |/N §Ù¥|B| L«Bs ¥ ƒ êþ"
Ïd§ ¤kü:¯‡u) VÇƒ ž§ :f8Bs ¥ ƒ êþÓo :êþ
'~⇔ :f8Bs éA¯‡u) VÇ"
3e¡ Qã¥§·‚ 8IÓŽ/'~0§ ¤^ óä´˜ {ü /VÇ0"
. 26 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
½Â 2.8 In ½Â
In ´‘ÅCþ§In ¤k¢yŠ´•Ý•N = 2n 4zè¥N ‡4z& Nþ Š§
…In ¤k¢yŠÑy VÇƒ §Ñ´1/N "
~ 2.3 I0 , I1 , In ©ÙÇXeL"
I0 I(W )
Pr 1
(1) (2)
I1 I(W2 ) I(W2 )
Pr 1/2 1/2
(1) (2) (N )
In I(WN ) I(WN ) ... I(WN )
Pr 1/N 1/N ... 1/N
½Â 2.9 Zn ½Â
Zn ´‘ÅCþ§Zn ¤k¢yŠ´•Ý•N = 2n 4zè¥N ‡4z& nA næ
Xê Š§…Zn ¤k¢yŠÑy VÇƒ §Ñ´1/N "
~ 2.4 Z0 , Z1 , Zn ©ÙÆXeL"
Z0 Z(W )
Pr 1
(1) (2)
Z1 Z(W2 ) Z(W2 )
Pr 1/2 1/2
(1) (2) (N )
Zn Z(WN ) Z(WN ) ... Z(WN )
Pr 1/N 1/N ... 1/N
2.3 •Ý•2n 4zèŒˆ& Nþ . 27 .
dþ¡ü‡~fŒ„§In ÚZn Ñ÷vä/‘ÅL§§Xã2.6¤«"˜ In ¢yŠ

(½§@oIn−1 , In−2 , ..., I1 , I0 ¢yŠÒ(½ §=•I÷Xä >r Š!:"~X§
(27) (14) (7) (4) (2)
lXJI5 = I(W32 ) ‰½§KI4 = I(W16 )§I3 = I(W8 )§I2 = I(W4 )§I1 = I(W2 )
ÚI0 = I(W ) Ò (½µ

1

2n , ÷In−1 , ..., I1 , I0 ŒˆŠ!:,
Pr(In , In−1 , ..., I1 , I0 ) = (2.21)
0, š{ ¼ê§Ø•3uä/‘ÅL§¥.
d QãI‡Xe ½Â"
½Â 2.10 ^‡Ï"
‘lÑ‘ÅCþ(X, Y ) éÜ©ÙPr(X = x, Y = y)®•§Kkµ
X X P (X = x, Y = y)
E {X|Y = y} = xP (X = x|Y = y) = x . (2.22)
x x
Pr(Y = y)
•Ää/‘ÅL§¥ ä(In+1 , In , ..., I1 , I0 )§|^éÜVÇ©ÙPr(In+1 , In , ..., I1 , I0 )Œ

± Ñe¡ ªf"
E {In+1 |In , ..., I0 } = In+ Pr(In+1 = In+ |In , ..., I0 ) + In− Pr(In+1 = In− |In , ..., I0 )
Pr(In+1 = In+ , In , ..., I0 ) Pr(In+1 = In− , In , ..., I0 )

= In+ + In− (2.23)
Pr(In , ..., I0 ) Pr(In , ..., I0 )
(a) 2n 2n (b)
= I+ +
n+1 n n+1
In− = In .
2 2
I (W )
I (W2(1) ) I (W2(2) )
I (W4(1) ) I (W4(2) ) I (W4(3) ) I (W4(4) )
I (W8(1) ) I (W8(2) ) I (W8(3) ) I (W8(4) ) I (W8(5) ) I (W8(6) ) I (W8(7) ) I (W8(8) )
I (W16(1) ) I (W16(2) )I (W16(3) ) I (W16(4) )I (W16(5) ) I (W16(6) )I (W16(7) ) I (W16(8) ) I (W16(9) ) I (W16(10) ) I (W16(11) ) I (W16(12) ) I (W16(13) ) I (W16(14) )I (W16(15) ) I (W16(16) )
I (W32(1) ) I (W32(2) ) I (W32(3) ) I (W32(4) ) I (W32(5) ) I (W32(6) ) I (W32(7) ) I (W32(8) )I (W32(9) ) I (W32(10) ) I (W32(11) ) I (W32(12) )I (W32(13) ) I (W32(14) ) I (W32(15) ) I (W32(16) ) I (W32(17) ) I (W32(18) ) I (W32(19) ) I (W32(20) )I (W32(21) ) I (W32(22) ) I (W32(23) ) I (W32(24) ) I (W32(25) ) I (W32(26) ) I (W32(27) ) I (W32(28) )I (W32(29) ) I (W32(30) ) I (W32(31) ) I (W32(32) )
ã 2.6 In ä/‘ÅL§§ O32‡ ¼ê§z‡ ¼ê VÇ´1/32

. 28 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
Ù¥In− L«lIn ¢yŠI(W2kn )Ñu§²L˜‡2 × 24z ¬ ¤ I(W22k−1

n+1 )¶In L
+
«lIn ¢yŠI(W2kn )Ñu§²L˜‡2×24z ¬ ¤ n+1 )§In+1 •U

I(W22k In− ½In+ §
vk1n‡Š§…d½n2.3Œ•In− ≤ In+ " Ò(a)dª(2.21)Œ § Ò(b)d½n2.2Œ "
Ón§ •Än¼Xê ‘ÅL§ž§ ä(Zn+1 , Zn , ..., Z1 , Z0 )äke¡ 5Ÿµ
E {Zn+1 |Zn , ..., Z0 } = Zn+ Pr(Zn+1 = Zn+ |Zn , ..., Z0 ) + Zn− Pr(Zn+1 = Zn− |Zn , ..., Z0 )
Pr(Zn+1 = Zn+ , Zn , ..., Z0 ) Pr(Zn+1 = Zn− , Zn , ..., Z0 )

= Zn+ + Zn− (2.24)
Pr(Zn , ..., Z0 ) Pr(Zn , ..., Z0 )
1 + (a)
= (Zn + Zn− ) ≤ Zn .
2
Ù¥Ø Ò(a)´Ï•ª(2.4)"
ª(2.23)Ú(2.24)L² ‘ÅL§In ÚZn ©O´ Úþ "
½Â 2.11 Úþ
‘ÅL§{Xn , n ≥ 0}´ £þ ¤§D´•§äkXe 5Ÿµ

(i). ∀n ≥ 0§E{|Xn |} < +∞. (0 ≤ In , Zn ≤ 1)
(ii). ∀n ≥ 0§E{Xn+1 |Xn , Xn−1 , ..., X0 } = (≤)Xn . (ª(2.23)Ú(2.24))
|^ Ø¥ (Ø£ á[12]16Ù15!¤§ {In , n ≥ 0}÷veª1 µ

(a)
E{I∞ } = E{I0 } = I0 . (2.25)
Ù¥ Ò(a)´d4zèû½ µI0 ´~ê"
nªuÃ¡ž§† @^ Ø¥ (J§þ {Zn , n ≥ 0}÷veªµ
E{|Zn+1 − Zn |} → 0. (2.26)
ù•´‘ÅL§¥ {ü(Ø§ ´§ y²éuóÆ) ó¿Ø{ü§ÄëI‡¢©

1
ÛÚÿÝØ"Þ‡{ü~f§·‚Q,3ª(2.25)¥ Ñ I∞ §@o·‚7Ly²I∞ ´•3

µ{In , n ≥ 0}ÂñuI∞ §ù®²‡L éóÆa¬ ‡¦§Æ¬Ø "
2.3 •Ý•2n 4zèŒˆ& Nþ . 29 .
5¿ Zn+1 ±VÇ 12 uZn2 §@o·‚ Ñeªµ

X X
E{|Zn+1 − Zn |} = [ |zn+1 − zn | Pr{zn+1 |zn }] Pr{zn }
zn zn+1
(a) X1 1
= [ |zn2 − zn | + |ξ − zn |] Pr{zn } (2.27)
z
2 2
n
(b) 1X 1
≥ zn (1 − zn ) Pr{zn } = E{Zn (1 − Zn )}.
2 z 2
n
Ù¥ Ò(a)¥ ξ´Zn+1 Ø zn2 ,˜‡ Š§Pr{zn+1 |zn }ð u 21 "Ø Ò(b)´Ï•

ï‘ξ ‘§…zn2 − zn < 0"w,E{Zn (1 − Zn )} ≥ 0"dª(2.27)µE{|Zn+1 − Zn |} → 0§
¤± nªuÃ¡ž§kE{Zn (1 − Zn )} = 0§ùL²Zn = 0½1£A ??¤"
2
p
d1˜Ù¥ ª(1.4)µlog2 1+Z(W ) ≤ I(W ) ≤ 1 − Z(W )2 § Zn = 0§In •U´1¶
Zn = 1§In •U´0"¤±I∞ ´Ëã|‘ÅCþ"dª(2.25)§Ëã|‘ÅCþI∞ þŠ
•I0 §¤±I∞ ©ÙÆXeµ
I∞ 0 1
Pr 1 − I0 I0
Œ±w I∞ = 1 VÇÍ0 §d½Â2.7§ù du/ è••Ã¡ž§Nþ•1 4z&

Ó¤k4z& '~Í0 §Nþ•0 4z& ¤Ó'~•1 − I0 0"ÏLr&E'A˜˜
3Nþ•1 4z& þ§r Š ½ 'A£¡•È('A¤•ýNþ•0 4z& þ§·
‚ÒkF"3èÇ$uI0 ž§¢y?¿ †ØÇ &EDÑ"e¡Ò`²ùo‰(¢Œ±4†
ØÇ?¿ "
½Â 2.12 G1-ž£Successive Cancellation§SC¤Èèe †Ø¯‡

•ÄéÜ©Ù(UN N N
1 , Y1 )§Ù¥U1 ´&E'A§Y1 ´èiX1 = U1 GN
N N N
Â&Ò"SCÈ
èÅ‡ O&E'Aµlu1 m©§ uN •Ž§^(ui−1 1 , y N
1 ) Ou i Š"•äNù§SCÈè
i−1 i−1
ìÏLOŽPr{yN
1 , u1 |u i = 0} ÚPr{y N
1 , u1 |ui = 1} Š§±9 äui ´Ä•È('A5
(i) i−1
Èè"c¡ü‡^‡VÇÒ´WN {y1 , u1 |ui }"·‚3 ¡;€ùÈèì žÿ2äN`
N
²OŽ[!§ùpØI‡[!•UwÃ"
. 30 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
SCÈè Oui 5K´µ£Ù¥ui L«'A uxŠ§ûi ´éui OŠ¤




 ui , ui ´È('A§ÙŠ@®w•SCÈèì,

ûi = SC(ûi−1 N
1 , y1 ) = 0, Pr{yN i−1 N i−1
1 , û1 |ui = 0} ≥ Pr{y1 , û1 |ui = 1},
(2.28)


 1, Pr{yN , ûi−1 |u = 1} > Pr{yN , ûi−1 |u = 0}.

1 1 i 1 1 i
þªV¹/È('AØ¬Ñ†0"·‚ÏLÏéÄ‡†ØSCÈè'A •ª§r†Ø¯
‡?1y©"¯‡/Ä‡†ØSCÈè'Aúi 0• é¡ù‡8Üµ
i−1 i−1
Bi = {(uN N
1 , y1 )|ûi = ui−1
i , ûi 6= ui } = {(uN N
1 , y1 )|ûi = ui−1
i , ui 6= SC(ui−1 N
1 , y1 )}
(a)
i−1 N
⊂ {(uN N
1 , y1 )|ui 6= SC(u1 , y1 )} (2.29)
(b)
i−1 i−1
⊂ {(uN N N N
1 , y1 )| Pr{y1 , u1 |ui } ≤ Pr{y1 , u1 |ui ⊕ 1}} = Ei
(a)´Ï•·‚ K •›^‡§8ÜCŒ"
(b)Ò' Û- §•N\¬@•ùAT´ Ò§ ¯¢þXJui = 0§KkŒUÑ

i−1 i−1
yPr{yN
1 , u1 |0} = Pr{yN
1 , u1 |1} œ¹"ùž§Šâª(2.28) 1 1§·‚ û(J
´0§ùž ä´ ( "¤±8ÜEi '8Ü{(uN N
1 , y1 )|ui 6= SC(u1i−1 , yN
1 )}Œ§Ï•Ei $–•)
˜::ui Èè ( œ¹"
·‚˜Ù/@£ éu?¿1 ≤ i, j ≤ N, i 6= j§kBi ∩ Bj = ∅§Ï•Ä‡SCÈè†Ø

i−1 N
'A´•˜ " ´§ Di = {(uN N
1 , y1 )|ui 6= SC(u1 , y1 )}§Ù¥ ¹Â´SCÈèì
U¦ – §SCÈèì®² (/• ui−1
1 Š§=BXdui ÈèE,´†Ø "@oé
u1 ≤ i, j ≤ N, i < j§·‚Ø˜½kDi ∩ Dj = ∅"ù´Ï•éu,˜‡¢yŠ(uN N
1 , y1 )§•3
i−1 j−1
ù œ¹µru1 ŠwŠSCÈèì§(Jui O†Ø§ru1 , j > i ŠwŠSCÈèì§
(Juj Oì †Ø§l (uN 1 , y1 ) ∈ Di ∩ Dj §ù•Ò´SC'A€=Èèì¥†Ø êŒ
N
u1 œ¹"·`ù‡´ŽžÐÆö«©ˆ«œ/§˜Ù/w˜Lˆª ¹Â"
¤kŒU †Ø¯‡•E = ∪N
i=1 Bi = ∪i∈A Bi §Ù¥AL«&E'A ˜§=È(
'AÏ•Ø¬Ñ†¤±Ø•Ä"ÏLþ¡ ©Û·‚• éuz‡i§Bi ⊂ Ei §l E =
∪i∈A Bi ⊂ ∪i∈A Ei "@o·‚kµ
X
Pr{E} ≤ Pr{∪i∈A Ei } ≤ Pr{Ei } (2.30)
i∈A
2.3 •Ý•2n 4zèŒˆ& Nþ . 31 .
(a) X
Pr{Ei } = Pr{uN N N N
1 , y1 }I{(u1 , y1 ) ∈ Ei }
(uN N
1 ,y1 )
s
i−1
(b) X Pr{yN
1 , u1 |ui ⊕ 1}
≤ Pr{uN N
1 , y1 } i−1
Pr{yN1 , u1 |ui }
(uN N
1 ,y1 )
s (2.31)
i−1
(c) X Pr{yN
1 , u1 |ui ⊕ 1}
= Pr{ui1 , yN
1 } i−1
Pr{yN1 , u1 |ui }
(ui1 ,yN
1 )
s
i−1
1 X Pr{yN
1 , u1 |ui ⊕ 1}
(d)
(i)
= Pr{ui−1
1 , yN
1 |ui } N i−1
≤ Z(WN ).
2 i N Pr{y1 , u1 |ui }
(u1 ,y1 )
Ò(a)¥IL«•«¼ê§XJI ¡ )Òp ^‡÷v§@oI = 1§ÄKI = 0"I ¿

gÒ´]Ñ5÷vI ¡)Ò¥ ^‡ ¯‡§réAVÇ¦Ú"
i−1
Pr{yN
1 ,û1 |ui ⊕1}
Ø Ò(b)´Ï•§ŠâEi ½Â§Ei ¥ z˜‡ ƒ(uN N
1 , y1 )Ñ÷v Pr{y1 ,ûi−1
N |ui }
≥
1
1 ≥ I"
Ò(c)´rÃ' ‘êuN
i+1 ¦Ú§4§‚ž”"
Ø Ò(d)´r 12 K§¿¦^n¼Xê ½Â"

l §·‚kµ
(i)
X X
Pr{E} ≤ Pr{Ei } ≤ Z(WN ). (2.32)
i∈A i∈A
e¡·‚Ø\y²/Ú\©z[13]¥ ½n§Ï•§y² 9¢©Û§' E,§ (Ø

´Ã"
½n 2.8 W´ ?›lÑÃPÁ& §é¡Nþ•I(W )"é?¿R < I(W ), β <

(i)
0.5§‘N = 2n OŒ§•38ÜS
P
AN ⊂ {1, 2, ..., N }, |AN | > N R§¦ i∈AN Z(WN ) =
β
o(2−N )"
½Â 2.13 4z& À 5K
·‚3N ‡4z& ¥À K‡4z& 5DÑ&E'Až§·‚o´À K‡äk
• n¼Xê 4z& "
. 32 . 12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè
Q,½n2.8wŠ·‚§éu¿©Œ N Ú&E'AêK§ K/N < I(W ), β < 0.5ž§

(i) −N β
•3A0 ⊂ {1, 2, ..., N }, |A0 | > K§¦ )"@oŠâ4z& À
P
i∈A0 Z(WN ) = o(2
(i) −N β
5K K4z& £Ù¢Ú8ÜP•A¤7¦
P
i∈A Z(WN ) = o(2 )§Ï•ù®²
(i)
´ i∈A Z(WN ) Š• œ¹ "
P
¤±§3÷v½n2.8^‡ œ¹e§éuŠâ4z& À 5K¼ 8ÜA§kµ
X (i) β
Pr{E} ≤ Z(WN ) = o(2−N ). (2.33)
i∈A
dd·‚`² è•ªuÃ¡ž§4zèU ±Ø‡LI(W ) „Ç?1†ØÇ?¿

DÑ"
13Ù 4zè?è
§ 3.1 4zè E
(i)
è••N = 2n …&E'Aê•K 4zè E§• ´3N ‡4z& WN , 1 ≤ i ≤ N
¥À K‡/•Œ‚4z& 0§^±DÑ&E'A"4z& Œ‚5˜„5ùdn«•I
(i) (i) (i)
5ïþ§©O´é¡NþI(WN )!n¼XêZ(WN )Ú•Œq, û†ØÇPeML (WN )µ
(i) i−1
(i) 1 X X (i) i−1 WN (yN
1 , u1 |ui )
I(WN ) = WN (yN
1 , u1 |ui ) log2 P (i)
,
2 WN (yN i−1
ui ∈{0,1} (yN i−1
)∈Y N ×{0,1}i−1 u∈{0,1} 1 , u1 |u)
1 ,u1
q
(i) (i) (i)
X
i−1 i−1
Z(WN ) = WN (yN N
1 , u1 |0)WN (y1 , u1 |1),
i−1
(yN
1 ,u1 )∈Y N ×{0,1}i−1
(i) 1 X (i) i−1 (i)

i−1
PeML (WN ) = min{WN (yN N
1 , u1 |0), WN (y1 , u1 |1)}.
2 i−1
(yN
1 ,u1 )∈Y N ×{0,1}i−1
(3.1)
(i) (i) (i) (i) (i)
þ¡n‡ëê¥§I(WN ) ŒL«WN
Œ‚§Z(WN )ÚPeML (WN ) L«WN Œ
(i)
‚"l8c•3 Ž{5w§·‚˜„ØOŽI(WN ) Š§Ï•§š~JŽµØ1ªf
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i)
E,£log2 x êŠOŽ´š~…ú ¤§ …34zL§(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N )
(2i−1)
¥§I(W2N )Ú
(2i) (i) (i) (i)
I(W2N ) Š•vkÎ(WN )L« )Û ."|^ëêZ(WN ÚPeML (WN ) è EŽ{Ñ
(i) (i)
•3§ Ø BEC& §·‚•UOŽZ(WN ÚPeML (WN ) CqŠ"kžÿù«Cq3
(i) (i)
‡OŽL§¥©ª ±•Z(WN ÚPeML (WN ) þ.£½e.¤§kž·‚•Ø• ·‚ O
(i) (i)
Ž(J'Z(WN ÚPeML (WN ) ý¢ŠŒ„´ §·‚•Ćq ®"
(i)
½Â 3.1 Z(WN )þ.Ž{[3]
. 34 . 13Ù 4zè?è
第3级极化第2级极化第1级极化
0.9961 0.9375 0.75 0.5

0.8789 0.5625 0.25 0.5
0.8086 0.4375 0.75 0.5
0.3164 0.0625 0.25 0.5
0.6836 0.9375 0.75 0.5
0.1914 0.5625 0.25 0.5
0.1211 0.4375 0.75 0.5
0.0039 0.0625 0.25 0.5
ã 3.1 Ž{3.1 OŽL§§lm•†w
(i) (i)
ù´™ù´•{ü EŽ{"3þ˜Ù ©Û¥·‚• 34zL§(WN , WN ) →
(2i−1) (2i)
(W2N , W2N )¥e§¡ ªf¤áµ
(2i−1) (i) (i)
Z(W2N ) ≤ 2Z(WN ) − [Z(WN )]2 ,
(3.2)
(2i) (i)
Z(W2N ) = [Z(WN )]2 .
(i)
Ù¥1˜‡ªfp Ò¤á …= WN ´BEC" ´·‚3¢^|µe§Ø'
%BEC& ¥ 4zè DÑ§¤±ù‡ Ò˜„ Ø " ´·‚Œ±•¶•ê§M`ù
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i)
‡ Òo´¤á§@o3(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N ) L§¥ ¤kOŽ(JÑ´4Ü
§¤I$Ž•k¦{Ú\{§Œ±`´š~{ü "e¡§·‚b DÑèi'A &
W (y|x)äkZ(W ) = 0.5§@o3 Ž{e§ N = 8ž§4zè EL§Xe¡ ~f
¤«"
~ 3.1 DÑèi'A & W (y|x)äkZ(W ) = 0.5§è•N = 8ž§þãŽ{ ¤

kOŽ(JXã3.1¤«"XJÀJ4‡4z& §@o4z& ¢Ú8ÜA = {4, 6, 7, 8}§é
A4‡äk• n¼Xê 4z& "
e¡‰Ñ˜‡E,ÝÓ(N ) Ž{3.1 MATLAB§S"

3.1 4zè E . 35 .
1 function ZWi = get_BEC_ZWi(N, ZW)

2 ZWi = zeros(N, 1);
3 ZWi(1) = ZW;
4 m = 1;
5 while(m <= N/2)
6 for k = 1 : m
7 Z_tmp = ZWi(k);
8 ZWi(k) = 2 * Z_tmp - Z_tmpˆ2;%use upper bound
9 ZWi(k + m) = Z_tmpˆ2;
10 end
11 m = m * 2;
12 end
13 ZWi = bitrevorder(ZWi);%perform bit-reversal order.
½Â 3.2 pdCq£Gaussian Approximation§GA¤§5g©z[5]

GA•@´^53AWGN& ¥ ELDPCè § ´GAéu4zèš~·^§8cN
õ©z •ý¥Ñ´^GAŠ•è EŽ{"e¡·‚o´b & W (y|x)ÁWGN& §
4zè•Ý•N = 2 " n
3GA¥§b & 'A´ "'A§@oèig,•´ "èi"²LBPSKN›si =

1 − 2xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ N §Ù¥si ´1i‡BPSKÎÒ§xi ´1i‡èi'A§@oBPSKuxS Ò´
1S "z‡ ÂBPSKÎÒýi = 1 + ni , 1 ≤ i ≤ N §Ù¥ni í.i.d. \5pdxD(§þ
Š•0§• •σ 2 "¤±yi •í.i.d.‘ÅCþ§…Ñlpd©ÙN (1, σ 2 )"
2 2
√1 e−(yi −1) /(2σ )
3AWGN& ¥¦^BPSKN›§1i‡LLR OŽúª•Li = ln 2π
2 2
√1 e−(yi +1) /(2σ )
=
2π
2 2 2 4 2
σ 2 yi "Ï•yi ÑlN (1, σ )§¤± σ 2 yi ÑlN ( σ 2 , σ 2 )"·‚5¿ • ´þŠ ü
2
σ 2 yi
"
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i) (i) (2i−1)
GA gŽ´µb 34zL§(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N )¥§n‡4z& WN !W2N ±
(2i)
9W2N éêq,'Ñ´/• •þŠü pd‘ÅCþ0"3ù«b e§¯KŒ±
(i) (2i−1) (2i)
£ã•/XÛ^WN ¥LLR þŠŽÑW2N ÚW2N ¥LLR þŠ0"
. 36 . 13Ù 4zè?è
(2i−1) (2i)
• )ûù‡¯K§·‚Äk‡ŽÑW2N ÚW2N ¥LLR Lˆªµ
(2i−1) 2i−2
(2i−1) 2i−2 W2N (y2N
1 , u1 |u2i−1 = 0)
L2N (y2N
1 , u1 ) = ln (2i−1) 2i−2
W2N (y2N
1 , u1 |u2i−1 = 1)
(i) 2i−2 2i−2 (i)
2i−2
WN (yN 2N
P
(a) u2i 1 , u1,o ⊕ u1,e |u2i )WN (yN +1 , u1,e |u2i )
= ln P (i) (i)
2i−2 2i−2 2i−2
u2i WN (yN 2N
1 , u1,o ⊕ u1,e |u2i ⊕ 1)WN (yN +1 , u1,e |u2i )
(3.3)
(i) 2i−2 2i−2 (i) 2N 2i−2
LN (yN
1 ,u1,o ⊕u1,e )+LN (yN +1 ,u1,e )
(b) e +1
= ln (i) 2i−2 2i−2 (i) 2i−2
LN (yN
1 ,u1,o ⊕u1,e ) LN (y2N
N +1 ,u1,e )
e +e
(i)2i−2 2i−2 2i−2 (i)
L (yN
1 , u1,o ⊕ u1,e ) L (y2N
N +1 , u1,e )
= 2 tanh −1
(tanh N tanh N ).
2 2
(i) i−1
ÎÒLN (yN
1 , u1 )L«•Ý•N 4zè¥1i‡4z& LLR§§ ¹Â2þª¥´
Ï^ " Ò(a)´4z& ^‡VÇ 48OŽ§þ˜Ù®²ùL¶ Ò(b) ?©f©1Ó
(i)
2i−2 2i−2 2i−2 (i)
žØ±WN (yN 2N
1 , u1,o ⊕ u1,e |1)WN (yN +1 , u1,e |1)§¿|^LLR ½ÂŒ ¶ Ò(c)|^
x+y −1
e +1
ð ªln ex +ey = 2 tanh (tanh(x/2) tanh(y/2))"
2i−2 2i−2 (i)
2i−2 (i)
duÎÒ LE,§·‚e¡^xL«LN (yN
1 , u1,o ⊕u1,e )§^y L«LN (yN +1 , u1,e )§
2N
(2i−1) 2i−2
^zL«L2N (y2N
1 , u1 )§@oþª²L{üC/Œ µ
tanh(z/2) = tanh(x/2) tanh(y/2). (3.4)
aq/§·‚kµ
(2i) 2i−1
(2i) 2i−1 W2N (y2N
1 , u1 |u2i = 0)
L2N (y2N
1 , u1 ) = ln (2i) 2i−1
W2N (y2N
1 , u1 |u2i = 1) (3.5)
2i−2(i)2i−2 2i−2 (i)
= (1 − 2u2i−1 )LN (yN 2N
1 , u1,o ⊕ u1,e ) + LN (yN +1 , u1,e ).
2i−1 (2i)
Ï•·‚b & S ´0§¤±u2i ´0"-s = L2N (y2N
1 , u1 )§ µ
s = x + y. (3.6)
·‚ùž5¿ x, y, z, sÑ´‘ÅCþ§…x, yí.i.d. §ù´du®²b½U2N

1 = 0§
…YN 2N
1 ÚYN +1 Õá"éª(3.4)Ú(3.6)ü> þŠ§Ï•x, yí.i.d. §¤±·‚Ú˜^x ë
3.1 4zè E . 37 .
êµ
E{tanh(z/2)} = E{tanh(x/2)}2 . (3.7)
E{s} = 2E{x}. (3.8)
ª(3.7) ‡E, §e¡r§^Ï" ½ÂÐmµ
Z +∞ Z +∞
1 (z−E{z}) 2 1 (x−E{x}) 2
p tanh(z/2)e− 4E{z} dz = [ p tanh(x/2)e− 4E{x} dx]2 .
−∞ 4πE{z} −∞ 4πE{x}
(3.9)
Òü>¦^ pdCqb µ¤kÑy ‘ÅCþÑ´• •þŠü pd‘ÅC
R +∞ 1 (α−t) 2
− 4t
þ"-φ(t) = 1 −−∞
√
4πt
tanh(α/2)e dα£φ(x)¯¢þ´«m(0, +∞)þ üN4~
¼ê§φ(0) = 1, φ(+∞) = 0§ ù‡5Ÿ y² E,§ÒÑ ¤§kµ
E{z} = φ−1 {1 − [1 − φ(E{x})]2 }. (3.10)
ª(3.8)Ú(3.10)Ò´·‚Ž‡ (J§ ´(3.10)¥¼êφ OŽ E,§·‚ê¡

ªfCq§µ

 e−0.4527x0.86 +0.0218 , 0 < x < 10
φ(x) = (3.11)
 p π e− x4 (1 − 10 ), x ≥ 10.
x 7x
1
éuþ¡1˜‡©ã§·‚kφ−1 (x) = ( 0.0218−ln
0.4527
x 0.86
) , 0.3848 < x ≤ 1"
pπ −x 10
éuþ¡1 ‡©ã§·‚Œ± yφ(x) = x e 4 (1 − 7x ), x ≥ 10´üN~¼ê"–
¦φ−1 (x) =?§ü>Óž φ§kφ(?) − x = 0"dd§Œ^¦)φ(?) − x = 0": •ª)
Ñ? Š"
φ(x)Úφ−1 (x) ã”Xã3.2¤«"
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i)
34zL§(WM , WM ) → (W2M , W2M )¥§Øä¦^ª(3.8)Ú(3.10)§† OŽ–ý
(i)
½èi•ÝN "3WN ¥§À äk•Œ LLRþŠ 4z& Š•DÑ&E'A & §
¤4zè E"
e¡´GAè EŽ{ MATLAB“è"

. 38 . 13Ù 4zè?è
5
(x)
-1
(x)
4 f(x) = x
f(x)
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
x
ã 3.2 φ(x)Úφ−1 (x) ã”
1 function u = GA(sigma, N)
2 u = zeros(1, N);
3 u(1) = 2/sigmaˆ2;
4 for i = 1 : log2(N)
5 j = 2ˆ(i - 1);
6 for k = 1 : j
7 tmp = u(k);
8 u(k) = phi_inverse(1 - (1 - phi(tmp))ˆ2);
9 %You can realize phi(x) and phi_inverse(x) in your own way.
10 sum_iter = sum_iter + num_iter;
11 u(k + j) = 2 * tmp;
12 end
13 end
14 u = bitrevorder(u);
15 end
˜ ‡GAŽ { ~ f X ã3.3¤ « " 3 ã3.3¥ § · ‚ Ž 3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? § E4

Eb /N0
z èP (8, 4)" · ‚ Ä k I ‡ O ŽAWGN& D(• σ = √1 10− 20 = 0.7499§ Ù
2R
¥R = K/N ", ª(3.8)Ú(3.10)ÅÚOŽ§ ã3.3¥ (J"À¥ 4‡4z& ¢Ú
•{4, 6, 7, 8}"
©z[6]JÑ ˜é 4zè EŽ{§ùü«Ž{ØÛ•uAWGN& §éu˜„ é¡
3.1 4zè E . 39 .
第3级极化第2级极化第1级极化
0.1925 0.7771 1.927 3.5565

1.5542 3.8541 7.113 3.5565
2.1605 4.9593 1.927 3.5565
7.7082 14.226 7.113 3.5565
3.0683 0.7771 1.927 3.5565
9.9186 3.8541 7.113 3.5565
11.7632 4.9593 1.927 3.5565
28.452 14.226 7.113 3.5565
ã 3.3 GAè E ¤kOŽêŠ
& Ñ·^§lÑÚëY é¡& ÑŒ±"Ù¥˜‡´Äu& òz§,˜‡Äu& J

,"ùü«Ž{gŽþƒÓ§¢y[!þŒÓ É§5UA vk«O"Ï•Äu& òz
Ž{¢yå5•{ü˜ §¤±ùp•ùÄu& òz 4zè E"e¡·¬EÖ©z[6]
¥ ˜ (Ø§ù (Ø y²Ñ3©z[6] ¥§·ÒØ‚$§‚ y² §Žw ÖöŒ±
† Ö©z[6]"
(i) i−1
4zè¥1i‡4z& WN (yN
1 , u1 |ui ) ÑÑÎÒk|Y|N × 2i−1 ‡§Ù¥|Y|´Ôn&
W (y|x) ÑÑÎÒêþ"4zè E Ì‡¯K3u|Y|N × 2i−1 êŠ Œ§•;Øe"
(i) i−1
©z[6]¥& òz Ì‡gŽ´ ~WN (yN
1 , u1 |ui ) ÑÑÎÒêþ§z˜gÑÑÎÒ ~
& ´ & òz§=& Nþ¬~ ¶Óž¦^˜½ üÑ§¦ z˜g& òz
Ø@ox³§¦þ ± & Nþ"
½Â 3.3 & òz4zè E[6]

DÑèi'A & •W (y|x), y ∈ Y, x ∈ {0, 1}§W ´é¡& "dW ?14zö
(i)
Š§K¤ 4z& WN , 1 ≤ i ≤ N Ñ´é¡& [3]"
(i) (i)
XJW ´lÑ §@oWN , 1 ≤ i ≤ N g,´lÑ §…z‡WN =£VÇÑŒ±Ä
–/ ¤e¡ /ªµ
 
(i) q1 q2 ... q|Y|N ×2i−2 p|Y|N ×2i−2 ... p2 p1
WN =  , (3.12)
p1 p2 ... p|Y|N ×2i−2 q|Y|N ×2i−2 ... q2 q1
qi qi+1
Ù¥ ƒ q,'´kS µ1 < pi < pi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ |Y|N × 2i−2 − 1§ þª¥
[ pqii ] éA ÑÑÎÒ yi § [ pqii ]éA ÑÑÎÒ y i "Ü¿ÑÑÎÒ(yi , yj )§•
. 40 . 13Ù 4zè?è
(i) q q +q qi +qj
´µ(a). 3WN ¥§íØ [ pqii ]Ú [ pjj ]§2 \ [ pii +pjj ]§ \ ˜‡÷v pqkk < pi +pj <
qk+1 (i) p
pk+1 §= \3 1k Ú 1k + 1 ƒm¶(b). 3WN ¥§íØ [ pqii ]Ú [ qjj ]§2 \
pi +pj pi +pj ps+1
[ qi +qj ]§ \ ˜‡÷v pqss < qi +qj < qs+1 §= \3 1s Ú 1s + 1 ƒm"²
LþãöŠ §ÑÑÎÒêþ' & 2‡"
(1) (1)
5¿ kžWN ÑÑÎÒêþØ˜½´óê§~X W •BEC& ž§WN ÑÑ
1− /2 /2 0
ÎÒêþ•3 "ùŒ±ÏL ©W
N
íØÎÒ5;•µW = [ 1− 0
0 1− ]§Q = [ 0 /2 /2 1− ]§
w,W Q, Q W §ÏdW ÚQvk?Û«O"
e¡·‚Qã©z[6]¥ A‡(Ø"
Ún 3.1 êa, b, c, d, e, f, g, h÷v ab < c

d < e
f < hg §K ab < c+e
d+f < hg "
y² K©Ò´ "
Ún 3.2 3ª(3.12)¥§Ü¿(yi , yj )¬¦& Nþ~ §…~ ŠP•∆Iyi ,yj µ

qi + pi qj + pj
∆Iyi ,yj = −(qi + pi ) log2 − (qj + pj ) log2
2 2
+ qi log2 qi + pi log2 pi + qj log2 qj + pj log2 pj

(3.13)
qi + pi + qj + pj
+ (qi + pi + qj + pj ) log2
2
− (qi + qj ) log2 (qi + qj ) − (pi + pj ) log2 (pi + pj ).
y² dI(X; Y ) = H(Y ) − H(Y |X) = −

P P
i p(yi ) log2 (p(yi )) + i p(yi |x) log2 p(yi |x)Œ
"Ù¥§®²b½& ´é¡ §Ñ\´þ!©Ù "
Ún 3.3 3ª(3.12)¥§•ÄÑÑÎÒyi , yj , yk , i < j < k§@o3é§‚?1Ü¿ž§

p&E Czþ∆Ike¡ A‡'X¤áµ
∆Iyi ,yj = ∆Iyi ,yj ≤ ∆Iyi ,yj = ∆Iyi ,yj . (3.14)
∆Iyi ,yj ≤ ∆Iyi ,yk ,

(3.15)
∆Iyj ,yk ≤ ∆Iyi ,yk .
ª(3.14)`²Ü¿ÑÑÎÒžØ‡ªLª(3.12)¥m ©¬‚§Ø,p&E¬›”CŒ¶
ª(3.15)`²éª(3.12)¥ ÎÒÜ¿ž§‡éeIëY ÎÒ?1Ü¿£ÏL4íŒ•¤§
ÄKp&E›”CŒ"
3.1 4zè E . 41 .
y² ù‡½n¹Â˜ß§ y² •§y²L§ kÃØK•·‚ ¡ Qã"k,

ÖöŒ± Ö©z[6] N¹"
k þ¡ A‡Ún§·‚?1Xe / %0Ü¿µÜ¿ 8 3u~ ÑÑÎÒ
êþ§z˜ÚÜ¿~ 2‡ÑÑÎÒ¶ % ¿g´z˜ÚÜ¿Ñ4∆I• § Ø˜½´
N•` Ü¿•ª"
(i)
& WN ÑÑÎÒk|Y|N × 2i−1 ‡§Žrù‡ê~ ˜‡Ün Š§'Xµ‡§µ
;.Š´64†m"@o·‚Òéª(3.12)?1OŽ§ŽÑz‡∆I(yi , yi+1 ), 1 ≤ i ≤ |Y|N ×
2i−1 − 1§ k = arg min1≤i≤|Y|N ×2i−1 −1 {∆I(yi , yi+1 )}§ Ü ¿(yk , yk+1 )¦ Ñ Ñ Î Ò ~
q +q p +p
2‡"dÚn3.1Œ•§# [ pkk +pk+1
k+1
] ˜„´3 5k ˜þ§# [ qkk +qk+1
k+1
]
(i) (i)
˜ÓnŒ•"-Eþ¡ L§§† ÑÑÎÒC¤µ‡§T& •W N "w,W N
(i)
WN §Ï•z˜ÚÜ¿Ñ´& òz"@o·‚y3Œ± £ãÄu& òz 4zè
EŽ{ "
(1)
(i). À½KŠµ§Ð©zN = 1§W1 = W"
(i) (i) (2i−1) (2i)
(ii). XJN u¤Iè•§=Ú½(iv)¶ÄK§OŽ(WN , WN ) → (W2N , W2N )§
-N = 2N "
(i) (i)
(iii). Å˜ äWN , 1 ≤ i ≤ N ÑÑÎÒêþ§XJWN vk‡Lµ§ØéÙ?1ö
(i) (i) (i) (i)
Š¶XJWN ‡L µ§KéÙ?1 %Ü¿§ W N "-WN = W N §=Ú½(ii).
(i) (i)
(iv). Uª(3.1)OŽPeML (WN )§À äk• PeML (WN ) & Š•DÑ&E'A &
"
5¿þ¡Äu& òz 4zè EŽ{=éW ´lÑé¡& œ¹·^", éõ

žÿ§W ´ëYé¡& §~XBPSK-AWGN& " W ´ëYé¡& ž§ÄkI‡éW ?
1þz§ ˜‡lÑ& "e¡±þzBPSK-AWGN& •~?1`²§TAWGN& •
•σ §BPSK&Ò Šu{−1, 1}"
2
·K 3.1 3BPSK-AWGN& Â&ÒVÇ—Ýãþ£ü‡pd©ÙµN (1, σ 2 )ÚN (−1, σ 2 )¤§

©• Œê¶(0, +∞)•eZν ‡pØƒ «m(0, x1 ), (x1 , x2 ), ..., (xν−1 , +∞)"
R xi − −(x−1)2 R xi − −(x+1)2
-qi = σ√12π xi−1 e 2σ 2 dx, pi = √1
σ 2π xi−1
e 2σ 2 dx§KTBPSK-AWGN& Œ±
þz•lÑ& W µ
 
q1 q2 ... qν pν ... p2 p1
W = , (3.16)
p1 p2 ... pν qν ... q2 q1
qi+1
…é?¿ Œ¶ ©••{§k pqii < pi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ ν − 1"
(x−1)2 (x+1)2 4x
y² Äk²(ü:µ(i). x > 0ž§ke− 2σ 2 /e− 2σ 2 = e 2σ2 ´Œu1 O¼ê"(ii).
. 42 . 13Ù 4zè?è
PN
ai
éuü‡?¿ ê (a1 , a2 , ..., an )Ú(b1 , b2 , ..., bn )§kmin1≤i≤N { abii } ≤ Pi=1
N ≤ max1≤i≤N { abii }"
i=1 bi
, keª¤áµ
R xi − −(x−1)2 P − (ξk −1) 2 (ξ −1)2
e 2σ 2 dx (a) (b) − k2σ2
qi xi−1 e 2σ 2 e (c) 4xi
= R −(x+1) 2 = Pk (ξ +1)2 ≤ max{ (ξ +1)2 } = e 2σ2 (3.17)
pi xi
e− 2σ2 dx − k2σ2 k k
xi−1 ke e− 2σ2
Ò(a)´Ï•©f©1 È©©•∆x ˜ •"z‡∆xS§ T«m mà:ξOŽ

È¼êŠ"Ø Ò(b)´Ï•¯¢(ii)§ Ò(c)´Ï•¯¢(i)"Ónkeª¤á£z‡∆xS
T«m †à:ζOŽ È¼êŠ¤µ
R xi+1 − −(x−1)2 P − (ζk −1) 2 (ζk −1)2

qi+1 xi
e 2σ 2 dx ke
2σ 2 e− 2σ2 4xi
= R = P 2 ≥ min{ 2 } = e (3.18)
2σ 2
−(x+1) 2
pi+1 xi+1 − (ζk
− 2σ2
+1)
k (ζk +1)
xi
e 2σ 2 dx ke e− 2σ2
y."
þ¡ ½n`²Ø+NoþzBPSK-AWGN& §•‡Uìqi Úpi ½ÂOŽ§Ù'ŠÒ
´,S §XÛ©• Œ¶Ø´é-‡"˜«• ©••ª´ZyØ©•§ùž\ò ˜
1
R +∞ − (x+1)2
‡ VÇ• σ 2π 0 e
√ 2σ 2
dx BSC& "©z[6] ¥‰Ñ ˜«©••ª§ y þz
lÑ& Ø¬' 5 ëY& /€ õ0§k, ÖöŒ± Ö"
y3u•Íx³ §ù˜‡u• è EŽ{"
½Â 3.4 4z-þ£Polarization Weight§PW¤Ž{§5g©z[7]

·‚Ž E˜‡•ÝŃ = 2n 4zè§? ›?› ê0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1§éi‰ ?›
(i)
Ðm < in , in−1 , ..., i1 >2 §Ù¥in ´•p "K4z& WN 4z-þPW•µ
n
X
P Wi = ik β k−1 . (3.19)
k=1
(i)
Ù¥Äêβ = 20.25 "¼ ¤kN ‡4z& WN PW §À äk•ŒPW 4z& DÑ
&E'A"
ù‡Ž{wqØ ùnµ§Ú& Ã'§4zènØp•vkβ = 20.25 ù‡ê"¯

¢þ§Äêβ = 2 0.25
´ÏL˜X õ‘ª•§(½ §ÓždÄêβÏLª(3.19) E 4
zèØUÚ²; EŽ{ OLŒ", §ÏLPWŽ{¼ •Ý•N 4zè ˆ‡4z
& 4z-þ §•ÝN/2, N/4, ..., 2 4zè 4zè-þ•˜¿¼ §ù´Ï••
ÝN/2 , i ≥ 1
i
4zè ˆ‡4z& PWÒ´•Ý•N 4zècN/2 ‡4z& i
PW"
éTŽ{k, ÖöŒ± Öë•©z[7]"
Ø þ¡4«è EŽ{§„k˜«Ž{ „AkÛè EŽ{§·‚˜ Èèìpù"
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 43 .
§ 3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ
(i)
• Ý •N ! & E • • Ý •K 4zè E § Ò ´ lWN , 1 ≤ i ≤ N ¥ À K‡ • Œ
⊗ log2 N
‚ 4z& L§§ù & ¢Ú ¤8ÜA§N × N Ý GN = BN F ¥]Ñ
8ÜAéAK1§/¤(N, K)4zè )¤Ý " !·‚=©ÛGN = BN F⊗ log2 N 5
⊗ log2 N
Ÿ"GN = BN F ´˜‡š~ % Ý §§ 5Ÿ õ § Ù·0 A‡~^ 5
Ÿ"ù 5Ÿ Ñ´®²•3 §Ø´· z"ù 5Ÿƒé©Ñ§vk²wk 'X§¤
± Ù•”˜‡úªÃþ"
! (ØŒõ®²š~ P§•`Øþy² 8áuX£‡ Øáu·¤§ATÒ´<
a k "C c5 (Ø·Ñ‰ Ñ?"
½n 3.1 F⊗n F⊗n = I2n
y² ^8B{y²"
ÞµN´ yFF = I2 "
⊗k ⊗k
8Bb µF F = I2k "
e˜Úµ  
F⊗k O
F⊗(k+1) =   (3.20)
F⊗k F⊗k
    
⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k
F O F O F F O
F⊗(k+1) F⊗(k+1) =   =  (a)
= I2k+1 .
⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k ⊗k
F F F F F F +F F F F
(3.21)
Ò(a)¦^ 8Bb "
⊗n
e¡·‚w˜wF fÝ "˜m A:"
½n 3.2 8ÜA ⊂ {1, 2, 3, ..., 2n }§Ac = {1, 2, 3, ..., 2n } \ A" ÑF⊗n ¥1¢Úá
⊗n
uA 1§/¤˜‡fÝ §PŠFA ¶q ÑF ¥ ¢Ú uAc ¥ §/¤˜‡fÝ §
PŠF:,Ac §KFA F:,Ac = O§¹Â´FA "˜m´F:,Ac "
y² F⊗n F⊗n = I2n ¹ Â ´F⊗n ¥ 1i1 • k ¦F⊗n ¥ 1i âØ•""@ow

,§FA éA ˜‡ÑØ3F:,Ac ƒ¥§y."
. 44 . 13Ù 4zè?è
ª,§^F ŽÛZŽ˜Œ±”B/LˆF⊗n § ´kžÿ·‚•^,˜«•ª£ã§§

ùÒÚp -;V£Reed-Muller§RM¤èk'X "ƒ¤±!ØRMè§´Ï•RMèÚ4zè
3˜½§Ýþƒq"
½Â 3.5 RMè n + 1‡1•þv0 , v1 , v2 , ..., vn "

N = 2n §K•þv0 , v1 , v2 , ..., vn •ÝŃ §¦‚ ©þkXe½Âµ
vi , 0 ≤ i ≤ n 11‡ ƒ–12n−i ‡ ƒÑ´1§12n−i + 1‡ ƒ–12n−i+1 ‡ ƒÑ
´0"l12 n−i+1
+ 1‡ ƒm©§ØäE›11‡–12 n−i+1
‡ ƒ§† W÷•ÝN "
~ 3.2 n = 4žkµ
v0 = (1111111111111111),
v1 = (1111111100000000),
v2 = (1111000011110000), (3.22)
v3 = (1100110011001100),
v4 = (1010101010101010).
½Â 3.6 •þÅ ¦{
αÚβ´•Ý•N 1•þ§Kαβ = (α1 β1 , α2 β2 , ..., αN βN )"
½Â 3.7 dv0 , v1 , v2 , ..., vn ¤ Ý

éu ê0 ≤ k ≤ n§@e¡¤k 1•þÀå5§ Ý Rnk "
v0 ,
vi , i ∈ {1, 2, ...., n},
vi1 vi2 , i1 6= i2 , i1 , i2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n},

(3.23)
vi1 vi2 vi3 , i1 , i2 , i3 pØƒ §i1 , i2 , i3 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n},
...
vi1 vi2 ...vik , i1 , i2 , ..., ik pØƒ §i1 , i2 , ..., ik ∈ {1, 2, ...., n}.
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 45 .
Œ„§Rnk kK = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnk 1"

Rnk Ò´•Ý•2n §&E'A'Aê•K RMè )¤Ý "
½n 3.3 ØP1 ü ^S§kRnn = F⊗n "
y² 8B{"
Þµ n = 1ž§ØP1 ^S§N´ yR11 = F"
8Bb µØP1 ^S§Rkk = F⊗k "
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§'…3u^n = kž k + 1‡1•þv0 , v1 , v2 , ..., vk L«n =

k + 1ž k + 2‡1•þν0 , ν1 , ν2 , ..., νk+1 µ
ν0 = (v0 , v0 ),
k
ν1 = (v0 , 021 ),
ν2 = (v1 , v1 ),
(3.24)
ν3 = (v2 , v2 ),
...
νk+1 = (vk , vk ).
k
Ù¥021 L«•Ý•2k "•þ"^½Â3.5Œ± yþª (5"þ¡¤k •þ
¥§•kν1 ' AÏµÙ˜§•kν1 ØU^/¿üü‡˜ v0 /ªLˆ¶Ù §?Û•
þÚν1 Å ƒ¦§OŽ(J ˜ŒÑ¬C¤""ùéu·‚ ÑF⊗(k+1) Lˆªµ
 
F⊗k O
F⊗(k+1) =  . (3.25)
F⊗k F⊗k
•â½Â3.7§Rk+1
k+1 1dνi , 0 ≤ i ≤ k + 1¤kŒU ¦È ¤"·‚rù ¦È©•ü
aµ•¹ν1 §±9Ø•¹ν1 "
. 46 . 13Ù 4zè?è
1ãµ•¹ν1 ¦È(J"dª(3.24)Œ„§ù (J²wäk±e/ªµ

k
(v0 , 021 )
k
(vj , 021 ) j ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},
k
(vj1 vj2 , 021 ) j1 6= j2 , j1 , j2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},
(3.26)
k
(vj1 vj2 vj3 , 021 ) j1 , j2 , j3 pØƒ §j1 , j2 , j3 ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},
...
k
(vj1 vj2 ...vjk , 021 ) j1 , j2 , ..., jk pØƒ §j1 , j2 , ..., jk ∈ {1, 2, ...., k}.
5¿œd½Â3.7§þª • ˜1 A´k + 1‡νë¦§•Ò´k + 1‡vë¦§ ´d

uν1 c˜Œ´v0 £ ´1¤§¦å•ØC§Úv¦˜ §¤±´k‘ë¦"þ¡ ¤kªf
⊗(k+1)
‡êĆk0 + Ck1 + ... + Ckk = 2 "Šâ8Bb
k
§þªéA ´F þŒÜ©§=þª¥
⊗k
†Œ> ¦ÈéA ´F §mŒ> "©þéA ´"Ý "
1ãµØ•¹ν1 ¦È(J"dª(3.24)Œ„§ù (J²wäk±e/ª"5¿e
¡v Iäk˜„5"
(v0 , v0 )
(vj , vj ) j ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},
(vj1 vj2 , vj1 vj2 ) j1 6= j2 , j1 , j2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},

(3.27)
(vj1 vj2 vj3 , vj1 vj2 vj3 ) j1 , j2 , j3 pØƒ §j1 , j2 , j3 ∈ {1, 2, ...., k},
...
(vj1 vj2 ...vjk , vj1 vj2 ...vjk ) j1 , j2 , ..., jk pØƒ §j1 , j2 , ..., jk ∈ {1, 2, ...., k}.
5¿œd½Â3.7§þª • ˜1 A´k + 1‡νë¦§ ý3ν1 ®²Øë†OŽ

…n = k + 1§¤±•õÀÑk‘ë¦"þ¡ ¤kªf ‡êĆk0 + Ck1 + ... + Ckk = 2k "Šâ
8Bb §þªéA ´F⊗(k+1) eŒÜ©§=þª¥ †!mŒ> ©þ ƒÓ§¤k
†Œ>©þÀå5 ¤F⊗(k+1) eŒÜ© ˜‡F⊗k §¤kmŒ>©þÀå5 ¤F⊗(k+1) eŒ
⊗k
Ü© ,˜‡F "y."
íØ 3.1 rank(Rnk ) = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnk "

3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 47 .
y² d½n3.3§ØP1 ^S§kRnn = F⊗n "Ï•F⊗n Œ_§¤±Rnn Œ_§ Rnk •Ø

L´dRnn ¥, 1 ¤ Ý §¤±Rnk 1÷•§•Ò´1ê"
|^½Â3.3¥νÚvm 'X§·‚Œ± e¡wq{ü qØ´éN´`˜Ù Ú
n"
Ún 3.4 n ≥ 2§ é u ? ¿i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ik ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., n}…i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ik p Ø ƒ §

Kvi1 vi2 ...vik ¥1 ‡ê´vi1 vi2 ...vik−1 ¥1 ‡ê ˜Œ"5¿ùp˜†Ø•Äv0 §Ï•v0
©þ ´1§¦v0 uŸo•u)"
y² én^8B{"
Þµ n = 2§v1 = (1100)§v2 = (1010)§v1 v2 = (1000)§½n¤á"
8Bb µ n = kž §i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ij ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., k}§ …i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ij p Ø ƒ §
Kvi1 vi2 ...vij ¥1 ‡ê´vi1 vi2 ...vij−1 ¥1 ‡ê ˜Œ"
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§Ø•Äν0 §2g^n = kž 1•þ{v0 , v1 , v2 , ..., vk }L«n =
k + 1ž 1•þ{ν1 , ν2 , ..., νk+1 }µ
k
ν1 = (v0 , 021 ),
ν2 = (v1 , v1 ),
ν3 = (v2 , v2 ), (3.28)
...,
νk+1 = (vk , vk ).
ù § é u ? ¿i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ij−1 ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., k + 1}…i1 , i2 , i3 , ..., ij−1 p Ø ƒ §k¦

Èνi1 νi2 ...νij−1 "e¡©ü«œ¹?Ø"
œ¹1µ¦Èνi1 νi2 ...νij−1 •)ν1 "Ï•·‚½Â •þ¦{k †Æ§¤±Ø”b νi1 =
ν1 "dª(3.28)§·‚N´ Ñν1 νi2 ...νij−1 /ªµ
k
ν1 νi2 ...νij−1 = (vi2 −1 ...vij−1 −1 , 021 ). (3.29)
þª¥v I'éA ν I 1§´duª(3.28)¥ I'X"‰ν1 νi2 ...νij−1 2

¦˜‡νij , ij 6= 0, 1§ij 6= 0 ´Ï•·‚l5Ø•Äν0 §ij 6= 1 ´Ï•38c œ¹e¦
Èν1 νi2 ...νij−1 ®²•)ν1 "·‚ e¡ (Jµ
k
ν1 νi2 ...νij−1 νij = (vi2 −1 ...vij−1 −1 vij −1 , 021 ). (3.30)
. 48 . 13Ù 4zè?è
é'ª(3.29)Ú(3.30)uyü‡ªf¥ mŒ>˜†´"§ØK•1 êþ¶†Œ>÷v8

Bb "¤±œ¹1y."
œ¹2µ¦Èνi1 νi2 ...νij−1 Ø•)ν1 "dª(3.28)§·‚N´ Ñνi1 νi2 ...νij−1 /ªµ
νi1 νi2 ...νij−1 = (vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 , vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 ). (3.31)
@o2‰þ¡ ªf¦˜‡νij , ij 6= 0"XJνij = ν1 §Kª(3.31)C¤ µ
k k
νi1 νi2 ...νij−1 νij = (vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 v0 , vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 021 ) = (vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 , 021 ). (3.32)
w,§ª(3.32)¥1 êþ´ª(3.31)¥1 êþ ˜Œ"

XJXJνij 6= ν1 §Kª(3.31)C¤ µ
νi1 νi2 ...νij−1 νij = (vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 vij −1 , vi1 −1 ...vij−1 −1 vij −1 ). (3.33)
d8Bb § w , ª(3.33)c ˜ Œ ¥1 ê þ ´ ª(3.31)¥ c ˜ Œ ¥1 êþ ˜Œ§

ª(3.33) ˜Œ¥1 êþ´ª(3.31) ˜Œ¥1 êþ ˜Œ"y."
Ún 3.5 v0 ¦?¿˜‡vi , i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}§¤ (J¥ 1 êþ´2n−1 "
y² dv ½ÂŒ "
½n 3.4 Rnk (Rnn−k−1 )T = O§=±Rnk •)¤Ý RMèÚ±Rnn−k−1 •)¤Ý RMè

´éó£Dual¤è"
y² duy²Rnk ?¿˜1†Rnn−k−1 ¥ ?¿ ˜1 SÈ´0"

?¿ Rnk ¥ ˜1r1 = vi1 vi2 ...vis , 1 ≤ s ≤ k"
?¿ Rnn−k−1 ¥ ˜1r2 = vj1 vj2 ...vjt , 1 ≤ t ≤ n − k − 1"
Pγ = r1 r2 = vi1 vi2 ...vis vj1 vj2 ...vjt § ´ù¤kn − 1 ‘¦È¥ŒUk-E ‘§Ï
•¦-E ‘ vk?ÛK•§¤±·‚ Ñ-E ‘§ γ = vp1 vp2 ...vpq , 1 ≤ q ≤
n − 1§q = 1 ¿g´– k˜‘§ù´’½ ¶q = n − 1 …= s = k, t = n − k − 1…8
Ü{i1 , i2 , ..., is }Ú{j1 , j2 , ..., it }¥vk-E ƒ"
Ø+γ = vp1 vp2 ...vpq ¥•Ø•)v0 §·‚Ñ‰¦nþ˜‡v0 § γ = v0 vp1 vp2 ...vpq "d
Ún3.4 Ú3.5Œ•§lv0 §z¦˜‡vÑ —1 êþC¤˜Œ§@oγ¥ 1 ‡ê´2n /2q =
P2n
2n−q ≥ 2§•Ò´`γ¥1 êþ´2 ˜§g,•´óêµ i=1 γi = 0§ùÒ´r1 Úr2 S
È"y."
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 49 .
½n 3.5 XJk < n§Kµ

 
n−1
Rk−1 O
Rnk =  . (3.34)
Rkn−1 Rn−1
k
y² „´˜ @´§|^ëêé(n, k)ž 1•þ(ν0 , ν1 , ..., νn )§rRnk z˜1Ñ

Ñ5µ
ν0 ,
νi , i ∈ {1, 2, ...., n},
νi1 νi2 , i1 6= i2 , i1 , i2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n}, (3.35)
...,
νi1 νi2 ...νik , i1 , i2 , ..., ik pØƒ §i1 , i2 , ..., ik ∈ {1, 2, ...., n}.
|^ª(3.24)§Œ±rþª^ëêé(n − 1, k)ž 1•þ(v0 , v1 , ..., vn−1 )L«"5¿e¡

ªf¥e Iäk˜„5"
(v0 , v0 )
n−1
(v0 , 021 ), (vj , vj ) j ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1},
(vj1 vj2 , vj1 vj2 ) j1 6= j2 , j1 , j2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}, (3.36)
...
(vj1 vj2 ...vjk , vj1 vj2 ...vjk ) j1 , j2 , ..., jk pØƒ §i1 , i2 , ..., ik ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}.
. 50 . 13Ù 4zè?è
n−1
Ù¥•AÏ „´ν1 = (v0 , 021 )"3ª(3.36)¥]Ñ¦È¥‘kν1 ‘µ
n−1
(v0 , 021 )
n−1
(vj , 021 ) j ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1},
n−1
(vj1 vj2 , 012 ) j1 6= j2 , j1 , j2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}, (3.37)
...
n−1
(vj1 vj2 ...vjk−1 , 021 ) j1 , j2 , ..., jk−1 pØƒ §j1 , j2 , ..., jk ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}.
5¿œþª¥ • ˜1ƒ¤± ˜‘¦È£ª(3.36) • ˜1kk‘ë¦¤§´Ï•

¯¢þ®²¦ ν1 c˜Œ§ ν1 c˜Œ ´1§Úv¦˜ "d½Â3.7§þª¤kªf
cŒÜ© ¤ Rn−1
k−1 § ŒÜ© ¤"Ý "y3·‚®²ŽÑ ª(3.34) þŒÜ©"
, §3ª(3.36)¥]Ñ¦È¥vkν1 ‘µ
(v0 , v0 )
(vj , vj ) j ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1},
(vj1 vj2 , vj1 vj2 ) j1 6= j2 , j1 , j2 ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}, (3.38)
...
(vj1 vj2 ...vjk , vj1 vj2 ...vjk ) j1 , j2 , ..., jk pØƒ §j1 , j2 , ..., jk ∈ {1, 2, ...., n − 1}.
5¿œ¦+ν1 ®²Øë†OŽ§ ´·‚EUÀÑk‘νŠë¦§ù´Ï•k < n"þª¤

kªf cŒÜ©Ú ŒÜ© ˜ "d½Â3.7§þª¤kªf cŒÜ©Ú ŒÜ© ¤
Rn−1
k "y3·‚®²ŽÑ ª(3.34) eŒÜ©"y."
½n3.34„k•²( Ôn¿Â"·‚•Än‡RMè§§‚n‡©O±Rnk , Rn−1
k
n−1
, Rk−1 •
)¤Ý "@oŠâ½n3.34§·‚ke¡ ªfµ
 
n
Pk−1 i
Cn−1
Pk i
i=0 Cn−1
Rn−1
k−1 O
x21 = (α1 i=0
, β1 )= 
Rn−1
k Rn−1
k (3.39)
Pk−1 i Pk i Pk i
Cn−1 Cn−1 Cn−1
= (α1 i=0
Rn−1
k−1 + β1
i=0
Rn−1
k , β1 i=0
Rkn−1 ).
Pk−1 i Pk i
Cn−1 Pk−1 i
Cn−1 Cn−1 Pk i
Cn−1
Ù ¥α1 i=0
∈ {0, 1} i=0 Úβ1 i=0
∈ {0, 1} i=0 ´gd & Cþ"Œ
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 51 .
Pk−1 i Pk i
n Cn−1 n−1 Cn−1
±w § è i ' Ax21 d ü Ü © ¤ § © O ´α1 i=0
Rk−1 + β1 i=0
Rn−1
k = a+
Pk i
i=0 Cn−1
bÚβ1 Rn−1
k = b" ±Rnk • ) ¤ Ý RM •C1 § ±Rn−1
k •)¤Ý RM•C2 §
n−1
±Rk−1 •)¤Ý RM•C3 §K•3ù 'Xµc ∈ C1 , b ∈ C2 , a ∈ C3 , c = (a + b|b)§Ù¥
ç‚/—0´Ò´‡©¬ÎÒ"ddÚ\e¡ ½Â"
½Â 3.8 Bar E
C1 ÚC2 ´ü‡•Ýƒ ‚5©|è" a ∈ C1 , b ∈ C2 §Pc = (a + b|b)"w,§¤
kc ¤ ˜‡‚5©|è§P•èiC3 "¡C3 ´dC1 ÚC2 ÏL/Bar E0 §kžù
« E•P•C3 = (C1 + C2 |C2 )"
Ún 3.6 C3 = (C1 + C2 |C2 )§ è iC1 )¤Ý • ´r1 § T ) ¤ Ý ˜|ÄP

•α1 , ..., αr1 §èiC2 )¤Ý •´r2 §T)¤Ý ˜|ÄP•β1 , ..., βr2 @oèiC3
)¤Ý •´r1 +r2 §T)¤Ý ˜|ÄŒ±L«•(α1 |0), ..., (αr1 |0), (β1 |β1 ), ..., (βr2 |βr2 )"
y² † y=Œ"Äk§\‡ y(α1 |0), ..., (αr1 |0), (β1 |β1 ), ..., (βr2 |βr2 ) ƒm‚5Ã
'¶Ùg§\‡ yC3 ¥?¿˜‡ ƒÑU^(α1 |0), ..., (αr1 |0), (β1 |β1 ), ..., (βr2 |βr2 ) L«"
Ún 3.7 C3 = (C1 + C2 |C2 )§Kdmin (C3 ) = min{dmin (C1 ), 2dmin (C2 )}§Ù¥dmin (∗)L«˜
‡èi • Ç²-þ"ù‡Ún`² dmin (C3 )Ø¬Óž udmin (C1 )Ú2dmin (C2 )"
y² ^Y%•{"e¡·‚^ÎÒwt(∗)L«˜‡ ?›•þ Ç²-þ"

1. éuα ∈ C1 …wt(α) = dmin (C1 )§C3 ¥•3èiγ1 = (α|0)§¤±dmin (C3 ) ≤ wt(γ1 ) =
dmin (C1 )"éuβ ∈ C2 …wt(β) = dmin (C2 )§C3 ¥•3èiγ2 = (β|β)§¤±dmin (C3 ) ≤ wt(γ2 ) =
2dmin (C2 )"nþ§dmin (C3 ) ≤ min{dmin (C1 ), 2dmin (C2 )}"
2. ? (α + β|β) ∈ C3 §Ù¥α ∈ C1 , β ∈ C2 "XJα 6= 0§Kkµ
(a) (b) (c)
wt(α + β|β) = wt(α + β) + wt(β) ≥ wt(α + β + β) = wt(α) ≥ dmin (C1 ). (3.40)
Ù¥ Ò(a)´•ØL´r•þ©¤ü ©ãOŽ§(b) Ò …= α + βÚβ |8Øƒ

§(c)´Ï•α 6= 0"
XJα = 0£5¿ùžÿβØU2•0 §Ø,¤ 0èi ¤µ
wt(α + β|β) = wt(β|β) = 2wt(β) ≥ 2dmin (C2 ). (3.41)
dþ¡ü‡ªfŒ dmin (C3 ) ≥ dmin (C1 )Ú2dmin (C2 )§l dmin (C3 ) ≥ min{dmin (C1 ), 2dmin (C2 )}"
nþ§dmin (C3 ) = min{dmin (C1 ), 2dmin (C2 )}"
. 52 . 13Ù 4zè?è
e¡´˜‡²;½n"
½n 3.6 ±Rnk •)¤Ý RMè • Ç²ål´2n−k "
y² én^8B{"
Þµn = 1, k = 0ž§R10 ¤kèi•(11), (00)§dž• Ç²ål´2 = 21−0 §½n
¤á¶n = 1, k = 1ž§R11 ¤kèi•(10), (11), (00), (01)§dž• Ç²ål´1 = 21−1 §
½n¤á"
8Bb (n − 1)µ±Rn−1
k •)¤Ý RMè • Ç²ål´2n−1−k "
e˜Ú(n)µ±Rn0 •)¤Ý RMè•kü‡èi§ 1èiÚ 0èi§¤±Ù•
n−1
Ç²ål´2 n
= 2 n−0
§½n(Ø¤á" 1 ≤ p ≤ n− 1§PRp−1 •èiC1 §Rn−1
p •è
iC2 §Rnp •èiC3 "dª(3.34) Ú½Â3.8§kC3 = (C1 + C2 |C2 )"2dÚn3.7§kdmin (C3 ) =
(a)
min{dmin (C1 ), 2dmin (C2 )} = min{2n−1−p+1 , 2 × 2n−1−p } = 2n−p § ½ n ( Ø ¤ á § Ù ¥
Ò(a)´8Bb " p = n§Rnn ´Œ_Ý §ÏLpdž Œ ü Ý §¤±• Ç²ål
•1 = 2 n−n
§½n(Ø¤á"y."
ÏLþ¡P• Qã§·‚ªu‡ 4zè • Ç²-þ A: "
½n 3.7 8ÜA ⊂ {1, 2, 3, ..., N = 2n }§ ÑF⊗n ¥1Ò3A¥ 1§ F⊗n fÝ

F⊗n ⊗n
A "ÅÕŽFA ¥z˜1 Ç²-þ§ F⊗n
A • 1-´2 k
§±F⊗n
A •)¤Ý
‚5©|èP•C§Kdmin (C) = 2 " k
y² w,y3·‚kdmin (C) ≤ 2k §e¡·‚`²F⊗n n

A ´Rn−k fÝ "
•âÚn3.4Ú3.5§3•þv ë¦¥zõ¦1‡Ø´v0 vÑ¬¦ 1 êþ~Œ"Q
,F⊗n
A • 1-´2 k
§@oF⊗n
A ¥ 1•õń − k‡v
ë¦µvi1 vi2 ...vin−k §ÄKòÑy•
n
-þ u2 1§†K gñ"Šâ½Â3.7§Rn−k 1•¹ ¤kvi1 vi2 ...vin−k §±9¦È
k
‘ê• v ë¦§¤±F⊗n A ´Rn−k

n
fÝ §F⊗n A 3• 1-•2k ž•õÚRnn−k ˜
(a) (b)
"¤±dmin (C) ≥ dmin (C1 ) = 2k §Ù¥C1 ´±Rnn−k •)¤Ý RM è§ Ò(a)´Ï•fÝ
/¤ èi • Ç²-þŒu u èi§ Ò(c)´du½n3.6"
nþ§dmin (C) = 2k "
^?¿4zè EŽ{¼ &E'A8ÜÑ÷vA ⊂ {1, 2, 3, ..., N = 2n }§¤±þ¡
½n·û4zè"
e¡·‚?Ø'A˜†Ý ÚF⊗n Œ †5"·‚Ù• (ØµBN F⊗ log2 N = F⊗ log2 N BN
•´•2•œ¹¥ ˜‡A~"
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 53 .
½Â 3.9 'A˜†9ÙéA Ý
−1
N = 2n §é•Ý•N •þaN
0 = (a0 , a1 , ..., aN −1 ) ?1÷vXe^‡ ˜†π§ù
«˜†πÒ¡•'A˜†"
(a)
(a0 , a1 , ..., aN −1 ) = (a<01 ,...,0n >2 , a<11 ,...,1n >2 , ..., a<N −11 ,...,N −1n >2 )
(3.42)
π
→ (a<0π(1) ,...,0π(n)>2 , a<1π(1) ,...,1π(n) >2 ), ..., a<N −1π(1) ,...,N −1π(n) >2 ).
Ù¥ Ò(a)L«rai , 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1 eIiŠn ?›Ðm§< i1 , i2 , ..., in >2 L«i

?›Ðm§ik , 1 ≤ k ≤ nL«i ?›Ðm¥ 1k §Ù¥i1 ´•p §in ´•$ "
˜†πé•þ(1, 2, ..., n)Š˜† (π(1), π(2), ..., π(n))§•Ò´ri ?›Ðm 'A Š
˜†"
−1
•Ý•N •þaN
0 oOkN !«˜†•ª§'A˜†π´¤kN !‡˜† ¤ 8Ü f
8"π Okn!‡§ uN !"
½Â 3.10 Ý ü« d¢Ú {
N = 2 §PAi,j ´Ý
n
N × N ‘A¥ 1i11j ƒ§< i1 , i2 , ..., in >2 L«i
?›Ðm§< j1 , j2 , ..., jn >2 L«j ?›Ðm§@oe¡ü«PÒµ
Ai,j ÚA<i1 ,i2 ,...,in >2 ,<j1 ,j2 ,...,jn >2 ,
` ´Ó˜‡ ƒ"
Ún 3.8 Ý P´?¿˜‡N × N ‘˜†Ý §PéA ˜†P•ρ"A´?¿˜‡N ×

N ‘Ý §UA z˜1?1©¬§©¬(JPŠ[a1 ; a2 ; ...; aN ]§Ù¥ai Á 1i1"UA
z˜ ?1©¬§©¬(JPŠ[A1 A2 ... AN ]§Ù¥Ai Á 1i "@oeª¤áµ
PA = [aρ(1) ; aρ(2) ; ...; aρ(N ) ], (3.43)
APT = [Aρ(1) Aρ(2) ... Aρ(N ) ]. (3.44)
y² PP 1i1¥ 1 u1γ(i) §ƒA/§PT 1i ¥ 1 u1γ(i) 1§˜Õ

T
ŽPA z˜1ÚAP z˜ =Œ"
þ¡ Ún ¹Â´µ†¦˜†Ý Pƒ uA 1˜†§m¦PT ƒ uéA Š5Æƒ
Ó ˜†"
. 54 . 13Ù 4zè?è
e¡´˜‡Ú˜†Ã' Ún§§£ã F⊗n ¥ ƒ ¤5Æ"
⊗n
Ún 3.9 PFi,j ´F⊗n ¥1i1!1j ƒ§i n ?›ÐmP•< i1 , i2 , ..., in >2 §j n
⊗n Qn
?›ÐmP•< j1 , j2 , ..., jn >2 §KFi,j = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ "
Ù¥Fiβ ,jβ o«ŒU Š•F0,0 = 1, F0,1 = 0, F1,0 = 1, F1,1 = 1"Fiβ ,jβ ¯¢þÒ´F o
‡ ƒ§eIL«1 Òµ
   
1 0 F0,0 F0,1
F= =  (3.45)
1 1 F1,0 F1,1
y² ¦^8B{"
⊗n Qn
Þµ n = 1ž§dª(3.45)Œ„§Fi,j = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ ²…¤á"
⊗k Qk
8Bb µ n = kž§Fi,j = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ ¤á"
e˜gµ n = k + 1ž§Œ± Ñe¡ ªfµ
 
F0,0 F⊗k F0,1 F⊗k
F⊗(k+1) = F ⊗ F⊗k = . (3.46)
F1,0 F⊗k F1,1 F⊗k
⊗(k+1)
éF⊗(k+1) ¥1i1!1j ƒFi,j ©œ¹?Ø§5¿ùž0 ≤ i, j ≤ 2k+1 − 1"
œ¹1µ0 ≤ i, j ≤ 2k − 1§=i1 = j1 = 0"
˜•¡µ
k+1 k+1 k+1
Y Y Y (a)
Fiβ ,jβ = F0,0 Fiβ ,jβ = Fiβ ,jβ = Fi⊗k
∗ ,j ∗ . (3.47)
β=1 β=2 β=2
Qk+1
Ù¥ Ò(a)´8Bb "þªL« β=1 Fiβ ,jβ uF⊗k ¥1i∗ 1!1j ∗ ƒ§Ù¥i∗ k
∗
?›Ðm•< i2 , i3 , ..., ik+1 >2 §j k ?›Ðm•< j2 , j3 , ..., jk+1 >2 "
⊗(k+1)
,˜•¡µdu0 ≤ i, j ≤ 2 − 1§¤±Fi,j k
uª(3.46) †þ ©¬¥§ù‡©¬
⊗(k+1)
⊗k
ÒT´F §¤±Fi,j = F⊗k
i∗ ,j ∗ "
⊗(k+1) ⊗k) Qk+1
nþ§Fi,j = Fi∗ ,j ∗ = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ "
Ù{œ¹§•)0 ≤ i ≤ 2k − 1, 2k ≤ j ≤ 2k+1 − 1!2k ≤ i ≤ 2k+1 − 1, 0 ≤ j ≤ 2k − 1 ±
92k ≤ i ≤ 2k+1 − 1, 2k ≤ j ≤ 2k+1 − 1aqŒy§§‚ ©Û•ØL´£Ä Ù{n‡©¬
ƒ¥"
½Â 3.11 j i
0 ≤ i, j ≤ N − 1 = 2n − 1 ?›Ðm©O´< i1 , ..., in >2 , < j1 , ..., jn >2 §j i´
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 55 .
•∀β ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, jβ ≤ iβ "
Ún 3.10 0 ≤ i, j ≤ N − 1 = 2n − 1 ?›Ðm©O´< i1 , ..., in >2 , < j1 , ..., jn >2 §

KGi,j = 1 ⇐⇒ j i"
Qn
y² dÚn3.9Œ•§Gi,j = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ "
Qn
Gi,j = β=1 Fiβ ,jβ = 1 ⇐⇒ ∀β ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, Fiβ ,jβ = 1"
Ï•F0,0 = 1, F0,1 = 0, F1,0 = 1, F1,1 = 1§¤±Fiβ ,jβ = 1 ⇐⇒ jβ ≤ iβ "
l Gi,j = 1 ⇐⇒ ∀β ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, jβ ≤ iβ ⇐⇒ j i"
½n 3.8 π´'A˜†§Π´πéA ˜†Ý §KΠF⊗n ΠT = F⊗n "ù‡½n5

g[11]
⊗n)
y² F⊗n ¥1i1!1j ƒ´Fi,j §KdÚn3.8§²LOŽΠF⊗n ΠT §F⊗n
i,j
?›¢Ú(< iπ(1) , iπ(2) , ..., iπ(n) >2 , < jπ(1) , jπ(2) , ..., jπ(n) >2 ) ˜þ§@o·‚ÿ
ÁF⊗n
i,j ´Ä uF⊗n
<iπ(1) ,iπ(2) ,...,iπ(n) >2 ,<jπ(1) ,jπ(2) ,...,jπ(n) >2 "
n n
(a) Y (b) Y
F⊗n
<iπ(1) ,iπ(2) ,...,iπ(n) >2 ,<jπ(1) ,jπ(2) ,...,jπ(n) >2 = Fiπ(β) ,jπ(β) = Fiβ ,jβ = F⊗n
i,j . (3.48)
β=1 β=1
Ù¥ Ò(a)¦^ Ún3.9, Ò(b)´Ï••þ¦{äk †Æ"y."
íØ 3.2 ΠF⊗n = F⊗n Π
y² éu?¿˜† PkP−1 = PT "ΠF⊗n ΠT = F⊗n üý¦Π=Œ"
íØ 3.3 BN F⊗ log2 N = F⊗ log2 N BN
y² Ï•BN ´'A˜†"
⊗ log2 N ⊗ log2 N
díØ3.3Œ•§4zè ?èL§Œ •xN N N
1 = u1 GN = (u1 BN )F = (uN
1 F )BN §
¤±BN Š^ØL´˜†uN
1 ½x1
N
®§Ø¬é4zè BLER5U )?ÛK•"Ïd§3
⊗n
e¡ Qã¥§·‚kž¿KBN §••ÄF "
. 56 . 13Ù 4zè?è
½n 3.9 F⊗n 1i, 0 ≤ i < 2n − 11¥1 ‡ê´2wtn (i) §Ù¥wtn (i)L«i n ?›Ð
m¥1 ‡ê§d? / ?›Ðm0´•µXJ ?› êU L«›?›êi§
KÃ¯u)¶XJ ?› êØU L«›?›êi§K DK ´ ?› p "ù
⊗n
p§F ,˜1¥1 ‡ê•¡•T1 1-"ù‡½n5g©z[3]"
y² ¦^8B{"
ÞµN´ yF÷v½n"
8Bb µF⊗k 1i, 0 ≤ i < 2k − 11¥1 ‡ê´2wtk (i) "
e˜Úµ  
F⊗k O
F⊗(k+1) =   (3.49)
F⊗k F⊗k
3F⊗(k+1) ¥§1¢Úi ‰Œ*Œ ˜ µ0 ≤ i < 2k+1 − 1"

œ¹1µ 1¢Úi÷v0 ≤ i < 2k − 1§=ïÄF⊗(k+1) þŒÜ©ž§·‚uyF⊗(k+1) þ
ŒÜ© mŒ>´"Ý § Ï dF⊗(k+1) þ Œ Ü © 1 - †F⊗k 1- ƒÓ"q5¿
k
0 ≤ i < 2 − 1§=ùži k+1 ?›Ðm •p ´0§¤±kwtk+1 (i) = wtk (i)"•â
8Bb §½n3.9éF⊗(k+1) þŒÜ©¤áµéu1¢Ú0 ≤ i < 2k − 1§1-´2wtk (i) §•
´2wtk+1 (i) "
œ ¹2µ 1 ¢ Úi÷ v2k ≤ i < 2k+1 − 1§ = ï ÄF⊗(k+1) eŒÜ©ž§·‚u
⊗(k+1) ⊗k ⊗(k+1)
yF eŒÜ© †Œ>ÚmŒ>Ñ´F §¤±džF 1-´F⊗k éA1-
ü "q5¿ dž1¢Úi k+1 ?›Ðm •p ´1§¤±wtk+1 (i) = wtk (i) + 1"
⊗(k+1)
Šâ8Bb §½n3.9 éF eŒÜ©¤áµéu1¢Ú2k ≤ i < 2k+1 − 1§1-
´2 × 2wtk (i) §ù‡ê u2wtk (i)+1 = 2wtk+1 (i) "
íØ 3.4 πń 'A˜†§Π´πéA ˜†Ý "÷^½n3.9¥ `{§KÝ

⊗n
ΠF ¥1i1 1-•´2 wtn (i)
"
y² Ý ΠF⊗n ÚF⊗n O3ucö´ ö 1˜†§˜†5K´Π" F⊗n 1i1

•fi §d½n3.9§fi 1-´2 wtn (i)
"y3•â'A˜†π§rfi † 1j1§Ù¥i ?›Ð
m´< i1 , i2 , ..., in >2 §j ?›Ðm´< iπ(1) , iπ(2) , ..., iπ(n) >2 "dufi SNvk?ÛC
z§¤±ΠF⊗n 1j1 1-Ò´fi -þµ2wtn (i) "5¿ 'A˜†ØUC˜‡ê ?›Ð
⊗n
m¥1 êþ§¤±2 wtn (i)
=2wtn (j)
§l ΠF 1j1 1-´2 wtn (j)
"y."
3.2 4zè)¤Ý 5Ÿ . 57 .
íØ 3.5 Ý B2n F⊗n ¥1i1 1-´2wtn (i) "
y² Ý B2n ´'A˜†Ý "
½n 3.10 N = 2n §1•þuN
1 = (00...01 ∗ ∗ ∗ ...∗)¥ Ä‡1 u1i‡ ˜þ§
=ui−1
1= 0, ui = 1§uN
i+1 Š´?¿ §Kwt(uN
1 F
⊗n
) ≥ wt(F⊗n
i )"Ù¥wt(a)L«a¥1
⊗n ⊗n
êþ§Fi ´F ¥ 1i1"
y² ù‡½n5g©z[2]"én¦^8B{"
Þµ n = 1ž§éu(10)§k(10)F = (10)§½n¤á¶éu(11)§k(11)F = (01)§½
n¤á¶éu(01)§k(01)F = (11)§½n¤á"
k k
8Bb µ n = kž §ui−1
1 = 0, ui = 1§u2i+1 Š´?¿ § Kwt(u21 F⊗k ) ≥
wt(F⊗k
i )"
k
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§ui−1
1 = 0, ui = 1§u2i+1 Š´?¿ "e¡©ü«œ¹?Ø"
œ¹1µ1 ≤ i ≤ 2k "džkµ
 
k+1 F⊗k
i O
u21 F⊗k+1 = (00...01 ∗ ... ∗ | ∗ ∗ ∗ ... ∗ ∗∗)  
F⊗k
i F⊗k
i
= ((00...01 ∗ ...∗)F⊗k + (∗ ∗ ∗... ∗ ∗∗)F⊗k , (∗ ∗ ∗... ∗ ∗∗)F⊗k )

(3.50)
1 ‡ê
= (x + y, y) → wt(x + y) + wt(y) = wt(x) + 2wt(y) − 2wt(xy)
(a) (b) (c)

≥ wt(x) ≥ wt(F⊗k ⊗k+1
i ) = wt(Fi ),
Ù¥Ø Ò(a)´Ï•wt(y) ≥ wt(xy)§Ø Ò(b)´8Bb § Ò(c)´Ï•F⊗k+1 mþ©¬

´"Ý "
œ¹2µ2k + 1 ≤ i ≤ 2k+1 "džkµ
 
k+1 F⊗k
i O
u21 F⊗k+1 = (0|00...01 ∗ ...∗)  
F⊗k
i F⊗k
i
(3.51)
= ((00...01 ∗ ...∗)F⊗k , (00...01 ∗ ...∗)F⊗k )
1 ‡ê (a) (b)
= (y, y) → 2wt(y) ≥ 2wt(F⊗k
i−2k
) = wt(F⊗k+1
i ),
. 58 . 13Ù 4zè?è
Ù¥Ø Ò(a)´8Bb § Ò(b)´Ï•F⊗k+1 eŒÜ©†mü¬ ƒÓ§Ñ´F⊗k "y

."
§ 3.3 šXÚ4zè?èL§
šXÚè ¿g´èiS ¥Ø† •¹& 'A"¯¢þÃØšXÚ4zè„´XÚ

4zè§?è ì?E,ÝÑÓ(N log2 N )" !¥·‚”./ ï˜†BN §ïÄF⊗n "
A´ Ï L ? ¿ ˜ ‡ è EŽ{ Œ‚4z& 8 Ü § d ž è • •N § & E ' A ê
•K = |A|"3•Ý•N & S uN
1 = (u1 , u2 , ..., uN ) ¥§rK‡&E'A˜3i ∈ A ƒ
N ⊗n
þ§Ù{N − K‡ ƒ ‰È('A§3 §¥o´ ½'AŠ0"xN
1 = u1 F úN
1 é
A èi§OŽxN
1 L§Ò´4zè šXÚ?èL§"·‚k½ÂF⊗n IO/ª"
½Â 3.12 F⊗n IO/ª

XJF ¥ n l†–m•gŒLˆ•F⊗n = [IN/2 ⊗ F ⊗ I1 ][IN/4 ⊗ F ⊗ I2 ]...[I1 ⊗ F ⊗
⊗n
Qlog N
IN/2 ] = β=12 [I Nβ ⊗ F ⊗ I2β−1 ]§K¡ù«/ª´F⊗n IO/ª"
2
~ 3.3 n = 3ž§F⊗3 IO/ªXã3.4¤«"
ã 3.4 F⊗3 IO/ª
ã3.4¥ ?èL§´l†•m §•†ý ‚Þ Â& S u§•mý ‚ÞÑÑ

?è(Jx§ë ‚L«/† ÏL0§⊕L«Ù†ý‚ÞÚe•‚Þþ'AŠ É½"
u81 = (00010111)§KÙéAèix81 = u81 F⊗3 OŽL§Xã3.5¤«§Ù¥çÚ'AŠL«
®²•3 OŽ(J§ùÚ'AŠL« Ú½¥fOŽÑ5 'AŠ"z‡2 × 2 ¬zg•#
NÑÑmþ ½me OŽ(J§Ø#NÓžÑÑ§ù´• •e˜Ù‡ù SCÈèì§
¢S¥vkù •›"U Ö©i ^Sw"
4zè?èŒNkü« {µÙ˜!¦^48¶Ù §•^forÌ‚"w,·‚í••
^forÌ‚§Ï•48¿ØUü$?ÛOŽþ§…O\§S‰1žm"•,Xd§·‚„´rü
3.3 šXÚ4zè?èL§ . 59 .
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 01 0 0 01 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 01 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 01 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ã 3.5 F⊗3 IO/ª ?èL§§ O2N − 2 = 14Üã
«/ª MATLAB“è‰Ñ "I‡5¿ ´§e¡üã“è ¥mOŽ(JÚã3.5¥mO

Ž(JØÓ§ •ªOŽ(JƒÓ§ù«y–·‚ )º"
Äk´¦^48 “è§§•,á§ ´§ m•Œ"
1 function x = polar_encode(u)
2 N = length(u);
3 if N == 1
4 x = u;
5 else
6 u1u2 = mod(u(1 : N/2) + u(N/2 + 1 : N) , 2);
7 u2 = u(N/2 + 1 : N);
8 x = [polar_encode(u1u2) polar_encode(u2)];
9 end
10 end
e¡´=¦^forÌ‚ “è§§I‡•6Ñ\ëêlayer vecÚlambda offset§ùü‡ëê

. 60 . 13Ù 4zè?è
¹ÂXe§· ¬‰˜‡~f§ü«§‚ ¦^"

Ù¥layer vec´˜‡L«/¢S‰1 ê0 •þ§§´˜‡N × 1‘•þ§p¡ ƒ
´ Šu[0, n − 1]S ê"layer vec¥ 1i, 1 ≤ i ≤ N ‡ ƒlayer vec(i)L«µi − 1 ?
›Ðm¥/$ ëY" ‡ê0§•Òí − 1 ŸÏê©)¥2 gê§•Òí − 1UëY
Ø2 gê"~X§ n = 3ž§layer vec(5) = 2"du0 Á~§0 ?›Ðm ´0§¤±·
‚ØOŽ§§=layer vec(1)o´Ð©Š0§ù‡Š•Øë† YOŽ"
lambda offset´˜‡/©ã0^ •þ§§ •Ýń+1§ ƒ Š•g´20 , 21 , ..., 2log2 N =
n"lambda offset¥ Š‰x internal valueù‡•;¥mOŽ(J •þ© ã"
1 lambda_offset = 2.ˆ(0 : log2(N));

2
3 function layer_vec = get_layer(N)

4 layer_vec = zeros(N, 1);
5 for phi = 1 : N - 1
6 psi = phi;
7 layer = 0;
8 while(mod(psi, 2) == 0)
9 psi = floor(psi/2);
10 layer = layer + 1;
11 end
12 layer_vec(phi + 1) = layer;
13 end
14 end
15
16 function x = polar_encode(u, lambda_offset, layer_vec)

17 N = length(u);
18 m = log2(N);
19 x_internal_value = zeros(2 * N - 1, 1);%internal calculation results
20 x_internal_value(end - N + 1 : end) = u;%obtain source vector u
21 x = zeros(N, 1);%final output
22 %calculate x1
23 for i_layer = m - 1 : -1 : 0
24 index_1 = lambda_offset(i_layer + 1);
26 for beta = index_1 : index_2 - 1
3.3 šXÚ4zè?èL§ . 61 .
27 x_internal_value(beta) =...
28 x_internal_value(index_2 + beta - index_1) ...
29 + x_internal_value(index_2 + beta);
30 end
31 end
32 x(1) = x_internal_value(1);
33 %calculate x2,...,xN
34 for phi = 1 : N - 1
35 layer = layer_vec(phi + 1);
36 %directly get bits
37 index_1 = lambda_offset(layer + 1);
38 index_2 = lambda_offset(layer + 2);
40 x_internal_value(beta) = x_internal_value(index_2 + beta);
41 end
42 %plus
43 for i_layer = layer - 1 : -1 : 0
47 x_internal_value(beta) = ...
48 x_internal_value(index_2 + beta - index_1) ...
49 + x_internal_value(index_2 + beta);
50 end
51 end
52 x(phi + 1) = x_internal_value(1);
53 end
54 %mod 2
55 x = mod(x, 2);
56 end
þ¡ “è1˜gw {ŒUØ•¤ §•ŒU\¬ú ù‡“è • §·e¡

xÑ§ ‰1L§§Xã3.6¤«"z«ôÚL«˜‡©ã§z‡©ã 1˜‡¢Ú©O
´(1, 2, 4, 8)§TÐ´lambda offset¥ ƒ"‘Ú•¬ SN´& S u…˜†ØC§xÚ•
µ SN´èi'A OŽ(J§Ù{ôÚ•µ SN´¥mOŽ(J"
. 62 . 13Ù 4zè?è
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 for beta = 4 : 7 z 4  z 8  z12, z 5  z 9  z 13

第1步 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算绿色比特 z 6  z 10  z 14 , z 7  z11  z15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 2 : 3 z 2  z 4  z6, z3  z 5  z 7

第2步 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算蓝色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1 : 1

第3步 z1  z2  z 3 得到x1=0
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1 : 1 z1  z 3

第4步得到x2=1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 2: 3 z 2  z 6, z 3  z 7

第5步 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算蓝色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1: 1

第6步 z1  z 2  z 3 得到x3=1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1: 1 z1  z 3 得到x4=0

第7步 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 for beta = 4 : 7 z 4  z 12 , z 5  z 13

第8步 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算绿色比特 z 6  z 14 , z 7  z 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 2 : 3 z 2  z 4  z 6, z 3  z 5  z 7

第9步 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算蓝色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1 : 1

第10步 z1  z 2  z 3 得到x5=1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1 : 1 z1  z 3

第11步得到x6=0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 2: 3 z 2  z 6, z 3  z 7

第12步 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算蓝色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1: 1

第13步 z1  z2  z 3 得到x7=0
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 14 15 for beta = 1: 1 z1  z 3 得到x8=1

第14步 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 计算白色比特
ã 3.6 •^for “è OŽL§§zÚ¥15‡•µ SN©O•z1 , ..., z15

3.4 XÚ4zè?èL§ . 63 .
§ 3.4 XÚ4zè?èL§
XÚèÒÚ † lèiS ¥J &E'A èi§˜„&E'A u ‡èiS

cà" ´4zè XÚè ‡E,˜ §Ï•&E'AÑá3XÚ4zè èiS
¥[8]§¿Ø8¥ uèicà½ à"
·‚ 8IXÚ4zè è••N = 2n §&E'Aê•K"A, |A| = K´ÏL,«4z
è EŽ{ &E'A ¢Ú8Ü§Ac = {1, 2, ..., N } \ A, |Ac | = N − K´È('A ¢
Ú8Ü§È('A Š •0"• PÒ {B§ !¥PG = F⊗n "PG ¥1Ò uA¥ 1
¤fÝ GA §GAc ¹Â±daí"P& S u = (u1 , u2 , ..., uN ) ¥ u¢Ú8ÜA¥
ƒ/¤ f•þ•uA § u¢Ú8ÜA ¥ c
ƒ/¤ f•þ•uAc §xA ÚxAc ¹Â±d
aí"@o§4zè ?èL§Œ±LˆXeµ
GA
x = (uA |uAc = 0)[ ] = uA GA . (3.52)
GAc
e˜Úr1rx©•x = (xA |xAc )üÜ©"Ù¥xA Ò´Ž‡DÑ K‡&E'A§¤±
XJk x§ · ‚ Ò U † J xA § ù Ò ´ X Ú 4 z è ¿ Â ¤ 3 ¶xAc Ń − K‡
§xAc ´xA ¼ê"k x = (xA |xAc )§·‚U‰?˜Ú ©•µ
x = (xA |xAc ) = (uA GAA |uA GAAc ). (3.53)
Ù¥GAA L«GA ¥ Ò uA¥ |¤ fÝ §GAAc ¹Â±daí"þª ¤ü

‡ªf§Ò´µ
xA = uA GAA , (3.54)
xAc = uA GAAc . (3.55)
dþ¡ü‡ªf·‚Œ±”´/¼ xAc Lˆªµ
xAc = xA G−1
AA GAAc . (3.56)
þª ¿Â´µéuXÚ4zè§·Äk Â K‡&E'A§·r¦‚˜ xA ˜
þ§•e xAc dþªOŽ §ù ·‚Ò XÚ4zè ˜‡èi"
, §þª•,{ü§ %´Äu•þ-Ý ¦{§E,Ý•O(N 2 )§w,•Uû á
¥‰‡Úf§¢S¥´ØŒU¦^ §Ï•G−1
AA GAAc Ø´$—Ý "e¡§·‚Äuþª§
0 A‡E,Ý•O(N log2 N ) XÚ?è•{"
. 64 . 13Ù 4zè?è
•{1µ48{§5g©z[8]"
x •Ý•N = 2n §x1 L«x¥c˜Œ ƒ§x2 L«x¥ ˜Œ ƒ§u1 Úu2 ¹Â±d
⊗n ⊗n−1
aí"ŠâF ÚF 'X§·‚ eªµ
 
F⊗n−1 O
(x1 |x2 ) = (u1 |u2 )   (3.57)
F⊗n−1 F⊗n−1
þª duµ
x1 ⊕ x2 = u1 F⊗n−1 , (3.58)
x2 = u2 F⊗n−1 . (3.59)
þ¡ ü‡ªfÒr•ÝN ?è¯K©£•ü‡•ÝŃ/2 ?è¯K§¤±E,Ý

•O(N log2 N )§ù´Ž{nØ¥ {ü(Ø"þ¡ü‡ªf ?n•ª•µk)ûª(3.59)§
¼ ª(3.59) (J §rx2 (J‘\ª(3.58)"@oª(3.59)No)ûº ,´-E©£Ž
{§† x2 Š®•"e¡Þ~`²"3eã¥§žUùÚêi ^S Ö"z ˜‡©¬¥
Ò†> Š ®•§KÊŽ©£"
N = 4, K = 8, 信息比特(1111),信息比特集合{4,6,7,8},
求此时的系统码字
F2 O 
(x A1 c x A2 c x A3 c 1, x A4 c 111)  u18  2 
F F2 
 
1
 F O 6  F O
(x A1c x A2c , x A3c 0)  (x A1 c x A2 c x A3 c 1)  (1111)  u14   (x A4c 1,11)  u 58  
F F F F
   
7 2
10
(x A1c , x A2c )  (x A1c x A2c )  (00)  u12 F (x A3c ,0)  u 43 F (x A4c ,0)  (x A4c ,1)  (11)  u 56F 3 (11)  u 78 F
后一半已知，停止分治
11 8
4
x A1c  0  u1 x A3c  0  u 3 9 0  u4 x A4c  0  u5  0 5

12 x Ac  u2  0
2
0  u6
x Ac  1
1
x Ac  1
2
x Ac =1
3
x Ac  1
4
u1是冻结比特 u2是冻结比特 u3是冻结比特后一半已知，停止分治 u5是冻结比特后一半已知，停止分治
所以系统码字是：(x Ac x Ac x Ac 1, x Ac 111)  (1111111)

1 2 3 4
ã 3.7 XÚ4zè48?èÞ~
3.4 XÚ4zè?èL§ . 65 .
·‚éN´ÒUwÑþ¡Ž{ ":µ·‚•Ø• §Ÿožÿ¬ÊŽ§•kr @˜

Úâ• "¤±ù«/Ø(½0 ( •Ø¬3¢S¥¦^"¢S¥¦^ ´˜«/ ½0
?è•ª"
•{2µüÚ?è{§5g©z[4][9][10]§ùAŸ©z Ÿþvk«O§Ï•ïÄ@Ï§
Œ[J•¬-E˜ ÊH (Ø"
ù‡•{Äu4z& S'X§¤±kùù‡ S'X"·‚5¿ ù S'X
(Øé{ü§ ´Ùy²¿vké{ü§¤±·3dÒØˆQ§‚ y² "k, ÖöŒ
± Ö· Ñ ©z§v, Öö•Ýº(Ø•Ø†"
½Â 3.13 S'X1[11]
(i)
N = 2n §4z& ^SIÒ•WN , 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1"›?›ê0 ≤ p, q ≤ N − 1 n
?›Ðmkù A:µp n ?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 0, ..., pt = 1, ..., p1 >2 §Ù¥†
>´p " †ps Úpt þ 0Ú1§ < pn , ..., ps = 1, ..., pt = 0, ..., p1 >2 T´q ?›Ð
(q) (p)
m§KI(WN ) ≥ I(WN )"
{ü/`§ †p 0Ú $ 1¬ ˜‡Nþ•Œ 4z& "5¿·vk

(q) (p)
`Z(WN )ÚZ(WN )ƒm•3?Û'X"
½Â 3.14 S'X2[4]
(i)
N = 2n §4z& ^SIÒ•WN , 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1"›?›ê0 ≤ p, q ≤ N − 1 n
?›Ðmkù A:µp n ?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 0, ..., p1 >2 §Ù¥†>´p "
(p) (q)
rps þ 0C¤1§ < pn , ..., ps = 1, ..., p1 >2 T´q ?›Ðm§KWN WN §l
(q) (p) (q) (p) (q) (p)
I(WN ) ≥ I(WN ), Z(WN ) ≤ Z(WN ), PeML (WN ) ≤ PeML (WN )"
{ü/`§r,˜ 0ÚC¤1¬ ˜‡•Ð 4z& "ù‡(Ø'þ˜‡(Ør"

(i) (i)
þ¡ü‡ S'X`²ù ¯KµXJ,‡WN \À8ÜA§@o¤k'WN /•Ð0
(i)
4z& 7\À8ÜA§ÄK\ EÒk¯K¶XJ,‡WN \™À8ÜA§@o¤k
(i)
'WN /• 0 4z& 7ØU\À8ÜA§ÄK\ EÒk¯K"þ¡ü‡ S'Xr
(s) (t)
¤kN ‡4z& /Ü©0/éX å5§¤¢Ü©´•? ü‡4z& WN ÚWN §éu
(s) (t)
, s, t§·‚Œ±•âþ¡ü‡'Xä½WN ÚWN =‡•Ð¶ éu, s, t§·‚ØU•
âþ¡ ü‡'Xä½=‡•Ð"
ùü‡ S'XŒ±x¤ã/§‘Xèi O•£zgO•lN C¤2N ¤§L« S'
X ã/¥yÑ48 ( "ù«L« S ã/\gCg•§ŒUš~E,¶ §¯¢þ´
š~{ü §kI‡ ÖöŒ± Ö©z[7]§·3dÒØEÖ "
. 66 . 13Ù 4zè?è
• (Ø §·rü« S'X Ñ5 §e¡·‚Ù¢•^'X2"e¡ (ØÌ

‡5g©z[9][10]"
Ún 3.11 4zè E÷v S'X2µp n ?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 0, ..., p1 >2 §q n

?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 1, ..., p1 >2 §XJp\À&E8ÜA§Kq7\À"@oGAc A = O"
y² ? s ∈ Ac , t ∈ A§ s, t ?›Ðm©O´< sn , ..., s1 >2 , < tn , ..., t1 >2 "

7•31 ≤ α ≤ n¦ sα = 0 < tα = 1§ÄK¤ksα ≥ tα §@osAáuA§†K ¥
Qn
S'X2gñ", §dÚn3.9Œ•§Gs,t = β=1 Fsβ ,tβ §éuÙ¥β = αù˜‘§Ï
•F0,0 = 1, F0,1 = 0, F1,0 = 1, F1,1 = 1…sα = 0 < tα = 1§Fsα =0,tα =1 = 0,¤± —Gs,t = 0"
y."
Ún 3.12 y´?¿1 × N ‘•þ§AŃ × N ‘Ý §XJyA = y ð¤á§KA´ü

Ý "
y² ^Ä{e1 , ..., eN } y"
½n 3.11 4zè E÷v S'X2µp n ?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 0, ..., p1 >2 §q n

?›Ð´< pn , ..., ps = 1, ..., p1 >2 §XJp\À&E8ÜA§Kq7\À"@oGAA =
G−1
AA "
y² Ï•GG = IN …x = uG§¤±u = xG§éù‡ Òm> ‘©¬ƒ¦§kµ

GA
u = (xA , xAc )[ ] = xA GA + xAc GAc . (3.60)
GAc
2 Ñu uA¥ ƒ§kµ
uA = xA GAA + xAc GAc A . (3.61)
dÚn3.11§GAc A = O§¤±uA = xA GAA §dª(3.54)kµxA = uA GAA §=uA =

uA GAA GAA "Ï•uA Š´?¿ §l ŠâÚn3.12 kµGAA GAA = I|A| "
dª(3.56)Úþ¡ ½nŒ•µ
xAc = uA GAA GAAc . (3.62)
þª`² XÚ4zèŒ±ÏLüÚšXÚ?è¼ "1˜Úµr&E'A˜3uA þ§

È('A 0§ O Žv = uG" 1 Ú § -vAc • " §vA ¥ ƒ‘± § v0 § O
Žw = v0 G§ ÑwAc §KwAc = xAc § ¤ xAc OŽ"†ã3.7éA ˜‡Ž~X
ã3.8¤«§Ù¥è•N = 8§&E'AêK = 4§A = {4, 6, 7, 8}§uA = (1111)§È('A
0"
3.4 XÚ4zè?èL§ . 67 .
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
ã 3.8 üÚXÚ?è§ÉÚ "L«-vAc •"§ùÚ ƒL«wAc
14Ù G1-žÈè
G1-ž£Successive Cancellation§SC¤Èè[3]´4zè ²;ÈèŽ{ƒ˜"éu•

Ý•2 n
4zè§SCÈèìÂ Â&Ò§Äk|^ Â&ÒÈèu1 §, |^ Â&Ò
Úu1 OÈèu2 § "˜„ 5Æ´µSCÈèì|^ Â&ÒÚu1 , ..., ui−1 O5È
èui §† uN •Ž"
Ù0 4zè SCÈèL§§kù•Ý•2 4zè SCÈè§, í2 •Ý•2n

4zè§• ù˜ CNSCÈèŽ{" Ù=QãÄuLLR SCÈèL§§Ï• Ñ\&
¥LLR´ Â&Ò ¿©ÚOþ§êŠ-½§…¢SXÚ¥•¦^LLRÈè"
Ù‰Ñ ˆ«SCÈèì MATLAB“è§ù “èA Œ±Ø\?U/C¤CŠó“

è"
§ 4.1 •Ý•2 4zè SCÈèL§
•ÄéÜ©ÙPr(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 )§ù ‘ÅCþ 'X•µU1 , U2 ´ÕáÓ©Ù Bernoulli(0.5)‘

ÅCþ§(X1 , X2 ) = (U1 , U2 )F = (U1 ⊕ U2 , U2 )§X1 , X2 ²L Ñ\ÃPÁ& W DÑ§
©O/¤ Â&ÒY1 Y2 "y3Ž^*ÿŠY1 , Y2 OuxŠU1 , U2 "
^^‡VÇPr(Y1 Y2 |U1 )Š• ûU1 •âµXJPr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 0) ≥ Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 1)§K

òU1 û•0¶XJPr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 0) < Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 1)§KòU1 û•1"Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 )•ØL
4.1 •Ý•2 4zè SCÈèL§ . 69 .
´Pr(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 ) {üCN§§ OŽL§Xeµ
P
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 ) u2 ∈{0,1} Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 U2 )
Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 ) = =
Pr(U1 ) Pr(U1 )
P
u2 ∈{0,1} Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 U2 ) Pr(U1 U2 ) (a) 1
X
= = Pr(Y1 Y2 |X1 X2 ) (4.1)
Pr(U1 ) 2
u2 ∈{0,1}
(b) 1 X 1 X
= Pr(Y1 |X1 ) Pr(Y2 |X2 ) = Pr(Y1 |U1 ⊕ U2 ) Pr(Y2 |U2 ).
2 2
u2 ∈{0,1} u2 ∈{0,1}
Ù¥ Ò(a)´Ï•éu?¿U1 , U2 §Pr(U1 ) = 0.5, Pr(U1 U2 ) = 0.25§…U1 , U2 ÚX1 , X2 ˜

Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =0)
˜éA" Ò(b)´Ï•W ´ÃPÁ& "dd§éNÓŽéêq,'ln Pr(Y 1 Y2 |U1 =1)
µ
P
Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 0) u ∈{0,1} Pr(Y1 |U2 ) Pr(Y2 |U2 )
ln = ln P 2
Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 = 1) u2 ∈{0,1} Pr(Y1 |1 ⊕ U2 ) Pr(Y2 |U2 )
Pr(Y1 |0) Pr(Y2 |0) + Pr(Y1 |1) Pr(Y2 |1)

= ln (4.2)
Pr(Y1 |1) Pr(Y2 |0) + Pr(Y1 |0) Pr(Y2 |1)
Pr(Y1 |0) Pr(Y2 |0)
Pr(Y1 |1) Pr(Y2 |1) + 1 (a) 1 + eL1 +L2
= ln Pr(Y2 |0) Pr(Y1 |0)
= ln .
eL1 + eL2
Pr(Y2 |1) + Pr(Y1 |1)
Pr(Y1 |0) 2 |0)

Ò(a)¥L1 = ln Pr(Y 1 |1)
, L2 = ln Pr(Y
Pr(Y2 |1) ´ Â&Ò LLR" ; . & LLRk ; .
/ª"~XBSC()¥•kü«LLR§©O´ln 1−
Úln 1− ¶BEC() LLRkn‡Š§©O
´+∞, 0, −∞§•,ùn‡ŠÚÃ'§ ´ § Š•Ã¡ LLRÒ¬ õ§Èè
(¶ Ñ\AWGN& ´ëYÑÑ& §XJ¦^BPSKN›s = 1 − 2x§Ù¥x ∈ {0, 1}´
' A Š §s ∈ {1, −1}´ u xBPSK& Ò §y = s + n´ Â & Ò § Ù ¥n´ þ Š •0! •
2 2
√1
e−(y−1) /(2σ ) 2
•σ 2
pd\5xD(§K Â&Òy LLR /ª•ln σ
√1
2π
e−(y+1)2 /(2σ2 )
= σ 2 y"k <U•
σ 2π
rBPSK ¤s = 2x − 1§@ ÂLLR\‡ÎÒÒ1 µ− σ22 y"

ª(4.2)~3©z¥ ¡•f $Ž"duª(4.2) OŽš~E,§Óž•)•êÚéê$
Ž§Ø|uM‡¢y§·‚~~é§?1Cq§˜«~^ /ª•µ
1 + eL1 +L2
ln ≈ sign(L1 )sign(L2 ) min{|L1 |, |L2 |}. (4.3)
eL1 + eL2
Ù¥signL« ÎÒ "þª uÒŒ±léõ ÝŒ—íÑ§k, ÖöŒ±gCö
S§ J:3uXÛ •î‚/½þ£ã uÒE¤ ›”§k, ÖöŒ±ë•[44]¥
5.5.3!"
. 70 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
dd·‚Ò ¤ U1 Èèµ·‚˜ Â Y1 ÚY2 §ÒOŽY1 ÚY2 éêq,'L1 ÚL2 §

Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =0)
rL1 ÚL2 ‘\ª(4.2)§Ò ln Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =1) "XJU1 ´È('A§·‚† r§ û•ý
Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =0) 1 Y2 |U1 =0)
Š¶XJln Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =1) ≥ 0§`² Pr(Y Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 =1) ≥ 1§@oU1 û•0¶‡ƒ§U1 û
•1"
e¡T ûU2 §·‚|Û1 Š ûU2 §¤•Ä ^‡VÇ´Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 )§§•Ø
L´Pr(U1 , U2 , Y1 , Y2 ) {üCN ®§e¡ OŽL§a'ª(4.1)Œ µ
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 U2 ) Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 U2 ) Pr U1 U2

Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 ) = =
Pr(U2 ) Pr(U1 )
1 1 (4.4)
= Pr(Y1 Y2 |U1 U2 ) = Pr(Y1 Y2 |X1 X2 )
2 2
1 1
= Pr(Y1 |X1 ) Pr(Y2 |X2 ) = Pr(Y1 |U1 ⊕ U2 ) Pr(Y2 |U2 ).
2 2
þª†ª(4.1)¾˜wþ «O´µª(4.1)'ª(4.4)õ ‡¦ÚÒ¶ª(4.4)I‡U1 Šâ
UOŽ§3$ ´·‚®²ÏLþ¡ L§®² OÑ U1 Š"
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =0)
a'ª(4.2)§Œ± éêq,'ln Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =1) µ
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 = 0) Pr(Y1 |U1 ) Pr(Y2 |0)

ln = ln
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 = 1) Pr(Y1 |U1 ⊕ 1) Pr(Y2 |1)
(4.5)
Pr(Y1 |U1 )
= ln + ln Pr(Y2 |0)Pr(Y2 |1) = (1 − 2U1 )L1 + L2 .
Pr(Y1 |U1 ⊕ 1)
þª • ˜‡ Ò´˜«CÏ Lˆ/ª§þª3©z¥~ ¡•g$Ž"dd§·

1 Y2 U1 |U2 =0)
‚ ¤ U2 Èèµ3¼ L1 , L2 , U1 §‘\þª§ ln Pr(Y
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =1) Š§XJU2 ´È
Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =0) Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =0)
('A§·‚† r§ û•ý Š¶XJln Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =1) ≥ 0§`² Pr(Y1 Y2 U1 |U2 =1) ≥
1§U2 û•0¶‡ƒ§U2 û•1"
e¡·‰Ñ˜@ ¤ ?Èè6§§§•,{ü§ %äk“L5§Ø,·•ÒØ "
·‚•Ä3AWGN& ¥?1•Ý•2 4zè DÑ§&E'A 8Ü•A = {2}§&E'
•1§È('Ao´•0" Ñ\AWGN& &D'•Eb /N0 = 4dB§Ù¥N0 = 2σ 2 ´\5
pdxD( ü>õÇÌ—Ý"
1˜Úµ‰Ñ&E'A§ ~¥&E'AU2 = 1"
1 ÚµOŽèi§ ~¥(U1 , U2 ) = (01)§K(X1 , X2 ) = (11)§Ù¢´‡-Eè"
1nÚµBPSKN›§(X1 , X2 ) = (11)²LBPSKN› C¤(s1 , s2 ) = (−1, −1)"
Es (a) 1 Eb
1oÚµ\D(§D(• OŽúª• RN √1 √ 1
0
= 2Rσ 2 = N0 §l σ = 2R Eb /N0
"
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§ . 71 .
ù‡ªf¥ ŠÑ´‚5Š§XJEb /N0 ´© Š§KI=z•‚5Šµσ = √1 √ 1

=
2R Eb /N0
√1 √ 1
= √1 10−(Eb /N0 )/20 "Ù¥ Ò(a)´Ï•Es ®²8˜z•1§R´èÇ§ ~
2R 10(Eb /N0 )/10 2R
−4/20
¥•R = 0.5"ddŒ σ = 10 "^§S)¤ü‡Õá "þŠ!• •σ 2
pd‘ÅC
þ ŠD(§)¤ ü‡D(Š•(n1 , n2 ) = (0.3392, 1.1571)"
1ÊÚµ¼ Â&Ò(y1 , y2 ) = (−1 + n1 , −1 + n2 ) = (−0.6608, 0.1571)§l (L1 , L2 ) =
( σ22 y1 , σ22 y2 ) = (−3.3195, 0.7893)"
18ÚµSCÈè§Äk ûU1 §ùp¦^Cqúª(4.3)§KU1 éA éêq,'•
sign(L1 )sign(L2 ) min{|L1 |, |L2 |} = −0.7893§ Ú1 ´È('A§¤±·‚† -U1 = 0",
ûU2 §dª(4.5)§U2 éA LLR•(1 − 2U1 )L1 + L2 = −2.5302§¤±U2 û•1§Èè(
å§Èè ("
rþãL§x3ãþ§Òk ã4.1§?èL§l† mw§ÈèL§lm †w"ù‡
ãŒ±{ü£ã•µ& ÂLLR˜3m>§†þ ^f ¼ê ûu1 §me ^g¼ê ûu2 "
f ( L1 , L2 )  0.7893
u1  0, 因为u1是冻结比特 L1  3.3195
g (u1 , L1 , L2 )  2.5302 L2  0.7893

u2  1
ã 4.1 •Ý•2 4zè ÈèÞ~
§ 4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§
ÏLþ˜Ù Qã·‚• •Ý•2n 4zè•ØL´^n2n−1 ‡2 × 2Ä 4zè ¬

©nå5 ®§Œ±íÿ§•Ý•2 n
4zè SCÈè••ØL´^n2 n−1
‡2 × 2Ä 4z
è ¬©nå5 ®"þ˜! QãŒ±Ø\?U/í2 •Ý•2 n
4zè SCÈè¥"
·‚† ^˜‡è•N = 8 ~fww˜„ SCÈèL§Ń "
~ 4.1 ˜Xe(AWGN& DÑ§Eb /N0 = 4dB)µ

è•N = 8,&E'AêK = 4§èÇR = K/N = 0.5"
&E'A8ÜA = {4, 6, 7, 8}§È('A Ü 0"
4‡&E'A•(1111)§Ku81 = (00010111)§?è x81 = u81 F⊗3 = (01101001)"
x81 éA BPSKS •s81 = (1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1)
^MATLAB‘Å)¤˜‡D(S n81 = (−1.4, 0.5, 0.2, −0.8, −0.3, 0.2, 2.3, 1.7)
. 72 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
Â&Ò•y81 = s81 + n81 = (−0.4, −0.5, −0.8, 0.2, −1.3, 1.2, 3.3, 0.7)
Âéêq,'•L81 = 2 8
σ 2 y1 = (−2.0, −2.5, −4.0, 1.0, −6.5, 6.0, 16.6, 3.5)"
e¡ã¡‰Ñ ¤kOŽL§£f $Ž¦^Cqúª(4.3)¤§TOŽL§´•Ý•2 4z
è SCÈè í2§†þ˜! ØÓƒ?=3u/z‡2 × 2 ¬ Ú Ø˜ •0§z
‡2 × 2 ¬3OŽž¤¦^ êâ´§Ú ? êâ" ~¥Èè(J´ ((J"
~ 4.2 3ÙöÝºã4.2 §Œ±”´xÑ,˜«ã/L«§Xã4.3"ã4.3´ ä§¤

¦^ ˜ƒêâ†ã4.2˜—§z‡Ú½•´ éA " ä¥z‡!:éAü‡ê|§˜
‡ê|´T!: LLRêâ§,˜‡ê|´T!:éA 'AŠ"
ÏLùüÜŒã £ã§·Ž\®² Ýº è••8ž SCÈè $Ž5Æ"ØJ
rù«5Æí2 ˜„œ¹§Xã4.4¤«"ã4.4¥ $Ž5Kéìã4.2Ú4.3§Øyg²µ
\•eOŽf!: LLRž§I‡ª 1!:•Ý ˜Œ5À ü‡ $Ž LLR Š¶
\•þˆ£'AŠž§/u1 ⊕ u1 0†/u2 0 ål´1!:•Ý ˜Œ"wÃã4.4\Ò¬²
x§SCL§¥z˜Ú$Ž 5Æ ˜—§•ØL´$Žêâ •ÝØÓ ®"
k ˜„ $Ž5Æ·‚ÒŒ±?›§S§e¡ 48/ª “è{²Lˆ SCÈèL
§" ´·‚Øí•3•ý§S¥¦^48§Ï•48 m• Œ§§S$1…ú"3e
¡ §S¥§llr´ã4.4¥ α§x´ã4.4¥ β§alpha left´ã4.4¥ αl §alpha right´ã4.4¥
α §beta left´ã4.4¥
r
β §beta right´ã4.4¥ β §u´&E'A"
l r
1 function [u , x] = recursive SC decoder ( llr , frozen bits )

2 N = length ( l l r );
3 i f N == 1
4 i f f r o z e n b i t s == 0 % info bit
5 u = l l r < 0 ;% l l r < 0 , u = 1 ; l l r >= 0 , u = 0 ;
6 else % f r o z e n b i t −− assumed t o be z e r o
7 u = 0;
8 end
9 x = u;
10 else
11 a l p h a l e f t = f ( l l r (1 : N/ 2 ) , l l r (N/ 2 + 1 : N ) ) ;
12 [ u left child , x left child ] = . . .
13 recursive SC decoder ( a l p h a l e f t , f r o z e n b i t s (1 : N/ 2 ) ) ;
14 alpha right = g( x left child , l l r (1 : N/ 2 ) , l l r (N/ 2 + 1 : N ) ) ;
15 [ u right child , x right child ] = . . .
16 r e c u r s i v e S C d e c o d e r ( a l p h a r i g h t , f r o z e n b i t s (N/ 2 + 1 : N ) ) ;
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§ . 73 .
第1级第2级第3级第1级第2级第3级第1级第2级第3级

2 2 2 2 2
L  2.0 L  2.0 1.0, u1  0 L  2.0
2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5
L2  2.5 L2  2.5 L2  2.5
4.0 4.0 L  4.0 4.0
L  4.0 L  4.0
1.0 1.0 1.0
L4  1.0 L4  1.0 L4  1.0
L5  6.5 L5  6.5 L5  6.5

L  6.0 L  6.0 L  6.0
L  16.6 L  16.6 L  16.6
L8  3.5 L8  3.5 L8  3.5

第一步，第3级所有2×2模块运行f 函数第二步，第2级前两个2×2模块运行f 函数第三步，第1级第1个2×2模块运行f 函数，判决u1

u1  0 2 2 2
L  2.0 u1  0 0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0
3.0, u2  0 1.0 2.5 u2  0 2.5 u2  0
L2  2.5 0 L2  2.5 L2  2.5
4.0 L  4.0 2.0 4.0 L  4.0 2.0 L  4.0
1.5, u3  0
1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5
L4  1.0 L4  1.0 L4  1.0
L5  6.5 L5  6.5 L5  6.5

L  6.0 L  6.0 L  6.0
L  16.6 L  16.6 L  16.6
L8  3.5 L8  3.5 L8  3.5

第四步，第1级第1个2×2模块运行g 函数，判决u2 第五步，第2级前两个2×2模块运行g 函数第六步，第1级第2个2×2模块运行f 函数，判决u3

0 1
u1  0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0
u2  0 0 1
u2  0 L2  2.5 L2  2.5 u2  0 L2  2.5
2.0 1 1 L  4.0 L  4.0
u3  0 L  4.0 u3  0 u3  0
1.5 1 1
3.5, u4  1 L4  1.0 u4  1 L4  1.0 u4  1 L4  1.0
4.5 4.5 4.5
L5  6.5 L5  6.5 L5  6.5
8.5 2.5 8.5
L  6.0 L  6.0 L  6.0
20.6 20.6
L  16.6 L  16.6 L  16.6
2.5 2.5
L8  3.5 L8  3.5 L8  3.5
第七步，第1级第2个2×2模块运行g函数，判决u4 第八步，第3级所有2×2模块运行g函数第九步，第2级下两个2×2模块运行f函数

u1  0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0
u2  0 L2  2.5 u2  0 L2  2.5 u2  0 L2  2.5
u3  0 L  4.0 u3  0 L  4.0 u3  0 L  4.0
u4  1 L4  1.0 u4  1 L4  1.0 u4  1 L4  1.0

4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 1 4.5
2.5, u5  0 L5  6.5 u5  0 L5  6.5 u5  0 L5  6.5
2.5 8.5 2.5 8.5 1 8.5
L  6.0 2, u6  1 L  6.0 u6  1 L  6.0
20.6 20.6 25.1 20.6
L  16.6 L  16.6 L  16.6
2.5 2.5 6 2.5
L8  3.5 L8  3.5 L8  3.5
第十步，第1级第3个2×2模块运行f函数,判决u5 第11步，第1级第3个2×2模块运行g函数,判决u6 第12步，第2级下两个2×2模块运行g函数
第1级第2级第3级第1级第2级第3级 0

1
u1  0 L  2.0 u1  0 L  2.0
1 1
u2  0 L2  2.5 u2  0 L2  2.5
1 1
u3  0 L  4.0 u3  0 L  4.0
1 0
u4  1 L4  1.0 u4  1 L4  1.0
1 1
u5  0 L5  6.5 u5  0 L5  6.5
u6  1 u6  1 0 0
L  6.0 L  6.0
6, u7  1 25.1 25.1 0 0 L  16.6

L  16.6 u7  1 
6 6 1 1
L8  3.5 31.1, u8  1 L8  3.5
第13步，第1级第4个2×2模块运行f函数，判决u7 第14步，第1级第4个2×2模块运行g函数，判决u8
ã 4.2 Äu?èãL« SCÈèÞ~§Ù¥u1 , u2 , u3 , u5 ´ Š•0 È('A§o´ û

•0§ùµ¥ êiL« cÚ½fŽÑ êi§Éµ¥ 'AL« cÚ½¥g$Ž¤I '
AŠ§‘µL«• ˜Ú^‘ŽÑèi
. 74 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [ 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
[2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0]
[2, 1] [2, 1]
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 [1] u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
{0}
第1步，运行f 函数第2步，运行f 函数第3步，运行f 函数，判决u1
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [ 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
[2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0]
[2, 1] [2, 1] [2, 1.5]

[2, 1.5]
[2, 1] {0,0}
{0,0}
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
[1]{0} [ 3] {0} [1]{0} [3]{0} [1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5] {0}
第4步，运行g函数，判决u2 第5步，运行g函数第6步，运行f 函数，判决u3
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [ 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
[2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5]
{1,1,1,1} [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5] {1,1,1,1}
[ 2, 1] [ 2, 1.5] [2, 1] [ 2, 1] [2, 1.5] [4.5, 2.5]
[2, 1.5]
{0,0} {0,0} {1,1} {0,0} {1,1}
[1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5]{0} [3.5] {1} [1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5]{0}[3.5]{1} [1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5]{0} [ 3.5]{1}
第7步，运行g 函数，判决u4 第8步，运行g 函数第9步，运行f 函数
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5] [ 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
[2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5]
{1,1,1,1} {1,1,1,1} {1,1,1,1}
[ 2, 1] [4.5, 2.5] [2, 1] [2, 1.5] [4.5, 2.5] [2, 1] [4.5, 2.5]
[2, 1.5] [2, 1.5] [25.1, 6]
{0,0} {1,1} {0,0} {1,1} {0,0} {1,1} {1,1}
[1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5]{0}[ 3.5]{1}[2.5]{0} [1]{0} [3]{0} [1.5]{0}[3.5]{1}[2.5]{0} [ 2] {1} [1]{0} [3]{0} [1.5]{0} [3.5]{1}[2.5]{0} [ 2]{1}
第10步，运行f 函数，判决u5 第11步，运行g 函数，判决u6 第12步，运行g 函数
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]

[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
{0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1}
[2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5] [2, 2.5, 4.0,1.0] [4.5,8.5, 20.6, 2.5]
{1,1,1,1} {1,1,1,1} {1, 0, 0,1}
[2, 1] [2, 1.5] [4.5, 2.5] [25.1, 6] [2, 1] [2, 1.5] [4.5, 2.5] [25.1, 6]
{0, 0} {1,1} {1,1} {0,0} {1,1} {1,1} {0,1}
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
[1]{0} [3]{0} [1.5]{0}[3.5]{1}[ 2.5]{0} [ 2]{1} [6]{1} [1]{0} [ 3]{0} [1.5]{0} [ 3.5]{1}[2.5]{0} [2]{1} [ 6]{1} [ 31.1] {1}
第13步，运行f 函数，判决u7 第14步，运行g 函数，判决u8
ã 4.3 Äu äL« SCÈèÞ~§Ù¥u1 , u2 , u3 , u5 ´ Š•0 È('A§o´ û

•0§ùµ¥ êiL« cÚ½fŽÑ êi§Éµ¥ 'AL« cÚ½¥g$Ž¤I '
AŠ§‘µL«• ˜Ú^‘ŽÑèi§¥)ÒS•LLR§Œ)ÒS•'A
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§ . 75 .
[1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ] [ 1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ]
母 [1r ,  2r ,...,  Nr v / 2 ]
[1l ,  2l ,...,  Nl v / 2 ] (1) (3)
(2) (4)
左 [ 1l ,  2l ,...,  Nl v / 2 ] [ 1r ,  2r ,...,  Nr v / 2 ] 右
 il  f ( i ,  i  N / 2 ),1  i  N v / 2
v
i  il  ir ,1  i  N v / 2
 ir  g ( il ,  i ,  i  N / 2 ),1  i  N v / 2 i  ir N / 2 , N v / 2  1  i  N v
v
v
ã 4.4 SCÈè äL«¥z‡!: ˜„$Ž5Æ"1!:êâ •ÝŃv §f!

:êâ•ÝŃv /2"1!: LLRÚ'AŠ©O^αÚβL«§†¯f LLRÚ'AŠ©O
^αl Úβ l L«§m¯f LLRÚ'AŠ©O^αr Úβ r L«"XJ†¯f!:´“!:£“L&
E'A¤§KÙ= Â ˜‡LLRµα1l §M ûα1l β1l §òβ1l ˆ£1!:¶XJm¯f!:
´“!:£“L&E'A¤§KÙ= Â ˜‡LLRµα1r §M ûα1r βrl §òβrl ˆ£1!
:")Òp êiÓŽ ^S
17 u = [ u left child u right child ];

18 x = zeros (1 , N) ;
19 x ( 1 : N / 2 ) = mod ( x l e f t c h i l d + x r i g h t c h i l d , 2 ) ;
20 x (N/ 2 + 1 : N) = x r i g h t c h i l d ;
21 end
22 end
23 f u n c t i o n z = f ( x , y )%f f u n c t i o n
24 z = s i g n ( x ) . ∗ s i g n ( y ) . ∗ min ( a b s ( x ) , a b s ( y ) ) ;
25 end
26 f u n c t i o n z = g ( u , x , y )%g f u n c t i o n
27 z = (1 − 2 ∗ u ) .∗ x + y ;
28 end
e¡·‚‰Ñ˜‡Ø^48 SCÈèì"§ “è'þ˜‡Ž{••§ ´‰1å5%

•¯"e¡ “èkA‡Ñ\ëêI‡)ºµ
Ù¥lambda offset´˜‡/©ã0^ •þ§§ •Ýń+1§ ƒ Š•g´20 , 21 , ..., 2log2 N =
n"lambda offset¥ Š‰P ÚCùü‡•;¥mOŽ(J •þ© ã"
llr layer vec´˜‡L«/LLROŽ¢S‰1 ê0 •þ§§´˜‡N × 1‘•þ§p
¡ ƒ´ Šu[0, n − 1]S ê"llr layer vec¥ 1i, 1 ≤ i ≤ N ‡ ƒllr layer vec(i)L
. 76 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
«µi − 1 ?›Ðm¥/$ ëY0 ‡ê0§•Òí − 1 ŸêÐm¥2 gê§•Ò

í − 1UëY Ø2 gê"~X§ n = 3ž§llr layer vec(5) = 2"du0 Á~§0 ?›
Ðm ´0§¤±·‚ØOŽ§§=llr layer vec(1)o´Ð©Š0§ù‡Š•Øë† YOŽ"
bit layer vec´˜‡L«/'AŠˆ£ž¢S‰1 ê0 •þ§§´˜‡N × 1‘•þ§
p¡ ƒ´ Šu[0, n − 2]S ê"bit layer vec¥ 1i, 1 ≤ i ≤ N ‡ ƒbit layer vec(i)L
«µi − 1 ?›Ðm¥/$ ëY1 ‡ê~10"~X§ n = 3ž§llr layer vec(8) = 2"
N = 2 ‰½ƒ
n
§lambda offset!llr layer vecÚbit layer vec ŠÒ(½ §•IOŽ˜
H§•å5=Œ"
§S¥m8 ê|P^5•;LLR ¥mOŽ(J§ê|Cû•;'AŠ ¥mOŽ(
J"
ŒU\¬ú ù‡§S JÖ §ù‡§Sƒ §·¬rz˜Ú OŽ(J Ü^ãxÑ
5"
1 l a m b d a o f f s e t = 2 . ˆ ( 0 : l o g 2 (N ) ) ;
2 f u n c t i o n u = SC decoder ( l l r , f r o z e n b i t s , K , . . .
3 lambda offset , llr layer vec , bit layer vec )
4 N = l e n g t h ( l l r ) ;% l l r r e f e r s t o c h a n n e l LLR .
5 n = l o g 2 (N ) ;
6 P = z e r o s (N − 1 , 1 ) ;%c h a n n e l l l r i s not include in P .
7 %P s t o r e s i n t e r n a l LLRs , P ( 1 ) i s u s e d f o r d e c i s i o n .
8 C = z e r o s ( 2 ∗ N − 1 , 2 ) ;%C s t o r e s i n t e r n a l b i t v a l u e s
9 u = z e r o s (K, 1 ) ;%r e c o r d i n f o r m a t i o n b i t s
10 c n t u = 1 ;%a c o u n t e r u s e d by v e c t o r u
11 f o r p h i = 0 : N − 1%d e c o d e e a c h u p h i
12 switch phi
13 c a s e 0%f o r d e c o d i n g u 1
14 index 1 = lambda offset ( n ) ;
15 f o r b e t a = 0 : i n d e x 1 − 1%u s e l l r v e c t o r
16 P( beta + index 1 ) = . . .
17 sign ( l l r ( beta + 1)) ∗ sign ( l l r ( beta + 1 + index 1 )) ∗...
18 min ( a b s ( l l r ( b e t a + 1 ) ) , a b s ( l l r ( b e t a + 1 + i n d e x 1 ) ) ) ;
19 end
20 f o r i l a y e r = n − 2 : −1 : 0%u s e P v e c t o r
21 index 1 = lambda offset ( i l a y e r + 1);
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§ . 77 .
23 for beta = index 1 : index 2 − 1

24 P( beta ) = . . .
25 sign (P( beta + index 1 )) ∗ sign (P( beta + index 2 )) ∗...
26 min ( a b s ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 ) ) , a b s ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 ) ) ) ;
27 end
28 end
29 c a s e N/ 2%f o r d e c o d i n g u {N/ 2 + 1}
30 index 1 = lambda offset ( n ) ;
31 f o r b e t a = 0 : i n d e x 1 − 1%u s e l l r v e c t o r . g f u n c t i o n .
32 P( beta + index 1 ) = . . .
33 (1 − 2 ∗ C( b e t a + index 1 , 1 ) ) ∗ . . .
34 l l r ( beta + 1) + l l r ( beta + 1 + index 1 ) ;
35 end
36 f o r i l a y e r = n − 2 : −1 : 0%u s e P v e c t o r . f f u n c t i o n
40 P( beta ) = . . .
41 sign (P( beta + index 1 )) ∗ sign (P( beta + index 2 )) ∗ . . .
43 end
44 end
45 otherwise
46 l l r l a y e r = l l r l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1 ) ;
47 index 1 = lambda offset ( l l r l a y e r + 1);
49 f o r b e t a = i n d e x 1 : i n d e x 2 − 1%g f u n c t i o n i s f i r s t implemented .
50 P( beta ) = . . .
51 (1 − 2 ∗ C( beta , 1 ) ) ∗ . . .
52 P( beta + index 1 ) + P( beta + index 2 ) ;
53 end
54 f o r i l a y e r = l l r l a y e r − 1 : −1 : 0%t h e n f f u n c t i o n .
. 78 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
58 P( beta ) = . . .
59 sign (P( beta + index 1 )) ∗ sign (P( beta + index 2 )) ∗...
61 end
62 end
63 end
64 p h i m o d 2 = mod ( p h i , 2 ) ;
65 i f f r o z e n b i t s ( p h i + 1 ) == 1%f r o z e n b i t p a r t i a l o r d e r
66 C(1 , 1 + phi mod 2 ) = 0;
67 e l s e%i n f o r m a t i o n b i t
68 u p h i = P ( 1 ) < 0 ;%d e c i s i o n
69 C ( 1 , 1 + p h i m o d 2 ) = u p h i ;%s t o r e i n t e r n a l b i t v a l u e s
70 u ( c n t u ) = u p h i ;%r e c o r d d e c o d i n g r e s u l t s
71 cnt u = cnt u + 1;
72 end
73 i f phi mod 2 == 1%w h e t h e r t o p e r f o r m b i t r e c u r s i o n ?
74 b i t l a y e r = b i t l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1 ) ;
75 f o r i l a y e r = 0 : b i t l a y e r − 1%g i v e v a l u e s t o t h e 2 nd column o f C
79 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 2 ) = mod ( C ( b e t a , 1 ) + C ( b e t a , 2 ) , 2 ) ;
80 C( b e t a + index 2 , 2) = C( beta , 2 ) ;
81 end
82 end
83 index 1 = lambda offset ( b i t l a y e r + 1);
85 f o r b e t a = i n d e x 1 : i n d e x 2 − 1%g i v e v a l u e s t o t h e 1 s t column o f C
86 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 1 ) = mod ( C ( b e t a , 1 ) + C ( b e t a , 2 ) , 2 ) ;
87 C( b e t a + index 2 , 1) = C( beta , 2 ) ;
88 end
89 end
90 end
91 end
4.2 •Ý•2n 4zè SCÈèL§ . 79 .
1 f u n c t i o n l a y e r v e c = g e t l l r l a y e r (N)
2 l a y e r v e c = z e r o s (N , 1 ) ;
3 for phi = 1 : N − 1
4 psi = phi ;
5 layer = 0;
6 w h i l e ( mod ( p s i , 2 ) == 0 )
7 psi = floor ( psi /2);
9 end
10 l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1) = l a y e r ;
11 end
12 end
1 f u n c t i o n l a y e r v e c = g e t b i t l a y e r (N)
2 l a y e r v e c = z e r o s (N, 1 ) ;
3 for phi = 0 : N − 1
4 psi = f l o o r ( phi / 2 ) ;
5 layer = 0;
6 w h i l e ( mod ( p s i , 2 ) == 1 )
9 end
10 l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1) = l a y e r ;
11 end
12 end
e¡ ã4.5Ð« N = 8ž§þ¡ Ž{ ¤k‰1L§Ú(J§¤¦^ êâÚc¡

~f ˜—"Ù¥§ôÚƒÓ •¬äkÓ ¿Â§ùÚµL« cÚ½¥fOŽÑ5
(J§È‘ÚµL« cÚ½¥g¼ê¦^ 'AŠ"Œ±w §ê|Cme• ëY8‡‘
•¬˜†vk ¦^§§(¢L¤ •;"
þ¡A‡ã¡¥ OŽÚ½ êþÃ˜~ Ñ´2 × 8 − 2 = 14‡"í 2ƒ§ è•
•N = 2n ž§SCŽ{ ‰1Ú½£½ö`´ž¨ê§•Œ±`´Èèžò¤´2 + 4 + ... + N =
2N − 2§Ù¥f ¼êÚg¼êˆÓN − 1"5¿§džÃ/M‡] •›0§¿g´– kN/2‡
$Žì§¦ ˜‡ž¨SŒ±Óž‰1N/2‡f £½g¤¼ê"ùéAu1n? N/2‡2 × 2
. 80 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
¬§Ï••k1n? N/2‡2 × 2 ¬I‡˜g5OŽN/2‡f £½g¤¼ê§Ù{ n − 1?Ñ

ØI‡ùoõ£lm †ê§z˜?¤I LLROŽgê•g•N/2, N/4, ..., 2, 1¤"¤±§
‰è••N 4zè Ñ/2‡$Žì¯¢þ´L¤ ] §Ï•Œõêœ¹eÑØI‡ùo
õ"·‚Ø•Ä¥m'AŠOŽ žò§Ï•·‚@•'AÉ½éN´¢y"
XJ•kP ‡$Žì§P < N/2…P ´2 ˜"~X§1n?3OŽf ½g¼ê žÿI‡
ŽN/2g§y3•kP ‡$Žì§˜‡ž¨ ½OŽP g§w,I‡N/(2P )‡ž¨âU
¤N/2gOŽ"‘XSCÈèÅì C ä “!:§zg¤IOŽ f ½g¼ê gê•3~
" , ¤IOŽ f ½g¼ê gê u uP ž§@o˜‡ž¨ÒU ¤¤I OŽþ"
•ìd5ÆÖöŒ±íŽ§SCÈèì žòXe"XJédk¦¯§Œ± Ö[22]µ
N N
LSC (N, P ) = 2N + log2 . (4.6)
P 4P
A~1µP = N/2§L(N, P ) = 2N − 2§ÎÜþ¡ ©Û(J"
A~2µP = 1§L(N, P ) = N log2 N §ù‡(Jw, ("
SCŽ{¤I •;®²˜Ù/L«3ã4.5¥ "ã4.5¥ •;ê|CÑkP{§'XCê
|me 8 ‡‘Ú•¬©ª™¦^§\•Œ±Ñ‡UÄê| Œ ¦ z‡•;ÑÔ¦Ù
^"ƒ¤±x¤ù §´Ï•ù §S å5' 5 "
d§·‚ù SC IO£½ö`´DÚ¤‰1L§"
§ 4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{
XJ\Ø´‘B€€§\AT®²5¿ þ˜! Ž{p•3Œþ P{OŽ§'X,

'A´È('A§§ ûŠØ•6LLR§ ·‚„´ŽÑ § LLR§ù´vk7‡ "
!·‚Áã3SCŽ{‰1 Œ žÿÒŽ•{¥Ž§§Óž„U èi'A O§ùÒ
´¯„SCÈèŽ{ Ø%gŽ"ù«gŽ3 ž“@®kƒ§•C u÷´©z[14] [15]"
·‚k* èi'A ¥mOŽŠ 'X§Xã4.6¤«§†>´?èã/ª§m>´
ä/ª§/Ó µ0 Ñ5 Ü© d"Ù¥•-‡ 5Æ´µ ä/ª¥ z˜‡f
äÑ´˜‡4zè§•ØL´è•Cá §~Xmý‘ÚµÒ´˜‡••4‡4zè"f
äéA 4zè·‚¡ƒ•/f4zè0"
XJ\ÙöÝº þ˜!¥ SC$Ž§\Ò¬˜Ù/@£ §•Ý•Nv f4zè /Š
!:0¬ Â •ÝNv LLRS §f4zè Èè5ÆÚ ‡4zè 5Æ ƒÓ§•Ø
Lêâ•ÝCá "·‚y3Ž‰ ¯´µé,‡f4zè§Ø^SCÈè§† Où‡f4
zè ¤kèi'A§5¿´èi'A"e¡·‚½Âo«AÏ 4zè"e¡o«èi´•
Ä ©a§3 •c÷ ïÄ¥©a@®ØŽo«§k, ÖöŒ±ë•©z[16]"
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 81 .
P C P C P C P C P C P C P C
1.0 0 3 0 0 1.5 0 3.5 0 1
2.0 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 0 2.0 0 2.0 0 1
1.0 1.0 1.0 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 1
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Channel LLR
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
(3). P用蓝算白，使用f函数， (4). P用蓝算白，使用g函数 (6). P用蓝算白，使用f函数， (7). P用蓝算白，使用g函数，
(1). P用黄算绿，使用f函数 (2). P用绿算蓝，使用f函数判决u1 判决u2 (5). P用绿算蓝，使用g函数判决u3 判决u4
C无操作 C无操作 C记录u1的值 C记录u2的值，并向下计算一层 C无操作 C记录u3的值（覆盖旧值） C记录u4的值，并向下计算两层
P C P C P C P C P C P C P C
2.5 0 2 0 1 6 1 31.1 1 1
4.5 4.5 4.5 1 25.1 1 25.1 1 25.1 1 0
2.5 2.5 2.5 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1

4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 4.5 1 1
8.5 1 8.5 1 8.5 1 8.5 1 8.5 1 8.5 1 8.5 1 0
20.6 1 20.6 1 20.6 1 20.6 1 20.6 1 20.6 1 20.6 1 0

2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 1
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 1

6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0
16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 0

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 1
(8). P用黄算绿，使用g函数 (9). P用绿算蓝，使用f函数 (10). P用蓝算白，使用f函数，(11). P用蓝算白，使用g函数 (12). P用绿算蓝，使用g函数 (13). P用蓝算白，使用f函数，(7). P用蓝算白，使用g函数，
C无操作 C无操作判决u5 判决u6 判决u7 判决u8
C无操作
C记录u5的值 C记录u6的值，并向下计算一层 C记录u7的值 C记录u8的值，并向下计算三层
ã 4.5 Ø¦^48 Ž{ ‰1L§

. 82 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
u7 u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
u8
(u1u2 )F (u3u4 )F (u5u6 )F (u7u8 )F
(u1u2u3u4 )F 2 (u5u6u7 u8 )F 2 (u1u2 u3u4u5u6 u7u8 )F 3
ã 4.6 èi'A ¥mOŽ(J3?è/ªÚ ä/ª¥ é'§è•N = 23
½Â 4.1 èÇ"£Rate 0§R0¤

XJ˜‡••N = 2n 4zèvk&E'A§•kÈ('A§K¡•R04zè"ù
4zèØ ‘&E§ ,•Ø¬3XÚ¥¦^§ ´%kŒUŠ•˜‡f4zèÑy§~
X˜‡È('AÒ´˜‡²… R04zè"˜‡•Ý•8 R04zè ~fXã4.7 ¤«§Ù
¥xÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´È('A"
u1 u2 u u u u u u
ã 4.7 •Ý•8 R04zè
½Â 4.2 -Eè£Repetition§Rep¤
XJ˜‡••N = 2n 4zè•kuN ´&E'A§Ù{u1 , u2 , ..., uN −1 ´È('A§K
T4zè•-Eè§=¤kèi'Aƒ "ù´w, §Ï•dž )¤Ý • ˜1•
þ"˜‡•Ý•8 -E4zè ~fXã4.8¤«§Ù¥xÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´È
('A§çÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´&E'A§•Ú!:L«Ù“!:Q•)È('A
••)&E'A"
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 83 .
[u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 ]
[0, 0, 0, 0] [u8 , u8 , u8 , u8 ]
[0, 0] [0, 0] [0, 0] [u8 , u8 ]
u1 u2 u u u u u u
ã 4.8 •Ý•8 -E4zè
½Â 4.3 üó è£Single Parity Check§SPC¤

XJ˜‡••N = 2n 4zè•ku1 = 0´È('A§Ù{u2 , u3 , ..., uN Ñ´&E'
A§KT4zè•SPC§=¤kèi'A Ú•0"
e¡ (Ø y ÷vþã½Â èi ¤kèi'A Ú•""
½n 4.1 XJ˜‡••N = 2n 4zè•ku1 = 0´È('A§Ù{u2 , u3 , ..., uN Ñ´

&E'A§Kéu?¿ T4zè èi§¤kèi'A Ú•0"
y² ù´˜‡{ü (Ø§·‚¦^én^8B{"
Þµ n = 1§& •(0, u2 )§(0, u2 )F = (u2 , u2 )§w,ÃØu2 Š•Û§ku2 ⊕ u2 =
0"
8Bb µ n = kž§•ku1 = 0´È('A§Ù{u2 , u3 , ..., u2k Ñ´&E'A§Kéu
?¿ T4zè èi§¤kèi'A Ú•0"
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§& S Œ± •(0, u2 , u3 , ..., u2k |u2k +1 , ..., u2k+1 )§Ù¥ç‚
L«r& S ©•c˜ŒÚ ˜Œ§u2 , u3 , ..., u2k+1 Š?¿"éu?¿˜‡÷vK ^
‡ è••2 k+1
èix
 
F⊗k O
x = (0, u2 , u3 , ..., u2k |u2k +1 , ..., u2k+1 )  
F⊗k F⊗k (4.7)
= ((0, u2 , u3 , ..., u2k )F⊗k ⊕ (u2k +1 , ..., u2k+1 )F⊗k |(u2k +1 , ..., u2k+1 )F⊗k ).
ü‡ƒÓ (u2k +1 , ..., u2k+1 )F⊗k Ü©-ž§•e(0, u2 , ..., u2k )F⊗k "1 džŠâ8Bb §
ù˜Ü©¥1 ‡ê•óê§y."
·‚^|x|L« ?›1•þx¥1 ‡ê" aÚbÑ´•Ý•N

1
?›1•þ§(a|b)L
«L«raÚb©¤˜‡••2N 1•þ§abL«aÚbÅ ƒ¦§ab•ÝEŃ "Kk|(a|b)| =
|a| + |b|Ú|a + b| = |a| + |b| − 2|ab|äkƒÓ Ûó5
. 84 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
˜‡•Ý•8 SPCè ~fXã4.9¤«§Ù¥xÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´È('

A§çÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´&E'A§•Ú!:L«Ù“!:Q•)È('A••)
&E'A"
u1
u2 u u u u u u
ã 4.9 •Ý•8 SPCè
½Â 4.4 èÇ˜£Rate 1, R1¤

XJ˜‡••N = 2n 4zè¤k& 'AÑ´&E'A§KT4zè•R1è"dž
èÇ•R = 1§& S ÚèiS êþÑ´2n ‡§ duvk?è"
˜‡•Ý•8 R1Cè ~fXã4.10¤«§Ù¥çÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´&E'

A"
x18  u18 F 3
u1 u2 u u u u u u
ã 4.10 •Ý•8 R1è
þão«4zè•3¯„•Œq,Èè•{§¦ ‡ÈèU3˜‡ž¨S ¤§l Ø

72^žò Œ SCÈèL§"þ¡o«èi¥•{ü œ¹´R0è§Ï•§ Š(½§Š
ÃIÈè"e¡©O‰ÑRep!SPCÚR1è •Œq,Èè•{"
½n 4.2 Repè •Œq,Èè"

ux•Ý•N = 2n Repè§²L=£VÇ•Pr(y|x), x ∈ {0, 1} ÃPÁ& DÑ§
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 85 .
Â&Ò•(y1 , ..., yN )§KÙ•Œq,Èè•{Xeµ

N
X Pr(yi |0)
S= ln (4.8)
i=1
Pr(yi |1)
SÒ´ Âéêq,' Ú"XJS ≥ 0§KRepèÈè• 0S §ÄKÈè• 1S

"
y²
N QN N
X Pr(yi |0) Pr(yi |0) Pr(yN
1 |01 )
S= ln = ln Qi=1
N
= ln N
(4.9)
i=1
Pr(yi |1) i=1 Pr(yi |1)
Pr(yN
1 |11 )
1N N
1 Ú01 ©O´ 1•þÚ 0•þ§• ˜‡ Ò´Ï•& ´ÃPÁ "dþªŒ±
ûÄ¾´1N
1 q,VÇŒ„´0N
1 q,VÇŒ§y."
·‚ YQãI‡e¡ Ún"
Ún 4.1 x = (x1 , ..., xN ) ∈ C´ • Ý •N ‚ 5 © | èC¥ ?¿˜‡èi§y3

^=£VÇ•Pr(y|x), x ∈ {0, 1} ÃPÁ& DÑx§ Â&Ò•y = (y1 , ..., yN )§
Pr(yi |0)
1−sign(ln )
éy‰M û§ M ûS (β1 , ..., βN )§Ù¥βi = 2
Pr(yi |1)
"XJ(β1 , ..., βN ) ∈ C§
K(β1 , ..., βN )ý •Œq,Èè(J"
y² ù´˜‡{ü (Ø§^‡y{"
b (β1 , ..., βN ) ∈ CØý •Œq,Èè(J§@oÒ•3(α1 , ..., αN ) ∈ C´•Œq,È
è(Jµ
QN
Pr(y|(α1 , ..., αN )) Pr(yi |αi ) Y Pr(yd |βd ⊕ 1)
= Qi=1
N
= > 1. (4.10)
Pr(y|(β1 , ..., βN )) i=1 Pr(yi |βi )
Pr(yd |βd )
d∈D
Ù¥1˜‡ Ò´Ï•DÑ& ´ÃPÁ "(α1 , ..., αN )Ú(β1 , ..., βN )3k ˜þ '

AƒÓ§ƒÓ 'A31˜‡ Ò Ù¢®² §·‚•'%(α1 , ..., αN )Ú(β1 , ..., βN ) Š
ØÓ 'A µ8ÜD = {d|αd 6= βd }"
éuz‡d ∈ D§•3e¡ü«œ¹µ
(i).βd = 0"UìM û5K§džPr(yd |0) ≥ Pr(yd |1)§=Pr(yd |βd ) ≥ Pr(yd |βd ⊕ 1)§1 ≥
Pr(yd |βd ⊕1)
Pr(yd |βd ) ¶
(ii).βd = 1" U ì M û 5 K § d žPr(yd |1) ≥ Pr(yd |0)§ =Pr(yd |βd ) ≥ Pr(yd |βd ⊕
Pr(yd |βd ⊕1)
1)§1 ≥ Pr(yd |βd ) ¶
. 86 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
ù`²ª(4.10)• ˜‡ Ò¥z˜‡¦È‘Ñ u u1§ª(4.10)Œu1’½Ø¤á"¤

±b †Ø§(β1 , ..., βN )´•Œq,Èè(J"
5¿ þ¡ Ún ¤á^‡¯¢þš~„•µ è•N ' Œž§M û(J(β1 , ..., βN )´
èi ŒU5‡ Ù‡"
½n 4.3 SPC4zè •Œq,Èè"

ux•Ý•N = 2n SPCè§²L=£VÇ•Pr(y|x), x ∈ {0, 1} ÃPÁ& DÑ§
Â&Ò•(y1 , ..., yN )§ÄkM ûz˜‡ Â&Ò§ M û'AS (β1 , ..., βN )µ
Pr(yi |0)
1 − sign(ln Pr(yi |1)
)
βi = . (4.11)
2
XJ⊕N N
i=1 βi = 0§KÈè(å§…(β1 , ..., βN )´•Œq,Èè(J¶XJ⊕i=1 βi = 1§
i |0)
À p = arg min1≤i≤N {| ln Pr(y
Pr(yi |1) |}§-βp = βp ⊕ 1£€=äk• LLRýéŠ Â&Ò
éA M û'A¤§K(β1 , ..., βN )´•Œq,Èè(J"
y² ·e¡‰Ñ˜‡š~b y²§vk?Û|§"
XJ⊕N
i=1 βi = 0§ù`²(β1 , ..., βN )´˜‡SPCèi§dÚn4.1Œ•(β1 , ..., βN )´ Â&
Ò(y1 , ..., yN ) •Œq,Èè(J"
XJ⊕N
i=1 βi = 1§ù`²(β1 , ..., βN )Ø´SPCèi§ ´é ÷v½n^‡ p §(β1 , ..., βp ⊕
1, ..., βN )´SPCèi"·‚y3Ž`²(β1 , ..., βp ⊕ 1, ..., βN )´•Œq,Èè(J§@o?
ÀSPCè¥˜‡èi(α1 , ..., αN )§wweª´Øó´¤áº
Qp−1 QN
Pr(yN
1 |(β1 , ..., βp ⊕ 1, ..., βN )) i=1 Pr(yi |βi ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1) i=p+1 Pr(yi |βi )
(?)
N
= Qp−1 { } QN ≥ 1.
Pr(y1 |(α1 , ..., αN )) i=1 Pr(yi |αi )
Pr(yp |αp ) i=p+1 Pr(yi |αi )
(4.12)
31˜‡©ã(β1 , ..., βp−1 ), (α1 , ..., αp−1 )¥§k ˜þ 'AƒÓ§ù ƒÓ 'Aé
A ^‡VÇ3ª(4.12)Ù¢®² "·‚éÑ'A¢Ú8ÜµD = {d|αd = βd ⊕ 1, 1 ≤ d ≤
p − 1}"
31 ‡©ã(βp+1 , ..., βN ), (αp+1 , ..., αN )¥‰1ƒÓ öŠµD0 = {d0 |αd0 = βd0 ⊕ 1, 1 ≤
d0 ≤ p − 1}"
@oª(4.12)ÒC¤ µ
Q Q
d∈D Pr(yd |βd ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1) 0 Pr(yd0 |βd0 )
0
(?)
Q { } Q d ∈D ≥ 1. (4.13)
d∈D Pr(yd |βd ⊕ 1) Pr(yp |αp ) d0 ∈D 0 Pr(yd |βd ⊕ 1)
0 0
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 87 .
Ï•βd , d ∈ D´M û(J§¤±Pr(y

Q
⊕ 1), d ∈ D’½¤á"βd0 , d0 ∈ D0
d |βd ) ≥ Pr(yd |βd Q
Pr(yd |βd ) d0 ∈D 0Pr(yd0 |βd0 )
Ón£•ØL´,˜‡©ã¤"¤± Q d∈D
Pr(yd |βd ⊕1) ≥ 1§ Q Pr(yd0 |βd0 ⊕1) ≥ 1¤á"
d∈D d0 ∈D 0
Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)

XJβp ⊕ 1 = αp §@o¥m‘ Pr(yp |αp ) §ª(4.13)¥ Ø Ò¤á"
Pr(yp |βp ⊕1) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)
XJβp ⊕ 1 6= αp §=βp ⊕ 1 = αp ⊕ 1, βp = αp §¥m‘ Pr(yp |αp ) C¤ Pr(yp |βp ) "Ï
Pr(yd |βp ⊕1)
•βp ´M û(J§¤±Pr(yd |βp ) ≥ Pr(yd |βp ⊕ 1), Pr(yd |βp ) ≤ 1’½¤á"ùž·‚?¿
Q Q
Pr(yd |βd ) Pr(yd0 |βd0 ) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(ys |βs )
l Q d∈DPr(yd |β ½ Q d0 ∈D0 ¥ÀÑ˜‡¦È‘§P• Pr(y §5¿ Pr(y ≥
d∈D d ⊕1) d0 ∈D 0 Pr(yd0 |βd0 ⊕1) s |βs ⊕1) s |βs ⊕1)
1"@ok±eo«œ¹"
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1) Pr(yd |βp ⊕1)
(i). βp = 0, βs = 0"•Äln Pr(ys |βs ⊕1)
+ ln Pr(yp |βp ) ÎÒ"Ï• Pr(yd |βp ) ≤ 1§¤±
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp )
C¤ | ln Pr(y s |βs ⊕1)
| − | ln Pr(y p |βp )
| = | ln
Pr(ys |βs ⊕1) | − | ln Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)
|§‘\βp = 0, βs =
Pr(ys |0) Pr(yp |0) Pr(yi |0) s |0)
0§k| ln Pr(ys |1) | − | ln Pr(yp |1) |"dK §p = arg min1≤i≤N {| ln Pr(yi |1) |}§¤±| ln Pr(y Pr(ys |1) | −
Pr(y |0) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)
| ln Pr(ypp |1) | ≥ 0§=ln Pr(y s |βs ⊕1)
+ ln Pr(y p |βp )
≥ 0, Pr(ys |βs ⊕1) Pr(yp |βp ) ≥ 1"ª(4.13)¥Ø
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)
Pr(ys |βs ⊕1) Pr(yp |βp ) ‘ÑŒu u1§ Ø Ò¤á"
(ii). βp = 0, βs = 1"†þ˜Úaq§·‚ke¡˜@ªf¤áµ
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1)

ln + ln = | ln | − | ln |
Pr(ys |βs ⊕ 1) Pr(yp |βp ) Pr(ys |βs ⊕ 1) Pr(yp |βp )
Pr(ys |βs ⊕ 1) Pr(yp |βp ) Pr(ys |0) Pr(yp |0)

= | ln | − | ln | = | ln | − | ln | ≥ 0.
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1) Pr(ys |1) Pr(yp |1)
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1) Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ⊕1)
ln Pr(ys |βs ⊕1)
+ ln Pr(yp |βp ) ≥ 0, Pr(ys |βs ⊕1) Pr(yp |βp ) ≥ 1"
ª(4.13)¥Ø Pr(ys |βs ⊕1) Pr(yp |βp ) ‘ÑŒu u1§ Ø Ò¤á"
(iii). βp = 1, βs = 0"†þ˜Úaq§·‚ke¡˜@ªf¤áµ

ln + ln = | ln | − | ln |
Pr(ys |0) Pr(yp |0)

= | ln | − | ln | ≥ 0.
Pr(ys |1) Pr(yp |1)
ln Pr(ys |βs ⊕1)
(iv). βp = 1, βs = 1"†þ˜Úaq§·‚ke¡˜@ªf¤áµ
. 88 . 14Ù G1-žÈè

ln + ln = | ln | − | ln |
Pr(ys |βs ⊕ 1) Pr(yp |βp ⊕ 1) Pr(ys |0) Pr(yp |0)

= | ln | − | ln | = | ln | − | ln | ≥ 0.
Pr(ys |βs ) Pr(yp |βp ) Pr(ys |1) Pr(yp |1)
ln Pr(ys |βs ⊕1)
ù‡½n ¹Âé²(µXJM û(J(β1 , ..., βN )´˜‡SPCèi§KÈè¤õ¶X
J(β1 , ..., βN ) Ø´˜‡SPCèi§@o€=Ù¥/Œ‚Ý0£LLR ýéŠ¤•$ M û'
A ŠÒ ¤ •Œq,Èè"
½n 4.4 R1è •Œq,Èè"

ux•Ý•N = 2n R1è§²L=£VÇ•Pr(y|x), x ∈ {0, 1} ÃPÁ& DÑ§
Â&Ò•(y1 , ..., yN )"M ûz˜‡ Â&Ò § 1
M û'AS (β1 , ..., βN )µ
i |0)
1 − sign(ln Pr(y
Pr(yi |1) )
βi = . (4.14)
2
(β1 , ..., βN )Ò´(y1 , ..., yN ) •Œq,Èè(J"
y² Ï•džèÇ•1§?¿˜‡'AS (b1 , ..., bN ) ∈ {0, 1}N Ñ´èi§l (β1 , ..., βN )´

èi"dÚn4.1§(β1 , ..., βN )´•Œq,Èè(J"y."
ù ·‚Ò`² 4«AÏ4zè •Œq,Èè•ª§5¿ þ¡ •{Ã˜~ O
èi'A§ š† O&E'A"e¡Þ~`²§‚ A^"
~ 4.3 N = 32, K = 16ž§¦^pdCq3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? E 4zè( X

ã4.11¤«§Ù¥xÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´È('A§çÚ!:“LÙ¤k“!:Ñ´
&E'A§•Ú!:L«Ù“!:Q•)È('A••)&E'A"
·‚3þã Ä:þ`²XÛ¦^R0!Rep!SPCÚR1è?1¯„SCÈè"
~ 4.4 XÛ|^R0!Rep!SPCÚR1è?1¯„SCÈè •ý ˜Xeµ

&E'A¢Ú8ÜA = {12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32}, R = 16/32¶
& S u32
1 = (00000000000101110001011111111111)¶
32 ⊗5
èiS x32
1 = u1 F = (00000001011010000110100000000001)
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 89 .
R0码 Rep码 SPC码 Rep码 SPC码 R1码
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u9 u10 u11 u12 u13 u14 u15 u16 u17 u18 u19 u20 u21 u22 u23 u24 u25 u26 u27 u28 u29 u30 u31 u32
R0码 R1码
Rep码 SPC码 Rep码 SPC码
ã 4.11 N = 32, K = 16ž§¦^pdCq3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? E 4zè(
DÑ&D'Eb /N0 = 5dB§AWGN& D( IO σ = 10−5/20 ¶

BPSKN›§ ÂLLR•llr32
1 = (8.2, 12.8, −1.7, 9.4, 7.5, 1.7, 4.8, −5.1, 19.1, 3.5, −11.1, 17.1,
− 3.7, 6.1, 8.9, 5.6, 5.9, −1.0, −1.3, 11.4, −3.9, 2.0, 8.9, 12.1, 8.1, 10, 8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, −10.4)
¦^R0!Rep!SPCÚR1 •Œq,Èè ¯„SCÈèL§Xã4.12£cÔÚ¤Úã4.13£
ÔÚ¤¤«§Ù¥ùÚµS êâ• cÚ½fŽÑ5 êâ§‘ÚµL« cÚ½g¼ê
¤I 'AŠ"Œ„§=I14ÚÒ ¤ •Ý•N = 32 4zè Èè§DÚSCÈèI
‡2 × 32 − 2 = 62Ú"éì•ý ˜¥x32
1 Š§uyÈè(J ("
ÙöÝº ã4.12Úã4.13¥ Èè5Æ §·‚ÒU?›§S "?›§S 1˜ÚØ
´ Èèì§ ´£O4«AÏ 4zfè"•N\k\Õ £O•ª§ ·ùp‰Ñ˜‡
•Ï^ £O§S"·ù‡§S•,´48 § ´ùv'X§Ï•§=‰1˜H"
¼êget node structure(frozen bits)´Ì¼ê§frozen bits´•Ý•N •þ§frozen bits(i)=1L
«ui ´È('A§frozen bits(i)=0L«ui ´&E'A"code structureÐ©z•N ‘Ý µcode structure(i, 1)L
« ‡4zè¥1i‡fè å©¢Ú ˜§code structure(i, 2)L« ‡4zè¥1i‡fè
•Ý§code structure(i, 3)•«fèa.µ-1•R0§1•R1§2•Rep§3•SPC"
cnt structure•ØL´‡OêCþ§z£O .˜‡!:§§ Š\˜"
1 function node type structure = ge t n od e s tr u c tu r e ( f r o z e n b i t s )

2 global code structure c n t s t r u c t u r e
3 c o d e s t r u c t u r e = zeros ( length ( f r o z e n b i t s ) , 3 ) ;
4 c n t s t r u c t u r e = 1;
5 n o d e i d e n t i f i e r ( f roz en bi ts , 1 : length ( f r o z e n b i t s ) ) ;
. 90 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1,3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
[5.9, 1,1.3,9.4, 3.9,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,8.1,3.5, 8.9,5.2, 3.7,3.5,8.9, 5.6]
(1)
R0 R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
[5.9, 1,1.3,9.4, 3.9,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,8.1,3.5, 8.9,5.2, 3.7,3.5,8.9, 5.6]
[14, 2.5, 7.6,14.6, 7.6, 5.2,13.7, 10.7]

(2)
R0 R1
直接返回8个0，
用于右分支的g函数 Rep SPC Rep SPC
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
[14, 2.5, 7.6,14.6, 7.6, 5.2,13.7, 10.7]

(3)
R0 R1
[7.6, 2.5, 7.6, 10.7]
Rep SPC Rep SPC
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
[14, 2.5, 7.6,14.6, 7.6, 5.2,13.7, 10.7]

(4)
 Rep  [1,1,1,1]
R0 R1
7.6  2.5  7.6  10.7  23.4
-23.4 < 0,判决为[1,1,1,1] Rep SPC Rep SPC
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
[14, 2.5, 7.6,14.6, 7.6, 5.2,13.7, 10.7]

(5) [21.6, 2.7, 21.3, 25.3]
 Rep  [1,1,1,1]
R0 R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]
[14, 2.5, 7.6,14.6, 7.6, 5.2,13.7, 10.7]

(6)  R 0  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]  Rep,SPC  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]
R0  Rep  [1,1,1,1] SPC  [1, 0, 0,1] R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
[-21.6,2.7,21.3,-25.3]硬判决结果
为[1,0,0,1]，符合SPC码
[8.2,12.8, 1.7, 9.4, 7.5,1.7, 4.8, 5.1,19.1, 3.5, 11.1,17.1, 3.7, 6.1,8.9, 5.6, 5.9, 1, 1.3,11.4, 3.9, 2,8.9,12.1,8.1,10,8.9, 5.2, 7.4, 3.5, 9.5, 10.4]
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1,9.6,18.4, 16]
(7)
R0 R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
ã 4.12 ¯„SCÈè ~f§c7Ú

4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 91 .
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1,9.6,18.4, 16]
[14.1, 6.5, 0.4, 20.8, 11.1,3.7,13.7, 16]

(8)
R0 R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]

l
[14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1,9.6,18.4, 16]
[14.1, 6.5, 0.4, 20.8, 11.1,3.7,13.7, 16]

(9)
R0 [11.1, 3.7, 0.4, 16] R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0,0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1, 9.6,18.4, 16]
[14.1, 6.5, 0.4, 20.8, 11.1,3.7,13.7, 16]

(10)
R0  Rep  [1,1,1,1] R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
11.1  3.7  0.4  16  30.4 -30.4 < 0,判决为[1,1,1,1]
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0,0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1, 9.6,18.4, 16]
[14.1, 6.5, 0.4, 20.8, 11.1,3.7,13.7, 16]

(11)
R0  Rep  [1,1,1,1] [25.2,10.2,13.3, 36.8] R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1,9.6,18.4, 16]
 Rep,SPC  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]

(12)
 Rep  [1,1,1,1] SPC  [1, 0, 0,1]
R0 R1
[-25.2,10.2,13.3,-36.8]
Rep SPC Rep SPC 硬判决为[1,0,0,1]，
符合SPC码
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [14.1, 13.8, 0.4, 20.8, 11.4, 3.7,13.7,17.2, 27.2, 6.5, 20, 22.3,11.1,9.6,18.4, 16]
 Rep,SPC  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1] [41.3, 20.3,19.6, 43.1, 22.5,13.3,32.1, 33.2]

(13)
R0 R1
Rep SPC Rep SPC
x132  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1]
 l  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]  r  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1]
 Rep,SPC  [0,1,1, 0,1, 0, 0,1]  R1  [0, 0,0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1]

(14)
R0 R1
[41.3,20.3,19.6,43.1,22.5,13.3,32.1,-33.2]
Rep SPC Rep SPC 硬判决为[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1]
ã 4.13 ¯„SCÈè ~f§ 7Ú

. 92 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
6 c o d e s t r u c t u r e = c o d e s t r u c t u r e ( c o d e s t r u c t u r e ˜= 0 ) ;
7 c o d e s t r u c t u r e = reshape ( c o d e s t r u c t u r e , length ( c o d e s t r u c t u r e ) / 3 , 3 ) ;
8 node type structure = code structure ;
9 clear global ;
10 end
11 % −1 RATE0
12 % 1 RATE 1
13 % 2 REP
14 % 3 SPC
1 function n o d e i d e n t i f i e r ( f , z )
2 N = length ( f ) ;
3 global code structure c n t s t r u c t u r e
4 i f a l l ( f ( 1 : end − 1 ) == 1 ) && ( f ( end ) == 0 )%REP
5 c o d e s t r u c t u r e ( c n t s t r u c t u r e , 1) = z ( 1 ) ;
6 c o d e s t r u c t u r e ( c n t s t r u c t u r e , 2) = N;
7 c o d e s t r u c t u r e ( c n t s t r u c t u r e , 3) = 2;
8 c n t s t r u c t u r e = c n t s t r u c t u r e + 1;
9 else
10 i f ( f ( 1 ) == 1 ) && a l l ( f ( 2 : end ) == 0 )%SPC
15 else
16 i f a l l ( f == 0 )%R1
21 else
22 i f a l l ( f == 1 )%R0
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 93 .
25 c o d e s t r u c t u r e ( c n t s t r u c t u r e , 3 ) = −1;
27 else
28 n o d e i d e n t i f i e r ( f ( 1 :N/ 2 ) , z ( 1 :N / 2 ) ) ;
29 n o d e i d e n t i f i e r ( f (N/ 2 + 1 : end ) , z (N/ 2 + 1 : end ) ) ;
30 end
31 end
32 end
33 end
34 end
d4zè Ä 5ÆŒ•§ fè•ÝNv = 2ž§Ø•3R0, Rep, R1ƒ ( "¤±þ

¡ §SØ•3/£OØ 0 fè"
Þ‡~f§ã4.11« frozen bits= [11111111111010001110100000000000]§§S ‰1(
J•µ
 
1 8 −1
 
 
 9 4 2 
 
 
 13 4 3 
node type structure = 


 (4.15)
 17 4 2 
 
 
 21 4 3 
 
25 8 1
¹Â•£éìã4.11¤µ
lu1 m©§´˜‡•Ý•8 R0è¶
lu9 m©§´˜‡•Ý•4 Repè¶
lu13 m©§´˜‡•Ý•4 SPCè¶
lu17 m©§´˜‡•Ý•4 Repè¶
lu21 m©§´˜‡•Ý•4 SPCè¶
lu25 m©§´˜‡•Ý•8 R1è¶
e¡´¯„SCÈè §S§Ñ\ëê¥ node type structureÒ´/Xª(4.15) Ý "ù
‡§S´vk?Û48 §§3‰1L§¥ØN^?Ûf¼ê§ù y § ‰1 Ç"
lambda offset!llr layer vecÚbit layer vec†SCÈèì¥ ¹Â ƒÓ"
. 94 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
psi vec´ ˜ ‡ O Ž ¥ m ' A Š ž I ‡ ¦ ^ þ§§ Œ ´ µnode type structure 1

ê×1"
psi vec(i) Š ¹ Â ´ µ 1i‡ 4 z f è • Ý Ńv § Ki − 1 ?›Ðm•
log2 Nv ‡1§ ˜‡êγ§psi vec(i)=γ"
ëìã4.12Úã4.13§gCÅ˜/OŽ¤Iëê§˜ÚÚ/Ãó‰1e¡ “è§·Ž˜
‡ÐÆöŒUÒUwÃ"
1 function x = FastSCdecoder ( l l r , n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e , . . .
2 lambda offset , l l r l a y e r v e c , psi vec , b i t l a y e r v e c )
3 N = length ( l l r ) ;
4 n = l o g 2 (N ) ;
5 C = z e r o s ( 2 ∗ N − 1 , 2 ) ;%B i t v e c t o r
6 P = z e r o s ( 2 ∗ N − 1 , 1 ) ;%LLR v e c t o r
7 P ( end − N + 1 : end ) = l l r ;%LLR i n i t i a l i z a t i o n
8 for i node = 1 : s i z e ( n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e , 1)
9 M = n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e ( i n o d e , 2 ) ;%s i z e o f s u b c o d e
10 r e d u c e d l a y e r = l o g 2 (M) ;
11 %r e d u c e d l a y e r d e n o t e s where t o s t o p LLR c a l c u l a t i o n
12 %r e d u c e d l a y e r d e n o t e s where t o s t a r t Internal Bits calculation .
13 l l r l a y e r = l l r l a y e r v e c ( n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e ( i node , 1 ) ) ;
14 %l l r l a y e r d e n o t e s where t o s t a r t LLR c a l c u l a t i o n
15 b i t l a y e r = b i t l a y e r v e c ( n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e ( i node , 1) + M − 1 ) ;
16 %b i t l a y e r d e n o t e s where t o s t o p I n t e r n a l B i t s c a l c u l a t i o n .
17 p s i = p s i v e c ( i n o d e ) ;%T h i s p s i i s u s e d f o r b i t s r e c u r s i o n
18 p s i m o d 2 = mod ( p s i , 2 ) ;
19 i f i n o d e == 1% f i r s t LLR c a l c u l a t i o n o n l y u s e s f f u n c t i o n .
20 f o r i l a y e r = n − 1 : −1 : r e d u c e d l a y e r
24 P ( beta ) = sign ( P ( beta + index 1 ) ) ∗...
25 sign ( P ( beta + index 2 ) ) ∗...
26 min ( abs ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 ) ) , abs ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 ) ) ) ;
27 end
28 end
4.3 ¯„SCÈèŽ{ . 95 .
29 else
33 P ( b e t a ) = ( 1 − 2 ∗ C ( beta , 1 ) ) ∗ . . .
34 P ( beta + index 1 ) + P ( beta + index 2 ) ;
35 end
36 f o r i l a y e r = l l r l a y e r − 1 : −1 : r e d u c e d l a y e r
40 P ( beta ) = sign ( P ( beta + index 1 ) ) ∗...
41 sign ( P ( beta + index 2 ) ) ∗...
42 min ( abs ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 ) ) , abs ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 ) ) ) ;
43 end
44 end
45 end
46 switch n o d e t y p e s t r u c t u r e ( i node , 3)
47 c a s e −1%RATE 0
48 for j = M : 2 ∗ M − 1
49 C( j , psi mod 2 + 1) = 0 ;
50 end
51 c a s e 1%RATE 1
52 for j = M : 2 ∗ M − 1
53 C( j , psi mod 2 + 1) = P ( j ) < 0 ;
54 end
55 c a s e 2%REP
56 sum llr = 0;
57 for j = M : 2 ∗ M − 1
58 sum llr = sum llr + P( j );
59 end
60 r e p b i t = sum llr < 0;
61 for j = M : 2 ∗ M − 1
62 C( j , psi mod 2 + 1) = r e p b i t ;
63 end
. 96 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
64 c a s e 3%s p c
65 l l r s u b p o l a r c o d e = z e r o s (M, 1 ) ;
66 for j = M : 2 ∗ M− 1
67 l l r s u b p o l a r c o d e ( j − M + 1) = P( j ) ;
68 end
69 x = l l r s u b p o l a r c o d e < 0;
70 i f mod ( sum ( x ) , 2 ) ˜ = 0%i f SPC c o n s t r a i n t i s o n t s a t i s f i e d
71 a l p h a p l u s = abs ( l l r s u b p o l a r c o d e ) ;
72 [ ˜ , m i n i n d e x ] = min ( a l p h a p l u s ) ;
73 x ( m i n i n d e x ) = mod ( x ( m i n i n d e x ) + 1 , 2 ) ;
74 end
75 for j = M : 2 ∗ M − 1
76 C( j , psi mod 2 + 1) = x ( j − M + 1 ) ;
77 end
78 end
79 if p s i m o d 2 == 1%b i t r e c u r s i o n
80 for i l a y e r = reduced layer : b i t l a y e r − 1
84 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 2 ) = mod ( C ( beta , 1 ) + C ( beta , 2 ) , 2 ) ;
85 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 2 ) = C ( beta , 2 ) ;
86 end
87 end
91 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 1 ) = mod ( C ( beta , 1 ) + C ( beta , 2 ) , 2 ) ;
92 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 1 ) = C ( beta , 2 ) ;
93 end
94 end
95 end
96 x = C ( end − N + 1 : end , 1 ) ;
97 end
4.4 'A€=SCÈèì . 97 .
1 function psi vec = g e t p s i ( node type matrix )

2 psi vec = zeros ( s i z e ( node type matrix , 1) , 1 ) ;
3 for i = 1 : length ( psi vec )
4 psi = node type matrix ( i );
5 M = node type matrix ( i , 2);
7 for j = 1 : reduced layer
9 end
10 psi vec ( i ) = psi ;
11 end
12 end
§ 4.4 'A€=SCÈèì
'A€=SCÈèÈèì´˜«' k Èèì§5g©z[17]"§ BLER5Uùü

X SCÈèì§ ´§ ÈèE,ÝéØ(½§¤±v{3¢S XÚ¥¦^§•U¹3Ø©
p"
'A€=SCÈèì¦^ Ø´ü X 4zè§ ĆRCèÚ4zè/¤ {ü?é
è"˜‡CRC-polar?éè ~fXeã¤«"Ù¥dK 1 ´^rêâ§c1 ´r‡CRC
r
§
K r
r[d1 , c1 ]˜3&E'A¢ÚAþ§È('A 0§ u1 §òu1 ?14zè?è§Ò
N N
CRC-polar ?éè ˜‡èixN1 "Œ±w CRC-polar èiÙ¢„´˜‡4zè èi"
d1K d1K c1K u1N x1N

放入信息
CRC编码
比特位置 F  log 2 N
ã 4.14 CRC-polar?éè?èL§
üX4zè^P (N, K)L«§Ù¥N ´è•§K´&Eêþ"CRC-polar?éèP•P (N, K, r)§

Ù ¥rL « ¦ ^ • Ý •r CRC "7L5¿ CRC-polar? é èP (N, K, r) èÇ
(1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (t ) (t ) (t )
´K/N u1 r)/N
Ø ´(K + , u 2 ,...,
§uù A u1 , u 2 ,..., u A
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d min,1 d min,2 Ø u1 ü
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2 ,...,
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P( N , K  r )的结构 ... ...
ã4.15¥ëê ¹Âµ
x1(1) , x2(1) ,..., x(1) x1(2) , x2(2) ,..., x (2) x1( t ) , x2( t ) ,..., x(Atd)
A d min,1 Admin,1 min,t
xi(1)  u i(1) F  n xi(2)  ui(2)F  n xi( t )  u i(t ) F  n

. 98 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
u1(1) , u 2(1) ,..., u (1)

Ad u1(2) , u 2(2) ,..., u (2)
Ad u1( t ) , u 2( t ) ,..., u (Atd)
min,1 min,2 min,2
P( N , K  r )的结构 ... ...

x1(1) , x2(1) ,..., x(1)
Ad x1(2) , x2(2) ,..., x (2)
Ad x1( t ) , x2( t ) ,..., x(Atd)
min,1 min,1 min,t
xi(1)  u i(1) F  n xi(2)  ui(2)F  n xi( t )  u i(t ) F  n
u1(1) , u (1) (1)

2 ,..., u Ad 1 u1(2) , u (2) (2)
2 ,..., u Ad  2 u1( t ) , u (2t ) ,..., u (Atd) t
min,1 min,2 min,2
P( N , K , r )的结构
... ...
x1(1) , x 2(1) ,..., x(1)
Ad 1 x1(2) , x2(2) ,..., x (2)
Ad  2 x1( t ) , x 2( t ) ,..., x(Atd)  t
min,1 min,1 min,t
n n n
x (1)
i u F
(1)
i x (2)
i u F
(2)
i x (t )
i u F(t )
i
ã 4.15 P (N, K + r)ÚP (N, K, r)( é'
P (N, K + r)¥èi-þ ©Ù•{dmin,1 , dmin,2 , ..., dmin,t }§{Admin,1 , Admin,2 , ..., Admin,t }§
Ù¥dmin,1 ´• Ç²ål§dmin,2 ´g Ç²ål§±daí"Admin,i L«-þ•dmin,i è
(i)
i ‡ê"xk , 1 ≤ k ≤ Admin,i L«Tèi´1k‡Ç²-þ•Admin,i èi§§éA &
(i) (i) (i) (i)
S úk §¿ uk éA &E'A•dk "3êIkéuk , 1 ≤ k ≤ Admin,i ?1?Òž§X
(i) (i) (i) (i)
Jdk ĆRCèi§·‚ruk ˜3cAdmin,i − αi ‡§•Ò´`§ αi ‡uk éA &E'Adk
ØĆRCèi§ Ø¬Ñy3CRC-polar?éè¥"
d ã4.15Œ „ §P (N, K, r)'P (N, K + r) èiêþ §–u/XÛ~ 0§´d¤
¦^ CRCè û ½ "·‚• • •r CRCè k õ « ) ¤ õ ‘ ª § = B ½r§
ØÓ CRC) ¤ õ ‘ ª • ò —ØÓ α1 , α2 , ..., αt " X J \ À CRC' Ð§kŒUÑ
yα1 = Admin,1 œ¹§¿›XP (N, K + r)¥-þ•dmin,1 èiž”"ùò4Œ/J,CRC-
polarè BLER5U"
30 CRC-polar?éè §·‚ÒU0 'A€=SCÈèì "
½Â 4.5 ü˜'A€=SCÈèì óŠL§

K
(1) é Â&ÒyN
1 ‰1DÚ SCÈèL§§ 4zè&E'A O[d̂1 , ĉr1 ]¶
K K K
(2) ^CRC [d̂1 , ĉr1 ]"XJ[d̂1 , ĉr1 ]÷vCRC §½ö`[d̂1 , ĉr1 ]´˜‡CRCèi§K
K
Èè(å¶XJ[d̂1 , ĉr1 ]™ÏLCRC §KI‡2g‰1SCÈè§ùž •Œ#N€=g
ê•T § c'A€=gêt = 1§=\Ú½(3)"
(3) XJt > T §€=gê‡L ý Š§\ÙÈè”}¶XJt ≤ T §ÀÑ˜‡•ØŒ‚
&E'Aui , i ∈ A§3 ûu1 , ..., ui−1 L§¥§‰1DÚSCL§"
4.4 'A€=SCÈèì . 99 .
(i) i−1
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |0)
3 ûui ž§òui ŠUìÙéA LLR ‡•• ûµXJln (i) i−1 ≥ 0§
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |1)
Kui = 1§‡ƒui = 0"
(i) i−1
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |0)
ln (i) i−1 ŠÒć¡SCÈèì“è¥P ê|¥ 1˜‡ ƒP(1)"
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |1)
‘ § ûui+1 , ..., uN L§¥§‰1DÚSCL§"

5¿ ?U˜‡ui Š¬Úåc¡§S¥Cê|p ƒŠé£UC§Ïd?Uui
ŠwqUC ˜‡'AŠ§¢SþêØ˜UC õ ¥m'A Š"Óž·‚•7L5¿
§ui 7L´†ØSCÈè¥ Ä‡†Ø û &E'A§ÄK[ ØŒU¼ (Èè(
J"
(4) XJ gÈè(JÏL CRC §KÈè(å¶XJE™ÏLCRC §Kt =
t + 1§ˆ£1(3)ÚÀ, ˜‡ui ?1€="
ùp·‚Œ±uy§'A€=SCÈèì E,Ý´Ø ½ µ§kžÿ•I˜gSCÈ

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Èè¤õ"
9œ Öö¬uy§ü˜'A€=SCÈè Ø%¯K´XÛÀJØŒ‚&E'Aui , i ∈
A§ 5 y Tui ´ † ØSCÈ è ¥ Ä‡†Ø'A§Ï•7LÅ Ä‡†Ø'AâkŒU
¼ ( È è " © z[17] ‰ Ñ ˜ « a 5 • { µ 3 Ä gSC È è L § ¥ § · ‚ Œ ± P
(i) i−1
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |0)
¹ln (i) i−1 ,i ∈ A Š"XJÄgSC Èè”} §·‚Œ±ÀJµ
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |1)
(i) i−1
WN (yN
1 , u1 |0)
s = arg min{| ln (i)
|}, (4.16)
i−1
i∈A WN (yN
1 , u1 |1)
3‘ 'A€=ÈèL§¥€=us Š§Ï• LLR ýéŠL« ûØŒ‚"XJ€

=us Š E™¤õÈè§KUYéÑg LLRýéŠéA &E'AŠ• €='A§±d
aí§† Èè(JÏLCRC ½'A€=Èègê‡L #NŠT "
©z[18]‰Ñ ,˜«£OØŒ‚&E'A •{§¡•/'…8Ü£Critical Set§CS¤0
{"©z[18]@• u'…8ÜS &E'AØŒ‚"'…8Üdz‡R1fè¥1˜‡'A
¤§Xã4.16¤«"ã4.16¥ kÔ‡R1fè£d?=•ÄR0ÚR1fè§Ø•ÄSPCÚRepf
è¤§Ô‡R1fè Ä‡&E'A˜å ¤ '…8ÜCS = {u12 , u14 , u15 , u20 , u22 , u23 , u25 }"
3À I‡ €= &E'Až§Ò3CSp¡]"
•ŸoCS¥ 'A'AØŒ‚º©z[18]¥gkØã§·ØEÖ¦ §·3ùp``©
z[18]¥vkJ9 SN"Äk§l4zè( 5w§z‡R1fèÑ´˜‡4zè§•ØL
k:á" ˜‡•Ý•Nv = 2m R1fèp z‡&E'AIÒ•u0 , u1 , ..., uNv −1 §§‚éA
(0) (N −1)
4z& P•WNv , ..., WNv v "@ou0 \À'…8Ü"=3ù‡•Ý•Nv R1èp•Ä¯
Kµ0 ?›Ðm ´0§Ù{ê1, ..., Nv − 1 ?›Ðm¥– k˜‡1"Šâ·‚c¡Q
. 100 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u9 u10 u11 u12 u13 u14 u15 u16 u17 u18 u19 u20 u21 u22 u23 u24 u25 u26 u27 u28 u29 u30 u31 u32
ã 4.16 '…8Ü ~f§P (32, 16)
4.5 106
4
105
3.5
104
log10
3
3
10
2.5
102
2
1.5 1
10
64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
N (R is fixed to 0.5, E b /N0 = 2dB) Eb /N0 (dB), N=1024, R = 0.5.
ã 4.17 ξ†è•N 'X ã 4.18 ξ†&D'Eb /N0 'X
(0) (0) (N −1)

ã 4z& S (J§WNv ´WNv , ..., WNv v ¥• & §¤±u0 ØŒ‚"
•Œ±lpdCq5`²CS¥ &E'AØŒ‚"·‚{ü/½Â˜‡'Šξµ
P (i)
Pe (WN )
ξ = P i∈CS (i)
,
i∈A\CS P e (W N )
(4.17)
q
(i) (i)
Pe (WN ) = Q( E{LN }/2).
(i) i−1
(i) WN (yN
1 ,u1 |0)
Ù¥LN = ln (i) i−1 "
WN (yN
1 ,u1 |1)
w,ξ†*þ‡N /CS¥ &E'A †ØÇÁ \ CS¥&E'A†ØÇ õ 0§

,ù•´‡Øî> `{"e¡ AÜã`² 3ˆ«œ¹eξ ŠÑéŒ§ùL² CS¥
&E'A †ØÇŒ"
XJ\ú ξØî>§·‚Œ±”t/ Ñe¡ ^‡VÇë¦§§L«SCÈèì (È
4.4 'A€=SCÈèì . 101 .
è VÇµ
Pr(û1 = u1 , û2 = u2 , ..., ûN = uN ) = Pr(û1 = u1 ) Pr(û2 = u2 |û1 = u1 )
× Pr(û3 = u3 |û1 = u1 , û2 = u2 )... Pr(ûN = uN |û1 = u1 , ..., ûN −1 = uN −1 )

(4.18)
N
(a) Y (i) (b) Y (i)
= (1 − Pe (WN )) = (1 − Pe (WN )).
i=1 i∈A
Ù¥(a)¦^ pdCq§(b)´Ï•È('A†ØÇ•0"KSCÈèì†ØÈèVÇ•µ
(i)
Y
PeSC = 1 − (1 − Pe (WN )). (4.19)
i∈A
·‚•Ä uCS¥ &E'A éu†ØVÇ / z0µ
(i)
Y
PeCS = 1 − (1 − Pe (WN )). (4.20)
i∈CS
PeCS < PeSC w,¤á§@oPeCS . õ º‰YÁ vC §Xã4.4¤«"ù`

²CS¥ &E'A/ z0 A Ü †ØÇ§¤±CS¥ 'AØŒ‚§3'A€=L§
¥´ÄÀ €='A"
þ¡•ù ü˜'A€=SCÈèì§¯¢þ3˜g†Ø SCÈè¥§=Å 1˜‡†Ø
'AkžŒUÃLu¯§Ï•§ ¡„k†Ø &E'Aµ‰½u1 , ..., us−1 (Š§us
ÈèÑ† §us ´Ä‡†Ø û§, ·‚3$/£OÑ us §¿…rus €=• (Š§
‘ us , ..., ut−1 Èè•´ ( §ùƒ uu1 , u2 , ..., us , ..., ut−1 ÜÈè (§ út È
èq†Ø §ut ´1 ‡†Ø û"3ù«œ¹e§3˜g'A€=SCÈèL§¥§·‚
7LÓž€=us Úut ŠâkŒU¼ ( Èè(J§ùž¯KÒC (J µ£Oü
‡†Ø'A'£O˜‡†Ø'AJ õ"¯K•¬C •(Jµ3,g†Ø SCÈè¥•
3ui1 , ui2 , ..., uit ´7L‡Å †Ø û§t ≥ 3§ùž7Lrùt‡†Ø'A ÜéÑ5¿…‰
1'A€="
y3®²•3õ'A€=SCÈè5)ûþ¡ (J§~X©z[18][19]"ù Èèì3˜
gÁ&5'A€=SCÈèL§¥ÀÑõ‡&E'Aui1 , ui2 , ..., uit , i1 < i2 < ... < it ?1€=
£UìÙéALLR ‡•• û¤§ÏdkÅ¬Å •õ †Ø§ •Ú\ •Œ E,Ýµ
lK‡&E'ApÀÑt‡ØŒ‚&E'AkCK
t
«À{§7L?1Œþ Á&5'A€=Èè
âkŒUéÑ5"k, ÖöŒ± Ö©z[18][19]"
kžÿ©Û'A€=SCÈèì BLERŠ e.£•Ò´Ù¤Uˆ •Z5U¤¬4
·‚•˜2˜ "ùŒ±ÏL/°( •Ï0£Genie-aided¤5¢y§`x Ò´rux&
. 102 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
100
BLER 10-2
10-4
P SC ,P(256,128) P CS ,P(256,128)
e e
P SC ,P(512,256) P CS ,P(512,256)
10-6
e e
P SC
e
,P(1024,512) P CS
e
,P(1024,512)
SC CS
P e ,P(2048,1024) P e ,P(2048,1024)
10-8
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 4.19 PeCS ÚPeSC é'
EuN
1 Š3•ý§Sp† Ñ\‰Èèì§4ÈèìgCéìÈè(JÚ (Š"XJuy
k˜‡ui ÈèŠÚui (ŠØÎ§KÈèìÒûi (ŠCX†Ø Èè(J§Óž‰
'Aui P˜‡†Ø"ù ˜4SCÈère5§ÈèìŒU‰eZ‡ui1 , ui2 , ..., uit P¹ †Ø"
Œþ$1-E SCÈèL§§·‚¬ ±eêâµ
(1). o$1gêNmax ;
(2). ¯‡/3˜gSCÈèL§¥§•3i‡I‡Å û0Ñy gêTi "
Å 'A€=SCÈèì’½ØUÅ Œui‡†Ø"PPei •/zg–õUÅ
i‡†Ø
i‡†Ø SCÈèì †ØÇ0§KPei ≥ k=i+1 Tk /Nmax §Ù¥ Ò=3TÈèìkUå
P
Å ¤kØ‡Li‡†ØžâU §Ïd k=i+1 Tk /Nmax ´Pei e."

P
'A€=SCÈèìBLER5U e.Xã4.20¤«§Ù¥Genie-aidediL«TÈèì˜½U
Å Ø‡Li‡†Ø û &E'A"
§ 4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^
SCÈèì3?è¥¾,k^º@´ , "
4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^ . 103 .
0
10
Genie-aided 1
Genie-aided 2
Genie-aided 3
Genie-aided 4
10-2 Genie-aided 5
BLER
-4
10
10-6
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 4.20 Genie-aided' A € =SCÈ è ì BLER5 U § • ý è iP (1024, 512)d p d C q
3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? E
4.5.1 ^SCÈèì?1XÚ4zè ?è
ù«•{5g©z[8]§ãQ3JÑù‡•{ žÿ•´˜)‘L§ 5<‚3?1XÚ4

zè?èž•ØJ9d•{§ ´·@•k7‡`˜e"ù¿Ø´Ï•ù‡•{é-‡§ ´
Ï•©Ûù‡•{Œ±¦·‚•Ð/@£4zè"
!ÂL«&E'A8Ü§|A| = K !¥ AØ´?¿ §A7LÎÜþ˜Ùù
4z5Æ£½ö`´4z& S'X¤µ3•Ý•N = 2n 4zè¥§ 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N =
2 §i − 1, j − 1
n
n ?›Ðm©O´(in , in−1 , ..., i1 ), (jn , jn−1 , ..., j1 )§Ù¥†>´p §
…ik ≥ jk é?¿1 ≤ k ≤ n¤á§ù«y–•PŠj i"XJj ∈ A§Ki ∈ A"
þ˜Ùp®²ùL§XÚ4zè ?èL§ Ý ¦{ {Xe£%@È('A Ü
•0§G = F⊗n ¤µ
x = uA GA
(xA , xAc ) = (uA GAA , uA GAAc )

(4.21)
xA = uA GAA
xAc = uA GAAc = xA G−1

AA GAAc
. 104 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
Ù¥uA L«u¥ uAS ƒ/¤ f•þ§xA ÚxAc Ón"GA L«G¥1Ò3A¥

1/¤ fÝ §GAA L«GA ¥ Ò3A¥ /¤ fÝ §GAAc L«GA ¥ Ò3Ac ¥
/¤ fÝ §GAA Œ_´w, §Ï•§én …é ‚ ƒ •1"
½Â 4.6 ^SCÈèì?1XÚ4zè?è
(1).)¤–DÑêâdK
1 ¶
(2). )¤S LK
1 µL1 = [L1 , ..., LK ] = [(1−2d1 )×∞, ..., (1−2dK )×∞]§=XJdi = 0§
K
KLi = +∞¶XJdi = 1§KLi = −∞"

(3). E•Ý•N LLRS 1 , llrAc = 0"Ù¥llrA L«llr¥
llrµllrA = LK u¢Ú8
ÜAþ ƒ§llr Ac L«llr¥ u¢Ú8ÜA þ c
ƒ§0´ 0•þ"
(4). òllrŠ• ÂLLRÑ\SCÈèì§SCÈèì£ ä/ª Š!:?¤¼ èi
Ox§Kx´dK
1 éA XÚèi"
9œ ÖöêþÒuy ¯KµþãÚ½(2),(3),(4) durx˜3BEC& pDÑ1 §

TÐxA ¥ ƒÑvk ÞØ§ xAc ¥ ƒ Ü ÞØ§, r Â&ÒÑ\SCÈ
èì?1Èè"•ŸoXdöŠ§3SCÈèì ä/ª Š!:?U XÚèixº
e¡ò`²ù‡¯K§ùp·‚5¿ µ&E'A8ÜAØ´?¿ §A 7LÎÜ4z5
Æµ3•Ý•N = 2 n
4zè¥§ 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N = 2 §i − 1, j − 1
n
n ?›Ðm
©O´(in , in−1 , ..., i1 ), (jn , jn−1 , ..., j1 )§Ù¥†>´p §…ik ≥ jk é?¿1 ≤ k ≤ n¤á
£j ≺ i¤"XJj ∈ A§Ki ∈ A"
½n 4.5 A÷vþã4z5Æ§llr´ÏL½Â4.6¥ öŠ¼ §òllrÑ\SCÈè

ì§SCÈèì ä/ª Š!:?¬¼ èi Ox§KxA ´llrA M û(J"
y² ¦^8B{"
Þµ yN = 2ž½n(Ø¤á" N = 2ž§Ak O•34«œ¹µA = ∅§A =
{1}§A = {2}§A = {1, 2}§Ù¥A = {1}ØÎÜ4z5Æ§Øé§?1?Ø"Ï• ½n•
'%xA ´Ä•llrA M û(J§ A = ∅ ž§xA ÚllrA ÑØ•3§¤±Ø•ÄA = ∅"d
d§••eA = {2}ÚA = {1, 2}ü«œ¹"
XJA = {2}§@o•3Xã4.21¤« 4«œ¹"ã4.21¥†>ü‡2 × 2 ¬L«È('
A 0 œ¹§m>ü‡2 × 2 ¬L«È('A 1 œ¹"ã4.21`²§ÃØÈ('A Ÿo
Š§3A = {2} œ¹e½n(Ø¤áµx̂2 o´ ullr2 M û"
5¿ 3BEC¥kµln Pr(0|0)
1 Pr(?|0) Pr(1|0)
Pr(0|1) = +∞, ln Pr(?|1) = 0, ln Pr(1|1) = −∞"3Ã¡ \{$Žþ
¦^…ÜÌŠ§=+∞ + (−∞) = 0"
4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^ . 105 .
u1  0 llr1  0 u1  0 llr1  0 llr1  0

u1  1 u1  1 llr1  0
g (0, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2   g (0, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2   g (1, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2  
g (1, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2  
uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ2  0 uˆ2  1 xˆ1  uˆ2  1 uˆ2  1 xˆ1  uˆ2  1 uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ2  0
ã 4.21 A = {2} œ¹
XJA = {1, 2}§@o•Ý•2 4zè3BEC¥DÑ ¤kŒU(JXã4.22¤«"d

ã4.22Œ„§ A = {1, 2}ž§SCÈèì¼ x̂i o´ ullri M û§i ∈ {1, 2}"
f (llr1 , llr2 )   f (llr1 , llr2 )   f (llr1 , llr2 )  

llr1   llr1   llr1   f (llr1 , llr2 )  
uˆ1  1 llr1  
uˆ1  0 uˆ1  0 uˆ1  1
xˆ1  uˆ1  uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ1  uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ1  uˆ 2  1 xˆ1  uˆ1  uˆ 2  1
g (0, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2   g (1, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2   llr2  
g (0, llr1 , llr2 )   g (1, llr1 , llr2 )   llr2  
uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ2  0 uˆ2  1 xˆ1  uˆ2  1 uˆ2  1 xˆ1  uˆ2  1 uˆ2  0 xˆ1  uˆ2  0
ã 4.22 A = {1, 2} œ¹
8Bb µN = 2k ž§½n(Ø¤áµA÷v4z5Æ§llr´ÏL½Â4.6¥ öŠ¼

§òllrÑ\SCÈèì§SCÈèì ä/ª Š!:?¬¼ èi Ox§KxA ´llrA M
û(J"
e˜ÚµN = 2k+1 "•Ý•2k 4zèÚ•Ý•2k+1 4zè 'XXã4.23¤«§5

¿ ·‚e¡òª„ ¦^„`µ/†þ •Ý•2 k
4zè0§§• ´ã4.23¥†þ
⊗k ⊗k
F ¶/†e •Ý•2 k
4zè0§§• ´ã4.23¥†e F "·‚7L²(e¡A
‡¯K"
J«(1).1k + 1?¥ 2×2 ¬Ø•3ã4.23m> 2×2 ¬ œ¹§Ï•ùŠ‡ A

4z5Æµ1k + 1?2 × 2 ¬m>ü‡Ú ¢ÚŠ£mþÚ ¢Ú •i§meÚ ¢
Ú•j¤ 'Xí, 1 ≤ i ≤ 2k , j = i + 2k , 2k + 1 ≤ j ≤ 2k+1 §ù¿›Xi − 1.j − 1 ?›Ðm
Œ±L«•(0, ik , ik−1 , ..., i1 ), (1, ik , ik−1 , ..., i1 )§=j − 1 •p ´1§i − 1•p ´0§Ù{
ƒÓ"Šâ4z5Æ§XJi ∈ A§Kj ∈ A"ÏdØ•3ã4.23m> ×2 ¬ œ¹"
J«(2).ã4.23†þ •Ý•2k 4zè£½ö`´•Ý•2k SCÈèì Š!:¤¬

Â 5g1k + 1?¤k2 × 2 ¬|^f ¼êŽÑ LLR§Ù¥k LLR´0§k LLR´Ã¡
Š"·‚‰ã4.23 †þ •Ý•2 k
4zèmý2 ‡Ú k
•gIÒ•1, 2, ..., 2 §¿P†þ k
•Ý•2k 4zèmý Š•Ã¡ LLR ¤3 ¢Ú8Ü•A2k "• U¦^8Bb §·‚

7L`²A2k ÷v4z5Æµ i ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2 }…i ∈ A2k £=¢Úi?
k
LLR•Ã¡¤§XJ•
3l¦ i ≺ l§Kl ∈ A2k §•=¢Úl ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2 }? LLR k
Š•Ã¡"
. 106 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
前k级第k+1级
第k+1级中
称为“左 1 不存在这种情况
2 i  0, ik ,..., i1  2
上角长度
为 2k”的 F k 
... ...
llri  或  
 处 LLR
2k 2k
极化码为无穷值
2k  1
称为“左
2k  2 j  i  2k  1, ik ,..., i1  2
下角长度
F k 2 3k
llrj  0
为 2k”的 ... ...
 ' 处 LLR
极化码 2k 1 2k
为无穷值
ã 4.23 •Ý•2k 4zèÚ•Ý•2k+1 4zè 'X
• `²þã¯K§5¿ X J , ‡i ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }? LLR• Ã ¡ § @ o ¢ Úi3

1k + 1?¥éA 2 × 2 ¬ mýü‡Ú
1
LLR7Óž Š•Ã¡§Xã4.24¥ ùÚ2 × 2
¬¤«"yk? l ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }÷vi ≺ l§@ol? LLR´Ø´Ã¡Šº
Xã4.25¥ÉÚ2 × 2 ¬¤«§31k + 1?mýki ≺ l¤á2 §du1k + 1?mýi ∈ A
£ù´Ï•1k + 1?mý i?LLR•Ã¡¤§Šâ4z5Æ§1k + 1 ?mý l ∈ A¤
á§=1k + 1?mýl LLR•Ã¡¶w,·‚ki + 2 ≺ l + 2 ¤á §du1k + 1?mk k 3
ýi + 2k ∈ A£ù´Ï•1k + 1?mýi + 2k ?LLR•Ã¡¤§Šâ4z5Æ§l + 2k ∈ A¤á§

=1k + 1?mýl + 2k ?LLR•Ã¡"Q,ÉÚ ¬mýü‡LLRÑ•Ã¡§¤±ÉÚ ¬†
þ l?LLR•Ã¡ §l
4
ÉÚ ¬†þ l ∈ A2k "
d§·‚`² A2k ÷v4z5ÆµXJ†þ ••2k 4zè mý i ∈ A2k §K?¿
÷vi ≺ l láuA2k "
J«(3).ã4.23†e •Ý•2k 4zè£½ö`´•Ý•2k SCÈèì Š!:¤¬
Â 5g1k + 1?¤k2 × 2 ¬|^g¼êŽÑ LLR§Ù¥k LLR´0§k LLR´Ã¡
Š"·‚•‰ã4.23†e •Ý•2k 4zèmý2k ‡Ú •gIÒ•1, 2, ..., 2k §¿P†e
•Ý•2k 4zèmý Š•Ã¡ LLR¤3 ¢Ú8Ü•A02k "• U¦^8Bb §·‚
7L`²A02k ÷v4z5Æµ i ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }…i ∈ A02k £=¢Úi ? LLR•Ã¡¤§XJ•
3l¦ i ≺ l§Kl ∈ A02k §•=¢Úl ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }? LLR Š•Ã¡"
1
=i´T ¬ †þ
2
==í, l ?›Ðm•p•ÑC¤ 0§Ù{ 'X U«
3
==í, l ?›Ðm•p•ÑC¤ 1§Ù{ 'X U«
4
l?LLRdf ¼êOŽ
4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^ . 107 .
前kk级
前级第k+1
第 k+1级
级前kk级
前级 k+1
第k+1
第级级
11
22
FFkk ......i : 此处 llr 为
i : 此处 llr 为
.....
ii :: 此处 llr 必为
此处 llr 必为 FFk
k
i
......
i ii,..., i1 i12 2
k ,..., i i 0,i0, ik ,..., i1  2
k ,..., i1  2
...
k
22k k . i i l l ll,...,
k l1 l12 2
k ,..., ... i i ll 0,l0,,...,kll
l ,..., k 1 2
1 2
FFkk FFkk
i i2k 2 
1, ik1,,..., i1  2i1  2
k
ik ,...,
i  2k : 此处 llr 
必为
llr必为
... ...
...
i i 2k 2k ll2k 2k 1,
 lk1,,..., l1  2l1  2
lk ,...,
ã 4.24 wùÚ ¬§eÙ†þ i?LLR• ã 4.25 wÉÚ ¬§Ï•ùÚ ¬mýü

Ã¡Š§KÙmýü‡LLRÑ´Ã¡" ‡LLRÑ´Ã¡§ i ≺ l, i + 2k ≺ j + 2k §¤
±ÉÚmýü‡LLRÑ´Ã¡§¤±ÉÚ
¬†þ l?LLR•Ã¡"
XJ,‡i ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }? LLR•Ã¡§@o¢Úi31k + 1?¥éA 2×2 ¬1 me

LLR7•Ã¡§Xã4.26¥ ùÚ2 × 2 ¬¤«"? l ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2k }÷vi ≺ l§Kl?
LLR´Ø´Ã¡Šº
Xã4.27¥ÉÚ2 × 2 ¬¤«§3ÉÚ ¬mýki + 2k ≺ l + 2k ¤á2 "du1k + 1?m
ý i + 2 ∈ A£ù´Ï•1k + 1?mýi + 2k ?
k
LLR•Ã¡¤§Šâ4z5Æ§1k + 1?
mýl + 2 ∈ A¤á§=1k + 1?mýl + 2 ?LLR•Ã¡"
k k
y3¯K©•ü«œ¹µ
XJã4.27¥ÉÚ ¬mþ LLR´0§@ow,ÃØÉÚ ¬3?1g¼êOŽž¦^
'A´0„´1§ÉÚ ¬†e LLR7•Ã¡"
XJã4.27¥ÉÚ ¬mþ LLR´Ã¡§Kéã4.27†þ ••2k 4zè¦^8B
b µ3ÉÚ ¬mýü‡LLRÑ´Ã¡ œ¹e§ÉÚ ¬^f ¼êŽÑÙ†þ LLR§
TLLR7•Ã¡§KOŽ(J7á\ã4.22 o«œ¹ƒ¥"8Bb ^3 ùpµdžÉÚ
¬†þ LLR7•Ã¡§8Bb y †þ 2k • 4zè3ÉÚ ¬†þ ˆ£ '
AŠ´ÉÚ ¬†þ LLR M û(J§¤±ÉÚ ¬ OŽ(J7á\ã4.22 o«œ¹
ƒ¥"éìã4.22 o«œ¹Œ„§ÉÚ ¬†e LLR7•Ã¡"
nþ§ÃØã4.27¥ÉÚ ¬mþ LLR´0„´Ã¡§ÉÚ ¬†e LLRÑ´Ã
¡"
1
=i´T ¬ †e
2
l + 2k ?›Ðm•p ´1§i + 2k ?›Ðm•p•´0§Ù{ ƒÓ§U«
i ≺ l 'X
. 108 . 14Ù G1-žÈè
前k级
前 k级第k+1
第 k+1级
级 k级
前前 k级 k+1
第第k+1级级
FFk k ......
FFk k ......
i i 0,0,
ik ,..., i1 i21  2
ik ,...,
i i 
l l 0, 0,
lk ,..., l1 l21  2
lk ,...,
11 11
22 22
FF kk
 ......i :i此处 llrllr
: 此处为为 ,1
,1
i i 2k2k i i 
......
2k2:k此处 llrllr
: 此处必为 
必为
FF kk
 ... ...i i ik,..., i1 i21  2
ik ,...,
......
i i 2k 2k 1,i1,k ,..., i1 i21  2
ik ,...,
2 k2 k ... ...i i 
l l lk,..., l1 l21  2
lk ,..., l l 2 2 1,l1,,...,
k k
l l 
l ,...,
k k 1 21 2
ã 4.26 wùÚ ¬§eùÚ ¬†e ã 4.27 wÉÚ ¬§Ï•ùÚ ¬me

i?LLR• Ã ¡ Š § K ù Ú ¬ m e LLR´Ã¡§ i ≺ l, i + 2k ≺ j + 2k §
LLR7•Ã¡" ¤±ÉÚme LLR´Ã¡"Šâ©¥?Ø
Œ•§ÃØÉÚ ¬mþ ?LLR´0„´Ã
¡§ÉÚ ¬†e LLRÑ´Ã¡"
Q,ÉÚ ¬†e l? LLRo´•Ã¡§l ÉÚ ¬†e l ∈ A02k " d§·‚

`² A02k ÷v4z5ÆµXJ†e •Ý•2 k
4zèmý ,‡i ∈ A02k §K?¿÷
vi ≺ l láuA02k "
·‚þ¡ ?Ø´• U é†þ Ú†e ü‡••2k 4zè¦^8Bb "
y35 y² • ˜Ú"? 1k+1?¥ ˜‡2 ¬§¡T ¬•Module§KModulem
ýü‡LLR•3n«œ¹µ
(1).Modulemýü‡LLR •0§=Modulemýü‡Ú ¢ÚØáuA§Øáu½n?Ø
œ¹"
(2).Modulem ý ü ‡LLR= k ˜ ‡ •0" Š â c ¡ ? Ø Œ • § • Œ U ´Modulem þ
LLR•0§ m e LLR• Ã ¡ " d ž § Š âModuleþg¼ ê OŽ5K§T ¬†e
LLR7 ume LLR"ùž·‚é†e •Ý•2 k
4zè¦^8Bb µ†e
•Ý•2 k
4zè?1SCÈè §†e 1
•Ý•2 k
4zè3Module†e ˆ£ 'AŠ
7´Module†e LLR M û(J"dd§Module¤kŒU G Ò´ã4.21¥ 4«G
"l §3ModulemþLLR•0§…meLLR•Ã¡ œ¹e§éìã4.21§Moduleme
dSCÈèˆ£ 'AŠ uModuleme LLR M ûŠ"½n(Ø¤á"
(2).Modulemýü‡LLRÑ´Ã¡"Module3SCÈèL§¥Äk‰1f ¼ê§ Ù†
þ LLR§TLLR´Ã¡Š"y¦^8Bb µ†þ •Ý•2 k
4zè?1SCÈè §† 2
þ •Ý•2 k
4zè3Module†þ ˆ£ 'AŠ uModule†þ LLR ûŠ¶‘
1
Èè¤ILLR5g1k + 1?¤k2 × 2 ¬ g¼êOŽ
2
Èè¤ILLR 5g1k + 1?¤k2 × 2 ¬ f ¼êOŽ
4.5 SCÈèì3?è¥ A^ . 109 .
§Module‰1g¼ê"dã4.22Œ„§džModuleŽÑ†e LLR7•Ã¡"y2g¦^8
Bb µ†e •Ý•2 k
4zè?1SCÈè §†e 1
•Ý•2k 4zè3Module†e
ˆ£ 'AŠ uModule†e LLR ûŠ"²Lüg¦^8Bb §·‚Œ±ä½§
3Modulemýü‡LLRÑ´Ã¡ œ¹e§Module ¤kŒUG Ò´ã4.22¥ o«G §
l ëìã4.22§ModulemýdSCÈèˆ£ ü‡'AŠ©O umýü‡LLR M ûŠ"
½n(Ø¤á"
²LP• ?Ø·‚ªu y²" ·‚ ?Ö„v(å§„ ˜‡•˜5"
½n4.5`² XJ?1½Â4.6¥ L§§KŒ± ˜‡Èèèix§÷vxA ´llrA M
û(J"Ï•x Ac = xA G−1
AA GAAc ´•˜ §¤±·‚ä½·‚ ¤ XÚ?è"
Q,Œ±ÏL˜gSCÈè ¤XÚ4zè?è§@o½Â4.6¥ ?èL§ E,ÝÒ
Ó(N log2 N )§áu$E,Ý?è"
! • §éBEC& ¥ SCÈèì‰˜:J«"BEC& ¥ ÂLLR Š•{+∞, 0, −∞}§
·‚3?›§S žÿØB¦^Ã¡Š"(Üf Úg¼ê $Ž5KØJuy§·‚Œ±^
ê+1“O+∞§^ ê−1“O−∞§0„´0"ù “†¦Èè êŠ-½"
4.5.2 ¦^SCÈèì?1Monte-Carloè E
ù‡•{3©z[3]¥Ò JÑ §§ né{üµÏL-E$1Œþ SCÈè§éÑ

Œ‚5p 'A& "
&EDÑL§¥,˜g ¢yŠ•(yN N
1 , u1 )"·‚† ruN
1 uxŠÑ\‰SCÈè
ì"b c–Èè'A•ui §¦^LLR SCÈèì?1DÚ ÈèL§§• OŽ û
i−1
(i) Pr(yN
1 ,u1 |ui =0) (i)
þLN = ln Pr(yN ,ui−1 |u =1) ¿éLN ?1M û"ùžSCÈèì• wwui uxŠ´Ÿo"
1 1 i
XJui uxŠ u c ûŠ§@oÃ¯u)§SCÈèìUYÈèui+1 ¶XJ c

ûŠØ uui uxŠ§@Ò‰¢ÚiP˜‡†Ø§Óž¦ûi uxŠCX c ûŠ§UY
Èèui+1 "
3-E Œþ þãL§ §z˜‡¢Úi, i ∈ {1, 2, ..., N }?P¹ êþØ †Øg
ê"w,·‚ÀJ†Øgê• K & ¢ÚÒŠ•8ÜA"
k'SCÈè Ð?•£ ùpÒ Üù "
1
Èè¤ILLR5g1k + 1?¤k2 × 2 ¬ g¼êOŽ
15Ù G1-ž LÈè
4zè G1-ž LÈè£Successive Cancellation List, SCL¤ì[20]´8c4zèA^

•2• Èèì"·3ùpŠ Ø‹Ž^˜üãx{£ãSCLÈèì§Ï•`Ø˜Ù"ÐÆö
•Ø‡•"w˜ã`²ÒÃ SCLÈèì§·‚‡î‹:"
•Ðw þ˜Ù2w Ù§˜´Ï•þ˜Ù¥k PÒ®²ÑyL§ ÙŒUØ2)º¶

´Ï•SC ÈèØÙö {§SCLÈèÒÃ{n)" Ù¥·‚ ½È('Ao´ 0"
§ 5.1 ÄuLLR ´»Ýþ
·‚kÚ\ÄuLLR ´»Ýþ£Path Metric§PM¤§2?ØSCLŽ{§ ØØv

ó"•Ä•Ý•N = 2n 4zè§g,/§·‚'% éÜ©Ù•Pr(UN N
1 , Y1 )"
¤¢´»ÝþÒ´,‡Èè(J VÇµPr(ui1 |yN

1 )"ù‡Š Œ§ui1 ( VÇ
Œ§^Xui1 UY^SCÈèìÈèui+1 , ..., uN §•ªÈè ( VÇÒ Œ"
(i) Pr(yN ,ui−1 |u =0) (1) (2) (i)
PLN = ln Pr(yN
1 1 i
,ui−1 |u =1)
"©z[21]¥ ½nL²§Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )Œ±^LN , LN , ..., LN L
1 1 i
«"•,©z[21]‰ y²§ ´¦ QãØë0§·€y˜e"
Pi (k)
½n 5.1 − ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 ) = k=1 ln(1 + e−(1−2uk )LN )§− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )¡•´»Ýþ§
ùp/´»0• ´Èè´»§•=ÈèS ui1 "
5.1 ÄuLLR ´»Ýþ . 111 .
y² ·‚âqõ’ì ý •{ ¤y²§•Äe¡ 'Šµ
Pr(ui−1 N
1 |y1 ) Pr(yN i−1
1 , u1 )
i N
= N i−1
Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(y1 , u1 , ui )
i−1 i−1
Pr(yN N
1 , u1 |ui = 0) Pr(ui = 0) + Pr(y1 , u1 |ui = 1) Pr(ui = 1)
= i−1
(5.1)
Pr(yN
1 , u1 |ui ) Pr(ui )
i−1
(a) Pr(yN
1 , u1 |ui = 0) −(1−2ui )
= 1+[ i−1
]
Pr(yN
1 , u1 |ui = 1)
(a)µ(1).ÃØui = 0„´1§Pr(ui ) = 0.5§©f©1þù˜‘ ¶(2).©O ui = 0Ú1Œ

± y(a)¤á"
þªÙ¢´48 'X§•Äe¡ ë¦µ
Pr(u1 |yN
1 ) Pr(u1 |yN 2 N
1 ) Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(u1i−1 |yN
1 )
i N
= 2 N 3 N
...
Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )
(5.2)
i−1
Pr(yN
1 , u1 |u2 = 0) −(1−2u2 ) Pr(yN
1 , u1 |ui = 0) −(1−2ui )
= {1 + [ ] }...{1 + [ i−1
] }
Pr(yN
1 , u1 |u2 = 1) Pr(yN
1 , u1 |ui = 1)
·‚Óž5¿ µ
1 Pr(yN1 )
N
=
Pr(u1 |y1 ) Pr(yN
1 , u1 )
Pr(yN N
1 |u1 = 0) Pr(u1 = 0) + Pr(y1 |u1 = 1) Pr(u1 = 1)
= N
(5.3)
Pr(y1 |u1 ) Pr(u1 )
Pr(yN
1 |u1 = 0) −(1−2u1 )
= {1 + [ ] }
Pr(yN
1 |u1 = 1)
1 )Ø m>§¿òª(5.3)‘\§2
rª(5.2)1˜‡ Ò†ý Pr(u1 |yN éêµ
i k−1
X Pr(yN
1 , u1 |uk = 0) −(1−2uk )
− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )= 1+[ N k−1
] (5.4)
k=1
Pr(y1 , u1 |uk = 1)
Pr(yN ,uk−1 |u =0) (k)

w, Pr(y1N ,u1k−1 |uk =1) = eLN §y."
1 1 k
½n5.1¹Â´L"
˜!½n5.1`² 'AS ui1 VÇPr(ui1 |yN
1 )Œ±^SCÈèì Q OŽ(JO
. 112 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
(k) (k)
ŽµSC3Èèuk , 1 ≤ k ≤ iž®²ŽÑ LN §=|ûk ÚLN ÒUL«Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )"
!·‚ÑF"Èè(J (§¤±Pr(ui1 |yN

1 ) Š Œ Ð§l − ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 ) Š
Ð"·‚˜„@•− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 ) Ð©Š•"§=½n5.1¥ \\l0m©§\ln(1 +
(1) (2) (N )
e−(1−2u1 )LN )§2\ln(1 + e−(1−2u2 )LN )...§† ln(1 + e−(1−2uN )LN )•Ž"
n!½n5.1 Òüà Ü©w,Ñð• ¢ê" Òm> ‘Œ±?1CqL«1 µX
(k) (k) (k) (k)
−(1−2uk )LN
Juk = 0, LN ≥ 0§Kln(1+e ) ≈ 0¶XJuk = 1, LN ≥ 0§Kln(1+e−(1−2uk )LN ) ≈
(k) (k) (k) (k) (k)
LN ¶ X Juk = 0, LN ≤ 0§ Kln(1 + e−(1−2uk )LN ) ≈ −LN ¶ X Juk = 1, LN ≤ 0§
(k)
−(1−2uk )LN
Kln(1 + e ) ≈ 0"
(k) (k)
lþ¡o«œ¹Œ„§ uk ŠÎÜLN M ûž§ln(1 + e−(1−2uk )LN )o´ •"¶
(k) (k) (k)
‡ƒ§ uk ŠØ uLN M ûž§ln(1+e−(1−2uk )LN )o´ •|LN |"Ï•− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )
(k) (k)
Š Ð§¤±uk ŠØ uLN M ûò —− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )OŒ§OŒ þ •|LN |§
ùŒ±/–/n)•˜«/¨vŠ0"
9œ Ööé¯Òuy§SCÈèì3¦^ Â&ÒyN1 ¤é,‡ui , 1 ≤ i ≤ N O
ž§Èèìp=•3˜‡ÈèS ui1 "Ø+ui1 éA Pr(u1 |y1 ) ŠÐ½öØÐ§\ÑOÃ
i N
ÀJ"UØU4SCÈèìØ2Û•uü˜S O§ ´¼ L‡ÈèS §z‡Èè

S P•ui1,l = (u1,l , ..., ui,l ), 1 ≤ l ≤ L§Óž¦ ùL‡ÈèS Ñ¦ŒU (§=¦ z
‡Pr(ui1,l |yN
1 ), 1 ≤ l ≤ L¦ŒUŒº‰Y´ŒU §ùÒ´SCL Èèì"
§ 5.2 ÄuLLR SCLÈèì ‰1L§
J2µÐÆö7Lš~Ùö/ÝºSCÈè ¤k[!âUUY Ö"·‚k^Šó

£ãSCLÈèì $ŠL§§2^˜ÜãL«SCLÈèì $ŠL§§• Þ˜‡Ž~L
«SCLÈèì $ŠL§"
(1). SCLÈèìSÜ¿1/˜˜ L‡SCÈèì§©OP•?Ò•11, 2, ..., L‡SCÈè
ì§P•SC1 , SC2 , ..., SCN "¤±§Œ—/§SCLÈèì¤I•;A ´SC Èèì L 2
"
(2). SCLÈèì¼ Âéêq,'S (L1 , L2 , ..., LN ) §Ð©z´»Ýþ•0§…
=-¹1ÒSCÈèì§Ù{™-¹ Èèì ?Ò•Ssleep = {2, 3, ..., L}§·‚@•Ssleep =
{2, 3, ..., L}´˜‡æÒ§=XJ‡lSsleep = {2, 3, ..., L} Ñ ƒ§@o Ñ5 •g´L, L −
1, ..., 3, 2"
(1) Pr(yN
1 ,|u1 =0)
1ÒSCÈèìm©¦ÎOSCÈè6§ Ou1 Š§=OŽLN = ln Pr(yN
§•Ò´
1 |u1 =1)
OŽþ˜Ù¥LLRê|P 1˜‡ ƒP(1)"
1
·‚Cq@•XJx > 0§Kex 1¶XJx < 0§Kex ≈ 0.
2
ù¿Ø¿›XSCL Èèì žòÚÈèE,ÝA ´SCÈèì L "
5.2 ÄuLLR SCLÈèì ‰1L§ . 113 .
(1)
Ž ÑLN §1ÒSCÈ è ì äu1 ´ Ä • È ( ' A " X Ju1 ´ È ( ' A § K Ø - ¹ Ù
(1)
¦SCÈèì§† ´»Ýþ•ln(1 + e−(1−2u1 )LN )", 1ÒÈèì
-u1 = 0§¿OŽdž
Pi−1 (k)
UY¦ÎOSCÈè6§Èèu2 , u3 ...ui−1 §¿•#´»Ýþ• k=1 ln(1 + e−(1−2uk )LN )§†
‘ ui §Ù¥ui ´4zè¥ Ä‡&E'A"
(3). ùžSCLÈèìuyÿkL − 1‡™-¹ SCÈèì§KlSsleep = {2, 3, ..., L} ¥
ÑL§-¹?Ò•L SCÈèìSCL "SCL /U« 0SC1 Üêâ§=LLRÚ¥m'AŠ§
•Ò´þ˜Ù§S¥ Pê|ÚCê|"éuÐÆö ó§\Œ±{ü/r/U«0n)•†
rSC1 êâ ÜDŠ‰SCL 1 "
d ž § · ‚ ¡SCL ´ dSC1 Ž ž £Clone¤ 5 "3Žžž·‚„l˜‡ K2 µ Ø
(i)
+LN ŸoŠ§ ©Èè´»£SC1 ¤o´-ui = 0§Žž´»£SCL ¤o´-ui = 1"ù
žÒÑy ü‡Èè(Jui1,1 = (u1,1 = 0, u2,1 = 0, ..., ui−1,1 = 0, ui,1 = 0)Úui1,L = (u1,L =
0, u2,L = 0, ..., ui−1,L = 0, ui,L = 1)§ui1,1 Úui1,L ©OéAÝþŠµ
i−1
X (k) (i)
Pr(ui1,1 |yN
1 )= ln(1 + e−(1−2uk,1 )LN ) + ln(1 + e−LN ),
k=1
(5.5)
i−1
X (k) (i)
Pr(ui1,L |yN
1 )= ln(1 + e−(1−2uk,L )LN ) + ln(1 + eLN ).
k=1
`x Ò´SCLÈèìÓž 3 ui = 0Ú1ùü«Èè(J"
(4). 3ui ƒ Èè¥§duSC1 ÚSCL ¥m'AŠê|®²ØÓ§=þ˜Ù§S¥
Cê|SNØÓ§ùò —ùü‡SCÈèì=B¦^Ó LLR?1g¼êOŽ§g¼ê Ñ
Ñ(J•ØÓ§ù¦ SC1 ÚSCL Èè(Jld© S"3ui ƒ Èè¥§SC1 ÚSCL ¦
^ˆg êâÕá/Èè§Õá/OŽ´»Ýþ§† ‘„4zè¥ 1 ‡&E'Auj "
Pj−1 (k)
−(1−2uk,1 )LN,1
ù ž PSC1 ´ » Ý þ •P M1 = k=1 ln(1 + e )§SCL ´ » Ý þ •P ML =
Pj−1 (k)
−(1−2uk,L )LN,L
k=1 ln(1 + e )"džSCLÈèìò‰1†Ú½(3) ¥ƒq öŠ"
?n®²-¹ SC1 µ lSsleep = {2, 3, ..., L − 1}¥ ÑL − 1§ ¿ rSC1 êâÑE›
‰SCL−1 "„lþ¡ K§SC1 ò-uj,1 = 0§ SCL−1 ò-uj,L−1 = 1"SC1 éA ÝþC
(j) (j)
¤P M1 + ln(1 + e−LN,1 )§SCL−1 éA ÝþC¤P M1 + ln(1 + eLN,1 )"
?n®²-¹ SCL µlSsleep = {2, 3, ..., L − 2}¥ ÑL − 2§¿rSCL êâÑE›
‰SCL−2 "„lþ¡ K§SCL ò-uj,L = 0§ SCL−2 ò-uj,L−2 = 1"SCL éA ÝþC
(j) (j)
¤P ML + ln(1 + e−LN,L )§SCL−2 éA ÝþC¤P M1 + ln(1 + eLN,L )"
1
¯¢þ•3˜«DŠöŠLazy Copy[20], Lazy CopyØ† E›êâ§=•²êâ 5
"Lazy CopyéuŒõêÐÆö ók—· JÝ§·ò3 !• Ž~¥`²ù«•
{"
2
ù‡ K\Œ±gC½§OrgC7' Ò1
. 114 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
`x Ò´SCLÈèìÓž 3 (ui , uj ) = (0, 0)!(0,1)!(1,0)±9(1,1)ùo«Èè(

J"
(5). ±þL§˜†±Y§† ‘„1log2 L‡&E'Aus 1 "ù´˜‡ .:§Ï•d
žSsleep = ∅§¤kL‡SCÈèìÑ -¹ §Ñ¼ ˆg êâ£LLRÚ¥m'AŠŠ¤"
(6). ut ús ƒ 1˜‡&E'A"3Èèut ž§¤kL‡®²-¹ SCÈèìˆgÕ
(t)
á/‰1IOSCÈèL§§z‡Èèì©O¼ ûut ^ LLRµLN,l , 1 ≤ l ≤ L§…Pk
ˆg ´»ÝþP Ml , 1 ≤ l ≤ L"ùžz˜‡SCÈèEŽ‡Óž 3us = 0 Ú1ü«Èè(
J§ ´M‡þØ#N µ·‚–õ•kL@Èèì§y3‡rL ‡Èè(JC¤2L‡§5½
kL‡Èè(J•;Øe"¤±§SCLÈèìòl2L‡Èè(J¥ÀJL‡äk• ´»Ýþ
Š Èè(J§Š•/3•0 (J"·‚ê¡ 2 × L‘Ý P¹2L‡ÝþŠµ
 (t) (t) (t)


P M1 + ln(1 + e−LN,1 ) ... P Ml + ln(1 + e−LN,l ) ... P ML + ln(1 + e−LN,L )
PM =  (t) (t) (t)

P M1 + ln(1 + eLN,1 ) ... P Ml + ln(1 + eLN,l ) ... P ML + ln(1 + eLN,L )
(5.6)
PM¥z‡ ƒ ¿ÂXeµPM1l 1˜1 ƒL«ÈèìSCl „Ìþ¡ K§
• ut,l = 0 ¤ — ´»Ýþ"ÈèìSCl „Ìþ¡ K§Ž‡ŽžÑ˜‡# … •
ut,l = 1 ´»§ù‡#´» ÝþŠÒ´PM1l 1 1 ƒ"
Ï•½n5.1¥ ÝþŠ Ð§¤±·‚lPM¥ 2L‡ ƒpÀÑL‡• Š"d
žPM¥ z˜ ŒUÑyn«œ¹µ
œ¹˜µPM¥1l, 1 ≤ l ≤ L ¥ ü‡ ƒÑ™\ÀL‡• Š§dž·‚\ÙSCl È
èìk §¿rl ŠØ\æÒSsleep ¶
œ¹ µPM¥1l, 1 ≤ l ≤ L ¥=k˜‡ ƒ\ÀL‡• Š§ùžÈèìSCl =
•\À ŠéA 'Aµe1l 111 Š\À§K •ut,l = 0§¿•#Ù´»Ýþ
(t)
−LN,l
‘P Ml = P Ml + ln(1 + e )¶e1l 121 Š\À§K •ut,l = 1§¿•#Ù´»Ýþ
(t)
LN,l
‘P Ml = P Ml + ln(1 + e )"
œ¹nµPM¥1l, 1 ≤ l ≤ L ¥ü‡ ƒþ\ÀL‡• Š"dž·‚Œ±uy§˜
œ¹Ñy§Kœ¹˜7Ñy§ÄK3•´»ÒõuL‡"ùžSCl „Ìþ¡ K§ 3 û
(t)
−LN,l
Šut,l = 0§¿•#´»ÝþP Ml = P Ml + ln(1 + e )"‘ §SCl I‡?1Žž"ùž·
‚lSsleep ¥ Ñ˜‡˜‡ ƒ2 § ù‡ Ñ ƒ•p§Kˆ2SCp µrSCl ¤k•;ÑDŠ
(t)
LN,l
‰SCp § ´SCp 3ut,p = 1§Óž-P Mp = P Ml + ln(1 + e )"
þ¡n«œ¹Ø˜½¬ÓžÑy§kžÿŒU=kœ¹ Ñy"
ïÄ4zè Px‚ÑU•rL •2 ˜§=L = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}"

1
ùÂ• L´2
˜§ ¯¢þL uAÑ1"
2
duœ¹˜dž7®²Ñy§¤±Ssleep Ø•˜
其中下标 l 表示第 l 条路径，PM l0  0 ，L(Ni )(y1N , u1,i l 1 ) 按照(2.6)计算。该路径度量本质上是
第 l 条译码路径似然概率的负对数[24]，因此该度量值越小，代表第 l 条路径的似然概率越
大。当路径数量超过 L 时，SCL 译码器保存具有最小度量值的 L 条路径。当码长 N  8 ，
L  4 时，SCL 译码过程如下图所示。
u7  0
u7  1
u7  0
u6  1 u7  0
0
译码结果 1
0
u5  0
u4  1 u5  0
u4  0
u3  0 路
路径选择 u2  0
保存保存 u1  0 保存径
u7  0 u7  0 u7  0 删
SC 除
译
码 u u u u
u 8 u 8 u 8 u 8
二 u6 7 u6 7 u6 7 u6 7
u u u u
叉 u 5 PM1 7
u 1 u 5 u 5 u 1 u 5
u3 4 u3 4 PM 3 7
u 1
PM 2 7
u 3 4 u PM
u7  1
 u3 4  
u2 u2
4
树 √ u2 u
u7  0 u7  0
PM 1 PM PM 3
u7  0
PM 4
0
u1 u1
7
u1 u1 2 
2
√ √ √
路径复制 u7  1
ã 5.1
图 2-4 SCL 译码图，码长 N= 8,
极化码SCLÈèìÞ~§N K = 4, LL= 44
8 ，列表数
在图 2-4 中，二叉树中黑色节点代表该节点所有的叶节点都是信息比特，白色节点
(7). ut ƒ &E'A ÈèØL´-EÝÚ½(6) L§ ®"w ùp\¬uy·•?
代表该节点所有叶节点都是冻结比特，灰色节点代表其叶节点既有冻结比特，也有信息
Ø &E'A§=1˜‡&E'Aui §1 ‡&E'Auj §1log2 L‡&E'Aus § "X
比特。当前译码比特是 u ，PM
J‘ È('ANo•ºÙ¢È('A
7
下方的对号表示该路径被保存，而叉号表示该路径被删
œ¹š~{ü§‘ ,‡È('Au §Ï•u •U q q
u0§¤±Ø•3´»Žž œ¹"ùžz‡-¹
除。从左侧开始计数，在第一个和第三个
(q)
SC 译码器中， u7  0 被保存。第四个
SCÈèì=I 3uq = 0§Óžrˆg
SC 译码
´»Ýþ\þln(1 + eLN,l )§ù Ò ¤ È('Auq Èè"È('A ÈèÚÚ½(6)¥
器的两条路径均被删除，随后，由于第二个译码器的两条路径都被保存，将
(q) u 7  1 对应
œ¹ aq§•ØLdžØØLN,l
ŸoŠ§z‡-¹ SCÈèìÑ-uq = 0"
的路径复制到第四个译码器中，此时完成
(8). ¤ u Èè §¼ u 7 的译码。当前 4 条路径的译码结果展示于图
L‡Èè(J§ÀJéA• ´»ÝþŠ Èè(JŠ
N
•SCL
2-4 Èèì其中白色节点和黑色节点的意义和
的上方， ÑÑ" SC 译码器中相同，虚线表示被删除的路
d·®²š~¦å/^ŠóQã SCLÈèì§·‚e¡w˜‡ã"ã5.1xÑ SCLÈ
径，实线表示保存的路径。
èì 为了进一步提升
‰1L§§xù‡ã·•´¤ Ø §"
SCL 译码器的 BLER 性能，文献[23]和[25]提出了 CRC 码和极化
ã5.1¥ m o ‡ ä L « L êL = 4ž ˜ ˜ 4‡SCÈ è ì § l † – m • g
‰SC1 , SC2 , SC3 , SC4 "ã5.1þ• ä/( 14
L«Èè(J"•,ã5.1 Ð« ´Èèu7 L
§§ ´ùØ”N·‚Þm©Qã"
ã5.1¥ SCLÈèìlu1 m© O§† u3 •Ž§Ñ=k•†ý ˜‡SCÈèì´-¹
§Ï•v‘ &E'A"ùž Èè(J(u1 = 0, u2 = 0, u3 = 0) ÝþP•P M "
u4 ´ 1 ˜ ‡ & E ' A § ù ž - ¹ 14‡SCÈ è È è ì § …SC1 3u4,1 = 0§SC4
3u4,4 = 1§Xã5.1þ• ä/( ku4 @˜ "ùžSC1 ÚSC4 ´»Ýþ©O•P M1 =
. 116 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
(4) (4)
P M + ln(1 + e−L8,1 )ÚP M4 = P M + ln(1 + eL8,1 )"
u5 ´È('A§Ø?1Žž§SC1 ÚSC4 þ 3u5 = 0§¿©O•#´»Ýþ•P M1 =
(5) (5)
P M1 + ln(1 + e−L8,1 )ÚP M4 = P M4 + ln(1 + e−L8,4 )"
, Èè&E'Au6 §SC1 ˆ2SC3 §SC4 ˆ2SC2 §dž4‡SCÈèìÑ®²-¹"
, Èèu7 §ùžz‡-¹ SCÈèìÑŽÓž 3u7 = 0Ú1ü‡Š§z‡SCÈèì
ÑŽÑ u7 = 0Ú1ž ÝþŠ§Xã5.1z‡ äeu7 ˜?¤«"²L´»ÝþŠ
üSuy§SC1 ÚSC3 á\þ¡Ú½(6)¥ œ¹ §…Ñ 3 u7 = 0¶SC4 á\þ¡Ú
½(6)¥ œ¹˜§§k ¶SC2 á\þ¡Ú½(6) ¥ œ¹n§SC2 3 u7 = 0§¿…ˆ2
SC4 §SC4 ¼ SC2 ¤kêâ§ 3u7 = 1"
&E'Au8 ÈèL§™xÑ§Ù¢u8 Èè•ØL-E u7 L§"
d·@•Öö®²Ýº SCLÈè nÚöŠL§§e¡·òÞ˜‡Ž~§ù‡Ž~
'þ¡ Qã•J˜:§Ï•·3Ž~¥•Ä Lazy Copy§=Žž´»ž§¿Ør ©´»
¤kêâÑDŠ‰# ´»§•´wŠ #)´»Ù¤I‡ êâl=pÖ "
~ 5.1 SCLÈèìŽ~§‘kLazy Copy"

˜Xe(AWGN& DÑ§Eb /N0 = 4dB)µ
è•N = 8,&E'AêK = 4§èÇR = K/N = 0.5§ LêþL = 4"
&E'A8ÜA = {4, 6, 7, 8}§È('A Ü 0"
4‡&E'A•(1111)§Ku81 = (00010111)§?è x81 = u81 F⊗3 = (01101001)"
x81 éA BPSKS •s81 = (1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1)
^MATLAB‘Å)¤˜‡D(S n81 = (−1.4, 0.5, 0.2, −0.8, −0.3, 0.2, 2.3, 1.7)
Â&Ò•y81 = s81 + n81 = (−0.4, −0.5, −0.8, 0.2, −1.3, 1.2, 3.3, 0.7)
Âéêq,'•L81 = 2 8
σ 2 y1 = (−2.0, −2.5, −4.0, 1.0, −6.5, 6.0, 16.6, 3.5)"
e¡ã¡5.2-5.9‰Ñ ¤kOŽL§1 "Ù¥µ
P[i] L « u ä 1i £ “ ! : ´ 11 ¤ • ;LLR ê | §P [i] Œ •2i−1 ×
L"P [i] 1l ´SCl éA LLR•;"P [i] z˜ ^ç‚…m§L«§‚äáuˆ‡SCÈè
[4] [4]
ì"ã5.2-5.9¥vkxÑP §´Ï•P Ò´& ÂLLR§¤kSCÈèìÑ¦^Ó &
[i] [i]
ÂLLR"Pi,j L«P[i] 1i11j ƒ§P:,j L«P[i] 1j "
C[i] L « u ä 1i £ “ ! : ´ 11 ¤ •;¥m'AŠ ê | §C[i] Œ
[i] [i]
•2 i−1
× 2L"C 12l − 1Ú2l ´SCl é A ¥ m ' A Š • ; "C zü ^ç‚…
(k)
f $Ž¦^Cqúª"´»Ýþ•¦^CqúªµXJuk ´LN
1
M û(J§ln(1 +
(k) (k) (k) (k)
−(1−2uk )LN −(1−2uk )LN
e ) ≈ 0¶XJuk Ø´LN M û§ln(1 + e ) ≈ |LN |"
[i] [i]
m§L«§‚äáuˆ‡SCÈèì"Ci,j L«C[i] 1i11j ƒ§C:,j L«C[i] 1j "
[i] [i]
dd§SCl Pk•;C:,2l−1 ÚC:,2l "
‘k*Ò ˜L«ÿ™ DŠ •;¶
ã5.2¥ 3 × 4 = log2 N × L ê|Ò´Lazy Copyê|"PLazy Copy 1i 1j 1 ƒ
•LCi,j §KLCi,j L«µ
(i). ·‚3ÙöÝºSCÈè ÒUuy§Ø u1 Èè•^f ¼ê §Ù{'A È
èþ´lg¼êm© § ˜†^f ¼ê"Èèu1 ž’½=k˜‡-¹ SCÈèì§Ø^
(i)
•ÄLazy Copy"u1 ƒ &E'AÈèžI‡•ÄLazy Copy"SCl 3OŽLN,l ž§uyi −
1 n ?›Ðm $ ëY"km, 0 ≤ m ≤ n − 1 ‡"§ù¿›Xg ¼ê OŽò¦
[m+2] [m+1]
^P:,LCm+2,l ¥ LLRÚC:,2l−1 ¥ 'AŠ§UìÈè5K§g¼ê OŽ•µ
[m+1] [m+1] [m+2] [m+2]

Pi,l = (1 − 2Ci,2l−1 )Pi,LCm+2,l + Pi+2m ,LCm+2,l , 1 ≤ i ≤ 2m . (5.7)
[m+1]
Ci,2l−1 IvkLazy Copy´Ï•SCl éA •;3Èèui−1 ž¼ áugC 'AŠ§
Xe¡(ii)¤)º "
‰1 g¼ê§ Y„I‰1f ¼êµ
[s] [s+1] [s+1] [s+1] [s+1]

Pi,l = sign(Pi,l )sign(Pi+2s−1 ,l ) min{|Pi,l |, |Pi+2s−1 ,l |}, 1 ≤ s ≤ m, 1 ≤ i ≤ 2s−1 (5.8)
[m+1]
ùpŠ vkLazy Copy§´Ï•ª(5.7)®²‰P:,l Dƒ áuSCl gC LLR Š"3
[m] [1]
ª(5.7)¥ g¼ê‰1 . §•e f ¼ê•I3P:,l , ..., P:,l ¥•gOŽ"
(ii). ·‚3ÙöÝºSCÈè ÒUuy§ Cê| •#v • ˜Úž§OŽ '
Ao´W\Cê| 1 ¶ Cê| •#r • ˜Úž§OŽ 'Ao´W\Cê
| 1˜ "@o§SCl 3¼ Š
§XJi´Ûê§Kòui,l W\Cê|ù‡L§ÒĆê
ui,l
[1] [1]
|•# • ˜Ú§¤±rui,l W\C1,2l−1 "XJi´óê§@oòui,l W\C1,2l−1 ù‡L§Ø
Ćê|•# • ˜Ú§Cê|„IUYOŽ" dži − 1 n ?›Ðm$ këY
[2] [3] [m] [m+1] [s]
m‡1§ YOŽ•g•C:,2l ,C:,2l ,...,C:,2l ,C:,2l−1 DŠ"3•C:,2l , 2 ≤ s ≤ mDŠ OŽL§
¥§ŠâÈè5Kµ
[s] [s−1] [s−1]

Ci,2l = Ci,2LCs−1,l −1 ⊕ Ci,2l ,
[s] [s−1]
Ci+2s−2 ,2l = Ci,2l , (5.9)
2 ≤ s ≤ m, 1 ≤ i ≤ 2s−2 .
[s] [s]
Œ„§OŽ(Jo´DŠ‰SCl Pk •;µC:,2l−1 ÚC:,2l "OŽž†ý ƒ£⊕†ý
. 118 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
[1]
ƒ¤5gLazy Copy§ mý ƒ5gSCl gC"ù´Ï•mý ƒlui,l W\C1,2l @
˜•å§Òo´#OŽÑ §…áuSCl § †ý ƒÚ«5 "
[m+1]
3‰C:,2l−1 , 2 ≤ s ≤ mDŠ OŽL§¥§ŠâÈè5Kµ
[m+1] [m] [m]

Ci,2l = Ci,2LCm,l −1 ⊕ Ci,2l ,
[m+1] [m]
Ci+2m−1 ,2l = Ci,2l , (5.10)
1 ≤ i ≤ 2m−1 .
éìþ¡ ªf§Å˜/we¡ ã"
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
2 * * * * * * * * * * *
 2.5 * * * [3] * * * * * * * *
P[3]   C 
 4 * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * *
   
1 * * * * * * * * * * * LC  1 * * *
1 * * *
 2 * * * [2] * * * * * * * *
P[2]    C  * * * * * * * * PM  [0,*,*,*]
 1 * * *  
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P[1]  1 * * * C [1]   0 * * * * * * *
ã 5.2 u1 Èè§ùÚµ´ Ú½ OŽ(J
ÚSCÈè˜ §8c=1˜‡SCÈèì -¹§Ù{3‡SCÈèìv•?Ûê§^*L

« "Lazy Copy11 Ð©z• 1§ L «1ÒSCÈ è ì ¤ I êâÑ5g§gCéA •
(1) (1)
;"1ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,1 = 1§3gC Cê|p 3u1 = 0"Ï•u1 = 0ÎÜL8,1 = 1 M
û§¤±1Ò´»Ýþvk\?Û¨v§‘±Ð©Š""
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
2 * * * * * * * * * * *
 2.5 * * * [3] * * * * * * * *
P [3]
 C 
 4 * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * *
   
1 * * * * * * * * * * * LC  1 * * *
1 * * *
 2 * * * 0 * * * * * * *
P[2]    C  0 * * * * * * *
[2]
PM  [3,*,*,*]
 1 * * *  
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P   3 * * *
[1]
C [1]
  0 0 * * * * * *
ã 5.3 u2 Èè"Cê|¥‘kþy‚ 'A´ Ú½g¼ê¦^ 'A"ùÚµ´ Ú½

OŽ(J
(2)
Ï•u2 ´È('A§¤±E=k1ÒSCÈèì´-¹ "1ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,1 = −3§3
(2)
gC Cê|p 3u2 = 0"Ï•u2 = 0ØÎÜL8,1 = −3 M û§¤±1 Ò´»Ýþ\þ¨
(2)
vŠ|L8,1 | = 3"
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
2 * * * * * * * * * * *
 2.5 * * * *
P [3]
  * * * * * * *
* * * C  *
[3]
 4 1 * * *
* * * * * * *

1 * * *
   LC  1 * * *
* * * * * * * *
1 * * *
 2 * * *  0 * * * * * * *
P[2]    C 
 1.5 * * *  0 * * * * * * * PM  [3,*,*,*]
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P[1]  1.5 * * * C [1]   0 * * * * * * *

OŽ(J
(3)
Ï•u3 ´È('A§¤±E=k1ÒSCÈèì´-¹ "1ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,1 = 1.5§3
(3)
gC Cê|p 3u3 = 0"Ï•u3 = 0ÎÜL8,1 = 1.5 M û§¤±1 Ò´»Ýþvk\¨
v"
. 120 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
2 * * * 0 * * * * * 1 *
 2.5 * * * [3] 0 * * * * * 1 *
P [3]
 C 
 4 * * * 0 * * * * * 1 *
   
1 * * * 0 * * * * * 1 *
PM  [6.5,*,*, 3]
 2 * * * 0 0 * * * * * 1
P[2]    C  0 0 * * * * * 1
[2]
 1.5 * * *  
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P[1]   3.5 * * * C [1]   0 0 * * * * * 1
1 * * * 1 * * 1 1 * * 4
计算LLR时， LC  1 * * *。计算 C 数组时， LC  1 * * 1。 C 数组计算完毕， LC  1 * * 4。
1 * * * 1 * * 1 1 * * 4

OŽ(J
(4) (4)
3OŽL8,1 ž§E,•k1ÒSCÈèì-¹§1ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,1 = −3.5"duu4 ´1
˜‡&E'A§I‡?1Žž"lSsleep = {2, 3, 4}¥ Ñ4§K4ÒÈèìSC4 ´SC1 Žž"
(4)
ùžSC1 3u4,1 = 0§¿•#SC1 gC Cê|§ÓžÏ•u4,1 = 0ÚL8,1 = −3.5 M ûØ
(1)
Î§¤±1Ò´»Ýþ\þ¨vŠ|L8,1 | = 3.5"
Ž žSC4 ž §LCê | 11 E › ‰ 14 § ù L ²SC4 ¤ I O Ž ê â 5 gSC1 "SC4
[1] [2] [2] [3]
3u4,4 = 1§¿|^SC1 éA C1,1 ÚC:,1 ¥ ƒ§•#SC4 gC Cê|C:,8 , C:,7 "ÓžÏ
(4)
•u4,4 = 1ÚL8,1 = −3.5 M ûƒÎ§¤±4Ò´»Ýþvk\¨v"
due˜‡'Aú5 §5 − 1 = 4 =< 100 >2 §4 ?›mÐ km = 2‡ëY ""¤
k-¹´»éA LC¥ §cm + 1 = 31 ƒ?U•éA-¹Èèì ?Ò"
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
 8.5 * * 4.5  0 * * * * * 1 *
3.5  
* * 8.5  [3]  0 * * * * * 1 *
P[3]   C 
12.6 * * 20.6  0 * * * * * 1 *
   
 4.5 * * 2.5   0 * * * * * 1 *
 8.5 * * 4.5 [2] * * * * * * * * PM  [10,*,*,5.5]

P[2]    C  * * * * * * * *
3.5 * * 2.5   
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P   3.5 * * 2.5 C
[1] [1]
  0 * * * * * 0 *
1 * * 4  1 * * 4  1 * * 4 
计算LLR时，LC  1 * * 4  当计算 C数组时， LC  1 * * 4 。当 C 数组计算完毕， LC  1 * * 4 。
1 * * 4  1 * * 4  1 * * 4 

OŽ(J§‘k* •; ˜L«ù‡ ˜vk DŠL§½öù‡ ˜Q² DŠ§ ´ù
‡ ˜ Š®²Ã^
(5) (5)
Ï•u5 ´È('A§¤±SC1 ÚSC4 ^ˆg êâOŽL8,1 = −3.5ÚL8,4 = −2.5§…Ñ
(5) (5)
3u5 = 0"u5 = 0Ø´L8,1 = −3.5ÚL8,4 = −2.5 M û(J§ I‡‰1ÒÚ4Ò´»©O\
(5) (5)
¨vŠ|L8,1 | = 3.5Ú|L8,4 | = 2.5"
(5) (5) [1]
3 O ŽL8,1 ÚL8,4 ž §Lazy Copyê | Ã C z " SC1 ÚSC4 ‰ ˆ g Cê | • þC1,1 =
[1]
C1,7 = u5 = 0 §Ï•5´Ûê§¤±Ø2UY•#Cê| "
e˜‡'A•u6 §6 − 1 = 5 =< 101 >2 §5 ?›Ðm km = 0‡ëY "£Ò´v
këY "¤§¤k-¹´»éA LC ¥ §cm + 1 = 11 ƒ?U•éA-¹Èèì
?Ò£(Jvk )?ÛCz¤"
. 122 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
 8.5 * * 4.5  0 * * * * * 1 *
3.5 * * 8.5  [3] 0 * * * * * 1 *
P [3]
 C 
12.6 * * 20.6  0 * * * * * 1 *
   
 4.5 * * 2.5  0 * * * * * 1 *
PM  [15,5.5,10, 7.5]
 8.5 * * 4.5 [2] 0 * 1 * 1 * 0 *
P[2]    C  0 * 1 * 1 * 0 *
3.5 * * 2.5   
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P   5 * * 2
[1]
C [1]
  0 0 * 1 * 1 0 0 
1 * * 4  1 4 1 4  1 2 3 4
计算LLR时，LC  1 * * 4  当计算 C数组时， LC  1 4 1 4 。当 C 数组计算完毕， LC  1 2 3 4。
1 * * 4  1 4 1 4  1 4 1 4

OŽ(J
(6) (6)
1ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,1 = −5§4ÒSCÈèìŽÑL8,4 = −2§džI‡Žž"
lSsleep = {2, 3}¥ Ñ3§K3ÒÈèìSC3 ´SC1 Žž"ùžrLC 1˜ E›‰1n
[1] [2]
§L«SC3 ¤Iêâ5gSC1 "SC1 3C1,2 = u6,1 = 0§¿•#SC1 gC Cê|µC:,1 =
[1] [1] [1] (6)
[C1,1 ⊕ C1,2 C1,2 ]" Ï •u6,1 = 0ÚL8,1 = −5 M û Ø Î § ¤ ±1Ò ´ » Ý þ \ þ ¨ v
(6)
Š|L8,1 | = 5"
[1] [2] [1] [1] [1]
SC3 3C1,6 = u6,3 = 1§¿•#SC3 gC Cê|µC:,5 = [C1,1 ⊕C1,6 C1,6 ]"Ï•u6,3 = 1
(6)
ÚL8,1 = −5 M ûƒÎ§¤±3Ò´»Ýþvk\¨vŠ"
lSsleep = {2} Ñ2§ K2ÒÈ è ìSC2 ´SC4 Žž § ùžSsleep = ∅"rLC 14 E
[1]
›‰12 §L«SC2 ¤Iêâ5gSC4 "SC4 = u6,4 = 0§¿•#SC4 gC Cê 3C1,8
[2] [1] [1] [1] (6)
|µC:,7 = [C1,7 ⊕ C1,8 C1,8 ] Ï•u6,4 = 0ÚL8,4 = −2 M ûØÎ§¤±4Ò´»Ýþ\þ¨
(6)
vŠ|L8,4 | = 2"
[1] [2] [1] [1] [1]
SC2 3C1,4 = u6,2 = 1§¿•#SC2 gC Cê|µC:,3 = [C1,7 ⊕ C1,4 ; C1,4 ]"Ï•u6,2 =
(6)
1 ÚL8,4 = −2 M ûƒÎ§¤±2Ò´»Ýþvk\¨vŠ"
due˜‡'Aú7 §7 − 1 = 6 =< 110 >2 §6 ?›mÐ km = 1‡ëY ""¤
k-¹´»éA LC¥ §cm + 1 = 21 ƒ?U•éA-¹Èèì ?Ò"
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]
 8.5 * * 4.5  0 * * * * * 1 *
3.5 * * 8.5  [3] 0 * * * * * 1 *
P[3]   C 
12.6 * * 20.6  0 * * * * * 1 *
   
 4.5 * * 2.5  0 * * * * * 1 *
PM  [11,5.5,10, 7.5]
 4.1 25.1 21.1 16.1 [2]  0 * 1 * 1 * 0 *

P[2]  C  
8 6 1 11   0 * 1 * 1 * 0 *
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P[1]   4.1 6 1 11
15 11.5 10 7.5 

PM comparison    , 5.5, 7.5,10,11入选前4个最小值
19.1 5.5 11 18.5
C [1]  1 * 1 * 0 * 0 *
1 2 3 4 3 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 
计算LLR时，LC  1 2 3 4。计算C数组时， LC  3 2 3 4。计算完C数组， LC  3 2 3 4 
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 

OŽ(J
(7) (7) (7) (7)

1,2,3,4ÒSCÈèì©OŽÑL8,1 = 4.1§L8,2 = −6§L8,3 = 1§L8,4 = 11"džI‡UY
*Ð´» 8^§2= Ù¥ 4^"
1Ò´» ÝþŠ•15§u7,1 = 0Ú1éA Ýþ©O•PMcomparison11 111Ú11
[15
121 ƒ§¤±PMcomparison 1˜ • 19.1] §PMcomparisonÙ{ ¥ ƒÓnŒ "
²LüSuy5.5,7.5,10,11 \À• L = 4‡ ƒ"
ù¿›X1ÒSCÈèìk §á\·‚þã œ¹˜¶2§4ÒSCÈèìá\·‚þã œ
¹ ¶3ÒÈèìá\þã œ¹n"
éu1ÒÈèì§uy§k §Â™§r?Ò1Ø\æÒSsleep §l Ssleep = {1}"
é u2ÒSCÈ è ì § d ž ‘ ±LCê | 12 Ø C §2Ò È è ì 3 g C Cê | ¥
[1]
3C1,3 = u7,2 = 1§Ï•7´Ûê§¤±Ø2•#Cê|"2Ò´»Ýþ•5.5"
é u4ÒSCÈ è ì § d ž ‘ ±LCê | 14 Ø C §4Ò È è ì 3 g C Cê | ¥
[1]
3C1,7 = u7,4 = 0§Ï•7´Ûê§¤±Ø2•#Cê|"4Ò´»Ýþ•7.5"
éu3ÒÈèì§§I‡Žž§džlSsleep = {1} Ñ1§ˆ21ÒÈèì§LCê| 13
E›‰11 §`²1 ÒÈèì¤Iêi5g3ÒÈèì"U K§3ÒÈèì3gC Cê|¥
[1]
3C1,5 = u7,3 = 0§Ï•7´Ûê§¤±Ø2•#Cê|"3Ò´»Ýþ•10"1 ÒÈèì3g
[1]
C Cê|¥ 3C1,1 = u7,1 = 1§Ï•7´Ûê§¤±Ø2•#Cê|"1 Ò´»Ýþ•11"
¤þ¡¤köŠ § e ˜ ‡ ' A ú8 §8 − 1 = 7 =< 111 >2 §7 ?›mÐ
km = 0‡ëY ""¤k-¹´»éA LC¥ §cm + 1 = 11 ƒ?U•éA-¹È
èì ?Ò"
. 124 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
[2.0, 2.5, 4.0,1.0, 6.5, 6.0,16.6,3.5]

1 * 0 * 1 * 1 *
0 * 1 * 1 * 1 *

0 * 1 * 0 * 1 *
 
1 * 0 * 0 * 1 *
C [4]  
 8.5 * * 4.5  0 1 * 1 * 1 1 0 1 * 1 * 1 * 0 *
3.5  
* * 8.5  [3] 0 0 * 0 * 1 1 0  0 * 0 * 1 * 0 *
P[3]  C 
12.6 * * 20.6  0 0 * 0 * 0 1 0 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 *
    
 4.5 * * 2.5  0 1 * 1 * 0 1 0 1 * 1 * 0 * 0 *
PM  [11,5.5,10, 7.5]
 4.1 25.1 21.1 16.1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

P[2]   C [2]  
8 6 1 11  
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8
P[1]   20.1 31.1 22.1 27.1
31.1 36.6 10 7.5 

PM comparison   ,5.5, 7.5,10,11入选前4个最小值
11 5.5 32.1 34.6
C [1]   1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 
计算LLR时，LC  3 2 3 4 。计算C数组时， LC  3 2 3 4 。译码结束
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 

OŽ(J
(8) (8) (8) (8)

1,2,3,4ÒSCÈèì©OŽÑL8,1 = −20.1§L8,2 = −31.1§L8,3 = 22.1§L8,4 = 27.1"dž
I‡UY*Ð´» 8 ^§2= Ù¥ 4^"
1Ò´» ÝþŠ•11§u8,1 = 0Ú1éA Ýþ©O•PMcomparison11 111Ú11
121 ƒ§¤±PMcomparison 1˜ • [31.1
11]
§PMcomparisonÙ{ ¥ ƒÓnŒ "
²LüSuy11,5.5,10,7.5 \À• L = 4‡ ƒ"
dž1,2,3,4ÒÈèìþá\þã œ¹ §Ø•3k §•vkŽž"1,2,3,4ÒÈèì©
[1] [1] [1] [1]
O 3C1,2 = u8,1 = 1, C1,4 = u8,2 = 1, C1,6 = u8,3 = 0, C1,8 = u8,4 = 0§, UìLCê| •
«•#ˆg Cê|µ
[2] [1] [1] [1]
C:,2l = [C1,2l−1 ⊕ C1,2l ; C1,2l ], 1 ≤ l ≤ 4.
[3] [2] [2] [2]
C:,2 = [C:,5 ⊕ C:,2 ; C:,2 ],
[3] [2] [2] [2]
C:,2l = [C:,2l−1 ⊕ C:,2l ; C:,2l ], l = 2, 3, 4.
[4] [3] [3] [3]
C:,1 = [C:,1 ⊕ C:,2 ; C:,2 ],
[4] [3] [3] [3]
C:,3 = [C:,7 ⊕ C:,4 ; C:,4 ].
[4] [3] [3] [3]
C:,5 = [C:,1 ⊕ C:,6 ; C:,6 ],
[4] [3] [3] [3]
C:,7 = [C:,7 ⊕ C:,8 ; C:,8 ].
[4] [4] [4] [4] [4]

C:,1 , C:,3 , C:,5 , C:,7 ´4« Œ U È è è i " d u2 Ò ´ » ÝþŠ• § ¤ ±C:,3 ‘
[4]
Ñ§C:,3 ´Èè(J"éìK Œ•§džÈè (§Èè(å"
lþ¡ Ž~Œ±wÑ§·‚•,E› Lazy Copy¥ § ·‚l™E›?ÛLLRê
âÚ'Aêâ"e¡´SCLÈèì MATLAB “è§Ù¥Ñ\ëêÚþ˜Ù¥ SCÈèìŒ
Ó É§Ò´õ LêþL ®"le¡ “è•Œ±wÑ§·‚•311481E› Lazy
Copy¥ §3202-2111?1 Lazy Copy¥?Ò •#§\éØ ?ÛE›LLRêâÚ¥m'
AŠ öŠ"–u§S¥Œ •K × L ê|u§ù´˜‡P¹&E'AÈè(J ê|§Šâ
‡<UÐ§§´ŒkŒÃ "
1 f u n c t i o n p o l a r i n f o e s t i = CASCL decoder ( l l r , L , K, f r o z e n b i t s , ...

2 lambda offset , llr layer vec , bit layer vec )
3 %LLR−b a s e d SCL d e c o d e r , a s i n g l e f u n c t i o n , no o t h e r sub−f u n c t i o n s .
4 %c o n s t
6 m = l o g 2 (N ) ;
7 %memory d e c l a r e d
8 l a z y c o p y = z e r o s (m, L ) ;
9 P = z e r o s (N − 1 , L ) ;
10 %C h a n n e l l l r i s p u b l i c −used , s o N − 1 i s enough .
11 C = zeros (2 ∗ N − 1 , 2 ∗ L ) ;
12 u = z e r o s (K, L ) ;
13 %u n f r o z e n b i t s t h a t p o l a r c o d e s c a r r y .
14 PM = z e r o s ( L , 1 ) ;%P a t h m e t r i c s
15 a c t i v e p a t h = zeros (L, 1 ) ;
16 %I n d i c a t e i f a p a t h i s a c t i v e . ’1 ’ , a c t i v e ; ’0 ’ , otherwise .
17 c n t u = 1 ;%i n f o r m a t i o n b i t c o u n t e r
18 %i n i t i a l i z e
19 activepath (1) = 1;
20 lazy copy ( : , 1) = 1;
21 %d e f a u l t : i n t h e c a s e o f p a t h c l o n e ,
22 %t h e o r i g i n a l p a t h a l w a y s c o r r e s p o n d s t o b i t 0 ,
23 %w h i l e t h e new p a t h b i t 1 .
24 for phi = 0 : N − 1
25 layer = l l r l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1 ) ;
26 p h i m o d 2 = mod ( p h i , 2 ) ;
. 126 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
27 for l index = 1 : L
28 i f a c t i v e p a t h ( l i n d e x ) == 0
29 continue ;
30 end
31 switch phi
32 %D e c o d i n g b i t s u 0 and u N / 2 n e e d s c h a n n e l LLR ,
33 %s o t h e d e c o d i n g o f them i s s e p a r a t e d from o t h e r b i t s .
34 case 0
35 i n d e x 1 = l a m b d a o f f s e t (m ) ;
36 for beta = 0 : index 1 − 1
37 P( beta + index 1 , l i n d e x ) = . . .
38 sign ( l l r ( beta + 1)) ∗ . . .
39 sign ( l l r ( beta + index 1 + 1)) ∗ . . .
40 min ( a b s ( l l r ( b e t a + 1 ) ) , . . .
41 abs ( l l r ( beta + index 1 + 1 ) ) ) ;
42 end
43 f o r i l a y e r = m − 2 : −1 : 0
48 sign (P( beta +index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . . .
49 sign (P( beta + index 1+index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . . .
50 min ( a b s ( P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , l i n d e x ) ) , . . .
51 abs ( P ( beta + index 1 +index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ) ;
52 end
53 end
54 c a s e N/ 2
57 x tmp = C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 ) ;
59 ( 1 − 2 ∗ x tmp ) ∗ l l r ( b e t a + 1 ) + . . .
60 l l r ( beta + 1 + index 1 ) ;
61 end
62 f o r i l a y e r = m − 2 : −1 : 0
68 sign (P( beta +index 1+index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . . .
71 end
72 end
73 otherwise
74 index 1 = lambda offset ( layer + 1);
78 (1 −2∗C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 2∗ l i n d e x − 1 ) ) ∗ . . .
79 P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , l a z y c o p y ( l a y e r +2 , l i n d e x ) ) + . . .
80 P ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 + i n d e x 2 , l a z y c o p y ( l a y e r +2 , l i n d e x ) ) ;
81 end
82 f o r i l a y e r = l a y e r − 1 : −1 : 0
88 sign (P( beta +index 1+index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . . .
91 end
92 end
93 end
94 end
95 i f f r o z e n b i t s ( p h i + 1 ) == 0
96 %i f now we d e c o d e an u n f r o z e n b i t
. 128 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
97 PM pair = realmax ∗ ones ( 2 , L ) ;

100 continue ;
101 end
102 i f P ( 1 , l i n d e x ) >= 0
103 P M p a i r ( 1 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) ;
104 P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + P ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ;
105 else
106 P M p a i r ( 1 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) − P ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ;
107 P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) ;
108 end
109 end
110 m i d d l e = min ( 2 ∗ sum ( a c t i v e p a t h ) , L ) ;
111 PM sort = s o r t ( PM pair ( : ) ) ;
112 PM cv = P M s o r t ( m i d d l e ) ;
113 compare = P M p a i r <= PM cv ;
114 k i l l i n d e x = zeros (L, 1 ) ;
115 %r e c o r d t h e i n d e x o f t h e p a t h t h a t i s k i l l e d
116 k i l l c n t = 0;
117 %t h e t o t a l number o f k i l l e d p a t h
118 %t h e a b o v e two v a r i a b l e s c o n s i s t o f a s t a c k
119 for i = 1 : L
120 i f ( compare ( 1 , i ) == 0)&&( compare ( 2 , i ) == 0 )
121 %i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s p a t h s h o u l d be k i l l e d
122 activepath ( i ) = 0;
123 k i l l c n t = k i l l c n t + 1 ;%p u s h s t a c k
124 kill index ( kill cnt ) = i ;
125 end
126 end
129 continue ;
130 end
131 p a t h s t a t e = compare ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ∗ 2 + compare ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;
132 switch p a t h s t a t e
133 %p a t h s t a t e c a n e q u a l t o 0 ,
134 %b u t i n t h i s c a s e we do no o p e r a t i o n .
135 case 1
136 u ( cnt u , l index ) = 1;
137 C(1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 + phi mod 2 ) = 1;
138 PM( l i n d e x ) = P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;
139 case 2
140 u ( cnt u , l index ) = 0;
141 C(1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 + phi mod 2 ) = 0;
143 case 3
144 index = k i l l i n d e x ( k i l l c n t ) ;
145 k i l l c n t = k i l l c n t − 1 ;%pop s t a c k
146 a c t i v e p a t h ( index ) = 1;
147 %l a z y copy
148 lazy copy ( : , index ) = lazy copy ( : , l i nd ex ) ;
149 u ( : , index ) = u ( : , l i nd ex ) ;
150 u ( cnt u , l index ) = 0;
151 u ( cnt u , index ) = 1;
152 C(1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 + phi mod 2 ) = 0;
153 C(1 , 2 ∗ index − 1 + phi mod 2 ) = 1;
155 PM( i n d e x ) = P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;
156 end
157 end
158 cnt u = cnt u + 1;
159 e l s e%f r o z e n b i t o p e r a t i o n
162 continue ;
163 end
164 i f P(1 , l index ) < 0
165 PM( l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) − P ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ;
166 end
. 130 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
167 i f p h i m o d 2 == 0
168 C(1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1) = 0;
169 else
170 C(1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) = 0;
171 end
172 end
173 end
174
175 f o r l i n d e x = 1 : L%p a r t i a l −sum r e t u r n

177 continue ;
178 end
179 i f phi mod 2 == 1
180 layer = b i t l a y e r v e c ( phi + 1 ) ;
181 for i layer = 0 : layer − 1
184 for beta = index 1 : 2 ∗ index 1 − 1
185 C( b e t a + index 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) = . . .
186 mod ( C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l a z y c o p y ( i l a y e r +1 , l i n d e x ) − 1 ) + . . .
187 C( beta , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) , 2 ) ;
188 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) =C ( b e t a , 2∗ l i n d e x ) ;
189 end
190 end
193 for beta = index 1 : 2 ∗ index 1 − 1
194 C( b e t a + index 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1) = . . .
195 mod ( C ( b e t a , 2∗ l a z y c o p y ( l a y e r +1 , l i n d e x ) − 1 ) + . . .
196 C ( b e t a , 2∗ l i n d e x ) , 2 ) ;
197 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x −1)=C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) ;
198 end
199 end
200 end
201 %l a z y copy
202 i f phi < N − 1

203 for i l a y e r = 1 : l l r l a y e r v e c ( phi + 2) + 1
205 if activepath ( l index )
206 lazy copy ( i layer , l index ) = l index ;
207 end
208 end
209 end
210 end
211 end
212 %p a t h s e l e c t i o n .
213 [ ˜ , m i n i n d e x ] = min (PM ) ;
214 p o l a r i n f o e s t i = u ( : , min index ) ;
215 end
! • ©Ûè••N § Lê•L SCLÈèì •;þ!$ŽþÚžò"J«µ1 +

n n+1
2 + 4 + ... + 2 = 2 − 1"
ÄkwwSCLÈèìÓ^ M‡•;"
LLRÑ¤ •;©•üÜ©µ
1˜Ü©´& LLRÓ^ •;§Œ •N QLLR §Ù¥N ´è•§QLLR ´LLR þz
ê§=M‡¥^QLLR ‡'A ä5L«˜‡LLR¢ê"QLLR ˜„ 6Òv "
1 Ü©´¥mOŽ(JLLRÓ^ •;§Œ •(N − 1)LQLLR "
'AŠÑ¤ •;©•üÜ©µ
1˜Ü©´z‡'Aui ûž¤I •;§w,I‡L'A •;"
1 Ü©´¥m'AŠÓ^ •;§Œ •2(N − 1)L§k2L«Cê|´ü "ùp
Ñ ·ã5.9¥ C §Ï•·‚Ù¢ØI‡èi
[4]
Ox̂§•‡^SP¹z‡&E'Aui , i ∈ A
OÒ1 "·3ã5.9¥xÑC Ù¢´• Cê|48OŽ [4]
"
´»Ýþ•Ó^•;µLQPM §Ù¥QPM ´z‡ÝþŠ þz ê"
nþ§˜‡IO SCLÈèìI‡ •;´µ
MSCL = [N + (N − 1)L]QLLR + LQPM + (2N − 1)L. (5.11)
Œ„§LÚþz êQ(½ž§•;þ´è•N ‚5¼ê"

, §wwSCLÈèì $ŽE,Ý"3ùp$ŽE,Ý• ´3˜g SCLÈè
. 132 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
L§¥§f Úg¼êoO‰1 gêTf,g 1 §Ï•f Úg¼êÈèOŽ Ä ü "b ‰1˜

gf ½g¼êI‡q Uþ§@˜gSCLÈè¤I Uþ e.•Tf,g q "
Tf,g dL, N ÚA Óû½"•,L, N ÚA(½ž§Tf,g ´½Š§ ˜„ óÃ{˜úw
ÑTf,g Š§•U3§Sp^˜‡OêCþ"£/ÚO"ØLTf,g k˜‡{ü þ.µ
Tf,g < LN log2 N. (5.12)
þªƒ¤±¤á´Ï•m> Š´L‡SCÈèìo´3Óž…lÞ —/óŠ¤ )

E,Ý§ ÃØAN §Èèu1 ž§¢SþSCLÈèì¥o´=k˜‡SCÈèì3$Š§ Ø
´L ‡SCÈèìÑ3$Š"e¡‰ÑA‡~„è•ÚèÇe Tf,g Š"
R = 1/3 R = 1/2 R = 2/3

N = 256 19204 24152 25090
N = 512 46476 55112 59462
N = 1024 121624 125828 137184
N = 2048 268864 284940 304288
L 5.1 Tf,g 3~„è•ÚèÇe Š"¤k4zè^pdCq3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? E"
Q,ª(5.12)¤á§@·‚Œ±ä½SCLÈèì OŽE,ÝÓ(N log2 N )" ´êâ

€ •´Ó^žm §XJØ^Lazy Copy§3Žžžo´r1Èèì êâ Ü€ ‰#È
èì§K·‚Œ±{ü OŽêâ€ gê þ.µ
L
K × [(N − 1) + 2(N − 1)] × . (5.13)
2
þª ¿Â´µØ^Lazy Copy§Èèz‡&E'Aui , i ∈ Až§•€œ¹e§¤k´
»o´?uŽž G §Ïdz‡ui , i ∈ AÚ\L/2gE›§zgE›N − 1‡¥mLLRŠ
Ú2(N − 1)‡¥m'AŠ" èÇ•R§K = N R§þªw,Ń 2 E,Ý§ù‡E,Ý3¢
žÏ&p´ØU É "
@o¦^ Lazy Copy §lþãSCL$1L§§·‚uyX8Ø2E›?ÛLLRÚ'Aê
â§ =E›Lazy Copy¥ "@oÈèz‡&E'Aui , i ∈ Až§•€œ¹e§¤k´»o
´?uŽž G §Ïdz‡ui , i ∈ AÚ\L/2gE›§zgE›Lazy Copy ,˜ §K˜g
L
E› ƒ‡ê•n"dd§•€œ¹e§˜gSCLÈèêâE› gê•K × n × 2 §ìCê
þ•O(LN log N )"
ùp·‚ Ñ¥m'AŠ OŽþ§Ï•¥m'AŠ

1
OŽ‡o´† E›§‡o=kÉ
½§·‚@•ù öŠš~N´ ¤"
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 133 .
• §wwSCLÈèì žò"SCLÈèì žòw,ÚM‡¢y e k'§ùp·‚

¦^Xe e [21]"
(a). L ê þ •L SCLÈ è ì S Ü ˜ ˜L‡SCÈ è ì § z ‡SCÈ è ì ˜ §z
‡SCÈèìÑkP ‡?nì§=z‡SCÈèì3˜‡ž¨S ½ ¤P gf ½g¼ê OŽ§
…L‡SCÈèìU ¿1$Š¶
(b). &E'A´»ÝþüS3I‡˜‡ž¨"
(c). ¥m'AŠOŽØÚ\žò"
(a)`²L‡SCÈèì3OŽf ½g¼êž öŠ´Óž § ˜— §ØÓƒ?=3u$
Ž êâØÓ"ù §•,´L ‡SCÈèì3$Ž§ ´žòÚ˜‡SCÈèìƒ "
ùÒÐ”˜‡<¯˜‡¡•^t¦¯ §yk˜z‡<§z‡<Ñk˜‡¡•§Óž¯§
•^t ¦§Œ[Ñ¯ "˜‡<¯¡•Ò´SCÈèì§˜z‡<˜å¯ Ò´SCLÈèì"
˜‡<¯¡•§uy´Îâ} § ´ù‡<ØU•Îâ§v•{§¦• ¯ §ùé
ASCÈèì•U •˜^Èè´» ¯¢"˜z‡<˜å¯§ùygC ¡•´Îâ §
Ù•¯St ¶¶uygC ¡•´St § ¶U•Îâ§ù ¶Ú` † ¡•§Œ[
Ñp, "ùÒéASCLÈèì¥´» ÀJ"
÷v(a)(b)(c) SCLÈèì žò´µ
N N
LSCL (N, P, A) = [2N + log2 ] + |A|. (5.14)
P 4P
N N
2N + P log2 4P ù˜‘3þ˜Ù`L§´˜‡SCÈèì žò§Ï•^‡(a)§¤±SCL¥
dSCÈèìÚ\ žò•´ù‡Š"
|A|ù˜‘L«µÈ('A?vkŽž§•ÒØI‡´»Ýþ üS§¤±=3&E'A
?üS´»Ýþ"&E'Ak|A|‡§Ï•^‡(b)§¤±\þ|A|"
•,þª`²SCLÈèì žòÚLÃ'§ ´w,L Œ§SCLÈèìõÑ Œ§¤I•
; Œ§¤I$Žì õ§´»üS• E,"u•3Ùúm Ø©¥í•L 8"
§ 5.3 ¯„SCLÈè
! Ì‡ë•©z´[23][24][25]§Ù¥[23]´˜‡@Ï¤J§o( ˆ«!:e´»Ý
þ OŽ•{¶[24]•´˜‡@Ï¤J§JÑ R1!: ¯„ÈèŽ{¶[25]´˜‡8¤ (
J§òR0!R1!SPC ÚRep!: ¯„ÈènÜ3 ˜å"·@•±þ©z •{´²; "
ùSCÈèì žÿ·‚ùL¯„SCÈèì"¯„SCÈè n´3SCL§$1 ,‡A
Ïfèžÿ§Ø2¦^SCL§UYÈè§ ´† ¦^•Œq,Èè§ ¤Tfè èi'A
. 134 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
O"¯„SCÈèì?n AÏfè©O´R0,Rep,SPCÚR1fè"Ó /§3SCLÈèL

§¥§•U |^ùo«fè?1¯„Èè§¤ Èèì¡•¯„SCLÈèì" !0 Äu
þão«fè ¯„SCLÈèì"5¿ 3˜ ' # ïÄ¥ §AÏfè
1
«a ØŽùo
«§k, ÖöŒ±ë•[26][27]"
3m©e¡ •ŸŒØƒc§ ãk{ã¯„SCLÈèì n"4zè äÈè/
ª¥§•ÄSCLÈèì¥ ,‡SCÈèì"3TSCÈèìS§˜‡••Nv fè Š!:Â
LLR S llrN
1 §KTSC ÈèìÁãé
v
llrN
1
v
•Œq,Èè(JÚ˜ /g•Œq,Èè
(J02 "z‡SCÈèÑ‰1þãöŠ"ù §SCLÈè¥ z˜‡SCÈèì3Tfè?Ñ
eZ‡èi O§ù O êþ\å5§ŒU‡L2L§ ´v'X§·‚•ª•UÀ
JL‡•Ð (J 3"¤±¯„SCL Èèìkü‡Ø%¯K§˜´3XÛ3fèèi ¡
þ ä,^´»´Ð´€£= ä´»ÝþŠ Œ ¤§ ´XÛé /g•Œq,Èè(
J0"1˜‡¯K@® )û§ò3e¡ !¥ ã¶1 ‡¯K[ •Ø¬éÐ/)û§
Ï•z˜«fèÑk§ AÏ( §•U`\Œ±éÐ/)û\®²é fè§ ´„ké
õ\vé fè"ù fè•ÝŒ§( E,§Ã{^˜‡Ú˜ !4Ü !gÄ •ª)
ûÙÈè ¯K"ùÒÚ~(?nF~Åª˜ §UU/œ a§vkÚ˜•{"
5.3.1 ´»Ýþ ,˜«OŽ•ª
·‚®²• SCLÈèì´»Ýþ OŽúªµ
i
X (k)
− ln Pr(ui1 |yN
1 )= ln(1 + e−(1−2uk )LN ).
k=1
(k)
ù‡úª•6 ´ û&E'A^ LLR§•Ò´LN "e¡ ÚnwŠ·‚§=¦vk
(k)
ˆ‡LN Š§·‚EUOŽ,‡fèÚ\ ´»Ýþ Oþ"
β1 +β2
Ún 5.1 3GF(2)þkx1 = u1 ⊕ u2 §x2 = u2 §3¢ê•þkα1 = ln 1+e
eβ1 +eβ2
, α2 =
(1 − 2u1 )β1 + β2 §Kéu?¿(u1 , u2 ) ∈ {0, 1}2 Ú?¿¢êβ1 , β2 keª¤á:
ln(1 + e−(1−2u1 )α1 ) + ln(1 + e−(1−2u2 )α2 ) = ln(1 + e−(1−2x1 )β1 ) + ln(1 + e−(1−2x2 )β2 ). (5.15)
y² ¡Þ(u1 , u2 ) o« Š§˜˜ y=Œ"

1
· ùé{ žm´2019c3 8F10:57©
2
5¿ù Èè(JE´èi O§Ø´&E'A O
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 135 .
ù‡Ún ¿Â´§éu•Ý•2 4zè§§ & Âéêq,'•(β1 , β2 )§SCÈ

èìOŽÑ ûu1 , u2 ¦ ^ LLR© O ´α1 , α2 § · ‚ Q Œ ± ^ ª(5.15) Ò†> /ª
OŽ´»Ýþ§ù´·‚®²ÙG •ª¶Óž·‚•Œ±^ª(5.15) Òm> /ªO
Ž´»Ýþ§=OŽèi ¡ x1 , x2 é A Ýþ§3ù«œ¹e§éA &E'AÒ
´(u1 , u2 ) = (x1 , x2 )F"5¿ XJ¦^ª(5.15) Òm> /ªOŽ´»Ýþ§Äk‡ÀJ
Ü{ èi(x1 , x2 )"~X§b u1 = 0´È('A§u2 ´&E'A§K(x1 , x2 )ÒØUÀ(1, 0)
Ú(0, 1)"
þ¡ (JŒ±”´/?1XeÿÐ"
½n 5.2 (l1 , ..., lN )´?¿¢êS §n = log2 N §r(l1 , ..., lN ) Š& ÂLLRS

(1) (1)
Ñ\‰SCÈèì§SCÈèìOŽ ûˆ‡&E'A LLRS (LN , ..., LN )§¿
PN
& S û(û1 , ..., ûN )"Šâ½n5.1§(û1 , ..., ûN )éA ´»Ýþ´ i=1 ln(1 +
(i) PN (i) PN
−(1−2ûi )LN
e )§K i=1 ln(1 + e−(1−2ûi )LN ) = i=1 ln(1 + e−(1−2x̂i )li )§Ù¥(x̂1 , ..., x̂N ) =
(û1 , ..., ûN )F⊗n §ù y (x̂1 , ..., x̂N )7´èi"
y² ¦^8B{"
Þµ n = 1§dÚn5.1Œ•½n(Ø¤á"
P2k (i) P2k
8 B b µ n = kž § k i=1 ln(1 + e−(1−2ûi )LN ) = i=1 ln(1 + e
−(1−2x̂i )li
)§ Ù
¥(x̂1 , ..., x̂2k ) = (û1 , ..., û2k )F⊗k "
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§Xã5.10¤«§6§Xe¤ã"
(i). (l1 , ..., l2k+1 )´& ÂLLR§•mý˜ 2k ‡2 × 2 ¬^f ¼êŽÑ(α1 , ..., α2k )"
(ii). ?n†þ •Ý•2 k
4zèµr(α1 , ..., α2k ) Š ÂLLRS §Ñ\•Ý•2k SCÈ
k
èì§ †þ •Ý•2 k
4zè & Oû21 "d8Bb ã5.10þ¡ùµ¥ ªf"
(iii). ?n†e •Ý•2 k
4zèµr(α2k +1 , ..., α2k+1 ) = ((1 − 2x̂1 )l1 + l2k +1 , ..., (1 −
2x̂2k )l2k + l2k+1 ) Š ÂLLRS §Ñ\•Ý•2k SCÈèì§ †e •Ý•2k 4zè
k+1
& Oû22k +1 "d8Bb ã5.10e¡ùµ¥ ªf"
(iv). •mý˜ k
2 ‡2 × 2 ¬lþ e?Ò•1, 2, ..., 2k "dÚn5.1§éu1i‡2 × 2
¬µ
ln(1+e−(1−2x̂i )αi )+ln(1+e−(1−2x̂i+2k )αi+2k ) = ln(1+e−(1−2(x̂i ⊕x̂i+2k ))li )+ln(1+e−(1−2x̂i+2k )li+2k ).

(5.16)
P2k −(1−2x̂i )αi
P2k+1 −(1−2x̂i )αi
P2k+1 −(1−2µ̂i )li
l i=1 ln(1 + e ) + i=2k +1 ln(1 + e ) = i=1 ln(1 + e )§
k+1 k k+1 k+1 k k+1
Ù¥µ̂21 = [x̂21 ⊕ x̂22k +1 x̂22k +1 ] = (û21 , û22k +1 )F⊗k+1 ´•Ý•2k+1 4zè èi O"
y."
. 136 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
2k 2k
 ln(1  e
i 1
 (1 2 uî ) L(Ni )
)   ln(1  e  (1 2 xî )i )
i 1
x̂1 1 ̂1
l1
2k 2
SC(1 ,...,  2k )  uˆ x̂2 ̂2
l2
F k
1
x̂3  ˆ 
k
uˆ12 F  k  xˆ12
k
... ... ... l3
xˆ2k 2 k ˆ 2 k
l 2k
xˆ2k 1  2 1  (1  2 xˆ1 )l1  l2 1 ˆ 2 1

l
k k k
k 1 xˆ 2k 2  2 2  (1  2 xˆ2 )l2  l2 2 k
ˆ 2  2 2 1
SC( 2k 1 ,...,  2k 1 )  uˆ 2 k k k
l 2k  2
F k
2k 1 xˆ2k 3  2 3  (1  2 xˆ3 )l3  l2 3
k k ˆ 2 3k
k 1
k k 1
... ... ... l 2k  3
uˆ 2
2k 1
F  xˆ
2
2k 1 xˆ2k 1  2  (1  2 xˆ2 )l2  l2 ˆ 2 k 1
k 1 k k k 1
l2k 1
2k 1 2k 1
 k
ln(1  e  (1 2 uî ) L(Ni )
)  k
ln(1  e (1 2 xî )i )
i  2 1 i  2 1
ã 5.10 ½n5.28B{ L§`²
5.3.2 ´»Ýþ Ã›{zOŽúª
e¡\òw ˜‡ð ª"
ln(1 + ea ) − ln(1 + e−a ) = a. (5.17)
^−(1 − 2x)αO†þ¡ a§ e¡ÙG ª£Ù¥α ¹Â´˜‡éêq,'§x =

(1 − sign(α))/2ƒ uUα ÎÒ û 'AŠ§¿5¿ −(1 − 2(x ⊕ 1))α = (1 − 2x)α"
ln(1 + e−(1−2(x⊕1))α ) = ln(1 + e−(1−2x)α ) + (1 − 2x)α. (5.18)
ª(5.18)Ôn¿Âé²(µ Ò†ýL«Uìéêq,'α ‡•• û£x®² ‡¤

¤ ´»Ýþ§ Òmý 1˜‘L«Uìéêq,'α û¤ ´»Ýþ§Ï•x =
(1 − sign(α))/2§¤± Òmý 1 ‘(1 − 2x)α = |α|ð¤á§L«˜‡¨v‘"ª(5.18)w
Š·‚µéu˜‡èi'Ax§XJØUìÙéA éêq,'α û§@o´»ÝþÒ¬\
þ|α|Š•¨v"
e¡·‚¬Œþ‰1/\þéêq,' ýéŠ|α|0ù«öŠ"· ù˜!´• wŠ
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 137 .
Öö§ù´°( OŽ§ Ø´/M‡lÐOŽ0"¦+3IOSCLÈèì¥§/M‡lÐO

Ž03¨v´»ž•´\þéêq,' ýéŠ§ Ø‡Ú Ù SN· "
5.3.3 R0!: ¯„SCLÈè•{
R0!:¥ ´È('A£b½ Š•0¤§Ø•3?Û´»Žž"•Ý•Nv R0!:•¬

ˆ£•Ý•Nv 0'AŠ"
éu Lêþ•L SCLÈèì§? ˜‡-¹ SCÈèìSCl , 1 ≤ l ≤ L§ SCl S
SCÈèL§r ˜‡R0!:ž£–uXÛ är ˜‡R0!:§„þ˜Ù¥ ¯„SCÈ
èìÜ©¤§OŽR0 !:éA LLR S §2r´»Ýþ\þ¨vŠ§Xã5.11¤«"Ù
¥P Ml ´SCl 3ÈèR0c®²äk ÝþŠ"
O# "S ‡W\Cê| éA ˜"˜„5ù§R0!: uÙ1!: †ý§ù´
d4z5Æû½ "¤±§R03 äþéA @‡!:´Ø•3 , §/ ,0 ½Â3
[1+log Nv ]
ùÂ 1˜Ù¥"·‚r•Ý•Nv R0!:Jø "'AS W\C:,2l−1 2 ù˜ã•
;=Œ"
éuz‡-¹ SCÈèìÑ‰1þ¡ öŠ§·‚Ò ¤ R0!: ¯„SCLÈè"
[1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ]
 l  (1l ,  2l ,...,  Nl / 2 )  r  (1r ,  2r ,...,  Nr / 2 )
(1) 母 (3)
v v
  f ( i ,  i  N / 2 )
i
l
v
  i  i  N
i
r
v /2
R0  l  [0, 0,..., 0] 右
(2) Nv
PM l  PM l   ln(1  ei )
l
i 1
ã 5.11 R0!: ¯„SCLÈè
5.3.4 Rep!: ¯„Èè
Rep!: ¯„ÈèR0 ‡J˜:§Ï•ÈèRep!:•3´»Žž"

éu Lêþ•L SCLÈèì§? ˜‡-¹ SCÈèìSCl , 1 ≤ l ≤ L§ SCl S
SCÈèL§r ˜‡Rep!:ž£–uXÛ är ˜‡R0!:§„þ˜Ù¥ ¯„SCÈ
. 138 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
èìÜ©¤§OŽRep!:éA LLRS §Xã5.12¤«", ·‚• §•Ý•Nv Rep!

:kü‡Ü{èi§©O´•Ý•Nv 0S Ú•Ý•Nv 1S "ù §SCl Ž‡Ó
ž 3ùü‡S §ùü‡S ÝþŠØÓµ•Ý•Nv 0S éA ´»ÝþOþ
−αli
PNv
´∆l,0 = i=1 ln(1 + e )§Ù¥∆ l,0 ¥ l• ´1l‡SCÈèìSCl ¶•Ý•Nv 1S é
αli
PNv
A ´»ÝþOþ´∆l,1 = i=1 ln(1 + e )" P Ml ´SCl 3ÈèTRep!:c®²äk Ý
þŠ§@oSCl ÝþŠü«ŒU§©O´P Ml + ∆l,0 ÚP Ml + ∆l,1 "
[1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ] [1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ]

  ( ,  ,...,
l l l l
)  r  (1r ,  2r ,...,  Nr / 2 )
v
1 2 Nv / 2
母母  ir  (1  2 il ) i   i  N
 il  f ( i ,  i  N / 2 )
v
v /2
右左 Rep
Rep  l  ( 1 ,...,  N / 2 )
 l  (0,..., 0)或(1,...,1) v
 r  (0,..., 0)或(1,...,1)
ã 5.12 Rep!: SCL¯„Èè«¿ã"Rep!:Ø˜½´Ù1!: †¯f½m¯f§¤

±kü«œ¹"
z˜‡-¹ SCÈèìÑ‰1Xþ öŠ§•ØL´êâ ŠØÓ"b 8c kS, S ≤

L‡-¹ SCÈèì§@oùS‡Èèì¤kŒU ÝþŠŒ±ê¡ 2 × S‘Ý L«§ù
‡Ý 1s, 1 ≤ s ≤ S 111L«SCis • 0S ž ÝþŠ§1s, 1 ≤ s ≤ S 121L
«SCis • 1S ž ÝþŠ"ƒ¤± Ñù Û% eI´Ï•0 .= Èèì´-¹
/§´vk4ÜLˆª §zgÈèžÑØÓ"
 
P Mi1 + ∆i1 ,0 ... P Mis + ∆is ,0 ... P MiS + ∆iS ,0
PM   (5.19)
P Mi1 + ∆i1 ,1 ... P Mis + ∆is ,1 ... P MiS + ∆iS ,1
ùžé Ù¥• min{L, 2S}‡Š§ •ÙéA S =Œ"dž§z‡ÈèìSCis

G ÑŒUØÓ"
(a). XJÈèìSCis éA ü‡ÝþŠþ•\À• min{L, 2S}‡Š§@o§k §
Â™§òis Ø\æÒSsleep "
(b). XJÈèìSCis éA ü‡Ýþ¥=k˜‡\À• min{L, 2S}‡Š§@oSCis Ò
3ù‡\À ÝþŠéA S §Pù‡S ´0 bS 0§b ∈ {0, 1}"ùž§SCis Ý
þŠ•#•P Mis = P Mis + ∆is , b"
, I ‡ r bS ˜ \Cê | é A ˜ " ù ‡ ˜ ˜ • { ‡ E , ˜ : " d ž
Repf è é A • ˜ ‡ “ ! : ´ & ' Aui 1 § ri − 1‰n = log2 N ?›Ðm
< in , in−1 , ..., i1 >§P< in , in−1 , ..., i1 >$ ëY 1 ‡ê•w", Kmý$ ëY
ù‡ui Ò´Rep!:¥•˜
1
&E'A"O•§ui ¢ÚÒi Œ±ÏL·þ˜Ù¥ !:
|¢§S(½"
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 139 .
log2 Nv ‡1§ ˜‡ ?›/ª< in , in−1 , ..., i1+log2 Nv >"ùž§wwi1+log2 Nv ´"„´

˜.
[1+log Nv ]
XJi1+log2 Nv = 0§@or bS ˜\C:,2is −12 §(å"éA ´ã5.12†ý œ¹"
[1+log2 Nv ]
XJi1+log2 Nv = 1§éA ´ã5.12mý œ¹"r bS ˜\C:,2is §, êª
UYCê| •#µ
cw − log2 Nv − 1g•#£DŠo´‰C mý ¤µ
[k+log N ] [k−1+log N ] [k−1+log2 Nv ]
C1:2k+log2 2 Nvv −2 ,2is = C:,2LCk−1+log
2 v
Nv ,is −1
⊕ C:,2is ,
2
[k+log N ] [k−1+log2 Nv ]
C2k+log22Nvv−2 +1:2k+log2 Nv −1 ,2is = C:,2is , (5.20)
2 ≤ k ≤ w − log2 Nv .
• ˜g•#£DŠo´‰C †ý ¤µ
[w+1] [w] [w]
C1:2w−1 ,2is −1 = C:,2LCw,is −1 ⊕ C:,2is ,
(5.21)
[w+1] [w]
C2w−1 +1:2w ,2is −1 = C:,2is ,
(c). XJÈèìSCis éA ü‡Ýþ Ü\À• min{L, 2S}‡Š§@olSsleep Ñ

ƒj§rLazy Copyê| 1is DŠ‰1j §L«SCj ´dSCis Žž5 "
´»SCis o´ 3 0S §SCis ÝþŠ•#•P Mis = P Mis + ∆is , 0§SCis éA
Cê|‰1þ¡IÒ(b) ãá¥ öŠ"
#´»SCj o´ 3 1S §SCj ÝþŠ•#•P Mj = P Mis + ∆is , 1§SCj éA Cê
|‰1þ¡IÒ(b) ãá¥ öŠ"
5.3.5 R1!: ¯„Èè
Äk·‚ä½R1!:o´ u§ 1!: mý§Xã5.13¤«"ùd4z& S'

Xû½ §äN Ï3‰ÖöŠ•öS"
•Ý•Nv R1!:k2Nv ¥ŒU èi§¤±¡Þ´Øy¢ "©z[24]JÑ e¡ ü
Ñ"
3-¹ SCÈ è ì ¥ ? ˜ ‡SCl § T È è ì 3 È è 8 IR1! : c ® ² ä k ´ » Ý
þP Ml "SCl Èèì®²ŽÑ 8IR1!:I‡ LLRS α1 , α2 , ..., αNv £• {²§DK
ã5.13 ¥ þ Ir"¤"† éα1 , α2 , ..., αNv ‰M û 'AS β1 , β2 , ..., βNv "dþ˜
Ù¥ Ún4.4 Œ•§β1 , β2 , ..., βNv ´α1 , α2 , ..., αNv •Œq,Èè(J§…β1 , β2 , ..., βNv é
A ´»vk?Û¨v§ÝþÝþE‘±P Ml " ù„Ø §·‚F" α1 , α2 , ..., αNv ˜
. 140 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
[1 ,  2 ,...,  Nv ]
 r  (1r ,  2r ,...,  Nr / 2 )
v
母   (1  2  ) i   i  N
r l
i i v /2
左 R1
 l  ( 1 ,...,  N / 2 )
v
 r  ( 1r ,...,  Nr )
v
ã 5.13 R1!: ¯„Èè
/g0•Œq,Èè(J§ù g•Œq,Èè(J ÏL€=β1 , β2 , ..., βNv ¥ eZ‡'

A §z€=˜‡'Aβi Š§ù‡g•Œq,(JéA ´»Ýþ\þ¨vŠ|αi |"
·‚‰|α1 |, |α2 |, ..., |αNv |üS§ ,S |αi1 |, |αi2 |, ..., |αiNv |, |αij | < |αij+1 |"XJ·‚
=•ÄSCl ¥ Èè§6ž ÑÙ{SCÈèì§, ·‚êþ5¿ e¡ ¯¢"
Èè(Jβ1 , β2 , ..., βNv ÝþŠE‘±P Ml §P Ml Ò´TR1!:¤kŒU Èè(J
¥ • ÝþŠ"Ø P Ml ƒ §• ŒUÝþŠÒ´P Ml + |α|i1 §TŠéA 'AS
´β1 , ..., βi1 ⊕ 1, ..., βNv "Ï•·‚ ´»êþ´L§¤±éÑcL‡• ÝþŠ9ÙéA
S ÒŽ·‚I "
·‚5¿ P Ml +|αiL |ýéØ¬\À• L‡ÝþŠ§ù´Ï•P Ml , P Ml +αi1 , ..., P Ml +
αiL−1 ¥ z˜‡Ñ uP Ml + |αiL |"¤±• L‡ŠÒ´P Ml ±9P M Ú, |alphaij |, 1 ≤
jleL − 1 Ú§=·‚Ø2•Ä|αiL |, ..., |αNv |"ã5.14¥ ä( Œ±”téÑcL‡•
ÝþŠ§ã5.14 ±›5ÆXã5.15¤«"
5¿ ã5.14 ©|êþ´•êO\ § L ‡ ŒžM‡ĆØe "·‚ 8I´
é ã5.14 Éµ¥ Š• L‡Lˆª§9ÙéA 'AS "Ï•SCL Èèì Lê
´L§ã5.14 ©|êþÒØU‡LL§ ©|êþ ˆ2Lž§= ˆ|α1+log2 L |•« ž§
·‚‡?1?}"
?} 5Ké{ü§† DK|α1+log2 L |•« ¥äkL‡•ŒŠÝþŠ !:"ù
öŠØ¬”N·‚Ïéã5.14 Éµ¥ Š• L‡Lˆª§Ï•ã5.14 Éµ¥ Š•
L‡LˆªØŒU´ ?ïK !: “!:"
Ï3uµPþ˜ã¥ ?}K L‡ÝþŠ•q1 , ..., qL § 3 L‡ÝþŠ•p1 , ..., pL "
XJ·‚Ø?}§¿5 e˜ £|α2+log2 L |• « ¤ § N ´ u yq1 , ..., qL é A †
¯f ÝþŠ ±q1 , ..., qL ØC§ q1 , ..., qL m¯f ÝþŠ©O´q1 + |α2+log2 L |, ..., qL +
|α2+log2 L |§ÃØ´q1 , ..., qL „´q1 + |α2+log2 L |, ..., qL + |α2+log2 L |§§‚¥ ?¿˜‡ŠÑŒ
up1 , ..., pL ¥ ?¿˜‡Š§ÏdÃØ´q1 , ..., qL „´q1 + |α2+log2 L |, ..., qL + |α2+log2 L |§’½
Ø¬\ÀcL‡• Š"
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 141 .
PM l
|  i1 | PM l PM l  |  i1 |
|  i2 | PM l PM l  |  i2 | PM l  |  i1 | PM l  |  i1 |  |  i2 |
|  iL 1 | PM l PM l  |  i |, i  {1, 2,..., N v }
PM l  |  i |  |  j |, i, j  {1, 2,..., N v }, i  j
PM l  |  i |  |  j |  |  k |, i, j , k  {1, 2,..., N v }, i  j  k
......
Nv
PM l   |  i |
i 1
共计C 0
L 1 C 1
L 1  ...  CLL11  2 L1 项
ã 5.14 R1!: ä© "N´ y¤k“!:ÝþŠ LˆªXÉµSN¤«"5
¿§ù LˆªpØƒÓ§Ø“L‰½|αi1 |, ..., |αiL−1 |ž§ù Lˆª êŠ˜½pØƒÓ"
PM
{1 ,..., Nv }
| ij | PM left  PM PM right  PM l  |  i j |

{1 ,..., Nv } {1 ,...,i j  1,..., Nv }
ã 5.15 R1!: ä© 5Æ"Ù¥P M Ú(η1 , ..., ηNv )´ã5.14 ¥ ˜‡š“!:§¿
•'AS (η1 , ..., ηNv ) éA ÝþŠ´P M §|αij |L«T ´Š!:ƒe 1j "†¯fo
´Ø\UC/U«1!: ˜ƒ§m¯f Cz ûu|αij |µm¯fo´r1!: 1ij ‡'
A€=§, éA\þ¨vŠ|αij |
nþ§ ã5.14¥ ©|êþˆ 2Lž§·‚DKäkL‡•ŒŠÝþŠ !:"Ù z

©|êþÑò´2L§·‚UYDKäkL‡•ŒŠÝþŠ !:§† ¤|αiL−1 |•«
¥ öŠ"·‚Òé ã5.14 Éµ¥ Š• L ‡Lˆª£éA 'AS •ØL´
3β1 , β2 , ..., βNv Ä:þ§€= éALˆª¥ αeI ˜þ 'AŠ¤"ù §3=•Ä
˜‡-¹ SCÈèì œ¹e§TSCÈèìU )L ‡/ Ð èi O0§=•Œq,
. 142 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
SC1 : PM 1 ,{11 ,...,  1Nv } SC 2 : PM 2 ,{12 ,...,  N2 v } SC S : PM S ,{1S ,...,  NS v }

{11 ,...,  N1 v } { ,...,  }
1
2 2
Nv {1S ,...,  NSv }
……
{|  |,...,| 
1
i1
1
iNv |} {|  |,...,| 
2
i1
2
iN v |} {|  i1S |,...,|  iSN |}
v
PM 1 PM 2 PM S
i1 PM 1 PM 1  |  i11 | PM 2 PM 2  |  i12 | PM S PM S  |  iS1 |
i2 PM 1 PM  |  1 | PM 2 PM 2  |  i2 | PM S PM S  |  iS2 |
1 i2 2
ij … … 路径复制,可Lazy Copy …
2  j  min{N v , L  1} … … …
ã 5.16 ‘ 8IR1!:žSCL¥®²•3S‡-¹ SCÈèì œ¹
Èè(J9Ù3eZ'A ˜þ €="
Èè8IR1!:ž®²•3S, 2 ≤ S ≤ L‡-¹ SCÈèìž§¤IöŠXã5.16 ¤
«"
ã5.16¥z˜‡SCÈèìÑÂ áugC LLRS §1s‡SCÈèìÂ LLRS
P•{α1s , ..., αN
s
v
}¶
z˜‡ÈèìÑégCÂ LLR?1M û§1s‡SCÈèì ûS P•{β1s , ..., βN
s
v
}¶
z˜‡SCÈèìÑéáugC LLRS ?1ýéŠüS§1s‡SCÈèìLLRýéŠS
,SüSP•{|αis1 |, ..., |αisNv |}¶
ã5.16¥ 1 ˜ g © éA ´ d z ‡SCÈ è ì Â LLRS ¥äk• ýéŠ
LLR•« §~X1˜g© ´d• ýéŠ¢Úi1 û½ "
1˜g© ¥ z‡†¯f U«1!: êâ§ m¯fK€=äk• ýéŠ
LLRéA 'AŠ§¿\þƒA Ýþ¨v"ùž •32S‡(J"·‚b 2S > L§I‡
?}§= 3äk• L‡ÝþŠ ©|"ÉÚJ‚µ¥ (J´·‚DK (J¶
1 g© éA ´dz‡SCÈèìÂ LLRS ¥äk1 ýéŠ LLR•«
§Šâ1˜g© ¥ b §ùž©|ê7k2L‡§= 3äk• L‡ÝþŠ ©
|"ÉÚJ‚µ¥ (J´·‚DK (J"dž§5¿ ~f¥ 1S‡Èèì ¤
k©|Ñ = § 12‡SCÈèìkü‡(J•3§dž%@r†¯f 33 ´»¥§
m¯fLazy Copy‰1S‡Èèì"ùp Lazy Copy' {ü§•‡wŠ1S‡Èèì Ö
12‡Èèì êâÒ1 µLazy Copyê|Ð©z•[1, 2, ..., S, ..., L − 1, L]§´»E› C
¤[1, 2, ..., 2, ..., L − 1, L]"
•{ © ±daí§† ©|ê‡LL§ùž 3Ù¥L‡äk• ÝþŠ (J§D
KÙ{(J§† ¤äk1L − 1 ýéŠ LLR•« ¥ öŠ"
·‚5¿ XJL − 1 > Nv §þãöŠ?1 |αNv |•« Ò(å §Ï•vk•õ ê
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 143 .
â "nþ§oO© gê´min{Nv , L − 1}"
5.3.6 SPC!: ¯„ÈèŽ{
SPC!: ¯„ÈèL§†R1!:aq"·‚e¡k•Ä˜^Èè´»3Fast SCLÈèì

¥ © •ª§, •ÄL^Èè´» Èè•ª§Ï• \‘ ˜‡SPC!:ž§SCL Èè
ì¥éŒU®²•3L^Èè´» "
1l^´»¥ SPC!: ¯„Èè§1 ≤ l ≤ Lµ
•Ý•Nv SPC!:Â §éA LLRS α1Nv ž§éα1Nv ‰€• û§ SPCèi
ûS x̂Nv Nv
1 §¿…éα1 ýéŠS |α|N
1 ‰,SüS§
v
,S ¢êS {αi1 , αi2 , ..., αiNv }÷
v|α|ij < |αij+1 "
Nv
(a). XJ⊕i=1 x̂i = 0§¿›XM û(JÒ´•Œq,Èè(J"ùž§XJ‡?1'
A€=§ŠâSPC •½^‡§zgI‡€=óê‡'A§ Úå• Cz öŠw,´•
zg€=ü‡'A"ù ·‚ä½§Ýþ¨v‘¥‘k|αL+1 | ´»ýéØ¬\Àäk•
ÝþŠ L‡´»§Ï•‘k|αL+1 |ù˜‡¨v‘ ÝþŠ• •´P Ml + |α1 | + |αL+1 |§
P Ml ,P Ml + |α|i1 | + |α|i2 |, P Ml + |α|i1 | + |α|i3 |,...,P Ml + |α|i1 | + |α|iL |ùL‘Ñ uP Ml +
|α1 | + |αL+1 |"Ïd§ë†' LLR Ž |αL |§SPC!:èi'A© Xã5.17¤«"
ã5.17¥§z ¤\ ¨vo´dü‡LLR•«§Ù¥˜‡ ½•|αi1 |§,˜‡´|αij |, 2 ≤
j ≤ L"3|αi1 | + |αij | •« ¥§†¯foÚ«1!: ¤kêâ§ m¯fo´€=
'Ax̂i1 Úx̂ij "~Xã5.17¥d(|αi1 |, |αi2 |)•« ¥§†ý!: ±1!: ÝþŠP Ml Ú
èiS (x̂1 , ..., x̂Nv )§ 1
mý!:€= èi'Ax̂i1 Úx̂i2 §ÝþOV¨v‘|αi1 | + |αi2 |"
ã5.17Ù{ öŠ5Æ±daí"·‚•5¿ |αi1 |ù˜‘ò ‡E/\\§ |αi1 |\\ó
êgž§vk¨v¶ |αi1 |\\Ûêgž§äk¨v‘|αi1 |"ù´Ï•\\óêg|αi1 | d
ux̂i1 ‘± ŠØC"
·‚éN´ÒU äÑã5.17¥z˜ ÝþŠ Lˆª2 ¡Þ ¤kŒU œ¹µ|αi1 | +
2b 2j c
|αij |•« k2 j−1
‡!:§ù !: ÝþŠLˆªpØƒÓ§ Cj0 + Cj2 + ... + Cj =
2j−1
“L ¦^LLRS {|αi1 |, ..., |αij |}ž§¤kŒU 'A€=œ¹"Ïdã5.17 ¥ L§
Ò´˜‡¡Þ L§"
ã5.17 ©|êþ•êO•"†R1!: ?naq§ ©|êþ ˆ 2L‡ž§éA
´|αi1 | + |αi2+log2 L |•« §džI‡DKÝþŠ•Œ L‡©|§ 3ÝþŠ• L‡©
|§…ù ?}Ø¬K•·‚¼ cL‡/O•Œq,èi0µÒŽ A DK ©|•¹
e˜ § A DK ©| “ ÝþŠ•˜½Œu•¹´» Ýþ"
1
P Ml ´1l‡SCÈèìÈè cSPC !:c§®²äk ÝþŠ
2
5¿´Lˆª § šò,gäN ¢yŠ‘\LˆªOŽÑ êŠ
. 144 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
PM l
|  i1 |  |  i2 | PM l PM l  |  i1 |  |  i2 |
|  i1 |  |  i3 | PM l PM l  |  i1 |  |  i3 | PM l  |  i1 |  |  i2 | PM l  |  i2 |  |  i |
|  i1 |  |  ik |
4  k  L 1
PM l
PM l  |  i1 |  |  i j |, j  1
|  i1 |  |  iL | PM l  |  i1 |  |  i j |  |  i j |  |  i j |, j  j2  j3  1
1 2 3
L
......
PM l  |  i |  |  i |. 共计CL0  CL2  ...  CLL  2 L1 项
1 k
k 2
ã 5.17 ⊕N
i=1 x̂i = 0žSPC!:èi'A© "o´b
v
L´2 ˜§l L•´óê"ù‡b
•´¢S¥~„ œ¹§ÃØ´Æ.½´ó’."
(b). XJ⊕N
i=1 x̂i = 1§¿›XM
v
û(Jš{§dž€=|αi1 |éA 'AÒ •Œq
,Èè(J"dž SPCèi© Xã5.18¤«§ã5.18Úã5.17 5Æ ˜—§•˜ ØÓ
Ò´5.18¥ 1!: êâC¤ µÝþŠ´P Ml +|αi1 |§èiS ´(x̂1 , ..., x̂i1 ⊕1, ..., x̂Nv )"
5¿ |αi1 |\\óêgž§vk¨v¶ |αi1 |\\Ûêgž§äk¨v‘|αi1 |"
3Œõêœ¹e§‘ ˜‡SPC!:ž§SCLÈèì¥ŒU®²•3S‡-¹SCÈèì§
ù SCÈèì˜gIÒ•1, 2, ..., S"Xã5.19¤«"
z‡SCÈèìkgC LLRS {α1s , ..., αN
s
v
}, 1 ≤ s ≤ S¶
z‡SCÈèìégC LLRS ýéŠüS {αis1 , ..., αisNv , 1 ≤ s ≤ S}¶
z‡SCÈèìégC LLRS ‰M ý {β1s , ..., βN
s
v
}, 1 ≤ s ≤ S§ù û(J½
öá\þ¡(a) ã¥ œ¹§½öá\þ¡(b)ã¥ œ¹"
1˜g© d¢Úi1 , i2 •«§z‡SCÈèì•ì(a)ã½(b)ã¥ œ¹§‰ÑgC ©
"XJ©|êþ‡L L§Ò= •äk• ÝþŠ L‡©|§DKÙ{©|£ÉÚJ‚
µ¤«¤"XJ,‡SCÈèì ¤k©|Ñ DK §@oTÈè6žk §O ÂÙ§È
èìE›5 êâ"†R1!:aq§E›Œ^Lazy Copy§=wŠŽž´»l=p Ñêâ"
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 145 .
PM l  |  i1 |
|  i1 |  |  i2 | PM l  |  i1 | PM l  |  i2 |
|  i1 |  |  i3 | PM l  |  i1 | PM l  |  i3 | PM l  |  i2 | PM l  |  i1 |  |  i2 |  |  i |
|  i1 |  |  ik |
4  k  L 1
PM l  |  i j |,1  j  L
|  i1 |  |  iL | PM l  |  i j |  |  i j |  |  i j |, j  j2  j3
1 2 3
L 1
......
PM l   |  ik |. 共计CL1  CL3  ...  CLL1  2 L1 项
k 1
ã 5.18 ⊕N
i=1 x̂i = 1ž§SPC!: èi'A©
v
SC1 : PM 1 ,{11 ,...,  1Nv } SC 2 : PM 2 ,{12 ,...,  N2 v } SC S : PM S ,{1S ,...,  NS v }

{11 ,...,  N1 v } {12 ,...,  N2v } {1S ,...,  NSv }
……
{|  i11 |,...,|  i1N |} {|  i21 |,...,|  i2N |} {|  i1S |,...,|  iSN |}
v v v
PM 1 PM 2  |  i12 | PM S
i1 , i2 PM 1 PM 1  |  i11 |  |  i12 | PM 2  |  i12 | PM 2  |  i22 | PM S PM S  |  i1S |  |  iS2 |
i1 , i3 PM 1 PM 1  |  i1 |  |  i13 | PM 2  |  i12 | PM 2  |  i23 | PM S PM S  |  iS1 |  |  iS3 |

i1 , i j …
… … 路径复制,可Lazy Copy
4  j  min{N v , L} … … …
ã 5.19 ‘ ˜‡SPC!:ž§®²kõ‡-¹ SCÈèì œ¹
~X§ã5.19 ¥§Lazy Copyê|Ð©z•[1, 2, ..., S, ..., L]§1S‡SCÈèì3|αi1 | + |αi3 |•«

¥k §¿ É 12ÒSCÈèì êâ§KLazy Copy ê|C¤[1, 2, ..., 2, ..., L]"
Šâ4z& S ' X § · ‚ Œ ± ä ½SPC! : o ´ Ù 1 ! : m ¯ f " Ï d 3 •
#SPC!:éA Cê|ž§o´òèi'A OW\Cê| mý˜ §=á\Rep!:œ
¹(b) 1oã œ¹"
e¡´Fast SCLÈèì MATLAB“è§Ñ\ëêÚFast SCÈèìÄ ˜—§L´ Lê
þ"ù “è ‡·Ñ 3µ¡þ § Ã Œg "
. 146 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
1 f u n c t i o n p o l a r i n f o e s t i = FastSCL decoder . . .
2 ( llr ,L, info bits , lambda offset , . . .
3 l l r l a y e r v e c , bit layer vec , psi vec , node type matrix )
4 %LLR−b a s e d SCL d e o c o d e r
5 %S y s t e m a t i c p o l a r c o d e u s e d
6 %4 n o d e s a r e i d e n t i f i e d and decoded , i . e . , r a t e 0 , r a t e 1 , r e p , spc ,
7 %No BLER l o s s , w h i l e u s i n g f a s t a l g o r i t h m s .
8 %c o n s t
10 m = l o g 2 (N ) ;
11 %memory d e c l a r e d
12 P = z e r o s (N − 1 , L ) ; % l l r i s p u b l i c −used , s o N − 1 i s enough .
13 C = zeros (2 ∗ N − 1 , 2 ∗ L ) ;
14 PM = z e r o s ( L , 1 ) ;
15 a c t i v e p a t h = zeros (L, 1 ) ;
16 l a z y c o p y = z e r o s (m, L ) ;
17 % i n i t i a l i z e t h e 1 s t SC d e c o d e r
18 activepath (1) = 1;
19 lazy copy ( : , 1) = 1;
20 %d e c o d i n g s t a r t s
21 %d e f a u l t : i n t h e c a s e o f p a t h c l o n e i n REP and l e a f node ,
22 %o r i g i a n l a l w a y s c o r r e s p o n d s t o b i t 0 s , w h i l e t h e new p a t h b i t 1 s .
23 fo r i node = 1 : s i z e ( node type matrix , 1)
24 c u r r e n t i n d e x = node type matrix ( i node , 1 ) ;
25 llr layer = llr layer vec ( current index );
26 M = node type matrix ( i node , 2 ) ;
27 %number o f l e a f n o d e s i n t h i s c o n s t i t u e n t node
29 %F o r LLR r e c u r s i o n , t h i s r e d u c e d l a y e r d e n o t e s where t o s t o p ;
30 %F o r B i t r e c u r s i o n , t h i s d e n o t e s where t o s t a r t .
31 psi = psi vec ( i node ) ;
32 %T h i s p s i i s u s e d f o r b i t s r e c u r s i o n
33 p s i m o d 2 = mod ( p s i , 2 ) ;
34 %To d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e b i t r e c u i s i o n s h o u l d c o n t i n u e .
35 %1 : c o n t i n u e ; 0 : s t o p .
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 147 .
38 continue ;
39 end
40 switch current index
41 case 1
45 sign ( l l r ( beta + 1)) ∗ . . .
46 sign ( l l r ( beta + index 1 + 1)) ∗ . . .
47 min ( a b s ( l l r ( b e t a + 1 ) ) , . . .
48 abs ( l l r ( beta + index 1 + 1 ) ) ) ;
49 end
50 f o r i l a y e r = m − 2 : −1 : r e d u c e d l a y e r
54 P( beta , l i n d e x ) = . . .
55 sign (P( beta + index 1 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . .
56 sign (P( beta + index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗ . . .
58 abs ( P ( beta + index 2 , l i n d e x ) ) ) ;
59 end
60 end
61 c a s e N/ 2 + 1
64 x tmp = C ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 ) ;
65 P( beta + index 1 , l i n d e x ) = . .
66 ( 1 − 2 ∗ x tmp ) ∗ l l r ( b e t a + 1 ) + . . .
67 l l r ( beta + index 1 + 1);
68 end
69 f o r i l a y e r = m − 2 : −1 : r e d u c e d l a y e r
. 148 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè

73 P( beta , l i n d e x ) = . . .
74 sign (P( beta + index 1 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗...
78 end
79 end
80 otherwise
84 %l a z y copy
85 P( beta , l i n d e x ) = . . .
86 (1 − 2 ∗ C( beta , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 ) ) ∗ . . .
87 P ( b e t a + i n d e x 1 , l a z y c o p y ( l l r l a y e r +2 , l i n d e x ) ) . . .
88 + P ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , l a z y c o p y ( l l r l a y e r +2 , l i n d e x ) ) ;
89 end
90 f o r i l a y e r = l l r l a y e r − 1 : −1 : r e d u c e d l a y e r
94 P( beta , l i n d e x ) = . . .
95 sign (P( beta + index 1 , l i n d e x ) ) ∗...
99 end
100 end
101 end
102 end%LLR c a l c u l a t i o n s . You may f o l d t h i i s c o d e b l o c k .
103 index vec = M : 2 ∗ M − 1;
104 switch node type matrix ( i node , 3)
105 c a s e −1%∗∗∗∗RATE 0∗∗∗∗∗
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 149 .
106 x = z e r o s (M, 1 ) ;
109 continue ;
110 end
111 C( i n d e x v e c , psi mod 2 + 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1) = x ;
112 PM( l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + . . .
113 sum ( l o g ( 1 + exp (−P ( i n d e x v e c , l i n d e x ) ) ) ) ;
114 %Do n o t f o r g e t u p d a t i n g p a t h m e t r i c i n r a t e 0 n o d e s
115 %No copy i n R a t e 0 node
116 end
117 c a s e 1%∗∗∗∗∗RATE 1∗∗∗∗∗
118 %i n p u t LLR : P ( i n d e x v e c , : )
119 [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , s e l e c t e d s u b c o d e w o r d , l a z y c o p y ] . . .
120 = R a t e 1 (M, P ( i n d e x v e c , : ) , a c t i v e p a t h , PM, L , l a z y c o p y ) ;
121 %o u t p u t : s u b p o l a r codeword : ’ s e l e c t e d s u b c o d e w o r d ’ .
124 continue
125 end
126 C( i n d e x v e c , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1 + psi mod 2 ) = . . .
127 selected subcodeword (: , l index ) ;
128 end
129 c a s e 2%∗∗∗∗∗REP∗∗∗∗∗
130 [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , l a z y c o p y , s e l e c t e d s u b c o d e w o r d ] = . . .
131 Rep (PM, P ( i n d e x v e c , : ) , a c t i v e p a t h , L , M, l a z y c o p y ) ;
134 continue
135 end
138 end
139 c a s e 3%∗∗∗∗∗∗∗SPC∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
140 [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , s e l e c t e d s u b c o d e w o r d , l a z y c o p y ] = . . .
. 150 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
141 SPC ( i n d e x v e c , P ( i n d e x v e c , : ) , a c t i v e p a t h , PM, L , l a z y c o p y ) ;

144 continue
145 end
148 end
149 end
150 %I n t e r n a l B i t s U p d a t e f o r e a c h a c t i v e p a t h
151 bit layer = bit layer vec ( current index + M − 1);
154 continue ;
155 end
156 i f p s i m o d 2 == 1%r i g h t c h i l d o f i t s m o t h e r
157 for i layer = reduced layer : bit layer − 1
161 C( b e t a + index 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) = . . .
162 mod ( C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l a z y c o p y ( i l a y e r +1 , l i n d e x ) − 1 ) + . . .
163 C( beta , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) , 2 ) ;
164 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 2∗ l i n d e x ) =C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) ;
165 end
166 end
170 C( b e t a + index 1 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x − 1) = . . .
171 mod ( C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l a z y c o p y ( b i t l a y e r +1 , l i n d e x ) − 1 ) + . . .
172 C ( b e t a , 2∗ l i n d e x ) , 2 ) ;
173 C ( b e t a + i n d e x 2 , 2 ∗ l i n d e x −1) C ( b e t a , 2 ∗ l i n d e x ) ;
174 end
175 end
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 151 .
176 end
177 %l a z y copy
178 i f i node < s i z e ( node type matrix , 1)
179 f o r i l a y e r = 1 : l l r l a y e r v e c ( c u r r e n t i n d e x + M) + 1
181 lazy copy ( i layer , l index ) = l index ;
182 end
183 end
184 end
185 end
186 %s e l e c t t h e b e s t p a t h
187 [ ˜ , m i n i n d e x ] = min (PM ) ;
188 x = C ( end − N + 1 : end , 2 ∗ m i n i n d e x ( 1 ) − 1 ) ;
189 p o l a r i n f o e s t i = x ( i n f o b i t s ) ;%S y s t e m a t i c c o d e
190 end
1 f u n c t i o n [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , l a z y c o p y , c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ] . . .
2 = Rep (PM, LL R a rr a y , a c t i v e p a t h , L , M, l a z y c o p y )
3 n u m s u r v i v i n g p a t h = min ( L , 2 ∗ sum ( a c t i v e p a t h ) ) ;
4 PM pair = realmax ∗ ones ( 2 , L ) ;
5 %I n r e p node , one e x s i t i n g p a t h g e n e r a t e s two c a n d i d a t e s
6 c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d = z e r o s (M, L ) ;
9 continue ;
10 end
11 Delta0 = 0;
12 Delta1 = 0;
13 for i llr = 1 : M
14 i f LLR array ( i l l r , l i n d e x ) < 0
15 Delta0 = Delta0 − LLR array ( i l l r , l i n d e x ) ;
16 else
17 Delta1 = Delta1 + LLR array ( i l l r , l i n d e x ) ;
18 end
. 152 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
19 end
20 P M p a i r ( 1 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + D e l t a 0 ;
21 P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + D e l t a 1 ;
22 end
23 PM sort = s o r t ( PM pair ( : ) ) ;
24 PM cv = P M s o r t ( n u m s u r v i v i n g p a t h ) ;
25 compare = z e r o s ( 2 , L ) ;
26 cnt = 0;
27 for j = 1 : L
28 for i = 1 : 2
29 i f c n t == n u m s u r v i v i n g p a t h
30 break ;
31 end
32 i f P M p a i r ( i , j ) <= PM cv
33 compare ( i , j ) = 1 ;
34 cnt = cnt + 1;
35 end
36 end
37 end
39 k i l l c n t = 0;
40 for i = 1 : L
41 i f ( compare ( 1 , i ) == 0)&&( compare ( 2 , i ) == 0 )
42 %i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s p a t h s h o u l d be k i l l e d
46 end
47 end
48
50 i f sum ( compare ( : , l i n d e x ) ) == 0
51 continue ;
52 end
53 p a t h s t a t e = compare ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ∗ 2 + compare ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 153 .
55 case 1
56 candidate codeword ( : , l index ) = 1;
58 case 2
60 % i n i t i l i z e d v a l u e s a r e 0 s , s o no u p d a t e h e r e .
61 case 3
62 new index = k i l l i n d e x ( k i l l c n t ) ;
63 k i l l c n t = k i l l c n t − 1;
64 a c t i v e p a t h ( new index ) = 1;
65 lazy copy ( : , new index ) = lazy copy ( : , l i n d e x ) ;
66 candidate codeword ( : , new index ) = 1;
68 PM( n e w i n d e x ) = P M p a i r ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;
69 end
70 end
1 f u n c t i o n [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d , l a z y c o p y ] . . .
2 = R a t e 1 (M, L LR a rr a y , a c t i v e p a t h , PM, L , l a z y c o p y )
4 l l r o r d e r e d = z e r o s (M, L ) ;
5 s u b l a z y c o p y = 1 : L ;%l a z y c o p y u s e d i n t h i s f u n c t i o n .
8 continue ;
9 end
10 %s o r t l e n g t h −Nv LLR i n i t s a b s o l u t e v a l u e .
11 [˜ , llr ordered (: , l index )] =...
12 s o r t ( abs ( LLR array ( : , l i n d e x ) ) ) ;
13 candidate codeword ( : , l index ) = . . .
14 LLR array ( : , l i n d e x ) < 0;
15 %ML codeword l o a d e d
16 end
. 154 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
17 f o r i s p l i t = 1 : min (M, L − 1 )%number o f s p l i t s i n codeword s e n s e

18 PM rate 1 = realmax ∗ ones (2 , L ) ;
19 compare rate 1 = zeros (2 , L ) ;
22 continue ;
23 end
24 P M r a t e 1 ( 1 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) ;
25 %t h e f i r s t row r e m a i n s t h e same .
26 P M r a t e 1 ( 2 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + . . .
27 abs ( LLR array ( l l r o r d e r e d ( i s p l i t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) , . . .
28 sub lazy copy ( l index ) ) ) ;
29 %t h e 2 nd row i s p e n a l i z e d .
30 end
32 PM sorted = s o r t ( PM rate 1 ( : ) ) ;
33 PM cv = P M s o r t e d ( n u m s u r v i v i n g p a t h ) ;
34 cnt = 0;
35 for j = 1 : L
36 f o r i = 1 : s i z e ( P M r a t e 1 , 1 ) %∗∗∗∗CAUTION ! ! ! ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
38 break ;
39 end
40 i f P M r a t e 1 ( i , j ) <= PM cv
41 compare rate 1 ( i , j ) = 1;
42 cnt = cnt + 1;
43 end
44 end
45 end
47 k i l l c n t = 0;
49 i f sum ( c o m p a r e r a t e 1 ( : , l i n d e x ) ) == 0
50 activepath ( l index ) = 0;
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 155 .
52 kill index ( kill cnt ) = l index ;

53 end
54 end
57 continue
58 end
59 i f sum ( c o m p a r e r a t e 1 ( : , l i n d e x ) ) == 2
61 k i l l c n t = k i l l c n t − 1;
63 sub lazy copy ( new index ) = sub lazy copy ( l i n d e x ) ;
64 codeword tmp = c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( : , l i n d e x ) ;
65 codeword tmp ( l l r o r d e r e d ( i s p l i t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) . . .
66 = mod ( c o d e w o r d t m p ( l l r o r d e r e d ( i s p l i t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) + 1
67 c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( : , new index ) = codeword tmp ;
68 PM( n e w i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + . . .
69 abs ( LLR array ( l l r o r d e r e d ( i s p l i t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) , . . .
70 sub lazy copy ( l index ) ) ) ;
71 %PM u p d a t e d
72 end
73 end
74 end
77 continue
78 end
79 lazy copy ( : , l index ) = lazy copy ( : , sub lazy copy ( l index ) ) ;
80 end
81 end
1 f u n c t i o n [PM, a c t i v e p a t h , c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d , l a z y c o p y ] . . .
2 = SPC ( i n d e x v e c , L LR a rr a y , a c t i v e p a t h , PM, L , l a z y c o p y )
3 M = length ( index vec ) ;
. 156 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
5 l l r o r d e r e d = z e r o s (M, L ) ;
6 p a r i t y c h e c k t r a c k = zeros (L , 1 ) ;
7 %c a u t i o n , d e f a u l t v a l u e must be 0 s .
8 sub lazy copy = 1 : L;
9 %Lazy copy u s e d i n t h i s f u n c t i o n
12 continue ;
13 end
14 abs LLR = a b s ( L L R a r r a y ( : , l i n d e x ) ) ;
15 [ ˜ , l l r o r d e r e d ( : , l i n d e x ) ] = s o r t ( abs LLR ) ;
16 %A s c e n d i n g s o r t i n g
17 candidate codeword ( : , l i n d e x ) = LLR array ( : , l i n d e x ) < 0;
18 %q u a s i −ML codeword
19 i f mod ( sum ( c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( : , l i n d e x ) ) , 2 ) == 1
20 %Do n o t s a t i s f y p a r i t y c h e c k
21 candidate codeword ( l l r o r d e r e d (1 , l index ) , l index ) = . . .
22 mod ( c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( l l r o r d e r e d ( 1 , l i n d e x ) , l i n d e x ) + 1 , 2 ) ;
23 %L e a s t r e l i a b l e B i t f l i p
24 p a r i t y c h e c k t r a c k ( l i n d e x ) = 1 ;% i n i t i a l i z e p a r i t y check
25 PM( l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + abs LLR ( l l r o r d e r e d ( 1 , l i n d e x ) ) ;
26 %PM c h a n g e s a c c o r d i n g l y .
27 end
28 end
29 f o r t = 2 : min (M, L )
30 PM spc = r e a l m a x ∗ o n e s ( 2 , L ) ;
31 compare spc = zeros (2 , L ) ;
34 continue ;
35 end
36 LLR = L L R a r r a y ( : , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ;
37 PM spc ( 1 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) ;
38 %r e m a i n t h e same a s o r i g i n a l p a t h
5.3 ¯„SCLÈè . 157 .
39 PM spc ( 2 , l i n d e x ) = PM( l i n d e x ) + . . .
40 a b s ( LLR ( l l r o r d e r e d ( t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) ) +...
41 (1 − 2 ∗ p a r i t y c h e c k t r a c k ( l i n d e x ) ) ∗...
42 a b s ( LLR ( l l r o r d e r e d ( 1 , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) ) ;
43 end
45 P M s o r t e d = s o r t ( PM spc ( : ) ) ;
46 PM cv = P M s o r t e d ( n u m s u r v i v i n g p a t h ) ;
47 cnt = 0;
48 for j = 1 : L
49 f o r i = 1 : s i z e ( PM spc , 1 )
51 break ;
52 end
53 i f PM spc ( i , j ) <= PM cv
54 compare spc ( i , j ) = 1;
55 cnt = cnt + 1;
56 end
57 end
58 end
60 k i l l c n t = 0;
61 for i = 1 : L
62 i f a l l ( c o m p a r e s p c ( : , i ) == 0 )
66 end
67 end
70 continue
71 end
72 p a t h s t a t e = sum ( c o m p a r e s p c ( : , l i n d e x ) ) ;
. 158 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
74 case 2
76 k i l l c n t = k i l l c n t − 1;
78 sub lazy copy ( new index ) = sub lazy copy ( l i n d e x ) ;
79 %g e n e r a t e a new sub−codeword
80 codeword tmp = c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( : , l i n d e x ) ;
81 codeword tmp ( l l r o r d e r e d ( t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) = . . .
82 mod ( c o d e w o r d t m p ( l l r o r d e r e d ( t , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) + 1 , 2 ) ;
83 %t −t h i n d e x ( a f t e r llr sorting )
84 codeword tmp ( l l r o r d e r e d ( 1 , s u b l a z y c o p y ( ( l i n d e x ) ) ) ) =....
85 mod ( c o d e w o r d t m p ( l l r o r d e r e d ( 1 , s u b l a z y c o p y ( l i n d e x ) ) ) + 1 , 2 ) ;
86 %1− s t i n d e x a l w a y s
87 c a n d i d a t e c o d e w o r d ( : , new index ) = codeword tmp ;
88 p a r i t y c h e c k t r a c k ( new index ) = . . .
89 mod ( p a r i t y c h e c k t r a c k ( l i n d e x ) + 1 , 2 ) ;
90 %When you s p l i t p a t h , t h e p a r i t y c h e c k s i g n
91 %s h o u l d be f l i p e d a c c o r d i n g l y .
92 PM( n e w i n d e x ) = PM spc ( 2 , l i n d e x ) ;%PM u p d a t e d
93 end
94 end
95 end
98 continue
99 end
100 lazy copy ( : , l index ) = lazy copy ( : , sub lazy copy ( l index ) ) ;
101 end
102 end
§ 5.4 SCLÈè Ù§U?Ž{

度为 r 的 CRC 校验位，得到 u 1K r ，然后将 u 1K r 作为极化码的信息比特进行极化码编码。
CRC-polar 码的译码过程为：先用 SCL 译码器得到 L 个候选码字，然后在通过 CRC 校
验的码字中选取具有最优度量值的码字作为译码结果。以上过程可用下图描述。本文用
5.4 SCLÈè Ù§U?Ž{ . 159 .
P (N , K  r ) 表示长度为 N ，数据比特数为 K ，CRC 校验位长度为 r 的 CRC-polar 码。
CRC检测
u K u1K  r
1 CRC 极化码
调制信道解调 SCL译码译码输出
编码编码
图 2-5CA-SCLÈèì
ã 5.20 CA-SCL 算法的编译码过程
?ÈèL§
2.2.3 BP 译码算法
5.4.1 Ì‚P{ Ïe SCLÈèì
极化码 BP 译码算法可以并行译码[47][48]，在码字长度相同的情况下，带有早期中止
Ì‚P{ BP 译码器
机制的极化码 Ïe [49][50][51] 的时延低于
SCL£Cyclic redundancySC 译码器的时延。极化码
check Aided SCL§CA-SCL¤Èèì´ BP 译码基于极
8•61
化码因子图，在码长 N  2 的情况下，极化码因子图如图 2-6 所示。
3
SCLÈèì/ª[20]"CA-SCLÈèì¦^CRC-polar?éè§$ŠL§Xã5.20
¤ « µ ê â ' A •(u1 , ..., uK )§ \阶段1 • Ý •r 阶段2 Ì ‚ P阶段3 { ¤ •(u1 , ..., uK , v1 , ..., vr )§
(1,1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4)
é(u1 , ..., uK , v1 , ..., vr )?14zè?è§ èiS (x1 , ..., xN )"(x1 , ..., xN ) éA Â
(2,1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4)
&ÒÑ\SCLÈèì§SCLÈèì‰ÑL‡&E'A = = O§©OP•(û
= 1 , ..., û ,
K 1 v̂ , ..., v̂ )
r l , 1 ≤
(3,1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4)
l ≤ L§éA´»Ýþ©O•P Ml , 1 ≤ l ≤ L"
(4,1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4)
= L¥vk?Û˜‡UÏLCRC
XJ(û1 , ..., ûK , v̂1 , ..., v̂r )l , 1 ≤ l ≤ = = §
(5,1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4)
½ö`(û1 , ..., ûK , v̂1 , ..., v̂r )l , 1 ≤ l ≤ L¥vk˜‡ĆRC èi§K\Ù gÈè”}¶
(6,1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4)
= = =
XJ(û1 , ..., ûK , v̂1 , ..., v̂r )l , 1 (7,1)
≤ l ≤ L¥=k˜‡ÏLCRC
(7, 2) (7, 3) (7, 4)
§KÀJTÏLCRC
OŠ•Èè(J¶ (8,1) (8, 2) (8, 3) (8, 4)
= = =
XJ(û1 , ..., ûK , v̂1 , ..., v̂r )l , 1 ≤ l ≤ L¥kõ‡ÏLCRC §K3ÏLCRC O
¥§ÀJäk• ÝþŠ 图 2-6 极化码的因子图，码长 N =8
(JŠ•Èè(J"
5¿ CRCŠ • Èè(J LÃ ã § ¿ ØL´
2 j 1,i
•˜
( i , j ),i 1
§•Œ±¦^ó è5
SCLÈèì Èè(J"éu¦^ó è SCL Èèì§k, ÖöŒ± Öë•
R2 j 1,i R ( i , j ),i 1
©z[31][32]" L2 j ,i L ( i , j ) 2ni ,i 1
R2 j ,i R ( i , j ) 2ni ,i1
5.4.2 g·ACA-SCLÈèì 图 2-7 PE 示意图
在图 2-6 中，共有三个阶段，数对 (a, b) 表示行号和列号。每一个阶段包括 4 个处理

g·ACA-SCLÈèì$ŠL§Xe[28]"
单元（Processing Elements，PE）。PE 的结构如图 2-7 所示。每个 PE 有 4 个节点，每个
(a). ¦^CRC-polar?éè¶
节点包括两种类型的信息，分别是从右向左传播的 L 信息和从左向右传播的
(b). k^SCÈèìÈè Â&Ò§XJSCÈèì Èè(JÏLCRC
R 信息。本
§KÈè¤õ¶
文中的 L 信息和
XJSCÈèì R 信息均是 LLR。PE
(J™ÏLCRC 中  符号的意义是该符号连接的所有比特的模
§KÀ^L = 2 CA-SCLÈèì-#éÓ 2
Â&Ò
和为 0，构成一个偶校验码，类似于 LDPC 码泰纳图中的校验节点；PE 中“  ”符号的意
?1Èèì¶
(c). XJ Lê•L CA-SCLÈèì•3Èè(JÏLCRC
15 §KÈè¤õ¶ÄK§
-L ← 2L§-#^CA-SCLÈèìéÓ Â&ÒÈè"
(d). þ¡ L§˜†±Y§† k•3Èè(JÏLCRC §½öL‡L•Œ#NŠ"
. 160 . 15Ù G1-ž LÈè
5.4.3 }{CA-SCLÈèì
}{CA-SCLÈèì3ÈèL§¥¬'4÷v, ^‡ …-¹ SCÈèì"

~X§´»ÝþŠ Ð§3 ¤,‡'Aui Èèž§®²-¹ l‡SCÈèìéA
ÝþŠ•{P M1 , P M2 , ..., P Ml }§PÙ¥ • Š•P Mmin §ŒuγP Mmin , γ > 1 ÝþŠ
éA SCÈèì¬ r1'4§Ï•·‚@•ù SCÈèì (Ç$§Ù¥γ´<•À½
KŠ"
k, ÖöŒ± Ö©z[29][30]"
16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
4zè ˜&DÂ£Belief Propagation§BP¤Èèì•64zè Ïfã£Factor Graph¤

†ÚÈŽ{§Ïd ÙkVãÏfã†ÚÈŽ{§2ù4zè BPÈèìŽ{"
§ 6.1 Ïfã†ÚÈŽ{{0
ùpš~í•ë•©z[35]§XJ\ú ·e¡ù Ø˜Ù§Œ± Ö[35]. …§ !•

QãÃ‚ã"
{ü5ù§Ïfã†ÚÈŽ{Ì‡)û ´|^© Æ§OŽõ £õ‡gCþ¤üŠ
£¼êŠ•k˜‘¤¼ê /> Š0¯K§Tõ üŠ¼ê3˜½§ÝþŒ± Ïª©)"
~ 6.1 •Äe¡ ¼êf (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ):
f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) = fA (x1 , x2 , x3 )fB (x2 , x4 )fC (x3 , x5 )fD (x3 , x6 ). (6.1)
½Âf1 = f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 )§f1 Ò´þ

P P
x2 ,x3 ,x4 ,x5 ,x6 f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) = ∼x1
¡¤` > Š§∼ x1 L«Ø x1 ƒ ¤kÙ§gCþ"
Ù{œ¹±daíµfi = ∼xi f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ), 1 ≤ i ≤ 6.
P
Šâ6.1¥ Ïª©)§f1 Œ±OŽXeµ

X X X X
f1 = fA (x1 , x2 , x3 ){ fB (x2 , x4 )[ fC (x3 , x5 ) fD (x3 , x6 )]}
∼x1 ∼x2 ∼x3 ∼x3
X X X X (6.2)
= fA (x1 , x2 , x3 ){ fB (x2 , x4 )[ fC (x3 , x5 ) fD (x3 , x6 )]}.
x2 ,x3 x4 x5 x6
ª6.1Œ±^ã/L«§Xã6.1"Ù¥•¬£q !:¤L«,‡Š•Ïf f¼
ê§ £q Cþ!:¤´gCþ§•¬Ú ƒm ‚L«•¬éAf¼ê gCþ•
. 162 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
) ¥ gCþ"5¿ã6.1¥vk‚´§¤±•Œ±§wŠ˜†ä"
 f ( f  f  f
 x1
A
 x2
B
 x3
D
 x3
C )
x1
 f ( f  f  f
 x1
A
 x2
B
 x3
D
 x3
C )
fA
f B f f
 x3
D
 x3
C
 x2
x2 x
f
 x2
B f C f
 x3
D
 x3
fB fC fD
1 1 1
x4 x x6
ã 6.1 f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) = fA (x1 , x2 , x3 )fB (x2 , x4 )fC (x3 , x5 )fD (x3 , x6 ) Ïfã"Uì
†Þ•«le þw§´ª6.2 OŽL§
ã6.1 Lˆ ª6.2 OŽL§µ

1˜Ú§•e !:x4 , x5 , x6 ©O•þD4/ü ¼ê0§•=~ê1"ù˜Ú¿vk
Ÿo¢S¿Â§•´˜«/Ün0 Ð©z§/Ün0´•ù«Ð©zŒ± Ü ˜„5Æƒ
¥"
1 Ú§fB , fC , fD ¤3 m©‰1OŽ"Ù¥•µfC I‡‰ x3 ÑÑêâ§ù‡
êâÒ´rØ x3 ƒ CþÑ/ž 0§=•µfC ‰ êâ´ ∼x3 fC (x3 , x5 )"Ó
P
x3
n§fD ‰x3 êâ´
P
∼x3 fD (x3 , x6 )"
Ón§fB ‰x2 êâ´ ∼x2 fB (x2 , x4 ).

P
1nÚ§x3 ‰fA D4êâ§x3 ‰fA D4 êâ´x3 3þ˜Ú¥ Â ¤kêâ ¦

È§•Ò´[ ∼x3 fC (x3 , x5 ) ∼x3 fD (x3 , x6 )]§éAXª6.2¥
¥)Ò S Ü©"
P P
x2 ‰fA D4êâ§x2 ‰fA D4 êâ´x2 3þ˜Ú¥ Â ¤kêâ ¦È§•Ò

´ ∼x2 fB (x2 , x4 )§Ï•x2 3þ˜Úp=Â ˜‡êâ"ùéAª6.2¥
¥) Òc¡ Ü©"
P
1oÚ§fA •x1 D4êâ§fA •x1 D4êâ 5K´µrfA 3þ˜Ú¥Â ¤kêâ

‰¦È§…‡2¦þfA §, éØ x1 ƒ ¤kCþ¦Ú§=
6.1 Ïfã†ÚÈŽ{{0 . 163 .
{ f { f }{ f
 x1
A
 x2
B
 x3
D }{ f C }}
 x3
x1
{ f { f }{ f
 x1
A
 x2
B
 x3
D }{ f C }}
 x3
1
fA  f ( f A B )
~ x3  x2
{ f B }{ { f A { f D }{ f C }}} f

 x2
B
{ f D }{ fC }
{ f D } { f C }  { f A ( f B )}
 x3  x3 ~ x3  x2
 x2  x2  x3  x3  x3  x3
x2 { f { f A D }{ f C }}
x
 x2  x3  x3
{ f C }  { f A ( f B )}

 x3 ~ x3  x2
fB
 x2
f C
f
{ f A { f D }{ fC }}
 x2  x3  x3
 x3
 x3
D
{ f D }  { f A ( f B )}
fB fC  x3 ~ x3  x2
fD
1 { f {{ f { f }{ f
B
 x2
A
 x3
D
 x3
C }}}}
1 { f { f C
 x3
D }{ f A ( f B )}}
 x2
{ f { f D C }  { f A ( f B )}}
1
~ x4 ~ x5 ~ x3
~ x6  x3 ~ x3  x2
x4 x x6
{ f {{ f { f }{ f
~ x4
B
 x2
A
 x3
D
 x3
C }}}} { f { f
~ x5
C
 x3
D }{ f A ( f B )}}
~ x3  x2
{ f { f
~ x6
D
 x3
C }  { f A ( f B )}}
~ x3  x2
ã 6.2 ¤kfi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 6 OŽ(J
P P P P
∼x1 fA (x1 , x2 , x3 ){ ∼x2 fB (x2 , x4 )[ ∼x3 fC (x3 , x5 ) ∼x3 fD (x3 , x6 )]}.
1ÊÚ§x1 ‰ÑOŽ(J§ù‡OŽ(J´x1 3þ˜Ú¥Â ¤kêâ ¦È"Ï
•x1 3þ˜Ú¥=Â ˜‡êâ:
µØ
P P P P
∼x1 fA (x1 , x2 , x3 ){ ∼x2 fB (x2 , x4 )[ ∼x3 fC (x3 , x5 ) ∼x3 fD (x3 , x6 )]}§¤±Ò
Ä/ÑÑ "
lþ¡Ê‡Ú½¥Œ±wÑ§ã6.1•ØL´^ã/£ã ª6.2 OŽL§ ®"
lã6.1¥·‚ØJwÑÏfãþ OŽäkU, ¿1A5§=k êâ OŽƒmp
ØK•§~X ∼x3 fD (x3 , x6 ), ∼x3 fC (x3 , x5 )Ú ∼x2 fB (x2 , x4 )ùn‡ŠŒ±¿1ŽÑ§v
P P P
kk ^S"
5¿œ ~¥ Š!:´x1 § ´ùÙ¢´/J0 §Ï•ã6.1¥?¿˜‡Cþ!:
ÑU Š!:"N´wÑ§Àx1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ 6 Š!:§OŽ(JÒ´éA fi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 6. ¤
kfi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 6 OŽ(JXã6.2¤«§ˆ‡¥mOŽ(J3Ïfã¥DÂ§ ,˜^> ü
‡••ÑDxLêâ §ù^>ÒØ2$Ž "
. 164 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
gA gA g A gB
gA x1 gB ~ x2
x2 g A gB
~ x2
ã 6.3 !:Š•“!: œ¹
~ 6.2 kž••3 !:£•µ¤ “!:œ¹"

~X§•Äg(x1 , x2 ) = gA (x1 )gB (x1 , x2 )§g2 = ∼x2 gA (x1 )gB (x1 , x2 )´w ´„ "d
P
žÏfãXã6.3¤«§Ù¥gA ´“!:§gA Dx‰x1 êâÒ´gA gC"ù‡L§Œ±bŽ

¤gA rgCwŠ x1 "
ÏLþ¡ ~f·‚Œ±o(ÑÏfãþ $Ž5K§ù 5K•ØL´^ã/Šó£ã
OŽúª§Ò”^ã6.1£ã ª6.2˜ §¿vkŸoAOƒ?"
x
g1 g 2 ...g n1 g n x
g1 g 2 ...g n1 g n
 fg g ...g n 1 gn
 fg g ...g
1 2
~x 1 2 n 1 gn
~x
x f
x f
... ...
... ...
g1 g 2 ... g n1 g n g1 g 2 ... g n1 g n
g1 g 2 ... g n1 g n g1 g 2 ... g n1 g n
ã 6.4 Cþ!: ÑÑ ã 6.5 !: ÑÑ
½Â 6.1 Cþ!: ?n5K

Cþ!: ÑÑ´Ù{Ñ\ ¦È§Xã6.4¤«" Cþ!:‰“!:ž§Cþ!:
ÑÑ•~ê1.
½Â 6.2 !: ?n5K
!: ÑÑ©nÚµ
(i). ù¤kÑ\ƒ¦È¶
(ii)2¦þ !: “L ¼ê;
(iii). , „‡é§ 8ICþ!:“L gCþƒ ¤kCþ¦Ú"
þãL§Xã6.5¤«" !:‰“!:ž§ !: ÑÑ•§gC“L ¼ê.
6.1 Ïfã†ÚÈŽ{{0 . 165 .
oƒ§˜‡Cþ!: Â ¼ê gCþ˜½=•)TCþ!:éA Cþ"e¡w˜

5g[35] ~K"
~ 6.3 Cþ!: OŽµ

Xã6.6¤«§Cþ!:xÂ ü‡lÑ¼êf1 , f2 §Ù¥f1 , f2 ½Â•ÚŠ•®²‰Ñ
§@ox ÑÑÒ´f1 Úf2 ¦È ®"
f output  f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) x 0 1
f output p1 p2 q1q2
x
x 0 1 x 0 1
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x)
f ( x) p1 q1
1
f ( x) p2 q2
2
ã 6.6 Cþ!:OŽ ~f§f1 , f2 ´½Â•ÚŠ•Ñ´lÑ…k• ¼ê§@oÑÑ¼

êfoutput (x)½Â• ±ØC§Š•E´lÑ…k•
!: OŽµ
Xã6.7¤«§ !:xÂ ü‡lÑ¼êf1 , f2 §Ù¥f1 , f2 ½Â•ÚŠ•®²‰Ñ
§ !:g L« ¼ê•I{x1 ⊕ x2 = x3 }§Ù¥x1 , x2 , x3 áuGF(2)"T !: Ñ
Ñ¼ê®²x3ã¥ "
x3
x3 0 1
f output   f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 ) II{x1  x2  x3 }
~ x3
f output p1 p2  q1q2 p1q2  q1 p2
II{x1  x2  x3 }
f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 )
x1 0 1 x2 0 1
f ( x ) p1 q1
x1 x2 f ( x ) p2 q2
1 1 2 2
ã 6.7 !:OŽ ~f§f1 , f2 ´½Â•ÚŠ•Ñ´lÑ…k• ¼ê
‚´ Ñy¿›XÃ>Ž ÚÈŽ{ÚØO( > OŽ§4·‚we¡ ~f"

. 166 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
x1
f g
x2
ã 6.8 e(x1 , x2 ) Ïfã§‚ •Ý•4
~ 6.4 •Ý•4 ‚
e(x1 , x2 ) = f (x1 , x2 )g(x1 , x2 )Œ±À•˜«' ©)§Ï•3˜„œ¹e§ù«©
)† O\ ?nþ (Jµ˜‡¼êC¤ ü‡ È§ vk?Ûz{"
ÏfãXã6.8¤«"–¦ x2 e(x1 , x2 )§3ã6.8þ$1ÚÈŽ{§\uy\Ø
P
e(x1 , x2 )
• l=pm©"b Ž{lx2 m©§x2 •f Úguxü ¼ê1§Xã6.9§K1˜g$1(J
•( x2 f )( x2 g)§ù‡(Jw,3ýŒõêœ¹eÑ´Øé "
P P
´„vk(å§ÚÈŽ{„UUY$1§Xã6.10¤«§ùg¤ (J•µ
P P P P P P
{ x2 g x1 f x2 g}{ x2 f x1 g x2 f }
ù‡(J’½•Øé§®²E, wØÑ5Æ "
( f )( g ) { f  g  f }{ g  f  g}
x2 x1 x2 x2 x1 x2
x2 x2
x1  f  g f x1  g f  g
 x2
f g
x2
x2 x1 x2
g f
x2 x1 x2
x2 x2
f g f g
 g f  f g
1 1 x1 x2 x1 x2

x1
f g
x2
 g f
x1 x2
x2 x2
ã 6.9 1˜ÓÚÈŽ{§lù‚Ñu ã 6.10 1 ÓÚÈŽ{§lù‚Ñu
Ïd§Ïfãk‚ žÿOŽØÑO( > ¼ê§ …„ÊØe5"

6.2 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã . 167 .
§ 6.2 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã
ù´˜‡3& ?è¥7Øm nØ§éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã´Ïfã•{3?ènØ¥

-‡A^ƒ˜"
·‚ 3¦^˜‡ ?›‚5©|èC§è••N §&E'Aê´K"C Ý P
•H§PH´S × N ‘Ý §S ≥ N − K"C ¥˜‡èiŒ±L«•x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) ∈ C"
ò(x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) ˜3 ?›Ñ\ÃPÁ& ¥DÑ§ ÂÎÒS y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yN )§
P(x1 , x2 , ..., xN )Ú(y1 , y2 , ..., yN ) éÜ©Ù•Pr(x1 , ..., xN , y1 , ..., yN )"
·‚b z‡èi ¦^ VÇƒ §=Pr(x) = I{x ∈ C}/|C|§Ù¥I{logical equation}L
«XJÜ6ª¤áK Š•1§ÄK Š•0µ

 0, x ∈
/ C,
I{x ∈ C} = (6.3)
 1, x ∈ C.
|C|L«C¥èi êþ"
w,x ∈ C ⇔ Hx = 0 ⇔ hi x = 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ S§Ù¥hi ´H 1i 1§ddµ
S
Y
I{x ∈ C} = I{hi x = 0} (6.4)
i=1
k þ¡ PÒ§·‚Œ±©)éÜVÇPr(x1 , ..., xN , y1 , ..., yN )µ
Pr(x1 , ..., xN , y1 , ..., yN ) = Pr(y1 , ..., yN |x1 , ..., xN ) Pr(x1 , ..., xN )
N
Y S
Y (6.5)
=[ Pr(yi |xi )][ I{hi x = 0}/|C|].
i=1 i=1
Ù¥1˜‡¥)Ò´Ï•& ÃPÁ"dd éÜVÇ—ÝPr(x1 , ..., xN , y1 , ..., yN )

QS
Ïfã§Ù¥[ i=1 I{hi x = 0}/|C|] •x ´èi( §•Ò´Í¶ ¯C¤^•. / B
QN
ã0§du|C| = 2K ´~ê§·‚± Ò Ñ§¶ [ i=1 Pr(yi |xi )]£ã Â&Ò§5¿ù
p·‚%@ Â&Ò´®•~ê§ØĆþ"
•Ä˜‡(7,4)Ç²è Ý µ
 
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
 
H= 0 0 . (6.6)
 
1 0 1 1 1
 
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
. 168 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
Ñ~ê§TÝ éA ÏfŒ± •µ
3
Y
I{hi x = 0} = I{x1 ⊕ x4 ⊕ x6 ⊕ x7 = 0}
i=1
(6.7)
× I{x2 ⊕ x4 ⊕ x5 ⊕ x6 = 0}
× I{x3 ⊕ x5 ⊕ x6 ⊕ x7 = 0}.
x¤ Bã§Xã6.11¤«§l†>m©ê§n‡•µ£ !:¤éA ¼ê•g

Í{x1 ⊕ x4 ⊕ x6 ⊕ x7 = 0}§I{x2 ⊕ x4 ⊕ x5 ⊕ x6 = 0}ÚI{x3 ⊕ x5 ⊕ x6 ⊕ x7 = 0}1 § £C
þ!:¤éA Cþ•g´x1 , x2 , ..., x7 .
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
ã 6.11 (7,4)Ç²è Bã
Q7
2\þ Â&ÒéA ¼ê[ i=1 Pr(yi |xi )]§ éÜVÇ—Ý Ïfã§Xã6.12¤
«"
5¿ùp·‚%@ Â&Ò´®•~ê§ØĆþ§¤±z‡Pr(yi |xi )•Úxi ë "
Pr( y1 | x1 ) Pr( y2 | x2 ) Pr( y3 | x3 ) Pr( y4 | x4 ) Pr( y5 | x5 ) Pr( y6 | x6 ) Pr( y7 | x7 )
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
ã 6.12 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã©)
1
¦+I{x}ù‡¼êŒUÚ²ž‘ ¼êØ ˜ § §E,´‡¼ê
6.2 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã . 169 .
~ 6.5 üó è éÜVÇÏfã©)Ú˜&DÂÈè£Uz‡èi'A?1•Œ
Èè¤
~¥ OŽ•{5g ‰Ö[36]"ù´‡Í¶ ~f§Ä z áÑ¬ù§·ù •
Ø˜½kõÐ§XJ\vwL§Œ±w˜e"
üó è´XÚè§Ù)¤Ý •G = [IK |1]§Ù¥K´&E'Aêþ§1 1 •
þ"g,/§éA Ý H = [111...1]´•Ý•K + 1 11•þ§l üó è è
i(x1 , x2 , ..., xK+1 ) 'X•k˜‡µ⊕K+1
i=1 xi = 0"
b ·‚3 ?›Ñ\lÑÃPÁ& ¥uxüóu èix = (x1 , x2 , ..., xK+1 )§ ÂÎ
Ò•y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yK+1 )§@o•3éÜ©ÙPr(x, y)"3e¡ OŽ¥§·‚@•y´®•
ÂŠ£~ê¤"
©)éÜVÇ¼êPr(x, y)"k^˜g^‡VÇ Pr(x, y) = Pr(y|x) Pr(x)"
E,b z‡xu) VÇƒ §=Pr(x) = I{⊕K+1
i=1 xi = 0}/2 "
K
QK+1
Ï•& ÃPÁ§¤±Pr(y|x) = i=1 Pr(yi |xi )"
QK+1
dd Pr(x, y) = Pr(y|x) Pr(x) = i=1 Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕K+1
i=1 xi = 0}/2 "
K
, Ñ~ê2K §xÑT©)ªéA Ïfã§Xã6.13¤«"
Pr( y1 | x1 ) Pr( y2 | x2 ) Pr( y3 | x3 ) Pr( yK 1 | xK 1 )
x1 x2 x3 ...... xK 1
......
II{iK11 xi  0}
ã 6.13 üó èéAéÜVÇ—Ý Ïfã©)§ !:£•µ¤“L¼
êI{⊕K+1 i=1 x i = 0}§ z ‡ C þ ! : £ ¤ • g “ L z ‡ è i ' A § Â & Òy =
(y1 , y2 , ..., yK+1 )À•~ê§¤±z‡Pr(yi |xi )¥ Cþ••xi §¤±z‡Pr(yi |xi )=ÚéA
xi ë
Œ±wÑã6.13¥vk‚´§…kér é¡5µz‡èi'A ?n•ª´ƒÓ "¤

±e¡·±?nèixK+1 •~?1`²"
y3Ž OxK+1 Š .´0„´1§ùÙ¢ÒÓŽPr(xK+1 = 0|y)ÚPr(xK+1 =
. 170 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì

K
x1 x2 x3 ...... xK 1
Pr( yK 1 | xK 1 )   Pr( yi | xi ) II{iK11 xi  0}
~ xK 1 i 1
Pr( y1 | x1 ) Pr( y2 | x2 ) Pr( y3 | x3 )

......
K
  Pr( y
~ xK 1 i 1
i | xi ) II{iK11 xi  0}
II{iK11 xi  0}
ã 6.14 Cþ!:xK+1 ÑÑ§TÑÑ•VÇ¼êPr(xK+1 , y)§‘\xK+1 = 0Ú1¿' Œ

§ÒU ¤xK+1 •Œ û
1|y)§ww=‡' Œ"dd·‚ééÜVÇ¼êPr(x, y)¦> VÇ—Ý¼êPr(xK+1 , y):
X X K+1
Y
Pr(xK+1 , y) = Pr(x, y) = Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕K+1
i=1 xi = 0}/2
K
x1 ,x2 ,...,xK x1 ,x2 ,...,xK i=1

(6.8)
X K
Y
= Pr(yK+1 |xK+1 ) Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕K
i=1 xi = xK+1 }/2
K
x1 ,x2 ,...,xK i=1
ùp§Ïfãþ OŽ¯¢þ®²(å§Xã6.14¤«"ùžÖöŒ±@^½Â6.2Ú½
K+1
Â6.15 yOŽ(J"5¿ ⊕K
i=1 xi = xK+1 Ú⊕i=1 xi = 0´˜£¯"
þ¡ ªf„Œ±‰e¡ z{"
Pr(xK+1 =0|y) Pr(xK+1 =0,y) Pr(xK+1 =0,y)

w, Pr(x K+1 =1|y)
= Pr(xK+1 =1,y) §¤±·‚•IOŽ Pr(xK+1 =1,y) §ù‡ŠŒu1ÒrxK+1
û•0§ u1ÒrxK+1 û•1.
P QK K
Pr(xK+1 = 0, y) Pr(yK+1 |0) x1 ,x2 ,...,xK i=1 Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕i=1 xi = 0}
= QK (6.9)
Pr(xK+1 = 1, y) Pr(yK+1 |1) x ,x ,...,x K
P
1 2 K i=1 Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕i=1 xi = 1}
þª mŒ>w 'Ï§5ÆØ²w§I‡2 n"• PÒ ”B§·‚-Li =

6.2 éÜVÇ©Ù Ïfã . 171 .
Pr(yi |xi =0)

Pr(yi |xi =1) §
P P
∼xK+1 = x1 ,...,xK :
QK QK Pr(yi |xi ) K
Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕K
P P
∼xK+1 i=1 i=1 xi = 0} (a) ∼xK+1 i=1 Pr(yi |xi =1) I{⊕i=1 xi = 0}
QK = P QK Pr(yi |xi )
Pr(yi |xi )I{⊕K K
P
∼xK+1 i=1 i=1 xi = 1} ∼xK+1 i=1 Pr(yi |xi =1) I{⊕i=1 xi = 1}
(6.10)
QK
1−xi
I{⊕K
P QK QK
(b) ∼x i=1 Li i=1 xi = 0} (c) i=1 (Li + 1) + i=1 (Li − 1)
= P K+1 QK 1−xi
= K K
K
Q Q
∼xK+1 i=1 Li I{⊕i=1 xi = 1} i=1 (Li + 1) − i=1 (Li − 1)
QK
(a). ©ªþeÓžØ± i=1 Pr(yi |xi = 1);
(b). d {§©O-xi = 0Ú1§Œ y Ò(b)¤á;
(c). ù«Ž{5g©z[36]. •œwe¡ Qã"
QK QK
ww i=1 (Li + 1) + i=1 (Li − 1) uŸoµ
K
Y K
Y X X K
X
(Li + 1) = Li + Li1 ...LiK−1 + Li1 ...LiK−2 + ... + Li + 1. (6.11)
i=1 i=1 i1 6=...6=iK−1 i1 6=...6=iK−2 i=1
K
Y K
Y X X K
X
(Li −1) = Li − Li1 ...LiK−1 + Li1 ...LiK−2 +...+(−1)K−1 Li +(−1)K .
i=1 i=1 i1 6=...6=iK−1 i1 6=...6=iK−2 i=1
(6.12)
QK
XJK´óê§þ¡ü‡ªfƒ\§¤ (J•2{ i=1 Li + i1 6=...6=iK−2 Li1 ...LiK−2 +...+
P
QK 1−xi
i=1 xi = 0}§L1 L2 ...LK ’½•3§
I{⊕K
P P
i1 6=...6=i2 Li1 Li2 + 1}"Óž§éu ∼xK+1 i=1 Li
džéA¤kx1 , ..., xK u0 œ¹¶¤kLi1 Li2 ...LiK−2 ,i1 6= i2 6= ... 6= iK−2 ,i1 , ..., iK−2 ∈
{1, 2, ..., K}’½•3§ùéAx1 , ..., xK kü‡'A´1 Ù{'A´0 œ¹¶¤kLi1 Li2 ...LiK−4 ,i1 6=
i2 6= ... 6= iK−4 ,i1 , ..., iK−4 ∈ {1, 2, ..., K}’½•3§Ï•ùéA x1 , ..., xK ko‡'A´1
Ù{'A´0 œ¹"Ù{œ¹•gaí§† 1’½•3§éA ´¤kxi , 1 ≤ i ≤ K 1
QK QK QK 1−xi
œ¹"ù`² I{⊕K
P
i=1 (Li + 1) + i=1 (Li − 1) = 2 ∼xK+1 i=1 Li i=1 xi = 0}.
QK
XJK´Ûê§þ¡ü‡ªfƒ\§¤ (J•2{ i=1 Li + i1 6=...6=iK−2 Li1 ...LiK−2 +
P
PK QK
... + i1 =1 Li1 }; Óž§éu ∼xK+1 i=1 Li1−xi I{⊕K i=1 xi = 0}§L1 L2 ...LK ’½•3§dž
P
é A ¤ kx1 , ..., xK u0 œ ¹ ¶ ¤ kLi1 Li2 ...LiK−2 ,i1 6= i2 6= ... 6= iK−2 ,i1 , ..., iK−2 ∈
{1, 2, ..., K}’½•3§ùéAx1 , ..., xK kü‡'A´1 Ù{'A´0 œ¹¶¤kLi1 Li2 ...LiK−4 ,i1 6=
i2 6= ... 6= iK−4 ,i1 , ..., iK−4 ∈ {1, 2, ..., K}’½•3§Ï•ùéA x1 , ..., xK ko‡'A´1
PK
Ù{'A´0 œ¹"Ù{œ¹•gaí§† i=1 Li ’½•3§éA ´=k˜‡xi 0§
QK QK QK
Ù{xi ´1 œ¹"ù`² i=1 (Li +1)+ i=1 (Li −1) = 2 ∼xK+1 i=1 Li1−xi I{⊕K
P
i=1 xi = 0}.
QK QK QK
nþ§ i=1 (Li + 1) + i=1 (Li − 1) = 2 ∼xK+1 i=1 L1−x I{⊕K
P
i=1 xi = 0}o´¤á"Ó
i
i
. 172 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
QK QK QK
n§ i=1 (Li +1)− i=1 (Li −1) = 2 ∼xK+1 i=1 Li1−xi I{⊕K
i=1 xi = 1}•¤á"Ïd Ò(c)¤
P
á"
QK QK Li −1 Pr(xK+1 =0,y)
ò Ò(c) (J©ÒþeÓžØ± i=1 Li +1§ÓžP i=1 Li +1 = β, Pr(xK+1 =1,y) =
1+β α−1
α, α= 1−β §l β= α+1 .
-Li = eli §£ÁLi ½Â§Ò• Li ´q,'§ li ´éêq,'"Ú\li §β =

QK eli −1
QK eli /2 −e−li /2 QK
i=1 eli +1 = i=1 eli /2 +e−li /2 = i=1 tanh(li /2);
α−1 el/2 −e−l/2

α•´q,'§Ú\§ éêq,'α = el §, α+1 = el/2 +e−l/2
= tanh(l/2), Kβ =
α−1
QK
α+1 “†• i=1 tanh(li /2) = tanh(l/2)§•Ò´µ
K
Y
l = 2 tanh−1 { tanh(li /2)}. (6.13)
i=1
Pr(yK+1 |xK+1 =0) Pr(yK+1 |xK+1 =0)

O# „k˜‘ Pr(y K+1 |xK+1 =1)
§ù´˜‡q,'"-eγ = Pr(yK+1 |xK+1 =1)
= Pr(x K+1 =0|yK+1 )
Pr(xK+1 =1|yK+1 ) §
Ù¥1 ‡ Ò´Ï•xK+1 ∼ Bernoulli(0.5)"@o§ûxK+1 û éêq,'•µ
K
Pr(xK+1 = 0|y) Pr(xK+1 = 0|yK+1 ) Y
ln = γ + l = ln + 2 tanh−1 { tanh(li /2)}. (6.14)
Pr(xK+1 = 1|y) Pr(xK+1 = 1|yK+1 ) i=1
d·‚Ò ¤ xK+1 Èè"Ù{'Ax1 , ..., xK ÈèXÑ˜õ"
§ 6.3 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈè
encoding channel
• Ý •2 4zè ?èÚDÑ 6 § • µ(u1 , u2 ) → (x1 , x2 ) → (y1 , y2 )§ Ù
¥u1 , u2 ´ÕáÓ©ÙËã|‘ÅCþ"
¤±•ÄéÜVÇ©ÙPr(u1 , u2 , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }"ØJ yù(

¢´˜‡VÇ©Ùµ
6.3 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈè . 173 .
Pr(u1 ) u1 II{x1  u1  u2 } x1 Pr( y1 | x1 )
Pr(u2 ) u2 II{x2  u2 } x2 Pr( y2 | x2 )
ã 6.15 •Ý•2 4zè Ïfã
X
Pr(u1 , u2 , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }
u1 ,u2 ,x1 ,x2 ,y1 ,y2
X X
= Pr(u1 , u2 , y1 , y2 ) = Pr(y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )
u1 ,u2 ,y1 ,y2 u1 ,u2 ,y1 ,y2
X
= Pr(y1 |u1 ⊕ u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )
u1 ,u2 ,y1 ,y2
X X X X X
= Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 ){ Pr(y1 |u1 ⊕ u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )} = Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 ) = 1.
u1 ,u2 y1 y2 u1 u2
éPr(u1 , u2 , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }‰Ïª©)µ
Pr(u1 , u2 , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }
= Pr(x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }
= Pr(u1 ⊕ u2 , u2 , y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 } (6.15)
= Pr(y1 , y2 |u1 , u2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }
= Pr(y1 |x1 ) Pr(y2 |x2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 }I{x2 = u2 }
Šâþª • ˜1ÒUxÑ•Ý´2 4zè Ïfã§Xã6.15¤«§Ù¥y1 , y2 ´®

• Â&Ò£~ê¤§ Pr(y1 |x1 )=Úx1 ë §Pr(y2 |x2 )=Úx2 ë "w,ã6.15´vk‚´
"
(J®²3ã6.16¥ŽÑ §·‚y3^ÚÈŽ{¦u1 , u2 , x1 , x2 ùo‡Cþ!:ÑÑ q
Pr(u1 =0) Pr(u2 =0) Pr(y1 |x1 =0)
,'"• ”B§Ú\e¡ PÒµL(u1 ) = Pr(u1 =1) , L(u2 ) = Pr(u2 =1) , L(y1 ) = Pr(y1 |x1 =1) ,
Pr(y2 |x2 =0)
L(y2 ) = Pr(y2 |x2 =1) .
(i). u1 ÑÑq,'
. 174 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 ) II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 }} Pr( y1 | x1 ){ II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ){Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 }}}}
~u1 ~u2 ~ x1 ~ u2
 Pr( y 1 | x1 ) II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 }}

Pr(u1 ) ~u1 ~u2
Pr( y1 | x1 )
Pr(u1 ) u1 II{x1  u1  u2 }
Pr( y1 | x1 )
x1 Pr( y1 | x1 )
Pr(u1 )
 II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ){Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 )II{x2  u2 }}}
~ x1 ~ u2
Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 }}  II{x 1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 )

~ u2 ~ u2
Pr(u2 )  Pr( y 2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 } Pr( y2 | x2 ) Pr( y2 | x2 )

Pr(u2 ) u2 ~ u2
II{x2  u2 } x2 Pr( y2 | x2 )
Pr(u2 ){ II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 )}

~ u2
 II{x
~ x2
2  u2 }Pr(u2 ){ II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 )}
~ u2
{ II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 )}Pr(u2 ){ Pr( y2 | x2 )II{x2  u2 }} Pr( y2 | x2 ) II{x2  u2 }Pr(u2 ){ II{x1  u1  u2 }Pr(u1 ) Pr( y1 | x1 )}
~ u2 ~ u2 ~ x2 ~ u2
ã 6.16 •Ý•2 4zè Ïfãþ $Ž(J
éÚÈŽ{ (J?1z{µ
X X
Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 )I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u2 ){ Pr(y2 |x2 ){x2 = u2 }}
∼u1 ∼u2
X (6.16)
= Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 ) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 ).
u2
‰'Šµ
P
Pr(u1 = 0) u2 Pr(y1 |x1 = u2 ) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )
P
Pr(u1 = 1) u2 Pr(y1 |x1 = u2 ⊕ 1) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )
Pr(u1 = 0)[Pr(y1 |x1 = 0) Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0) + Pr(y1 |x1 = 1) Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1)]
=
Pr(u1 = 1)[Pr(y1 |x1 = 1) Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0) + Pr(y1 |x1 = 0) Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1)]
L(y1 )L(u2 )L(y2 ) + 1

= L(u1 ) .
L(u2 )L(y2 ) + L(y1 )
(6.17)
=u1 ûq,'•L(u1 ) L(y 1 )L(u2 )L(y2 )+1

L(u2 )L(y2 )+L(y1 ) .
xy+1
g(x, y) = x+y , Ku1 ûq,'Œ± •L(u1 )g(L(u2 )L(y2 ), L(y1 )).
XJ¦^LLR§=L(u1 ) = el(u1 ) , L(u2 ) = el(u2 ) , L(y1 ) = el(y1 ) , L(y2 ) = el(y2 ) §Ku1

l(y1 )+(l(u2 )+l(y2 ))
ûLLRŒ± •l(u1 ) + ln e el(u2 )+l(y2 ) +el(y1+1
) = l(u1 ) + 2 tanh−1 (tanh( l(u2 )+l(y
2
2)
) tanh( l(y21 ) )).
(ii). u2 ÑÑq,'
6.3 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈè . 175 .
éÚÈŽ{ (J?1z{µ
X X
{ I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 )} Pr(u2 ){ Pr(y2 |x2 )I{x2 = u2 }}
∼u2 ∼u2
X (6.18)
={ Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 )} Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 ).
u1
‰'Šµ
P
{ Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 = u1 )} Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0)
P u1
{ u1 Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 = u1 ⊕ 1)} Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1)
{Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(y1 |x1 = 0) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(y1 |x1 = 1)} Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0)
= (6.19)
{Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(y1 |x1 = 1) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(y1 |x1 = 0)} Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1)
L(u1 )L(y1 ) + 1
= L(u2 )L(y2 ) .
L(u1 ) + L(y1 )
=u2 ûq,'•L(u2 )L(y2 ) L(u1 )L(y1 )+1

L(u1 )+L(y1 ) = L(u2 )L(y2 )g(L(u1 ), L(y1 )).
l(u1 )+l(y1 )
u2 ûéêq,'•l(u2 )+l(y2 )+ln eel(u1 ) +el(y+1
1)
= l(u2 )+l(y2 )+2 tanh−1 (tanh( l(u21 ) ) tanh( l(y21 ) )).
(iii). x1 ÑÑq,'
éÚÈŽ{ (J?1z{µ
X X
Pr(y1 |x1 ){ I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ){Pr(u2 ){ Pr(y2 |x2 )I{x2 = u2 }}}}
∼x1 ∼u2
X (6.20)
= Pr(y1 |x1 ) I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )
u1 ,u2
‰'Šµ
P
Pr(y1 |x1 = 0) I{0 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )
Pu1 ,u2
Pr(y1 |x1 = 1) u1 ,u2 I{1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ) Pr(u2 ) Pr(y2 |u2 )
Pr(y1 |x1 = 0)[Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1)]
=
Pr(y1 |x1 = 1)[Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(u2 = 1) Pr(y2 |u2 = 1) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(u2 = 0) Pr(y2 |u2 = 0)]
L(u1 )L(u2 )L(y2 ) + 1

= L(y1 )
L(u1 ) + L(u2 )L(y2 )
(6.21)
. 176 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
=x1 ûq,'•L(y1 ) L(u 1 )L(u2 )L(y2 )+1

L(u1 )+L(u2 )L(y2 ) = L(y1 )g(L(u2 )L(y2 ), L(u1 )).
l(u1 )+(l(u2 )+l(y2 ))
x1 ûéêq,'•l(y1 )+ln e el(u1 ) +el(u2 )+l(y2+1
) = l(y1 )+2 tanh−1 (tanh( l(u2 )+l(y
2
2)
) tanh( l(u21 ) )).
(iv). x2 ÑÑq,'
éÚÈŽ{ (J?1z{µ
X X
Pr(y2 |x2 ) I{x2 = u2 } Pr(u2 ){ I{x1 = u1 ⊕ u2 } Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |x1 )}
∼x2 ∼u2
X X
= Pr(y2 |x2 ) I{x2 = u2 } Pr(u2 ){ Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |u1 ⊕ u2 )} (6.22)
∼u2 u1
X
= Pr(y2 |x2 ) Pr(u2 = x2 ) Pr(u1 ) Pr(y1 |u1 ⊕ x2 ).
u1
5¿• ˜‡ Òp 1 ‘Pr(u2 = x2 )ØU ¤Pr(x2 )§ÄK¬· "XJ^VÇ©Ù

IO {§ùpAT´PrU2 (u2 = x2 )"
‰'Šµ
Pr(y2 |x2 = 0) Pr(u2 = 0)[Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(y1 |u1 = 0) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(y1 |u1 = 1)]
Pr(y2 |x2 = 1) Pr(u2 = 1)[Pr(u1 = 0) Pr(y1 |1) + Pr(u1 = 1) Pr(y1 |0)]
(6.23)
L(u1 )l(y1 ) + 1
= L(y2 )L(u2 ) .
L(u1 ) + L(y1 )
=x2 ûq,'•L(y2 )L(u2 ) L(u1 )L(y1 )+1

L(u1 )+L(y1 ) = L(y2 )L(u2 )g(L(u1 ), L(y1 )).
l(u1 )+l(y1 )
x2 éêq,'•l(y2 )+l(u2 )+ln eel(u1 ) +el(y+1
1)
= l(y2 )+l(u2 )+2 tanh−1 (tanh( l(u21 ) ) tanh( l(y21 ) )).
L( y1 ) L (u2 ) L( y2 )  1
L(u1 )
L( y1 )  L(u2 ) L( y2 ) L( y1 ) l (u1 )  f (l (u2 )  l ( y2 ), l ( y1 )) l ( y1 )
L(u1 ) L( y1 )
L(u1 ) L (u2 ) L( y2 )  1 l (u1 ) l ( y1 )  f (l (u2 )  l ( y2 ), l (u1 ))
L(u1 )  L(u2 ) L( y2 )
L(u1 ) L( y1 )  1
L(u2 ) L( y2 )
L(u1 )  L( y1 ) L ( y2 ) l (u2 )  l ( y2 )  f (l (u1 ), l ( y1 )) l ( y2 )
L(u2 ) L( y2 ) L(u2 )
L(u1 ) L( y1 )  1 l (u2 ) l (u2 )  l ( y2 )  f (l (u1 ), l ( y1 ))
L(u1 )  L( y1 )
ã 6.17 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈèŽ{§ ã 6.18 •Ý•2 4zè BPÈèŽ{§

Éµ•Ñ\VÇ§ùµ•ÑÑVÇ£q, Éµ•Ñ\VÇ§ùµ•ÑÑVÇ£éêq
'¤ ,'¤
6.4 •Ý•2n 4zè BPÈè . 177 .
þ¡ (JnÜ3 ã6.17Ú6.18¥§ã6.17Ú6.18´·‚3IEEEþ Ø©¥ ~„/ª§

Ù¥ ÎÒ/⊕0L«/⊕0ë ¤k'A 2Ú•0¶/•µ Ò0 ¿g´/•µ
−1
Ò0ë ¤kCþƒ ¶f (x, y) = 2 tanh (tanh(x/2) tanh(y/2))"
5¿ u2 Úx2 OŽ(JƒÓ§ù´Ï•u2 = x2 .
§ 6.4 •Ý•2n 4zè BPÈè
6.4.1 •ÝŒu u4 4zèÏfãk‚
kw˜eF⊗2 L« Ïfã§Xã6.19¤«§ù‡ã•ØL´^þ˜!¥ Ïfã©å5

"ÖöATuy§4zè ÏfãÚ§ )¤Ý ´˜ "
Úþ˜!ƒ'§y3œ¹Ñy Cz§ã6.19k‚´§XÉ‚¤«"¤±\Œ±Ž §4
zè3üX ÚÈÈèŽ{e BLER5Ué "
u1 x1
p (u1 ) f ( y1 | x1 )
u2 x2
p (u2 ) f ( y2 | x2 )
u3 x3
p(u3 ) f ( y3 | x3 )
u4 x4
p (u4 ) f ( y4 | x4 )
ã 6.19 •Ý•4 4zè Ïfã§É‚´‚´
6.4.2 4zè BPÈè5K
•Ý•N = 2n 4zè Ïfã`x Ò´§ )¤Ý §•†ý ˜ •µ´z‡&

'A k VÇ§•mý ˜ •µ´ Â&Ò ^‡VÇ"
XÓSCÈè´3z‡2 × 2 ¬þ ¤ ˜ §4zè BPÈè•´z‡•Ý•2 4zè
Ïfãþ?1 "
lã6.17Œ±wÑ§3·‚Ýº •Ý•2 4zè3Ïfãþ Èèúª í §Ï
fã Ò¤ { §·‚•´ Â êâ§, ?1$Ž"·‚e¡o´¦^LLR?1È
è"
. 178 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
Ïfã¢3´ Jx §• ”B§·‚Ò^4zè 2×2 ¬L«Ïfã§Xã6.20¤

«"Ù¥§Éµ´®•LLR§ùµÓŽÑ LLR"
f (b  d , a ) a
c f (b  d , c )
b  f ( a, c ) b
d d  f ( a, c )
ã 6.20 {z Ïfã§Ú)¤Ý v«O
(∆)
f (x, y) = 2 tanh−1 (tanh(x/2) tanh(y/2))¢ 3 ´ E,§·‚ù C q § µf (x, y) =
αsign(x)sign(y) min{|x|, |y|}§Ù¥α ´Xê§U¦ Cq•O(§Ï~α = 0.9375§ ù•´
˜‡² êŠ"
5¿ã6.20ùµ¥ LLR´^5DÂ §¿š^5 û "XJ‡ û§ÒrùµÚ§þ
¡ Éµ¥ ê¦Ú§ ûLLR"
•Ý•N = 2 n
4zè ˜&DÂÈè´ÏL/†mDÂ0?1 µ
(i). Äkmü‡Ý •;§LN ×n+1 ÚRN ×n+1 §Ý S ƒÐ©Š Ü•0.
(ii). ò ÂLLRŠ•Ïfãp•mý Ñ\êâ§W\L 1n + 1 ¶
ò& 'A k LLRŠ•Ïfã¥•† Ñ\êâ §W\R 1
11 µ
Li,n+1 = llri , 1 ≤ i ≤ N. (6.24)

0, i ∈ A,
Ri,1 = (6.25)
+∞, i ∈ Ac .
(iii). ùp§·‚ IÒ5KXeµ•Ý•N = 2n 4zè •†ý 2×2 ¬ ¤

P•11 §dgaí§•mý 2×2 ¬ ¤ P•1n "3z˜ ÑkN/2‡2 × 2
¬§lþ e•gIP•11, 2, ..., N/2‡ ¬"@o§(i, j), 1 ≤ i ≤ N/2, 1 ≤ j ≤ n L«
1j¥ 1i‡2 × 2 ¬"
ã6.21L« 3þã?Ò5Ke Ïfã§ÉÚ:y‚µS ´12 12‡2 × 2 ¬§
•)Òêé[p, q]‰¤k2 × 2 ¬ Ú IÒ§1 ≤ p ≤ N = 8, 1 ≤ q ≤ n + 1 = 4"N´w
XJi ∈ A§Kui ´&E'A§Pr(ui ) = 0.5 ð¤á§¤±ui k LLR o´0¶XJi ∈

1
A §Kui = 0´È('A§Pr(ui = 0) = 1§¤±ui k LLR• Ã¡"3^M‡¢y¥§

c
Ã¡Ò´M‡UC e •Œ¢ê"
6.4 •Ý•2n 4zè BPÈè . 179 .
Ñ§[p, q]¯¢þÒ´LÚRÝ ¢Ú§z‡ ˜[p, q]éAü‡êâ§©O´Lp,q , Rp,q .
第1列第2列第3列

[1,1] [1, 2] [1,3] [1, 4]
[2,1] [2, 2] [2,3] [2, 4]
[3,1] [3, 2] [3,3] [3, 4]
[4,1] [4, 2] [4,3] [4, 4]
[5,1] [5, 2] [5,3] [5, 4]
[6,1] [6, 2] [6,3] [6, 4]
[7,1] [7, 2] [7,3] [7, 4]
[8,1] [8, 2] [8,3] [8, 4]
ã 6.21 N = 23 ž ?Ò5K§ÉÚµ¥ ´12 12‡2 × 2 ¬§•)ÒS êi‰z

‡2 × 2 ¬ Ú ?Ò
Š â ã6.20¥ $ Ž 5 K § 3 þ ã I Ò e §BPÈ è ¥ z ‡2 × 2 ¬ $ŽL§X

ã6.22¤«§ã6.22xÑ ´1j 1i‡2 × 2 ¬"ùµL«DŠ§Éµ´®²•3 êâ"
ã6.22¥ ¢ÚwqE,§Ù¢ØL´£ã z‡2 × 2 ¬ z‡Ú 3)¤Ý ¥ ˜§
•Ò´ã6.21•)ÒS ¢Ú"
L_{\alpha_{i,j},j}=
f(R_{\alpha_{ij}+2^{j-
1},j}+L_{\alpha_{ij}+2^{j-1},j+1},
L_{\alpha_{i,j},j+1}
L ij , j L ij , j 1
L_{\alpha_{i,j}+2^{j-1},j}=
f(R_{\alpha_{ij},j},
L_{\alpha_{ij},j+1})+L_{\alpha_{ij} +
2^{j-1},j+1}
R_{\alpha_{i,j},j+1}=
R ij , j R ij , j 1
f(R_{\alpha_{ij}+2^{j-
1},j}+L_{\alpha_{ij}+2^{j-1},j+1},
R_{\alpha_{i,j},j}
L j 1 L j 1
ij  2 ,j ij  2 , j 1
R_{\alpha_{i,j}+2^{j-1},j+1}=
f(R_{\alpha_{ij},j},
L_{\alpha_{ij},j+1})+R_{\alpha_{ij} +
2^{j-1},j}
R j 1 R j 1
ij  2 ,j ij  2 , j 1
i−1
ã 6.22 ¬(i, j) ?nL§§γij = mod(i − 1, 2j−1 ) + 1 + 2j 2j−1 , Ù¥mod(a, b)L«aØ
±b {ê§bxcL«•e §Lp,q ÚRp,q L«LÚRÝ ¥éA ˜þ ƒ§ÉÚL«Ö
Têâ§ùÚL«DŠ/CXTêâ
. 180 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
ã6.22þ $Ž5KXe§Ù¥α = 0.9375, f (x, y) = sign(x)sign(y) min{|x|, |y|}.
Lγi,j ,j = f (Rγij +2j−1 ,j + Lγij +2j−1 ,j+1 , Lγi,j ,j+1
Lγi,j +2j−1 ,j = f (Rγij ,j , Lγij ,j+1 ) + Lγij +2j−1 ,j+1

(6.26)
Rγi,j ,j+1 = f (Rγij +2j−1 ,j + Lγij +2j−1 ,j+1 , Rγi,j ,j
Rγi,j +2j−1 ,j+1 = f (Rγij ,j , Lγij ,j+1 ) + Rγij +2j−1 ,j
(iv). •†$Ž"
Äk§éÄ1n þ ¤k2 × 2 ¬§?1ã6.22¥ $Ž"éìã6.22Œ±wÑ§dž
¤IêâLγi,n ,n+1 ÚLγi,n +2n−1 ,n+1 Ò´& ÂLLR§ Rγi,n ,n ÚRγi,n +2n−1 ,n ´Ð©Š0. d
ž§éuz‡2 × 2 ¬§·‚••†OŽü‡L¥ êâ§Ø•mOŽR¥ êâ"
1n þ ¤k2 × 2 ¬$Ž ¤§¿›X·‚‰LÝ 1n Wþ êâ", ±da
í§ ¤1n − 1, n − 2, ..., 1 ¥¤k2 × 2 ¬¥ OŽ§=‰LÝ 1n − 1, n − 2, ..., 1 W
þ êâ"
–d§·‚ ¤•†DÂ§Œ±wŠ´/ŒgS“0"
(v). •m$Ž"
Äk§éÄ11 þ ¤k2 × 2 ¬§?1ã6.22¥ $Ž"éìã6.22Œ±wÑ§dž¤
IêâRγi,1 ,1 ÚRγi,1 +1,1 Ò´& 'A k LLR"dž§éuz‡2 × 2 ¬§·‚••mO
Žü‡R¥ êâ§Ø•†OŽL¥ êâ"
11 þ ¤k2 × 2 ¬$Ž ¤§¿›X·‚‰RÝ 12 Wþ êâ", ±da
í§ ¤12, 3, ..., n ¥¤k2 × 2 ¬¥ OŽ§=‰RÝ 13, 4, ..., n + 1 Wþ êâ"
–d§·‚ ¤•mDÂ§ù•Œ±wŠ´/ŒgS“0"
(vi). þ¡ ü‡/ŒgS“0Üå5¡•˜gS“"
˜gS“ J' f§Ã‚& œ¹e§Ä ØŒU ( Èèì(J§¤±„
I‡1 gS“"ùž•IUY?1Ú½(iv)Ú(v)=Œ§† ˆ ýk<• ½ •ŒS“g
êT •Ž§T ;.Š320-50ƒm"ùž·‚Œ±uy§ ‡S“L§¥kü|êâl™u)
Cz§©O´L 1n + 1 ÚR 11 ¥ êâ§§‚l™ DŠ"
ˆ •ŒS“g §I‡Ò1'A û"·‚˜„•éü|'Aa, §©O´& S
(u1 , u2 , ..., uN )ÚèiS (x1 , x2 , ..., xN )§§‚ ûúª•µ

0, L
i,1 + Ri,1 ≥ 0,
ûi = (6.27)
1, L + Ri,1 < 0.
i,1
6.4 •Ý•2n 4zè BPÈè . 181 .

i,n+1 + Ri,n+1 ≥ 0,
0, L
x̂i = (6.28)
1, L
i,n+1 + Ri,n+1 < 0.
ª6.36ƒ¤±v«©È('AÚ&E'A§´Ï•éuÈ('Aui §éA Ri,1 = +∞§

Uìª6.36¥ 5K7¬ û•0.
5¿ ª6.36Úª6.37þäkL + R /ª§ùéAXÏfãp u•üà !:Jø

êâ£ëwã6.19¥•†m ü !:¤"
·‚•5¿ Ø & S (u1 , u2 , ..., uN )ÚèiS (x1 , x2 , ..., xN )§·‚„U û˜

¥m'AŠ§'X^L:,2 + R:,2 ÒU û4zè)¤Ý 11?2 × 2 ¬ÑÑ ?è(
J(u1 ⊕ u2 , u2 , ..., uN −1 ⊕ uN , uN )§ ù‡(J·‚˜„Øa, "
6.4.3 N = 8 4zèBPÈèŽ~
·ì~‰Ñ˜‡{ü ~f§ù‡~f ˜Xeµ
~ 6.6 AWGN& DÑ§Eb /N0 = 4dBµ
è•N = 8,&E'AêK = 4§èÇR = K/N = 0.5"
&E'A8ÜA = {4, 6, 7, 8}§È('A Ü 0"
4‡&E'A•(1111)§Ku81 = (00010111)§?è x81 = u81 F⊗3 = (01101001)"
x81 éA BPSKS •s81 = (1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1)
^MATLAB‘Å)¤˜‡D(S n81 = (−1.4, 0.5, 0.2, −0.8, −0.3, 0.2, 2.3, 1.7)
Â&Ò•y81 = s81 + n81 = (−0.4, −0.5, −0.8, 0.2, −1.3, 1.2, 3.3, 0.7)
Âéêq,'•L81 = 2 8
σ 2 y1 = (−2.0, −2.5, −4.0, 1.0, −6.5, 6.0, 16.6, 3.5)"
þ¡~f 1˜gÚ1 gS“ (JXe§·‚•I^LÚR¥ êâÒUL«˜ƒ"
Ð©zµ
. 182 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
   
0 0 0 −2.0 +∞ 0 0 0
   
−2.5
   
 0 0 0   +∞ 0 0 0 
   
−4.0,
   
 0 0 0   +∞ 0 0 0 
   
   
 0 0 0 1.0   0 0 0 0 
L= ,R =  .
−6.5
   
 0 0 0   +∞ 0 0 0 
   
   
 0 0 0 6.0   0 0 0 0 
   
   
 0 0 0 16.6   0 0 0 0 
   
0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0
1˜gS“µ
   
−1.6479 −1.7578 1.8750 −2.0 +∞ +∞ −2.6917 2.5234
   
−2.5269 −0.8789 −2.3438 −2.5 −2.4170 −2.2659
   
   +∞ +∞ 
   
−0.8789 −3.7500 −3.7500 −4.0,
   
   +∞ 0.8789 2.6367 2.4719 
   
−2.5781 −3.5156 −5.7129
   
 0.9375 0.9375 1.0   0 1.7398 
L= ,R =  .
−3.0762 −6.0938 −6.5000 −6.5
   
   +∞ 2.8839 0 4.7589 
   
−2.4316 3.0762 −3.2813 −1.0153
   
 3.2813 6.0000 6.0   0 
   
−5.7129 −2.8839 −5.3558
   
 3.2813 16.6000 16.6000 16.6   0 
   
3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5 0 0 −5.3558 −6.2933
1 gS“µ
   
−1.6479 −1.7578 1.8750 −2.0 +∞ +∞ −6.2708 4.1143
   
−2.3438 −2.5  −2.6299 −2.4655 
   
 0.5493 2.1973  +∞ +∞
   
−1.9922 −3.7500 −4.0,   +∞ −2.9388 −1.1810 −1.1072 
   
 1.8677
   
−5.0024 −3.1348 −0.9375 −1.8677 −4.0649
   
 1.0   0 0.2915 
L= ,R =  .
−2.2522 −4.3359 −4.6250 −6.5 
   
  +∞ 2.2522 2.1114 3.9864 
   
−1.6626 −4.0649 −2.4023 −0.0586 
   
 2.4023 8.2659 6.0   0
   
−2.6188 −2.1114 −1.0042 
   
 11.2442 14.1281 16.6   0 0
   
−2.7933 −2.7933 2.5625 3.5 0 0 −3.8109 −4.7484
6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª . 183 .
ùžL:,1 + R:,1 = (+∞, +∞, +∞, −5.0024, +∞, −1.6626, −2.6188, −2.7933)§K&E'A
û•(û4 , û6 , û7 , û8 ) = (1, 1, 1, 1)¶
ù žL:,4 + R:,4 = (2.11, −4.97, −5.11, 1.29, −2.51, 5.94, 15.60, −1.25)§ K è i ' A û
•(x̂1 , ..., x̂8 ) = (01101001)¶
éìuxêâŒ•§džÈè ("
§ 6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª
ùp d• ´Ý ©)§'XA = A1 A2 ...As = B1 B2 ...Bt §K@•A1 A2 ...As ÚB1 B2 ...Bt

d"
4zè)¤Ý d/ª{†õ êØL5§e¡·‰ÑA‡~„ d/ª"Ø ·
e¡` /ª §„kÃ¡Ã¦ d/ª§•ØL§‚¿ÂØŒ"
6.5.1 ˜† d/ª
e¡´'uF⊗n n!‡/Äu˜† à à d/ª0 SN"

⊗n
kw˜‡~f" N = 8ž§F IO/ª uã6.23 ¥m§ ã6.23ü> /ª´Ï
⊗n
L˜†F IO/ª µm> ã˜† 11Ú2 §†> ã˜† 12Ú3 "Ø
J yéu?¿u81 ∈ {0, 1} §Ñ\
8
ã6.23¥?¿˜‡?èã †ý§mý OŽ(JÑƒ
⊗n
Ó§ù y– ‰F /Äu˜† à à d/ª0§Ù¥/˜†0• ˜†IO?èã
¥ §/à à d0 ¿g´éu?¿u81 ∈ {0, 1}8 §²L˜† IO?èã•mýÑÑ
OŽ(JÚIO?èã•mýÑÑ (J˜ § ´¥mOŽ(JØ˜½˜ "
⊗n
w,§F IO?èã¥ kn §éA ˜†kn!‡§e¡ ½n`²ùn!‡˜†?
èãÚIO?èãà à d"
置换形式1 标准形式置换形式2
1 2 3  1 2 3 
1    2   
1 3 2   2 1 3
ã 6.23 F⊗3 Äu˜† à à d/ª

. 184 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
½n 6.1 N = 2n §Pã6.23¥m /ª•IO/ª F⊗n §F⊗n kn §l†•m

•gIÒ•{1, 2, 3..., n}" ˜†ρ ´½Â8Ü{1, 2, 3..., n}þ ˜†§F⊗n
ρ L«F
⊗n
éAÏf
ã U(ρ(1), ρ(2), ..., ρ(n)) ^Sü §•Ò´^ρ ˜†F⊗n éAÏfã §Kéu?
⊗n ⊗n
¿uN
1 ∈ {0, 1}N
§kuN
1 F = 1 Fρ "
uN
y² én^8B{"
Þµn = 1Lu²…§ln = 2m©§Xã6.24¤«§dž••32!‡˜†§½n¤á"
u1 u1  u2 u1  u2  u 3  u 4 u1 u1  u 3 u1  u2  u 3  u 4
u2 u 2
u2  u 4
u2 u2  u 4 u2  u 4
u3 u3  u 4 u3  u 4
u3 u3 u3  u 4
u4 u4 u4 u4 u4 u4
ã 6.24 N = 22 ž§éu?¿u41 ∈ {0, 1}4 §½n(Ø¤á
k k
8Bb µ n = kž§éu½Â3{1, 2, 3..., k}þ ?¿˜†ρ§ku21 F⊗k = u21 F⊗k
ρ "
e˜Úµ n = k + 1ž§†n = kžÌ‡kü:ØÓµ(i). ½Â3{1, 2, 3..., k + 1}þ ˜†

'½Â3{1, 2, 3..., k}þ ˜†õ k+1 ¶(ii). F⊗k+1 dþeü‡F⊗k © ¤§© •ªX
ã6.25¤«§=¦^F ⊗ IN/2 rü‡F⊗k ëå5"ã6.25 ¥•¹ k!«Äu ˜† à à d
/ªµ3 ½1k + 1 ØÄ œ¹e§d8Bb §˜†ck ØUC?ÛOŽ(J£ùž˜
⊗k
†ck duþeü‡F Óž‰1ƒÓ ˜†¤"
前k列 F k  1 第k+1列
k
u12 F k
k k +1
u12 Fk  u 22k 1Fk
k
u12 Fk ...
k +1
u 22k 1
k +1
u22k 1Fk
F k k +1 ...
u22k 1Fk
置换前k列不改变中间计算结果
ã 6.25 F⊗k+1 ÚF⊗k 'X§F ⊗ IN/2 éA ˜3• ¡
aq/§ùg·‚rF ⊗ IN/2 éA ˜3•c¡§Xã6.26¤«"Œ„ã6.25Ú6.26OŽ

(JƒÓ"y3·‚®²y² 2(k!)«œ¹§„•(k − 1)(k!)«œ¹"
6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª . 185 .
第1列 F k  1 后k列
2k k +1
u  u 22k 1
1
k k +1
u12 Fk  u 22k 1Fk
F k
k
u12 ...
k +1
u 22k 1
k +1
u 22k 1 F k
k +1
u22k 1Fk
...
置换后k列不改变计算结果
ã 6.26 F ⊗ IN/2 éA ˜3•c¡
•e œ ¹ Ã š Ò ´ rF ⊗ IN/2 é A ˜ u ¥ m § X ã6.28¤ « " Ù ¥F⊗k =

Qk1 ⊗k Qlog2 N ρ,1:k1
β=1 [I N ⊗ F ⊗ I2ρ(β)−1 ]L«F⊗k
ρ ck1 , 1 ≤ k1 ≤ k − 1 §Fρ,k1 +1:n = β=k1 +1 [I N ⊗
2ρ(β) 2ρ(β)
⊗k ⊗k
F ⊗ I2ρ(β)−1 ]L«F⊗k
ρ n − k1 §Óž5¿ F⊗k = F⊗k
ρ = Fρ,1:k1 Fρ,k1 +1:n §1˜‡ Ò¦
^ 8Bb ,1 ‡ ÒÄuXã6.27¥ ¯¢"Œ„ã6.25!6.26 Ú6.28 OŽ(JƒÓ"
ã6.28¥m kk − 1‡ \ ˜§y."
C  AB
u uA
A B (uA)B=u(AB)  uC
ã 6.27 1˜‡µ´Ý AéA?èL§§1˜‡µ´Ý BéA?èL§§PC = AB§K

ã¥ OŽ(J•(uA)B = uC
w ùpÖöAT• §·‚y3– kn!«˜†ÏfãŒ±‰14zèBPÈè§ù Ï

fã «O3uµ
(1). z‡2 × 2 ¬ Ñ\ÚÑÑêâ ˜ØÓ¶
(2). ¦^˜†Ïfãž§&E'A¢Ú8ÜA•ŒUØÓ"–uÚIOÏfãƒ'ØÓƒ
?3=p§3‰Öög•"
5¿œe¡ Ïfã§=GN = (IN/2 ⊗ F)RN (I2 ⊗ GN/2 )£ã ÏfãØU?1 ã˜
†"
. 186 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
k
u12 F,1:k k
k k +1
1
u12 F,1:k k  u 22k 1F,1:k k
1 1
k k +1
u12 F,1:k k F,kk 1:n  u 22k 1F,1:k k F,kk 1:n =
u 2k
Fk
 ,1:k1 Fk k
1 1
k +1 k
1 1
k +1
1
...  ,k1 1:n u12 Fk  u 22k 1Fk =u 12 Fk  u 22k 1Fk
k +1 k +1
u22k 1F,1:k k u22k 1F,1:k k
1 1
u 22k 1 F ,1:k1
k +1 k k +1 k +1 k +1
... F,kk 1:n u 22k 1F,1:k k F,kk 1:n =u 22k 1Fk =u 22k 1Fk
1 1
1
ã 6.28 F ⊗ IN/2 éA ˜3¥m
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

(1,1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4)
(2,1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4)

= = =
(3,1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4)
(4,1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4)

= = =
(5,1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4)
(6,1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4)

= = =
(7,1) (7, 2) (7, 3) (7, 4)
(8,1) (8, 2) (8, 3) (8, 4)

= = =
ã 6.29 Ø‡éTÏfã?1 ã˜†§Ï•˜† Ú˜†cØ d
6.5.2 Äu˜†Ïfã 4zèBP LÈèì
BP L£BP list§BPL¤Èèìd©z[37]JÑ§•BPÈèJø #g´"
BPLÈèì¦^L‡BPÈèì?1Èèì§z‡ÈèìÄuØÓ ˜†Ïfã"¤k˜†
ÏfãÑ¼ ƒÓ Â&Ò§¤k˜†Ïfãþ &E'A¢Ú8ÜA•ÑƒÓ1 "ØÓ ˜
†Ïfãþ2 × 2 ¬ Ú ˜ØÓ§ —OŽžÖ êâØÓ§OŽ(JDŠ ˜•Ø
Ó§ùÒE¤z‡˜†Ïfã S“(JØÓ"
z‡˜†Ïfãþ S“ ¤ §¼ L‡Èèì(J§P•x1 , x2 , ..., xL . è••N ,
1
z‡Ïfã A7LƒÓ§Ï•ØÓ Aò —˜‡& S éAõ‡èi§ù´ØÜn
6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª . 187 .
F1 n x1
2
llr  y
x  uF  n s  1  2x y sn
2
F1 n x2 s  arg min || y  xl ||2
1l  L
xs
. .
红框中所有L个置换因子图使 .
.
.
.
用相同的 LLR 和相同的信息

比特索引集合 FLn xL
ã 6.30 BPLÈè6§ã§ùµ¥ z˜‡F⊗n

ρl ÑL«˜‡˜†Ïfã§•Ò´˜‡BPÈèì
DÑ& ´BPSK-AWGN& {§•âeªÀ •`èiµ
s = arg max Pr(y|xl ) = arg max Pr(y|sl )

1≤l≤L 1≤l≤L
N N
Y 1 Y (yi −si )2
= arg max Pr(yi |si ) = arg max e− 2σ 2
1≤l≤L
i=1
2π N/2 σ N 1≤l≤L
i=1
(6.29)
PN
(y −s )2
− i=12σi2 i
= arg max e
1≤l≤L
= arg min {||y − sl ||2 }.

1≤l≤L
=Ïé† Â&Òîªål• èixs ••Èè(J§Ù¥sl = 1 − 2xl ´1l‡èiS

BPSKÎÒ§=·‚OŽ ú &ÒÚ Â&Ò ål"5¿ØU† OŽ||y − xl ||2 §ù
vkÔn¿Â"
BPLÈèì 6§ãXã6.30¤«"–uXÛÀ ˜†ρ§=XÛÀ ˜†Ïfã§k,
ÖöŒ±ë•©z[38].
¦^üX4zè§BPLÈèì BLER5UOÃ¿ØwÍ" ¦^RM-polarè[39]ž§BPLÈ
èì BLER5UJ,wÍ"
¤ ¢RM-polarè § Ò ´ ý k < • ½ ˜ ‡ 1 - K Šdt § , 3F⊗n ¥ Ï é 1 - u
(i)
udt 1§ù 1 1Ò ¤8ÜB"Ø+4z& WN i ∈B & ŸþkõÐ§3ÀJDÑ
&E'A8ÜAž§B¥ ƒ˜ÆØƒ•Ä§=RM-polarè3{1, 2, 3, ..., N } \ B¥ÀJDÑ&E
'A & "
N = 211 §R = 0.5§dt = 16§ã6.31Ð«RM-polarè3BPLÈèìe BLER5U§Œ
„ƒ'üX4zè3ÊÏBPÈèìe BLER5U§RM-polarè3BPLÈèìe BLER5Uw
ÍJ, §… C Lê•10 CA-SCLÈèì BLER5U"
, BPLÈèì¯K•éŒµM‡êþ´ÊÏBPÈèì L §ù•¿›XõÑ•A
. 188 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
100
10-1
10-2
BLER
10-3
10-4 Standard BP
BPL, L=32
CASCL, L=10
10-5
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 6.31 RM-polarè3BPLÈèìe BLER5Ué'"N = 211 §R = 0.5§dt = 16§ è&
D'Eb /N0 = 2.5dB, GA è§BPL LêL = 32§˜†ÏfãÀ Ž{5g©z[38]
´L "
6.5.3 6Y‚ d/ª
Ø ˜†Ïfãƒ §„k6Y‚Ïfã[34]"ùp·‚¦^Ú[34]¥ƒÓ ÎÒ§xÑ

ã6.32§ã6.32¥ ( Œ±û4zè BPÈè"5¿§e¡ Qã¥‡^ Wý˜†§X
J#P ƒ'Vgž£w½Â2.2±9½Â2.2e¡ƒ' 5Ÿ"
ùpéWý˜†Sm1 ,m2 ‰˜ J2" ·‚é •þ?1˜†ž§eª¤áµ
Sm1 ,m2 (a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., am1 m2 )T = (a1 , am1 +1 , a2m1 +1 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +1 ,
(6.30)
T
a2 , am1 +2 , a2m1 +2 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +2 , ..., am1 , a2m1 , a3m1 , ..., am2 m1 ) .
XJé1•þ?1 ˜†§K =˜µ
(a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., am1 m2 )STm1 ,m2 = (a1 , am1 +1 , a2m1 +1 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +1 ,
(6.31)
a2 , am1 +2 , a2m1 +2 , ..., a(m2 −1)m1 +2 , ..., am1 , a2m1 , a3m1 , ..., am2 m1 ).
6.5 4zèBPÏfã d/ª . 189 .
u1N x1N
R  R  ...... R 
ã 6.32 4zèBPÈèì 6Y‚/ª§N = 2n §uN 1 ´1•þ§RÚ⊕ N-Eng§Ù
N ⊗n
¥R = SN/2,2 §ÎÒ⊕ = IN/2 ⊗ F"·‚e¡‡` Ò´•ŸoxN
1 = u 1 F ¤á
Ï•éu?¿˜†Ý PkPT P = I§¤±STm1 ,m2 ÚSm1 ,m2 p•_Ý "Ï•Sm1 ,m2 Sm2 ,m1 =
Im1 m2 ð¤á§¤±Sm2 ,m1 = STm1 ,m2 .
3ã6.32¥§R´˜‡N × N, N = 2n ˜†Ý §R Š^Xeµ
(a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., aN )R = (a1 , a3 , a5 , ..., aN −1 , a2 , a4 , a6 , ..., aN ). (6.32)
ÖöêþuyÎÒR = SN/2,2 .
ÎÒ⊕éÑ\•þ Š^ JXeµ
(a1 , a2 , ..., aN ) × ⊕ = (a1 ⊕ a2 , a2 , a3 ⊕ a4 , a4 , a5 ⊕ a6 , a6 , ...., aN −1 ⊕ aN , aN ). (6.33)
Ööêþuy⊕ = IN/2 ⊗ F.
Ún 6.1 N = 2n §K(SN/2,2 )n = IN .
y² ·‚Œ±”úye¡ 5Æµ
SN/2,2 SN/2,2 = SN/4,4 ,
SN/2,2 SN/2,2 SN/2,2 = SN/8,8 ,

(6.34)
...
Sm
N/2,2 = SN/2m ,2m .
l (SN/2,2 )n = S1,N = IN . y."

~Xµ
(a1 , a2 , ..., a8 )S4,2 = (a1 , a3 , a5 , a7 , a2 , a4 , a6 , a8 );
(a1 , a3 , a5 , a7 , a2 , a4 , a6 , a8 )S4,2 = (a1 , a5 , a2 , a6 , a3 , a7 , a4 , a8 );
(a1 , a5 , a2 , a6 , a3 , a7 , a4 , a8 )S4,2 = (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , a6 , a7 , a8 )§ uvkCz"
. 190 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
½n 6.2 N = 2n §k[SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)]n = F⊗n .
y² ù‡y²Ò´Øä/ ©Ý §Óž|^ª2.1r¤k SN/2,2 æ3˜å§^þ¡

ÚnžK§‚"
SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 ...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
(a)
= SN/2,2 SN/2,2 (F ⊗ IN/2 )(I2 ⊗ IN/4 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 ...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
(b)
= SN/2,2 SN/2,2 [(F ⊗ IN/4 ) ⊗ F]SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 ...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
(c)
= SN/2,2 SN/2,2 SN/2,2 (F⊗2 ⊗ IN/4 )(I4 ⊗ IN/8 ⊗ F)SN/2,2 ...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
(6.35)
⊗2
= SN/2,2 SN/2,2 SN/2,2 [(F ⊗ IN/8 ) ⊗ F]SN/2,2 ...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
= SN/2,2 SN/2,2 SN/2,2 SN/2,2 (F⊗3 ⊗ IN/8 )...SN/2,2 (IN/2 ⊗ F)
...
= (SN/2,2 )n F⊗n .
(a). Äk¦^ ª2.1§, ¦^ w, (ØµIN/2 = I2 ⊗ IN/4 ;

(b). ¦^ ª2.2§5¿ Kronecker¦Èk(ÜÆ;
(c). 2g¦^ ª2.1§5¿ Kronecker¦Èk(ÜÆ§…IN/2 = I4 ⊗ IN/8 ;
• ¦^Ún6.1 ¤y²"
w ùpÖöÒ²x§/Xã6.32¥ Ïfã•Œ± ¤4zè BPÈèì§ …ù«ã
`:´z˜? ¤ ƒÓ§‰M‡ žÿÒUE›Êb "
x1N ...... u1N

R  R  R 
ã 6.33 ,˜«6Y‚/ª4zèBPÈèì§•ØLŃ† ã6.32 c ^S
íØ 6.1 rã6.32c N† ã6.33§Uìã6.33¥ /ª§•U ¤4zèBPÈè

6.6 4zè'A€=BPÈèì . 191 .
y² ·‚• F⊗n gC´gC _§¤±rã6.32mý xN

1 Ú†ý 1 N†´
uN d "
§ 6.6 4zè'A€=BPÈèì
·‚æ^r, &E'A k LLR˜•Ã¡5¢yBPÈèì¥ 'A€=[40]"

X ã6.34¤ « § ù ‡ ã ¦ ^ dGN = (I N ⊗ F)R(I2 ⊗ G N )½ Â Ïfã§Ù¥Ý
2 2
R Š^´(u1 , u2 , ..., uN )R = (u1 , u3 , u5 , ..., uN −1 , u2 , u4 , u6 ..., uN )"ã6.34¥&E'A8Ü
•{4, 6, 7, 8}"Ïd§3 ˜k LLRž§&E'Au4 , u6 , u7 , u8 LLRÑAT´0" ´· Ø
ù ‰§·ru4 Úu6 k LLR ˜•ÙýŠéA LLR§=XJu4 = 0§K R4,1 = +∞§
XJu6 = 1§K R6,1 = −∞§ùò4ŒJ,BPÈèì BLER5U"
Priori  knowledge Conventional BP schedule Channel LLR
 LLR1
 = = = LLR2
 LLR3
(1  2u4 )   = = = LLR4
 LLR5
(1  2u6 )   = = = LLR6
0 LLR7
0 = = = LLR8
ã 6.34 'A€=BPÈèìÞ~
'A€=BPÈèì $16§´µ
(a). ?1ÊÏBPÈè§¤k&E'A k LLRU~5 ˜•0.
(b). XJ ˆ•ŒS“gê §BPÈèì Èè(JØ (§KI‡?1'A€="
(c). ÀJØŒ‚&E'Aui ?1€=§¤¢€=´•rui k LLR •Ã¡§=Ri,1 =
(1 − 2ui ) × ∞"
(d). ¦^Ri,1 = (1 − 2ui ) × ∞?1~5BPÈè§='A€=ÈèÚ~5BPÈè•˜ «O
Ò´'A€=Èèì¥Ri,1 = (1 − 2ui ) × ∞§ ~5BPÈèì¥Ri,1 = 0.
. 192 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
(e). XJ'A€=BPÈè ) (Èè(J§Èè(å¶ÄK§ÀJ,˜‡ØŒ‚&E

'Auj ?1'A€="dL§˜†±Y§† 'A€=BPÈè ) (Èè(J§½ö'A€
=Èè gê‡L •Œ#NŠT .
lþ¡ g´Œ±wÑ§'A€=BPÈèìkn‡'…¯Kµ
(i). X Û • c È è ( J ´ é ´ † º ‰ Y µ ù Œ ± Ï L ¦ ^CRC-polarè ¢ y § Ï
LCRC Ò@•´ ((J§ÄK´†ØÈè(J¶
(ii). XÛÀJØŒ‚&E'Aui º‰Yµ¦^©z[18]JÑ '…8Ü£Critical Set§CS¤"
'…8Ü3'A€=SCÈèìù˜!¥ùL§# ÖöŒ±2 w˜e"
(iii). À½ØŒ‚'Aui §Ri,1 ½• Ã¡„´KÃ¡º‰Yµ31˜g †Ø £™
ÏLCRC ¤Èè¥§XJui éA Li,1 • §K-Ri,1 •KÃ¡¶XJui éA Li,1 •K§
K-Ri,1 • Ã¡"
þã'A€=BPÈèì BLER5UXã6.35¤«§Ù¥ã~•CS-1 -‚´þãBP'
A€=Èèì BLER§CS-1 ¿g´µ¦^CS•«I‡€= 'A§zgÈè=€=˜‡
ØŒ‚&E'A"ã~•EOBF£Exhaustive One-Bit-Flip¤-‚L« mCS§ÃMé¤k&
E'A?1€=§¤±EOBF-‚ BLER5UùCS-1§ ´ÈèE,ÝŒŒO\"ã~
•CA-SCL -‚ĆA-SCL Èèì BLER§L´ Lêþ"
ã6.35 (Ø´µCS-1-‚ 5UÄ ÚL = 6/8 CA-SCLÈèì BLER5Uƒ §
−4
BLER= 10 ž§éuN = 4096 CS-1-‚§ÙBLER5U+kÊÏBPÈèì 1‡© §
ùJ,„´ •wÍ "
,§þãÈèìzg=€=˜‡&E'A§©z[40]„JÑ 3˜gBPÈè¥€=õ
‡&E'A Ž{§?˜ÚJ, 'A€=BPÈèì BLER5U§k, ÖöŒ±ww©
z[40].
§ 6.7 4zèBPÈèì @Ï¥ŽÅ›
4zèBPÈèì @Ï¥ŽÅ›ŒÑ' {ü§e¡ 4¥Å›Ä vkBLER5U

O"
6.7.1 GÝ {
g © z[33]" z ˜ gBPS “ ( å §Ñ?1 ûèi'AÚ&E'A û§

6.7 4zèBPÈèì @Ï¥ŽÅ› . 193 .
0
10
CASCL=4,N=2048
CASCL=6,N=2048
-1 BP,N=2048
10 CS-1,N=2048
EOBF,N=2048
CASCL=4,N=4096
10-2 CASCL=8,N=4096
BP,N=4096
BLER
CS-1,N=4096
10-3 EOBF,N=4096
10-4
10-5
-6
10
1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 6.35 BP'A€=Èèì BLER5Ué'§èÇ˜Æ•R = 0.5, CRC •Ý˜Æ
•24§BPS“gê˜Æ•100" N = 2048ž§CS-1-‚#N'A€=gê•220¶ N =
4096ž§CS-1-‚#N'A€=gê•411
(uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )Ú(xˆ1 , ..., xˆN )µ


0, L
i,1 + Ri,1 ≥ 0,
ûi = (6.36)
1, L + Ri,1 < 0.
i,1

i,n+1 + Ri,n+1 ≥ 0,
0, L
x̂i = (6.37)
1, L
i,n+1 + Ri,n+1 < 0.
XJ(uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )F⊗n == (xˆ1 , ..., xˆN )§K@•džÈè (§¥ŽBPS“.

ÑÑ(uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )Ú(xˆ1 , ..., xˆN )Š•Èè(J¶ÄK§UYBPS“"
6.7.2 CRC
ù´‡DŒ •{§ÒØIÑ? "7L¦^CRC-polar"z˜gBPS“(å §Ñ?

1&E'A û§ (uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )"XJ(uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )¥ &E'AÏLCRC §K@•Èè
(§¥ŽBP S“§ÑÑ(uˆ1 , ..., uˆN )Š•Èè(J¶ÄK§UYBPS“"
. 194 . 16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì
6.7.3 ‰ê{
g©z[41]"
i−1
P¹1i − 1gS“¥ êâ:LÝ 1˜ L:,1 §þ IL«ù´1i − 1g Èèêâ¶
P¹1igS“¥ êâ:LÝ 1˜ Li:,1 §þ IL«ù´1ig Èèêâ¶
XJ||Li−1 i
:,1 − L:,1 || u,˜KŠ§K@•êâ Czé §ÈèÂñ§¥ŽBPS“¶Ä
K§UYBPÈè"
‰ê||x||Œ±?¿À § ‰ê!Ã¡‰ê½´p‰ê§‘¿"Ï•ØÓ ‰êƒm´k.
"
6.7.4 •€&E'A{
g©z[42]"
(i)
¤¢•€&E'AÒ´4z& WN , i ∈ A¥Ÿþ• & §~XNþ• §½ńA
(i)
næXê•Œ "3WN , i ∈ A¥ÀÑM ‡Ÿþ• & §ùM ‡& ¢Ú8ÜP
•M"dd§·‚'5 uM¥ &E'A§Pù 'A•v = (v1 , v2 , ..., vM ).
P¹1i − 1gÈè¥v Š§P•vi−1 §þ IL«ù´1i − 1g Èèêâ¶
P¹1igÈè¥v Š§P•vi §þ IL«ù´1ig Èèêâ"
XJv i−1
Úv ¥ 'AÄg
i
˜—§KP¹ c/˜—gê0•1§, ?11i + 1gS
“"
XJ3 e5 P gS“¥§c˜g (Jvi−1 Ú ˜g (Jvi EÎgg˜—§K@•
ÈèÂñ§(åBPÈè"
Ù¥P ´<• ½ KŠ§˜„ P = 5Ò §=c˜g (Jvi−1 Ú ˜g (Jvi ë
Y5gS“Ñ˜ §KŒ±@•ÈèÂñ"
ùp ÖSN(å§·ù‹$ß®²v^ §ÖöŒ±gC IEEEe1Ø©Éç "
17Ù N¹µ{üMATLAB“è
ÙÌ‡‰Ñ· “è e1/Œ§•Ïƒ#\€" Ù(—„k‡LDPC ç "
§ 7.1 “è$1„Ý
“è3 y ( Ä:þ§$1„ÝÒ¤ •-‡ ¯Kƒ˜§k $1„Ý¯ “è§

ÒU×„ yg´§×„ (J"
· “èÑ´ G1 §š~lÐ/Ø 9õ‚§!õØ$Ž§='5ÈèOŽL§"@
où “è $1„ÝXÛº·Ž§U ÷vŒõêïÄ ‡¦§éuN = 2048 èi§^
−7
ÊÏ •ú>M§˜U Ñ10 ØèÇ£BLER¤´v¯K "
·• tLDPC <kžÿI‡ ÑError Floor§10−7 „ Ø U ÷ v I ‡ " ´4zè
3SCÈèŽ{eØ•3Error Floor[43]§¤±4zè˜„Ø7•ýš~$ †ØÇ"
e¡ L´·3gC ÊÏ ªÅþ ÿÁ(J§žmü ´¦"BPÈèì¦^ [33]¥
@Ï¥ŽÅ›§•ŒS“gê•50g§$1&D'Eb /N0 = 2.5dB"
N = 256 N = 512 N = 1024 N = 2048 N = 4096

?è„Ý 2.1 × 10−5 4.1 × 10−5 8.2 × 10−5 1.8 × 10−4 3.8 × 10−4
SCÈè 4.8 × 10−5 1.1 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−4 5.2 × 10−4 1.1 × 10−3
CASCLÈèìL = 8 7.4 × 10−4 1.5 × 10−3 3.2 × 10−3 6.7 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−2
CASCLÈèìL = 32 2.1 × 10−3 4.6 × 10−3 9.9 × 10−3 2 × 10−2 4.5 × 10−2
BPÈèì 3 × 10−4 7 × 10−4 2.2 × 10−3 5 × 10−3 1 × 10−2
L 7.1 §S3ÊÏPCþ $1„Ý§i5?nì(•^üØ)§3.3GHz§8GS•"¤kèi è
ÇÑ´R = 0.5§dpdCq3Eb /N0 = 2.5dB? E
. 196 . 17Ù N¹µ{üMATLAB“è
§ 7.2 DÚCA-SCLÈèì
e1/Œµhttps://github.com/YuYongRun/PolarCodeDecodersInMatlab/tree/
master/PolarConventionalCASCL
g‘pdCqè E"
$1 Jãµ
10 0
10 -2
BLER
L=2
10 -4 L=4
L=8
L = 16
L = 32
10 -6
1 1.5 2 2.5
Eb/N0 (dB)
ã 7.1 N = 1024, R = 0.5, CRC•Ý•16
7.3 FastSCLÈèì . 197 .
§ 7.3 FastSCLÈèì
master/PolarFastSCL
T§SSkˆ«4zè EŽ{Úo«XÚ4zè ?èŽ{"
$1 Jãµ
10 0
10 -2
BLER
L=2
10 -4 L=4
L=8
L = 16
L = 32
10 -6
1 1.5 2 2.5
Eb/N0 (dB)
ã 7.2 N = 1024, R = 0.5, CRC•Ý•16§XÚ4zè
é'ã7.1Úã7.2Œ•§¯„ÈèŽ{vk?ÛBLER5U›”"
§ 7.4 BPÈèì
master/PolarCodeBPdecoder
$1 Jãµ
100
10-1
10-2
BLER
10-3
N = 256
10-4 N = 512
N = 1024
N = 2048
10-5
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 7.3 ¤kèiR = 0.5, •ŒS“gê50§@Ï¥ŽÅ›5g©z[33]

7.5 LDPC . 199 .
§ 7.5 LDPC
vŽ j§ù‡Ò´ç "LDPC?Èèìe1/Œµhttps://github.com/YuYongRun/
LDPC.
d§SkØ õUµ
1. õ«LDPCèiµî¼AÛè(EG)§ K8Üè(PG)§Ú?>O•è(PEG/ACE§5
ghttp://www.inference.org.uk/mackay/codes/data.html#l66§ Ö ö • Œ ± ^
· §SProgressiveEdgeGrowth.mgC E)§WiFiè(802.11n)§WiMaxè(802.16e)§Mackayè(5
ghttp://www.inference.org.uk/mackay/codes/data.html#l66)"
2. õ«N›•ªµBPSK, 4ASK, 8ASK, 16ASK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM"ù N
›þæ^ ‚XN §rèi'Ax1 , x2 , ..., xm N •1˜‡ÎÒ§, rxm+1 , xm+2 , ..., x2m N
•1 ‡ÎÒ§±daí")N´”BICM”ª §= Ñ ˜‡(Œ:þ'Am ƒ'5"
3. OêHÝ ¥ ‚µNkOê•Ý´6!8Ú10 ‚ §S"
4. ?èæ^ ´•{ü•´•Ï^ Ý ¦{x = uG = u[I|P]§ÏLéXêÝ H¦^p
dž Ûó Ý P"•,wå5é’{§ ´Ï^"LDPC?èìe õ§•‰Èè
Ž{ïÄ {•Ø7Å(u?èì p 5§Ï•MATLAB‰Ý ¦{Ø´¯K"
L 0
6. Èèì3 !:OŽž¦^ °(Èèúª§=Li,j = 2 tanh−1 ( j 0 ∈N {i}\{j} tanh( j2 ,i )).
Q
3MATLAB XÚ¼ê¥§¦ê¡ ˜ dúª Œ±JpOŽ„Ýµ
x 2
tanh( ) = 1 − . (7.1)
2 1 + ex
1+x
2 tanh−1 (x) = ln . (7.2)
1−x
e¡´•ý(J§•ý ˜•BPSK-AWGN& §4zè¦^pdCq3Eb /N0 = 2dB?
E§4zèÈèž f ¼ê¦^ Cqf (x, y) = sign(x)sign(y) min{|x|, |y|}. LDPCè¦^
•ŒS“gê´50g ö•ªBPÈèì§ÈèúªÃ?ÛCq"
100
WiFi-LDPC,(1944,972)
WiMax-LDPC,(2016,1008)
10-1 PEG-LDPC,(2048,1018)
PEG+ACE-LDPC,(2048,1018)
Polar-L=8,(2048,1024,16)
-2 Polar-L=16,(2048,1024,16)
10
Polar-L=32,(2048,1024,16)
BLER
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
1 1.5 2 2.5
Eb /N0 (dB)
ã 7.4 LDPCÚ4zè BLER5Ué'§è• •2000§èÇ •0.5.

ë•©z
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Elements of Polar Codes

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Elements of Polar Codes

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4zèùÂ

A First Course in Polar Codes

·5¿ Arikan Erdal Ø©ùüc Öþ O§¤±·@•kŒþ <m©ïÄ4z

12Ù •Ý•2 ˜ 4zè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.5.2 ¦^SCÈèì?1Monte-Carloè E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

15Ù G1-ž LÈè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

16Ù 4zè˜&DÂÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

6.6 4zè'A€=BPÈèì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

17Ù N¹µ{üMATLAB“è . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Ù0 ] ¥ •Ä Vg§ù Vgò3 YÙ!¥ª„^ " Ù½n y²

, §·‚~^ SÈ¿šþ¡ ½Â§·‚~^ SÈ ½ÂXeµ

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¤±§k ‚5“êSÈ˜m¥ Í¶ (Ø§~XR(AH ) = [K(A)]⊥1 , 3‚5©|

GGT = O§ÏdG Ý Ò´§gC§ù«èi¡•góè"

½n 1.1 GÚH ½ÂXþ¤ã§Krank(G) + rank(H) = N .

y² ù‡y² L§Ò´)‚5•§| L§§Ñ"

§ 1.2 4zè µVg

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žL(y)´y ²…¿©ÚOþ"L(y) ò34zè Èè¥¦^"

(ii) W (y|0) = W (π(y)|1)

½Â1.7¥˜†π ½Â•´ÑÑÎÒ8ÜY§1L«ð ˜†"

~ 1.1 BI-DMSC Ä–~f"

þª¥W ´Œ •2 × 2N Ý §W éA˜†π = (1, N + 1)(2, N + 2), ..., (N, 2N )§Ù¥

½Â 1.8 ?›Ñ\lÑ& •Œq, û

x̂ML = arg max W (y|x). (1.4)

½n 1.2 ?›Ñ\lÑ& W 3ML û5Ke †ØÇ´:

(yi |0) W (yj |0)

y² ¤¢OŽ†ØÇ§=´Ïéü:¯‡(X = x, Y = y)÷vy3ML û5Ke (J

½Â 1.9 ?›Ñ\lÑ& nA næXê

~ 1.2 ~1.3¥ & W nA næXêXeµ

y² 5¿ Z(W ) = 0½1 ^‡ÚPeML (W ) OŽúªá= y"

½Â 1.10 ?›Ñ\lÑ& é¡Nþ

XJW ´BI-DMSC§Kþª¥ é¡Nþ u& Nþ"

y² ë„©z[3]¥ ·K1§d½nò3y²4zèŒ± ˆ& Nþž¦^"

y² ù´Í¶ p&Eóª{K§|^^‡p&EI(X; Y |Z) ½Â´ "

½Â 1.11 lÑ& ÚOòz

½n 1.6 XJW  Q§Keª¤áµ

Z(W ) ≥ Z(Q), (1.13)

PeML (W ) ≥ PeML (Q).

y² 1˜‡ªfÒ´&E?nØ ª"1 ‡ªf y²I‡¦^…Ü-ÙZäŒÅdÄ

íØ 1.2 XJW  Q§Q  R§KW  R"

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ã 1.1 PeML,UUB †•ý(J é'"

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§ 2.1 •Ý•2 4zè

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½n 2.1 N ‘‘ÅCþ(U1 , U2 , ..., UN )¥ ©þ´ÕáÓ©Ù §…U1 ∼ Bernoulli(1/2)"

y² 8Ü{1, 2, 3, ..., N }¥?¿ü‡Øƒ f8{i1 , i2 , ..., is }Ú{j1 , j2 , ..., jt }§Ù¥s, t ≥

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Ï•W ´ÃPÁ …X1 †X2 Õá§¤± ‘‘ÅCþ(X1 , Y1 )Ú(X2 , Y2 )Õá§=Pr(X1 =

½Â 2.1 •Ý•2 4zè ü‡4z&

½n 1.6 XJW Q§Keª¤áµ

íØ 1.2 XJW Q§Q R§KW R"

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第一列置换第二列第三列