UMBAR, SHALIMAR B.

FORENSIC 1 2/14/22
2ND YEAR
BS – CRIMINOLOGY
PERFORMANCE TASK 4

1. What is a film-based camera?

Traditional cameras used photographic films – initially monochrome films, then

enhanced color variants encompassing more advanced chemistry. Film-based cameras are still
being used for some specific purpose, despite the fact that digital cameras have largely
supplemented them. The inserted film role provides a limited plethora of chances to capture an
image.  Before observing, the film must be developed in order to produce disadvantages with
asymmetrical brightness – usually in a professional laboratory, but infrequently by the
photographer. The actual images are created from those negatives; each negative image can
produce multiple images. The results obtained are conveyed on a type of paper and can range
in size from small to poster-size.

2. How is film loaded and unloaded in a camera?

First, remove your film from the canister, and ready your film then gently pulls up on the
knob on the left side and the back of the camera will open. Insert the film into the camera the
cylindrical bit that sticks out should be faced down, and the flat part on the side should line up
with the camera window. After that, push the knob down again, to lock the film in place and pull
the film out a couple of inches, across the back of the camera and over the camera window.
Second, kindly insert the leader into any of the slots on the slotted cylinder on the far right of the
camera then start winding the film forward with the film lever, and depressing the shutter release
button when the lever stops. Lastly, once the film is flat and things are winding properly, close
the back of the camera. Look at the tiny 'window' on the top of the camera, next to the shutter
release button. It should say 'S' wind and click the shutter release button one to three more
times, until the S disappears and the number 1 appears. To unload the film, push the release
button on the bottom of the camera. Wind the pin clockwise. There will be a small amount of
resistance until it is finished winding. If there's a lot of resistance, don't force it instead push the
release button again. Once it is finished winding, it is safe to pull the knob to open the camera
and remove the film. Once you do, immediately put the film back in the film canister and close
the back of the camera again.
3. What are the different film types?

 Slide Film- Slide film, also known as "color reversal" or "color positive" film, is the polar
opposite of color negative and black and white film. When processed, the film reveals
the true, positive colors and tones of the image that were present at the time of
exposure. As a result, it's very similar to a digital image.
 Color Negative Film- Color negative film, which is sold as a long strip on a spool, has a
much wider exposure range and displays color and values inverted. This is the type of
film that is commonly found in disposable cameras purchased at a convenience store.
 135 Film- The frame size of 135 film is 24x36mm, and there is enough film for 12, 24, or
36 frames. Prior to the advent of digital cameras, the 135 film format was the most
popular among amateur photographers, owing to its small size and portability.
 126 Film- The 126 film roll was designed for film with a width of 35 mm and a paper
backing. In the early 1960s, Kodak introduced 126 film to the market in response to
customer complaints about the difficulty of loading/unloading cameras that relied on roll
fills.
 828 Film- This film was released in 1935 as a paper-backed 35mm roll film. Kodak
introduced the 828 film to avoid problems that arose with the original perforated 35mm
film. The spool's relatively small diameter suited small cameras quite well.
 120 Film- The standardized format for all medium format cameras is 120 film. The film is
held in an open spool that was initially made of wood with metal flanges, then all-metal,
and finally all-plastic.
 220 Film- 220 film does not have backing paper behind it; instead, it has a leader and
trailer to protect it from light. Although the longer film was appealing to professional
photographers, 220 films had drawbacks.
 620 Film- The width and length of 620 roll film were copied from 120 roll film, implying
that both film rolls produced the same image size. The only difference was the spool
used to hold the film in place; the core and end flanges of the 620 roll spool were smaller
to allow placement in thinner camaras.
 116 Film (and 616)- Though the 116 films resembled the 616 70mm wide format, the
616 format was distinguished by its use of relatively small spools. These spools allowed
for a better fit with smaller cameras.
  127 Films- The popularity and early success of 127 roll film, which was sized between
35mm and medium format, stemmed from its affordability and ease of use during the
Great Depression.
 110 Films- Because of its small size, it is difficult to enlarge and provide high-resolution
scans. This film is frequently associated with sloppy prints and scans. You can still
process your 110 film negatives and digitize the photos at a higher resolution using a
film scanner.
 APS Film- APLS cartridges were designed for automatic loading, with a full-width film
enclosure of 24 mm width when not in use. It's worth noting that the slightly exposed
films and door had the potential to be removed and repurposed later on. Furthermore,
after development, this type of film was placed back into the cartridge and returned to
the photographer.

4. How are photographs converted from latent to visible images?

The chemical development process converts the invisible dormant image into a
visible image. The developer solution introduces electrons into the sensitized grains,
converting the other silver ions to black metallic silver. As a result, the grains appear as
visible black specks in the emulsification.

5. What is the difference between a photograph and an image?

Image is any visual object that's modified or altered by a computer or an
imaginary object created using a computer whereas a photograph is defined as anything
taken with a camera, digital camera, or photocopier.

6. What are the different types of digital cameras?

-Compact, bridge, DSLR and mirrorless cameras.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital photography?

Advantages
 Operating Speed– In case of earlier cameras, one always had to “wind” the film after
clicking a photograph. This led to a certain amount of time delay and inconvenience to
the user. With digital cameras, no such activity is required.
  Large Photo Storage– Depending on the size of the memory card and the quality of the
photos you take, digital cameras can easily store up to 10,000 photos. This far exceeds
the storage capacity of traditional roll film cameras.
 Image Editing Made Simple– Digital images can be easily edited. Image editing software
is widely available and allows you to tweak the photograph to your liking.
 Viewfinder and Preview Screens– Digital cameras have viewing screens on the camera
body that allow you to view the image immediately after you click it. If you don't like it,
you can simply delete it, freeing up storage space for better shots.
 Video Recording Capability– Most digital cameras today come with built-in video
recording capabilities. So, if you come across something that you'd rather record than
photograph, you can simply do so with the same camera.

Disadvantage
 Memory Card Issues– All photographs, video clips, and so on are stored on a memory
card. In rare cases, the memory card can become corrupt or develop other issues,
resulting in permanent data loss.
 Higher Initial Cost– When compared to roll film cameras, high-end, fully-loaded digital
cameras are a little more expensive.
 Battery Consumption– The battery in digital cameras depletes more quickly. This
necessitates the keeping of a few extra batteries on hand, especially during lengthy
photo sessions.
 Dynamic range- Film has a greater dynamic range than digital cameras. As a result, film
can capture a broader range of tonal quality. Film can typically produce different shades
of white, which aids in preventing highlight overexposure. This means that film has an
advantage when it comes to capturing light shades, particularly at sunrise and sunset.
 Shutter lag– Digital cameras, particularly low-cost models, are prone to shutter lag,
which is the time lag between when you press the shutter button and when the image is
captured.

8. What are the issues regarding the use of digital photography in police work?
The least common issues with digital photography are incorrect image exposure
(1.72), difficulty adjusting the focal length for the crime scene (1.73), and difficulty
adjusting the shutter release for different subjects (1.73). (1.77).