Mobile Network Quality of Service Monitoring and Optimization in Airtel Rwanda

TITLE:
MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF

SERVICE MONITORING AND
OPTIMIZATION IN AIRTEL RWANDA
This thesis is submitted in Partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor’s

Degree in Telecommunication engineering.
SUBMITTED BY:
Name: IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice Reg No: 19/8779
SUPERVISOR: Dr Olatunji Okesola
© 2021
i
i. Certification
This is to certify that this thesis entitled: « MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF

SERVICE MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION IN AIRTEL RWANDA» is a
record of the original work done by: IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice, presented
in Partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Bachelor’s Degree in
Telecommunication engineering.
......................
Supervisor: Dr Olatunji Okesola
......................
IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice
MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

FABRICE IRADUKUNDA MUCYO
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ii. Copyright
Copyright © 2021 by IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or
other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews;
education purposes and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright
law.

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iii. Declaration
I, IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice; I hereby declare that the thesis entitled

“MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF SERVICE MONITORING AND
OPTIMIZATION IN AIRTEL RWANDA” submitted in Partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the Bachelor’s Degree in Telecommunication engineering, is a
personal thesis that I carried out myself under the guidance of Dr Olatunji Okesola
I declare that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted in this institution
or any other institution or University.
Date & Signature
………………………

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iv. Dedication
I dedicate this thesis to:

To Almighty God,
To my beloved family,
All my friends and classmates who have contributed to this thesis,
To my supervisor for the support he gave me,
To IST Burkina staff that helped me during the studies,
To Airtel Rwanda, RAN team members for their incomparable contribution and influence.

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v. Acknowledgement
Words are not enough to express my gratitude towards Almighty God, for His immeasurable mercy
and support till this instant; I am really thankful to Him.
Moreover; I deeply thank my whole family and friends who have been there for me when I needed
them whether through advice or financial support or prayer; during our studies, their efforts are of
a great help to me.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Airtel Rwanda, Network department, for cooperating
with me during research and mostly their incomparable advices and guidelines till the
accomplishment of my work.
I am thankful to IST Burkina staffs for having cooperated and allowed me to carry out my study
in the institution they are heading.

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vi. Abstract
For a better Quality of Services (QoS) in mobile network, it is essential to keep a good network
coverage and received signal quality.
This thesis describes the different methods to measure and optimize (where the optimization is
needed) the above stated parameters and beyond that for the better mobile network services. Any
optimization action is taken after deep analysis that identifies both insufficient and excessive
coverage in an early stages of planning.
The thesis uses as exemplar the equipment, the results and findings from measurements done in
Rwanda by Airtel Rwanda RAN Team. Numerous drive tests are conducted around Rwanda to
study the impact of topography and to ensure stable network KPIs and the best quality of services.
The primary Information of this study are drive tests results collected from various places in
Rwanda however, the author also structured questionnaire for subscribers during the study for the
customer feedback. The gathered data are analyzed using TEMS Discovery, Google map pro and
Microsoft Excel.
The study findings show that the major factors that degrade QoS in Airtel Rwanda cellular network
are inadequate network infrastructure, the lack of handsets with good quality, mountainous regions
hindering the mobile network coverage, and lack of subscriber’s skills and training.
Based on the result of processed data, considering geographical locations, population and telecom
regulations of the government, the recommendation of the author deployment of small cells (SCs),
increasing number of regular performance tests, optimal placement of base stations, increasing
number of carriers, and high order sectorization.
Keywords: 2G networks; 3G network; Network optimization; Network performance; Quality of

service (QoS); Airtel Rwanda.

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vii. Table of contents
i. Certification ........................................................................................................................................... i
ii. Copyright .................................................................................................................................................. ii
iii. Declaration.............................................................................................................................................. iii
iv. Dedication ............................................................................................................................................... iv
v. Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... v
vi. Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... vi
vii. Table of contents................................................................................................................................... vii
viii. List of figures......................................................................................................................................... x
ix. List of tables............................................................................................................................................ xi
x. List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... xii
xi. Definition of Key terms .........................................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 2
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Background to study .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3. General Objective .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.4. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.5. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.6.1 Geographical scope ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.2 Time scope of the study ............................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 6
2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Cellular networks concepts ................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Essential elements of GSM cellular network ...................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Mobile station .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.2 Base station subsystem................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.3 Network switch subsystem/Core network .................................................................................... 7
2.2.4 GSM-GPRS interfaces ................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.5 GSM Network Key Performance Indicators (KPI) .................................................................... 11
2.3 Essential elements of UMTS cellular network.................................................................................... 2

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2.3.1 User Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 2

2.3.2 UTRAN ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.3.3 Core Network ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.4 UMTS Interfaces .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.5 UMTS Network KPIs................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 12
3.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Study design ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Study setting...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Study time Distribution ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Study population ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Sampling methodology ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.6 Study equipment and tools ................................................................................................................ 13
3.7 Data collection procedures .......................................................................................................... 14
3.7.1 Primary data ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.7.2 Secondary data ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.9 Ethical considerations ....................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS........................................................................................................................... 15
4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Network coverage and quality .......................................................................................................... 15
4.1.1 2G Coverage and quality............................................................................................................ 15
4.1.2 3G Coverage and quality............................................................................................................ 17
4.2 2G & 3G KPIs ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 Country level KPIs ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.2 Province level KPIs .................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Mobile network optimization ............................................................................................................ 21
4.3.1 Drive Test................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2 Optimization role ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.3 Optimization methods: ............................................................................................................... 21
4.3.4 Optimization Tools .................................................................................................................... 22
4.3.5 Optimization flowchart .............................................................................................................. 22
4.3.6 Optimization results ................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPITER 5: DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS ........................................................................................ 27

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5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 27

5.1 Voice service ............................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 SMS service ...................................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Data service ................................................................................................................................. 27
5.4 Network coverage and quality .......................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 29
6.1 Findings from the study .................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 29
6.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 29
6.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 30
6.5 Further research. ............................................................................................................................... 30
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 31

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viii. List of figures

Figure 1: Frequency spectrum; showing cell phones operating frequency range. ........................................ 6
Figure 2: GSM-GPRS Network architecture ................................................................................................ 8
Figure 3. General UMTS architecture........................................................................................................... 2
Figure 4. UMTS User Equipment ................................................................................................................ 2
Figure 5. Typical UMTS Network ................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 6. General Protocol Model (UTRAN Protocol Model, 2020) ........................................................... 6
Figure 7 : Selected drive test routes and maps ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 8: 073 2G coverage map .................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 9: 072 2G coverage map .................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 10:AIRTEL RCSP level .................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 11: AIRTEL Ec/No level ................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 12: The successional figures describing the optimization process for the optimization case study 1.
.................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 13: Figures describing the optimization process for the optimization case study 2. ....................... 24
Figure 14: Histogram figures comparing pre and post optimization process for the optimization case study
2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 15: The highlighted area shows the poor network coverage in Zaza main center including sector
office for the optimization case study 3. ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 16: The elevation view showing the poor network coverage for the optimization case study 3. .... 26
Figure 17: The elevation view showing the poor network coverage resolution recommendation for the
optimization case study 3. ........................................................................................................................... 26

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ix. List of tables
Table 1: GSM-GPRS interfaces 11

Table 2: Measurement sampling scenario 13
Table 3: Equipment and tools descriptions. 13
Table 4: Used ARFCNs for coverage calculation 15
Table 5: 2G Rx level signal strength distribution 15
Table 6: Used UARFCNs for coverage calculation 17
Table 7: RSCP distribution 17
Table 8: Ec/No distribution 17
Table 9: QoS Findings at country level 19
Table 10: QoS Findings at province level 20
Table 11: Mobile network optimization flowchart 22

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x. List of abbreviations
CN Core network
DL Downlink
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
ITU International Telecommunication Union
OSS Operations Support Systems
QoS Quality of Service
RNC Radio Network controller
RNS Radio network subsystem
RRM Radio Resources management
RRU Radio Resource Unit
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
IST Institut Supérieur de Technologie

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xi. Definition of Key terms
2G networks: are digital cellular networks implemented on the concept of IS-95 and GSM.
Provided small data service like SMS and MMS. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks
were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja.
3G network: is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology utilizes a

new technology called UMTS as its core network architecture. This network combines aspects of
the 2G network with some new technology and protocols to deliver a significantly faster data rate.
Based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services
and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. One of requirements set by IMT-
2000 was that speed should be at least 200Kbps to call it as 3G service.
Airtel: Bharti Airtel Limited is a leading global telecommunications company Headquartered in

New Delhi, India with operations in 16 countries across Asia and Africa including Rwanda.
Network optimization: is a set of best practices used to improve end -user experience and
maximize asset utilization.
Network performance: is the measure of service quality of a network as seen by the customer.
Quality of service (QoS): is the set of policies and protocols implemented in the network to
manage network resources and network traffic to ensure best network to the user.

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CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
The quality of all mobile services is a factor that Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in our country
are working on in extra ordinary manner, including evaluations and improvements in areas such
as:
• Customer service channels.
• Billing systems.
• Technological services provided over the net, such as voice, data and sms.
One of the largest investments made by mobile network operators is in infrastructure, such as the
installation of base stations to provide coverage and delivery capacity. But quality of service does
not depend solely on the number of antennas installed. Unlike fixed networks, several factors
impact cellular network performance.
Quality from the antenna to the terminal also depends on factors beyond planning and building the
network. Factors affecting mobile network quality may vary from the number of users that varies
from cell to cell. People move about, traffic varies, groups gather, events are held hence congestion
occurs etc. In a single cell the number of users varies depending on the time and the day referring
to daily routine of a given location. The consumption pattern in each cell varies significantly
throughout the day in accordance to the users’ services. Weather, especially rain will also affect.
Obstacles between terminals and antenna, whether fixed (buildings/ mountains) or moving
(vehicles). Indiscriminate use of jammers and amplifiers. Customer’s devices type. The last but
not the least pilot pollution interference.
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the effect of service performance that defines the level of a
user’s satisfaction with the service. The Rwanda’s telecommunication regulatory body (RURA)
clearly recommends MNOs measuring the QoS provided in cellular networks from time to time
and comparing them with the norms so as to assess the level of performance and the MNOs have
to make sure that once in every three months they report to RURA the QoS statistics. Several
factors affect the quality of services in cellular networks
This thesis presents approaches in practices, the development of methods suitable for the detection
of abnormal failures and performance degradation. In addition to finding it is necessary to identify
the cause or the limiting factor for the performance, and to select a management action in order to
remove the causes of the failures and performance degradations.
The rest of the study is organized as follows: starts by providing an overview of cellular networks
in section 2. Section 3 explains the study methodology used. Section 4 presents data collection and
data analysis. findings discussions are presented in Section 5. Concludes in Section 6 along with
recommendation for future practice.

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1.1. Background to study

Mobile communication sector of Rwanda has had tremendous growth over the last decade. In the
2018_2019 fiscal year, the number of active mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions was
9,040,327 compared to 554 642 for the year 2007. The mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per
100 inhabitants was 74.8% while for fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants was 0.1%.
The internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants increased from 46.4 as of June 2018 to 51.6 in June
2019. In addition, the total international bandwidth capacity increased from 49,074 Mbps to 64,548
Mbps in the fiscal year 2018-2019, reflecting an increase of 31.5 %.
This increase is driven by affordability of smart phone devices, flexible pricing of Internet bundles
as well as the extension of 3G and 4G coverage around the country.1
The end user satisfaction with the service directly depends on the quality and performance of
network, therefore, measurement of network performance and assessment of QoS are
fundamentally important. As a basic fact, an operator that provides enhanced QoS comparing to
an operator that offers poor QoS has better chance to attract new customers and keep them for
longer period of time. Hence, it is essential for operators to regularly measure QoS and
subsequently deal with possible challenges and address the grievances of network user(s). The
measurement and analyzing process of QoS in mountainous physical geography and existing
heterogeneous environment like this one of Rwanda is one of the challenging tasks for service
providers. But the main advantage is that it enables operators to manage network in more efficient
manner.
This work is therefore an exploratory study to unearth and maintain quality service delivery on
customer satisfaction in the mobile telecommunication industry and to channel future research in
customer service in Airtel Rwanda.
1.2. Statement of the problem
The primary target of every business is the Consumers, every business that satisfies the consumers’
wants is well oriented. The consumer (customer) in telecommunication business want and expect
a good mobile network experience and to be addressed in a respectful and professional manner
when dealing with any situation, problem, complaint, question or assistance that may arise
pertaining to any aspect (call, sms or data services) of their business relationship. A negative
customer service experience often leads to a dissatisfied or disgruntled customer; and an unhappy
customer can tarnish the name and reputation of a company by generating negative feedback.
Customer satisfactory oriented service is a standard in mobile network, so consumers expect to
have their issue managed while being addressed in a polite and in a timely manner.
The widespread of cellular mobile communications issues arise its dynamic nature; this Dynamism
arises from multiple dimensions: propagation conditions, traffic generation conditions,
interference conditions and more. Thus, the dynamic network evolution calls for a dynamic
management of the radio resources, which is carried out by RRM mechanisms however the
dynamic cellular network market evolution calls for periodic QoS monitoring and optimization.
1
RURA Annual report 2018_2019. Kigali; Rwanda

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Radio Resource and QoS management functionalities are very important in the frame work of
cellular network systems because the systems rely on them to guarantee a certain target QoS,
maintain the planned coverage area and offer a high capacity, and enhanced quality of services.
The regular monitoring of Quality of service (QoS) in cellular communication and presenting the
findings obtained from the study on factors affecting QoS and highlighting the probable resolutions
will keep Airtel Rwanda remain competitive on cellular network market place in Rwanda.
The statement of the problem is that there is a widespread dissatisfaction with the general quality
service delivery of the Airtel mobile telecommunication in spite of the increase in subscriber
growth rate; notwithstanding this growth trend could not be attributed to customer satisfaction.
The research therefore sought to monitor, evaluate Airtel Rwanda mobile network QoS and
maintain the customer satisfaction ensuring efficiency and effectiveness of the quality of service
delivery using the appropriate and approved mechanisms.
1.3. General Objective
The objective of this thesis is to regularly measure and statistically analysis of QoS of Airtel
Rwanda mobile network from end user perspective in various regions of Rwanda. Based on the
highlighted issues and challenges from corrected data, the study proposes adequate technical
solutions to mobile operator in order to address existing challenges in the area of QoS and to
remain competitive in the market. Based on the result of processed data, considering geographical
locations, population and telecommunication regulations of the government, increasing number of
regular performance tests, optimal placement of base stations, increasing number of carriers, and
high order sectorization as proposed technical solutions.
The general objective of this study is to innovate a mobile network quality of service monitoring
and optimization in Airtel Rwanda.
1.4. Specific objectives
The specific objects of this work is to analyze, understand and efficiently implement the following
parameters in Airtel mobile network:
 To monitor voice services quality
 To monitor SMS services quality
 To monitor Data services quality
 To optimize poor network coverage spots
 To optimize bad network quality spots.
1.5. Research Questions
In order to attain the above set objectives of the study the following research questions were posed:
a. What is the Airtel mobile network coverage distribution in Rwanda?

b. What is the Airtel mobile network quality distribution in Rwanda?
c. what do the major key performance indicators proves on Airtel network’s country level and
provincial level?

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d. what is the impact of daily mobile network KPIs monitoring on customer’s experience?
e. How to optimize the hotspots with poor mobile network coverage and/or bad network quality?
1.6 Scope of the project
1.6.1 Geographical scope
The geographical location will be carried on my research is in Kigali city as one of major urban
area in Rwanda and most particularly where the multimedia services to the mobile users is at
highest level in my Country however the rural regions of Rwanda will not be left behind.
1.6.2 Time scope of the study
The project of mobile network quality of service monitoring and optimization in Airtel Rwanda
will base on tangible research data token October 2019, to September 2020.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter is devoted to the relevant literature review on the views required to connect to the
research objectives on mobile network QoS monitoring and optimization in Airtel Rwanda; and
for the purpose of ordered and understandable presentation; the study reviewed related literature
such as those which impinged on the research hypotheses, defining and measuring of cellular
network physical parameters, quality of service and its monitoring and optimization. Literature
Review provides the foundation upon which a research is built to confirm, compliment, counter or
establish any new trends that possibly might have emerged. This research proceeds accordingly to
review literature that is relevant to the research topic.
2.1 Cellular networks concepts
Cellular network is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that
antennas propagate. Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz and
2100MHZ frequency bands.
Figure 1: Frequency spectrum; showing cell phones operating frequency range.
Cellular phones allow a person to make and receive a call from almost everyplace through a given
cellular network. Also, cellular networks enable a person in motion to continue with phone
conversation from place to place without interruptions.
Through the rapid growth over almost three decades; nowadays cellular networks are high-speed,
high-capacity voice and data communication networks with enhanced multimedia and seamless
roaming capabilities for supporting cellular devices. With the increase in popularity of cellular
devices, these networks are used for more than just entertainment and phone calls. They have
become the primary means of communication for finance-sensitive business transactions,
lifesaving emergencies, and life-/ mission-critical services such as E-911. Today these networks
have become the lifeline of communications.
2.2 Essential elements of GSM cellular network
Cellular communication is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which
integrates cellular phones into the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

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2.2.1 Mobile station

Mobile Stations(MS) is an essential cellular network equipment that enables a user to make
communication. Each MS requires a subscriber identification module (SIM), which stores a unique
international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). The MS can be locked or unlocked to a SIM
provided by the operator. Each IMSI contains a unique mobile country code (MCC), a mobile
network code (MNC), and a ciphering key (Kc) for authorization with the authentication center
(AuC) in the GSM network subsystem.
2.2.2 Base station subsystem
The service coverage area of a cellular network is divided into several smaller areas, referred to as
cells, each of which is served by a base station (BS or BTS).
The BS is fixed, and it is connected to the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO), also
known as the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). An MTSO is in charge of a cluster of BSs and it
is, in turn, connected to the PSTN. The BTS is used for communication with the MS over an air
interface called the Um (the name comes from it being a mobile analog to the U interface of an
ISDN (Um_interface, 2020). The BTS consists of radio channels and single or multiple transceiver
(TRx) antennas mounted on a tower (for an outdoor BTS) or printed circuit board (PCB) patch
antenna (for an indoor BTS usually call IBS).
For GSM network, BTS is then connected to MSC via the Base Station Controller (BSC). One
BSC can handle multiple BTS simultaneously via its Abis interface. The BSC main function is
usually to handle radio resource management. The BSC provides basic functions like RF power
control, cell configuration, and a link between the BTS and mobile switching center (MSC) via
the A interface. The BSC also provides intra-cell BSC handover (changing between TRx within
the same cell), inter-cell intra-BSC (changing between BTS controlled by the same BSC), and
inter-cell inter-BSC (changing between BTS controlled by different BSC via the E interface). With
the wireless link between the BTS and MS, MSs are able to communicate with wire line phones
in the PSTN. Both BSs and MSs are equipped with a transceiver.
2.2.3 Network switch subsystem/Core network
The network subsystem consists of a mobile switching center (MSC), a home location register
(HLR), a visitor location register (VLR), an authentication center (AuC), and an equipment
identity register (EIR).
The MSC provides call routing functions and mobile management for calls and short messages
directed to subscribers. The MSC connects to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for
access to external networks.
The home location register (HLR) stores the data related to each subscriber registered in the
network and provides the current location of each user. Data exchange between the MSC and
HLR is performed via the C interface. The HLR is also used to exchange data for servicing the
general packet radio service (GPRS) support node (SGSN) via the Gr interface. The HRL sends
all the information required to support the service for the subscriber to the SGSN. An optional
signaling path between the HLR and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is also used to retrieve
information about the location and supported service to the subscriber (via Gc interface).

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The visitor location register (VLR) is a database that temporarily stores the information of a
subscriber who is roaming the coverage area controlled by the associated MSC via the B interface
and is internal to the MSC.
The authentication center (AuC) is a database that handles the authentication and encryption keys
for every single subscriber in the HLR and VLR via the F interface. The AuC retrieves mobile
subscriber information from the equipment identity register (EIR), a database that stores the IMEI
information of the mobile station to identify stolen phones. The EIR is also accessible from SGSN
to provide the verification status of the IMEI retrieved from mobile station via the Gf interface
(ETSI, 2001).
Figure 2: GSM-GPRS Network architecture
2.2.4 GSM-GPRS interfaces

In order to ensure that networks could be assembled from elements from different manufacturers,
standard interfaces were defined. In this way it could be guaranteed that the way they
communicated would be the same whatever manufacturer.
GSM Network Interfaces connect between different elements in the 2G (GSM) mobile
communication network, which is based on the SS7 protocol stack. The connection between the
GPRS system and the GSM core network (NSS) also uses the SS7 protocol.

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INTERFACE NETWORK LOCATION FUNCTION

A interface Between the BSS and the MSC The BSS-MSC interface is used to carry
information concerning: BSS
management; call handling; mobility
management.
Abis interface An internal interface in the BSS (base The Abis interface allows control of the
station). Links between the BSC and radio equipment and radio frequency
BTS. allocation in the BTS.
B interface Between the MSC and the VLR. The interface is used whenever the MSC
Many MSCs have an included VLR, needs access to data regarding a MS
in which case B is an “internal” located in its area
interface.
C interface Used in connections between the The Gateway MSC server must
HLR and the MSC, and between the interrogate the HLR of the required
HLR and the GMSC / SMS Gateway subscriber to obtain routing information
for a call or a short message directed to
that subscriber. Signalling on this
interface uses the Mobile Application
Part (MAP), which in turn uses the
services of Transaction Capabilities.
D interface Between the MSC / VLR and the Used for subscriber management and
HLR. transferring handset Location Update.
E interface Between MSCs Used for Inter-MSC handover, in case

there is more than one MSC in the
network.
F interface Between the MSC and the EIR. Used for Equipment (IMEI) identity
check for network access.
G interface Connects between two VLRs that are Used transferring subscriber
each in a different MSC. information.
H interface Between the MSC and the SMS Used for transmitting SMS over the
Gateway. circuit switched network.
I interface Between the MSC and handsets in the Messages exchanged over the I
network. interface are relayed transparently
through the BSS.
J interface Between the HLR and the gsmSCF Handles messages between the HLR and
the gsmSCF
Um interface The radio network interface standard Used for signalling, channel assignment,
that is used for communication synchronization etc..
between mobile devices
(ME/handsets) and a network base
station (BTS/BSC).

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Ga interface Between GSNs and the Charging Used in testing the Charging Data
Gateway inside the same PLMN Function, the capacity and performance
(Public Land Mobile Network). of a Charging Gateway Function.
Gb interface Between the SGSN and BSS Used to carry information concerning:
packet data transmission; mobility
management.
Gc interface Between the GGSN and the HLR Used by the GGSN to retrieve
information about the location and
supported services for the mobile
subscriber, to be able to activate a packet
data network address.
Gd interface Between the SMS-GMSC and the Used to transfer short messages between
SGSN SGSN/IP-SM-GW and SMSGMSC or
SMS-IWMSC over GPRS. Signalling on
this interface uses the Mobile
Application Part (MAP)
Ge interface Between the SGSN and the SCP. The Ge interface connects the SGSN to
Uses the CAP protocol a Service Control Point (SCP) with
Customized Applications for Mobile
Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL),
and grants the SCP real-time control
over subscriber service usage on the
SGSN. The Ge interface enables the SCP
to have real-time control over subscriber
service usage on the SGSN. The main
application is prepaid charging.
Gf interface Between an SGSN and an EIR Used between SGSN and EIR to
exchange data, in order that the EIR can
verify the status of the IMEI retrieved
from the Mobile Station.
Gi interface IP based interface between the GGSN Connects the GGSN to an external
and a public data network (PDN) Packet Data Network.
either directly to the Internet or
through a WAP gateway.
Gmb interface Between the GGSN and the BM-SC Used for controlling MBMS bearers.
Gn interface Between two GSNs in the same Used to support mobility between the
PLMN SGSN and GGSN. Used when GGSN
and SGSN are located inside one PLMN.
The Gn interface also includes a part
which allows SGSNs to communicate
subscriber and user data, when changing
SGSN.
Gp interface Between two GSNs in different Same as Gn interface but between Home
PLMNs SGSN and other PLMN GSN.

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Gr interface Between the SGSN and the HLR This interface is used to exchange the
data related to the location of the mobile
station and to the management of the
subscriber. The main service provided to
the mobile subscriber is the capability to
transfer packet data within the whole
service area. The SGSN informs the
HLR of the location of a mobile station
managed by the latter. The HLR sends to
the SGSN all the data needed to support
the service to the mobile subscriber.
Exchanges of data may occur when the
mobile subscriber requires a particular
service, when he wants to change some
data attached to his subscription or when
some parameters of the subscription are
modified by administrative means.
Gs interface Between the SGSN and the The SGSN sends location information to
MSC/VLR the MSC/VLR via the optional Gs
interface. The SGSN may receive paging
requests from the MSC/VLR via the Gs
interface. The MSC/VLR may indicate
to an SGSN, via the Gs interface, that an
MS is engaged in a service handled by
the MSC.
Lg interface Between the SGSN and the GMLC. Used for location services.
Gom interface Between OSS and SGSN, GGSN. Connects the SGSN to Operation &
Maintenance (O&M) equipment in the
O&M network, making it possible for an
operator to communicate with the
SGSN.
Table 1: GSM-GPRS interfaces
2.3.5 GSM Network Key Performance Indicators (KPI)

Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are a measure of successful network performance and its
quality. With growing customer base and continuous addition of capacity and coverage sites,
operators need to continuously monitor the KPIs of their network to assess service quality. Airtel
RF engineers team are highly capable of providing regular KPI collection, analysis and customer
complaints resolutions.
The most common KPIs are listed below:
i. Call setup success rate (CSSR): It is the ratio of the number of successive calls initiated by
callers to the total number of attempted calls. The higher the value, the easier it is to set up a
call. The higher the CSSR, the better the performance of a cell. High call setup success rate is
achieved when standalone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) seizures and traffic channel
(TCH) allocation are easily achieved to set up a call.

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It is calculated as number of the unblocked call attempts divided by the total number of call
attempts.
Reasons for low call setup success rate could be:
 TCH congestion
 Interference
 Poor coverage.
ii. Call drop rate (CDR): also called Drop Call Rate (DCR) measures the network ability to
retain call conversation when it has been established or setup. A dropped call is a call that is
prematurely terminated before being released normally by either the caller or the callee.
It is usually calculated on hourly basis. an astronomical increase in DCR is an indication of
serious network problem; thus, requires urgent attention. A value of 3% means that out of every
100 calls established only 3 will drop before any of the calling parties voluntarily terminate the
call. It is calculated as the number of dropped calls divided by the total number of call attempts.
Reasons for low call setup success rate could be:
 Degraded signal quality
 Interference
 Unsuccessful handover attempt to neighbor cells,
 Poor coverage
 Network congestion
 Hardware faults.
iii. SDCCH congestion rate: This indicator measures the availability of signaling capacity to set
up a call, its acceptable value is supposed to be as low as 0.2% or less. This congestion is
experienced when the network is burdened with high number of location update requests, high
number of short message (SMS) traffic or in scenarios where so many subscribers are trying
to setup calls at the same time without enough SDCCH resources to support these requests.
This indicator measures the ease with which a call can be setup, the ease with which we can
recharge our account, send SMS, location update, paging and etc.
iv. TCH congestion rate – This indicator measures the relative ease with which a traffic channel
can be seized to set up a call after a signaling seizure has been successful. The higher this
value, the higher the relative difficulty it is in making a call. Every BTS has a definite number
of channels that can run simultaneously. Once the channels are exhausted, it becomes
impossible for a new caller or callee to establish a call with the other party. BTS are usually
configured with high number of TCHs which must outweigh the expected maximum number
of users within the BTS coverage zone. Traffic channel congestion is caused by unavailability
of TCH channels. This congestion is the first level of congestion experienced by the consumer.
In a properly dimensioned network the value of this metric should not be more than 2% per
cell.

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v. Hand Over Success Rate (HOSR): This is the ability of live calls (established channels) on
a particular network core/cell to be successfully transferred to another network core/cell.
Handover success rate directly affects the user performance and is an important KPI of hold
call type. When the user traverses different cells, this KPI enables user to communicate
continuously. It is calculated as The ratio of the number of successfully completed handovers
to the total number of initiated handovers.
Possible reasons for the poor handover success rate could be:
 Congestion  Incorrect handover relations
 Link connection  Incorrect locating parameter setting
 Bad antenna installation  Bad radio coverage
 The MS measures signal strength of  High interference, co-channel or

another co-or adjacent cell than adjacent.
presumed
vi. Grade of Service (GoS): is one of the most important performance parameter for ensuring a
standard Quality of Service. The term Grade of Service (GoS) is defined as, “The ratio of lost
traffic to offered traffic”. The offered traffic is the product of the average number of calls
generated by a subscriber and the average holding time per call. Whereas, the lost traffic is
difference between the offered traffic and the actual traffic that is carried by the network.
Usually GoS is measured is percentage and the lower its value the more prominent the network
provider is.

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2.3 Essential elements of UMTS cellular network

There are two interacting domains in the UMTS network, one is the infrastructure domain that
consists of the core network (CN) and second is the UTRA (UTRAN) network, also user
equipment (UE) domain. The UTRAN that consists of mobile station, the base station (Antenna,
transceiver and controller) and radio interface is there between mobile station & base station.
In UMTS network, the core network that is known as CN has the main responsibility to provide
switching and routing for user traffic. All Network management function and required database
are also contained in core network.
The core network domain is further divided into two sub categories i.e. serving network domain,
home network domain and the transit network domain. A figure 2.3 shown below is a simplified
UMTS architecture with its basic domains and this figure also show its external reference points
and interfaces with the UTRAN. UTRAN is connected the core network (CN) via Iu interface.
Between the radio networks controller (RNC) and Core Network, there is Iu UTRAN interface.
The UTRAN interface that is between the CN and the radio network controller (RNC) is called Iu-
PS and also UTRAN interface between the RNC and circuit switched domain of CN is known as
Iu-CS. Radio interface between User equipment UE and UTRAN is known as Uu interface. These
interfaces are also known as reference points.
Figure 3. General UMTS architecture
2.3.1 User Equipment

The user equipment domain that has variety of equipment types and has different levels of
functionality. This equipment may be compatible with current or more exiting access interface
(Fixed and radio) and has contains a removable smart card that can be used in different user
equipment types. This user equipment is further categories into two sub categories, one is mobile
equipment domain (ME) and second is the user services identity module domain (USIM) as shown
in Figure 2.4 The reference point among ME and USIM is known as Cu.
Figure 4. UMTS User Equipment
The mobile equipment may be further categories into several others entities. ME domain are the
mobile termination (MT) is the typical entities which has perform the function of radio
transmission and also related functions and the terminal equipment (TE) that has the responsibility
of end to end applications.

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The function of mobile equipment is to perform the radio transmission and it contains applications.
Data and procedure are contained in USIM that unambiguously and securely identify it. All these
function are embedded in a standalone smart card. This device is linked with a given user and this
device can identify this given user regardless of the ME he or she uses.
2.3.2 UTRAN
The UTRAN has a set of radio network subsystem (RNSs) in which RNS are access parts of UMTS
network. A RNS has the responsibility to offer the allocation and to release specific radio resources
to establish a connection between an UE and UTRAN. An RNS which is connected to the core
network via Iu interface and it has two new network elements that has the name Radio Network
controller RNC and Node B. The RNC which is attached to the set of node B elements each of
which can serve one or several cells. The RNC has the responsibility to control overall logical
resources of the node B. The responsibilities of RNC also contain for the handoff decisions. Node
B is connected to the RNC through Iub interface. If we see the inside of the UTRAN, the RNCs of
the RNSs are interconnected via Iur interface. Implementation of Iur interface either through a
physical direct connection between RNCs and it can also be possible to transport network. Each
RNS is in system has a responsibility for resource management, transmission and reception in
more than one cell. The Figure 2.5 shows the overall architecture of UMTS network UMTS defines
four new interfaces or reference points.
• Uu: UE to node B (UTRA, the UMTS W- CDMA air interface);
• Iu: RNC to CN interface (MSC/ VLR or SGSN);
o Iu-CS for circuit-switched data;
o Iu-PS for packet-switched data;
• Iub: RNC to node B interface;
• Iur: RNC to RNC interface;

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Figure 5. Typical UMTS Network
All these Iu, Iub, and Iur interfaces are basically based on ATM transmission principles. The RNC
enables autonomous for RNM. It provides the same function as the GSM BSC, it also provides
central control for the RNS elements (RNC and node Bs). The RNC has response for protocol
exchanges between Iu, lur and lub interfaces. It responsibilities also includes for centralized
operation and maintenance (O&M) of the whole RNS with access to the OSS. Because in this
system, interfaces are ATM based, the RNC switches ATM cells between them. The user data
(circuit switched and packet switched) coming from Iu-Cs and hence Iu-PS are multiplexed with
multimedia transmission via lur, lib and Uu interfaces to end from the UE. For the purposes of
Radio Resource Management, RNS used the lur interface. For each connection between the
UTRAN and UE, one RNS is the serving RNS. Single serving RNS entirely manage the serving
control functions such as congestion control, admission control and handoff. Resources must be
used by UE in a cell not controlled by its serving RNS, RNS who is serving this must ask the
controlling RNS for those resources. This kind of request is made via the lur interface, which
connects the RNSs with each other. The controlling RNS is also said to be drift RNS for the
particular UE in this case. The type of operation is required for providing soft handoff throughout
the network.
In UMTS system, the soft handoff is one of the most important aspects. For the user terminals in
the handoff process, the target base station and serving base station (original) will maintain two
communications links over the same bandwidth to guarantee a smooth transition without dropping
the ongoing call. The condition in which having more than one radio link active at the same time
is known as marco diversity. This flexibility in keeping the connection open to more than one BS
results in fewer lost calls, that is very important for the operator. A node B which is a logical node
having the responsibility for radio transmission/reception in single or more cells to/from UE. This
node can support TTD mode, FDD mode, or dual mode operation and also only one RNC for nay
node B.
Node B which is connected with the UE through W-CDMA Uu radio interface and also connects
with RNC through the lub ATM-based interface. Node B which is the ATM termination point and
this node can be collocated with GSM BTS to decrease the implementation cost. Node Bs has the
responsibilities to radio and modulation/ spreading aspects along with the channel coding. Forward
Error Correction and also some splitting/ combining for soft handoff. Node B also has the
responsibilities to convert the data flow between the lu-b and Uu interfaces and fully participates
in radio resource management. Two chip-rate options are there when Node B is operating in the
TDD mode. 1.28 Mcps TDD, & 3.84 Mcps TDD and each TDD cell support either of these options.
A Node B which supports the TDD cells can also support one chip option or can also support both
options. A RNC which supports TDD cells can also support one chip rate or also support both
options. The 5 MHZ is the normal channel spacing for 3.84 Mcps TDD and for 1.28 Mcps TDD
is 1.6 MHZ. Infect the distance among channels can be adjusted accordingly to the optimize
performance in a particular deployment scenario.
Circuit Side
For the circuit side, the BSC or RNC connects to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), which sets
up and tears down the calls, handles text messages (SMS) and tracks users as they move from cell
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to cell. When a user arrives within an MSC's jurisdiction, subscriber information is sent from the
Home Location Register (HLR) database to the Visitor Location Register (VLR) within the MSC.
The Gateway MSC (GMSC) connects the MSC to the external circuit-switched networks.
Packet Side
The counterpart to the MSC on the packet side is the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), which
manages the packet connection for the user. The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) provides
the connection to the external packet networks. The GGSN also receives subscriber information
from the HLR.
2.3.3 Core Network
Core network mainly deals with functionalities which are not directly related to radio access
technology. Core network connected to UTRAN through Iu interface as shown in figure 3.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is used for the UMTS core transmission. Circuit switched
traffic is handled by ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) while packet switched traffic is
handled by AAL5. UMTS core network is mainly divided into two domains
1. Circuit Switched Domain
2. Packet Switched Domain
2.3.3.1 Circuit Switched Domain
This domain mainly deals with the circuit switched traffic which requires dedicated network
resources and interconnection to the external circuit switched networks.
Circuit Switched domain connected to UTRAN through Iu-CS interface. The main elements of
Circuit Switched Domain, are Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC), Home Location Register
(HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Gateway MSC (GMSC).
2.3.3.2 Packet Switched Domain
This domain mainly deals with the packet data traffic and connect mobile network with external
packet switched networks. Packet Switched Domain connected to UTRAN through Iu-PS
interface. Main elements of this domain are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), Gateway GPRS
Support Node (GGSN), and GPRS Register (GR).
Some elements are common in both domains. These elements are HLR, VLR, Equipment Identity
Register (EIR) and Authentication Centre (AuC).
2.3.4 UMTS Interfaces
Four new interfaces are defined in UMTS that is as follow: Uu, Iub, Iur, and Iu. All these four
interfaces owe their existence to the new air interface and this can also be referred as either UMTS
interfaces or UTRAN interfaces. The Figure 2.6 shows the general protocol model for UTRAN. It
has a set of horizontal and vertical layers. The structure of this model is based on the principle that
the planes and layers are logically independent of each other. This is why, it is easier for the
standardization bodies to change or alter the protocol stacks in order to fulfill the future
requirements.

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The general protocol model has two main layers. The radio network layer and transport network
layers. In radio network layers, all UTRAN-related requirements are addressed in it and the
standard transport technology is represented by the transport network layer that is selected in
UTRAN for usage purposes but without any UTRAN specific requirements. We have a user planes
and a set of control in the vertical direction. Basically control planes are used to control a link or
connections whereas the user planes are used transparently transmit user data from the higher
layers.
Figure 6. General Protocol Model (UTRAN Protocol Model, 2020)
The control plane i.e. has mainly signaling bearers and application protocol. Hence the application
protocol mainly used for setting up bearers for (Radio access bearer or radio link) in the radio
network layer. For transporting the application protocol messages, signaling bearer is used. It may
be same type as signaling protocol or may be not be same as signaling protocol for access link
control application part (ALCAP) and is always set up by O& M actions. For transport signaling
protocol, ALCAP is a generic name for it so that is reacting to the radio network layer’s demands
to set up, maintain and release data bearers.
The user plane (UP) that is consists of data streams and data bearers for the data streams. Data
streams that contain the user data and this data transparently transmitted between the networks
elements. Data bearers are basically a frame protocols used to transport user data. Radio network
layer information is not included in the transport network control plane (TNCP) and that is fully
in the transport layer. It also contains the ALCAP protocols that are required to set the data bearers
for the user planes. It also contains signaling bearers required for the ALCAP protocols. This plan
which acts among the user planes and control plane and permit the application protocol in radio
network control planes independent of the selected technology for data bearer in the user planes.
Hence this is important to note that for all types of data bearers, ALCAP might not be used. The
TNCP is available in the Iur, Iu-CS and Lub interfaces. In rest of the interfaces where no ALCAP
signaling is there, preconfigured data bearers are activated. The signaling bearer for ALCAP can

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or cannot be the same type as the signaling bearers for application protocol. It is (Signaling bearer)
is always set up by O&M action.
The transport network user plane (TNUP) which consists of data bearers in user plane and
signaling bearers of application protocol in the control plane. During real-time operation, the data
bearers in TNUP are directly controlled by the TNCP but the control actions is needed for establish
up the signaling bearers for application protocols are done via O& M actions.
2.3.4.1 Iu Interface
An interconnection of radio network controllers (RNCs) with core network nodes is established
through UMTS Iu interface. It is an open interface and also divided the system in such manner so
that switching, routing, and service control are handled by CN and radio resources management is
handled by the UTRAN. The Iu interface which is toward the PS-domain of the core network is
known as Iu-PS and Iu interface which is toward the CS-domain is known Iu-CS. The Iu interface
to the broadcast domain is known as Iu-BC.
There is only one Iu-Ps interface toward the PS-domain from any one RNC and each RNC have
only one Iu-CS interface toward its default CN node within the CS domain. However, there is
possibility of having more than one Iu-CS interface toward other CN nodes within the CS domain.
This is important to note that an RNC has only one single permanent default CN node per CN
domain. The following procedures and functionalities are supported by Iu interface
1. The establishment, maintenance and release of radio access bearers;
2. Serving radio network subsystem (SRNS) relocation, intrasystem handoff, intersystem handoff,
and intersystem change.
3. Procedures to support the cell broadcast service.
4. The separation of each UE on the protocol level for user specific signaling management.
5. Location services by transferring requests from the CN to UTRAN, and location information
from UTRAN to CN.
6. Simultaneous access to multiple CN domains for a single UE.
7. Mechanisms for resource reservation for packet data streams.
The application protocol which are used in the Iu interface is known as radio access network
application part (RANAP) and it has the responsibility for many functions and procedure. The
transport protocol which are used in ATM for both Iu-CS and Iu. PS whereas TCP/IP protocol is
used as radio network layer protocol over Iu_Bs.
3Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications 25.411 to 25.419 show the detailed protocol
specifications of Iu. The Iu interface corresponds to the A interface of GSM.
2.3.4.2 Iur Interface
The Iur interface has no equivalent in GSM system and it connects the two RNCs in the UTRAN.
Basically it also uses ATM as the transport protocol.
The basic capabilities of Iur are follow
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1 It support of inter-RNC mobility,

2 It supports dedicated channel traffic between two RNCs,
3 support of common channel traffic between two RNCs.
The Following are the main functions of Iur interface are:
1. Transport network management
2. Traffic management of common transport channels
3. Traffic management of dedicated transport channels
4. Traffic management of downlink shared transport channels and also TDD uplink shared
transport channels when applicable
5. Measurement reporting for common and dedicated measurement objects.
There are some several sub-functions which may include previously listed functions. The
application protocol which is used in the Iur interface is known as radio network subsystem
application part (RNSAP) and it has the responsibilities for providing signaling information across
it.
The Procedures of RNSAP are divided into four categories which are as follow.
1. RNSAP basic mobility procedures;
2. RNSAP dedicated transport channel (DCH) procedures;
3. RNSAP common transport channel procedures;
4. RNSAP global procedures.
2.3.4.3. Iub Interface
As mentioned earlier that lub is the logical interface which connects a Node B with RNC. The
main responsibilities on the Iub interface are as following:
1. Management of Iub transport resources
2. Logical O&M of node B
3. Implementation-specific O&M transport
4. System information management
5. Traffic management of common channels
6. Traffic management of dedicated channels
7. Traffic management of shared channels
8. Timing and synchronization management.

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Several sub functions may be included in the previously listed functions. The application protocol
which is used in lub interface is known as Node B application (NBAP).
2.3.4.4 Uu Interface
The UMTS radio interface that relates to the Uu reference points that provides interconnection
among the user terminal and RNC through node B. The radio interface is layered into the three
protocol layers i.e. first is the physical layer (L1), secondly data link layer (L2) and the third is the
network layers (L3).
2.3.5 UMTS Network KPIs
The KPIs are first grouped into four different levels. They are the following:
• Radio access network: connects subscribers to their immediate telecommunication service
provider. The access network level-KPIs cover Uu or Iu interface or both interfaces for the
external access.
• RNC function: is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. RNC function
level-KPIs cover the internal interfaces of the access network towards either Uu or Iu interface.
• Transport Resource Manager: functional entity that applies a set of policies and mechanisms to
a set of transport resources to ensure that those resources are allocated such that they are
sufficient to enable QoS guarantees across the domain of control of the TRM.
• Access point: is the network device used for extending the wireless coverage of an existing
network and for increasing the number of users that can connect to it.
Under each level, the KPIs are grouped into the following categories:
I. Coverage KPIs
 UL Interference Cell Ratio
 Soft Handover Ratio
II. Accessibility KPIs: The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other
given conditions, when requested by the user. It is the percentage of call attempts made by the
end-user that are successful. Call setup failures can be blocked calls due to lack of network
resources on various levels, for example Transmission Network, Channel Elements, DL Power
and so on, or other reason that prevented a successful call setup, for example radio link problem,
signaling failure and so on. The accessibility KPIs include:
 IU Paging Success Ratio
 Radio Access Success Ratio
 RRC Setup Success Ratio (other)
 RRC Setup Success Ratio (service)
 AMR RAB Setup Success Ratio
 VP RAB Setup Success Ratio
 CS RAB Setup Success Ratio
 PS RAB Setup Success Ratio
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 SMS/MMS Success Rate

 PDP Context Activation Success Rate
 Call Setup Success Rate (Voice/VP)
III. Retainability KPIs: The probability that a service, once obtained, will continue to be provided
under given conditions for a given time duration. The percentage of the successfully call setups
that were retained during the whole conversation (session) and terminated by the user. The
standard KPI for retainability is the Dropped Call Rate. On cell level it is defined as the number
of dropped calls in the cell divided by the total number of calls terminated (by end-user or
dropped) in the cell. The retainability KPIs include:
 CS Service Drop Ratio
 AMR Call Drop Ratio
 VP Call Drop Ratio
 AMR Traffic Drop Ratio
 VP Traffic Drop Ratio
 PS Service Drop Ratio
 PDP Context Drop Rate
IV. Mobility KPIs: Shows the handover performance divided into Intra-Frequency, Inter-
frequency and IRAT HO for CS and PS services.
 Soft Handover Success Ratio
 Softer Handover Success Ratio
 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
 CS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (WCDMA to GSM)
 PS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (WCDMA to GPRS)
 PS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (GPRS to WCDMA)
 SRNC Relocation Preparation Success Ratio
 TRNC Relocation Preparation Success Ratio
V. Service Integrity KPIs: The degree to which a service is provided without excessive
impairments, once obtained The Service Integrity represents the quality experienced by the user
during the call or session. This is very difficult to measure from a system point-of-view and rough
measures have to be used, based on RBS and UE measurements. BLER is used as an indication of
the service integrity for CS services, but do not show the quality experienced by the end-user. For
PS services are BLER and throughput used as service quality indicators. The service integrity KPIs
are:
 PS Service UL Average Throughput
 PS Service DL Average Throughput
 Service UL Average BLER
 Call Setup Delay
 DL RLC Average Retransmission Ratio

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VI. Availability KPIs: Shows In-Service-Performance for the main Managed Objects (MO) in
UTRAN. Monitoring system downtime is important for comparing equipment from different
system vendors and to understand reasons for temporary network problems. The availability KPIs
are:
 Worst Cell Ratio
 IU Paging Congestion Ratio
 Admission Refused Ratio
 Congested Cell Ratio
 Unserviceable Cell Ratio
 Average CPU Load
 IUB Bandwidth Utilizing Ratio
VII. Traffic KPIs: Describes the network utilization by means of Traffic level and Capacity
Management (congestion, admission/load control). Information required as input to network
planning.
 CS Equivalent Traffic
 PS UL Throughput
 PS DL Throughput
 UL Traffic of Typical Radio Bearer Rate
 DL Traffic of Typical Radio Bearer Rate
 UL Throughput of QoS classes
 DL Throughput of QoS classes
VIII. Delay/Latency
 Call Setup Delay (Voice/VP)
 PDP Context Activation Time
 RTT
These indicators are not only utilized to measure the network performance but can also be used by
the network for multiple radio resource management functions, such as paging, network access,
congestion, call drop, handovers, power control, adaptive multirate codec (AMR) link and channel
mode adaptation, GPRS link adaptation and etceteras. Based on the analysis of these KPIs, tuning
and optimization suggestions are provided to resolve network problems.

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
The survey of this research was originally conducted to study QoS and network coverage of Airtel
mobile network in Rwanda. In this paper includes the reports of the drive test conducted by Airtel
Rwanda in order to evaluate the quality of service of the Airtel Network, the measurement was
collected using Airtel SIM and X-TIGO SIM in order to capture the full customer experience has
been considered under the permission of Airtel RAN Team.
3.1 Study design
The study was conducted in whole Rwanda using field experiments research design. The mobile
network is a rapidly growing country wide even if urban areas are at higher rate than remote areas
but according to in-person interviews and RURA requirements, every areas needs reliable cellular
communication services for its sustainable growth. Moreover, in the whole country all three
leading cellular networks in Rwanda (Airtel, MTN, and KTRN) are present. Collecting data in the
whole country within specific hot spots show how The Airtel network services are impacting the
whole real world of the nation. Three specific hotspots with different network issues were chosen
as exemplar to show how optimization is done.
3.2 Study setting
The measurement roads and hotspots used are as suggested by RURA, they cover all provinces
and districts of Rwanda. The following map shows the drive test routes.
Figure 7 : Selected drive test routes and maps
The total length of tested routes is more than 7,715 km Besides the drive test, data services
performance was measured in specific hotspots. The total number of tested hotspots are more than
400 hotspots however the in this study will be focusing only on three spots with their relative case.

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3.3 Study time Distribution

The measurements were done during the period between October 2019 and September 2020. at the
rate of 6 days per week, from Sunday to Friday within normal traffic time frames. The average
working hours per day was about 9 hours.
3.4 Study population
The population from which the sample was drawn for this study involved subscribers who are
getting cellular communication services from Airtel Rwanda.
3.5 Sampling methodology
The test scenario for 2G/3G networks proposes to test voice and data alternately. The measurement
scenario is described below in details:
Sample Service Sample criteria Sample description and size
Voice and SMS Services
Voice 2G/3G Voice long call (duration 360 s)
Voice short call (duration 30 s)
SMS 2G/3G Send SMS
Data services
Data Transfer 2G/3G (dual) Download file (1000Gb size)
(Download)
Data Transfer 2G/3G (dual) Upload file (5Gb size)

(Upload)
Web Surfing 2G/3G (dual) Download of 3 URLs
Video streaming 2G/3G (dual) Streaming of video
Table 2: Measurement sampling scenario
3.6 Study equipment and tools

Rf mobile network walk or drive testing tools to measure and dynamically
analyze mobile networks under the real-life conditions.
Equipment or Tool Description

Car To drive to a given route or to a specific spot.
Mobile device Device to run a specified test.
TEMS pocket Phone tool used to test every function and feature in the network.
TEMS Investigation Laptop tool used to test every function and feature in the network.
TEMS discovery device An accurate tool used for network performance testing and
analyzing.
Rigger A skilled tradesperson who specializes in the assistance of manual
mechanical advantage device.
Table 3: Equipment and tools descriptions.

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3.7 Data collection procedures

3.7.1 Primary data
In this study, for primary data, structured questionnaires, in-depth drive test, observation and
analysis were used as primary data collection instruments.
The main data are collected by the drive test conducted in order to evaluate the quality of service
of the Airtel Network, the measurement was collected using Airtel SIM in order to capture the full
customer experience; This activity involves Countrywide Measurements of Quality of Service of
2G and 3G.
3.7.2 Secondary data
The secondary data used in this research are the Airtel Radio access network review.
3.8 Data analysis
While collecting data on field the researcher used to observe various factors that affecting the QoS
at the specific hotspots. The factors are noted and recorded for an enhanced analysis and senior
engineers’ considerations.
Using TEMs Discovery, the collected data are analyzed to identify and fix any arising issue to
avoid customer’s QoS degradation.
To ensure effective customer experience after implementing the solutions through network
optimization, we took another mobile network performance monitoring test at the field spot and
we continuously monitor the network KPIs.
3.9 Ethical considerations
The data of this research were collected in confidentiality manner, all research participants
voluntarily participated and were not be subjected to harm in any ways whatsoever.
I maintained the highest level of objectivity in discussions, drive test and analyses throughout the
research. No offensive, discriminatory, or other unacceptable language used during the research.
As per IST Burkina Faso’s research guidelines, the researcher acknowledges the works of other
authors used in any part of this dissertation with the use of APA referencing system according to
the Dissertation Handbook.

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CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter the research questions are answered by analyzing data collected from both
primary and secondary sources.
4.1 Network coverage and quality
4.1.1 2G Coverage and quality
The 2G coverage statistics were generated from scanner measurements. All the 2G frequencies are
scanned by scanner and the best signal strength from all the scanned frequencies is calculated.
The following table summarizes the ARFCNs which were considered for the coverage
calculation of AIRTEL
073 072
50 - 97 98 - 124
Scanned ARFCN
715 - 727 792 - 805
Table 4: Used ARFCNs for coverage calculation
AIRTEL 2G network coverage rate is 98.84%, hence it is compliant with regulatory threshold
(>85%).
The distribution of the Rx Level signal strength for the three AIRTEL is presented in the table
below:
Range Percentage
RxLev < -95 1.16%
-95 <= RxLev <-85 5.84%
-85 <= RxLev <-75 18.06%
-75 <= Rxlev <-65 25.84%
-65 <= RxLev 49.10%

Table 5: 2G Rx level signal strength distribution
The 2G coverage maps AIRTEL networks country wide is presented below:

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Figure 8: 073 2G coverage map
Figure 9: 072 2G coverage map

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4.1.2 3G Coverage and quality

As for 2G coverage statistics calculation, the 3G coverage statistics were generated from scanner
measurements based on the carrier allocation provided by the MNOs in their latest site databases.
The RSCP values are calculated by scanner for each 3G carrier. For each MNO, the best RSCP
value of all the carriers is used for the generation of coverage statistics.
The following table summarizes the UARFCNs that were considered for the coverage calculation.
073 072
10562 10612
Scanned UARFCN 10637 10587
Table 6: Used UARFCNs for coverage calculation
The RSCP coverage rate is 98.85% and The Ec/No quality rate 96.31%.
The RSCP and Ec/No distribution is presented in the table below.
Range Percentage
RSCP< -105 1%
-105 <= RSCP <-95 4.78%
-95 <= RSCP <-85 16.03%
-85 <= RSCP <-75 29.21%
-75 <= RSCP 48.99%
Table 7: RSCP distribution
Range Percentage
Ec/No< -14 3.68%
-14 <= Ec/No <-12 5.65%
-12 <= Ec/No <-10 8.03%
-10 <= Ec/No <-8 10.32%
-8 <= Ec/No 72.32%
Table 8: Ec/No distribution

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RSCP and Ec/No maps are presented below for AIRETL
Figure 10:AIRTEL RCSP level
Figure 11: AIRTEL Ec/No level

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4.2 2G & 3G KPIs

The major key performance presented below have been computed on both country and province
level to show the Airtel network performance at each level and each service.
4.2.1 Country level KPIs
073 072
KPI REGULATORY THRESHOLD
2G& 3G VOICE SERVICE (Dual Mode)
Call set up time (CST) ≤ 9 secs in ≥ 95% of the cases. 92.88% 94.57%
Average call set up time (CST) (s) 5.32 5.782
Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) ≥ 95 % 96.58% 98.05%
Call Drop Rate (CDR) ≤ 2% 0.57% 1.74%
Voice Quality 2G (MOS) 2G: For ≥ 75% of samples ≥3 using MOS, 82.57% 90.65%
POLQA WB algorithms.
Voice Quality 3G (MOS) 3G: For ≥ 80% of samples ≥ 3 using MOS, 96.05% 96.38%
POLQA WB algorithms.
Average Voice Quality (MOS) 4.14 4.204
SMS SERVICE (2G & 3G Dual Mode)
SMS Send Success Rate ≥ 96%

92.07% 95.69%
SMS e2e Delivery Success Rate ≥ 95%
90.44% 94.93%
Average SMS e2e Delivery Time 6 seconds 7.68 8.9
DATA SERVICES (3G PS)

Average Application Throughput 80 % of Download ≥ 2,5 Mbit/s 6.027 7.944
Network Coverage and Quality
2G Signal Strength Rx Lev -≥ -95 dBm (85% Geographic Coverage) between -
95 dBm and – 100 dBm for Remaining 15% 92.69% 91.66%
3G Signal Strength RSCP ≥ -105 dBm (98% Geographic Coverage)
98.85% 98.80%
3G Signal Quality Ec/No ≥ -14 dBm (90% Geographic Coverage)
96.21% 96.31%
END USER TEST CASES
Web Page Completion Success Rate ≥ 98 % 96.68% 96.58%
Web page Download time (s)
4.24 5.14
Video streaming set up Success rate ≥ 99 % 98.31% 95.51%

Video streaming Completion Success Rate ≥ 98 % 93.96% 81.85%
Table 9: QoS Findings at country level

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4.2.2 Province level KPIs
KIGALI EASTERN NORTHERN SOUTHERN WESTERN

CITY PROVINCE PROVINCE PROVINCE PROVINCE
Mode) 073 072 073 072 073 072 073 072 073 072
2G& 3G VOICE SERVICE (Dual Mode)
Call set up time (CST) 94.52% 90.14% 95.88% 96.97% 92.39% 93.52% 94.65% 95.78% 82.57% 90.65%
Average call set up time (CST) (s) 5.47 5.47 5.43 5.25 6.11 5.87 5.42 5.22 7.01 7.1
Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) 98.81% 98.81% 97.82% 99.34% 85.63% 99.64% 95.02% 98.78% 96.26% 94.77%
Call Drop Rate (CDR) 0.16% 2.07% 0.53% 0.46% -0.02% 1.13% 0.95% 1.75% 1.25% 3.28%
Voice Quality 3G (MOS)of samples ≥3 using MOS,

POLQA WB algorithms 94.86% 94.45% 96.68% 96.59% 96.86% 97.10% 95.91% 96.59% 95.93% 97.19%
Average Voice Quality (MOS) 4.15 4.15 4.18 4.55 4.14 4.14 4.13 4.09 4.12 4.09
SMS SERVICE (2G & 3G Dual Mode)
SMS Send Success Rate 97.33% 93.78% 98.90% 97.44% 93.48% 99.52% 68.37% 93.92% 99.59% 95.58%
SMS e2e Delivery Success Rate 96.80% 92.38% 98.49% 95.38% 92.48% 99.52% 67.28% 92.20% 95.81% 95.18%
Average SMS Send time 2G 6.18 8.19 7.39 8.03 9.17 6.96 7.58 9.16 6.14 7.63
Average SMS Send time 3G 2.02 2.87 9.64 2.95 1.36 3.15 1.46 3.06 1.29 2.98
Average SMS e2e Delivery Time 7.22/ 21.9 13.4/ 31.05 6.87/ 9.35 8.3/13.21 7.13/ 9.62 9.59/17.28 8.12/ 11.66 8.48/15.79 7.2/9.43 9.88/21.8
Average Application Throughput 4.932 4.932 3.221 5.81 3.183 5.24 3.816 5.659 3.049 5.347
Application Throughput NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Network Coverage and Quality
2G Signal Strength Rx Lev 98.50% 97.96% 92.85% 92.20% 93.16% 87.72% 90.49% 90.30% 89.77% 87.87%
3G Signal Strength RSCP 99.87% 99.87% 99.20% 99.20% 98.82% 98.87% 98.67% 98.65% 97.52% 97.46%
3G Signal Quality Ec/No 94.68% 93.96% 97.90% 97.43% 98.30% 97.67% 96.10% 96.89% 95.57% 95.84%
4G Signal Strength RSRP NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
4G Signal Quality RSRQ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
END USER TEST CASES
Web Page Completion Success Rate 99.52% 97.29% 99.26% 98.15% 99.67% 95.69% 94.50% 96.19% 92.44% 95.37%
Web page Download time (s) 4.39 5.85 5.04 4.82 4.01 5.87 3.61 4.52 3.61 4.88
Video streaming set up Success rate 98.36% 96.09% 98.28% 94.95% 98.28% 95.62% 98.38% 96.41% 98.41% 97.47%
Video streaming Completion Success Rate 95.87% 81.85% 96.49% 48.51% 97.59% 61.87% 92.34% 59.90% 90.68% 74.25%
YouTube Streaming Transfer Time (s) 31.52 32.65 31.39 33.94 31.18% 33.02 31.09 32.9 31.35 32.79
Table 10: QoS Findings at province level

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4.3 Mobile network optimization
Radio access network optimization (RAN optimization) can be defined as the set of activities that
are required in an already active mobile communications network in order to improve or maintain
performance. Improvements can be defined in terms of any combination of coverage, capacity and
service quality.
RAN Optimization is the continuous process that starts by monitoring the network status and
identifying the rising problems in live network, continues with gathering all available information
about network and elaborates the optimization procedures. The process ends by considering the
feedbacks and evaluating the network status.
Some necessary components like statistical figures, alarms and traffic have to be monitored
carefully. Complaints from the customers are also a source of input to the network optimization
team. For indicating potential problems and analyzing problem location both network level
measurements and also field test measurements are included in the optimization process Data are
analyzed and recommendations are made.
4.3.1 Drive Test
Drive Test is conducted for checking coverage criteria of a cell site with RF drive test tool. The
data collected by drive test tool as Log files is analyzed to evaluate various RF parameters of the
network.
 Drive Route and Site Data for the sites to be driven is taken according to the customer
allocations.
 Drive Test LOG File of the specified Drive Route / Site is saved and the same will be
handed over to customer at the end of the day.
 DT Resource identify routine field optimization issues like cable swapping, missing
neighbors etc., and rectify the same with the help of the customer.
 Drive test data are analyzed to check Dominance, DL & UL coverage, Quality, Pilot
pollution, Neighbour list verification, RAN KPIs and performance analysis.
4.3.2 Optimization role

Optimization is carried out in the network to:
 Minimize the call drop and RF interference in the network

 Increase the indoor & outdoor coverage and better speech quality
 Improve coverage by sharpening dominant cell in the specific areas
 Optimise SHO area
 Eliminate Pilot Pollution
4.3.3 Optimization methods:

RF optimization involves adjustments of azimuths, tilts, antenna height, reselection and handover
parameters, nodeB transmit power and feature algorithms. Optimization methods in different
stands are similar, but each standard has its own measurement definition.

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4.3.4 Optimization Tools

There exist a lot of Network Optimization Tools, however the below listed tools are the ones used
in my research data collection.
 TEMS Investigation
 TEMS Pocket
 TEMS Discovery
4.3.5 Optimization flowchart
Table 11: Mobile network optimization flowchart
4.3.6 Optimization results

In this section we are going to randomly pick three cases with different specific mobile network issue
with their respective resolutions.
4.3.6.1 Optimization case 1.
Network optimization at CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE ACADEMY. Located at latitude -2.27948
longitude 30.04671 in RANGO Cell; MAREBA Sector; BUGESERA District; Eastern province.
In this area we had poor GSM (2G) coverage, we carried out optimization to fix the issue.
The figures below describe the optimization process for the case 1

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By comparing each
histogram, it is seen that the
network coverage and
quality have been improved
after making some
appropriate adjustments on
the nearest serving site.
Figure 12: The successional figures describing the optimization process for the optimization case study 1.

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The second optimization has been done in Kigali city, Kicukiro District, Gatenga Sector within
this latitude -1.98089 And longitude 30.09566.
As seen by this drive test results; the coverage is good but the quality is bad due to the factor that
many sites are shooting in that location with almost the same nodeB transmitting power leading to
pilot pollution.
After analyzing the drive test data and making the appropriate adjustments leaving one serving
cell at the location, the issue has been fixed as it is shown below.
Let’s compare mobile network coverage and quality on both pre and post optimization.
Network Quality Network Coverage
Pre-
optimization
Post-
optimization
Figure 13: Figures describing the optimization process for the optimization case study 2.

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Network Quality Network Coverage
Pre-
optimization
Post-
optimization
Figure 14: Histogram figures comparing pre and post optimization process for the optimization case study 2

The drive test results presented in this third case study were taken in around latitude -2.141514,
longitude 30.431398 in ZAZA Sector, NGOMA District, EASTERN Province.
Network Coverage Network Quality
Figure 15: The highlighted area shows the poor network coverage in Zaza main center including sector
office for the optimization case study 3.

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Figure 16: The elevation view showing the poor network coverage for the optimization case study 3.
Elevation view from the existing sites shows that the sites can’t cover the location due to the
elevation difference and mountain obstacle.
This case study is somehow particular due to area physical geography. No any adjustment can be
made on the existing sites that will solve the issue then to fix it we need a new site.
Figure 17: The elevation view showing the poor network coverage resolution recommendation for the
optimization case study 3.

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CHAPITER 5: DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS

5.0 Introduction
This chapter puts together all the information gathered from the first four chapters. The objectives,
literature reviewed, the methodology and the data analyzed in the previous chapters.
The summary of findings generated out of the objectives is also presented in this chapter.
5.1 Voice service

The rate of calls having been setup in less than 9s is only 94.57%, network is not compliant to the
regulatory threshold (95%) neither on the country level nor on the province level.
The average Call Setup Time (CST) is 5.74s for AIRTEL.
The Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is 98.05% on the country level. The network is therefore
compliant to the regulatory threshold (95%).
The Call Drop Rate (CDR) is 0.60% for AIRTEL. The network is compliant to the regulatory
threshold.
The Call Drop Rate is not compliant to the regulatory threshold for AIRTEL in the southern
province and western province.
The rate of MOS values showing acceptable audio quality (MOS ≥3) is 96.62%. The network is compliant
to the regulatory threshold (80%).
5.2 SMS service

The SMS send success rate and SMS End to End delivery success rate are not below the
thresholds, 96% for AIRTEL network.
The average SMS End to End Delivery Time (14.14s) is not compliant to the regulatory threshold
(6s) for AIRTEL on the country level.
The average SMS Send Time on the 2G network is very high for all the provinces resulting in high
average SMS End to End Time.
5.3 Data service

The average application throughput is 7.944 Mbps.
The rate of Download sessions having application throughput ≥ 2,5 Mbit/s is 64.65% on the country
level.
The Application Download Success Rate is 96.68% for AIRTEL network.
AIRTEL network shows an average Application throughput of 5.14 Mbps.

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5.4 Network coverage and quality

Airtel 2G network coverage rate is 92.69%, hence it is compliant with regulatory threshold
(>85%).
Airtel 3G RSCP coverage rate is 98.80% hence it is compliant with regulatory threshold (>85%).
Airtel 3G Ec/No quality rate is 96.31%.
Airtel presents insufficient network coverage in rural areas and inadequate 3G network quality in
Kigali.

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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Findings from the study

Undesired traffic and deliberate attacks are the first potential problem that might in principle affect
the performance and stability of 3G networks.
The mobile network key workers should understand and cope with the continuous evolvement of
both mobile network and usage environment. Continuous traffic monitoring, coupled with routine
expert-driven traffic analysis, should be regarded as a fundamental component in the global
process of running a real network. This requires the development and deployment of an advanced
TMA system to complement legacy network monitoring systems based on data provided by the
network elements.
6.2 Limitations
Rwanda is well known on having many mountains, during this study the researcher have realized
that the mountainous region hinders the mobile network coverage hence degrading quality of
service especially in remote regions where having a tower on each hill is almost impossible.
In response to the factors affecting the QoS in cellular networks, the lack of handsets with good
quality is one of the complaints rising factor. This contributes 18% of the total responses. Low
quality handsets affect the QoS.
Airtel Rwanda has low coverage compared to its competitor MTN Rwanda country wide; people
from or who have relatives from the Airtel poor coverage regions will never rely on Airtel.
While carrying out this study the researcher has noted that Airtel Rwanda’s Management team has
fallen from the competitive spirit.
6.3 Recommendations
In this thesis, the Author presented the factors that affect the Quality of Service in Airtel Rwanda
cellular network. Some factors that were identified to be the contributors of mobile network poor
QoS includes; limited network coverage and capacity, inadequate network infrastructure. The
urgent fact in this modern world and particularly in Rwanda is that both mobile network and usage
environment are continuously evolving, Airtel Rwanda is recommended to understand and respond
effectively.
The study recommends Airtel Rwanda to work towards scalable methods to early detect infected
terminals and recognize mounting infections as early as possible and provide the complying
solution.
Airtel Rwanda administration team should be encouraged in increasing its infrastructure both in
capacity and quantity and use small cell (SCs) where needed as part of network issues resolution.
RURA should ensure that the established standards are met and followed by operators.

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6.4 Conclusion
In this thesis, a wide range of data analysis methods were applied in order to analyze, monitor and
optimize the mobile cellular network QoS. It was demonstrated that a large collection network
performance data is an important source of information and with the use of suitable data analysis
methods, measurement data can be used to enhance performance optimization process. Especially,
the potential of multivariate data analysis methods in detection and diagnosis of failures and
performance degradations associated to multiple KPIs and mobile cells were emphasized.
Quality of service is a factor of competition in the mobile market. Because of this, Airtel Rwanda
should continuously strive to improve quality and adapt it to their business strategy. Various
aspects that affect user experience are beyond the control of operator (internet servers, content
providers, type of device and propagation environment). However, if the service provider is not
maintaining the best quality of controllable factors, things might get worse.
In a competitive market such like this of Rwanda the service provider should look beyond the
regulations, have more innovative capacity to provide the quality of service customers expect and
beyond. Airtel Rwanda has made an important work to promote transparency in quality of service
to its customers and providing the customer complaints resolution team which has increased
customers’ faith rate.
It was also shown in this thesis, that the mobile network optimization process can be formalized
and be efficient however new infrastructure are needed too. Solutions to improve quality of service
are specific to each case and RURA should have continuous regulation monitoring country wide
meet Rwandans need.
6.5 Further research.

The lack of consistent reliable mobile network throughput in Rwanda especially in urban areas
will lead a number of customers to shift from using the cellular network to Fiber to Home (FTH).
Even though Airtel Rwanda is currently the best internet provider, it should enhance its customer
satisfactory research and provide adequate internet throughput. Assessing the reliability of FTH,
customer satisfactory comparing it to mobile network reliability and customer satisfactory will
help.

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Bibliography
ETSI. (2001). "3GPP TS 23.002 version 4.3.0 Release 4,. ETSI, "3GPP TS 23.002 version 4.3.0 Release 4,"
2001.
RURA. (2019). RURA Annual report 2018_2019. Kigali; Rwanda: Rura.
Um_interface. (2020, JULY 21). Retrieved from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_interface
UTRAN Protocol Model. (2020, August 05). Retrieved from umtsworld:

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/utran_interfaces.htm
ETSI, "3GPP TS 23.002 version 4.3.0 Release 4," 2001.

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TITLE:

MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF

This thesis is submitted in Partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor’s

Name: IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice Reg No: 19/8779

SUPERVISOR: Dr Olatunji Okesola

This is to certify that this thesis entitled: « MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF

Supervisor: Dr Olatunji Okesola

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

Copyright © 2021 by IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

I, IRADUKUNDA MUCYO Fabrice; I hereby declare that the thesis entitled

Date & Signature

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

Keywords: 2G networks; 3G network; Network optimization; Network performance; Quality of

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

vii. Table of contents

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

2.3.1 User Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 2

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 27

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

viii. List of figures

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

ix. List of tables

Table 1: GSM-GPRS interfaces 11

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

ITU International Telecommunication Union

OSS Operations Support Systems

QoS Quality of Service

RNC Radio Network controller

RNS Radio network subsystem

RRM Radio Resources management

RRU Radio Resource Unit

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

IST Institut Supérieur de Technologie

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

xi. Definition of Key terms

3G network: is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology utilizes a

Airtel: Bharti Airtel Limited is a leading global telecommunications company Headquartered in

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

1.1. Background to study

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

a. What is the Airtel mobile network coverage distribution in Rwanda?

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 1: Frequency spectrum; showing cell phones operating frequency range.

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

2.2.1 Mobile station

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

Figure 2: GSM-GPRS Network architecture

2.2.4 GSM-GPRS interfaces

MOBILE NETWORK QoS MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

INTERFACE NETWORK LOCATION FUNCTION