Trends and Issues in Nursing

MAN 205

Basic Nursing Education

Reported by: Ms. Lovely An Dannizah De Perio
 Objectives:
At the end of the discussion:
1. Timeline of Nursing Education
2. History of Basic Nursing Education:
a. Diploma
b. Associate Degree
c. Baccalaureate
d. Graduate in Nursing
 Timeline of Nursing Education
 Early to Mid-1800s
 Physicians begin scattered efforts to “train” low-status women to
assist them with menial tasks.
1854- 1856
 Florence nightingale demonstrates the value of military nurses
during the Crimean War.
1859
 Florence nightingale publishes the “Notes on Nursing”, the first
instruction manual of any kind for nurses.
1860
 The Nightingale Training School for nurses opens in England.
 1873 - 1889
 The Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing is founded in New York City, as the first nursing
school in the US.
 The New England Hospital for Women and Massachusetts General Hospital open nurse
training programs.
1889 - 1900
 Over 400 hospital-based nursing schools in US.
 No standardization: programs range from six months to two years in length and each
hospital sets its own curriculum and requirements.
1909
 The University of Minnesota School for Nurses becomes the first university-based nurse
training program.
 It awards a baccalaureate degree to students that complete a three-year program.
1923
 A study known as Goldman Report concludes that nurses should ideally be educated in
a university setting, according to academic standards.
 1948
 The Carnegie Foundations studies nursing education and publishes the Brown
Report, again recommending that nursing schools be placed in academic settings rather
than hospital.
1952
 A project of Columbia University introduces the concept of two-year nursing
degree programs.
 The curriculum is composed of half nursing classes and half general-education
classes, with clinical experiences gained in the community.
1960 - 1975
 Diploma programs decline rapidly as they are replaced by associate degree
programs at community colleges.
1982
 The ADN remains the common degree held by working RN’s, the National
League in Nursing (NLN) releases the first position statement to affirm the BSN is most
desirable as the minimum educational level for entry-level nurses.
 1990
 The Department of Health and Human Services creates a commission to address the
national nursing shortage.
2003 - 2008
 Several studies demonstrate that patient outcomes improve when a higher percentage
of nurses on staff hold a BSN.
2010
 The Institute of Medicine issues a landmark report called “The Future of nursing”,
which compiles extensive research to back its recommendations for all nurses to attain higher levels
of education.
2012
 New York and New Jersey consider controversial legislation colloquially as the “BSN in
10” law.
 2016
 While a nursing diploma or ADN provides the basic technical skills necessary for safe
and effective patient care, a good RN to BSN program will build on those skills in a way that
encourages critical thinking.
History of Diploma in Nursing
 1872 – mid-1960’s
 The hospital diploma program was the dominant nursing program.
 Late 1940’s and early 1950’s
 Adopted general education requirements such as Anatomy, Physiology, Sociology and Psychology as part of the curriculum.
Mid 1960’s
 There was a significant decline in enrolment in diploma schools.
 A nursing diploma degree is usually a one to three-year course of study which prepares a student nurse for entry level nursing positions.
 Curriculum:
 Clinical Practice
 Basic Pharmacology
 Nursing Informatics
 Elements of patient Care
 Introduction to patient care specialties
 Psych Nursing
 Lifespan nursing concepts
 Psychology/Sociology
 History of Associate Degree in Nursing
 1951
 Mildred Montag published her doctoral dissertation, The Education of Nursing
technicians, which proposed education for the RN’s in the community college.
 According to Dr. Montag, there was a need for a new type of nurse, “Nurse
Technician”.
 The technical nurse was to function at the “bedside”.
1952
 An advisory committee was established by the American Association Of Junior
Colleges to conduct cooperative research on nursing education in the community.
In proposed technical curriculum, there was to be a balance between general education
and nursing courses.
 At the end of two years, the student was to be awarded an Associates Degree in Nursing
and would be eligible to take the state board examinations for RN licensure.
 History of Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing
 1919
 There were eight (8) Baccalaureate Programs.
 1940’s
 the development of baccalaureate nursing education continued, but the struggle to define it,
develop curricula for it and understand nursing roles from within it remained problematic.
 1960’s
 Baccalaureate education was taking its shape and the struggle seemed to be resolving. The
American Nurses Association calls the baccalaureate degree as the entry-level degree for nursing which
certainly strengthened the argument for baccalaureate education.
2006-2007
 A survey conducted by the American Association of Colleges of nursing (AACN) found that total
enrollment in all nursing programs leading to the baccalaureate degree was 180,127-up from 163,706 in 2005.
 The baccalaureate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
 the baccalaureate nursing program includes all of the content in the diploma and associate-degree
programs, plus it provides students with a more in-depth study of the physical and social sciences, nursing
research, nursing leadership and management, community and public health nursing and the humanities.
 History of Graduate Nursing Education
 1800
 Graduate nursing programs originated in the US.
1932 and 1935
 The Catholic University of America offered one of the early graduate
programs for nurses.
1957
 The NLN’s Subcommittee of Graduate Education first published
guidelines for organization, administration, curriculum and testing.
 1960
 The master’s degree in nursing was viewed as a terminal degree.
1970
The emphasis shifted to developing clinical skills, and the role of clinical
specialists and nurse practitioners emerged.
 Diploma in Nursing Associate Degree in
4-12 weeks even 1 year Nursing
nursing program 2 years nursing program
CAN, LPN,LVN Registered Nurse

Bachelor Degree in Masters Degree/graduate

Nursing in Nursing
4 years nursing program 2 years program
Registered Nurse APRN, Nurse Educator
Educational Technologies
in Nursing
 Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, we will be able to:
Describe Distance Learning Education:
 History
 Types
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Costs and Controversies
 Schools Offering Online Courses in the Philippines
 Educational Technologies in Nursing
“Technology has the power to transform teaching by ushering in a
new model of connected teaching” according to the US Department of
Education.

 “This model links teachers to their students and to professional

content, resources and systems to help them improve their own
instructions and personalized learning”.
 Distance Education
 Traditionally defined as any educational or learning procedure in
which the guide and the students are separated geographically.
This is also known as distance learning or distributed learning, or
remote education.
Present day distance learning is influenced a lot by computer and
electronics technology.
 History of Distance Education
1840 - Sir Isaac Pitman attributed to pioneering the concept of “distance education”.
1874 - Distance Education began in America.
 1882 - The Chautauqua movement gave the much required thrust to correspondence education.
 1900 - Correspondence education became quite famous and problems of excellence and fair
practice came with the popularity.
 1920’s and 1940’s - Distance education went through a major change after the invention of the
radio and the arrival of televisions.
1980’s- Technology continued to allow advances because of the deregulation of the
telecommunication industry allied to the speeding up of chips and the introduction of broadband
technologies brought about this veritable revolution.
1990’s- Personal computer with internet capabilities invention to revolutionize distance
education.
 Today and beyond - Distance learning continues in the 21st century in which by 2006, 89% of the
4-year public colleges in the US offer online class along the with 60% of the private institutions.
 Types of Distance Education
based on Medium
Internet Based Courses
 students receive instructions through websites, email,
electronic bulletin boards and messaging system.
Video Based Courses
 Two types:  Pre-recorded
 Two-way interactive
 Audio Based Courses
 This includes everything from phone conferences, radio
broadcasting and pre-recorded audio CDs.
 Types of Distance Education
Based on Time
Synchronous
 The teacher and student although separated are participating
in the educational experience at the same time or real time.
 Synchronous learning includes scheduled quizzes and tests, live
streamed lectures, chat room time, video conference or group phone
calls.
Asynchronous
 The student and faculty are not participating on the same time
 This includes recorded presentations like power point and
videos, email and modules.
 Advantages of Distance Education
 Ability to combine work with existing commitments
 Cheaper
 Flexibility to choose
Adaptability and freedom
Easy access
 Disadvantages of Distance Education
Distance learning requires self motivation
Lack of social interaction
High chance of distraction
Complicated technology
Questionable credibility of online degree
 Cost of Distance Education
Depend entirely on the choice of the course, university and the
country.
Cost of living in certain cities.
It is quite evident that it will be expensive to study but joining
distance learning will save money.
 Controversies of Distance Education
Can nursing be taught online?
Can nursing students be socialized to their professional role?
Can the students achieve the desired outcomes?
How do can quality in distance education program be assured?
 Schools Offering Online Courses
in the Philippines
AMA University Online Education
University of the Philippines Open University
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Open university
CAP College Foundation Inc.
Asian Institute of Distance Education (AIDE)
New Era University
Benguet State University – Open University
Visayas State University – Open university
E-Learning for Agriculture and Fisheries
Southville International School Affiliated with Foreign Universities (SISFU)
Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)
 Journal Review

file:///C:/Users/Quality8/Downloads/jpm-11-01010.pdf
 Summary of Journal Review
The article is based form the journal of Personalized Medicine with the title, “ Use of Digital
Educational technologies (DET) Among Nursing Students and Teachers: An Exploratory Study By
Fernando Loureiro, Luis Sousa and Vanessa Antunes published last October 8, 2021.
This study allows to gather evidence related to the use of DET as being the first step to the
improvement of the teaching-learning process in the nursing undergraduate degree. The authors
purpose is to contribute to the improvement of the teaching-learning process through the use of
DET because nowadays it is being questioned regarding the personalization of both teaching and
care. An exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study with quantitative
approach was developed as a material and method of the study.
The study was applied to 230 inquiries consisting of all nursing students and teachers who
lectures the undergraduate nursing course at a private nursing school in Lisbon, Portugal and the
invitation to participate was sent via email with a link attached. As the overall result of the study,
86% of the sample had no formal training on DET. However, the study highlighted that digital
technologies are used both in academic and personal purposes as the teachers do not feel the
need for formal education as the day-to-day use of these tools allows them to use without
limitations or constraints. With regards to the students, they belong to the generation raised with
information technology, internet and social networks which made them more confident in
manipulating new platforms and devices.
Strengths and Weakness of the Study
Strength
• The statistical procedure allowed
to group or categorize the types of
DET in five factors.
• Consent was obtained prior to
data collection.
• It was reiterated in the study that
the result from this technology
are encouraging since they
suggested efficacy in improving
nursing students learning
outcomes.
• Easily accessible.
• Availability of the link to access
the survey is not constrained.
Weakness
• 76.8% respondents only replied to
the study.
• The impact of DET on nursing care
and patient outcomes is poorly
explored.
• The study was applied after the
first lockdown that occurred in
Portugal.
• Participants recruitment was
performed via email.
 Reaction and Recommendation
Although distance education through digital educational technology is a few
years old, as far as nursing education in concerned, the concept is still very
recent. Globalization and more recently, the Pandemic that forced social isolation
have further boosted the introduction of DET in nursing education. The impact of
DET on nursing care and patient outcomes is still poorly explored. There is a trend
towards more centered and personalized models of care and the use of massive
forms of education may not be suitable in nursing. There should be a link
between improved nursing education and improved patient outcomes. And lastly,
distance education constitutes a challenge to the nursing traditional teaching-
learning methods. The distance between the students and teachers should be
used to its full potential involving the students to its full process and for the
teachers to provide skills to establish a link with their students and stimulate their
learning.
I would recommend that school should select the appropriate DET methods for
teaching nursing students like investing in strong digital platforms and state-of-
the-art technology.