Self Interpreting Bible

NEW
SELF-INTERPRETING
BIBLE LIBRARY
WITH
COMMENTARIES, REFERENCES, HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS

AND THE HELPS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND
AND TEACH THE TEXT
ILLUSTRATED AND EXPLAINED

BY FOUR HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHT HALF-TONE ENGRAVINGS FROM
PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING PLACES OF BIBLE EVENTS
AS THEY APPEAR TO-DAY
INTRODL'CTION BY
BISHOP JOHN H. VINCENT, D. D., LL. D.
FOUNDER OF CHAUTAUQUA
REFERENCES, EXPLANATORY NOTES, AND TABULATED STATISTICS EDITED AND REVISED BY

REV. JAMES W. LEE, D. D.
AUTHOR OF "THE MAKING OF A MAN," "EARTHLY FOOTSTEPS OF THE MAN OF GALILEE," ETC.
GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL AND EXPLANATORY COMMENTS BY

JOSIAH L. PORTER, D. D., LL. D.
AUTHOR OF" FIVE YEARS IN DAMASCUS," u HANDBOOK OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE,"" PENTATEUCH AND THE GOSPEI.S,"'
''GIANT CITIES OF flASHAN,'' AND CONTRIBUTOR TO 11ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA,''
EXPOSITORY NOTES, DISSERTATIONS AND SIDE LIGHTS BY

HENRY COOKE, D. D., LL. D.
REFERENCES, REFLECTIONS, TABULATED STATISTICS AND COMMENTS BY
JOHN BROWN, D. D., LL. D.
AUTHOR OF "BROWN'S CONCORDANCE OF THE BIBLE."
PHOTOGRAPHS BY
PROF. ROBERT E. M. BAIN
LATE PRESIDENT AMERICAN OUTDOOR PHOTOGRAPHERS' ASSOCIATION
IN FOUR VOLUMES
VOLUME I
GENESIS-JOSHUA
ORD OF THE RIVER JORDAN, SHOWING WHERE THE ISRAELITES CROSSED THE people passed over right against Jericho." In the above picture we have a view of the ford
F JORDAN. (JosHUA iii: 14,16]-"And it came to pass, when the people removed from
their tents, to pass over Jordan, and the priests bearing the ark of the covenant before
the people • . that the waters which came down from above stood and rose up
of the river Jordan where the children of
ments. It is right against Jericho, and is
picture we are looking down the river.
Israel passed over. It conforms to the require-
known as the ford of the river Jordan. In this
The mountains we see in the distance are the
upon a heap very far from the city Adam, that is beside Zaretan; and those that came Judean mountains. This is but a little distance, about 100 yards, fr.om the place where
down toward the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the Christ was baptized.
CONTENTS.
VOLUr'vlE I.
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................................................................... · 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................. ·································· 3
THE EXPEDITION .............................................................................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5
MEMOIR OF REV. JOSIAH PORTER, D. D., LL.D ......................................................... . 9
MEMOIR OF REV. HENRY COOKE, D. D., LL.D ........................................................... . 11
11E1vIOIR OF REV. JOHN BRO\\-"N, D. D., LL.D ............................................................... · 14
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE .................•••.••••••• 15
BLACKWOOD'S AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE· HOLY BIBLE ......................................... . 23
GREAT PERIODS OF BIBLE HISTORY ................ .' ................................................... . 29
GENEALOGY OF THE PATRIARCHS ...................................................................... . 31
PERIOD OF THEOCRACY ...................................................................... ._.................. . 32
FEASTS AND FESTIVALS OF THE JEWS ................................................................. . 33
PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY ..................................................................................• , 34
KINGS AND PROPHETS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL ....................................................... . 35
DATE AND ORIGIN OF THE PSALMS .......................................................••................ 36
TABLE OF THE PSALMS ................................................... : ...............................• 37
BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THEIR NARRATIVE ORDER .......................•............ 37
THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER .......................•............. 37
PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY ..................................................................•••.........••.... 38
THE HIGH PRIESTS OF THE HEBREWS ......................................•...........•................ 39
THE PROPHECIES ................................................................... .- .•..•............•....•. 40
PROPHECIES LITERALLY FULFILLED ......................................................................•. H
PROPHECY COMPARED WITH HISTORY .......•...............................................•.......... 41
THE BOOKS OF THE PROPHETS .......................................................................... . 42
THE FULFILLMENT OF PROPHECY ................................................................ ·....•.. 44
MIRACLES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT .... . 45
PARABLES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT .................................................................... . 45
THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT .................................................................. . 46
THE APOCRYPHAL PERIOD .............................................................................•.. 48
SIGNIFICATIONS OF OBSOLETE WORDS ................................................................. . 49
A GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLIC WORDS ..................................................................... . 50
PRECIOUS STONES OF THE SCRIPTURE ................................................................. . 52
TREES AND PLANTS, FRUITS AND FLOWERS, AND SPICES OF THE BIBLE LANDS ............. . 52
SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS AND COINS ............................................ , ..... , ...•.•• 54
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS AND HILLS ...............................................................•••• 55
FIRST CENTURY or THE CHRISTIAN ERA ................. ·..............................................• 56
HOW TO READ THE WORD OF GOD ...................................................................... . 57
ANSWERED PRAYERS ................................................................................•..•... 57
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES ....................................................................•......... 58
PROGRESSIVE REVELATION OF DIVINE TRUTHS ...........................................•........... 59
SELECT CHAPTERS FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS .............................•............................. 59
AIDS FOR SOCIAL AND PRIVATE PRAYER ................................................................ . 60
TO READ THE BIBLE THROUGH IN A YEAR .................................................... : ........ . 60
JEWISH SEASONS, SACRIFICES AND OBLATIONS ...............................................•••••.. 61
THE LAWS OF THE HEBREWS ............................................................................• 62
THE PARABLES OF OUR LORD ............................................•.......•....................•.. 62
RELIGIOUS SECTS AND POLITICAL FACTIONS .......................................................... . . 63
THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW TESTAMENTS ................ , ................. . 64
A COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FROM THE CREATION TO THE BIRTH OF CHRIST .. 65
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RIGHT UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORACLES OF GOD .............. , .... . 66
THE DIVINE AUTHORITY OF THE SCRIPTURES OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS ............... . 66
RULES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE SCRIPTURES OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS .............• 68
THE JEWISH LAWS AND TYPES ......•....................................................................... , 73
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NATIONS ...................................................•..•..•.••..•• 81
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY .........................................•....•••.• 98
TABLE OF MEASURES, WEIGHTS, MONIES AND TIMES MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE .........••••• 106
1-1-D
CONTENTS-Continued.
P .. ge
TABLE OF OFFICES AND COXDITIONS OF MEX ...................................................... .. 108
A COLLECTION OF THE.NA~IES AND TITLES GIVEK TO JESL'S CHRIST ............................. . 109
A COLLECTION OF THE APPELLATIONS GIVEN TO THE CHURCH OF GOD IN THE SCRIPTURES .. 109
A COLLECTION OF SIMILES CONTAINED IN THE SCRIPTURES .................................... . 110
A COLLECTION OF SYNONYMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES USED IN THE SCRIPTURES ........... . 112
A COLLECTION OF THE PROPHECIES WHICI-i CONCERN THE CALLING OF THE JEWS ......... . 11?'
A TABLE OF THE PROMISES IN THE ORDER ITT THE BOOKS .......... : ....................... ·...... . 118
A CONCISE HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS ............................................................... . 119
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES ................................................................................. . 120
CHRIST AND HIS KINGDOij IN SHADOWS OR, THE C_HRISTIAN DISPENSATION................... 121
THE CITIES OF THE BIBLE, ALSO ITS MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, RIVERS, LAKES AND COUNTRIES, 135
A COMPLETE INDEX AND CONCISE DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE..................................... 148
. GENESIS ........................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
EXODUS ............................... -~............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
LEVITICUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
DEUTERONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
JOSHUA .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... ... . .. ... . .. .. . ... .. . .... .. ........... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. . ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... .. 538
•
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOL. 1:
PAGE.
A COPTIC CHURCH- ________ ---------------------------- __________________ -------------------------------------------------- 376

ANCfENT JERICHO ------------------ ------ ------ ---------------- ---- ------------ -------------- ---------- ------ ------------ - 543
ANCIENT WALL OF ACROPOLIS ------------------~--- ------ ---- ------------ ------ -~-- ------------ -------- ---------- ------ 481
!~~~~~~t1~E~H:s~~;!E~~~GE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- !;~
BEDOUIN CAMP, JEZREEL---------- -------------- ---- ---------- ---- ------ -- ------ ---- ------------ ---- ---- - ----- ---- ------ - 565
BEDOUIN VILLAGE NEAR JERICHO -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------ -------- 235
BETHEL _________ ----- ------- ___ ------ -------------------- ------ --- --------- ---------- ---- ------ ------------------ --· - ------ - 233
~!~~g1;:z;:~!~S~~iADEL=========================================================================================--==~=
CANAAN-( Colored map)---- ___________________________________________________________________________________ opposite page 562
!~~
CAMELS FEEDING AT NAZARETH---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 474
CASTLE AT C}ESAREA PHILIPPI------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 557
CHEOPS FROM THE MENA HOUSE ------------------------------------------------------ ------ -------------- ------------ 301
COFFEE HOUSE IN THE GARDEN OF THE VIRGIN AT MATARIYEH-------------------------------------------------- 278
COLUMN AND STATUE OF THE VIRGIN, NAZARETH------------------------------------------------------------------- 461
COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE SERAPEUM, PUTEOLL_____________________________________________________________________ 442
COURTYARD OF THE ENGLISH ORPHANAGE---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 503
CROSSING THE JORDAN------- ·------ --- --- ---------------- ------ ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ---- ---- _ 494
EAST FROM THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH -----------------------------------·---------------------------------------------- 303
ENGLISR ORPHANAGE, NAZARETH ____ ---- ____ ---------------- ---- ---- ---- -------- ------ ------ ------ ---- ------ ---------- 328
ENTRANCE TO THE AMPHITHEATRE, PUTEOLI -----------------------------------------------------------------.. ------- 468
ENTRANCE TO THE GARDEN OF THE VIRGIN _______________________________________________________-___________________ 255
ENTRANCE TO TIBERIAS ____ ------ ------ ------ ---------------- --------- -------------------------------·-------------------- 483
EXTERIOR OF AMPHITHEATRE, PUTEOLI ____ ------------ ------ ------ ________ ---- ---- ------ ____ -------------- __________ _ 522
FENCE AT DOTHAN - --------- ---- ---------------- ---------------------------- ---- ---- ---------- --- _______ ____________ ______ 276
FLOCK OF GOATS, BED RAS HEN ______________ ------------------------------ __________________ ---------------------------- 418
FLOCKS NEAR PIT INTO WHICH JOSEPH WAS THROWN-(Colored)-------------------------------------opposite page 275
FORD OF THE RIVER JORDAN ____________________________ ------------------------------------------ ____ Frontispiece ( colored.)
FROM THE ANCIENT EMPIRE MUSEUM ------------------------------------------------ ____ ---------------------------- _ 307
GARDEN OF GIZEH MUSEUM, CAIRO-------------------------------------- ____ ----------------------____________________ 325
GARDEN IN SECOND STORY OF MUSEUM ________________________________________________________ -------------~--------- 519
GARDENS OF DAMASCUS ________________ ------------------------__________________________________________________________ 210 •
GENERAL VIEW OF THE FORUM-------------------------------------------- ____________________________ ~---_____________ 525
GRAIN BOATS ON THE NILE---------------------------------------------------------- ____________ ------------------------ 283
GREEK CHURCH, NAZARETH---------------------------------------------------------------------- ______ ----------------- 497
GREEK CHURCH OF ANNUNCIATION, NAZARETH ______ .. ________________________________________________________________ 53l'
HALL OF GODS, MUSEUM, CAIRO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 347
HALL qF SARCOPHAGI, GIZEH MUSEUM-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 395
HALLWAY IN THE MUSEUM ---------------- ------ -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ::!92
HILL OF SARIS------ - - ---- ---- ------ ------ -------- ____ ---- ---- ------ ------ ---- - ----- ------ - --------- ______ ---- ____ ________ _ 539
INSCRIPTibN ON BRID<1E, GRAND MOSQUE------------------------------------------ ________ ------------_______________ 508
INTERIOR OF LATIN CHURCH OF ANNUNCIATION, NAZARETH--------------------- ______ ---------------------------- 342
INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF AMR------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 382
KIRJ ATH JEARIM _________________ ------ ---- __________________ ---- __ ____ ______ ____ ___ _______ ______ ____ ____ ____ ________ ____ _ 487
MEJDEL ESH SHEMS -- ·----- ---- -------- ------ ----- ----- ---- ---- ---- - ------ ---- ---- ------ ______ ------ ---------- ____________ 459
MONASTERY NEAR BETH SAID A -------------------- ------ ---- ---- ------ ------ ---------------- ____ ______________ __________ 471
MOSQUE EL AKSA- --- ---- -------- ---------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ----- - - ------- ---- ---- ____________ ---- ________ ____ ____ __ 490
MOSQUE OF AMR ___ - -•-- ---- ---------- ________________ -------- -------- ____ ---- ____________ -------- ____ ____ ______ ____ ______ _ 385
MOSQUE OF OMAR AND JEWISH QUARTER------------------------------------------------------------_________________ 450
MOSQUE OF OMAR AND TURKISH QUARTER------------------------------------------------•-----------------_________ 488
MOSQUE OF WADY 'ALI ------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------------------ ---------------------- _ 553
MOUNT EBAL ---- ---- ----- ---- ---- ------ ------ ____ ---- -------- ---- ------ ------ ------ ---- --- _---- ------ ______ ____ ______ ______ _ 650
MOUNT GERIZIM ________________________ ---- _ ·-- ____ - ----- ---- ---- ____ - _____________ -------------- ______ ____ ______________ _ 229
MOUNT OF OLIVES, FROM THE TEMPLE lLATEAU ----------------------------------------------------------------- 446
MUMMIES OF PRIESTS ---- ------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ --- --- - --- - --- ____________ ------ ------------------ ____ 840
NAB LOU S ---- ______ ---- ________________________ ------ - -- - _--- ___ - - - ____ -- ____ - ___ ---- ___ ____________ ___ __ ____ ______ ____ ______ 269
OLD CARIO ________ --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------· ____ 376
LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS-Continu~d.
PA.GI'.
ON THE QUAY, SMYRNA ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- 629

OUR TENT, NEAR BETHEL---- ____ ---------------------------------------------------- ________________________ .----------- 261
PILGRIMS FROM THE TOMB OF MOSES ________________ ---- -------------------------------------- ------------------- ---- 424
PLAIN OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH - (Colored) __________ ------------------------ ________________________ .opposite page 637
PLOWING ON SCOPUS ·- ________ . _ . _____________________________________________________________________________ --- ---- ---- 513
RACE OF FREIGHT BOATS, JAFFA---. ___________________________ ------ ------ ______________________________________ ------ 660
RAMESES II., OR RAMESES THE GREAT ________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 310
RAS EL 'AIN, N ABLOUS-------- __________________ ------ _ ---- _______ ------ ________________________________________ ---- ------ 274
ROAD TO HELIOPOLIS. _____________________ . ____________ - ----- __________________________________________________ -------- - 422
ROAD TO THE PYRAMIDS ------ ____________ ------- ______ ---- ______ ------ ____________________________ --------------------- 2\18
ROSHPINA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·-------------- 256
SARCOPHAGUS DRINKING TROUGH, NEAR NAZARETH________________________________________________________________ 455
SARCOPHAGUS OF APIS BULL, MEMPHIS ____________________________________________________________________ ------------ 337
SCENE IN GIZEH MUSEUM ____ ------------------------.----------------- ________ ------------------------------------------ 410
SECOND AND THIRD PYRAMIDS---------·--------------------------------------------------------------------------"----- 365
SECOND VIEW OF THE SOURCE OF THE JORDAN ____ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 574
SIDE ALTAR, LA TIN CHURCH, NAZARETH-------------------- ________________ ------------------------------------------ 610
SITE OF ANCIENT MEMPHIS ____ -------------------- ·--- -- ---- ________ ------ ------ ------ ---- ------ -------- -------- ---- ---- 434
SPRING OF THE VIRGIN ------------------------------------------------ __________ ---- ____ ------ ---- ---------------------- 291
ST. MARY'S WELL, OR THE FOUNTAIN OF THE VIRGIN----------------------------------------------··--------------- 617
START OF THE PROCESSION OF THE FESTIVAL OF THE MAH 'MAL------------------------------------------------- 351
TEMPLE OF THE SPHINX------- _________________ --------------------------------------------------- --------------------- 360
THE ABANA RIVER PASSING THE GARDENS OF DAMASCUS---------------------------------------------------------- 217
THE BRIDGE OVER THE JORQAN --------------------------------- ---------------- ------ ------------ ---------------------- 499
'l'RE CHURCH OF GILGAL------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---- ---- ________ ----- 646
THE DEAD SEA--------------------------------- - ------ ------ ---- ------ ------- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- --- - ---- ---- -------- ------ - 243
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POSTERITY OF NOAH-(Colored map) _______________________________________ opposite page 228
THE DRAWER OF WATER FROM THE NILE---------------------------------------- ________________ --------------------- 400
THE GREAT PYRAMID OF EGYPT -------------------- ------ ------------------ ---· ---- -------- ---- -------- ---------------- 231
THE LAND OF CANAAN-(Colored map)---------------------- -- -------- ---------------- ----------------------opposite page 248
THE NILOMETER-(Colored)------ --- ---- ----------- ------- -------- ---- ---- ----------------------------------opposite page 299
THE OAK OF MAMRE, ABRAHAM'S OAK---------------------------------------- --- . ------ ------ ------------------------- 250
THE OBELISK OF HELIOPOLIS ____ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 371
THE PENINSULA OF SINAI-( Colored map)------------------------------------------------------------ -------opposite page 322
THE PILGRIMS --- - ---- -- - ---- ---- ---- ------ ------ ---------- ------ ------ ------ ------ -------- ------- ----------- ------------ - 221
THE ROCK IN THE TEMPLE ---- ------ ---- - - .. ---- - - -- - ---------------------- ---------- -------------- ---· ---------------- 247
THE STEP PYRAMID, SAKKARAH, NEAR MEMPHIS _--- ----- ------------------- -------------------------- -------------- 349
THE VALLEY OF AJA LON ------ -------------------- -----. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 655
TIBERI AS ____ ---------- ____ -------------------------------.------------------------------------------------------------------ 669
TOMB OF j OSEPH ____ -------------------------- ------ ------------- ------ ------ ------ -------------------- ------ ------ -------- 317
TOMB OF RACHEL ---- ____ ----------------------------- ----- ------ ---- ---- ------------ ------------------------------------- 271
TOMB OF SULTAN BARKUK -------------------------- ------------ -------- ---------- --------------------------------------- 414
TOMBS OF THE CALIPHS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 320
TOMBS OF THE MAMELUKES-------------------------- -------------- ---------------- -------- ---------------- ---- -------- - 439
TOWER OP CASTLE -----· --- ------------------------------------ -------------- ------------------ ------ -------------------- 477
WADY 'ALI---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • 334
WALLS OF AKRO-CORINTH ---- ------ -------- ------ -------- ---- -------- -------- ------ ---------------- ---- -------- ----- ___ - 634
WATER CARRIERS -------- ------·------------ -------------- ---- ---------------- ---- ---------- - ----------- ------ ------------. 390
WATER DRAWING IN EGYPT.·----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·• ~
INTRODUCTION
The Holy Land, with the regions immediately adjoining, constituting the most sacred of the Bible Lands,
does not lose its peculiar interest to the most advanced student of history, civilization, biography and human na-
ture. News from Jerusalem, by cable or post, attracts the attention of both religious and non-religious readers.
There was never a time when tourists flocked with more pleasure and curiosity to the haunts and homes of the
principal Bible characters. There was never a time when pilgrimages, religious and scientific, were more popular.
Again, the Palestine Explqration Fund of England has secured a permit from the Turkish Government to renew
and extend its investigations of the soil underneath and about the Holy City. The shrill whistle of the locomotive
has echoed among the mountains and valleys of Judea, and but recently a steamboat was launched on the Dead
Sea. The Europeon powers keep watch of each other, while all keep ward over the Holy places. And this not
merely because of rival rehg10us organizations, which diligently seek advantage in their search for sacred sites or
hidden treasures, or build si:mnes at which to bow in reverent worship, but also that they may guard well this
whole region that lies between the North and South, the Mediterranean highway on the west, and the approach
to India on the east.
If Christianity were effete, and simply an historic memory, there would be the same interest in Palestine
that classic students now feel in the researches of Schliemann and others, in Western Asia Minor and in Greece;
but Christianity is a living verity. Its founder declared that He would draw all men unto himself, and com-
missioned his apostles to "Go into all the world, and preach this gospel to every creature," declaring: "I am with
you alway, even unto the end of ·the world." The Christianity of the age is vital. It has greater power among
men than at its genesis. Its promises have been fulfilled through the centuries. The civilization of which it is
the basis and directing force, is the dominating civilization of the world today. The Book which records the
marvels of His life, who "spake as never man spake," was never studied so critically, thoroughly and enthusias-
tically as now. Biblical research is the passion of the age. To it Philology, studies in Comparative Religion and
Ethics, and Archreology-with spade and magnifying glass-pay constant tribute. The careful student of lan-
guage, the Biblical e_xegete, the popular preacher, the Bible class teacher, the private unofficial Christian, turn
eager eyes toward these sacred regions, to see every discovery that may shed further light on the Book of Books,
and on the life of Him, who, as the ages go by, occupies a larger place in the civilization of our planet.
War, pestilence, earthquake, and all the sources of devastation which, through the centuries, have swept
over the eastern world, have removed many landmarks, and destroyed immense quantities of valuable material.
But in the Far East, and especially in Palestine, the contour of the country remains. Jerusalem still stands on
her high hills, with the valleys of Hinnom and Jehoshaphat round about; with Olivet to the east, and beyond
Olivet the desolations of Judea and below Judea the Ghor, and the salt waters of the Dead Sea, while beyond them
rise in majesty the mountains of Moab, that stretch out in vast tablelands towards the Euphrates. Ebal and Geri-
zim still stand in the center of Western Palestine; and there, too, is the plain of Esdraelon, with Tabor and Gil-.
boa, with Nazareth and Tiberias beyond. There, too, rise Hermon-the snow-crowned-and the lofty Lebanon,
while at the base of Anti-libanus, amidst the flowing waters of Abana and Pharpar, stands the Pearl of the East,
the mother of all cities-the ancient Damascus.
The ages have not materially changed the climate of Palestine. Still the heavy dews fall, the early
rain and the later rain come down in their appointed seasons. The hot wind blows from the south and the north
wind brings strength and gladness. The fields are still, in their season, white unto the harvest; and from the sea
come mist and clouds, the rain, the hail and tempest. It is the old land, the same to-day as in the past yesterdays.
The manners and customs of this Eastern country have not been changed. People dress and eat and sleep
and live and labor as they did two thousand years ago. The scenes of the Bible are reproduced with startling
fidelity to the old record. One may find feasting and funeral, seed-sewing and harvest, elders in the gate and
veiled women, grass on the housetops, sparrows seeking their nests in holy places, the grass of the field that to-day
is and to-morrow is cast into the oven. The old customs and costumes remain.
The general scenic features of Palestine render it interpretative of Biblical events and ~hed light upon diffi-
culties which, but for the perpetuity of its features, would have been unsolvable problems. Every traveler through
Palestine discovers and makes report of these features and finds his faith in the Book confirmed. It is this feature
which renders so valuable the contribution of the present work to the illustration of Biblical history. The perfec-
tion of photographic art is reached in the production of this seri~. The land is brought within the purview of
3
every reader. Here, in the fine atmosphere. of the Syrian skies, are presented hills, mountains, valleys, plains,
water-courses, ruins, towns, cities, fountains, fields, mosques, churches, beasts of burden, flowers of the field, and
whatsoever else the sun can copy on the sensitive plate hidden in the camera.
The student is invited to the turning of its leavesas to a walk through picture galleries and museums, with
the hope by its editors that the "Land of all Lands" and the "Book of all Books" may gain, through this pleasant
ministry, a firmer hold on head and heart than ever before.
,.
THE EXPEDITION
It is the aim of this work to bring the Land and the Book closely together, so that eaoh may add interest to,
and throw light upon, the other, and with that end in view the publishers conceived the idea of enriching it with
actual photographs of scenes of Bible events and of the places where the great men of the Bible lived. Photographs
of various kinds might have been secured in New York or London for almost a trifle, but they wanted first hand
and authentic views so that, in the setting together of picture history and scripture we might have a new work,
appealing to old and young alike, as much as any novel.
It is a "true story," now for the first time illustrated-not by portraits and copies of well-known pictures,
but by photographs of the actual places as they appear to-day. These photographs have been pronounced to be as
fine as the art of the camera could make them. To secure them, the publishers, at a cost of $25,000.00, engaged
the writer of this and Prof. Robert E. M. Bain of St. Louis, one of the most distinguished photographers of Amer-
ica, to make a tour of the lands about the Mediterranean Sea. About all we have of civilization, as well as re-
ligion had its origin around the shores of this classic sea. The wonders of the world are to be seen here. Egypt
and her Pyramids, the unsolved riddle of the Sphinx, the wonderful River Nile--Herodotus called Egypt "The
Gift of the Nile "-Palestine, the home of the Hebrew nation, whose mission was the grandest of all-"To teach
righteousne~."-They have transmitted to us this richest legacy, and have left a land filled with monuments which
are traditional shrines that all the civilized world desires to visit, Phcenicia, whose people started the ideas of
commerce and colonization, and wlio have left to us the greatest gift of all an alphabet, Damascus, "The Pearl of
the Orient," the oldest city of all, Greece, the mother of art and politics, and Rome, trom whence so much of civ-
ilization has sprung. "The Jews, the Greeks and the Romans are the most famous people in the world," for it
is not extent of territory that makes greatness, but what they have given to the world.
We have fed upon the moral and spiritual productions of these lands for many centuries but for them and
the lives that transfigured them we should not be what we are, or have the names we bear, the calendar we use, the
history we know. The laws that were ordained and honored then regulate our conduct now. The hopes that
were known and rejoiced in then refresh our spirits, so that in going back to Palestine, even if we do it by means
of photographs, we are returning to the "birthplace of all nations."
We must, either personally or by representation, see the Land in order to clearly understand the Book-our
own history, and our highest product.
I
The writer and the artist visited the lands about the Mediterranean Sea, which are known as Bible Lands.
They spent some time in Egypt, where they visited Heliopolis, where Joseph married and where probably he met
his father when he came down from Canaan. They visited Memphis, where Moses is said to have lived, and the
Pyramids, built before Abraham came up from Ur of the Chaldees. They went to Alexandria, the school of the
great Christian prophets, and leaving there, made their tour of the Holy Land. They landed at Joppa one Sunday
morning, in April, and were met by pre-arrangement wit4 a complete camping expedition with an outfit consisting
of thirteen horses and mules, four muleteers, a sleeping tent, a cook tent, a lunch tent, a first-class cook and waiter,
and the best dragoman in the East. With all this array of people, animals, cooking utensils and appliances
for camping and traveling, they passed upon their tour of the Holy Land, taking in the places of historic interest
and gettrng such pictures of them as the best appliances of the photographer's art made possible. They lived for a
time amid the scenes and surroundings made interesting from the associations which had been gathering about them
for thousands of years.
They were in Palestine in April and May, the months most suitable for getting the best Vliew of the Holy
Land. They were there at a time when the wild flowers literally covered the face of the earth. During these spring
months, the flowers of Palestine stand in rows and squares and diamonds; they run up the mountains, illuminate
the valleys, and peep out from the crevices of the rocks; they contest with the wheat for standing ground in the
fields, and seem bent on claiming everything and occupying with their beauty every inch of soil that appears in
sight; they adorn with their blooming radiance the most desolate and unseemly places; they perch upon the tops of
great barren boulders, cling to their sides, throw their delicate heads down from their edges, absolutely embracing
them as if determined in spite of altitude and weather to idealize them and make them luminous with their gay
embellishment; they stand in regiments and platoons in the depths of great gullies the winter rains wash out of the
5
earth, as if they wished to hide whatever of ugliness or deformity the weather had brought to their native land; they
utilize every spot as if they would advertise to passers-by the fact that Palestine is God's favorite region; they seem
to be attempting to declare the fact that though the land of God's people has passed from the hands of its friends
and has come to see evil days, it still enjoys a munificence of heaven's good will no other country can claim.
So they not only saw the Holy Land in its general topographical features of mountain, hill, and plain, but
they saw it at a time when it was as beautiful as when Adam and Eve lived among the flowers in the first garden of
the world. Thus they were able to bring to illustrate this Library the reality and beauty of Palestine.
II
A few months later they reached the city of St. Louis, with all their dry plates containing pictures of the
lands they had seen, having traveled fifteen thousand miles. Their boxes of glass plates had passed through the
great historic cities of the world; they had been carried from place to place by railway cars, by express wagons, by
carriages, by steamboats, by rowboats, by porters, by Americans, by Englishmen, by Frenchmen, by Italians, by
Egyptians, by Arabs, by Turks, by Greeks; they had been in the holds of ships, piled on the decks of steamers, and
strapped on the backs of mules; they had been to the Pyramids and over the road traveled by our Savior and the
apostles; they had followed in the footsteps of Saint Paul in his missionary journeys, and had been to the city of
Plato and Aristotle and in the home of the Coosars.
And yet it was demonstrated in the dark room of the photographer that of all their exposed plates they had
lost only a very few. This record of a remarkable journey, unseen and invisible until brought out by the chemicals
of the photographers, really took the form of what the best judges have pronounced to be the finest pictures of Bible
lands that have ever been taken. They were not such as some poet or artist had seen in his imagination, but were
such as the sun had faithfully painted on the sensitive glass plate. Prof. George Adams Smith, of the Free Church
College, Glasgow, Scotland, author of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land, after seeing the pictures which
illustrate this work, says: "I have never before seen photographs which bring out so accurately and strongly the
sweep of the hills and the aspect of the dominant features of the country, or give you such a wide and truly repre-
sentative range of view." _
"These pictures," as has been well said, "furnish a most important ari.d to the study of the history, not only
of Palestine proper, but also of Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, and the Islands of the Archipelago. The photo-
graphs mirror as they exist to-day the ancient cities of the countries above mentioned, sacred shrines, ruined tem-
ples, famous churches, magnificent mosques, historic highways, traditional tombs, holy fields, actual scenes of events
in the life of Christ, and a hundred other features to delight the eye and engage the intellect."
III
Abraham comes up from Mesopotamia and stops at Sichem, where the Canaanites dwelt. At this point.the
reader is helped to better understand this place by having presented to his eye a picture of Sichem, or Shechem,
as it is to-day. Abraham leaves Canaan and passes down to Egypt, and here the mind is given a new and wider im-
pression of this journey by a picture of the Pyramids, which is one of the monuments that stood in Abraham's day.
Abraham returns from Egypt and pitches his tent at Bethel. Here opposite the part of the Bible where this fact is
recorded is a picture of Bethel. The herdsmen of Lot and the herdsmen of Abraham fall out, making it necessary
for the uncle and the nephew to separate their families and their belongings. This portion of the Holy Scripture
is illuminated by a picture of the Plains of the Jordan, which Lot selooted when permitted by the generous heart of
Abraham to choose his own place of abode. Abraham goes to Hebron and pitches his tent in that fertile locality.
This particular part of the Bible is set off by a view of Abraham's Oak, that is said to stand upon the very site where
the Father of the Faithful pitched his tent in Hebron. Rachel dies and is "buried in the way to Ephrath, which
is Bethlehem," and here stands a picture of Rachel's Tomb, found upon the very site where Jacob set a pillar upon
her grave. Israel sends Joseph to find his brethren who had gone from Shechem to feed their flocks in Dothan. How
the mind is helped in reading this interesting portion of God's word by seeing on the opposite page a picture of
Dothan! Joseph is sold by his brethren to Ishmaelites who are on their way to Egypt, and here this scene ,is more
deeply impressed upon the mind by a picture of the region in Egypt near On, where Potiiphar, an officer of Pha-
raoh, to whom Joseph was sold, is supposed to have lived. After forty years of wandering in the Wilderness, Mose.<!
brings the Children of Israel in sight of the Promised Land. He goes up himself to the top of Nebo to take a view
of the country, the only view he was ever to get of it in this world; and here this, one of the most interesting his-
torical events in the career of the human race, is illuminated by a view of the plains of Sodom and Gomorrah, the
very part of the Holy Land over which Moses looked from Nebo. Under the leadership of Joshua, after the death
of Moses, the Children of Israel are led across the Jordan; and what could help the mind better to get a fresh and
living view of this historic fact than a picture of the Jordan taken at the old ford where the Children of Israel
crossed the sacred river?
Where Christ is represented by Matthew as being baptized in the Jordan by John, a picture is given of the
place in the river where he was baptized. In the fourth chapter of John, where Christ is represented as waining,
6
weary with his journey, at Jaoob's well at the noon hour while the disciples were gone to Sychar to buy meat, when
the woman of Samaria came to draw water, and he delivered the discourse which was one of the most remarkable
he ever uttered, this scene is made more real to the mind by the picture of Jacob's Well upon which he rested,
and Mount Gerizim, to which he referred and to which ho pointed in his conversation wiith the Samaritan woman.
The wondrous scene in which Christ is represented as seeing the multitudes, and going up into a mountain and
calling his disciples unto him and opening his mouth and teaching them, saying: "Blessed are the poor in spirit;
for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven," is illustrated by a picture of the Mount of Beautitudes, where this diseourse
was delivered. The thirty years of Christ in Nazareth, the silent years of His earthly life, are illustrated by pictures
of the actual hills and valleys and olive trees and streets and fountaiins where the .Son of God grew up. Beside the
first miracle in Cana of Galilee, as recorded in John's gospel, there is placed a picture of Cana of Galilee nestling
quiet and beatiful amid its olive groves and prickly pear fences, with its little Greek church housing the very ves-
sels which, according to tradition, contained the water which was turned into wine. .
Thus the Old and the New Testaments, by the aid of these representations of the Holy Lands, become real
books. The imagination, as informed by the eye, is helped to interpret them, and we believe that with these helps
the history of these lands will become more tangible and interesting than ever .before. While the pfotures lend a
freshness that would not be possible without them, when these are taken in connection with the rich n9tes in the
wide marginal columns, and the pen pictures and reflections and illustrations and commentaries at the bottom of
the pagea, it is difficult to exaggerate the value of this work. It is a rare and rich mine •of the most valuable in-
formation that can possibly be found on· the Bible and its Lands.
IV
Of useful helps outside the comments, notes, reflections and pictures, there is a Historical Sketch of English
Translations of the Bible, including The Early Anglo-Saxon Versions; Wycliffe's Version; Tyndale's Version;
Coverdale's Bible; Matthew's Bible; the Great Bible called Cranmer's; Taverner's Bible; the Genevan Bible; the
Rhemish and Douay Version; an Introduction to the Right Understanding of the Word of God; Rules for Under-
standing the ScriptJres of the Old and New Testament; an Account of the Jewish Laws and Types; the Geography
and History of nations, necessary for the Right Understanding of the Historical, and especially the Prophetic Parts
of Scripture correspondent texts of which are .all along generally quoted; Chronological Index of Scripture History;
Tables of the Measures, Weights, Moneys, and the Times mentioned in Scripture; a Table of Offices and Conditions
of Men; Christ and His Kingdom in Shadows, or the Christian Dispensation as typified in the Old Testament:
Blackwood's Comprehensive Aids to the Study of the Holy Bible, comprising valuable chronological, genealogical and
mkcellaneous tables with historic and other explanatory matter designed to facilitate the study and promote the
better understanding of the Holy Scriptures; Great Periods of Bible History, including the Antediluvian period
from the Creation to the Flood; period of the Disperaion, from the Flood to the Promise; period of the Patriarchs,
from the Promise to the Exode; period of the Wandering, from the Exodus to the passage over Jordan; period of
Theocracy, from Joshua to Samuel; intermediate period from Samuel to David as King; period of the Monarchy,
from David to the Babylonian captivity; period of the Captivity and of the Restoration, from the conquest of Judea
to the conclusion of the canon of the Old Testament; period of Jewish history from the conclusion of the canon of
the Old Testament to the Christian era; period of the Christian Church to the end of the sacred canon. Genealogy
of the Patriarchs, showing which were contemporary with each other; Feasts and Festivals of the Jews; Date and
Origin of the Psalms; High Priests qf the Hebrews; Prophets and their Prophecies; the Prophecies literally Ful-
filled; Miracles of the Old Testament; Parables of the Old Testament; the Apochryphal period, from Malachi to
John the Baptist; period between the Old and the New Testament; Jewish Seasons, Sacrifices and Oblations; Collec-
tion of ,Similes contained in the Scriptures; a Collection of Synonymous Terms or Phrases used in the Scriptures;
a Table of the Promises in the Order of the Books; a Complete Index and Concise Dictionary of the Bible. Besides
which there is also the Gospel Dispensation as Revealed in the Old Testament; the Harmony of the Four Gospels,
showing the events in the life of Christ in chronological order; a list of passages .in the New Testament cited from
the Old; the names, titles and appellations of the Savior; the Parables, with the illustrations used and the lessons
to be learned from each; the miracles wrought by our Lord and by others to attest His divinity; the warnings, prom-
ises, prayers and discourses of the Savior in chronological order; a tabular analysis of the Sermon on the Mount,
with the lessons inculcated; the trial, crucifixion, resurrection and ascension of Christ, with a description of his suf-
ferings and death; the names, titles, personality and dignity of the Holy Ghost and His co-operation in the work of
redemption; a brief treatise on the authorship and date of the books of the Old and New Testament; a ta:bular
memorial of Saint Paul; an account of the lives of the Apostles; a list of the miracles wrought by the Holy Ghost
and the Apostles and Disciples, with the date and place of each; all of the above being accompanied by exhaustive
references to the text and by a new map on which are traced the journeys of Christ and His Apostles, from Bethle-
hem to Calvary, and from Damascus to Rome.
"1
MEMOIR OF REV. JOSIAH PORTER, D. D., LL. D.
Dr. J. L. Porter was admirably trained by his early education and his intimate knowledge of Bible lands,
gained by his residence in the East, for the preparation of the annotations which he bas contributed. He enjoyed
the advantages of a private tutor in his boyhood who devoted to his instruction an amount of care that could not
have fallen to his lot in any public seminary. His classical training gave a trend to his studies, and his early taste
for• language was fully satisfied when be was sent to ::iyria.
After the usual curriculum, he graduat.ed as Bachelor of Arts and subsequently as Master of Arts in the Uni-
versity of Glasgow. Thence be passed to Edinburgh for the study of theology, commencing his course in the
Divinity class of the University and afterwards completing his course in the Free Church College.
He was settled as pastor for a while over the old and interesting church in High Bridge street, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. About this time the Irish· General Assembly, of which he was a member, required an increase of the
missionary staff, chiefly in the Jewish sphere of labor, and the leading directors, who had become acquainted with
the young pastor of the High Bridge church, resolved to have him transferred to the East. He had already given
evidence of bis mental vigor by his articles which had appeared in the Journal of Sacred Literature, and for a length
of time he contributed papers to that journal.
Arriving in the East, he settled in Damascus, where be applied himself with unwonted energy to the study of
Arabic and Hebrew, with which tongues he became thoroughly conversant. In order to obtain a perfect mastery of
oriental speech, be commenced a series of tours which served a double purpose; he found out his defects by inter-
cour8e with the people, and thus in his journeyings he speedily became fluent and accurate in conversation, while
his travels were so arranged that ere long he found he had become familiar with Syria and Palestine east and west
of the Jordan as well as Egypt. W.fierever be went he aimed at accuracy and thorough investigation, thus preparing
himself for a work which be did not anticipate but which he was subsequently called to perform.
He contributed a valuable series of papers which appeared in the Bibliotheca Sacra, the last of· which, on the
subject of miracles, was recognized as an essay of unusual clearness and pecular power, and was published in 1873.
Dr. Porter contributed to the journal of the Royal Geographical Society, and was the author of that remarkably
interesting work known as " Five Years in Damascus." The second edition of this work contained a paragraph of
special value, as it bears on the disputed question of the antiquity of many of the structures which still remain in
the Lejah and the deserted cities of Basban, and the candid reader will doubtless see that the position defended by the
author is fully maintained. Dr. Porter was also the author of a well-known hand-book for Syria and Palestine, a
work which for clearness, condensation, range of information: and accuracy of statement is one of the most remarkable
books of the age, and deserves a place in all private libraries. He also prepared numerous valuable articles
which are accredited to bis pen in Dr. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, as well as papers for the Encyclopi.edia
Britannica. And in all of his articles there is a lucidity and pictorial power and condensation of information and
mastery of description which places them in the front rank of all articles upon like subjects.
He published also a reply to Bishop Colesno, which is recognized as an admirable defense against the attack
of a learned but erratic man. Another book from his pen is entitled "The Pentateuch and the Gospels," and in
the same year in which that notable work appeared was published his" Giant Cities of Bashan," a book which has pro-
duced a great impression upon Biblical students and drawn earnest attention to the land lying east of the Jordan.
Dr. Porter had been fully aware of the fact that nearly all European and American travelers in Palestine bad merely
visited the region which lay between the Sinaitic peninsula, the range of the mountains of Lebanon, the Jordan and
the Mediterranean. The whole territory of Gilead and Bashan and all the districts to the east of the Jordan had
scarcely been penetrated. And yet every intelligent reader of the book of Deuteronomy would expect that the con-
quest of these lands and their subsequent settlement and long occupation by the Israelites would have produced
results as worthy of research and study as the scenes to the west of the Jordan. Accordingly Dr. Porter left
Da.scus, and facing great personal risks, his life at times being in imminent danger, he entered the celebrated
Lejall\and sojourned in several of the deserted cities which yet remain and in their desolation afford incontrovertable
evidence of the literal fulfillment of prophecy. In Bashan he gathered the material for his " Giant Cities," a work
of surpassing interest which reads like a romance, and thus he has largely encouraged subsequent explorers to depart
from the beaten track of ordinary visitors in Palestine and to study this far eastern region which though clothed in
interest had been neglected until be led the way. ·
. He contributed articles also for the Quarterly Review, the Nortk Britisk Review and the British Quarterly
Review. He delivered lectures on Palestine, Jerusalem, Mohammedanism, St. Paul and The Huguenots. Such a
record of literary labor shows that the author who was capable of producing such a _number of works in the few years
devoted to their preparation, while busily engaged in the arduous duties of a missionary, must have possessed an
amount of acquired knowledge, a capacity for expression and a thorough mastery of the subjects on which he treats,
to which few writers attain. Many thoughtful men, entirely devoted to literary pursuits, would require the greater part
of a ·long life to produce so many and so valuable works. But the energy of Dr. Porter, was displayed in a
manner which, in the face of dangers at times which would have deterred ordinary travelers, he repeatedly ex-
plored every district of Syria with a minuteness which left him fully master of his subject when be came to write, and
carried him through the arduous toil of his work with a- rapidity of execution which is only equaled by his great
accuracy. .
It was to be expected that a literary career of great eminence would be distinguished by his Alma Mater, and
accordingly the University of Glasgow recognized his eminent attainments by conferring upon him the degree of Doctor
of Laws, and in the same month the University of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity.
. It will thus be seen that the notes of Dr. Porter must be of special value, and that he has enriched this edi-
tion of THE SELF-INTERPRETING BIBLE by information gained not only in the seclusion of the study but also by hia
personal travels and painstaking examination of every part of the Holy Land. His notes on all places which require
9
MEMOIR OF REV. J05IAH L. PORTER, D. D., LL. D.
~pographical explanation are of great value, and they will be found by all thoughtful readers to cast a flood of light
on the text. Dr. Porter, as a traveler, a student and a writer, bas brought such elt:ments of character, such attain
ments, to his share of this commentary as have stamped it with a character that needs no commendation.
The large body of annotations by which Dr. Porter has enriched this edition of THE SELF-INTERPRETING BIBLE
are not confined to the department of topography alone. He has not confined his studies to such questions only as
pertain to the East. He bas kept pace with the living minds of the age in the department of the natural sciences,
as they are called, and he has devoted special attention to the questions which are discussed by the man who has a
mastery of Ethnology, Physiology, Biology, Chronology, Geology, and kindred branches, to the detriment of the state-
ments of revelation, who refuses to admit the possibility of a miracle, who would believe in motion without a mover,
law without a law-giver, and who would set the world into being and carry it through all its changes and evolutions
without the presence of God. On all points where definition and explanation require to be made against such ad-
versaries his attainments are very evident in his annotations. · His great theological learning, his intimate knowledge
of oriental tongues, will also be patent to every intelligent reader who carefully studies the notes which he has sup-
plied.
Still further, the doctrinal harmony and accordance of evangelical view which happily characterize his contri-
butions secure a unity of sentiment and a freedom from discord that cannot be found in other celebrated commen-
taries on the inspired volume. In his dedication to Lord Dufferin of his " Giant Cities of Bashan," speaking of bis
work, he says:
"I believe there is still much, very much, to be done in the illustration of the history and language of the Bible
by the thoughtful and observant traveler. Bible stories are grafted upon local scenes, and as is always the case in
real history these scenes have moulded and regulated to a greater or less extent the course of events. Consequently ·
the more full and graphic the description of the scenes, the more vivid and life-like will the stories become. The
imagery of scripture, too, is eminently eastern; it is a reflection of the country. The parables, metaphors and illus-
trations of the sacred writers were borrowed from the objects which met their eyes and with which the first readers
were familiar. Until we become equally familiar with these objects, much of the force and beauty of God's Word
must be lost. The topography of Palestine can never be detailed with too great minuteness. Its scenery and natural
products can never be studied with too much care. Bible metaphors and parables take the vividness of their own
sunny clime when viewed among the bills of Palestine, and Bible history appears as if acted anew when read upon
its old stage. I had opportunity during my long residence in the East of visiting regions seldom, some of them never
before, trodden by European travelers. I have in most cases attempted to group together in a popular way the inci-
dents and results of two, three, and occasionally many visits to the same region, filling in the events of sacred history
anq showing the customs of primitive life as illustrated by what passed before me. My aim has been to give as far
as possible a complete picture and to enable my readers to see the distant past more clearly through the medium of
the present. During all my journeys the Bible was my constant companion. I read its prophecies as well as its
history amid the scenes to which they refer. I could not shut my eyes to the graphic details of the record, nor to
the ruin and desolation of the land, and I could not resist the conclusion which a careful comparison forced up0n me.
Free thought and free inquiry conducted honestly, and in the case of the Bible reverentially, is the right of every
man. This, while fully granting it to others, I claim for myself. I have in all cases attempted to exhibit two pictures,
one of the country as seen by men, another as it is sketched by the Hebrew prophets. One thing, however, all
eastern travelers must admit-the perfect harmony between the Bible and the land in which it was written. Even
M. Renan, with all his prejudice, saw it, and has expressed it in language of equal truth and beauty."
Dr. Porter's "Giant Cities of Bashan" reads like a romance. He says: "From the remotest historic period
down to our own day there has ever been something of mystery and of strange wild interest connected with that old king-
dom." His notes, therefore, are of inestimable value because he penetrated regions comparatively unknown before. Wes-
tern Palestine is traversed every year and has been described in scores of volumes, but the travelers who have been known
to succeed in exploring Bashan scarcely amount to half a dozen, and the state of the country is so unsettled and many of
the people inhabiting it are so hostile to Europeans, and in fact to strangers in general, that there seems to be but little
prospect of an increase of travel in that region. This fact added greatly to the charm and instructiveness of Dr. Porter's
visit. He says: "Both land and people remain thoroughly oriental. Nowhere else is patriarchal life so fully and
so thoroughly exemplified. The social state of the country and the habits of the people are just what they were in the
days of Abraham and Job. The raids of the eastern tribes are as frequent and as devastating now as they were then. The
flocks of. a whole village are often swept away in a single incursion, and the fruits of a whole harvest carried off in a single
night. The implements of husbandry too are as rude and as simple as they were when Isaac cultivated the valley of Gerar,
and the hospitality is everywhere as profuse and as genuine as that which Abraham exercised in his tent at Mamre. I could
scarcely get over the feeling as I rode over the fields of Bashan and climbed the wooded hills through the oak forests, and
saw the primitive plows, the yoke of oxen and goats, and heard the old Bible salutation given to every passer-by, and
received the urgent invitation to rest and eat at every village and hamlet, and witnessed the killing of the kid or lamb and
the almost incredible dispatch with which it was cooked and served to the guests, I could scarcely get over the feeling, I
say, that I had somehow been spirited away back thousands of years and set down in the land of Nod or by the patriarchal
tents at Beersheba. Common life in Bashan I found to be a constant enacting of Bible stories." _
The readers of this work are therefore to be congratulated upon having placed before them in connection with the
holy text, the observations and notes and comments and illustr11tions of Dr. Porter. They throw an immense flood of lill'ht
upon places and customs characteristic of the peoples and lands of the RihJP. Dr. Porter's notes are signed with the Jett.er "'P."
10
MEMOIR OF REV. HENRY COOKE, D. D., LL. D.
Dr. Henry Cooke was born near the village of Maghera, in the county of Londonderry, Ireland. His parents
were members of the Presbyterian church, and he was brought up in the faith of his fathers. His father's family
was of English origin, and his mother's ancestors were from Scotland. A few days after his birth he was baptized
by the Rev. Mr. Glendy, pastor of the parish, who afterward left the country and settled in Staunton, Va., whence
he was removed to Baltimore, whE;re he long held a prominent place among the ministers of the Presbyterian church.
The young lad enjoyed such educational training as the retired district of his early home supplied. To his
mother, who was a woman of rare intellectual endowments and of fervent piety, he owed much of his subsequent
eminence. She directed his studies and led him on from one attainment to another, and as his remarkable powers
were developed she gradually directed his views toward the gospel ministry. In this respect she followed the godly
custom of those mothers in Israel who in Scotlantl and Ulster have for several generations directed their sons to the
public service of God, holding, as they ,have done, that this service is the most honorable on earth and that they
are eminently in the way of their duty when they dedicate the choicest of their sons to the Lord.
After such scholastic training as his native place afforded, he entered the University of Glasgow, where he
passed through the ordinary curriculum preparatory to graduation in the arts. It appears that he attracted little
notice while in college, and none of the professors seemed to discover that they had a brilliant genius under their
care. In more advanced years, when duty called him, he was bold as a lion and calm in scenes of difficulty, but
in his early years, before his powers had been tested and his great ability displayed in his intellectual intercourse
with other men, he was retiring and even hesitating among those who were his inferiors in many elements of man-
hood. Though void of display and winning no scholastic fame, he laid the foundation for future eminence, and the
training of the University told on his future life. In his mature years he often referred to the fact that although it
was before the days of steamboats and railroads that he had to find his way to and from Glasgow by the tedious
means of the conveyances which then existed, he enjoyed many advantages which in the present day of more rapid
transit are unknown to the ordinary visitor in the commercial mart of the Clyde. He had to pass through several
of the most hallowed scenes of Scotland, through districts which in the olden time had witnessed the contentions of
men who had been faithful unto death in their testimonies for Jesus. He was able to turn aside from place to place,
and he had leisure to mingle among the descendants and to see the homes of the martyrs. His highly poetic and
deeply emotional nature was awakened, and his moral nature was stirred within him when he traversed the districts of
Galloway, Ayrshire and Renfrew, for he knew that he was looking upon the fields which again and again had
resounded with the voice of psalms and been dyed with martyrs' blood.
He was licensed to preach the gospel when only twenty years of age, and was ordained to the ministry in the
church of Dunean as assistant and successor to the aged pastor of that parish. In the Irish Presbyterian church
the admirable usage has ever prevailed of showing a tender and beautiful regard for those men who have attained
to age and hoary hairs in the ministry. Instead of harassing them with care and distress or starving them by want
and misery, and thus compelling them to leave the people for whose temporal and ·eternal good they have given their
lives, the practice has been to secure the aid of a younger man as an assistant to the enfeebled laborer. Mutually
they aid and cherish each other, and when the aged minister is called to his rest, the younger remains as sole
pastor of the church. It was as an assistant that Henry Cooke entered the ministry, but his connection with Dunean
was brief. His powers became known in the adjoining parishes, and he was soon called to and installed in the
more important church of Donegore, in the same county.
In his new position his powers were quickened into great activity. He soon found that the inhabitants of his
new parish were men who could judge of intellectual worth. Many of the population of his new charge were famed
for their mental vigor and independence of thought, and they had always shown a desire for logical reasoning and
oratorical power. As a people they demanded earnest study, thorough preparation and great mastery of every
subject which was brought into the pulpit, and they soon found that.. their new pastor wa.i all that they required
of him. His application became intense. His great powers were earnestly applied to the preparation of his dis-
courses. He cultivated graces of style, strengthened his wonderful memory by unceasing labor, and sought the
mastery of every subject which he treated so as to be able to carry conviction home to the souls of all who were
under his care. Very soon his fame spread abroad and his services were earnestly sought on public occasions
and in behalf of institutions established for benevolent and charitable objects. The inhabitants of his parish were
a thoughtful people and perceiving the splendid capacity of their pastor, as soon as they became aware that he
desired the advantages of still further literary culture, they generously permitted him to remove for a time to
Dublin for more mature study.
During his abode in the capital he fully realized the extent of the spiritual destitution which existed in
the south and west of the kingdom, and at once entered on a course of services on the Lord's day in different
and widely separated districts of the country. His pastoral care of this his second charge at length terminated
by his removal to the still more important one of Killyleagh, and here after three years' ministrations an incident
occurred which fully called forth his wonderful powers, and determined his future career.
11
His parish was visited by an EngEsh preacher who had been induced to undertake a journey through Ulster
to disseminate Aryan views, as it was believed that the time had come to propagate in Ireland a more liberal system
than that which was contained in the old doctrine. Great things had been expected of this emissary, and there was
not wanting a considerable degree of boldness on his part in appearing among a people who were ministered to by a
man of such recognized power as the pastor of Killyleagh. Forthwith in his own church, in neighboring parishes,
and ere long through the length and breadth of the province, his voice was heard arousing the members of the church
to stand fast in the faith of the gospel. He journeyed from parish to parish, and wherever he appeared vast crowds
assembled to hear him. He managed thus to reach distant places during the week, and to be at home again with his
own congregation on the Lord's day. Very seldom in the history of the church have such scenes been witnessed in
any land as those in which this great preacher contended: mightily for the faith as it was delivered to the saints. With
a zeal that no effort could repress, with toil that seemed beyond the power of man to endure, with eloquence that
electrified, and with a logical keenness that convinced, he swayed the largest audiences that crowded edifices could con-
tain. Again and again he addressed the multitudes that assembled and hung upon his lips in the open air, and often
these services were protracted into the darkness of the night. Thus he gave himself to the work of exalting the Lamb
of God who became man and who died for us that we should not perish, and pointed to the perfect righteousness and
complete redemption effected by the sacrifice on Calvary. He warned against heresy and error, and ere long his mighty
influence was felt in every part of the church. Brethren were awakened and led to take their share in this great war-
fare. The value of the old doctrines and church standards became better known. The divinity of the Savior and the
preciousness of his atonement, the value of his righteousness and the necessity of the Spirit's work were seen in their
connection, and a great revival of religion followed all over the land. Ulster was quickened and refreshed by the Spirit
from on high, and the Savior cheered and blessed the souls of his servants as in pentecostal days. To describe fully
the results which followed the ministrations of Dr. Cooke over the province of Ulster would require a detailed and
lengthy narrative. Setting out as he did as an opponent of Aryan and Socinian views, he drew the weapons of bis
warfare from the inspired Word. The spirit which he awoke extended, and wherever he went the people were induced
to examine the scriptures with an interest that had not been witnessed for many years. Every argument of Unitar-
ianism was examined, and the testimony of the Word of the eternal deity of the Son of God was set forth in all its
convincing power. The mind of the rising generation awoke and ere long it was found that the youth in almost every
church wer becoming earnest Bible scholars. In rural districts, in secluded parishes, as well as in towns and popu-
lous churches, the popular mind was stirred. Discussions on the essentials of religion, with appeals to the Word of
God as the legitimate and infallible authority in the strife, soon made the people so familiar with their Bibles that
preachers and public speakers had no expectation of affecting any audience unless their principles were shown to be
in accordance with and based upon scripture. Hence preaching in Ulster became eminently scriptural, and therefore
evangelical.· The old theology of the best days of the church was proclaimed with clearness and power, and the peo-
ple felt that it was founded on the Word of God.
Beginning, as this movement did, with the defence of the Savior's divinity, it rapidly extended to his work and
offices. Atonement, justification, sanctification, were seen in their inseparable connection, and thus the power of Bible
religion rapidly spread. It told in the increased attendance of the people, and ere long the erection of superior church
9difices by overgrown congregations and the increase of an earnest ministry attested the gracious char:1eter of the work.
o\.s previously stated, Dr. Cooke soon attracted around him great and good men who gave themselves with earn-
estness, wisdom and great power to the cause which they loved. But faithful as they were, they all felt that in him
they had a leader who in every emergency could be relied on, whose prudent boldne.:;s ....nd readiness were acknowl-
edged on all sides, and whose impassioned eloquence by its beauty and it!? power bore down opposition and carried
conviction to every unprejudiced mind.
Dr. Henry Cooke was now recognized as a leader in Zion, and forthwith it was resolved that he should be re-
moved to the capital of Ulster where his influence could be brought to bear on the masses of that growing center of
commerce. Accordingly one of the largest edifices now to be found in the Irish Presbyterian church was erected in
Belfast, in which he ministered until the close of his life. Episcopalians as well as Presbyterians contributed to this
work, for the catholicity of his spirit was well known. In London and elsewhere be was recognized by the Methodists
and other bodies as one of the most powerful of all the supporters of the great missionary undertaking, and his voice
was yearly heard in the halls and churches of the metropolis in behalf of all the evangelical schemes of the day.
It is not the object of this sketch to write a eulogy or a biography. His praise is in all the churches, and
his biography is already extensively known. The ai.m of this notice is simply to indicate the circumstances which
gave prominence to his name, and which as they developed his unwonted powers prepared him for the contribution
which he has made to this SELF-INTERPRETING BIBLE. His years of contending for the orthodoxy of the church
made him thoroughly intimate with every shade and tum of thought in the writings of both Old and New Testa-
ment. His memory, superior to that of most men, was as ready as it was retentive and active. He appeared never
to forget anything, and words as well as sense and meaning were permanently fixed in his mind. Hence as a com-
mentator he was ever abli> to collect before his mind and see at a glance all the passages of Holy Writ which bore
,n any subject he might have in hand. Even after hie E'-arnest student life began in bis second charge, he gave dil-
12
gent heed to Hebrew and Greek, and instead of losing these tongues because of the multitudinous engagements of a
large pastorate he became more accurate in their study from year to year. Then again, in his great struggle for the marn-
tenance of the orthodox faith he was led to see that the evangelical doctrine inevitably tended to personal holiness
and entire consecration of life. As holiness is essential in divine life, for without meekness of soul there can be no
preparation for heaven, his ministrations bore as fully on the spiritual side as on the doctrinal and dogmatic side of
religion. And thus the whole range of his personal experience tended to prepare him for being a commentator on the
Word. Splendid as his intellectual powers were, he was not only able to see clearly every doctrine distinctly and in
relation to the points with which all the articles of faith were connected, but he possessed in a wonderful degree the
ability to set forth the truth in language so nervous, terse and clear that his meaning could be understood. He never
uttered a confused sentence, nor left a statement so that the meaning might be misconstrued, and his deeply ema.
tional nature displayed its intensity by a tenderness and pathos which could flow only from a heart that was deeply
exercised and where sympathy reigned. Some intellects are clear and cold like an icicle, but his powers on the other
hand were bright and brilliant and warm and helpful as the bright beams of the sun in the splendor of his shining.
The fame of Henry Cooke had now extendea to every part of the 'British Empire, and his name and services
were so highly valued that the University of Dublin, although under Episcopalian control, conferred on him the
degree of Doctor of Laws in recognition of his high attainments, his splendid intellectual powers and his eminent
public services. In consequence of the recognized power of Dr. Cooke his services on public occasions were in frequent
demand, and certainly no contemporary was so often engaged in missionary meetings and urgent claims of the Bible
Society, whether in Edinburgh, Dublin, London or in provincial towns. And these labors were not confined to any
one evangelical denomination. His presence on such occasions was so earnestly cherished that in the full maturity
of his years he was able to command no leisure for the production of works such as he was qualified to write. He
was in reality obliged to be a man of ceaseless action and to live for the exigencies of the church in his own age.
During one of his visits to London, where he had been called to preach and take part in the great meeting of the
missionary society and other institutions which for many years had been accustomed to bring reports of their many
labors before the Christian community in the month of May, he met with a loss which deprived the world of a work
to the preparation of which he had devoted several years of industrious labor. In form it somewhat resembled a
concordance and dictionary combined. He had brought the teaching of the Bible into sections under different heads,
these sections comprising not only the text of the Word, but such brief and terse explanations as made the work a
commentary, and after long and patient labor he had completed it. He had brought the manuscript with him to
London wit:!:i a view to publication, but before he had submitted it to any publisher it was destroyed. During his
absence at the public meeting the hotel in which he was sojourning was burned and his books, papers and raiment
were all consumed. The providence greatly affected him, for he attached very great importance to the work, but
while he bowed in submission to the will of God he saw the hand of mercy in saving his life, for the fire might
have· taken place in the night season and under circumstances in which escape would have been impossible. To com-
mand the time for the resumption of this commentary he afterwards found impossible.
His influence in London with members of the different administrations of government was widely known, and
accordingly when the difficulties of the national church increased and the days of its disruption drew on, great reli-
ance was placed in him by the brethren of Scotland. His clearness of judgment, his wisdom in counsel, his great
love for the parent church and his deep interest in her well-being had long been recognized. He had thrown him-
self with all his vigor into the struggle for asserting the liberty and freedom of that church. He toiled, wrote, prayed
and hoped, but only to stand and see the church left in the hands of power and freedom only to be had by the
ministry coming out and leaving houses and lands and all worldly substance for the glory of Christ. He was thus
one of the great workers in freeing the church of Scotland from the domination of the state.
The religious awakening which had followed his _contendings for the maintenance of gospel truth in opposition
to Unitarian and Socinian errors had resulted in the erection of new church edifices and in the formation of new con-
gregations in Ulster to an extent that had not been formerly for more than a century. To preach at the dedication
of these churches and to return to aid the members in the removal of debt was expected of him in every part of the
country. Beyond all doubt he preached at the dedication of more churches, and rendered aid more frequently for the
removal of incumbrance from church edifices, than any man of his day in any land. Nor were such labors confined
to his own church, for in England and Scotland similar services were frequently required of him, and wlierever be
appeared he was heard with acceptance and a blessing followed his ministrations. Many of these demands were made
on him in consequence of the known expansiveness of his great Catholic spirit. Methodists, Congregationalists, and
others equally appreciated his services, and thus the very greatness of the man and the splendor of his pulpit power.:
kept him whether he would or not before the public, and left him no time for the manual labor required to produce
the works that the brilliancy of his mind, the range of his acquirements and the abundance of his resources would
have rendered easy for him to prepare.
His contributions to THE SELF-INTERPRETING BIBLE were a labor of love. They brought the beauties of the Word
to his own spirit, and thus his soul was refreshed by tasting as he went along from the wells that the Head of the
Church had opened up from time to time along the church's history f01 the saints as they journeyed heavenward. The
13
great demand that has been made for this work has proven the wisdom of his being selected in the great undertaking
of making this rich commentary. In the service of the church, and as an eminent citizen, he was brought into inti-
macy with most of the leading statesmen of his age with whom he had much intercourse, and with the dignitaries of
the Episcopal church as well as with the influential men of other denominations. By all of these his greatness was
recognized and those men from whom he differed were all able to see that in his nature there was nothing narrow,
nothing mean or bitter or selfish, and all classes felt that he was a great and good and lovable man. As he lived for
the church in general, so he was obliged to live in public to a greater degree than any minister of his day, and his
time was almost constantly occupied by the active service in which he was engaged. The notes of Dr. Cooke are
signed by the letter " C."
MEMOIR OF REV. JOHN BROWN, D. D., LL. D.
Rev. John Brown, the author of Brown's Concordance, was a native of Carpow, a village in the parish of
Abernathy and county of Perth. His father for the greater part of his life followed the occupation of a weaver.
His parents were very pious, and he says: "My parents' instructions, accompanied by God's dealings, early
made such impressions on my heart as I t?ust will continue with me to all eternity."
About the eleventh year of his age, while in the employ of a godly shepherd of Abernathy, he conceived
the idea of one day becoming a shepherd of souls. He accordingly prosecuted his studies with increasing ardor
and diligence, and soon acquired a considerable knowledge of Latin and Greek. These acquisitions were made
entirely without aid from others except as he was able to snatch an hour when the flocks were folded at noon
to seek the solution of difficulties he could not master from two neighboring clergymen, both of whom were
very obliging and took great interest in promoting the progress of this studious shepherd boy.
At twenty-five years of age he established himself at Gaisner Bridge, a village in the neighborhood of
Kinross, and there laid the foundation of a school. During Mr. Brown's incumbency, which lasteC: two years,
this school was remarkably successful and attracted scholars from considerable distances. The practical character
of his teachings, the accuracy of his learning, the intimate experience which as a self-taught scholar he must
have bad of elementary difficulties and the best mode of solving them, and the conscientiousness and assiduity
which always formed distinguishing features of his character, must have peculiarly qualified him for the discharge
of his duties and laid a solid foundation for his general acceptance as an instructor of youth.
He completed, when he was twenty-nine years of age, his preparatory course of study, and approved
himself on trial before the Associated Presbytery of Edinburgh, and was licensed to preach by that body. He
entered upon the sacred work with deep impressions of its solemnity and usefulness. He was called to be a
minister in a quiet village town, somewhat like, perhaps, the town of Drumtochy, so well known through the
writings of Rev. John Watson ( Ian MacLaren) .
The life of Mr. Brown at this period presents the usual monotony which characterizes that of a minister
of a quiet country town. When he was thirty-six years of age he for the first time appeared as an author.
When he was forty-five years of age he publiehed "Letters on the Constitution, Discipline and Government of
the ·Christian Church." Besides the above he published a dictionary of the Holy Bible, a general history, and
also a history of the British churches. When be was sixty-one years of age he published a concordance of
the Bible, and at this time was invited by the Reformed Dutch Church in America to become a Profes!ilor of
Divinity in their college, but this he declined.
Throughout bis writings Mr. Brown's uniform aim was to be helpful to the people. The mass of facts
and sentiments which bis works contain will prove a most valuable acquisition to those whom the author con-
templated as bis readers, that great body of the people who are not in a situation to engage in any deep and
learned investigations for themselves, but who will take much for granted, both from the pulpit and press, on
the strength of their confidence in the general ability and worth of their instructors. Keeping this idea of the
writings of our author in view, we shall find in them not a little to applaud. The selection of subjects and
the general conception of almost every one of them are very happy, and in many cases the execution proves
his high endowment for the tasks he undertook. Of bis superior qualities as an interpreter and illustrator of
scripture, this edition of the sacred word forms a distinguished monument.
14
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE.
English. There are some short lessons from other books to England during Wycliffe's life. Wycliffe himself,
EARLY ANGLO-SAXON VERSIONS.-Tow .•ds 0
correctly translated; but all the longer works are loosetherefore, resumed the work of translation, and com-
tl,e close of the seventh century a monk called Caed- paraphrases, poems founded on Bible narratives, or pleted it before his death in 1384.
mon wrote a poetical narrative of the creation, the abridgments of the sacred text. None of them were Immediately on the issue of his New Testament
exodus . and the incarnation and passion of our Lord literal, and none of them were founded upon the He- Wycliffe was charged with heresy, and cited before an
in Anglo-Saxon. This is the earliest known trans- brew or Greek originals. The Latin version was used ecclesiastical convention at Oxford in 1382. The
lation of any part of the Sacred Scriptures into the as the text from which the translations were made, and charge in some way failed, yet he was expelled from
vernacular language of England. A few years later most of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman transla- the university. He was afterwards summoned to
Guthlac, the anchorite, prepared a version of the tions of the Psalms follow the Gallican Psalter. Rome, to answer before the pope charges preferred
Psalms. In the beginning of the eighth century the against him. He was unable, even had he been
Psalter was again translated into Anglo-Saxon by WYCLIFFE'S VERSION.-The fourteenth cen- willing, to go. His health was fast failing, and he
Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborn. Twenty-six years tury introduced a new era in Biblical translation. died in 1384. The enmity of Rome followed him to
after his death the Venerable Bede translated the Gos- , John Wycliffe, to whom we owe the first complete the tomb. In the year 1415 the Council of Constance
pel of John, the Lord's Prayer, and apparently also version of the Holy Scriptures in English, was born -the council that burned John Huss--decreed that
the book of Psalms. In the ninth century Alfred the in 1324. He was educated at Oxford, which he entered the ashes of the English heretic should be cast out
Grei.t placed an Anglo-Saxon version of the Ten Com- in 1340. His thoughtful mind was early turned to of consecrated ground; and thirteen years afterward■
mandments, 'with such of the Mosaic injunctions in the great want of the age-the right means of educat- that decree was carried into effect.
the three followiug chapters of Exodus, as were most ing the masses; and he resolved to meet the want by Wycliffe's translation was revised by John Purvey,
to his purpose,' at the head of his Code of Laws. His giving them the Word of God in their own tongue. curate of Lutterworth, who lived with Wycliffe during
biographer tells us it was the desire of this good mon- He probably began the work at Oxford, by translating the last years of his li~e. Purvey's copy of the ori-
arch that 'all the free-born people of his kingdom the book of Revelation, to which he added a short ginal translation is still preserved in the library of
should be able to read the English Scriptures.' To- commentary. It was followed, after an interval, by Trinity College, Dublin ; and attached to it is a pro-
ward• the close of his reign he began a translation of a version of the Gospels, with an exposition, made up logue, in Purvey'• own hand, explaining his plan of
the book of Psalms, but did not live to finish it. In chiefly of extracts from the exegetical writings of the revision, and showing that it was very thorough; it ia
the same century Aldred, a monk of Holy Isle, on the fathers. In 137 4 he was presented to the living of prefixed to the edition of Wycliffe's Bible edited by
coast of Northumberland, wrote an Anglo-Saxon ver- Lutterworth, in Leicestershire. There, in the parish Forshall and Madden. It was Purvey's revision
aion between the lines of a Latin copy of the Gospels. church of St. Mary, which still stands, he preached the which was published by Lewis in 1731, by Baber in
The manuscript is in the British Museum, and is fundamental doctrines of Christianity. A single sen- 1810, and in Bagster's 'Hexapla.' The original
called 'The Durham Book.' Another translation of tence from one of his sermons shows his views re- version of Wycliffe was published for the first time in
the Gospels, apparently of the same age, and written garding the importance of the Bible:-' All truth is the edition of Forshall and Madden, 1850.
in the same way, is in the Bodleian Library. Ael- contained in Scripture. We should admit of no con- Wycliffe's Bible prepared the way for, and gave a
fric, who became Archbishop of York in 1023, trans- clusion not approved there. There is no court besides distinctive character to,. the Reformation in England.
lated some portions of the Bible, which were published the court of heaven. Though there were an hundred The Reformation in other countries was largely pro-
in 1598 with the following title :-Heptateuch1<s, popes, and though all the friars in the world were duced and directed by men of commanding genius; in
Liber Job, d:c., A ngw-Saxonice. turned into cardinals, yet we could learn more from England it was mainly the result of the circulation of
The existence of so many different translations, or the Bible than from that vast multitude.' At this the vernacular Bible. Wycliffe's Bible was not per-
perhaps revisions, made during the darkest period of time he was actively engaged in the translation of the fect. It followed the Latin Vulgate with almost
our country's history, shows that there must have been Scriptures. He completed the New Testament about slavish literality, all its corruptions being retained.
aome desire on the part of a section at least of the 1380. The translation was from the Latin, yet it set The style is rugged. In fact the English language
people to possess the Holy Scriptures in their own forth substantially the doctrines of the gospel. The was then in its infancy; and for this reason the
tongue. Soon after the Conquest a man called Orme printing-press was then unknown. E,·ery copy had to version was not fitted to occupy a permanent place.
wrote a paraphrase of the Gospels and Acts of the be written by the hand. Wycliffe appears to have em-
Apostles in blank verse, which was printed in 1852. ployed a number of scribes, but they were unable to TYNDALE'S VERSION.-About the year 1484,
Towards the end of the thirteenth century a metrical supply the growing demand. Foxe tells us that some just a century after the death of Wycliffe, William
version of the Psalms was made by an unknown aathor, of the yeomen were so anxious to obtain the Word of Tyndale was born in Gloucestershire. He entered
of which six copies are still extant About the year God, that they often bartered a load of hay for a few the University of Oxford at an early age, and devoted
1320 it appears that William of Schorham wrote an chapters of St. Paul. himself to scriptural and cla..ical studies, which were
English translation of the Psalter; and about the mid- Having completed the New Testament, Wycliffe probably, in part at least, directed by the celebrated
die of the same century Richard Rolle, the Hermit of arranged with his friend Nicholas of Hereford to un- Colet, who was at that period lecturing on the Greek
Hampole, made another translation with a commen- dertake a translation of the Old. It was begun, but text of the Epistles of Paul, and endeavouring to·
tary. At this period the attention of the Norman ere it was finished the Romish prelates were informed revive learning in England. A year or two before
clergy began to be turned to the Bible, and they trans- of the design. Nicholas was summoned before a Tyndale arrived in Oxford two students sat under
lated the lessons ordinarily read in the services of the synod of friars in 1382, and on the 1st of July was Colet, who subsequently became the most celebrated
Cluu-ch into Anglo-Norman. It would seem. however.
•ll&~ down to the year 1360 the Psalter was the only
book of Scripture entirely and literally rendered into
I I
excommunicated. He annealed to the noue: went to scholarR in Eu!'One--Eras.nua and Sir Thom1111 More.
Rome; was tried there and imprisoned, but effected Foxe tells us that while at Oxford Tyndale himself
hia escape. He does not seem to have returned arain began to teaeh Scripture truth.
15
HISTORIC.AL SKETCH OF ENGLISH TR.ANSL.ATIONS OF THE BIBLE.
About the year 1512 Tyndale removed to Cambridge, in a quarto form, with notes. But a wily priest, called and from the Apocryphal books of Esdras, Wisdom,
attracted apparently by the fame of Erasmus, who was Cochlaeus, took advantage of the drinking habits of and Ecclesiasticus. They were evidently translated
then Greek lecturer in that university, and who was two of the printers, and wormed out of them the se- from the Hebrew and Greek originals, and are charac-
kindling in his students an enthusiastic love of Greek cret that an English New Testament was in the press. terized by all the vigour and critical acumen of Tyn•
literature. and at the same time a desire for such a He applied to the authorities, and as Cologne was one dale. Although he published another edition of his
religious reform as would secure the supremacy of Holy of the strongholds of Papery, he obtained an order to Testament in 1535, yet on the whole that of 1534
Scripture. Erasmus expressed his views with all plain- seize Tyndale, Roye his secretary, and all his books may be regarded as the standard edition, and the
ness:-' I totally dissent,' he said, 'from those who and manuscripts. They were, however, apprised of crowning work of Tyndale's life.
are unwilling that the Sacred Scriptures, translated their danger in time, and hastily collectmg their trea- Immediately after he had completed the translation
into the vulgar tongue, should be read by private sures, they entered a boat, and escaped up the Rhine of the New Testament Tyndale resolved to translate
individuals. I would wish even all women to read the to Worms. In that city, where Luther had already the Old also. He appears to have given much atten-
gospel and the Epistles of St. Paul. And I wish they planted the banner of Protestantism and of liberty, t10n to the study of Hebrew from the time of his
were translated into all languages of all people, that the iirst English New Testament was printed about the arrival in Germany, but especially after the pu blica-
they might be read and known, not merely by the close of the year 1525. It was JSsued in an octavo tion of the first editions of his Testament. On the
Scotch and Irish, but even by the Turks and the Sara- form, from the press of Schiiffer, son of the associate 17th of January, 1530, the book of Genesis was issued
cens. I wish that the husbandman may sing parts of of Fust and Gutenberg, the inventors of printing. from the press of Hans Luft, in Marburg. It was
them at his plough, that the weaver may warble them The title-page did not give the name of either trans- quickly followed by Numbers, Deuteronomy, Ex-
at his shuttle, that the traveller may with their narra- lator or printer, and with the exception of a brief odus, and Leviticus, each with a separate prologue;
tives beguile the weariness of the way.' epistle 'To the Reder' at the end, the book con- and the whole were soon afterwards published in
The exact time when Tyndale formed the resolution tained nothing but the sacred text. Three thousand one volume. The books in this volume (the only
to translate the New Testament cannot be fixed. The copies of it were printed, and these were immediately perfect copy of which is in the British Museum)
lectures of Colet at Oxford, and the bold teachings of followed by an equal number of the quarto edition, were printed separately, and apparently in different
Erasmus in Cambridge, could scarcely fail to impress the first sheets of which had been printed at Cologne. presses, for Genesis and Numbers are in Gothic char-
his mind with the necessity of the work. About the The whole were despatched to England early in 1526, acters, the others in Roman. This was the first part
year 1520 or 1521 he removed from Cambridge and but meantime Cochlaeus had written to inform the of the Old Testament Scriptures translated into Eng-
became chaplain and tutor in the family of. Sir John king, Cardinal Wolsey, and the Bishop of Rochester lish out of the original Hebrew. Tyndale appears to
Walsh of Sudbury Manor, near Bristol, where he of· what Tyndale was doing. The book was con- have been its sole author, for though he met with
remained some two years. While there, he had demned, and active agents were employed to watch Frith and Coverdale in Germany, there is no evidence
frequent controversies with priests and ecclesiastical the seaports of the kingdom and seize every copy. that he was assisted in his work by either of them.
dignitaries, who were wont to assemble round the But their efforts were unavailing. Copies of the There can be no doubt, however, that in translating
hospitable table of Sir John. On one ocC'lsion, while New Testament were introduced and widely circulated he regularly consulted the Latin Vulgate and the
'communing and disputing,' says Foxe, with a cer- through thecountry. Foryearsafterwardsthereading, German version of Luther; and in this he acted in
tain learned divine, 'he drove him to that issue, that and even the possession of them, was prohibited on the spirit of a true scholar, who, while exercising an
the said great doctor burst out into these blasphemous pain of death. They were rigorously searched out by independent judgment on all points, will at the same
words, 'We were better to be without God's law than the officers of the church, and burned when discovered. time avail himself of every assistance in the accom-
the popes'.' Tyndale hearing this said, 'That if God So successful was the work of destruction, that of the plishment of his work.
spared his life, ere many years he would cause a boy quarto edition only a fragment, containing twenty-one Some time after the publication of the Pentateuch,
that driveth the plough to know more of the Scripture chapters of the Gospel of Matthew, is now known to Tyndale prepared a translation of the book of Jonah,
than he did.' '!.'he resolution to translate the Scrip- exist: it is in the library of the British Museum. A with a preface. It is a tract of twenty-four leaves,
tures must have been formed before that time, and fac-s;mile of this precious fragment has recently been without place, date, or name of printer; but its
indeed it would seem as if the work were then near published, with a valuable preface by Mr. Arber. Of authorship is indicated by the first words of the pre-
completion. Tyndale was only re-echoing the words the octavo edition'there are but two copies extant,- face:-' W. T. unto the Christian Reader.' Only
of Erasmus, uttered at Cambridge some seven or eight one, imperfect, in the library of St. Paul's, London; one copy is now known to exist; it, hpwever, was re-
years before, and is it not reasonable to suppose that the other complete with theexceptionofthetitle-page, produced in fac-simile by Mr. Fry, in 1863.
words which made so deep an impression upon his in the Baptist College, Bristol. This latter volume Tyndale's translation, so far '113 it goes, is the basis
mind may have led him to begin his translation at has been beaut!fully reproduced in fac-s1mile by Mr. of our English Bible. 'In it the general character
the university? In 1516 Erasmus' first edition of Fry. In August, 1534, an edition of Tyndale's Testa- and mould of our whole version was definitely fixed.
the Greek Testament was published. It was eagerly ment was published in Holland, edited by George Joye; The labours of the next seventy-five years were devoted
studied by some of his former pupils and companions it contained many errors, and gave great offence to to improving it in detail.' Tyndale's sole object was to
at Cambridge, and it afforded additional facilities to Tyndale, who issued a new and corrected edition in place the English reader, as far as possible, in direct
Tyndale. When his purpose to translate was publicly Antwerp three months afterwards. In the preface he contact with the inspired text. He had no party pur-
announced at Sudbury, he saw that he was no longer says: • Here thou hast the New Testament or Cove- pose to serve. He was a student of God's Word, and
safe there, and he removed to London, hoping to ob- nant made wyth us of God in Christes blonde. Which not of the schools of human philosophy or ecclesiasti-
tain the protection and patronage of Bishop Tunstall, I have looked over agayne (now at .the last) with all cal theology. He used every means of acquiring such
who was an admirer of Erasmus. The bishop declined dylygence, and compared it unto the Greke, and have a knowledge of Greek and Hebrew as would enable
to receive him; but he found a generous friend in weded oute of it many fautes, which lacke of helpe him to ge to the fountain-head of revelation. He
Humphrey Munmouth, a merchant in whose house he at the begynninge and oversyght did sowe therein.' studied Greek, as has been seen, at Oxford and Cam-
resided nearly a year. Tyndale's comment on his tr~at- Every chapter bears evidence of Tyndale's industry, bridge, and Hebrew under the Jewish rabbins of
ment at this ev~ntful period is worthy of record :-'I and conscientious desire to produce a perfect trans- Germany; and he studied with such success that his
found not only that there was no room in my lord of lation. He not only re-examined the Greek text with scholarship was lauded even by his enemies. He cast
London's palace to translate the New Testament, but critical minuteness, but he consulted the German of aside, too, all those ecclesiastical and theological
also that there was no place to do it in all England.' Luther, the Vulgate, and the Latin version of Eras- glosses and dogmas which had become incrusted upon
And so, in the month of May, 1524, he left England mus, on all doubtful passages. He also improved the wor<m of Scripture. He employed a vigorous
for ever. At first he sought an asylum in Hamburg; the style of the English, making it more vigorous Anglo-Saxon idiom and phraseology. Throughout
then he probably visited Luther at Wittemberg, but and idiomatical. His marginal notes are brief, but his whole translations there is the stamp of sterling
if so, he must have returned again to Hamburg in the terse and thoughtful. It contains prologues to the honesty. No word is selected to please any man, to
beginning of 1525, where he received ten pounds from several books, compiled chiefly from those of Luther; advance any party, or to favour any particular dogma.
friends ia England, through Munmouth. His transla- and at the end is a translation of the 'Epistles taken With perfect sincerity and truth he was able to say,
. tion of the New Testament was now complete, and in out of the Old Testament, which are read in the Church 'I call God to witness, that I never altered one syl-
order to have it printed he went to Cologne. There, after the use of Salisbury,' on certain saints· days I !able of God's Word against my conscience.'
new troubles awaited him. The work was put io the and other special occasions. These embrace some 1· Some time before his imprisonment Tyndale formed
press•in the celebrated printing establishment of Peter versesfromthePentateuch,Proverbs, Isaiah,Jeremiab, a close friendship with John Rogers, the reformer
Quentel; and three thousand copies were to be issued Ezekiel, Joel, Hosea, Amos, Zechariah, and Malachi, and martyr. Rogei-s was educated at Cambridge.
16
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE.
h he was distinguished for classical scholarship. Coverdale's Bible was freely admitted into England, Hsher. Matthew's Bible wa.. adopted as the basis;
;a:g taken orders he was appointed chaplain to the
English merchant company at An.twerp. There he
and was sanctioned by Cranmer, who became Arch- but the text was carefully though not very judiciously
bishop of Canterbury in 1533. In some of the copies revised. Coverdale states in letters to Crumwell how
le was convinced of the errors of the Church now existing there is a variation in the title and in the revision wits conducted :-'We follow not only a
met Tyn d a ' .
of Rome, and became an ardent studen_t of S_c~1ptur~. the wording of the dedication, from which we may standing text of the Hebrews, with the interpreta-
He appears to have assisted Tyndale m rev1smg his conclude that a.new title was printed and affixed to tion of the Chaldee and Greek; but we set also in a
editions of the New Testam~nt and t_he Pentateuch, some copies when offered for sale in England. The private table the diversity of readings of all texts,
. hed in 1534 and in bis other literary labours: new title omitted the words ' out of Douche and with such annotations in another table as shall doubt-
pu bl IS ' • • .
•and to him was bequeathed, accordmg to a trad1t10n Latyn;' and in the dedication' Queen Jane' (Seymour) less delucidate and clear the same.' The change,
that bas never been disputed, the honour of complet- is inserted instead of 'Queen Anne' (Boleyn). In made in Tyndale's Pentateuch and historical book/
ing that great work to which Tyndale had consecrated 1536 an injunction was issued by Crumwell to the are chiefly after the version of Sebastian llfiinster,
Ilia life.' effect that a copy of the English Bible should be which was published at Basie in 1534-5; but some <J
placed in each parish church throughout the king- them are from the Vulgate. In the New Testamen•
COVERDALE'S BIBLE.-Tyndale's capture was dom, 'for every man that will to look and read Tyndale's version is considerably modified, so as tr
planned in London. The man_ who, under the ~uise therein.' Coverdale' s was the only English Bible then bring it into closer conformity to the Vulgate. )
f friendship, basely betrayed him, was sent specially extant, and consequently it may be regarded as the large number of short phrases, like glosses, have beer
~u1 England for tnat purpose. The only crime of first a!!thorized version. In t,he same year, or, as introduced into the text, especially in the New Testa-
Tvndale was his love of divine truth, and his success some suppose, early in 1537, a new and revised edition ment, from the Vulgate, which have no equivalent•
i; giving to his countrymen the Word of God in their was issued from the press of James Nycolson, South- in the original. Some erroneous renderings were als<t
own tongue. And ye,, while steps were being taken wark, and was the first complete English Bible printed adopted from the same source, one of which may b&
to effect bis imprisonment and death, Crumwell and in England; at the foot of the title-page are these mentioned, as it is unfortunately retained in our
Cranmer, then rising into favour at the English court, important words:-' Set forth with the king's most ,Authorized Version. It is John x. 16, which Tyndale
were instigating Miles Coverdale to prepare a transla- gracious licence.' translates correctly as follows : -' And other sheep I
tion of the whole Bible. 'fhe Convocation which met While these great changes were taking place in have which are not of this fold. Them also must I
in London at the close of lb".l4 petitioned Henry VIII. England, the life of William Tynda1e was drawing to bring, that they may hear my voice, and that there
• that the Sacred Scriptures should be translated a close. His enemies in England had placed him in may be one flock and one shepherd.' In the new
into the English tongue by certain honest and learned the iron grasp of Popery, and its hierarchy resolved to translation it was rendered, • And other sheep I have
men named for that purpose by his majesty, and should revenge upon him the loss of a kingdom. On the 6th which are not of this fold. Them also must I oring,
be delivered to the people according to their learning.' of October, 1536, he was burned in Vilvorde. His and they shall hear my voice, and there shall be one
It appears that the work of translation made some last words were worthy of the cause for which he lived, fold and one shepherd. ' The force of the passage is
progress, though it is not certain whether the king and for whichj,.e died. Standing beside the stake, he here lost by confounding the Greek words a~X,j, • a
granted the prayer of the petition. Meantime, how- lifted up his hands and prayed:-' Lord Jesus, open fold,' and 1rolµ1n1, 'a flock,' both of which are ren-
e,er, Coverdale had been labouring quietly somewhere the eyes of the King of England.' dered 'fold,' the reviser following.the Vulgate, which
in Germany, and on the 4th day of October, 1535, he has ovile in both places.
published the first edition of the entire Bible in Eng- MATTHEW'S BIBLE.-It appears that while The Book of Psalms was revised with more success
lish. The book is printed in a very peculiar German Tyndale was in prison he laboured, whenever oppor- than any other part of the Bible. This did not result
type, and there is no name of place or printer in it. tunity offered, at his chosen task of translating the so much from a stricter adhesion to the Hebrew text,
The most probable opinion is, that it was executed at Bible. Ere his death he had probably advanced as as from a careful study of Luther's version and the
the press of Froschover in Zurich. Its title, which fa far as the end of 2 Chronicles. His manuscripts fell Swiss-German, which are distinguished by a regard ·
1urrounded by quaint woodcuts, is as follows-' BIBLIA: into the hands· of his former associate John Rogers, to the spirit rather than to the letter and idiom of
The Bible, tltat is the Hol!f Scripture of the Old and who resolved to complete the work. In this he was the original. The language is smooth and flowing,
New Testament, fait1ifutly and truly translated out aided by a person ~ailed Thomas Matthew, in whose and therefore the translation is often paraphrastic.
of Douche and Latyn in to Engli,Jhe.' The transla- name the book was ·published. It was printed in It is perhaps, for this reason, better adapted fo1
tion was not made from the original languages. Cov- August, 1537, at some place on the Continent, but chanting, and for the public services of the church.
erdale was not qualified for such a task. His know- chiefly at the expense of two citizens of London, Rich- This Psalter is still retained in the English Prayer-
ledge of Hebrew appears to have been limited. He ard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch. It was made book.
•tates with commendable honesty in his dedication to up of Tyndale's Pentateuch of 1534, and New Testa- The printing of the Bible was begun in Paris to-
Henry VIII.:-' And as I do with all humbleness ment of 1535, his manuscript translation of Joshua to wards the close of the year 1538, by royal licence;
1ubmit mine understanding and my poor translation 2 Chronicles, with Coverdale's version of the remain- but ere it was completed the licence was withdrawn,
unto the spirit of truth in your grace, so make I this ing books of the Old Testament. Through Grafton's• and the sheets were seized by the _Inquisition, and
protestation (having God to record in my conscience), influence with Cranmer, the king's licence was ob- condemned to the flames. Some were saved, bought
that I have neither wrested nor altered so much as tained; and thus, not quite a year after Tyndale's by Grafton, and imported to England. Grafton after-
one word for the maintenance of any manner of sect; martyrdom, his Bible was distributed in England by wards succeeded in bringing over workmei,, presses,
but hav~ with a clear conscience purely and faithfully royal authority. In the preceding year (1536) Tyn- type, and paper to London, where THE GREAT BIBLE
translated this out of five sundry interpreters, having dale's New Testament, as revised by him in 1534, was was published in April, 1539. As firs', issued there
only the manifest truth of the Scripture before mine printed in London, by Thomas Berthelet. This book was no prologue; but in November of the same year
eyes.' The 'interpreters' to which he alludes were has a special interest, because it was the first portion a prologue was written by Cranmer, and inserted in
probably, 1. The German ·of Luther; 2. The Swiss- of the English version of Holy Scriptures printed on
Gennan of Leo Juda, published at Zurich 1525-29; English soil.
all the copies remaining. The prologue contains some
account of the early circulation of the English Bible,
3. The Latin of Sanctes Pagninus; 4. The Vulgate; as well as a defence of the policy of printing and dis-
5. The English Pentateuch, Book of Jonah, and New THE GREAT BIBLE, CALLED CRANMER'S.- tributing the Scriptures in the vernacular, and a
Testament of Tyndale. One characteristic of Cover- The authorities in England were not satisfied with strong exhortation to every man to read for himsel£
dale's as comp~red with Tyndale's translation is, either Coverdale's or Tyndale's version, both of w' ch In April, 1540, a new edition was printed by Grafton,
· that it adopts ecclesiastical terms freely from the Vul- obtained a wide ch·culation in 1537. 'The first \\'as the title-_rage of which mentions the prologue • made
~te, such as 'penance,' 'priest,' 'church,' 'confess.' imperfect in its conception; the second was burdened by the reverend father in God, Thomas Archbishop
Another characteristic is that smoothness and rhythm with notes and additions which could not fail sooner of Canterbury,' and adds, 'This is the Bible appointed
ue frequently studied more than exact literality in or later to call out bitter antagonism.' Crumwell to the use of the churches.' Ii was apparently
~ndering. It follows Tyndale's version very closely and others, therefore, resolved to have a 11ew English the insertion of Cranmer's prologue which gave to
in the Pentateuch and New Testament, and any translation prepared. Much obscurity exists both as this book the name of ' Cranmer's Bible.' Three
changes introduced are taken either from the German to the way in which it was prepared. and the parties other editions of it were published in the same year.
or the Vulgate. In the poetical books, as he had no who originally planned it. Some say Rogers had a The last of these, 'finished in November,' has the
English guide, he translated almost verbatim from leading part in it. It seems, however, that Coverdale following title:-• The Bible in English ff the
ilie Swiss-German. was ultimately selected as editor, and Grafton as pub- lar~st and greatest volume, authorized and ap,>~lnted
17
by the commandment of our most redoubted Prince were led to consider the desirableness. of a new ver- planatory notes were also placed in the margin. Of
and Sovereign Lord King Henry the VIII., supreme sion of the Bible. None of those yet puhlished satis- these notes the translator says, 'I have endeavoured
Head of this his Church and realm of England: to be fied critical scholars. 'The Great Bible' was even less so to profit all thereby, that both the learned and
frequented and used in every church within this his satisfactory than that of Tyndale, and the changes others might be holpen; for to my knowledge I have
said realm, according to the tenor of his former injunc- and interpolations adopted from the Vulgate tended, omitted nothing unexpounded, whereby he that is
tion~ given in that behalf.' in many cases, seriously to mislead the inquirer after anything exercised in the Scriptures of God, might
truth. Gtneva was at that time singularly adapted justly _complain of hard;:;ess; and also . . , I h~ve
TAVERNER'S BIBLE.-ln the year 1539, while for the production of a new version. It was the centre explicat (explained) all such places by the best learned
The Great Bible was passing through the press, Richard of Biblical learning. Calvin and Beza, with others, interpreters a_s either were falsely expounded by some,
Taverner, a lawyer aud good Greek scholar, edited were engaged in a critical revision of Olivetan's French or else absurdly applied by others; so that by this
another Bible, which was printed in London by John version. A revised Italian translation was in prepa- means both they which have not ability to buy the
Byddell for Thomas Berthelet. It was based on Mat- ration, under the care of Gallars and Beza. Robert commentaries upon the New Testament, and they also
thew's Bible; but in his revision he attempted to make Stephen, who had already distinguished himself in which have not opportunity and leisure to read.them
the language more vigorous and idiomatic. His criti- ·Paris, both as a scholar and editor, was then an exile because of their prolixity, may use this book instead
cal powers were not great, and his alterations, though in Geneva, where, in 1551, he published his Greek thereof.' These notes have in many cases a strong
occasionally giving more force and terseness, were not Testament side by side with the Vulgate and the doctrinal bias.
on the whole successful, and did not gain a permanent Latin of Erasmus. Before leaving Paris, he had The revision of the Old Testament was begun im-
place in the sacred literature of the country. 'The printed two editions of the Hebrew Bible, to one of mediately after the printing of the New, and continued
Bible and the New Testament were each reprinted which was attached the commentary of Kimchi on the without intermission for two years. The names of
once, and his Old Testament was adopted in a Bible Minor Prophets. Leo J uda's Latin version of the the revisers are not all known; but it is certain that
of 1551. With these exceptions his revision appears Old Testament was completed by Bibliander and Pel- Whittingham, Gilby, and Sampson were engaged in
to have fallen into complete neglect. lican, and printed at Zurich in 1543. A revised it, and they were most probably aided, among others,
From the year 1525, when the first English New edition of Erasmus' translation of the New Testament by Miles Coverdale and John Knox. The Great Bible
Testament was printed, till 1542, thirty-nine editions was added to it in 1544. Beza's Latin version of the was the basis, but its text was revised with much care,
of the New Testament and fourteen of the whole Bible, New Testament was printed in 1556. Castalio's Latin and brought into closer conformity to the Hebrew.
were published, in addition to a number of selected version was published at Basie in 1551, and his French The revisers were manifestly men of competent schol-
books and portlons of Scripture, which were iB!<ued version four years later. It was, therefore, under the arship and profound Biblical know ledge. They made
separately. The effect of the circulation of God's most favourable circumstances that the revision of the full use of all available aids. · The Latin versions of
Word upon people of every age and class, was English Bible was undertaken at Geneva_ Leo Juda, Sebastian Miinster, and Sanctes Pagninus,
wonderful. Boys and old men, girls and matrons, The New Testament was first revised, apparently and the French translation of Olivetan, as revised by
flocked to the churches, where ponderous Bibles, under the sole superintendence of William Whitting- Calvin, were constantly consulted, and many important
chained to the massive pillars, lay open upon stands ham, who had married the sister of John Calvin. emendations made from them. In those books origin-
for the use of the public. Bishop Bonner, afterwards Whittingham was educated at Oxford, and had visited ally translated by Tyndale, the text is not much
one of the most active of Queen Mary's persecuting most of the great seats of learning in Europe. On changed (Genesis--2 Chronicles); but in the poetical
agents, set up six large Bibles in St. Paul's. Bishop the accession of Queen Mary he fled to "Frankfort, and and prophetical books the changes are so numerou1
Tunstall, who had been one of Tyndale's greatest thence to Geneva, He was an accurate scholar, and that the translation may be considered new. It ia
enemies, and who was one of the prime movers in he had a sound judgment and a keen perception of much more literal, and at the same time more forcible,
burning his New Testaments at St. Paul's Cross, was the style best suited to convey the sense of the sacred than its predecessors. The Bible was printed at
ordered by the king to edit a new edition of the Bible text. In his preface he says, ' It was diligently re- Geneva in the year 1560, at the expense of John
for use in every church throughout England; and this vised by the most approved Greek examples and con- Bodley, and it was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.
he did in 1540. ference of translations in other tongues, as the learned The Genevan Bible was far superior to all that pre-
In the year 1542 a change took place. The papal may easily judge, both by the faithful rendering of ceded it. It is confessedly the best in the English
party had for a time been regaining influence, and the sentence, and also by the propriety of the words language, with the exception of the Authorized Ver-
their rule now became paramount. Tyndale's Bible and perspicuity of the phrase.' This describes the sion. Though never formally 'authorized' for public
was proscribed; and no one, unless of noble or gentle character of the book. It was not a new translation. use in the churches, it soon took the place in public
birth, was permitted to read the Scriptures, under pain Tyndale's version was adopted as the basis. Stephen's estimation hitherto held by Tyndale's, and retained
of imprisonment. On the death of Henry, in 1547, recently published Greek Testament was the text it for some eighty years, during which period it passed
the reformers again rose to power. His successor,· used. The Latin of Beza was the chief source, or at through more than one hundred and fifty editions.
Edward, inaugurated a new era in the history of our least suggester, of the emendations upon Tyndale. The place of its origin, the way in which it rendered
country. He ordered the Bible to be carried before Whittingham, however, exercised an independent ecclesiastical terms, and the tenor of its annotations,
him at his coronation, pronouncing, as he did so, judgment on each word and clause, though in the endeared it to the hearts of the Puritans of England
these remarkable words :-'That book is the sword of first instance his attention was probably called to and Presbyterians of Scotland. It was the first Eng-
the Spirit, and to be preferred before these swords. defects by the renderings of Beza or Castalio. Indeed, lish Bible printed in Roman type.
Without that sword we are nothing, we can do nothing, in a few instances, Beza's rendering was followed in The New Testament published with the Old in
we have no power: from that we are what we are preference to that of Tyndale, though the latter was 1560 was different from that of 1557. It was revised
this day.' During his brief reign, thirty-five editions right. Still the revision was thorough, and on the by some new hand, and the changes introduced,
of the New Testament and fifteen of the entire Bible whole judi~ious. It keeps very close to the Greek, chiefly from Beza, are not improvements. In the
were published. It is interesting to note how the and yet expresses the meaning, for the most part, in yea,· 1576 another revision of this Testament was
sterling qualities of Tyndale's version recommended terse and idiomatic English. The New Testament published with the following title:-' The New Tes-
it to the English people. Of the editions of the New was published on the 10th of June, 1557, with a tament of our Lord Jesus Christ, translated out of
Testament printed, twenty-five were Tyndale's. Prologue, or ' Epistle declaring that Christ is the Greek by Theodore Beza, . . . Englished by L.
end of the Law, by John Calvin.' The expense of Tomson.' 'Tomson's New Testament,' says West-
THE GENEVAN BIBLE.-Mary ascended the publication was defrayed mainly by John Bodley, cott, 'presents the fullest form of Beza'• influence.
throne in 1553, and reigned five years. During her father of the founder of the Bodleian Library. In One peculiarity is characteristic of Tomson alone.
reign neither Bible nor Testament was printed in addition to the merits of the translation, it had some In his anxiety to express the emphatic force of the
England. Rogers, Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley, and peculiarities which contributed to its usefulness and Greek article, he consistently renders it by "that" or
others, who had so largely aided in giving the Scrip- popularity._ It was the first New Te2tament in which "this,'' and in many cases the effect is almost
t .. res to the English people in their own tongue, were the text was divided into separate verses. The verses, grotesque. One example will suffice: "He that
burned at the stake; and some of the noblest of Eng- which had originated with Robert Stephen a few years hath that Son hath that life ; and he that hath
land's worthies were driven from their country, and before, had only been marked on the· margin of his not that Son hath not that life"' (1 Jn. 5.12). But
forced to seek an asylum in Geneva_ In that city, Greek Testament of 1551. Words which had no equi- notwithstanding its peculiarities, this Testament
atimuiated, no doubt, by the scholarship, eloquence, valents in the original, but which were added to com- became popular, and was generally attached to tlle
and enthW!iasm of John Calvin, the English exiles plete the sense, were printed in italics. Sh~rt ex- Genevan Bible.
18
THE BISHOPS' BIBLE.-Soon after the acces- be placed in the hall or the large dining-room, that containing a plausible defence of the position tas:en
sion of Queen Elizabeth, the heads of the English it might be useful to their servants or to strangers.' hy the Church of Rome in regard to vernacular tran"'
Church, under the leadership of .Archbishop Parker, It was also enjoined that there should be a copy in Jations of the Bible. It is denied that the church
oeo-au to consider the propriety of a new version, or each cathedral, and as far as possible in all churches. ever forbade absolutely such translations; but it is
re;ision, of the Bible, which ,might be authorized by admitted that she claims the sole right of determining
the rulers of church and state, and acceptable to all THE RHEMISH AND DOUAY VERSION.- who shall be permitted to read, and how the words
sects. and classes in the country. Parker resolved to The Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, and indeed are to be interpreted. It is stated on the authority
divide the Bible into a number of sections, and to over Europe, offered the most determined opposition of the Council of Trent, 'that the Holy Scriptures,
ortion them out for translation or revision among a to the translation of the Sacred Scriptures when they though truly and catholikely translated into vulgar
~!ect few, whose position in the church, and estab- found that through the press they could be freely tongues, yet may not be indifferently read of all men,
lished character for scholarship, might tend, he sup- disseminated among the people. Tyndale and all nor of any other than such as have express licence
posed, t~ give their work weight with the public. associated with him were ruthlessly persecuted. His thereunto of their lawful ordinaries, with good testi-
Each man, on completing his section, was to send it Testaments were searched for, seized, and burned by mony from their curates or confessors, that they be
back .o the archbishop for final revision, approval, the authorities in England. So late as the year 1530 humble, discreet, and devout persons, and like to take
and publication. It appears that, in addition to the it was a capital offence even to possess one of them. much good and no harm thereby.' The Protestant
archbishop, the following were selected :-Alley ,Bishop But when the spread of Reformation principles gave versions are denounced in the strongest terms. They
of Exeter; Davies, Bishop of St. David's; Sandys, religious liberty to the nation, the Romish hierarchy are styled 'false and impious.' It is said that 'no
Bishop of Worcester; Parkhurst, Bishop of Norwich; found themselves unable successfully to oppose the other books in the world are so pernicious as heretical
Barlow, Bishop of Chichester; Horne, Bishop of publication of the English version. There was a translations of the Scriptures, poisoning the people
Winchester; Bentham, Bishop of Lichfield; Grindal, growing demand for it on the part of the people, and under colour of divine authority.'
Bishop of London; Scambler, Bishop of Peterbor- to supply that demand edition after edition issued It is enough to say of the Rhemish Version that it
ough; Cox, Bishop of Ely; Bullingham, Bishop of from the press. Another mode of opposition was contains all the corruptions, errors, and interpolations
Lincoln ; Guest, Bishop of Rochester; Goodman, therefore a<lopted. The Protestant versions were of the Vulgate. It was not even the Latin text of
Dean of Westminster; Pearn, Dean of Ely; and charged with being unfaithful. Leading Roman Jerome which the Rhemish translators took as their
Pierson, Prebendary of Canterbury. Rules were laid Catholic divines affirmed that they contained deadly standard, though it, in Jerome's own opinion, was
down for their guidance-I. ' To follow the common heresies, and gave gross misrepresentations of the imperfect; but it was a text which, during a long
English translation nsed in the churches, and not Divine Word. The English Bible was called 'The course of ages, had gradually become more and more
to recede from it but where it varieth manifestly Devil's Book,' 'The Gospel of the Devil.' In the year corrupt, and which the Council of Trent was forced
from the Hebrew or Greek original. 2. To use sec- 1580 Robert Parsons, in a little work printed at to acknowledge to be defective. Yet with strange
tions and divisions in the texts as Pagnine in his Douay, entitled 'Reasons why Catholics refuse to go disregard alike of history and criticism, the transla-
translation useth, and for the verity of the Hebrew to to Church,' says, 'First, the Scripture is read there in tors affirm that 'it is not only better than all other
follow the said Pagnine and J\liinster specially, and false and shameless translations, containing manifest Latin translations, but than the Greek text itself,
generally others learned in the tongues. 3. To make and wilful corruptions to draw it to their own pur- in those places where they disagree.' The language
no bitter notes upon any text, or yet to set down any poses.' In 1581 Cardinal .Allen, in his 'Apology for of the Rhemish Version is barbarous, many of its
determination in places of controversy. 4. To note the English Colleges at Rome and Rheims,' speaks words being unintelligible to ordinary readers. The
such chapters and places as contain matter of gene- of the Bible of Protestants as 'falsely, corruptly, translators were aware of this, and give their rea-
alogies, or other such places not edifying, with some and deceitfully translated.' In 1582 Gregory Martin son:-' Continually keeping ouNelves as near as is
strike or note, that the reader may eschew them in published, at Rheims, 'A Discovery of the Manifold possible to onr text and to the very words and phrases
his public reading. 5. That all such words as sound Corruptions of the Holy Scriptures by the Heretics of which by long use are made venerable, though to
in the old translation, to any offence of lightness or our days,' in which he styles the Protestant Bibles, some profane or delicate ears they may seem more
obscenity, be expressed with more convenient terms 'Not indeed God's Book, Word, or Scripture, bnt the hard or barbarous.' A few examples will show the
and phrases.' The rules were good, but they do not Devil'• Word.' When these sweeping allegations be- character of the version in this respect:-Phi. 2. 7,
appear to have been followed strictly; and a plan was gan to be exposed by men of learning, and called in 'Heexinanited himself;' Ga. 5. 4, 'You are evacuated
pursued by at least one of the· revisers calculated to question by a thoughtful public, the Roman Catholics from Christ;' Ep. 6. 12, 'Against the rectors of the
corrupt rather than amend the version. Guest, in felt themselves bonnd to establish their charges by world of this darkness, against th~ spirituals of wick-
returning the Book of Psalms, wrote to Parker:- producing a translation of their own. In the year edness in the celestials;' 1 Ti. 6. 20, '0 Timothee,
'Where in the New Testament one piece of a psalm 1568 a number of English Roman Catholics estab- keep the depositum;' He. 13. 16,17, '.And beneficence
is reported, I translate it in the Psalms according to lished a college at the town of Douay, in Flanders, and communication do not forget: for with such hostes
the translation thereof in the New Testament.' This for the education of English priests. Some years God is promerited. Obey your prelates, and be sub-
might have been allowable had the quotations in the afterwards, political disturbances having arisen, the ject to them;' 1 Co. 5. 7, ' Purge the old leven, that
New Testament been uniformly made verbatim from college was transferred for a time to Rheims, in yon may be a new paste, as you are azymes. For our
the Old, which they are not. France, and there the first Anglo-Romish version of Pasche, Chriat, is immolated.' What possible mean-
The revision was begun in 1564, and the Bible was the Bible was commenced. The New Testament was ing could ordinary readers extract from such lan-
published in 1568 in a magnificent folio volume. published in 1582 with the following title:-' THE guage? It is only too evident that the version was
From the fact that the revisers were nearly all pre- NEW TESTAMENT OF JESUS CHRIST, TRANSLATED Jnade rather to cloak than unfold the sense of God's
lates, it is usually called The Bishops' Bible. It was FAITHFULLY INTO ENGLISH, out of the Authentical Word. And this is not the worst feature. Many
~n improvement upon 'The GrE,at Bible,' for it omit- Latin, according to the best corrected copies of the single terms are so rendered, and many sentences so
ted most of the interpolations from the Vulgate, and same, diligently conferred with the Greeke and other construed, as to pervert the plain meaning for party
to some extent amended the text, adopting the best editions in divers languages. With ARGUMENTS of purposes, and to give a colouring of authority to false
renderings of the Genevan, and giving a number of bookes and chapters, .ANNOTATIONS, and other neces- dogmas. · Take the following examples:-He.11. 21,
new and happy translations from the Greek in the sarie helpes, for the better understanding of the text, 'By faith, Jacob dying, blessed every one of the sons
New Testament. But as a whole it was not satis- and specially for the discoverie of the CoRRUPTIO~ of of Joseph, and adored the top of his rod.' The note
factory, and it disappointed the expectations of the divers late translations, and for clearing the CoNTRO· to this passage is in the same spirit:-' Observe in
learned. The scholarship of the revisers appears to VERSIES in religion. In the English College ofRhemes.' these words, He adored the top of his rod, that adora-
have been defective, especially in Hebrew. .A new The men who took the leading part in this translation may be done to creatures, or to God at and be-
edition appeared in 1572, the New Testament portion· tion were the following:-Gregory Martin, an M.A. fore a creature. . . . Now at or before the crucifix,
being still further revised. Still it did not command of Oxford, who went to Douay in 1570, and was or- relics, images. . . . By all which it is evident, that
the confidence of scholars; it did not meet the wants dained priest in 1573. He is said to have translated it is false which the Calvinists teach, that we may
of the church; and it did not gain the affections of the whole Bible. He was considered 'the principal not adore image, crucifix, or any visible creature, &c.'
the people, who continued to prefer the Genevan. In linguist of the seminary.' William (afterwards Car- Rev. 2. 21, 'And I gave her time that she might do
the year 1571 an ecclesiastical order was issued, that dinal) Allen, Richard Bristow, and John Reynolds, penance.' Lu. 17. 14, 'Go, show yourselves to the
'every archbishop and bishop should have at his who revised the text and prepared the voluminous priests,' on which is the following comment:-' This
house a eopy of the Bible, . . . and that it should notes. The New Testament ha.a a lengthened 'preface, leprosy signifieth sin, which though God may o.nd can
Vol. 1-2 19
heal without any man's means, yet he d0th it not ecclesiastical polity were represented. The High down as shall serve for the fit references of one SC'l"ip
ordinarily but by the priest's ministry; therefore let Church party had Andrews, Bishop of Winchester; ture to another.
no man despise God's ordinance, nor say that it is Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln; and Ra vis, Bishop of 8. Every particular man of each company to take
enough to confess to God though he never come at London. The clergy of Puritan tendency were repre- the same chapter or chapters, and having translated
the priest.' In the note on 1 Ti. 5. 15 it is said:- sented by Reynolds of Oxford, and Chaderton and or amended them severally by himself, where he
• We may here learn, that for those to marry which Lively of Cambridge; while the learned, independent thinketh good, all to meet together, confer what they
are professed (i.e. who had taken the vow of celibacy) of party, were represented by such men as Sir Henry have done, and agree for their parts what shall stand.
is to turn back after Satan. For he speaketh of such Sa,·ille, and Saravia, Prebendary of Westminster. 9. As any one company hath despatched any one
as were married contrary to their vow. And hereupon Canon Westcott's estimate of the staff is just:-' Of book in this manner, they shall send it to the rest to
we call the religious that marry (as Luther, Bucer, these scholars many (as Andrews, Overall, Saville, he considered.
Peter Martyr, and the rest) apostates.' On Mat. 13. 29 and Reynolds) have obtained an enduring reputation 10. If any company upon the revision of the book
it is said:-• Where ill men (be they heretics or other apart from this common work in which they were so sent doubt or differ upon any place, to send them
malefactors) may be punished or suppreosed without associated. Others, whose names are less familiar, word thereof, note the place, and send the reasons; to
disturbance and hazard of the good, they may and were distinguished for special acquirements requisite which if they consent not, the difference to be com-
ought by public authority either spiritual or temporal for their task. Lively, Spalding, King, and Byng pounded at the general meeting, which is to be of the
to be chafltised or executed.' A note of like character were successively professors of Hebrew at Cambridge, chief persons of each company, at the end of the work.
is found on Lu. 9. 55:-' Not justice, nor all rigorous and Hardinge and Kilbye at Oxford. Harmer and 11. When any place of special obscurity is doubted
punishment of sinners is here forbidden, nor the Perin were professors of Greek at Oxford. and Downes of, letters to be directed by authority to send to any
Church or Christian princes blamed for putting hereat Cambridge. Bedwell was the most distinguished learned man in the land for his judgment of such a
tics to death. . . . Therefore Saint Peter used his Arabic scholar of the time. Saravia was an accom- place.
power upon Ananias and Sapphira, when he struck plished modern linguist. Thompson, Chaderton,Smith, 12. Letters to be sent from every bishop to the rest
them both down to death for defrauding the Church.' and Bois were equally distinguished for their know- of his clergy, admonishing them of this translation,
On 1 Co. 13. 3 it is said:-' Believe assuredly and ledge of ancient languages.' The competency of such and to move as many as, being skilful in the tongues,
hold for certain, that no heretic and schismatic that men for the work assigned to them no scholar will to send their particular observations to one of the
uniteth not himself to the Catholic Church again, question. Had the critical apparatus we now possess companies.
how great almes soever he give, yea or shed bis blood been in their hands, so as to enable them to elaborate 13. The directors in each company to be-the
for Christ's name, can possibly be saved.' It will be a pure Hebrew and Greek text, and to apply to its Deans of Westminster and Chester in that place, and
manifest to every thoughtful reader that one great elucidation all the resources of grammar and philology, the king's professors in Hebrew and Greek in either
object the Romish Church had in view in preparing ere they proceeded to revise the English, we should university.
this singular translation, and writing these dreadful have inherited from them a version which probably 14. These translations t... be used when they agree
notes, was to propagat,e the pernicious dogmas, and 11ever could have been surpassed. In addition to better with the text than the Bishops' Bible, viz.
to endeavour to defend the persecuting principles 0f scholarship they had another indispensable qualifica- Tyndale's, llfatthew's, Coverdale's, Whitchurch'B, Ge-
Popery. The comments have been well described as tion-they were deeply imbued with the spirit of the neva.
'a mass of bigotry, sophistry, and unfairness.' sacred writers. 15. Besides the said directors, three or fonr of the
The preface to the Rhemish Testament commences Of the fifty-four originally nominated only forty- most ancient and grave divines in either of the uni-
with the statement that the Bible had been long since seven entered upon the work They were arranged versities, not employed in translating, to he assigned
translated by the Roman Catholics, and that 'the in six classes, and appointed to sit-two classes at by the vice-chancellor, upon conference with the rest
Old Testament' was still 'lying by for lack of good Westminster, two at Oxford, and two at Cambridge; of the heads, to be overseers of the translations as well
means to publish the whole in such sort as a work of and the books of th.1 Bible were apportioned among Hebrew as Greek, for the better observation of the
so great charge and importancP. requireth.' It so re- them as follows:- fourth rule.
mained for twenty-seven years. At length, in 1609, !. Westminster, Hebrew-Andrews, Bishop of Win- All arrangements were completed in 1604, and
the first volume of the Old Testament was printed at chester, president, with nine others,-Genesis to 2 many of those nominated appear to have entered
Douay, and in the following year the second and con- Kings. privately upon their duties; but the classes were not
cluding volume. The translation and notes are similar II. Westminster, Greek,-Barlow, Bishop of Lon- called together, and the formal work of translation
in character and spirit to those of the New Testament. don, president, with six others,-the Epistles. and revision was not commenced till 1607, and it was
The translators were probably the same who prepared III. Cambridge, Hebrew,-Lively, Prof. of Heb- not finished till 1610. In the latte_· year three copiea
the New Testament; and the annotations are said to rew, president, with seven others,-1 Chronicles to of the entire Scriptures, revised in accordance with
be the work of Thomas Worthington, president of the EcclesiastPs. the rules, were furnished-one by Westminster, ono
English College of Douay. They are much less copious IV. Cambridge, Greek,-Duport, president, with by Oxford, and one by Cam bridge, and sent to Sta-
than those of the New Testament. A second edition six others,-the Apocrypha. tioners' Hall. There a revision-committee, composed
of the Bible appeared at Rouen in 1635; but no V. Oxford, Hebrew,-Hardinge, Prof. of Hebrew, of one member from each class, reviewed and corrected
other edition of the Douay Bible was published for president, with six others,-Isaiah to l\[alachi. the copies, and prepared them for the press. Nine
the space of a hundred and fifteen years. The New VI. Oxford, Greek,-Ravis, Bishop of London, months were spent in this work, each member of com-
Testament was republished in 1600, 1621, 1633, and president, with seven others, - Gospels, Acts, and mittee receiving & small weekly pension. The manu-
again in 1738. Revelation. script was then handed to Dr. Smith, who, aided by
A code of rules, in substance as follows, was laid Bilson, Bishop of Winchester, gave it a final exami-
KING JAMES' VERSION.-Soon after the ac- down for their guidance:- nation and corrected the proofs. Smith was a pro-
cession of James I. to the throne of England, a con- 1. The Bishops' Bible to be followed, and as little found Oriental scholar, and discharged his onerous
fe.ence of the leading clergy was held at Hampton altered as the truth of the original will permit. and responsible duties with singular ability and faith-
Court (January, 1604) 'for the determining of things 2. The proper names to be retained, as nigh as may fulness. He also wrote the preface, and has given in
pretending to be ,imiss in the Church.' It was there be, according as they were vulgarly used. it, after a b1·ief history and defence of former English
moved by Dr. Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi 3. The old ecclesiastical words to be kept, viz. the versions, a very clear and satisfactory account of the
College, Oxford, that a new version of the Bible should word church not to be translated congregation, &c. labours of the translators. Though quaint and pe-
be prepared, as those which were allowed in the reigns 4. When a word hath divers significations, that to dantic, this preface throws much light on some of the
of Henry YI II. and Edward VI. were corrupt. The be kept which hath been most commonly used by peculiarities of our version. The Bible was printed
king approved of the motion; and a few months after- the most ancient of the fathers, being agreeable to in 1611 with the following title:-'T/,e Holy Bible,
wards, upon the advice of the bishops, nominated a the propriety of the place and the analogy of the containing the Old Testament and t!te New. Newly
body of fifty-four translators. The list was completed faith. translated out nf the original to1111nes; and with tlie
and ratified on. the 30th of June, 1604. The nomina- 5. The division of the chapters to be altered either former Translations diligently compared and revis¢,
tions appear to have been made solely on the ground not at all, or as little as may be. by his Majesty's special commandment. .Appointed
of eminent qualifications for the task. The men 6, No marginal notes to be affixed, but only for to be read in Churches.' It.was afoliovolume,printed
selected were among the first scholars in England. the explanation of Hebrew and Greek words. in black-letter by Robert Barker, London.
Yet, it so happened, that all shades of opinion and 7. Such quotatione of places to be marginally set The manner in which the version was prepared, and •
20
the materials used in its preparation, must alw~y~ be revising the proofs. A more complete system could far as possible into contact with the 'Very letter of the
b • cts of special interest to the student of Biblical scarcely have been invented. inspired original. Of the marginal readings, Dr.
~te:tu~ and to ine general public in these lands. The translators did not confine their attention to Smith says in the preface: 'Some peradventure would
These are indicated with considerable minuteness in the English, nor to modern versions: 'Neither did we have no variety of senses to be set in the margin, lest
the preface, and what is wanting there ma~ he gleanecl think much,' says Dr. Smith, 'to oonsult the trans- the authority of Scripture for deciding of controversies
from other authentic sources. Dr. Sm'.th says:- lators or commentators, Chalde.l, Hebrew, Syrian, by the show of uncertainty, should somewhat be
' Truly we never thought from the be~:nnmg that we Greek, or Latin, - no, nor the Spanish, French, shaken. But we hold their judgment not to be so
should need to make a new translation, nor yet to Italian, or Dutch. Neither did we disdain to revise sound in this point. For though whatsoever things
make a bad one a good one_. but to make a good one that which we had done, and t@ bring L:-.c.r to the are necessary are manifest, . . . yet for all that it,
better or out of many good ones one principal good anvil that which we had hammered; but having and 0annot be dissembled, that partly to exercise and whet
one, no't J;u 8tlv·.;
to be excepted against; that hath been using as great helps as were needful, and fearing no our wits, . . . partly to stir up our devotion to crave
our endeavour, that our mark. To that purpose there reproach for slowness, nl)r coveting praise for expedi- the assistance of God's Spirit by prayer, . . . it hath
were many chosen that were greater in other men's tion, we have at the 1rngth. th~rugh tL.e good hand pleased God . . . here and there to scatter words
eyes than in their own, and that sought the trufo r i the Loni upon us, brougm ,~a ,.,ork to that pass and sentences of that difficulty aud doubtfulness, not
rather than their own praise.' The translat<!i:-s then that you see.' A critical Pxamination of the Autltor- in doctrinal points that concern salvation, but in
acknowledge the general faithfulness and substautfal ,ud Version, and a C'1rr;parison of it with the previous matters of lesser moment, that fearfulness would better
accuracy of the versions of Tyndale and. Coverdalb, English and other ira,:;.siations, prove the truth of Dr. beseem us than confidence. . . . There be many
and of the revised editions put forth by the Genevan Smith's words. Every verse appears to have been words in Scripture which be never found there but
exiles and the English bishops. They had in these a weighed with scrupulous care, and whatever tended to once, so that we cannot be holpen by conference of
solid basis; and their task was to examine, collate, make the translation more literal, more plain, more places. Again, there be many rare names of certain
and critically revise, so as to bring the version into terse and forcible, was adopted. The original texts birds, beasts, and precious stones, &c., concerning
closer and fuller conformity with the originals. Of were always the final standards of appeal; but in which the Hebrews themselves are so divided among
their competeney for this task Dr. Smith says: 'They seeking the real sense, assistance from all quarters- themselves for judgment, that they may seem to have
came, or were thought to come to the work . . • from versions ancient and modern-was made use of; defined this or that,, rather because they would say
[earned, not ·to learn. • . . And in what sort did and in expressing that sense in vigorous, idiomatic something, than because they were sure of that which
these assemble! In the trust of their own knowledge, English, words and phrases were freely taken from they said. . , . Now in such case doth not a margin
or of their sharpness of wit., or deepness of judgment, others. Even the Rhemish Version of the New Tes- do well to admonish to seek further, and not to con-
as it were in an arm of flesh? At no hand. They tament supplied a number of expressive words of clude or dogmatize on this or that peremptorily? For
trusted in Him that hath the key of David, opening Latin origin, and a few happy renderings. The as it is a fault of incredulity to doubt of those things
and no man shutting: they prayed to the Lord, th,, Genevan was largely drawn upon. 'The chief influ- that are evident; so to determine of such things as
Father of our Lord, to the effect that St. Augustine ence of the Rhemish Version,' says Canon Westcott, the Spirit of God hath left (even b the judgment of
did: O let Thy Scriptures be my pure delight; let'me 'was npon the vocabulary of the revisers, that of the the judicious) questionable, can he no less than pre-
,wt be deceived in them, neither let me deceive by them. Genevan Version upon the interpretation.' In the sumption.' Here we have the true spirit of sanctified
In this confidence, and with this devotion, did they Old Testament the Antwerp Polyglott, published scholarship-a spirit that should ever guide the Bib-
assemble together; not too many, lest one should 1569-72, rendered essential service, especially its lical student, stimulating him to ever-increased re-
trouble another; and yet many, lest many things sixth volume, which contains. the very accurate inter- search, and restraining him from dogmatism.
haply might escape them.' The car,e and research lineary Latin translation of the Hebrew text by Arias One other point is noticed b the preface, and may
they exercised is thus shown:-' If you ask what they Montan us. The Latin Version of the Old Testament occasionally be observed in the version, in which, in
had before them, truly it was the Hebrew text of the and Apocrypha, published a few years later (1579) by my opinion, the authors did not show their usual
Old Testament, the Greek of the New. . . . These Tremellius and Junius, was also consulted, and fur- soundness of judgment: 'We have not tied ourselves
tongues we set before us to translate, being the nished some excellent renderings. For faithfulness to an uniformity of phrasing, or to an identity of
tongues wherein God was pleased to speak to his and perspicuity this version has never been surpassed. words, as some peradventure would wish that we had
church by his prophets and apostles. Neither did The Latin translation of Castalia, begun at Geneva done.' In fact they have, in not a few places, ob-
we run over the work with that posting haste that in 1542, finished at Basie in 1550, and published in scured the sense by giving a different rendering in
the Septuagint did, if that be tme which is reported 1551, was likewise used, as was that which bears the different passages to words that are the same in the
of them, that they finished it in seventy-two days; name of Leo Jnda (Tiguri, 1543). Dr. Smith men- original. The Epistles of Paul afford many examples.
neither were we barred or hindered from going over tions the Spanish, French, Italian, and German as In Ro. iv: one Greek word is translated 'count,' 'im-
it again, having once done it. . . . Neither, to be having been consulted. He doubtless refers to the pute,' 'reckon,' and the force and precision of the
abort, were we the first that fell in hand with trans- Spanish of Cassiodore de Reyna, printed at Basie in apostle's reasoning is thereby to some extent lost. So
lating the Scripture into English, and consequently 156?1; ·to the French of Olivetan, revised by Calvin, in the hook of Psalms the same Hebrew word is trans-
destitute of former helps. . • . None of these thrngs. and afterwards more fully by the College of Pastors lated in one place 'grave,' in another' hell;' and yet
The work hath not been huddled up in seventy-two and Professors at Geneva, and published in 1588; to it means neither the one nor the other,
days, but hath cost the workmen, as light as it seem• the Italian of Diodati, translated at Geneva, and pub- Though the version was prepared under the sanction
eth, the pains of twice seven times seventy-two days lished in 1607; and to the German of Luther, and of royalty, and by the leading members of the Church
and more. Matters of such weight and consequence Swiss-German, published at Zurich, under the care of Tungland, it does not appear that it was ever for-
are to be speeded with maturity; for in a business of of Leo Juda, in 1529. In the New Testament the mally authorized by council, convocation, or parlia-
moment a man feareth not the blame of convenient admirable Latin Version of Beza, first published by ment. The Great Bible was authorized by a special
alackness.' The time spent upon it was seven years, Robert Stephen at Geneva, in 1556, was used in proclamation of Henry VIII. The Bishops' Bible,
fhree (1604-7) were occupied in preliminary arrange- bringing out the more delicate shades of meaning, being only a revision of the preceding, mherited, as it
ments and individual research on the part of the fifty- which previous English translators had sometimes were, its title; and as King James' Version was in-
four scholars appointed, and numerous others whom overlooked. Not only was the sense of the divine tended to take the place of the Bishops', and in fact
they consulted. Three years more were taken up iu originals faithfully studied, but the selection of words did so, it may be regarded as indirectly authorized.
the systematic united work of the six classes, Each ·and phrases, and the structure aud rhythlll of sentences But it did not at once supersede all others, for though
man in each class translated all the books intrusted best calculated to give force and beauty to the ver&ion, no edition of the Bishops' Bible was published subse-
to his class; then the whole class met, anti after were watched with the most scrupulous care. Every quent to 1611, the Genevan continued for a eonsider-
thorough revision adopted a common text; then that clause, indeed every word, was anxiously weighed, able time to retain its place in the affections of the
text was in succession sent to each of the other classes and no point was considered too minute for the lr;,en English people; editions of it were printed as late as
for examination; then the whole was submitted to critical eyes of the laborious and conscientious revisers. 1644. Every effort was used, however, to gain popu-
the final revision of six elected delegates, one ·from The marginal readings, and the difference in type larity for the new version. It was printed in the
each class, representing the Hebrew and Greek scholani (now represented by our italic•}, which showed words same form, and illustrated with the same woodcuts as
respeet1ve1y, together with six consulting assistants. inserted for explanation, and which had no direct the Genevan; and it was only by an examination of
The manuscript was finally placed in the skilful representatives in the Hebrew or Greek, make it clear the text that the one could be distinguished from the
b&nda of Dr. Smith, who passed it through the press, how anxious the authors were to bring the reader as other.
21
Tilere are some slight -lifferences between our mod- nify, as now, 'odd· or 'strange,' but, like the Latin dale, who gave us our first printed :Bible, nanow,y
ern authorized version and that published in 1611, a curiosus, 'wrought with care.' 2 Th. 2. 7, 'He who escaped the stake by exile; Rogers, to whom we owe
few ,,,f which it may he well to note:- now letteth will let.' Let here signifies 'to hinder,' the multiform basis of our present version, was the
from the Anglo-Saxon lettan. Ac. 17. 5, 'Certain first victim of the Marian persc,,ution; Cranmer, who
16ll. MODF'.RN.
lewd fellows,' i.e. some of ' the common people,' ' the has left us our Psalter, was at last blessed with a death
1 Jn. t,, 12, 'He that ha.th not 'He that hath not the Son ~
the Son bath not life · God hath not life.• mob,' from the Anglo-Saxon leode, German leute, of triumphant agony. The work ·rns crowned by
Mat.12.23,'lsthisthe Son of 'lsn-0t this the Son of David?' ' people.' 1 'l'i. 2. 9, 'That women adorn themselves martyrdom, and the workmen lahour"d at it in the
David?" · faith and with the love of martyrs.' And in a spirit
in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety.'
Ep 2. 13, 1 But now in Christ 'But now in Christ J esns ve
Jesus ye who ,qomttimes were
0
who sometime 1rere far off. '

This is i, rnrruption; the earliest editions read shaine- worthy of their sainted predecessors, the authors of
far off.' fa.stnesse, which is an expressive old word formed like the Authorized Version i.ntroduced the finished work
1 Ti. 1. 4, • Wbich minister • Which minister questions to their readers:-' It remaineth that we commend
steadfastness. Ge. 14. 23, 'Shoe-latchet,' from the
questions rather than edify- rdther than godly edifyiug.'
ing" French lacet, the 'lace' of a shoe. Mar. 9. 6, 'He thee to God, and to the Spirit of his grace, which is
Ro. 12. 2, 1 That acceptable • 'And acceptable.' wist not what to say:' he knew not, from the Anglo- ahle to build farther than we can ask or think. He
He. 12.1, • Run with patience ' Run with patience the race.' Saxon witan, the same as the German wissen. 1 Co. removeth the scales from our eyes, the vail from our
unto the race.•
8. 1, ' We do you to wit of the grace of God ;' wit here hearts, opening our wits that we may understand his
Besides verbal changes such as the above, the spell- comes from the same root, hence the meaning is, \\"ord, enlarging our hearts, yea correcting our affec-
ing and punctuation have been greatly altered, the 'We cause you to know.' Ac. 21. 15, 'We took up tions, that we may love it above gold and silver,
italic• have been revised, and the headings of chapters our carriages, and went up to Jerusalem.' The yea that we may love it to the end. 0 receive
and of pages considerably modified. Sometimes the word means 'baggage,' something requiring to be not so great things in vain; 0 despise not so great
changes made were not improvements, yet on the carried. salvation.'
whole they have tended to adapt the version to the As a whole, however, our English Yersion is admir- Our version has many noble qualities. In the sim-
English-speaking people of the present day. There able. The facts which I have narrated show at what plicity and chasteness of its style, combined with
are still some old words retained which I fear are an extraordinary cost of time, labour, and scholarship general dignity and vigour of expression, it has never
not generally understood by ordinary readers, and for it has fieen produced. It is the result of nearly a been equalled. It has all the Saxon purity of the
which modern words might with advantage be substi- century of toil and research. During that long period classic age of English literature. It has become as it
tuted. For example: Joh 18. 19, 'He shall neither the work not only occupied the attention of the ripest were a part of the national mind. Its pithy senti-
have son nor nephew;' it should be 'son' s son.' scholars in England, but it was aided, directly or in- ments and pointed pro,·erbs, its happy turll!! of u-
Nephew in old English was equivalent to the French directly, by the greatest Biblical critics in Europe. pression and noble figures, are upon every lip. It has
neveu and Latin nepos, a 'grandson.' Ge. 45. 6, Its history, when known, cannot fail to infuse into entered into the very hearts of the people. It i•
• There shall neither be earing nor harvest.' Earing the mind a deeper veneration for it, and a fuller con- interwoven with all that is noblest and purest in our
is the old Anglo-Saxon eriung, 'ploughing.' So De. fidence in its faithfulness. There is a romance in national literature. And, what is of importance in
21. 4, 'A rough valley which is neither eared nor some of the incidents of its long story which fix them these days, it forms the one link of union between
sown;' and Is. 30. 24, 'The youn~ asses that ear indelibly on the memory, and endear the Bible itself different sects, and it contributes to bind us together
the ground.' Ear comes from the Latin arare, ' to to the heart of the Christian. The men who laid the as a Protestant nation by a tie which even the strife
plough.' It was a common word when the version foundations of our Bible were thoroughly in earnest. of ~arty and the war of politics cannot sever. Its
was made; now it is obsolete. 2 Ch. 21. 20, it is said They were moved to their work and sustained in it by blemishes, too, numerous as we admit them to be,
of the death of Jehoram, 'he departed without being a higher than human power. Hardships, persecution, change no fact, alter no precept, obscure no doctrine.
desired.' The sense is 'regretted;' the word desire exile, death itself, could not shake their firm resolve to They slightly mar the surface, and this with delicate
was from the Latin desiderare, and was formerly give to their country the pure Word of God. 'Tyn- hand we might remedy; but they do not mar the
understood in the sense of 'regret.' Ex. 28. 8, 'The dale, who gave us our first New Testament from the exquisite symmetry nor touch the solid foundation
e1<rious girdie of th!) ephod.' The word did not sig- Greek, was strangled for hi• work at Vilvorde· Cover- of Revealed Truth.
22 J. L. p_
ELACK-W-OOD'S
COMPREHENSIVE
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE HOLY BIBLE,

COMPIUSING
V ALU.A.BLE CHRONOLOGICAL, GENEALOGICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, WITH HISTORICAL AND OTHER Ex·
PLANATORY MATTER, D~SIGNED TO FACILITATE THE STUDY AND PROMOTE THE BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.
THE WHOLE EDITED BY
REV. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, D.D., LL.D.
GENUINENESS, AUTHENTICITY, INSPIRATION, PRESERVATION AND VALUE

OF THE
W-ORD OF GOD.
THE SACRED VOLUME, usually called THE BIBLE or THE righteousn'ess; that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly fur-
BooK by way of eminence, consists of two parts, the Old Testament nished unto all good works." 2 Tim. iii. 16. But it must be obvious
and the New Testament. It-contains a great variety of different com- that the Bible could not be effectually profitable for t:'.;,ese great ends,
positions, embracing sixty-six smaller volumes comprising historical nor could it make the man of God perfect, if it were not perfect
narratives, laws, ordinances, poetry, doctrines, moral and religious itself. If its different books or sections were at variance with each
precepts written by different persons widely separated from each other, if the doctrines revealed and the moral duties enjoined were
other in place and time. More than fifteen hundred years elapsed not substantially the same throughout, if its teachings were dishonor-
while the authors of these peculiar productions were engaged in ing to God and his righteous law, or tolerant of impurity and dis-
writing them. Even in a literary aspect the Sacred Scriptures form obedience in man, and if all the parts of the volume were not in har-
the most remarkable book which the world has ever seen. Of all mony, were not in accordance with fact and did not concur in the
writings they are the most ancient. The events which they record plan of the whole,-it is obvious that such a claim could not be sus-
are of the most profound interest. The wisest and best of men have tained. •
borne witness to their efficacy as an instrument of enlightenment That it is possible for the Creator to make his will known to his
and purification. The Bible opens to us the mystery of creation, intelligent creatures by direct revelations must be admitted. The
which would for ever remain an insoluble problem only for the light deep degradation of the heathen in all ages and in all lands, the
which shines from the Word of God. It reveals the character of God, utter uncertainty and darkness in which the most eminent pagan
and it is tbe only book in which a full and faithfu1 portraiture can philosophers have found themselves respecting God, eternity, the
be found of the nature and condition of man. It reveals man's im- state of the soul and the realities of a future life, the dismal con-
mortality and the end for which he was created. It deals with the fusion in which the human mind must ever remain on the subject of
origin of evil, and the inseparable connection between sin and misery. pardon and reconciliation, and the distressing mystery which every-
It explains the principles on which the Ruler of the Universe is where appears in Providence if the mind and purpose of God be not
governing the world, and while it depicts the vanity of the present revealed,-unite in showing how essential to the well-being of man it
life, it sets forth the glory which is reserved in a future scene for the is that his will should so be made known.
pious faithful servants of God. In no other volume have we such The original languages of the Bible are Hebrew, Chaldee and Greek.
close and accurate statements given of the secret workings of the The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, excepting a few portions
human heart, and so minute and comprehensive details of the moral which, from particular circumstances, were in the cognate Chaldee
disease which affects the race of man. The divine origin of the Book dialect. The learned reader will find this dialect in Dan. ii. 4; vii. 28;
is thus attested, because it shows that the Creator, who formed man Ezra iv. 8; vi. 18; vii. 12-26. The books of Moses exist in two forms.
in his own image, and who knew all the elements of sin and misery Besides the ordinary Hebrew text, there is also the Samaritan Penta-
into which man fell by transgression, has here depicted, as God alone teuch, which was in use among the mixed population who inhabited
could do, the results of the Fall. What the sacred volume thus states the kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Assyrians, composed
m:.n everywhere recognizes as true, and it is only in the Bible that a of the poorer classes left in the country by Shalmane11er, and of the
plan of restoration is set forth worthy of the character of God and heathen colonists who were introduced by him ( 2 Kings xvii. 24-41 ), and
suitable to all the necessities of man. who, in consequence of their political hostility to the Jews, acknow-
Now, the Bible expressly and repeatedly claims to be THE WORD !edged only the writings of Moses. The date at which the Hebrreo-
I
0F Gon, the only and complete Revelation of Divine Will. It is
' affirmed that "All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is
profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in
I
Samaritan text had its origin is uncertain, it being ascribed by some
to a period shortly after the division of the two kingdoms, and by
others to a date subsequent to the Assyrian captivity. Th\s text,
BLAOKWOOD'S COMPREHENSIVE AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.
though inferior in value to the Hebrew, is useful as affording con• lived among the scenes which they described, and their authority for
firmation of it from an independent authority. the events which they did not see was of an indubitable character.
All the authors of the New Testament appear to have written in the Thus it was with Moses, Joshua, Samuel, Ezra, Nehemiah and the
Greek language. That this tongue was already familiar to them as a Prophets, and the same principle applies to the Evangelists and the
vehicle of their religious though ts arid. feelings is evident from their writers of the New Testament.
frequent use of the Greek translation, called the Septuagint, in quoting 2. As they were not ignorant, so the sacred writers neither did nor
the Old Testament, and from the REMARKABLE accordance of their could deceive others. Collusion was impossible. They were so far
style with thr style of that ancient and precious version. This language separated in time and place that they had no means to carry out
was also peculiarly suitable for this important purpose, because at a system of forgery and fraud. The exode from Egypt, the wan-
that time it was almost universally known and very generally used in derings and scenes in the wildernesR, and the great facts of Jewish
the most civilized parts of the world. history, were such that nothing could induce a whole people, and
the people in neighboring lands, to receive the facts of the Old Tes-
GENUINENESB.-That the different boob of the Old and New tament history as true if they had not occurred. The New Testa-
Testament are GENUINE-that is, were written by the persons whose ment condemns falsehood and deception. If, then, the writers of the
names they bear-we have the most satisfactory evidence; and we New Testament books were not honest, their conduct is inexplicable.
have no more reason to doubt the fact than we have to question the Their religion exposed them to suffering and death, and yet they hel!l:
authorship of Herodotus, Xenophon, Livy or Tacitus. For, steadfastly to the facts which they recorded, and thus they would pre-
I. The books of the Old Testament have always been received as sent the appearance of men encountering suffering in the mainte-
genuine by the Jews from the earliest period to the present time. In nance of that which they knew to be false, and by immoral means
addition to the fact that the older books have been referred to bv sub- attempting to establish the purest religion which the world has ever
11equent 11acred writers, we have the strongest evidence afforded of the known.
genuineness of the Old Testament by Jewish tJ<anslators and writers, 8. Such multitudes of incidents and allusions to persons, times,
such as the translators of the Septuagint and others. On the other events and places are found in both Old and New Testaments, that
hand, a numerous succession of Christian writers have quoted or it must be obvious no writers except honest men, who recorded facts,
alluded to very many passages of the New Testament from the times would venture so to commit themselves. Forgers keep clear of snch
of the Apostles to the present day. Ind~ed, in the early ages, when allusions, and false witnesses know the difficulty of framing a con-
evidence was available, the genuineness of the books of the New sistent story where many supposed facts have to appear. Besides,
Testament was not questioned by the heathen adversaries or heretics. the great national institutions of the Jews were associated with the
2. The language and style of the books of the Old and New most celebrated incidents of their history. Thus the rite of Circum-
Testaments prove them to have been written at different times and by cision, the Passover, the feasts of Tabernacles and of Pentecost could
different authors. Thus the Pentateuch, which is extremely simple never have been associated in the life of the nation, as they were, with
and contains words of undoubted Egyptian origin, bears internal evi- great historical events, if these events had never occurred. And so
dence of it.~ age and authorship, while in the books of Esther, Ezra also, the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper under the
and Nehemiah the proper names and the occurrence of Chaldee and Christian dispensation, perpetuate the memory and demonstrate the
Persian words show their date to be later than the Babylonish Cap- truth of the facts in the Gospel history; for men in different lands
tivity, while the Greek in which the New Testament is written is never could have successfully united to perpetuate a system of false-
mingled with words and expressions which are Hebrew, Chaldee, hood by such ordinances, if Christ had not lived, wrought miracles,
Syriac and Latin in their character-a style which only accords with died and rose from the dead; while it is incredible that posterity
the time, the situation and the circumstances of the writers to whom would have been led, by a continued observance of such rites, to re-
\he different books of the Christian Scriptures are ascribed. ceive as true what all their ancestors had declared to be false.
8. The moral impossibility of their being forgeries is quite appa-
rent. If the OLD TEsTAMENT books be forgeries, they must have been IN8PIRATION.-But further, the Scriptures are not merely en-
written by Jews, Gentiles or Christians. But the Gentiles were igno- titled to be received as Authentic, Genuine and Credible, but as con-
rant of the history and religious rites and economy of the Jews, who taining the will of God revealed to man as an infallible rule of faith
would never have received and sanctioned the works of their enemies. and religious truth, or, in other words, as DIVINELY INSPIRED.
Christians could not have written them, for many centuries before the To use the language of a judicious expositor, by the Divine in•
Advent they had been the recognized authority in the Jewish civil spiration of the Scriptures we mean·" such a complete and immediate
and ecclesiastical polity. The Jews would not have forged such a communication by the Holy Spirit to the minds of the sacred writers,
system of costly religious services, and such a record of crimes, idola- of those things which could not have been otherwise known, and such
tries and deserved chastisements, as the historical books contain. an effectual superintendence as to those particulars concerning which
Then, as to the NEW TEsTAMENT, the Jews were violent enemies of they might otherwise obtain information, as sufficed absolutely to pre-
Christianity; they put its Founder to death, and the apostles and dis- serve them from any erro1 in all things which could in the least
ciples were persecuted alike by Jew and Gentile, who would equally affect any of the doctrine& or precept.ii contained in their writings.
have detected any forgeries that commended the religion which they They wrote, indeed, in such language as their different talents, educa-
opposed. So also the genuineness of the Epistles addressed to the early tion, habits and associations suggested or rendered natural to them;
churches was capable of demonstration at the time, and it would have but the Holy Spirit so entirely superintended them, when writing, as
been impossible for church after church to have been led to receive to exclude every improper expression, and to guide them to all those
these Epistles and other writings, if they had not possessed indubitable which best suited their several subjects." They are the voice, but the
evidence that they were really what they professed to be; and thus, Divine Spirit is the SPEAKER. In this view, every c1entence must.be
if these books are not to be received, all other ancient writings in the considered 88 "the sure testimony of God," in that sense in which it
world must be rejected as spurious. is proposed 88 truth. Facts are recorded, and words are given, as
they were spoken ; but the morality of the words and actions must be
A UTHENTIOITY.~It is no less certain that the Sacred Writings judged of by the doctrinal and preceptive parts of the same book.
are AUTHENTIC, that is, they relate matters of fact, and consequently Now, that the Sacred Scriptures are inspired, we have abundantevi•
they are entitled to credit and may claim the greatest authority. For, dence which amounts to a moral demonstration. For,
1. The writers had the best means of information. Generally they 1. The writers themselves expressly claim Divine inspiration, and
24
BLACKWOfJD'S COMPREHENSIVE AIDS ro THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.
openly 8/lSert that the Scriptures are the Word of God. The Old Then, again, the different books of the Bible were written in dif-
Testament prophets unhesitatingly speak of themselves and of their ferent ages and countries, by men of different ranks and classes-by
predecessors as declaring the word of God. They do not utter their shepherds, fishermen, priests, warriors, statesmen, kings and others-
teachings for review and criticism, but for their adoption. Their and yet all the books have one great object. Amid numerous diversi-
language is, Thus saith the LoRD, and thus they demand assent and ties of form, style and mode of thought, they are pervaded by the
obedience. So also the writers of the New Testament speak of the same ideas, which are gradually developed, without real contradic-
prophets of the Old Testament "as holy men of God who spake as tions, yet with such circumstantial variations as disprove all possi-
they were moved by the Holy Ghost." Our Saviour fully recognizes bility of collusion, and show conclusively that one mind, through more
the Old Testament as the Word of God and possessing Divine au- than fifteen hundred years, must have used these writers to produce
thority, while the writers of the New Testament claim attention to such a perfect system of progressive and harmonious truth.
their own instructions as the Word of God. Now, as the veracity of It pertains to Omniscience alone to foresee and foretell the future.
the writers must be admitted, it follows that the Scriptures are in- Hence PROPHECY is a perpetual miracle, as one event after another is
spired and infallible. For if the writers of the Old and New Testa- accomplished which had been predicted in past ages. Almost every
ments were wi8e men, they could not have been so deceived as to be- historical passage of the Bible is a narrative of something antecedently
lieve that they, their predecessors and contemporaries, were inspired, foretold, and the New Testament is little else than a relation of the
if such had not been the case. If they were good men, they could not fulfillment of the predictions and types of the Old Testament rclative
have acted the part of deceivers, and bad men would not, if they could, to the Messiah and his Church. The latest of these prophecies were
have written such books, in which the wicked are so clearly con- delivered seventeen hundred years ago, and some of them are three
demned; and it therefore follows incontrovertibly that the Sacred thousand years old. Their fulfillment is literal and obvious. Shem
Scriptures are infallible because they are inspired. and Japheth are "ruling" and" enlarged," and the descendants of
2. The matter contained in the ]3ible requires ~Divine inspiration. Ham are still" the servants of servants." Ishmael has" multiplied,"
Passing by the purity and elevation of doctrine, the prediction of but the family of Esau has been "cut off for ever." The sceptre has
future events, and admitting, as must be conceded, the veracity of the "departed from Judah," and yet the Jews are alone as a people and
writers, there is much in the Scriptures which could only have been not incorporated with other nations. Nineveh is completely destroyed,
known by man on the authority of God. The facts connected with and Babylon has been swept with the besom of destruction and made
the Creation, and many incidents detailed respecting the Deluge, could a possession "for the bittern and pools of water," "a dwelling-place
have been known by God alone. Then, again, the mysteries of the for dragons, an astonishment and hissing, without an inhabitant."
Trinity, the nature and perfections of God, the Covenant of Grace, the Tyre has become a place "for fishf!rs to spread their nets upon;"
Incarnation and the provisions for redemption by means of atonement, Egypt. "a bare kingdom;" and the fate of the four great monarchies
the results as enjoyed in justification, adoption and sanctification, the was so literally foretold that the history of their fate is merely an
office of the Comforter, the Mediatorial Headship of the Saviour, and expansion of the prophecy. So in the New Testament the grand
the other doctrines which ~ake up the Theology of Scripture, are apostasy from the Christian faith was predicted, and the fate of the
such that God only could reveal. This is the only system of doctrine seven Asiatic churches was set forth in terms as definite and clear as
that meets ail man's legal and moral wants, satisfies reason and con- if the prophecy had actually been written after their fall and ruin.
science, sustains the soul in prospect of the future life, while it honors The Divine mission of the prophets and inspired writers has also
God by a full recognition of his sovereignty, his holiness and right- been authenticated by the wondrous MIRACLES which God enabled
eousness; and thus its very {)erfection shows that the mind which them to perform; thus attesting to the world that they were His
conceived and revealed it must be Divine. It is true there are mys- messengers. These miracles were cognizable by the senses, performed
teries in the Bible, and there are mysteries in Nature also. Both are in the presence of multitudes, and often were commemorated by spe-
from the same author, and in Nature and revelation the finite can cial ordinances. It was impossible for the Jews ever to mistake the
never come into communion with the infinite without recognizing the origin and object of the Passover. In the snbsequent life of the
fact that clouds and darkness must ever surround the throne of the people, no means conld have persuaded them that the ordinance
Eternal, and that the infinitude of God cannot be fully comprehended dated from the f10od and was observed to commemorate that memor-
in all its relations by the feeble grasp of man. It would be just a able judgment. If the Passover had not been instituted in Egypt at
ground of suspicion, if in a Revelation which professed to treat of the the time and for the objects specified, then in no future age could a
Being, Nature and purposes of the Eternal, there were no matters which whole people have been deceived and led to adopt an observance
were not above the level of the ordinary powers of finite creatures. which they all knew had no foundation in fact. And so also it would
In the Scriptures only, and in such books as make the Bible their have been equally impossible to have induced the Jews of a:iy later
basis, can a delineation of the character of God be found which com- age to change the object for which the ordinance was observed, and
prises all excellence; while his laws, ordinances, works and dispensa- so introduce a false fact or even a real occurrence into a place in the
tions are set forth as clothed with purity, justice, truth and goodness. national ritual. The passage through the Red Sea and the destruc-
So also while man's moral condition is faithfully portrayed, the remedy tion of the Egyptians were historical facts known to both nations at
which the Seri ptnres reveal for our diseases is worthy of the character the time; and never afterward conld the Jewish people have been
of an infinitely righteous Governor of the universe, and adequate to led to believe that their ancestors passed through the sea had there
all our wants. Now, these things were written at a time when all the been no real foundation for the fact. When a miracle has been
rest of the world were sunk in the grossest ignorance of God and re- wrought in presence of a multitude, when it has been tested by the
ligion, were worshiping idols and living in abominable vices. Several senses, and when an institution has been established at the time to
heathen nations had made great attainments in the arts and sciences, commemorate the transaction, and when from age to age this insti-
but they utterly failed to realize the character of God and of a holy, tution has thus been observed in memory of the fact, the miracle
spiritual religion. That the Jews and the early Christians, who were must be real and the fact true. The force of this principle must be
: comparatively rude and backward in philosophy and literature, should obvious. All these elements may not be found In many facts of his-
: have attained to such clear ideas as they possessed respecting the tory which are nevertheless true, bnt any fact in which they are all
i Divine Being, his government, and everything relative to holiness found to unite cannot be false; and thus the Lord, by establishing the
and moral purity, cun only be explained by the fact that the Books Old Testament ordinances at the time and for the objects designated,
P,
I
in which these things were taught were, they claimed to be, a direct secured, in the perpetuation of these ordinances, an irrefragable proof
Inspired Revelation from God. for tM"reality of the miracle, and therefore for the truth of the revel&-
25
BL.A CE WOOD'S COMPREHENSIVE AIDS TO THE STUD y· OF THE BIBLE.
tion; because almighty power and goodness would not, by a display means, have been faithfully preserved. The prophets never accused
of omnipotence, authenticate a messenger or a statement that would the Jews of falsifying their Sacred Books. Jesus charged the Jews
deceive. The New Testament miracles were equally real and simi- with unbelief and other grievous sins, but never with the guilt of
larly sustained. The ordinance of the Lord's Supper is equally valu- mutilating or destroying any part of the Old Testament. An examina-
able as an historical proof, and as it has ever be~n observed b7 all the tion of nearly twelve hundred manuscripts affords a remarkable proof
Church in memory of the atoning sacrifice on Calvary, so from age to of uncorrupted preservation and identity. All other books have
age the bond that connects our faith with the life, the teaching, tb.e shared the usual fate of the progress of time. They have been worn
miracles and the death of our blessed Lord has never been broken out, neglected or destroyed; but the loving care, the watchful jealousy
and it cannot be dissolved. So also the feeding of the multitudes, and honest guardianship which have ever been displayed in the pre-
the changing of the water into wine and the resurrection of our servation of the Sacred Books, even to the numbering of the words
Lord were fully attested by many hundreds of witnesses, who will- and the letters, are without a parallel, and thus we have secured to us
ingly surrendered their lives in maintenance of the truth that these the pure and uncorrupted revelation of God's holy will. The efforts
wonders were performed; and by these incontestable evidences Om- of such tyrants as Antiochus Epipbanes and Diocletian to roo~ out
nipotence confirms the Divine mission and infallible teaching of the every copy of the Scriptures proved utterly unavailing, and only
authors of our most holy faith. caused the \Vord to be more loved and more faithfully treasured.
Thus, to adopt the language of a leamed commentator of the During the bloody persecution of tbe Syro-Grecian king, all who
seventeeilth century, "The inspiration pleaded for extends to all the were found with copies of the Law were put to death, and every copy
books of the Sacred Scriptures, and to all the writers of them and that could be discovered was burned. The Roman tyrant, after the
principal speakers introduced in them; and though all that is con- most barbarous havoc of the Christians, issued an edict commanding
tained in them is not of God or inspired by him, as the quotations them, on pain of death, to deliver up their Bibles. Many complied,
from heathen writers, the words of Satan, the speeahes of bad men and but the effect on the Jews and the Christians of these sanguinary
even of good men, in which some things not right are said of God, as courses was to make them love and cherish the Scriptures more and
by Job and his three friends, yet the writers of the books in which more, They were carefully concealed, copies were carried to distant
these sayings are were under a di vine impulse, inspiration and direc- · and secure places, and thus, even in the fire, the inspired revelation
tion to commit these several things to writing, partly for the truth which God gave to be the Rule of Faith to his Church in all ages,
of historical facts and partly to show the malice of devils and wicked he has preserved through the ages, and now THE '\VoRD is scattered
men, as well as the weaknesses and frailties of good men, and ·au are abroad throughout all the earth, to be a light to all nations.
for our caution and instruction." Among the most effective agencies in preserving tht' Scriptures has
been the multiplying of trauslations or versions in different lan-
PRESER VATION.-The Sacred Scriptures are not only genuine guages. The SAMARITAN TEXT of the Pentateuch has already been
and authentic, but they have been transmitted to us uncorrupted and mentioned. It is nearly the same as the Hebrew text, with the
unmutilated. That they have come down to ·us-in all essential exception of being written in the Samaritan character, which many
points-the same as they were given by the authors, rests on most have believed to be the old Hebrew. For a thousand years this
satisfactory evidrnce. A few letters or even unimportant words may I version had fallen into oblivion, although its existence was known
have been omitted or changed in the lapse of ages by ti:anscribers, but by learned men. The celebrated Scaliger drew attention to the fact
the fact is established that the Holy Scriptures have suffered less from .that it still existed in the East, and, after much labor and delay, six
the injury of time than any other ancient writings whatever. Even copies were procured by Archbishop Usher. Afterward, another copy
the most imperfect manuscripts extant would not change an article was procured, from which l\forinus printed the Samaritan Pentateuch
of our faith or ignore one moral precept in the Paris Polyglot. In a critical point of view it is of great value;
The original manuscripts of the Old Testament were preserved it serves to establish correct readings, and it affords irrefragable argu-
with the utmost care by the Jews, who were famed for their faithful ments in support of the authenticity and integrity of the books of
guardianship of their Sacred Books. Even the words and letters were Moses. The SAMARITAN VERSION is a literal translation of the Hebrieo-
enumerated, and a constant watchfulness was maintained lest errors Samaritan text into the Samaritan dialect, which is intermediate
or omissions should prevail. The translation of the Old Testament between the Chaldee and Syriac languages, This version is allowed
into the Septuagint Version when the Canon was closed, the spread to be very old, considerably prior to the Christian era. The learned
of the Jews into different lands with manuscripts in their po·ssession, Walton held that it was made before the schism between the Jews
the division of the Jews into sects and parties who watched each and the Samaritans.
other with jealousy, clearly 8how that before the time of Christ The Chaldee Paraphrases or TARGUMS (meaning an interpretation 01
fabricat:on or omission was impossible. After that event, the Chris- version) are translations of the Hebrew Scriptures into the Chaldean
tians exercised as watchful a care over these books as the Jews l;iad language, "following, it is supposed, the mode of interpretation hy
done, and any attempt at fr::ud by Jews or Christians would imme- Ezra. At first, the expositions were oral, and Onkelos and Jonathan
diately have been detected and exposed. are credited with the labor of compiling the two most celebrated para-
The integrity and purity of the New Testament are equallyunques- phrases, which cover the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings,
tionable. The rapid multiplication of early manuscripts and trans- Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the twelve minor prophets, Their
lations into other tongues, the spread of copies into distant lands, the chief use is in casting light on the meaning of words and on Jewish
reverence of the Christians for their Sacred Books, the rise of sects ceremonies, customs and laws. The remaining eight are of less value.
and parties who generally appealed to the same authority for the Their corrupted style, the legends and traditions which they contain,
truth of their respective systems, unite in showing that any material and the lateness of the date of their compilation, unite in establishing
alteration in these books could not have been made without the fact their great ·inferiority.
being known; and thus the ever-watchful hand of Providence may 4-llusionhasalsobeenmadetotheSEPTUAGU,"T,byfarthemostfamous
be clearly seen in the manner in which the Sacred Text has been and valuable of all the old versions of the ent-ire Jewish Scriptures.
preserved from century to century through the most troubled periods, From the time of Alexander the Great numerous colonies of Jews
The histories of mighty empires and treatises on philosophy and had settled in Egypt, and as they lost the use of the Hebrew tongue
literature of great value have perished, and can never be recovered; the necessity became urgent that the Scriptures should be rendered into
but the Sacred Scriptures, though more ancient and exposed to the Greek for their benefit. Accordingly, THE SEPTUAGINT (i.e., 8 eventy)
savage hostility of men who aought their destruction by every J was prepared by different authors, audit was so called because seventy,
26
BLACKWOOD'S COMPREh.-ENSIVE AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.
or rather seventy-two, elders of the Sanhedrim at Alexandria are be- since his day for successive editions and for those now in common
lieved to have examined and approved of the work. The fiv_e books use. Still, the Vulgate, when properly edited, is of great importance,
of Moses were translated first in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and many learned men esteem it as almost equal in value to a mauu-
king of Egypt, and others were added until the whole Old Testament script of the fourth century.
was finished, and the verRion .dates about two hundred and eighty years The ScLAVONIAN, or Old Russian Version, was executed from the
before the birth of Christ. The transcendent value of this version Greek by Cyril in the ninth century, and the GOTHIC Version is very
may be seen from the extensive usage that it obtained in Jewish syna- old; but a few chapters of the Epistle of Paul to the Romans and the
gogues, from the fact that our blessed Lord and_ the Apostles ha~it- '.our Gospels _alone rem~in of it: !here are also ancient translations
ually quoted from it, and also from the fact that 1t helps to determrne : rn the Georgian, Armeman, Eth10p1c and other languages.
the state of the Hebrew text at the time wher. the version was made. I Very early in Anglo-Saxon times repeated efforts were made to
Besides, it establishes beyond all doubt the point tlrnt our Lord and have the Scriptures turned into the speech of the common people.
his inspired Apostles recognized the duty of rendering the Word into The first was a PSALTER by ADHELM of Sherborn, A. D. 706, and at
the vulgar tongues of all people, so that all men might in their own his earnest request EGBERT of Lindisfarne translated the four Gos-
speech hear the wonderful things of the Lord. . . . pels, the manuscript of whi:h is to be. seen in the British Muse?m.
Versions of inferior value, such as the Greek of Aqmla, of Theodo- The venerable Bede, who died A. D. 735, rendered the whole Bible
tion and of Symmachus, may be passed over, but the two principal into Saxon. A translation of the Book of Psalms was undertaken by
I
Syriac versions deserve notice. The PESHITO--i. e., literal or correct-is the illustrious King Alfred, who is also said to have translatecl the
the most ancient and the most important. It is held by the Syrians I greater part of the New Testament. He died A. D. 900, leaving it un-
that a great part of the Old Testament was translatPd in the time of : finished. The Pentateuch and several books of the Old Testament
Solomon for the use of Hiram, king of Tyre, and that the remainder were translated from the Vulgate by JElfric, the archbishop of Can-
1
-
of the books were translated in the time of Abgarus, the king of \ terbury, abcut a century afterwBrd, and other portions in Saxon con-
Syria. Every competent critic admits the excellence of this version, I tinned to be issued from time to time. During the Norman period
and speaks of its fidelity in the highest tt>rms. The language is pure, rhyming paraphrases of different books appeared, but these were so
the idioms are rendered with great accuracy, and the whole is written fragmentary in their character, and the language of the people had
with the ease and fluency of an original. The second and third Epis- become so much changed, that the want of a great work to meet the
ties of John, the second Epistle of Peter, the Epistle of Jude and the exigencies of the land began to be widely felt.
Revelation of John are wanting. The other SYRIAC version, the PHIL- To the eminent Jom, ·WYCLIFFE belongs the honor of first making a
0XENIAN, called after Philoxenus, who ordrred and superintended its version of the whole Bible into English, which he completed about
preparation, is much later. It contains all the hooks omitted in the A. D. 1380. Its appearance was hailed with dPlight, but its circulation
Peshito, and it is of value to critics whose object is to examjne vari- was greatly restricted because of the extreme costliness of copies
ous readings in order to restore the genuine text of the original. before the invention of printing, and by the severe punishments, in
There are at least seven ARABIC versions. The Persian is limited, many cases amounting to death, to which persons having it in their
comprising only the five books of Moses and the four Gospels, while possession were made liable. Nevertheless, it became an instrument
the ETHIOPIC comprehends the Psalms, some of the minor prophets, a of vast power, and as persecution did not succeed in repressing its cir-
few fragments of other books, together with the New Testament. The culation to a considerable extent, it contribtl.ted greatly to prepare the
COPTIC, or that in the dialect of Lower Egypt, includes only the Penta- way for the extensive and happy changes which afterward took place.
teuch, the Psalms and the New Testament, and is of a late d8.ie; but The first PRINTED copy of the Scriptures in English was produced by
the SAHIDIC ve;-sion, in the dialect of Upper Egypt, is much older, and William Tyndale, a native of the Valley of the Tyne, in Northumber-
is of the greatest value, as it bears evidence of dating from the begin- land. Unable to effect his object in his native land, because ofperse-
ning of the second century. It is confined to the New Testament, and cution, he went to the Continentr-first to Cologne, next to Worms and·
.its evidence is of surpassingly great importance. afterward to Antwerp. There he prepared his version of the New
The ARMENIAN version dates from the end of the fourth century. It Testament from the Greek, and not from the Latin Vulgate, as former
is ~aid to have been twice translated from the Syriac, and lastly from English translators had done. He managed to have the work printed
the Greek, thus showing considerable care in its preparation; and in Holland to the extent of thirteen editions in ten years; and the
among the learned it is much esteemed because of the aict whicn it greater number of these copies found their way secretly into England,
supplies in settling various readings. The ITALIC is the name given where they were widely circulated, and produced the happiest and
to old Latin versions made by different persons before the time of most enduring results. Fox of Hereford, a fierce opponent of the
Jerome. He wmplained that many copies had become corrupted, spread of the Bible, declared that "the lay people do now know the
and bis anxiety to see an accurate copy of the Scripture~ in the Latin Holy Scriptures better than many of us." Tyndale next proceeded to
tongue led him to enter on the most celebrated of all his works. Before translate the Pentateuch and the book of Jonah from the Hebrew, and
Jerome's time the Latin language had become common in many copies of the~e were largely circulated. He had prepared a long and
provinces of the Roman empire, and hence it was all-important that exceedingly bold and able preface to the book of Jonah, which made a
provision should be made by a faithful translation for the Christians great impression. He made great progress in translating the remainder
who understood that tongue alone. Be began to revise the Italic, of the Old Testament, when he was seized by Romish emissaries at
but he soon abandoned that project, and entered on the rendering of a Antwerp, and put to death at Vilvorde, near Brussels, A. D.1536. His
uew translation of nearly the whole of the Scriptures. It was grad- manuscripts were happily saved, and falling into the hands of his
ually introduced into the Church, and the great approbation that it friend, John Rogers, the work was completed,so that in the year 1537
received speedily caused it to be almost universally adopted Such i~ the whole Bible, with prologues and annotations, was printed, having
\he origin of the celebrated VULGATE LATIN VERSION, which elates the letters W. T. in large flowing capitals at the end of the Old Testa-
from A.D. 384. Copies were rapidly multiplied, and in consequence of ment, to show the very large share which Tyndale's labors had con-
haste and careless transcription many errors and corruptions appeared tributed to that part of the volume; and with "an exhortation to the
in it. An effort was made in 1593 to issue a perfect edition, which study of the Bible," signed J. R., thus pointing out Rogers as the
received the sanction of the Pontiff, Sixtus V., but his successor, editor. For this eminent service Rogers was rewarded with the
Clement VIII., was obliged to order another edition, in consequence honor of being the fitst martyr burned in Smithfield in the reign of
!I of the multitudinous errors of the copy sanctioned by Sixtus. The Mary. With the view of concealment, the name "Thomas Mathew"
i111perfect edition of Clement, with all its mistakes, has been used was attached to it, and it therefore beoome known as MA.THEW'S BIBLE.
-~
27
BLACKWOOD'S COMPREHENSIVE AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.
Some two years previously, Coverdale's Bible had been printed at edition would perhaps fail to supplant it. In 1769, Dr. Blayney,
Zurich, but as it was rendered out of the German and Latin, it was under the direction of the vice-chancellor and the delegates of the
speedily superseded by Tyndale's superior- version. university, revised the punctuation, the marginal references, also the
After these a revised edition of Tyndale's version appeared, under proper names, and added no less than thirty thousand four hundred
the title of the GREAT BIBLE. It was cqmmenced by Coverdale, at and ninety-five new references in the margin. This edition, which,
Paris, in 1538, but the Inquisition interposed, and the sheets, presses from its accuracy, has been called THE STANDARD, is used for the
and workmen were conveyed to London, where the work was finished, multiplication of correct copies for public use.
and published in 1539 by royal license. Through dranmer's influ- Little need be said about the apocryphal books, except that they do
ence it was ordered that the clergy should provide "one book of the not belong to the canon of Scripture. They are mostly the production
whole Bible of the largest volume in English, to be set up in the of Alexandrian Jews and their descendants. As a collection of ancient
churches." "It is wonderful," says Strype, "to see with what joy the Jewish works anterior to Christianity, they may be examined to shed
book was received, not only among the learneder sort and those that some light on history and exhibit the teachings of uninspired men on
were noted for lovers of the Reformation, but generally all England prudence and morality. The labors of the great Bible societies have
over; and with what greediness God's word was read, and what resort now turned the Word of God into so many languages, and circulated
to places where the reading of it was. Everybody that could bought editions so numerous, that the great mass of mankind may now read
the book, or busily read it, or got others to read it for them if they the revelation of God's merey, and enjoy in their own tongue the in-
could not themselves; and divers more elderly people learned to read spired message which he has sent for the enlightenment and salvation
on purpose ; and even little boys flocked among the rest to hear por- of the family of man. ·
tions of the Holy Scriptures read." TAVERNER, a learned layman, pub-
lished a revision of Tyndale in 1539, and Cranmer secured a revised INESTilrfABLE VALUE.-To comprehend something of the
edition of the Great Bible in 1540, for which he prepared a preface. preciousness of the Sacred Record, it is only needful to look at those
Next came the very celet>rated GENEY.AN BIBLE, which was printed nations which have lain in darkness respecting the being, the attri-
in 1560. It was a new translation, with annotations;by William Whit- butes and government of God, which have borne the trials and woes.
tingham and two other English ministers, who had fled to Geneva of life, going down to death in ignorance of any way of deliverance
during the pfrsecution in Queen Mary's reign. This Bible became from guilt and misery. Wherever the Bible has been received, its
exceedingly popular-so much so that out of one hundred and thirty effects for time and eternity are such as no other book has ever pros
editions of Bibles and Testaments printed between 1560 and 1603, duced. Character and conduct are altered, elevated and purified;
ninety were of the Genevan text. The BISHOPS' Bible appeared in thus eminent virtue in life flows from its reception. It supplies the
1568. Archbishop Parker engaged several bishops and other learned most powerful motives to honesty, industry and social integrity, while
men to prepare it, and hence the name. Marginal notes were appended, it reveals a perfect system of reconciliation with God, and thus sus-
and it exhibits some material differences from other versions. The tains in view of eternity. It has diffused a vastly beneficial influence
Romanists, finding that the circulation of the Scriptures could not be wherever it has been known, improving the moral and social state of
repressed, resolved to have a version of their own, and accordingly the world to such a degree as to make its own accounts of the de-
the New Testament was printed at Rheims in 1582, and the Old Tes- pravity of former times, though corroborated by many ancient writers
tament at Douay in 1610. and by the actual existing practices at the present day of the dark
When the celebrated conference was held at Hampton Court in the parts of the world, appear almost incredible. These effects are seen
reign of James VI., a learned Puritan divine, Dr. Reynolds, urged in all households, in all societies and in all nations, just in propor-
the king to procure a more accurate version than had yet been ob- tion to the degree cf conformity in which the teachings of the Word
tained, whereupon forty-seven learned men were commissioned to are received and its holy precepts obeyed. While heathen countries
enter on the work. They were divided into six companies-two meet- are profligate and disorderly, it is invariably found that just as
ing in Oxford, two in Cambridge and two at Westminster. Accord- men in professedly Christian nations reject the truths of the Bible
ing to the instructions they received, they followed the Bishop's Bible, and set at naught its authority, so far do vice and crime abound.
then in general use, as closely as faithfulness to the original manu- When the influence of God's truth prevails in the heart, then is
scripts and authorities would permit. The translation was commenced God honored and served, and then also are the sanctions of human
in the spring of 1607, and the work occupied almost three years, at the law duly regarderl; and thus for time and eternity the power of revela-
end of which three Bibles-one from Westminster, and one from each tion is shown to be the most healthful and beneficent instrument ·that
of the universities-were produced, and sent after revision to London. the world has ever known. All other systems of religion have proved
Here a committee of six-two from each company-reviewed the utterly worthless for the purpose of renovating the character or ame-
whole work, which was finally revised by Dr. Smith (afterward bishop liorating the condition of those who have most heartily received them,
of Gloucester, a very learned man, who wrote the preface) and Dr. and thus, while they have been ineffective to eradicate the depraved
Bilson, bishop of ,vinchester, after which it was first published in principles of the human heart, and to make men pure, benevolent
1611. Thus this most precious version-THE AUTHORIZED-was and virtuous in life, they have universally failed to supply any solid
perfected and prepared for use among people using the English ground for peace and happiness in a future state. The Word of God
tongue. It has justly been admired for its great fidelity, perspicuity alone, because it is His Message and Word to our fallen, ruined race,
and elegance. Time, as it flowed on, has served to deepen the attach- fills up the measure of our wants, directs, controls, sustains and com-
ment of its readers, until speedily it gained a lodgment in the Church forts through all conditions in time, while it lightens the bed of death
and in the households of God'e people so secure that a. newly-revised I and the grave, and allures the soul to a world of glory,
IL.;. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
----·------------------------------'
28
GREAT PERIODS OF BIBLE HISTORY.
PERIOD, BIBLE HISTORY HAS }U:EN DIVIDED INTO TEN PERIODS, .AS FOLLOWS: YEARS,
I. THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD: FROl\I THE CREATION TO THE FLOOD...................................................... 1657

II. PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION: FROM THE FLOOD TO THE PROMISE........................................................ 435
III. PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS: FROM THE PROMISE TO THE EXODE............................................. ......... 420
IV. PERIOD OF THE WANDERING: FROM THE EXODE TO THE PASSAGE OVER JORDAN.......................... 40
.v. PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY: FROM JOSHUA -TO SAMUEL................................................... :..................... 335
VI. INTERMEDIATE PERIOD: FROM SAMUEL TO DAVID AS KING................................................................... 68
VII. PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY: FROM DAVID TO THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY...................................... 442
VIII. PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY AND OF. THE RESTORATION: FROM THE CONQUEST OF JUDEA TO THE
CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.................................................................... 206
IX. PERIOD OF JEWISH HISTORY: FROM THE CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA .......................................................................................................................... 400
X. FIRST PERIOD OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, TO THE END OF THE SACRED CANON ........................... . 100
THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD,

FROM THE CREATION TO THE FLOOD (1657 YEARs).
YEAR YEAR
BEFORE BEFORE
OP' THE EVENTS OCCURRING BEFORE THE FLOOD. OF THE EVENTS OCCURRING BEFORE THE FLOOD.
CHRIS'!'• CHRIST,
WORLD. WORLD.
1 4004 The first year of the Mundane Era, and of the life of 987 3017 Translation of Enoch, aged 365 years.
Adam. Whether ::,e years of Adam are reckoned 1042 2962 Death of Seth, aged 912 years. [Bisection of the
from his creation, or from the expulsion from period from Adam to the Promise.]
Paradise, is left undecided. 1056 2948 Birth of Noah.
Cain and Abel. 1140 2864 Death of Enos, aged 905 years.
130 3874 Birth of Seth. 1235 2769 Death of Cainan, aged 910 years.
235 3769 Birth of Enos. " Then began men to call upon the 1290 2714 Death of Mahalaleel, aged 895 years.
name of the Lord." 1422 2582 Death of Jared, aged 962 years.
325 3679 Birth of Cainan. 1536 2468 The ark begins to be prepared (120 year11).
395 3609 Birth of Mahalaleel. 1557 2447 Noah's eldest son is born (500 years).
460 3544 Birth of Jared. 1558 2446 Shem is born.
622 3382 Birth of Enoch. 1652 2352 Lamech dies, aged 777 years.
688 3317 Birth of Methuselah. 1656 2348 Methuselah dies, in his 969th year.
874 3130 Birth of Lamech. 1657 2347 The Flood, in the 600th year of Noah, and the 99th
930 3074 Death of Adam, aged 930 years. year of Shem.
NOTE.-The death of Abel must be supposed to have not long preceded tha birth of Seth, since Eve regarded Seth as the substitute "for Abel,
whom Cain slew.'' In that case there will be no difficulty in explaining Cain's exclamation, "Every· one who findeth me shall slay me." In one
hundred and twenty years after the Creation, the earth may have had a considerable population.
THE ORIGIN. OF NATIONS,

FROM NOAH AND HIS SONS.
SHEM'S SONS AND DESCENDANTS. JAPHET'S SONS AND DESCENDANTS.*
SONS OP PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES PRINCIPAL NATIONS SPRUNG SONS 011' PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES PRINCIPAL NATION'S SPRUNG
SHEIi. PEOPLED BY THEM. FROM THEM, JAPHET, PEOPLED BY THEM. FROM TH.EH,
Assyria. Syria. Persia. Asia Minor. Armenia.

Arabia N. Mesopotamia. Caucasus. Europe.
ELAM ...... _ Elam_ites, or Persians. GOMER .... . Russians,Germans, Gauls, Britons.
ASSHUR., .. . Assyrians. [ -Josephus. MAGOG .... . Scythians.
ARPHAXAD "Chaldeans are Arphaxadeans.'' MA DAI .... . Medes.-Josephus.
LUD......... . Lydians.-Bishap Watson. JAVAN.... .. lonians and Athenians.
ARAlll ...... . Syrians, Armenians. TUBAL .... .. Iberians (Josephus) and Albanians.
'\IESHECH .. Mosco vi tea.
HAM'S SONS AND DESCENDANTS. 'IRAS ...... Thracians, or the People of the
BONS OP
I Hellespont, now called the
a.ur.
__ __,
Arabia. Egypt. North
cusa.........
ooast of Africa.
.. .......................... ., ..... Ethiopians, or AbyBBinians.
I Dardanelles.
HIZRAIH ... .. .... .. ...... .... .. ... . .• .... ..... Egyptians.

PRUT........ .... .. .. .... .. ...... .... .. ... .. .. .. 1 Lybians. * "By these were the isl98 of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every
CUA.AN.... .... .. .. . ........ ... . ..... ......... I Canaanites. one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.''-GEN. x. 5.
L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __::__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___J
29
PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION:
FROM THE FLOOD TO THE PROMISE (435 YEARS).
YEAR 1
1. YEAR BEFORE
BEFORE EVENTS FROM THE FLOOD TO THE PROlfISE. 01' THE EVE~JTS FRO?if THE FLOOD TO THE PROMISE.
OF THW
CHRIST.
WORLD.-
--- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1'1 WOULD, CHUIST.
1657 2347 Noah issues from the ark, the 27th of the second month. ',, 2049 1955 Death of Serug, aged 230 years.
(October or November.) • 'I 2083 1921 Death of Terah; ABRAHAM DEPARTS TO CANAAN.
1658 2346 Birth.of Arphaxad.
1693 2311 Birth of Salah. 2083 1921 Abraham, seventy-five years old, departs from Haran,
1723 2281 Birth of Eber. [ to which place he had previously gone from Ur of the
11m 2247 Birth of Peleg. The earth divided in liis days. Rabel, I Chaldees (GEN.xi. 31-xii.5) ;comes roSichem; thence
THE CONFUSION OF TONGUES. ! to a place between Bethel and Ai; thence advances
1787 2217 Birth of Reu. i 2084 1920 southward, and, in consequence of a famine, descends
1819 2185 Birth of Serug. :nto Egypt, where he makes no long stay, xii. Re-
1849 · 2155 Birth of N ahor.
I turns to Bethel. Lot separates from Abraham, xiii.
1878 2126 Birth of Terah. At this time the cities of the plain revolted from
1948 2056 Terah's eldest son is born. Chedorlaomer, to whom the_,. had been subject twelve
1996 2008 Death of Peleg, aged 239 years. 2091 1912 years, xiv. 1. Chedorlaomer's invasion and battle
1997 2007 Death of N ahor, aged J 48 years. with the kings of these cities. Abraham rescues
2006 1998 Death of Noah, aged 950 years. Lot. J\felchizedek blesses him, xiv. THE WORD OF
2008 1996 BIRTR OF ABRAHAM. THE LORD COMES TO ABRAHAMj THE PROMISE,
2026 1978 Death of Reu, aged 239 years. xv.
PliJRIOD OF THE P ATRIAROHS,

FROM THE PROMISE TO THE EXODUS (420 YEARS).
BEFORE 1, BEFORE
EVENTS FRO~[ TRE PROMISE TO THE EXODUS. EVENTS FROM THE PRO:-.rJSE TO THE EXODUS.
CHRIST. CHRIST.
----1---------------------------1 - - - --------------------------
1910 Abraham 86 years old. Ishmael is born, GEN. xvi. PADAN-ARAM, and pitched hos tent before the city, and he
1897 Abraham 99 years old. The covenant renewed; circumcision bought a parcel of a field where he had spread his tent, of the
ordained, GEN. xvii. The visit of the Three Angels, xviii. children of Hamor .•. and he erected there an altar," xxxiii
Destruction of Sodom, xix. Abraham journeys southward; 17-20.
second denial of Sarah, xx. (in Gerar). 1737 Between this year and 182,5 Jacob is settled at Hebron.
1896 Isaac is born (in Beer-sheba), GEN. xxi. Long sojourn in the 1728 Joseph's dreams, GEN. xxxvii. He is sold into Egypt. Judah
land of the •Philistines, ver. 34. Abraham offers up Isaac, xxii. separates from his brethren and marries Shnah, xxxviii. Birth
1859 The time is not specified; the next event is the death of Sarah, of Er, Onan and ~helah, 1825-1822_. Jacob removes from He-
aged 127 years, Abraham 137 years old, xxiii. bron to Shechem; the slaughter of tlie Shechemites by Simeon
1855 Isaac marries Rebekah, GEN. xxv. 20. Abraham marries Ke- and Levi, xxxiv. Jacob departs from Shechem and is com-
turah. manded to remove to Bethel, xxxv. J.
183~ Esau and Jacob born, GEN. xxv. Isaac removes toGerar in con- 1729 Departure from Bethel to Ephrath; about this time Rachel dies
seq nence of a famine ; denies his wife, xxvi. in giving birth to Benjamin, GEN. xxxiv. 16-20. Jacob re-
1821 Abraham dies, aged 175 years, GEN. xxv. 1. moves to Edar, thence to Hebron.
1796 Esau, 40 years old, marries, GEN. xxvi. 34. 1717 Joseph has been some time in prison, GEN. xxxix.; interprets the
1773 Ishmael dies, aged 137 years, GEN. xxv. 17. dreams of the butler and baker, xl. (two years before Pharaoh's
1759 Isaac 137 years old. Blesses Jacob and Esau. Jacob flees to dream, xii. 1).
Padan-aram, GEN. xxvii., xxviii. Esau goes to Ishmael [to 1716 Isaac dies, aged 180 years, GEN. xxxv. 28.
his family J and marries his daughter, xx viii. 6. 1715 Pharaoh's dream; Joseph advanced; seven years of plenty begin,
1753 Jacob, having served fourteen years, marries Leah and Rachel, GEN. xli.
GEN. xxix. 20-30. Leah bears Reuben, Simeon, Levi and li08 "Judah took a wife for Er his first-born" about this period, GElf.
Judah. Bilhah bears Dan and Naphtali to Rachel. Zilpah xxxviii. 6. Death of Er and Onan. Joseph's two sons born.
bears Gad and Asher to Leah. Leah bears Issachar, Zebulon 1708 Seven years of famine begin.
1745 and Dinah.. 1705 First descent of the Patriarchs into Egypt, GEN. xiii.
1743 Rachel bears Joseph, GEN. xxx. 25. Jacob serves six years for 1704 Second visit; .Joseph discovers himself; Jacob and his household
his cattle, twenty years in all, xxxi. 41. descend into Egypt, GEN. xlii.-xlv.
1737 The departure from Padan-Ararn, GEN. xxxi. Jacob 97 years 1689 Jacob dies, aged 147 years, GEN. xlvii. 28.
old. Wrestles with the angel, xxxii. Interview with Esau 1633 Joseph dies, aged llO years, GEN. l. 26.
xxxiii. Comes to Snccoth, and there builds a house, ver. 17 1571 Moses born.
Hence to Shalem, a city of Shechem, "WHEN HE CAME FROM 1531 Moses flees to Mhlian, whe.re he remains forty years, ACTS vii. 30.
=====================s=================-s
PERIOD OF THE WANDERING,
AFI'ER THE EXODUS FROM EGYPT (40 YEARS),
30
----
i
GENEALOGY. OF THE PATRIARCHS,

SHOWING WHICH WERE CONTEMPORARY WITH EACH OTHER.
""""
THESE COLUMNS SHOW WHICH OF THE PATRIARCHS WERE CONTEMPORARY WITH EACH OTHER, A.ND FOR HOW
m~
0 LONG A PERIOD.
..., "
i ;i ! 1 1 , 1r , r , ! r ~ ~ ~ r11 J !
C
GENEALOGY
= 1 ,, 1
OP ">I
f
0
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?
. ________ l_ ____ f ______ 1 1 I I I i1 \ I Il l
THE PATRIARCHS.
1 ►
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,
:
,:,. · ~"" ~"" ~"" ~"" ~"" ~"" ~"" ~........................
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t::--··:::·:.·.:=i:::.~~I ~·;o 1
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1~0 i i i i i i Ii _i i =i -: _; _i -~=t r-h~- ii j :_,; 1
~{t E:i l\l. llll Ill ~Ill ~i :£~.~ ~~. ~,l, ~!I! J ! i :e=JEj:f+j='-+=~=1+l+I+!+
METH~== Born .... \ 687
!
3317_ !§1.. ...i.... +--!- -~--!---!- +--!---!-
i_Ji
1
r:;;.ca.:..:c::..._..._·.:.:= Born .... ~

~ ...... :.......... Died .... l 930
~ 874 ~ ~ ~ ~ ..!!i_ ~ ~
3074 ~~~~~~~ 243 ~ _ :_ _:_ _:_ _:_ _:, __:_ _:_ _:_l_:_ _
-'-+ + + +
-!- -:- ~-
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+ + -:-1~ +!+
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~ : : -... ~.-:::::-:::-. Transl.. II~ 3017 -=-- ~~~~~~~ .!!!_ ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... _i_ - ' - 1...J.....\...i.... ...i....l...i.... _i_l_i_
S~TH .............-.::-_-:~.Died .... 1
1042 2962 ...:.:.:...~~!fl.~ 582 -=--~~_i__i_..'...i......_i__i__i__i__:_[_i__i_._i__i_i_i_
NoAH.................... Born .... I 2948 ...:.:.:... -=--El.!!!!_~~_._.._~~ ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... -'- ...i....l...i.... _;__[___;_ ...i.... ...i....
1056
ENO~..::-:::.::~.- _Died .... I 2864 -=---=-- ~ ~ ~ ~-=-- ~ ~ ~ ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... _:_,_j__ ...i....l_i_[_i_ ...i....
1140
~.:::-::-: .......
MAHALALEEL ........
Died .... I ~ 2769 -=-- _.._.-=-- ~ ~ .'!__J_§_...:.:.:... _!>4~ lQ!. 17
Died .... • 1290 2714 ... ... ... ... 895 830 ... 603 416 ~
9
4 _:___: ___: ___: ___: ___: ___: ___: ___:_!_:___:_ --=-
+ +[+ + + + --H+ +:+f+ +
~1~)1~111Tff}Il11t~ ~ th 1-=~-
1
-~-- - - ·
1
I 667 16.. 65 30 . ' •
! :: J_ !1:
. I. . . I .
!
.
::::/.·.·.·.·.;:.~:::::: ::;::::: ¾ !!!~ ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: I ::: 701 19~ 99 ~4 3'4 ; ; ; : : 1 : -[ : _ :
~............. Born .... , 1787 2217 ... ... ... •·· ... ... ... ... !__:.:.:__.!!!!_~~_I!!_~~ ...i.... ...i.... ...i.... _i__[_:__:__:_
SER!;G~ .....:.. :.~:.-:-::-,~i 1819 2185 1-=--=----=-----=-----=-----=---=- ---::-! ... 763 261 161 126 96 62 32 : : : ! : , :_ : .
NuoR .................. [ Born .... : 1849 2155 I ... I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 793 291 191' 156 126 92 62 30 : : : j : :
TERAH .................. If Born .... I 1878 2126 Ii ... ! ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... 822 320 220 185 155 121 91. 59 29 : : I: :
PELEG .................. Dted .... ! 1996 20081 : .. I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 940 438 338 303 273 239 209 177 147 ll8 : _, : :_
NAHOR .................. Died .... 1997 2007I. ... : ... ... ,... ... ... ... ... ... 941 439 33Y 304 274 ... 210 178 148 IJ9 : [ : :
NOAH ............. ...... Died .... ' 2006 1998 . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 950 448 348 313 283 ... 219 187 ... 128 : I : . :
ABRAM.................. Born .... i 2008 1996 -=-- ... ... \-=-- ... ...:.:.:... __c.:.:___...:.:.:... ... ... 450 350 315 285 ... l!2l 189 ... 130 : : :_
REu • ...... .............. Died .... ' 2026 1978 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 468 368 833 303 ... 239 207 ... 148 18 : :
SERUG .................. Died ..... : 2049 19551 ---::-:- ... ---:::- ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 491 391 356_ 326 ... ... 230 ... _ 171 41 : :
TERAR.................. Died .... ! 2083 1921 I ... I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 525 425 390 360 ... ... ... ... 205 .'!!!_ _j__ :
ARPHAXAD ............ Died ..... 2096 1908 1 ,.. ... ... ,., ... ... .., ... ... ... 538 438 403 373 ... ... ... ... ... 88 : :
!sue....... ........... Born.... 1 2108 1896 ... 550 ... _ 415 385 ... . ... ... ... ... 100 : :.
I ... ... ...
·1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
SELAH .................. D'.ed .... · 2126 ~ _,_._,_ ... I

*~ :~ ;
... ... ... ... ... 568 ... 433 403 ... ... ••. ... ... ll8 18 : _
~::.-:::::.•:.-.-.•.•:::::::: ! ~::~:::: ;!!! _;;__ ::: : : .: ::: ::: ::: ::: ~i, ::: ::: ::: ~~~ ::: \_ ::: · !!! :::- ::: ::: ::: l. . I :::
ABRAHAM .. y .......... Died....

I. 2183 1821 _::,_! ... ... ... ... ... . .. [ ... ..._ .... , ... _ ... .... 460 ... ,.. •.. _ ... 175 75 15
EBER .................... ! Died .... j 2187 1817 ... I ...... I ...... ...... 1 .................. 464 .................. 79 19
~~: .................... ~ D'.ed .... I 2288 1716 .. , l ... ... , ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ·I ... .......__ .... _... ... _... j ... 1
... ... 180 120
................... Died.... 2315 1689 .... , ... . .. 1 ... ... 1 ... • .. I ... ... ... ... ... , ... ... ... ... • .. 1 ... ... ... ... 147
NorE.-This ta.bula.r view is interesting and instructive in several particulars. It shows that Noah might have received the account of creation through siz
equal channels with equal directness, thus: from Adam through Enos only, or from Cainan or Mahalaleel, or Jared or Methuselah, or Lamech, bis own fathera
Lamecb was fifty-six yea.rs contemporary with Adam, and ninety-three years with Shem; and Shem, again, was contemporary for several years both with Abraham
and Isao.c. The communication from Adam to Abraham and Isaac is only through Lamech and Shem,
All the generations from Adam to the flood were eleven. Of al] these, Adam was contemporary with eight; Seth, with nine; Eno!, ten; Cainan, ten;
Mahalaleel, ten; Jared, ten; Enoch, nine i Methu~elah, eleven; Lamech, eleven; Noah, eight; Shem and brothers, four. Thus, there were never less than nine
contemporary generations from Adam to the flood, whieh would give, in one lineal descent, eighty-one different channel, through whieh the account might be
transmitted.
Who ever imagined, without making the comparison, that Shem Jived to witness all the gloriouEI things transacted between God and Abraham? Who would
have aupposed that Abraham and Isaaf'! lived with those who, for one hundred years of their early life, witne[:lsed and assisted in the building of the ark; who were
borne triumphantly in it through the swelling flood, Raw the opening heavens, felt the heaving earth when its deep foundations were broken up, and heard the groan
of a peri~hing w Jrld? Yet such wai;i. th~ fact. Noah was contemporary with every generation after him down to Abraham, and Shem down to Jacob.
These narrations bring the account to the time when minute and particular history commences, and when the art of inscribing upon papyrus, and probably
upon parchment, was under!ltood. The participators in the awful scenes of the flood Jived to see the Pharaohs, the pyramids and obeli111ks of Egypt, and probably
to have thoa" 11c"nes stereotyped on monumentt1 and in hieroglyphics which have come down to us; so that we have the account, in a manner, 1econd-hn.nded from
Shem.
31
PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY:
FROM JOSHUA TO SAMUEL (335 YEARS).
·---------------------------:,-----;------------------------
BEFORE
EVENTS FROll JOSHUA TO SAMUEL. 11 BEFORE EVENTS FRO:U JOSHUA TO SAMUEL.
I _""_R_i_s_T._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _c_'H_n_1s_T._ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 1
[ 1461 10 Nisan, 13-14 April, passage of the Jordan; circumcision at I 1413 THE FIRST SERVITUDE, Chushan Rishathaim of :Mesopotamia
Gilgal, passover 14 Nisan, 17-18 April, siege of Jericho, seven I eight years, Judg. iii. 8.
days; war with Ai; convocation on Mount Ehal, perhaps at 1405 THE FIRST JUDGE, Othniel, son of Kenaz, Judg. iii. 9. Tht
Pentecost. Peace with Gibeon; ccinfederacy of tl,e five kings land had rest forty years, ver. 11.
of the south; their defeat; after which, in one campaign, Mak- 1343 THE SECOND SERVITUDE, Eglon of Moab, eighteen years, Judg.
kedah, Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, Debir, are taken and iii. 14.
destroyed; thus the south is conquered. 1325 THE SECOND JUDGE, Ehud, Judg. iii. 15. Rest, eighty years,
H50 J abin of Hazor and the other kings of the north are defeated in during which time, after the death of Ehud, the THIRD JUDGE
a battle at Merom. The north is conquered. This war lasted was Shamgar.
I
to a long time. 1305 · THE THIRD SERVITUDE, Jabin of Canaan, twenty years, Judg.
1445 In 144-5, after the return to Gilgal. the separate wars begin, viz., iv. 3.
those in which the tribes were to take possession and extermi- · 1 1285 THE FOURTH JUDGE, Barak, forty years.
nate the remainder of the Canaanites, especially the Anakim. 124,5 THE FOURTH SERVITUDE, the Midianites, seven years, Judg. vi. I.
"They consulted the Lord, saying, Who shall go up for us first 1238 THE FIFTH JUDGE, Gideon, forty years, J udg. vi. 11, 12.
against the Canaanites, to fight against them? And the Lord Abimelech reigns three years.
said, Judah shall go up first." Judg. i. 1, 2. Cakb claims THE SIXTH JUDGE, Tola, twenty-three years, Judg. x. 1.
Hebron, Josh. xiv. 13. The battle in Bezek, Judg. i. 4-7. THE SEVENTH JUDGE, Jnir, twenty-two years, Judg. x. 3.
Jerusalem is taken and burnt, ver. 8; thence the army, com- THE FIFTH SERVITUDE, Philistines and Ammonites, eighteen
manded by Caleb, goes to the highlands; Hebron and Debir years, Judg. x. 7.
are taken, Josh. xv. 14ff.-Meanwhile, Joshua is exterminating THE EIGHTH JUDGE, Jephthah, six years, Judg. xii. 7.
the Anakim and other Canaanites from the highlands of Israel, THE NINTH JUDGE, Ibzan, seven years, Judg. xii. 9.
1445 Josh. xi. 23 ff. Thus the subjugation of the land is complete, Eli, high-priest, forty years.
with the exception of the parts noted, Josh. xiii. 2-6. to THE TENTH JUDGE, Elon, ten years, Judg. xii. 11.
1444 The convocation at Shiloh ; the tabernacle erected; the land THE ELEVENTH JUDGE, Abdon, eight years, Judg. xii. 14.
divided among the seven tribes, the boundaries of Judah and THE SIXTH SERVITUDE, Philistines, forty years, J udg. xiii. 1.
Joseph having been first defined, Josh. xviii., xix. The cities THE TWELFTH JUDGE, Samson, twenty years, Judg. xv. 20. The
of refuge and of the Levhes are assigned; the tr;ms-Jordanic birth of Samson was announced during a time of Philistine
tribes dismissed, Josh. xx.-xxii. oppression, J udg. xiii. 5; that is, while the Philistines were
Ab.1443 Joshua, one hundred and ten years old, holds a convocation of oppressing the south and west, and the Ammonites the east.
the whole nation [at Shiloh, Josh. xxiii.], in which he de- Judg. x. 7. At the beginning of the sixth servitude, he might
livers his parting charge; the convocation assembles again at be between twenty and thirty years old.
Shechem, and renews the covenant. Joshua dies. 1116 Autumn. The ark is taken; Eli dies. Somewhat earlier, Sam-
The Angel of the Lord rebukes the people at Bochim, Judg. ii. son is taken; the ark is in captivity seven months; restored in
1-5. the days of wheat-harvest, 1 Sam. vi. 1, 13 (hence the time of
A period The people served the Lord all the days of the elders who out- capture is defined). The return of the ark must have preceded
of lived Joshua, who had seen all the great works of the Lord. Samson's death and the great overthrow of the lords of the
about that he did for Israel, Judg. ii. 7. "All that generation died, Philistines. Perhaps the great sacrifice to Dagon, in Gaza, be-
30 years. and there arose another generation after them, which knew not sides its connection with the rejoicing on account of the capture
the Lord, nor yet the works which he had done for Israel," of Samson (Judg. x\'i. 23), may have been intended as a celebra-
ver.10. "The children of Israel did evil," etc., Judg. iii. 7. I tion of the deliverance from the plagues, 1 Sam. v ., vi.
INTERMEDIATE PERIOD,
FROM SAMUEL TO DAVJD (68 YEARS).
BEFORE CHRIST. FROM SAMlT t:L TO DAVID A.S KING. BEFORE CHRIST. FROM SAMUEL TO DAVID A.S KING.
1116 Probably at Passover (or Pentecost), the day of the David at Saul's court, hated by Saul; he comes to
deliverance at Mizpeh. Samuel begins to judge Samuel, 1 Sam. xviii., xix.; finally quits the court
Israel. of Saul, and goes to the priest Ahimelech at Nob;
1091- Ishboshcth born. thence to the cave at Adullam; pursued by Saul,
1086-10i9 David born in one of these years. who slays Ahimelech and the priests; Abiathar
1070-1063 In one of these years, Saul, previously anointed and escapes to David; David defeats the Philistines at
electi!d, then rejected, is, after his victory over. the Keilah; spares Saul's life, who takes an oath of him
Ammonites (1 Sam. xi.), solemnly re-elected. The and departs.
time was about Pentecost, 1 Sam. xii. 17. 1060 Samuel dies. Saul, again pursuing David, is a second
3d of Saul. War against the Philistines, 1 Sam. xiii.-xv. 1058, Winter. time spared by him; David flees to Achish at Gath,
4th--! Saul sent against A malek ; is proved, and, being found 29. sixteen· months before the death of Saul.
wanting, is rejected. 1058 David at Ziklag all this year.
1063 David is anointed by Samuel at Bethlehem; ia sent for 1055, Spring. The Philistines make war. Saul a& Ewlor.; is defeated
to be minstrel to Saul, 1 Sam. xvi. on the following day, and slays himself. David reigns
(After David's retnm home) the Philistines come out over Judah in Hebron seven years and •ix months,
1064 to war at Shochoh ; David slays Goliath, 1 Sam. xvii. 1048 2 Sam. ii. 11.
'---------------- ---------------------------------------------.---------------------------------------------------------- -
32
-----------------------------------------·---,
r- I
FEASTS AND FESTIVALS OF THE JEWS;

WITH THE SEASONS AND PRODUCTS OF THE YEAR.
ANSWERING
Jl()JITH OF
lfAID!:, TO THE FESTIVALS AND LESSONS. 8EASONS AND WEATHER. PRODUCTIONS.
S,ACJlBD CIVIL HONTBS 01"
~ v·•~:'.::R:..· I-A-b_i_b_o_r_N_i_s-an--(3_0_ 1._P_a_r_ts--o-f•_M_a_r. _3___L_e_v___v_i___;_J_e_r___v_i_i._2_1-.-l·----,--T-h_e_l_al-te_r_r_a_i_n_b_e_g-in-s-to_f:_a_l_l,-D-e_u_t_. - - - - - - - - -

}st. 7 · da;s), Exod. xii. 2; and April. 14. Paschal lamb slain. xi. 14; Zech. x. 1.
Ezra vii. 9; Neh. The Passover. The weather during the rains
ii. 1; Esth. iii. 7. 16. The first-fruits of the chilly, Ezra x. 9; John xviii.
barley-harvest pre- 1IJ.
sented. HARVEST This rain prepares the corn for Barley ripe at Jericho.:
21. End of the Passover BEGINS. harvest. wheat partly in ear;
and unleavened Great heat, especially in the plains. fig tree blossoms; win-
bread. The rivers swell from the rains, ter-fig still on the
Josh. iii. 15; 1 Chron. xii. 15: tree, Matt. xxi. 19;
Jer. xii. 5. · Mark xi. 23.
_ ---l-~-------1-------1------------1 1----------
2d, 8th. Tyar,orZif(29days), Parts of April 11. Lev. xvi. 1; Ez. xxii. The latter rains still frequent. Barley generally three
1 Kings vi. 1. and May. 14. The second Passover These rains often preceded hy weeks earlier than
(Num. ix, 10, 11 ), whirlwinds, 1 Kings xviii. 45; wheat. Barley gene-
for such as conld not Matt. viii. 24. rallv cut this month,
celebrate the first. Ruth i. 22. Wheat
begins to ripen.
--1---------1---~-=-=-1-----------1 Excessive drought. From April. Wheat ripening on the
3d. 9th. Sisan, or Siuvan (30 Parts of May 6. Pentecost, or feast of
days), Esth. viii. 9. and June. weeks. First-fruits to Sept. no rain or thunder, hills in June; in the
of wheat-harvest 1 Sam. xii. 17; Prov. xxvi. 1. valleys, early in May.
(Lev. xxiii. 17, 20), The morning cloud seen early, but
and first-fruits of all soon disappears, Hoa. vi. 4;
the gronQd, Dent. xiii. 3.
xxvi. 2, 10, 16; eUMMER Copious dews at night, Job xxix. Grass in some places a
1 Kings xii. 25-33. BEGINS. 9; Ps. cxxxiii. 3. yard high, John Ti,
10. Num. i.; Hos. i. North and east winds increase 10.
drought, Gen.xli.6; Jer.iv.8.
--
4th. 10th. Thammuz (29 days). Parts of June 3. Num. xiii. 1; Josh. ii. Heat increase&. Early vintage, Lev.
and July. 26. Num.xxii.2;Mic.v.7, xxvi. 5. Rice and
early figs ripen.
Sth.l llth. Ab (30 days), Ezra Parts of Jnly 3. Num. xxx. 2; Jer. i.
vii. 9. ~dAug. 20. Dent. i.; Isa. i.
ROT
SEAS01'.
Heat intense; country apparently Ripe figs at J ernsalem ;
burned up. olives at Jericho;
Lebanon nearly free from snow. grapes ripening.
- - - - ---------l·------1------------
t
6th. 12th, Elnl (29 days), Neb. Parts of Aug. 3. Dent. vii.12; Isa. xlix. Heat still intense, 2 Kings iv. 19, Grape harvest general.
vi. 15. and Sept. 14. 20; Ps. cxxi. 6; Isa. xlix. 9,
20. Dent. xvi. 18; Isa.li.12. 10; Rev. vii, 16.
- - ·-- --------- -------1·-------'-----I
l'th. 1st. Tisri, or Ethanim (30 Parts of Sept. 1. Feast of trumpets, Lev. Heat in the day; nigh ts frosty,
days), 1 Kings viii. and Oct. xxiii. 24; Num. Gen. xxxi. 40.
2. xxix. 1. Showers frequent; the former, or
10. Dayofatonement,Lev. early rain.
xxiii. 27, 28. SEED- Ploughing and sowing begin.
15. Feast of tabernacles, or TIME
of the in-gatherings, BEGINS.
Ex. xxiii. 16; Lev.
xxiii. 34. First-
fruits of wine and
oil, Lev. xxiii. 39.
21. Gen. i. ; Isa. xiii. 5.
8th. 2d. Marchesvan, or Bui Parts of Oct. 8. Gen. xxiii. 1 ; 1 Sam. Sometimes the early rain begins The latter grapes gath-
(29 days), 1 Kings and Nov. i. 1. now. ered.
vi. 38. Wheat and barley sown;
9th. 3d. Chisleu (30 days), Parts of Nov. 10. Gen. xxxvii. 1 ; A mos WINTER Trees lose their foliage.
Zech. vii. 1; Neb. and Dec. ii. 6. BEGINS. Snow begins to fall on the moun-
i. 1. 25. Feast of the dedica- tains, Josh. xxxvi. 22.
tion, 1 Mac. iv. 52-
59; John x. 22, 23.
10th. 4th. Thebeth (29 days), Parts of Dec. 25. Ex. x. 1; Jer. xlvi. On the mountains the cold is severe.
Esther ii. 16. and Jan. 13. Hail; snow,Josh.x.11; Ps.xlvii. Grass and herbs spring
16, 17. up after the rains.
Weather warm at intervals, Ezek.
xxxiii. 30, 31.
_l_l_th._ --5-th-. 1_S_h_e_v_et-,-or-S-he_b_e_t-(3_0_,_P_a_r_ts-of_J_a_n_. l-17-.-E-x-.-x-x-i.--1-;_J_e_r-. 1
Corn still sown. The winter-fig found on
days), Zech. i. 7. and Feb. :uxiv. 8. OOLII At the beginning of the cold sea- the trees, though they
SJ:ASOlf, son the weather cold, but grad- are stripped of their
ually become• warm. leaves.
1 1
~,-6-t-h.- ·A-d-~r-(2_9_d_a_y_s_),-E-z_r_a ,_P_a-rt._o_f_F_e_b-. _1___E_x_.x_x_x-v1-.i-i._2_1_;_1_S_a_m_.
Thunder and hail frequent. The almond tree bl0&-
v1. 15. and Mar. xvii. 13. Barley sometimes sown. soma.
YeAdar,or2dAdar, 14, 15. Feast of Purim.
-~--....:...----------'-------~.25. Lev, i. l; Isa, xliii. 21.
to ~-;J,l'e flr stt month of the sacred year was the one whose full moon followed next after the vernal equinox, and therefore s'!:'metlmes anawered
I some 1me■ to Aprll, and sometimes to part.a of both.
33
PERIOD· OF THE. MONARCHY:
FROM DAVID TO THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY (442 YEARS).
-------------------------------------------------------
BEFORE
EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES. CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN HEATHEN COUNTRIES.
CHRIST.
- -------------------------------------1------------------------
1048 David reigns at Jerusalem over all Israel. HIRAM I. (Abibal), ·king of Tyre; HADATIEZER of A ram
Prophets Nathan and Gad. zobah; Toi of Hamath; HAN UN of Am won.
David places the ark in Zion ; extends his kingdom from Egypt to tile Euphrates,
1017 SoLo~roN succeeds. Ps1NACHES in Egypt; HADAD and GENUBATR in Edom (I),
Prouhet ]1/athan. REzo.s in Damascus.
1014 Co,;mencement of the building of the temple. HIRAM of Tyre; PsENSENNES in Egypt.
1004 Completion of the temple, and beginning ot' the palace-bnilding.
994 Dedication of the tern pie. Homeric age (?).
975 Solomon dies." Division of the kingdom. SES0NCHIS (Sbishak) in Egypt.
BRFORE j
KINGDOM OF JUDAH. KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.
CHRIST.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---1------------------
977 REROBOAM reigns seventeen yea.rs. JEROBOAM reigns twenty-two yea.rs.
Prophet Shemaiah. Prophet Ahijah.
973 Jerusalem plundered by .................... ., •. Shishak.
960 ABIJAM three years: war between Judah and Israel. in Syrian Damascus.
TABRU.IMON
9M ASA reigns forty-one years. 9H NADAB reigns two years. OsoRKON ( Zerah ?) in Egypt.
953 Victory over Zerah. 953 BAASHA twenty-four years; Prophet Jehu. BENH.ADAD I. in Syrian Damascus.
932 War between Judah and ................ .. Israel.
Judah is aided by ......................... . Syrian Damascus.
Prophets A•ariah and Hanani. 930 EL.AH reigns two years.
929 Z1MRI. Civil war for four years.
927 OMRI alone for six years.
926 Samaria made the capilal.
1118 AaAn22 years: marrie!SJEZEBEL,daughterof ETRBAAL (ltobal) of Tyre and Sidon.
914 JEHOSHAPHAT reigns 25 years; fights w1th Ahab unsuccessfully against ................. . BEN-HADAD II. of Syrian Damascus.
Prophets Elijah and Micaiah.
900 is victorious over Ammon and Moab. 897 AHAZIAH two years; revolt of Moab.
896 J EH ORAM reigns twelve years.
fights in alliance with .................... . Jehoram against ................................. . Moab.
Prophets Jehu, Jehaziel and Etiezer.
892 J EH0RAM eight years, having married
Athaliah, daughter of. .................. .. Ahab.
Edom revolts. Prophet Elisha.
Philistines & Arabians plunder Jerusalem.
885 ABAZIAH one year; fights in alliance with J oram unsuccessfully against ............... .. HAZAEL of Syrian Damasoua.
884 Aba.ziah and ...................................... . J oram killed by Jehu. LYCURGUS in Sparta (?).
ATBALIAa's usurpation lasts six years. 884 JEHU reigns twenty-eight years.
878 J OASH reigns forty years. The country east of Jordan conquered by Hazael.
Prophet Joel (?). Prophet Jonah.
856 Repairing of the temple. 856 JEHOAHAZ 17 years; Israel reduced by ...... Hazae!.
Gath taken, and Jerusalem threatened by .................................... ""................... Hazael.
840 The Syrians invade Judah. 840 JEHOASH reigns i-;ixteen years;
839 AMAZIAB 29 years ; besieges Edom; is defeats the Syrians three times under BEN-HADAD IIL
defeated by .................................. . Jehoash, who as conqueror enters Jeru-
salem.
825 JEROBOAM II. 41 years; restores boundary
of Israel, by war with Syrians ........ ..
811 Uzzuu reigns fifty-two years; -
BEFORE
fortifies the Edomite seaport E!ath. CHRIST,
Prophet ..I.mos. 784 Interregnum of ten years.
Prophet Hosea. 776 The first Olympiad.
774 ZECHARIAH reigns ~ix months.
773 Sa.ALLUM rE'igns one month. I
MENAHEM ten years; Israel tributary to the / Assyrians under Pnui..
762 PEKAHIAH reigns two years.
769 reigns eixteen years. I
JoTHA.11 760 PEKAR reigns twenty yeara.
Prophets Mfrah and Isaiah {till reign of
· anasseh (? ). 753 Building of Rome.
743 sixteen years; obtains against..... ..
747 I[ Syrians
NABONASSAR in Babylon.
AHAZ Israel and the ..................................... . under REZIN.
the help of the ............................ .. Assyrians under TIGLATH-PILES2B.
Prophet Obed; Ahaz dependent on Assyria, Transportation of many of the peo pie to .. Assyria.
740 Interregnum of nine years. 734 Syracuse founded.
731 HosHEA riine yeara; tributm-y to the •...•.. Assyrians;
727 HEZEKIAH reigns twenty-nine yea.rs; attempts to free himself by alliance with So, king of Egypt.
conquers the Philistines, 724 Samaria besieged by ........................... .. SHALMANESER of Assyria.
722 Samaria taken.
Israel led captive into .......................... . Assyria.
The land peopled by Assyrian colonists. 716 GYGES in Lydia.
715 NuMA PoMP1t1us.
714 Judah invaded by ............................... . SENNACHERIB.
713 Destruction of the Assyrian army. 709 Media,
DEIOCES in
698
Embas~y from .................................... . ......................................................... MERODACH-BALADAN in Babylon,
MANASSEH reigns fifty-five years. A&syrian colonists sent into Israel by ...... EsAR-HADDON.
671- -17 PsAMMETICUS in Egypt.
643
641
AMON reigns two years.
JoSIAH rP.igns thirty-one years.
Prophet Nahum {?). I 658
637
Byzantium founded.
Cyrene •<tttled by Greeks; Irruption• of Bcythians.
629 Prophet Jeremiah. 625 NABOPOLASSAR independent in Babylon.
Prophet Zephaniah. 628 DaAco's laws at Athens.
617 ALYATTES in Lydia.
624 Finding of the book of the law, and suppression of idolatry extending to the cities of Samaria. 616 N ECHO reigns in EgypL
610-9 Josiah falls in battle against Necho, king of Egypt. 610 Eclinse of Thales.
JEBOABAZ reigns three months; JRHOIAKIH eleven years. 606 Capture of Nineveh by the Medes and B"bylonian•.
606-5 .Judah made tributary by Nehncha.dnezzar. Date usually fixed Car commencement of the The Egyptians defeated by the Chaldeans at Car-
seventy years' subjection to Babylon. cbemisb.
34
J{INGS AND PROPHETS OF JUDAH AN-D ISRAEL.
ARRANGED IN PARALLELS.
THREE KINGS OF ALL ISRAEL.
SAUL •••••• •••••• ................................. REIGNED 40 YEARS ................................. BEFORE CHRIST 10~5.
DAVID .......................................... REIGNED 40 YEARS ................................. BEFORE CHRIST 1005.
SOLOMON········· ...... ••••••••• .••••••...••.• REIGNED 40 YEARR ................................. BEFORE CHRIST 1015.
PJI.OP!IETS
OP
BEGAN TO REIGN.
TWENTY
KINGS OF JUDAH.
BEFORE
CHRIST.
NINETEEN
KINGS OE' ISRAEL.
I
I
1!l: g
~ BEGAN TO REIGN.
I PROPHETS
OP
i-"' ISRAEL.
JUDAH,
- - - - - - 1 1 , - - - - - - - · i - - -1----------- ----- -----------+--"'- _______I - - - - - - -
Shemaiah...... . 1 Kings 12. 1 17 REHOBOAM•• .. : •••• ......... 975
974 JEROBOAM.................... . 22 1 Kings 12. 20 Man of God
1 Kings 15. 1 3 ABIJAM, or Abijal, . ........ . 957 from Judah
Oded .......... .. 1 Kings 15. 9 41 AsA ........................... .. 955 Ahijah.
Azariah ........ . 954 NADAB ........................ . 2 1 Kings 14. 20
Hanani ...... .. 953 BAASHA ....................... . 24 1 Kings 15. 16
Jehu, so!l of 930 ELAH .......................... . 2 1 Kings 16. 6
Hanani ...... 929 ZIMRI. ••••••••.••••. ••••••••·•·• 7 da. 1 Kings 16. 10
OMRI .......................... . 12 1 Kings 16. 16 Elijah.
918 AHAB .......................... . 22 1 Kings 16. 28 Micaiah.
1 Kings 22. 41 25 JEHOSHAPHAT ............. .. 914
897 AHAZIAH ..................... . 2 1 Kings 22. 40
E!iezer ......... . 896 JEHORAM, or Joram (son
Jahaziel.- ..... . 2 Kings 8. 16 8 JEHORAM, or Joram ....... .. 889 of Ahab).- ........ : ......... 12 2 Kings 3. 1 Elisha.
(Four years jointly with
Jehoshaphat his father,
and four years alone.)
2 E:inga 8. 25 1 AHAZIAH, or Jehoahaz .....• 885
2 Kings 11. 3 6 ATHALIAH •••••••••••••••••••• 884 884 JEHU.,. .... ; .................. . 28 2 Kings 9. 6
2 Kings 11. 21 40 JEHOASH, or Joash ..•••....• 878
856 J EH0AHAZ.................... . 17 2 Kings 13. 1 Jonah.
1,echariah, son 839 JEHOASH, or Joash ......... . ]6 2 Kings 13, 10
of Jelwiada ..
2 Kings 14. 1 29 AMAZIAH ......... : .......... . 838
825 JEROBOAM JI................ . 41 2 Kings 14. 23 Hosea.
Zechariah ...... 2 Kings 14. 21 52 AzAltrAH, or Uzziah ......... 810 Amos.
{whohadun- 784 Interregnum for eleven
derstanding years.
in the visions 773 ZACHARIAH ................ .. 6 mo. 2 Kings 15. 8
of God, 2 772 SHALLUM ...... ··•·••••• .... .. 1 mo. 2 Kings 15. 13:
Chron. xxvi. 772 MENAHEM.................... . 10 2 Kings 15. 17
6.) 761 PEKAHIAH ................... . 2 2 Kings 15. 23
759 PEKAR........................ . 20 2 Kings 15. 27
Isaiah ........... . 2 Kings 15. 32 rn JOTHAM.,...................... 758
Micah .......... . 2 Kings 16. 1 16 AHAZ..................... •..... 742
739 HosHEA kills PEKAR. Oded.
Anarchy for some years.
730 HosHEA settled in the king-
Nahum .....•••• 2 Kings 18. 1 29 HEZEKIAH........... .. .. •• ••• 726 dom ......................... .. 9 2 Kings 17. 1
721 The Kingdom of Israel overthrown by the Assyrians. Sha!,

Joel ............. . 2 Kings 21. 1 55 MANASSEH.................... 698
2 Kings 21. 19 2 AMON........................... 643 maneser, king of Assyria, came up against Samaria in the
Jeremiah ..... .. 2 Kings 22. 1 31 JOSIAH......................... 641 sixth year of the reign of Hoshea (B. C. 724), and after a siege
Habakkuk ..... . ll Kings 23. 30 3 mo. JEHOAHAZ, or Shal/um..... 610
Zephaniah ..... . 2 Kings 23. 34 11 JEHOI.AKIM....... ...... •••••• 610 of three years took the city, carried Israel away into Assyria,
Ezekiel ....... . 2 Kings 24. 8 3 mo. JEHOIACHIN, or Jeconiah, and having removed them to the cities ofHalah anrl Habor, by
Daniel. ......... . or Coniah. . . .. .. ... .... .. . . . /i99
Obadiah ........ . 2 King,i 24. 18 11 ZEDEKIAH •• •• ....... ....... •• 5i'9 the river Gozan, and into the cities of the Medea, be placed
Judah carried captive to Assyrians in the cities of Samaria in their room.
Babylon..................... 588
GOVERNORS OF
JERUSALEM AFTER THE
CAPTIVITY.
Haggai ........ . ZERUBBABEL.. ...... ...... •• • 546
Zechariah .... .. EzRA........................... 457
Malachi ....... .. NEHEMIAH................... 445
. NoTE.·-The glory of Israel ended with the reign of Solomon. The kingdom was thenceforth dismembered. Ten tribes, of which Ephraim was
ch1e~ separated and formed the Kingdom of Israel. Judah and Benjamin alone remained faithful to the house of David. Most of the Levites and
m~y out of the other tribes who feared God (2 Chron. 11. 13-36) adhered to Judah. Jeroboam, the first king of Israel, knew why Solomon had been
reJecte<!, and yet he established a system of idolatry at Dan and Bethel. The people shared his feelings, and ever afterward idolatry became a part of
the national religion. All the kmgs of Israel were depraved, and the nation copied the conduct of their kingi,, refusing all reproof. At the captivity,
the l"!'d wa.s settled by people from the region of Tigris and Euphrates. A cloud of mystery has ever since hung over the fate of the ten tribes.
\ ery different were the destinies of Judah. Of twenty kings, all descendants of David, who for 388 years held the throne, six are mentioned with
great praise-Asa, Jehoshaphat, Uzziah, Jotham, Hezekiah and Josiah-while others are commended. Others were fearfully wicked-Jehoram, Ahaz,
Manasseh and Amon-introducing idolatrous worship into the temple itself and filling Jerusalem with blood. After the captivity of Judah the countrv
was not colonized, thus leaving the land free for the people to return. Thns, while prophets warned and while threatened judgments were disregarded,
the solemn lesson was displayed that when men and nations voluntarily choose evil and reject counsel, they prepare themselves for the retributions that
ll«<uarily follow in the Divine government.
Vol. 1-3
35
DATE AND ORIGIN OF THE PSALMS,
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE OCCCASION AND ORDER.
AFTER WHAT PROB.ABLE OCCASI01' ON WHICH EACH PSALM BEFORE! AFTER WHAT PROBABLE OCCASJON ON WHJCH EACH PSALM BEFORE
PSALMS. PSALMS,
SCRlPTURE. WAS COMPOSED. CHRIST. SCRIPTURE, WAS COMPOSED, CHRIST.
1. .....••••.. N'eh. 13. 3........ Written by David or Ezra, and placed as a 75, 76 ...... 2 Kings 19. 35 .. On the destruction of Sennacherib .......... .. 710
preface to the Psalms .......................... . 444 77........... Dan. 7. 28 ........ During the Babylonish captivity ............. .. 539
2........... . 1 Chron. 17. 27. On the delivery of the promise by Nathan to 78 ........... 1 Chron. 28. 21, Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. 1015
David-a prophecy of Christ's kingdom .. 1044 or 2 Chron.19.
,........... ..
3 •••••••••••. 2 Sam. 15. 29 .. . On David's flight from Absalom ............. }
2 Sam. 17. 29 .. . During the flight from Absalom ............ .
5 •••••••••••• 2 Sam. 17. 29 .. . During the flight from Absalom ............ .
1023
56............... ..
79.. ......... J er. 39. 10........
80 ........... Dan. 7. 28 ....... ,
On the destruction of the city and temple .. ..
During the Babylonish captivity ............. ..
588
539
6 ........... . 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ..... . 1015 81........... Ezra 6. 22........ On the dedication of the second temple ..... . 515
7 .......... .. 2 Sam. 16. 14 ... On the reproaches of Shimei.................... . 1023 82 ........... 2 Chron.19. 7... Onthea.ppointmentofjudgesbyJehoshaphat 897
8 •••••••••••• 1 Chron. 28, 21. Inserted toward the end of DaTid's life .... .. 1015 83 ........... Jer. 39. 10, or 2 On the desolation ca.used by the Assyrians .. 588
g, .......... . 1 Sam. 17. 4, or On the victory over Goliath ..................... . 1063 Chron.20 ...... .
1 Chron.16. 43. 84........... Ezra 3. 13.. ..... On the foundation of the second temple ...... i 535
10 •••••..•.... Dan.7. 28 ...... .. During the Babylonish captivity .............. . 539 85........... Ezra. 1. 4......... On the decree of Cyrus ....................... •••• 1 536
11........... . 1 Sam. 19. 3.... . When David was advised to flee to the 86 ........... 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end offDavid's life-.. .. 1015
mountains ........••...•.....•••...••••••••••••••••. 1062 87 ........... Ezra 3. 7 ......... On the return from the Babylonish captivity. 536
12 .......... .. 1 Chron. 28. 1. .. Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. 1015 88 ........... Exod. 2. 25 ...... During the affliction in Egypt ................. . 1531
13, 14, 15 •.. Dan. 7. 28 ........ During the Babylonish captivity ............. .. 539 89 ........... Dan. 7. 28 ........ During the Babylonish captivity .............. j 539
16.-........ . 1 Chron. 17. 27, On the delivery of the promise by Na.than 90 ........... Numb. 14. 45 ... On the shortening of man's life, &c ............ [ 1489
or 1 Sam. 27 .. . to David 1................ • : ................ ........ . 1044 91 ........... 1 Chron. 28. 10. After the advice of David to Solomon ........ I. 1015
17 •..•••••••.• 1 Sam. 22. 19 .. . On the murder of the priests by Doeg...... .. 1060 92, 93 ...... Dan. 7. 28........ During the Babylonish captivity .............. . 539
18 ........... . 2 Sam. 22. 51... On the conclusion of David's wars •••...•••.... 1019 94........... Jer. 39. 10 ........ On the destruction of the city and temple •• , 588
19 •.•.••.••••. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ...... 1015 95........... 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ...... 1015
20,21 •.••••. 2 Sam. 10. 19 ... On the war with the Ammonites and Syrians. 1036 96........... 1 Chron. 16. 43. On the removal of the ark from Obed-edom's
22 ....... « .. . 1 Chron. 17. 27. On the delivery of the promise by Nathan; house ••••••••.••••••..•.••••.••• .-.•••..•....•••.•.••. 1051
or in severe persecution ....................... . 1044 97 ........ }
23, 24 •.•••••• \ 1 Chron. 28. 21, Inserted toward the end of David's life ..... . 1015 93 ........ 2 Chron. 7. JO ... On the removal of the ark into the temple ... 1004
i or 1 Chron. 16. 99 ....... .
J 00 ...... ..
25, 26, 27-\ D4;~·:;;_-2ii.:::::::During the Babylonish captivity............. ..
28, 29........ 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ..... .
539
1015
101 ......... ..
102 .......... .
1 Chron. 28. 21.
Dan. 9. 27........
Inserted toward the end of David's life ......
On the near termination of the captivity•••.
1015
538
30 ............ 1 Chron. 21. 30. On the dedication of the threshing-floor of 103......... .. 2 Sam. 12. 15 ... On the pardon of David's adultery .••••••••••. 1034
.Araunah ........................................... . 1017 104 ......... .. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ...... 1015
31 ........... .. 1 Sam. 23. 12 ... On David's persecution by Saul ..••..•••.•.•.•••
32,33......•. 2 Sam. 12. 15 .. . On the pardon of David's adultery ........... .
1060
1034
lOfi ........f
106 ........ J
1 Chron. 16. 43. On the removal of the ark from Obed-edom's
house .............................................. .. 1051
34 ...•.•.•.••. 1 Sam. 21. 15 .. . On David's leaving the city of Ga.th. ........ . 1060 107........... Ezra 3. 7 ....... .. On the retnrn from the captivity ............. .. 536
35 .......••••• 1 Sam. 22. 19 ... On David's persecution by Doeg.............. .. 1060 108........... 1 Kings 11. 20 .. On the conquest of Edom by Joah ........... .. 1040
36,37...... .. Dan. 7. 28 ..... .. During the Babylonish captivity............. .. 539 109........... 1 Sam. 22. 19 .. . On David's persecution by Doeg ............. .. 1060
38,39 ••... t 110........... 1 Chron. 17. 27. O°: the promise by Na.than to David• ........ . 1044
40,41.. ... J
l Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ....••. 1015
112··}
lll, 114.. Ezra. 3• 7 ........ . On the return from the captivity ............. ..
42 ............ . 2 Sam. 17. 29 ... On David's flight from Absalom .............. .. 1023 113, 536
43 ........... .. 2 Sam. 17. 29 ... On David's flight from Absalom.............. .. 1023 115 ........... 2 Chron. 20. 26. On the victory of Jehoshaphat .................. , 896
44 ............ . 2 Kings 19. 7 ... On the blasphemous message of Rabshakeh. 710 116,117 ..... Ezra.3. 7 ....... .. On the return from the captivity ............. .. 536
45 ............ . 1 Chron. 17. 27. On the deliyery of the promise by Nathan• 1044 118 ........... 1 Chron. 17. 27. On the promise by Nathan to David• ......... , 1044
46 ........... . 2 Chron. 20. 26. On the victory of Jehoshaphat................ .. 896 119 ........... Neh. 13. 3 ...... .. Manna.I of devotion by Ezra•................... . 444
47 .......... .. 2 Chron. 7. 10... On the removal or the ark into the temple .. 1004 120 ........ }
48 .......... .. Ezra 6. 22••••.••• On the dedication of the second temple ..... . 515 121........ 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life ...... I 1015
49, 50 ....... . Dan. 7. 28 ...... .. During the Ba.bylonish captivity .............. . 539 122 ...... ..
51. ......... .. 2 Sam. 12. 15 .. . Confession of David after his adultery ..... .. 1034 123•••••••.••• Dan. 7. 28....... . During the Babylonish captivity ............... ' 539
52 ........... . 1 Sam. 22. 19 .. . On David's pe-rsecution by Doeg ............. .. 1060 124......... .. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. 1015
53 .......... . Dan. 7. 28•••••••. During the Baby lonish captivity ............. .. 539 125......... .. Ezra. 3. 7 ........ . On the return from the captivity .............. . 536
54 .......... .. 1 Sam. 23. 23 ... On the treachery of the Ziphims to David .. . 1060 126......... .. Ezra 1. 4 ....... .. On the decree of Cyrus ........................... . 536
55 ........... . 2 Sam. 17. 29 ... During the flight from Absalom ............... .. 1023 127, 128 .... . Ezra. 3. 7 ••••••.•• On the retnm from the captivity ............. .. 536
56 ........... . 1 Sam. 21. 15 .. . When David was with the Philistines in Ga.th. 1060 129......... .. Ezra 4. 24. ...... . On the opposition from the Samaritans..... .. 535
57 .......... .. 1 Sam. 24. 22 .. . On David's refusaJ to kill Saul in the cave... 1058 130......... .. Dan. 7. 28...... .. During the Ba.bylonish captivity ............. .. 539
58 .......... .. 1 Sam. 24. 22 .. . Continuation of Psalm 57 ...................... .. 1058 151. ........ .. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. "IOU
59 ••....•...•. 1 Sam. 19. 17 .. , On Saul surrounding the town of David ..... . 1061 132 .......... . 1 Chron. 15. 14. On the second removal of the ark ............ .. 1051
60 ............ . 1 Kings 11. 20 .. On the conquest of Edom by Joab ............ . 1040 133 .......... . 1 Chron. 28. 21. Ineerted toward the end of David'• life ... .. 1015
61. .......... . 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. 1015 134......... .. Ezra. 3. 7 ........ . On the return from the captivity ............. .. 536
62 ........... . 2 Sam. 17. 29 ••. In David's persecution by Absa.lom ........... . 1023 135 ........ }
63 .......... .. 1 Sam. 24. 22 ... Prayer of David in the wilderness of Engedi. 2 Chron. 7. Ii ... On the removal of the ark into the temple ... 1004
1058 136 ...... ..
64 .•.•.•.•.•. 1 Sam. 22. 19 ... On David's persecution by Saul. .............. .. 1060 137.......... , Dan. 7. 28....... . During the Babylonish captivity ............ .. 539
65 .......... .. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of David's life .... .. 1015 138.......... . Ezra 6. 13....... . On the rebuilding of the temple ................ . 519
66 ........... . Ezra 3. 13 ....... , On laying the foundation of the second 139.......... . 1 Chron. 13. 4 ... Prayer of David when made king over all
temple ............................................. .. 535 Israel ............................................. .. 1048
67 ........... . Dan. 7. 28, ..... .. During the Babylonish captivity ............. .. 593 140......... .. 1 Sam. 22. 19 ... On David's persecution by Doeg.............. .. 1060
68 .......... .. 2 Sam. 6. 11.. ... On the first removal of the ark............... .. 1045 141 ......... .. 1 Sam. 27. 1..... Prayer of David when driven from Judea ... 1055
69 ........ . .. 1 Chron. 28. 21. Inserted toward the end of Dsvid's life .... .. 1015 142.......... . 1 Sam. 22. 1.. ... Prayer of David in the cne of Adulla.m .. .. 1060
70, 71 ...... .. 2 Sam. 17. 29 ... On Absa1om's rebellion ........................... . 1023 143.......... . 2 Sam. 17. 29 .. . During the war with Absalom ..... , ........... . 1053
72 ........... . 1 Chron. 29. 19. On Solomon's being made king by his father. 1015 144......... .. 2 Sam. 17. 29 .. . On the victory over Absalom .................. .. 1053
73 .......... .. 2 Kings 19. 19 .. On the destruction of Sennacherib ........... .. 710 145......... .. 1 Chron. 28. 10. David, when old, reviewing his past life..... , 1015
'/4 ......... .. Jer. 39. 10 ....... On the destruction of the city and temple .. . 588 146 to 150.. Ezra 6. 22 ........ On the dedication of the eecond temple ..... . 515
NOTE.-The Book of Psalms is quoted in the New Testament, or clearly referred to, upwards of seventy times.
• Au!HORS-:--The question of the authorship of many of the Psalms bas caused much discussion, and is still an open one. Though an interesting question, it
" not vitally important. The Psalms are usnally ascribed to t.he several authors, as follows: David, 85; Solomon, 7; M0888, 9; .Asaph, 12; Heman, l; Ezra, 3.
the sons of Korab, 11; Hezekiah, 1; Daniel, l; Haggai, 1 i Unknown, 19. '
1
Applied to our Lord by Peter, Acts 2. 25-31; and by Paul, Acts 13. 35, 36.
2
Explained and applied to our Lord, Heb. I. 8, 9; 1 Pet. 3. 22; Eph. t. 22; Phil. 2. 9-11.
1 Cited by our Lord to prove his Divinity, Matt. 22. 44; by Peter, Act• 2. 32-36; Paul, 1 Cor, 15. 25-28; Heb, 7. 1-28; 8, L
• Cited by our Lord, Matt. 21. 42; explained by Peter, Acts 4. 11; 1 Pet. 2. 4, Ii; Paul, Rom, 9, 3:l, 33; Eph, 2. 20, 21.
6 Ca.lmet and most commentators refer this Psalm to the captivity.
TABLE OF THE PSALMS
ADAPTED TO THE PURPOSES OF PRIVATE DEVOTION.
-,
J<O.
PRAYERS ADAPTED TO VARIOUS SUBJECTS. NO.
PSALMS OF PRAISE AND ADORATION,
DISPLAYING THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
~1--------:--------:::----::-----.-:-:--;-:---:-----;~--:=--:-/-l-------------------
i don of sin Ps vi xxv xxxviii, Ii cxxx Psalms styled I. General acknowledgments of GOD'S goodness and mercy, and particularly
1. Prpa::rten~:i:~., xxxii., ;xx~iii.:' Ji., cii., cxxx.: cxiiii. . bis care and protection of good men, Ps. xxiii., xx.xiv., XXXYi., xoi., c., ciii.,
cvii., cxvii., ex.xi., cxlv., cxlvi.
Prayero composed when ~~-e P~~!mist w_as deprived of the public exercise
2· of religion, Ps. xiii., xhu., l:uu., lxxx1v. 2. Psalms displaying the power, majesty, glory and other attributes of JEHO-
Pr;J:ITyi; ;f~;; otf :~!1/:i:ti

h p •t t I d • t d th u h t VAH, Ps. viii., xix., xxiv., xxix., xxxiii., xlvii., )., Jxv., ]xvi., lxxvi.,
3.
0
1
~n, ?!d:~rbi::;~:~o!s, ~:.cx~ii., x;ii~ Ix~,
1
lxxvii., xciii., xcv., xcvi., xcvii., xcix., civ., cxi., cxiii., cxv., cxxxiv.,
b:xvii., lxxxvni., cxhn. cxxxix., cxlvii., cxlviii., cl.
. Prayers in which the P~almist asks h_elp of GOD, i~_cousi~eratio~ of bis own INSTRUCTIVE PSALMS.
4 integrity and the uprightness of his cause, Pa. vn., xvn., xxv1., xxxv.
I. The different characters of good and bad men-the happiness of the one
. Prayers expressing the fi_~mest ~rus~ and_ con~_denc~ in ~OD un~er afflic- and the misery of the other, Ps. i., v., vii., ix., x., xi., xii., xiT., xv., xvii.,
5 tions, Ps. iii., xvi., xxvn., xxx1., hv., Iv1., lvu., lx1., lxx1., lxxxv1. xxiv., xxv., xxxii., xxxiv., xxxvi., xxxvii., I., Iii., liii., lviii.. lxxii., lxxv.,
G. Prayers compose~ when the _people _of GOD were u~-~er affli~tion perse-
cution, Ps. xhv., Ix., Ixx1v., Jxx1x., lxxx., lxxxn1., lxxx1x., xc1v., cli.,
o: lxxxiv., xci., xcii., xciv., cxii., cxix., exxi._, cxxv., ex.xvii., ex.xviii.,
cxxxiii.
cx:xiii., cxxxvii. 2. The excellence of GOD'S law, Ps. xix., cxix.
7. The following are also prayers in time of trouble and affliction: Ps. iv., v., 3. The vanity of human life, Ps. xxxix., xlix., xo.
xi., xxviii., xli., Iv., Jix., )xiv., lxx., cix., cxx., cxl., cxli., cxlii.
4. Advice to magistrates, P2. lxxii., ci.
s. Prayers of intercession, Ps. xx., ]xvii., cxxii., cxxxii., cxliv.
5. The virtue of humility, Ps. cxxxi.
PSALMS OF THANKSGIVING.
PROPHETICAL PSALMS.
t. Thanksgivings for mercies bestowed on particular person.et, Ps. ix., xviii., Ps. ii., xvi., xxii., xl., xiv., lxviii., lxxii., lxxxvii.: ex., oxviii.
xxi., xxx., xxxiv., xl., lxxv., ciii., cviii., cxvi., cxviii., cxxxviii., cxliv.
2. Thanksgivings for mercies bestowed upon the Israelites in general, Ps. xlvi., HISTORICAL PSALMS.
xlviii., lxv., ]xvi., ]xviii., lxxvi., Ixxxi._, lxxxv._, xcviii., cv., cxxiv., cxxvi.,
ex.xix., oxxxv ., cxxxvi._, oxlix.
THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

IN THEIR NARRATIVE ORDER.
J<.UIES. AUTHORS. DATES IN YEARS BEFORE CHRIST. NAMES. .A.UTHORS. DATES JK YEARS BEFORE CHRIST.
Jou ..................... Jon ..................•....•• Unknown. { At various times. -Those by

PSALMS ............•.. DA vm and others ..••. DAVID from 1060 to 1015.
GENESIS .••••.•••...••• MOSES ..................... From 4004 to 1635.
Exonus •...••.........• MOSES .........•..........• From 1635 to 1491. SOLOMON'S SONG ..... SoLOMON •••••·••••••••·•· About 1016.
LEVITICUS •.........•. MosEs .....•.....••........ 1491. PROVERBS ............ SoLOMON •·••••••·••••·•·· About 1000.
NuirBERs .•••••••••••••• MOSES .....•.......•....... From 1491 to 1451. ECCLESIASTES ••••• ,,, SOLOMON •·····•·••······· About 976.
1 KINGS .......•....... Probably 1 KINGS, from 1015 to 889.
DEUTERONOMY .......
JOSHUA••••••••••·••·••
MosEs ...••••..•...........
JoseuA ••.•••...•.•..••..•
1451.
From 1451 to 1425. 2 KINGS .•...•..•.....• { JEREMIAH. } 2 KINGS, from 88g to 588.
JUDGES ••••··••••·••••• SAMUEL ...••••••..•.•..•• From 1425 to 1120. 1 CHRONICLES ...... ) EzRA and others •••••• From 4004 to 532.
RUTR ...•••••••••••••••• Unknown ...•.••.•...... From 1241 to 1231. 2 CHRONICLES ...... f
Compiled by EzRA ...•.•....•......• EzRA., ....•.....••••••... From 536 to 456.
1 SAIIUEL .••.•.•.......
2 SAIIUEL.............. { SAMUEL, NATHAN
and GAD. } From 1135 to 1055.
From 1055 to 1016.
NEHEMIAH ...........
ESTHER, ...............
NEHEMIAH,,o,o•&••••••••
MORDECAI, ..............
From 455 to 433.
From 521 to 495.
THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS

IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
JU.HES, BEFORE CHRIST. KINGS OJI' JUDAH, KINGS OF ISRAEL, NAMES. l BEFORE CHRIST. KI!iGS OP' JUDA.H. KINGS OF JSR.A.EL.
JONAH.
Between 856 Jo.ASH, AMAZIAH, or JEHU and JEHOAHA.Z, or Between 628 JOSIAH.
JEREMIAH.
and 784. AzARIAH. JoAsu and JEROBOAM II. and 586.
A.Hos. Between 810 Between 612

and 795. Uzzuu, ch. i. I. JEROBOAM II., eh. i. I. HABAKKUK. and 598.
JEHOIAKI1f,
HOSEA. Between 810 UzzIAH, JOTHAM, AHA.z, Between 006 During all the
and 725. JEROBOAM II., ch. i. 1. DANIEL. captivity.
HEZEKIAH, and 534.
Between 810 ZECHARIAH, SHALLUM, Soon after the eiege of

ls.A.JAB.
UZZIAH, JOTHAM, Between 588 Jernsalem by
and 698. AuAZ and HEZEKIAH. MENAHEH, PEKAHIAB, OBADIAH. and 583.
PEKAR and HosEA. NEBUCHADNEZZAR,
ZECHARIAH, SHALLUM,
B_etween 810 Between 583
Jo11L. UzzIAH or MANASSEH. MENAHEJl, PEKAHIAB, EZEKIEL. Captivity.
and 660. and 562.
PEKAR and HOSEA.
MICAH. Between 758 JoTHAM, AHAz and About 520 After the return from
and 699. HEZEKU.H, ch. i. I.
PEKAR and HosEA. HAGGAI.
or 518.
NABUII. Between 720 A bout the close of

ZECHARIAH,
Between 520
Babylon.
-
and 698. HEZEKIAH'S reign. and 518.
Between 640 Between 436
ZllPH.t.J<IAH.
and 609.
I Jos1Au, ch. i. I. MALACHI.
I and 420.
--
37
r-------------------------------------------------------------
i
PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY

AND OF THE RESTORATION (206 YEARS).
DEFORE BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN HEA.TIIB?I'

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES. COUNTRIES.
CHRIST, CHRIST,
606 Prophet Habakkuk. 606 NEBUCHADNEZZAR, king of Babylon.

600 PsAMMIS, kiug of Egypt.
li99-8JEHOIACHIN (3 months). Jerusalem taken by the Chaldeans. Jehoiachin in exile. 595 HOPHRA (Apries), king of Egypt.
ZEDEKIAH (Mattaniah) reigns, under the Chaldeans (11 years). 594 SOLON at Athens.
594 Ezekiel appears as prophet, thirty years after Josiah's reformation, at the river Che bar in
Babylonia.
589 Zedekiah applies to ............................................................................................ .. .. ....... Hophra.
Commencement of the siege of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans.
588 Jeremiah in prison. ·
587 Destruction of Jerusalem ; Zedekiah ta.ken prisoner; transportation of the people to
Babylon.
GEDALIAH is appointed governor by Nebuchadnezzar,and is killed by Ishmael; the people Nebuchadnezzar captures Tyre under ETH•
flee into Egypt. BAAL lJ.
Prophet Obadiah (?).
574 Ezekiel's visions, fifty years after Josiah's reformation. 570 Birth of P.,·thagoras.
569 AMAsrs, king of Egypt.
561 J ehoiachin's captivity at Baby Ion .relieved by .......................................................... .. EVIL-MERODACH.
560 PISISTRATUS at Athens.
NERIGLISMR at Babylon.
Daniel!s prophetic visions. 555 BELSHAZZAR.
5:38 Capture of Babylon by Cyrus.
PALESTINE becomes a province of............ . ......... ................ PERSIA. DARIUS rules in Babylon.
536 Return of exiles to Jerusalem under Zerub-

babel in the ....................................... . First year of CYRUS.
Rebuilding of the tew pie begun. 534 TARQUIN at Rome.
CAMBYSES (Ahasuerus of Ezra iv.). 529
525 Cambyses conquers Egypt.
521 Building of temple stopped by .................. SMERDIS (Artaxerxes of Ezra iv.).
DARIUS HYSTASPES (Darius of Ezra iv. 24;
v.; vi.).
520 Temple recommenced in the .................... . Second year of Darius. 510 Tarquin expelled from Rome.
Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. 509 Rome's first treat.v with Carthage.
517 Temple c-ompleted. 498 Battle of Lake Regillus.
494 Roman tribunes appointed.
Invasion of Greece .............................. 490 Battle of Marathon.
486 Egypt revolts from Persia.
XERXES I. ( Ahasuerus of the book of Esther). 485
484 Egypt is reconq nered.
Third. year, great feast ......................... . 482
lnvas10n of Greece ........................... .. 480 BattlP of Thermopylre and Salamis.
479 Battle of Platea; sea-fight of Mycale.
Seventh year, return.
ESTHER made queen ........................ . 478
Twelfth year, Haman's plot aud death ..... . 473 '.
ARTAXERXES I. (Artaxerxes of Ezra vii.). 464
457 Ezra's journey to J ernsalem with a large com- 461 PERICLES at Athens.
pany, and a commission from Artaxerxes.
444 Nehemiah, at Jerusalem, governor for twelve 453 Roman Decemvirs.
years, till the year 432. Herodotus the historian.
443 Censors at Rome.
431 Peloponnesian war begins,
430 Plague at Athens.
429 Pericles dies.
XERXES IL ....................................... .. 425
SoGDIANus ........................................... . 424
DARIUS lI. (NothuoJ ............................. .. 423 [ Socrates, Xenophon and Thucydides at
420 The Prophet Malachi concludes the Old Tes- Athens.
tament Scriptures.
409 Manasseh builds a temple on Mount Gerizim. ARTAXERXES MNEMON. 405 DrnNYSIUS in Sicily.
404 Athens taken by Lysander.
401 Retreat of the ten thousand.
400 Death of Socrates.
NoTE.-The captivity of the Jews in Babylon tended greatly to cure them of the sin of idolatry, to which they bad been addicted for so many years; a result
which all their previous warnings, corrections and judgments had failed to produce. It diffused the fear of Jehovah among the heathen, and elicited from Cyrus,
from Nebuchadnezzar, from Darius, acknowledgments of his perfections and claims. It also prepared the way for the coming of Christ &nd the dispensation of the
Gospel: by laking away many of those things wherein consisted the glory of the Jewish dispensation, and by causing the dispersion of the Jews throughout a great
part of tbe k~own world. These dispersed Jews, carrying with them the Holy Scriptures containing the prophecies of the Messiah, became the means of diffusing
some knowledge of the true religion and of raising, to some extent, a general expectation of the coming of the Saviour. These events were also of great import.
ance, as presenting a striking fulfillment of prophecy.
Babylon having fallen, as had been foretold, Cyrus the conqueror had among his chief men Daniel, the servant of Jehovah. Daniel doubt:ess brought to the
?3-0na1:ch's notice the predictions of Isaiah, and now that at the end of seventy years' captivity Cyrus found the sovereign power in his own hands, he issued a decree,
m which, after acknowledging the supremacy of Jehovah, he gave permission to the Jews in any pa.rt of his dominions to return to their own land &nd to rebuild
the city and temple of Jerusalem· .
. The restoration of the .Jewi5lb church, temple and wonhip was an event of the hiihest consequence, as tending to preserve true religion in the world and pre ..
pa.ring the way for the appearance of the Great DeliTerer.
38
THE HIGH-PRIESTS OF THE HEBREWS,
FROM THE COMMENCEMENT TO THE SUBVERSION OF THEIR STATE AND GOVERNMENT.
2. 'l'AKEN 3. FROM JOS, 4. FROM THE JEWISH i
ii J. SUCCESSIOS", ACCORDING TO SEVERAL FROM l CHR, ANT. JUD,, l. X. CHRONICLE, ~
~
BBl'ORE THE FOLLOWING IS FROM EZRA, NEHEMIAH AND JOSEPHUS.
PORTIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES. vi. 3-15. _c. 8, I. xx. ENTITLED SEDER §
CHRIST.
f5 ______________ _____ C. 10. OLAM. O
WO 1 1
Aaron con~ecrated .........••••...•• Aaron...... Aaron... .. . .•. Aaron. 36 Eleazar, B.C. 291; uuder this pontiff the Septuagin
1452 died. translation is said to have been made about B. c
2 Eleazar consecrated ..••••••. •••••·•·• Eleazar.... Eleazar .• .. .• Eleazar. 285; died 276.
1433 died. 37 Manasseh, B.c. 276; died 250.
3 Phinehas consecrated ....•...••• .'••• Phinehas .. Phinehas ... . Phinehaa, 38 Onias II., B.c. 250; died 217.
!414 died. 39 Simon II., B.c. 217; died 195.
4 A biezer, or Abishua, } During the Abishna .. . Abiezer .•.••. Eli. 40 Onias Ill.,B. c.195; deposed 175, and died 167.
5 Bukki, rule of the Bukki. ..... Bukki.•.....•. Ahitub. 41 Jesus, or Jason, B. c.175; deposed 172.
6 Uzzi, Judges. Uzzi.. .... , .• Uzzi .•..••..•.. Abiathar. 42 Onias IV., otherwise called Menelaus, B, c.172; died
1186 7 Eli, of the race of Ishamar, con- Zerahiah ... Eli .••..•.•...• Zadok. 163.
secrated. 43 Lysimachus, vicegerent of Menelaus, killed B. c
1146 died. 44 170.
8 Ahitub ................................. . Meraioth .. Ahitub .•..... Ahimaaz, under 45 Alcimus, Jacimus or Joachim, B.c. 160.
Rehoboam. Onias V. did not exercise his office in Jerusalem, bu
9 Abiah •••.••• ...... ••.•••. •.•..•••• ...... Amariah •.. Ahimelech ... Azariah, under retired into Egypt, where he built the temple Onion
Abiah. 46 B.c.157.
10 Ahimelech, or Abiathar .•..••.....• Ahitub I... Abiathar .... J ehoachash,under Judas Maccabreus restored the altar and the sacrifices
1090 murdered by Saul. Jehoshaphat. 47 in 165 ; died in 153.
11 Abiathar, Ahimelech or Abim- Zadok I.... Zadok .•..•••• J ehoiarib, under Jonathan, the Asamomean, brother of Judas Macca-
elech. Jehoram. 48 breus, consecrated 153; died 143.
1045 12 Zadok consecrated ..••.••••••....•...• Ahimaaz •. Ahimaaz ..... Jehoshaphat, un- 49 Simon Maccabreus, B.c. 143; died 136.
989 died. der Ahaziah. 50 John Hyrcanus, B.C. 136; died 106.
13 Ahimaaz •••••••....•••.•.•.•....•......• Azariah .... Azariab ..... . J ehoiadah } under 51 Aristobulue, king and pontiff, died 106.
959 14 Azariah, perhaps Amariah of Johanan, Joram ... , ... . Phadaiah J oash Alexander Jannreus, king and pontiff, 105.
2 Chron. xix. 11. 1 Chron. 52 Hyrcanus, from 68 to 42.
vi. 9, 10. 53 Aristobulus, brother of Hyrcanus, usurped the high
15 J ohanan, perhaps J ehoiada of Azariah ...• Issus •••.•••.• Zedekiah, • under priesthood, and held it three years and three months
2 Chron. xxiv. 15. Amaziah. from 69 to 66.
863 died at the age of one hun- 54 Antigonus, his son, also usurped the office and held i
dred and thirty. from 42 to 37, when he was taken by Socius.
16 A1,ariah, perhaps Zechariah, son Amariah •• Axioramus .. Joel, under Uz- 55 Ananeel of Babylon, made high-priest by Herod, B.c
of J ehoiada. ziah. 37; held the office till 36.
825 killed. 56 Aristobulus, the last of the Asamonreans, held the posi
17 Amariah, perhaps Azariah, un- Ahitub II.. Phideas...... .Jotham, under tion less than one year, and Ananeel was made
der Uzziah. Joatham. high-priest again in 35.
768 died. 57 Jesus, son of Phabis, deposed B. c. 20.
18 Ahitub II.}
under J otham, king Zadok II...
Sudeas.••••... Uriah, und. Ahaz. 58 Simon, son of Boethus, 20; deposed 5 B. c.
19 Zadok II. of Judah. Shallum ..• J uelus..•..... Neraiah, under 59 Matthias, son of Theophilus, B.C. 5; meeting with an
Hezekiah. accident that prevented the discharge of his duties
734 20 Uriah, under Ahaz......... ...••...• Hilkiah.... Jotham .•.... Hosaiah, under Ellem was elevated for one day.
Manasseh. 60 Joazar, son of Simon, B.C. 4; relieved A.D.1.
21 Shallum................. ••.......•••...• Azariah.... Uriah ....••.• Shallnm, under 61 Eleazar, brother of Joazar, A. D, 1.
Amon. 62 Jesus, son of Eiah, A.D. 6; Joazar was restored A.D
711 22 Azariah, under Hezekiah (2 Chr. Seraiah..... Neriah ...... . Hi!kiah, under 7 ; deposed 13.
xxxi.10). Josiah. 63 Ananus, son of Seth, A. D. 13 to 24.
23 Hi!kiah, under Hezekiah. .••...•.• J ehozadak Odeas .••.••.•. Azariah,· under 64 Ishmael, son of Phala, in 24.
Jehoiakim and 65 Eleazar, son of Ananus, made in 24.
Zedekiah. 66 Simon, son of Camithus, made high-priest in 25.
645 24 Eliakim, or Joakim, under Ma- Joshua..... Sallumus••.•. Jehozadak, after 67 Joseph, surnamed Caiaphas, made in 26, and continued
nasseh, continued to live under the taking of till 35.
Josiah, B.C. 609, and longer. Jerusalem. 68 Jonathan, son of Ananus, made in 35, and continued
25 Azariah, perhaps Neriah .••••.•.•.. Hilkiah ...... Jesus, sou of J oza- till 37.
608 26 Seraiah, at commencement of Seraiah .••..• dak, after Cap- 69 Theophilus, son of Jonathan, made in 37, and con
Captivity. · tivity. tinned till 41.
575 pnt to death. 70 Simon, surnamed Cantharus, and son of Simon Boe
27 Jozadak, during Captivity .••••••.• Jozaelak ....•• thns, was made high-priest in 41.
520 died. 71 Matthias, son of Ananus, made high-priest in 42.
28 Joshua, or Jesus, sou of Jozadak. .Jesus, or 72 Elioneus, made in 44, and continued till 45. Simon
Joshua. son of Cantharus, was a second time made high
priest A. D. 45, and deposed the same year.
73 Joseph, son of Caneus, was made high-priest in A. n.
SUCCESSION AFTER THE CAPTIVITY. 45, till 57.
74 Ananias, the son of Nebodeus, was made high-pries
in the year of the vulgar era 47, and enjoyed the
THE FOLLOWING IS FROH EZRA, NEHEMIAH AND JOSEPHUS.
priesthood :ill 63.
i5 Ismael was ordained high-priest, A.D. 63.
76 Joseph, surnamed Cabei, in 63.
29 Joachim, under the reign of Xerxes, ,Tos. Ant., I. ii. 5. 77 Anan11s, the son of Ananus, in 63.
30 Eliashib, Joa.sib or Chasib, consecrated high-priest during governorship of Nehe- 78 Jesus, the son of Ananns, in 64.
miah, B.c. 420. 79 Jesns, the son of Gamaliel, in 64.
311 Joiada, or JndRs, Neh. xii. 10, B. c. 413. ' 80 Matthia.s, the son of Theophilus, ..,as made high-
32 Jonathan, or John, 373. priest in A. D. 70.
33 Jaddua, or Jaddns, who received Alexander the Great at Jerusalem in B.C, 341, 81 Phannias, the son of Samuel, was made high-priest
I
and died in 321
34 Onias I., B. c. 321 ; died 301.
135 Simon I., called the Just, 300; died 291,
I in 70, the year J erusa!em and the temple were
destroyed, and a final period was put to the Jewish
priesthood.
39
THE PROPHECIES
IN THE PENTATEUCH AND HISTORICAL BOOKS.
TEXT. THE PROPHECY. FULFILHENT.
Gen. xv. 5, 6 .••••••••••••••....•.••..•• Concerning the Number of Abraham's Seed ................................................................. . 1 Chron. xxi. 5, 6.
Gen. xv.13 ......••..................... Concerning Abraham's going into Egypt and the Bondage of his descendants .................... . Gen. xlvi. 3-7.
Gen. xv. 14--16 ........................ , Concerning the Deliverance from Egypt. ..................................................................... . Exod. :,:ii. 34-37,
Concerning Isaac .................................................................................................... . Gen. xxi. 1.
Gen. xviii. 10. ......... . ..... ······· 1
Gen. xxxvii. 5 ....................... . Of Joseph's Advancement.. ...................................................................................... . Gen. xiii. 6.
Josh. vi. 26 ........................... . Of the Builder of Jericho ......................................................................................... . 1 Kings xvi. 34,
1 Sam. ii. 34 ...........•............... Of the De:tth of Eli's Son ......................................................................................... . 1 Sam. iv. 11, ·
1 Sam. xxviii. 19 ....................• Of the Death of Saul ................................................................................................ . I Sam. xxxi. 2.
1 Kings xiii. 2 .................•...... Of the Birth of Josiah .............................................................................................. . 2 Kings xxiii. 15.
1 Kings xiii. 22 ........•........••.... Of the Death of a Prophet .......................................................................................... 1 Kings xiii. 30.
1 Kings xiv. 10......•.••.........•... Of the Destruction of the House of Jeroboam ............................................................... . 1 Kings xv. 29.
1 Kings xiv. 12 ..................••... Of the Death of Jeroboam's Son .................................................................................. . I Kings xiv. 17.
1 Kings xvi. 3 ..•.........• -. .......• Of the Destruction of Ba.asha's House .......................................................................... . I Kings xvi. ll.
I Kings xvii. 1..........••........•... Of the Great Drought in the Reign of Ahab .................................................................. . 1 Kings xviii. 41,
1 Kings xx. 22 ....................... . Of the Syrian Invasion ••...•...•. , .................................................... : ............................. . l Kings xx. 26.
1 Kings xxi. 19...................... . Of the Punishment for the Murder of Naboth ................................................................ . I Kings xxii. 38.
1 Kings xxi. 21.. .............•...... Of the Destruction of the House of Ahab ..................................................................... . 2 Kings x. 11.
Of the Death of Jezebel ........................................................................................... . 2 Kings ix. 36.
1 Kings xxi. 23 ......................•
2 Kings iii. 17 ....................... .
2 Kings vii. 1........................ . g~Of ~hti!:;i~~f1~:~:1i'liYF~~t~.t.~~:·::::::::::::.:·..:::::: :::..·:::::.·..:::::::.:·:::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::. 2 Kings iii. 20.
2 Kings vii. 18.
2 Kings vii. 2 ........................• the Death of the Unbelieving Lord ......................................................................... . 2 Kings vii. 17-20,
2 Kings x. 30 ........•................• Of the Reign of Jehu's Sons to the Fourth Generation ................................................... . 2 Kings xv. 12.
2 Kings xix. 7...•••....••....••....•• Of the Death of the King of Assyria .....••................................................••.................. 2 Kings xix. 35, 37.
2 Kings xx. 17 ...............•.•.....• Of the Babylonish Captivity ••••..............•.•.................................................................. 2 Kings xxiv. 10-16.
THE PROPHETS, AND THEIR PROPHECIES,

IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
HOSEA,
PASSAG.18 CIDEFLY
800-725. ISAIAH, 765-698.
MORAL, DEVOTIONAL;...... ··••··••• ., •••• ··•••• ........ . xxv.-xxvii.11 ...... ........ Lam.i.-v. iii.
To Israel.. .......... : ....•• ii.-viii. iv.-xiii. ix. 8-21; xxviii.
To Judah........... ...... iv.15, etc.;
xii. 2
i.-v.; xxii. 8, etc.;
XXiL,XXX.
L 8-
ii. 12
{{h.\
vi.
........................................................................................................ L;IO-ii. i.1-7; vii. L;iii.ii.;
7-
19 18
HISTORICAL............ iAv. xxxvi.-xxxix. .. ...................... xxviii.; xxix.; xxxii. ...... i.-vi.
1-25; xxxvi.-xliii. 7;
Iii.
Iii{
PROPHETIC (A)-
hrael ................... .. ii.-ix. vii. l-25{xiv. 24- i. XXX. ; .XX::r.i.
10 'f.8-vi.3 viii.; ix. 8; 28;xvii.
xv.11 {
Judah ...................... i 2; ii. xxii. 1; xxiv. viii. 0-9 i.;ii. vii. i.-xxv.; xxvii.; xxix.; i. ix. ............ ix.-xxiv.; xxxill.; ...... L7-vii.;
4,• Iii. Zl xxx.-xxxi. 26; :xx:xvi.; xxxvii.; xi..
xxxiii.; xxxiv.; xxxix.-xlviii. 1
xliv.; xlvi.26; I.
Assyria, Nineveh iii. 4 x.; xiv.; xxx.; xxxi. .................. i.-iii ii. 13 .............................................................. . xxxi. 3-18
Babylon,Chaldea ...... xiii.; xiv. 24-28; xxi. .. ....... xxv. 12; xxxvii.; I.; ii. ii.36; iv.
li. 19; v.25
Egypt .....•.••.•••••.....• xix.; xx.. . ........ xliii.; xliv. 29; xlvi.; l. ............................ . xxix.-xxxi.
Ethiopia ................. . xviii. ii. 12 ............................................................. .. xxx. 4-6
Edom .................... .. i.Il .................... . xxi.11 xlix. 7; Lam.- iv. 21 ................ .. xxv.-xxxv.
Moab ..................... . ii. l ................... .. xv., xvi. ii. 9 xi viii. ............................. . xxv.
Syrians. .................. i.3-5 ................... .. vii. 1-9; viii.; xvii. xlix. 23
Tyre ..................... .. i.9 ................... .. xxiii. . ...... •• .. . . .. .. ..... , . •·.... ...... .... .. .... .. ...... ... ...... . . . ... .. .... . ..... .... .. xxvi.-xxviii.
Other nations. ......... . Am- .................... . Arabia, x.xi. 13, etc. ......... ........ ...... Am- Ammon, xli.x.; Philis- ...... Persia., ............ Ammon, xxi. 28;
mon, mon, tia, xlvii.; Arabia, Grecia, xxv.; Philistia,
i.; ii.; Persia, xlix. Rome, do. ; Gog,
Philis- Philis- xi.; the xxxviii.; xxxix.
ti11.,i. tia., ii. four
kingvii.
P&oPUTIC B)-
Qur Lord'• firll i. 17
r.mning.
xl. 1: xiii. 14 vii. 14; ix.; xl.-lxili. ii. 28 v. zxxi. 22; ru. ...... ix. 24-26 ••••••••••••
vii. 13
:n:1iv. 23, etc. ii. 7, ii.10,11; iii.; iv.
9 ·ix. 9; 1-3
xi.12;
xii.10;
vi.;xiii.
.Events eubse- ...... ............................................................... vii.; xii. 1-7
quent, where--
1 {ux.; l ...... { {
i.:~~:~ x=~~4{:)r ::::~~:{vili-1:~'.i. li :~~
l
ii.12 •····· XXX!ii,; 17-21 vi.
10_~
;~:u :~~.:·:: ::::::
XXIV.14,
etc.; ix.;
-m. JV.O ...... i~~ ~":'d iii.ls ...... •.•••.•..... { ; r~:~~J; ~r· 1ii. !i.7-vii. iil.4
i.-v; to and · xxxiv.20,21; 6, viii.-

xxvii.-xxxv. xl.-xlviii. 7 xiv.
Gentiles............. ...... ix. 12 . ..... ...... ...... { Ixvi. vii. ...... vii.-z!I. ............ . ......•..................
See
E~ypt converted ...... . ,;:-~i_: . .... ...... ..... ....

.Assyria •• ........... . ......... .....................
xix. 18-23
xix.~25
I
Moab rest.ored.... . ... .. xlvill. 47
Elam '' ................................................................................................ xlix. 39
40
~
PROPHECIES LITERALLY FULFILLED. '

TBXT. I THE FULFILMENT. TEXT, THE FULFILMENT.
Gen. ix.25, 27. The descendants of Shem and J apheth are "ruling" Nah. i., iii. Ninevah is completely destroyed, and for ages its local•
and "enlarged," but the descendants of Ham are ity was unknown.
still "the servants of servants." Isa. xiii., xiv. Babylon has been swept with "the besom of destruc-
The posterity of Ishmael have "multiplied exceed- tion," is made" a desolation for ever,'''' a possesAion
Gen. xvi. 10, 12. ingly," living like" wild men,"" their hand against for the bittern and pools of water," "a dwelling-
Gen. xvii. 20. every nian," free in "the presence of all their breth- place for dragons, an astonishment and hissing,
ren" and of all their enemies. without an inhabitant."
Gen. xlix. 1O. "The sceptre has departed from Judah." Ezek. xxvi. 4, 5. Tyre has become " like the top of a rock, a place for
The Jews have been "led away into all nations," fishers to spread their nets upon."
"Jerusalem has been trodden down by the Gen- Ezek. xxix. 14, 15. Egypt became " a base kingdom," tributary to str,rn-
Lev. xxvi. 38, 39. tiles," the people have been "plucked from off their gers, and never able to "exalt itself above the
Dent. xxviii. 62, 67. own laud," "removed into all the kingdoms of the nations."
Ezek. v. 10, 15. earth," "scattered among the heathen," "among all Dan. xi. 37, 39. The fourth and last of the four great kingdoms was
Hos. iii. 4. people," "sifted among all nations," have " be- divided into ten kingdoms, and among them has
come a proverb," have found " among these nations arisen a power with a triple crown, "diverse from
no ease, and the sole of their foot had no rest," have the first,"" with a mouth speaking niry great things,"
"been many days without a king and without a "wearing out the saints of the Most High,"" chang-
sacrifice." ing times and laws," ruling" over many and dividing
Num. xxiii. 9. The Jews" dwell alone," and are not "reckoned among the land for gain."
the nations." Luke xxi. 24. The Jews have been led into all nations, and Jeru-
Num. xxiv. 20. "The remembrance of Amalek'' is "utterly put out salem has been trodden down of the Gentiles.
from under heaven." 1 Tim. iv. 1-3. The apostasy here predicted has taken place. The
The Lord has given to the Messiah "the heathen for Roman Church has forbidden the priesthood "to
his inheritance," and the progress of the Gospel is marry," and "commanded to abstain from meats."
Ps. ii. 8. hastening the time when "from the rising of the Rev. ii., iii. The decay of the seven Asiatic churches and their
Mal.i.11. sun, even to the going down of the same, his name fate have been literally foretold.
shall be great among the Gentiles." Rev. xiii.-xvii. The rise, power and fury of the mystical Babylon are
Jer. xlix. 17, etc. The family of Esau has become ext.inct, "cut off for here set forth, and Rome built on seven hills is
Ezek. xxv. 12, etc. ever," so that there is "none remaining of the house pointed out as the seat of this tyranny.
Joel iii.19. of Esau." The "palaces of Bozrah" have been
Amos i. 11, etc. "devoured by fire." Fire was "kindled in Rabbah The Omniscient Lord of all, who seeth the end from
Obad. ·x. 18, etc. and in the palaces thereof," and Ammon was de- the beginning, could alone have foretold these events,
strayed as in "the day of the whirlwind." which have already come to pass.
PROPHECY COMPARED WITH HISTORY.

PROPHECY OF ~·ouR KINGDOMS REPRESENTED BY FOUR BEASTS. CORRESPONDING EVENTS IN THEIR HISTORICAL ORDER.
NO, THE FIRST BEAST.-DAN. vii. 4. NO. ASSYRIAN EM PIRI:.

--
1. A lion, 1. The Babylonian empire;
2. having eagle's wings; 2. Nineveh, etc., added to it-but
3. the wings were plucked; 3. Nineveh was almost destroyed at the fall of Sardanapalus.
4. it was raised from the ground, 4. Yet this empire was again elevated to ~ower,
5. and made to stand on the feet, as a man, 5. and seemed to acquire stability under Tebuchadnezzar,
6. and a man's heart [int_ellect] was given to it. 6. who laid the foundation of its subsequent policy and authority.
--
THE SECOND BEAST.-DA.N. viii. 3, 4. PERSIAN EMPIRE.
--
1. A ram 1. Darius, or the Persian power.
2. which had two horns, 2. Composed of Media and Persia-
3. both high, 3. both considerable provinces,
4. but one higher than the otli.er: 4. Media the most powerful ; yet this most powerful
5. the highest came up last; 5. Median empire, under Dejoces, rose after the other,
6. the ram pushed west, north and south, 6. and extended its conquests, under Cyrus, over Lydia, etc., west;
over Asia, north; over Babylon, etc., south; and,
7. did as he pleased, and became great. 7. ruling over such an extent of country, was a great empire.
THE THIRD BEAST.-DAN. viii. 5-12. GRECIAN EMPIRE.
--
1. A he-goat 1. Alexander, or the Greek power,
2. came from the west, 2. came from Europe (west of Asia)
3. gliding swiftly over tte earth; 3. with unexampled rapidity of success;
4. ran unto the ram in the fury of his powe:, 4. attacked Darius furiously, and
5. emote him, 5. beat him-at the Granicus, Issus, etc.;
6. brake his two horns, 6. conquered Persia, Media, etc.;
7. cast him on the ground, 7. ruined the power of Darius,
8. stamped on him, and 8. insomuch that Darius waa murdered, et.c.
9. waxed very great; 9. Alexander overran Bactriana to India,
10. when he was strong hia great horn was broken, and 10. but died at Babylon in the zenith of his fame and power;
11. instead of it came up four notable ones 11. his dominions were parceled among Seleucus, Antigonus, Ptol-
emy, Cassander (who had been his officers);
12. toward the four winds of heaven; 12. In Babylon, Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece.
13. out of one of them a little horn waxed great 13. Antiochus the Great, succeeded by Antiochus Epiphanes,
14. toward the ijouth and east, 14. conquered Egypt, etc.,
15. which took away the daily sacrifice, cast down the sanctuary, etc. 15. and endeavored utterly to subvert the Jewish polity, polluting
their temple-worship and sacrifices to the utmost of his power.
-I
I THR FOURTH BEAST.-DAN. vii. 7, 8; 19-21. 1-1 ROMAN EMPIRE.
41
THE BOOKS OF THE PROPHETS:
SHOWING THE OCCASION OF EACH PROPHECY, WITH DA TE AND SCRIPTURE REFERENCE.
BEFORE
PROPHECY. AFTER WH..A.T SCRIPTTlRE. PROBABLE OCCASION OR PERIOD IN WHICH THE PROPHECY WAS WRITTEN.
CHRIST.
ISAIAH i. l ..................................... . 2 Chron. xxvi. 21.: ............ . General preface to the prophecies of Isaiah ............................................... . 758
2,toend .......••..•••.•••...•.......•••.•••• 2 Chron. xx viii. 19 ...••.•...... On the desolate state of Judea on Pekah's invasion ................·.................... . 740
ii., iii., iv., v., vi ............................. . 2 Chron. xxv. 21. ..••••••.•..... Designation of Isaiah to the prophetic office ............................................... . 758
vii., viii., ix., x. 1-5........................• 2 Kings xvi. 5 .................. .. On the invasion of Judea by Rezin and Pekah •••.......... , ............................. . 742
5, to end, xi., xii., xiii., xiv. 1-28. Isa. xxiii. 18 ••......•..••........ On the first invasion of Palestine by Sennacherib ......................................•. 715
28, to end ••••..••••.........•...••••..••.•••• 2 Chron. xxviii. 27 .••••..•••••• On the death of Ahaz and the accession of Hezekiah ..................................•. 726
JC.v.,xvi•.•••••....•..•.......•.••••••••••.••••••• 2 Chron. xxxi. 21 .............. . On the approaching invasion of Moab by Shalmaneser .....•........................... 726
xvii •..•..••••..••••.......••••••••..••••.•..•.••• Isa. x. 4 ........................... . Against Damascus on the invasion of Rezin .............................................. .. 742
xviii., xix ...................................... . 2 Kings xviii. 8 ......••.•..•..... On the approaching captivity of the ten tribes, and against Egypt ..•..•...........• 721
xx ... ,.,0,, .••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 Kings xviii. 16 .............. .. On the capture of Ashdod ....................................................................... . 713
xxi .............................................. . Isa. xxii. 14 ..................... . On the appearance of the Medes and Persians in Sennacherib's army............ .. 713
xxii. l-15 ...................................... . Isa. xxvii. 13 .....••.•••.......•.. On the expected appearance of Sennacherib's army ..................................... . 713
15, to end ................................... . 2 Kings xxi. 16 ................. . On the luxury and pride of Shebna.......•••••...••..•............••......•.................•. 698
xxiii. ............................................ . Nah. iii.19 •.....••...•...••.•.... On the exultation of the Tyrians after the retreat of Shalmaneser ................. . 715
xxiv., xxv., xx.vi., xxvii ..•.•.•...••••••..• Isa. xiv. 27 ....................... . On the desolation of Sennacherib's army................................................... . 715
xxviii ..•..••...•••..•.••••...•••........••...•.. 2 Kings xvi. 9 ......•.•••...••••.. To the ten tribes, after the destruction of Damascus ................................... .. 740
xxix., xxx., xxxi. ...•...•..•..•...•...•.•••• Isa. xx. 6 ........................ .. On Hezekiah's alliance with Egypt .....•....•................................................. 713
xxxii., xxxiii., xxxiv., xxxv ......•.....•• 2 Kings xx. 11 ......... ,••••••• On Hezekiah's recovery ......................................................................... . 713
xxxvi., xxxvii. ................................ . 2 Chron. xxix. 2 .••••....•••..... History of Sennacherib's invasion ........................................................... .. 713
xxxviii. 1-9................................... . Isa. xxxvii. 38 ..••••••.......•..• History of Hezekiah's sickness ............ u, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 713
9-21 ················"························ Isa. xxxv. IO •••••••••..•••••••••• Hezekiah's thanksgiving on his recovery.................................................. .. 713
21, 22 ........................................ . Isa. xxxviii. 8 ................... . Recovery of Hezekiah ............................................................................. . 713
xxxix .......................................... .. Isa. xxxviii. 22 ................. . Visit of M erodach Bal ad an .................................................................... . 713
xi., xii., to end of the Book of Isaiah's Written in the latter years of the reign of Hezekiah, while the kingdom enjoyed 710
Prophecies ................................. . 2 Kings xix. 37................. . peace after the destruction of Sennacherib's army. 699
JEREMIAH i., ii., iii. 1-6 •••.••••.••.•••••• 2 Chron. xxxiv. 7 .••••••••...•.• On the designation of Jeremiah to the prophetic office ••................................ 629
6, to end; iv., v., vi..................... . 2 Chron. xxxv. 19....•.••..•.... On the backsliding after the reformation by Josiah ..••..•......•......................... 612
vii., viii., ix., x .............................. . Hab. iii. 19 .••.•••.••....•.•..•...• On the near approach of the captivity..••....•............................................... 612
xi.,xii .......................................... . Jer. x. 25 •••••.....•........•..•..• To remind the people of Josiah's covenant................................................ . 610
xiii., xiv., xv., xvi., xvii., xviii., xix. 2 Kings xxiii. 37 .............. . Appeals to the people before the captivity ..•..•...............•............................. 609
xx .............................................. .. Jer. xix. 15 ••••..•.•.......•......• On Jere31iah's imprisonment by Pashur.................................................... .. 6"09
xxi ............................................... . Jer. xxxvii. 21 ................. .. Jeremiah re·peats his predictione to Zedekiah ............................................. . 588
xxii. 1-24......••.......••...•.••••..•••••••..• Jer. xx. 18 ....................... . On the approaching fate of Shallum and Jehoiakim ••.....•••......................... 609
24, to end ....•.•.••......••.....•..••.••••..• 2 Kings xxiv. 9 .•................ On the approaching captivity of Jehoiakim •••.•.•.•••••...••.•............................ 599
xxiii ........................................... .. Jer. xxii. 30 ..•••...•...•....•.... On the overthrow of the tempornl kingdom of the Jews ............................... , 599
xxiv. ········•····--···-- .. --· ... -- ... -- ......... . Jer. Iii. 3 .•...•...............•••... On Jcboiachin being carried to Babylon .................................................... . 599
xxv .............................................. . Jer. xxxv.19 •.......•.•.....•..•. On the immediate approach of Nebuchadnezzar's army ................................: 606
xxvi ............................................ . Jer. xxii. 23 ...................... . Apprehension of Jeremiah ...................................................................... . 608
xxvii., xxviii ................................ . Jer.xxxi. 40 .................... . On the approaching ruin of Zedekiah and of the surrounding nations ........... .. 595
xxix ........................................... . Jer. xxiv. 10 •....••.......•••..... Letter from Jeremiah to the captives at Babylon ..•..•.•.•..•..••.....•................... 597
xxx., xxxi ..................................... . Jer. xxix. 32 ...••.....•.........• Prediction of the restoration of the Jews ...... ,. .......................................... . 597
xxxii., xxxiii ................................. . Jer. xxxiv. 10 ................... . Imprisonment of Jeremiah, and purchase of the field of HananecJ ................ .. 589
xxxiv. l-11 .•.•.•..........•........••.•.•...•• J er. xxxvii. 4................... .. On the commencement of the siege of Jerusalem ........................................ .. 590
11, to end ................................... . Jer. ::rxxvii. 10.................. . On the recall of the Hebrew slaves to their former servitude ......................... . 589
xxxv ............................................ . Jer. xlvi. 12 ...................... . On the Rechabites taking refuge in Jerusalem ........................................... . 606
xxxvi. l-9 ..................................... . J er. xxv. 38...............••..••.. First reading of the roll by Baruch ........................................................... . 606
9, to end ................................... .. 2 Kings xxiv. 4 .•.•••.•••.•••.•• Second reading of the roll by Baruch ........................................................ . 605
xx.xvii. 1-5 ................................... . Jer. xxxix. 1 .................... . Zedekiah sends for Jeremiah •.••••.......•.•....••...••••...••....•............................. 590
5 ................................................ J er. xxxiii. 26 ..•.•..............• Part of the narrative of the siege of Jerusalem .••••..•........•.......................••. 589
xxxvii. 6-11 .................................. . Jer. xlvii. 7............. .......... . Prediction of the return of Pharaoh's army .••••••••••••••....•............................ 589
11, to end .......................•.••.••.•.•.• Jer. xxxiv. 22 ..•..........•....••• Jeremiah attempts to escape from Jerusalem ........................................ , ..... . 588
xxxviii ......................................... . Jer. xxi. 14 ....................... . Jeremiah is committed to the dungeon of Malchiah •................................... 588
xxxix. l ........................................ . 2 Kings xxv. 2 ............•.....• Commencement of the siege of Jerusalem ................................................. .. 590
2 ............................................... . Jer. Iii. 4 •••••••••.•..•.•...•.•••••• Capture of Jerusalem .•....••......•••• •-······••···•·•·· ••...•................................... 588
3 •••••••••..•..•••••••....••.•.••• ·••·· ••••••••• Jer. Iii. 6 •.•.•............•........• Part of the history of the capture of Jerusalem ••..••....•.............................. 588
4--10 ......•.•........•..... ······ .•...•.....• Jer. xxxix. 2 .................... . Flight of Zedekiah ............................................................................... . 588
10 ···················"······"················ Jer. lii. 16 ........................ . Account of those who were left in Judea by Nebuzar-adan .....•...............•...... 588
xxxix.11-15 ...•..............................• Jer. Iii. 11. ....................... . Jeremiah committed to the care of Nebuzar-adan ...................................... .. 588
15, to end ................................... . Jer. xxxviii. 28 ................ . The promise to Ebed-melech .................................................................... . 588
xi. 1-13 ........................................ . 2 Kings xxv. 22 ................ . Conduct of Jeremiah after his capture by Nebuzar-adan .............................. . 588
13, to end; xii. 1-11 ••...•.......••.....• Jer. xl. 12 ........................ . Conspiracy of Ishmael against Gedaliah .••...•••..••...•••••••.............................. 588
xli~~: ~i~~t;;::::::::. :::::::::·.:.::::::::::::
8, to end ...••.•.......•.•••..•.•••••••..•.•.
Jer. xii. IO •••••••..•••••••••.•••••
Jer. xii. 18 ..••......•.............
Jer. xliii. 7 ....................... .
Johanan rescues the ca,ptives from Ishmael ................................................ .
Jeremiah reproves Johannn .................................................................... .
On the arrival of Jeremiah in Egypt ........................................................ .
581
587
587
xliv . ............................................ . Jer. xlvi. 28 ...................... . Predictions of Jeremiah at Tahpanhes •••.••.. , •..•.......•...•............................. 587
xiv............................................... .
xlvi. 1-13 ......•.•....................•.....••
Jer. xxxviii. s.:................ . Address to Baruch on reading the roll ••....•....•............................................ 606
Jer. xxvi. 24 .................... . On the defeat of Pharaoh Necho at Carchemish .......................................... . 606
x1!f{. ~..~~.~:: :::: ::::::::::::::: :::::: ::::::::: J er. xliii. 13 ..............•......•
Jer. xxxvii. 5 ................... ..
On the arrival of Jeremiah in Egypt. ..............••...••.••.................. , ............ .
Before the conquest of Gaza by Pharaoh ................................................... .
587
589
xlviii.,xlix .................................... . Jer. xxviii.17 ................... . On the ruin of the surrounding nations by N ebuchadnezznr.......................... . 595
1., Ii. ............................................ . Jer. xlix. 30 ..................... . On Seraiah's going to Babylon ....•.•••..... , ........•..........•...•........................... 595
Iii. 1-4 ········· ......•.......................... 2 Chron. xxvi. JO ••..••••.•••••• Part of the life of Zedekiah .•.•...•.•...•...................••................................•. 599
4................................................ 2 Kings xxiv, 20 .........•....••• Nebuchadnezzar commences the siege of Jerusalem .................................... .. 588
5, 6 ..••..••...................•................ Jer. xxxix. 18 .................. . Part of the history of the siege of Jerusalem ••....•........•......•.•..................... 588
7-12 ......••...................•............... J er. xx xix. 3 .................... . Part of the history of the siege of Jerusalem ..•....••........•......••.................... 588
12-15 ......................................... . Jer. Iii. 27 •.•.•..•....•...•..••... Burning of the temple of Jerusalem ......................................................... . 588
15, 16 ................................ ····•··••· Jer. Iii. 23 ........................ . Account of those who were left in Judea. by Nebuchadnezzar ....................... .. 588
17-24 •••••··•• ···················"·· ·•······· Jer. Iii. 14 ........................ . Account of the Jewish spoils ................................................................... . 588
24--28 ................................ ······••• Jer. xxxix. 14 ........... ........ . Murder of the chief-priests after the capture of Jerusalem ..............•....••••••••• 588
28-31 Jer. xliv. 30 ..................... . Recapitulation or the captivities .............................................................. . 587
31, to •••·····•·•·•••··••·•···•·•••·••·•••··•••
end.................................... Dan. it-. 37 ....................... . Release of Jehoiachin ....................................................................... ·•··•• 561
LAMENTATIONS ............. :............. 2 Kings xxv. 21 ................. Jeremiah laments the desolation of Judea. ................................................... 588
42
,---
THE BOOKS OF THE PROPHETS:

SHOWING THE OCCASION OF EACH PROPHECY, WITH DATE AND SCRIPTURE REFERENCE.
(CONCLUDED FROM PRECEDING PAGE.)
BEFORE
AFTER WHAT SCRIPTURE, PROBABLE OCCASION OR PERIOD IN WHICH THE PROPHECY WAS WltITTEN,
PROPHECY. CHRIST,
Dan. i. 20 ...•..•...•....•.•........ Commission of Ezekiel. ........................................................................ .. 595

EZEKIEL i., ii., iii. 1-2?····::··········"···
22, to end, iv., v., v1., v11 •••••••••.••••• Ezek. iii. 21.. .................... . Prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem .............................................. . 595
viii. ix., x., xi.1-22 ......•.•.........• •··:·· Ezek. vii. 27 ..................... . On the idolatries which occasioned the Babylonisb captivity .......................... . 594
22, to end, xii., xiii., xiv., xv., xvi., On the approaching ruin of Zedekiah and the surrounding nations ................. . 594
~;:!·;~~:i~~ri:~ ;~111::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::
xxiv ............................................ .
Ezek. xi. 21.. ....................•
Ezek. xix. 14 .................... .
Ezek. xx iii. 49 ......• : .......... .
On Ezekiel's being consulted by the Jewish elders ..•...•.................................
On the commencement of the siege of Jerusalem ........................................ ..
593
591
xxv., xxvi., xxvii., xxviii ................. . Ezek. xxxiii. 33 .......••......... On bearing of the capture of the city ........................................................ . 587
,i:xix. 1-17..................................... . Ezek. xxiv. 27 ................••• On Pharaoh's retreat before Nebuchadnezzar .............................................. . 589
Ezek. xlviii. 35 ................. . After the siege of Tyre-Final prediction against Egypt ...•.•....................... ., b72
17, to end xxx., 1-~0 .....•..•• •···········
xxx. 20, to end, xxx1 ••••••••••• •····· ·• •••• Ezek. xxix. 16................... . On Pharaoh's retreat before Nebuchadnezzar .............................................. . 588
xxxii., 1-17, 17, to end .................... . Ezek. xx viii. 26 ................. . Op bearing of the fall of Jerusalem-Against Egypt ................................... . 587
Ezek. xxxii. 22 .................• To the captives in Babylon .............•.•.......•..••.•.••.•...............•.................... 587
xxxiii., 1-21 •••••••• •········ .. •······ •······ •• 587
Jer. Iii. 30 •.•....•.•.............. On bearing of the fall of Jerusalem ......••....•••.•...•.....••.•.•.••...•...................
21, to end ..... ••····:······•···::···•········ Appeal to the beads of the Jewish nation, after the fall of Jerusalem .............. . 587
:xxxiv., xxxv., xxxv1., xxxvn ........•.••• J er. xxxiii. 20 ................... .
xxxviii., xxxix ................... ····•• •····· Ezek. xxxvii. 28 ..•....•.•......• Prophecy of Gog and Magog ................................................................... . 587
xi., xli., xiii., xliii., x1iv., xiv., xlvi.,
xlvii.,xlviii ................................ . Ezek. xx xix. 29 ................. . Vision of the future spiritual temple ....................................................... . 574
DANIEL i. 1-8 ....•....•..••..••••.•..••.•....•• 2 Cbron. xxxvi. 7 .............. . Capture of Daniel by Nebuchadnezzar ......•.••.••......................................... 606
8, to end ................................... .. Lam. v. 22 .••.•...•............... Condition of Daniel at Babylon .........................................•..................... 606
ii ................................................ . Ezek. xxx. 19.................... , N ebucbadnezzar's first dream .•.................................................................. 570
iii ................................................ . Dan. ii. 49 ....................... . The golden image set up ...•...••.........................................•...................... 570
iv. 1-28 .•.•.•.......•.•.•.•.•....•......... •····· Dan. iii. 30 ....................... . Nebuchadnezzar's second dream .............................................................. . 569
28, to end .••......•...•.••••...•...••....•... Dan. iv. 27 ...................... .. Madness of Nebuchadnezzar ................•.......•..........................................•. 569
v ................................................. . Ps. cxxiii. ........................ . Belshazzar's feast ................................................................................. .. 539
vi ............................................. .. Ps. cii ............................. . Daniel is cast into the den of lions....................... .. ............................... . 537
vii ................................................ . 2 Kings xxv. 30................ . Daniel's vision of the four Jiving creatures ................................................ .. 541
viii ............................................. .. Dan. v. 31 •.•.••••••.•............• Daniel's vision of the ram and the he-goat ................................................ . 539
ix ............................................... .. Dan. viii. 27 •••...•........•...... Prophecy of the sevent.v weeks: ................................................................ . 538
x.,xi.,xii ...................................... . Ps. cxxix ......................... . On the interruption to the building of the second temple .............................. . .534
HO BEA i., ii., iii ................................ . 2 Kings xiv. 27 ................ .. On the distress of Israel in the reign of Jeroboam II ................................... . 801
iv ................................................ . 2 Kings xiv. 29 .....•••.......... On the state of the country during the interregnum after the death of Jeroboam II. 776
v., vi ............................................ . 2 Cbron. xxviii. 25 .............• On Abaz's alliance with Tiglatb-pileser .•........•........................................... 739
vii., viii., ix., x., xi., xii., xiii .••......... 2 Kings xvii. 4. ................. . On the revolt of Hosbea from Assyria .•..•..•..••..•..........•...•.....•.................... 725
JOEL i., ii., iii .................................... 2 Cbron. xxvi.15....... ......... On Uzziah's increasing bis army .............................................................. . 787
AM.OS ii., iii., i~:, ':·, vi., vii. 1-10.......... Hos. iii. 5................. ......... In the reign of Jeroboam II ................................................................... .. 793
10, to end, vm., 1x........................... 2 Kings xiv. 28......... ......... On being accused of a conspiracy against Jeroboam II ....•...••....................... 784
OBADIAH......................... ......... ...... 2 Cbron. xx viii. 19.. .•.... ...... Against Edom, on their assisting Pekab .................................................... . '1'40
JONAH i., ii., iii., iv........................... Amos vii. 9........................ Soon after the accomplishment of Jonah's first prophecy, 2 Kings xiv. 25 ........ . 787
MICAH i., ii...................................... 2 King• xv. 35.......... ....•.... On the continuance of idolatry in the reign of Jotbam ................................. . 753
iii., iv., v., vi., vii............................ Isa. xvi. 14................... .•.• Written to support the reformation by Hezekiah ........................................ .. 722
NAHUM i., ii., iii............................... Isa. xix. 25.................. ...••. Against Nineveh, immediately after the captivity of the ten tribes ................. . 720
HABAKKUK i., ii., iii•.•••....•.•.••••..•••• , Jer. vi. 30.............. •••••••••••. On the backsliding after the reformation by Josiah ••••••••••................•...•.....••• 612
ZEPHANIAH i., ii., iii....................... 1 Cbron. xxxiv. 32.............. To assist the reformation by Josiah ........................................................... . 624
HAGGAI i. 1-12................................. Ezra v .................. ...... ...... On re•umi~g the building of the secopd temple .....•......•.................•.........•... 520
12, to end, ii. 1-10......... ....• •....... Ezra v. 2........................... To encourage the builders of the •econd temple .......................................... . 520
10, to end •.•• ,............................... Zeeb. i. 6.......... •....... ......... Address to the builders of the second temple .............................................. . 520
ZECHARIAH i.1-7 .•••.•••••••......•••....•. Hag. ii. 9 ......•..................• Exhortation to repentance ....................................................................... . 520
lx.,
::.gdx~~!fi1·::::.::::::::::::::::::
vii:; !~i~~-~: .~:·:..:i_~·:. ~~:'..::: .~!::::: ·:.·. ~:::::
x., xi., xii., xiii., xiv ................... 1 Ezra x. 44 ........................ .
Address to the builders uf the second temple .............................................. .
To the rnei;isengers from Babylon ............................................................. .
Probably about the time of Ezra's reformation ..• ,. ........................................ .
520
519
457
MALACHI i.,ii., iii. 1-16 .................... Ps. cxix ..•....•.•.................. On the corruption introduced after the reformation by Nehemiah .................. .. 433
16, to end, iv••••...•••••......•.........••• INeb. xiii. 31. ................... . After the completion of the reformation by Nehemiah ••••................•.........•.... I 400
NQTE.-The above Table states after what Scripture the different portions of the prophetic books are to be read in tb·e order of time. but it doe, not necessarily
imp}y the.t there is any connection of subject between the Scripture and the prophecy; as, for instance, Mal. i., ii., iii. 1-16, following Psalm cxix. Often, however,
there is an important connection: for instance, 2 Kings xvi. 5, with Isa. vii.-x. 1-5, pre5ents us with an astonishing view of the Iong-s,Jffering of God to one of the
most wicked of men: the prophet Isaiah, for the consolation of Abaz, was aent not only to assure him of immediate safety, but to announce to him one of the
most aplendid prophecies in the Old Testament respecting the promised Messiah (Isa. vii. 14; ix. 6, etc.).
In ,tudying prophecies, as in parables, we are chiefly to consider their scope and design, without attempting to find too minute or exact an explanation of
the poetical symbols or images in which the Sacred Books abound; many of these are simply used as adornments of style--tbe sky and trees in the background
to fill in and beautify the picture •
. Many of the Old Testament prophecies have a twofold application: first, direotly to the temporal punishments and blessing• of the Jews; and secondly, less
directly, yet clearly and unequivocally, to the Messiah and His kingdom. In fact, almost all the prophecies in the Old Testament, whatever th•ir direct significance
and object, are to be referred to the Gospel, where alone we can find their full completion. We must not, however, look for a my~tical or typical meaning in every
1
prophecy; a.s a rule, when the direct meaning is plain and complete in sense and application, or when history shows an entire fulfilment, it is scarcely needful or
expedient to depart from it or to be over-curious to look beyond.
In the reckoning of time, in prophetical language, a. day denotes a year, e.nd often things yet future are, to indicate their certainty, •poken of a.s though past.
When the prophet! speak of the last ilay• or the latter day,, they always refer to the Messianic era, and so also, generally, when they use the expression that day.
43
THE· FULFIL~iENT OF PROPHECY.
THE MESSIAH AND THE ESTABLTSHMENT AND DIFFUSION OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION.
AMONG the particulars foretold respecting the promised MESSIAH were, and ascension, abundantly testifies, as will be seen by turning to the refer-
the time when he was to appear (Dan. ix. 25, etc.); the nation, tribe and ences here quoted and to others similar in character.
family from which he was to descend, and the place of his birth (Isa. xi. l; The prophecies further present to us the character of the GOSPEL as well
Jer. xxiii. 5, 6; Mic. v. 2, etc.); his divine as well as his human nature as of its Author. They explicitly foretell a future and perfect revelation
(Isa. vii. 14; ix. 6, 7, etc.); the poverty and meanness of his external con- of the Divine will (Isa. xi. 9; xi. 5; Jer. xxxi. 31-34, etc.); and the pro-
dition (Isa. xlix. 7; Iii. 14; liii. 2, etc.); and the unparalleled excellence mulgation of the gospel and the conversion of the Gentiles to a religion
and dignity of bis personal character, combining wisdom and knowledge, proceeding from Judea (Isa. ii. 2--4; xlii.1-7; xlix. 6; Ix. l-3, etc.)-a
purity, righteousness and invincible courage with meekness, kindness, com- place and a people which might seem the most unlikely to have been the
passion and humility, more than human forbearance, unfaltering trust in instruments of communicating such a gift to the world. For separated as
God and complete resignation to his will (Isa. xi. 2-5; xl. 10, 11; xliii. 2, the Jews were from the rest of mankind by their civil institutions, their
3; I. 5-7 ; Dan. ix. 26, etc.). The prophecies are also as minutely descrip- peculi::ir prejudices and the feeling of contempt with which they were re-
tive of his work and sufferings. They set forth the greatness and the be- garded by other nations, they appeared, especially in their broken and
nignity of his miracles and the gracious character of his ministry (Isa. xxv. humbled state, the last people from whom a universal religion could be
6; liii. 4; !xi. 1, etc.); they foretell his rejection by his countrymen and expected to arise. Yet the history of the establishment of Christianity as
his judicial condemnation; they describe him as "bearing the sins of a known, unquestionable fact contains the fulfilment of all these prophecies
many;' "healing by his stripes;" "giving his soul an offering for sin;" which were recorded so many ages before. And though we see not yet that
and "making intercession for transg!essors" (Isa. Iii. 13-15; !iii.; Zech. universal reception of the gospel, and that prevalence of Christianity over
xiii. 7; xii. 10, etc.). To all this they add the most glowing descriptions the whole earth, which these great promises reveal, it is to be remembered,
of his subsequent exaltation and glory, and hie succesil in his great enter- that what has been accomplished is in itself a sure pledge of a more perfect
prise as the consequence and reward of his sufferings (Isa. ix. 6, 7; Iii. consummation, and the present state of the world in many of its relations
13-15; liii. 10-12, etc.). That all these predictions were fulfilled in our encourages the hope, as it affords the opportunity and the means, by the
Lord Jesus Christ, the whole history of his life and death, his resurrection power and grace of God's Holy Spirit, of such universal diffusion.
THE JEWS AND THE LAND OF JUDEA.

While promises were given to the chosen people that prosperity and 3. Another prediction respecting this nation was that while the kingdom
happiness should attend their obedience, they were threatened, if disobe- -the body politic-was to be destroyed, and the people werl! to be "sifted"
dient, with punishments proportioned to their sins. The first predictions through the nations, yet the seed so sifted was not to perish (Jer. xlvi. 28;
upon this subject were delivered by Moses more than 3200 years ago (Lev. Amos ix. 8, 9). And how remarkable is the history of the Jews, made up
xxvi. 36-39, 44; Deut. iv. 27; xxviii. 20-68), and the writings of suc- of these opposite particulars, d,estruction and preservation, scattering and
ceeding prophets abound with similar declarations. These predictions con- safekeeping, combined I They have not been utterly destroyed, though "a
tain several remarkable peculiarities out of the usual course of human affairs. full end has been made of their enemies." Though oppressed and van-
1. It was repeatedly foretold that they should be 8cattered and removed quished, banished and spoiled, they have survived the mightiest mon-
into the utmost parts of the earth (Jer. xv. 4; Ezek.xiii.10-16; Hosea ix. archies, and now overspread the world.
17, etc.). And all the records of history attest that dispersion has been the It is worthy of notice, with reference to the present condition of this
fate of the Jewish people in a manner and degree in which it has never be- people, that whilst an obstinate attachment to the name and memory of
fallen any other race. The first infliction of this national calamity was by their law is the proximate visible cause which cements and perpetuates
the Assyrian power, when the ten tribes were swept into captivity. The their scattered race, their rejection of Christianity, when it was offered to
second great infliction of it befel the surviving kingdom of Judah at the time them, is imputed in the Christian Scriptures to their corruption and viola-
of the Babylonian conquest, and after the days of the Messiah, followed tion of the moral law, and their culp,.ble blindness as to the sense of the
the catastrophe effected by the Roman arms, which extended and aggra- prophecies (Acts vii.; xxviii. 25-28; Rom. ix.-xi.; 2 Cor. iii.14-18, etc.),
vated the calamity of dispersion beyond auy former example. and these appear still to be the hindrances to their reception of the gospel.
Not only in the extent and manner of their dispersion, bt\I in its con- Many prophecies of more propitious import concerning the Jews, that
tinuance, the case of the Jews is without a parallel. To this day their own yet remain to be accomplished, are reserved for testimonies to future gen-
country is lying waste and desolate, whilst they, its proper owners, are to erations, if not to the present (Deut. xxx. 3-5; Isa. xi. 11, 12; Jer. xxxi.,
be seen everywhere, living in the heart of cities and taking a part among xxxiii.; Ezek. xxxvi., xxxvii.; Amos ix. 13-15, etc.). And it is a very
the busiest traffickers in the great markets of the world ; present in all observable circumstance that, throughout all the changes which have oc-
countries, but with a home in none; closely incorporated among them- curred among the kingdoms of the earth during so many centuries, nothing
selves, yet universally dispersed, intermixed, and yet separated; neither has happened to render the accomplishment of these prophecies impossible,
amalgamated nor lost. What race has suffered so much and yet endured but that, on the contrary, the state of the Jewish people, as well as of Chris-
so long? What nation has subsisted as a distinct people in their<nun,country tian and heathen nations at this day, is such as to render them easily cap-
so long as the Jews have done in their dispe,·Bion in all countries! able of receiving a complete fulfilment. And when these predictions of their
2. It was further foretold of them that they should become "an aston- conversion to Christ shall be accomplished, the whole taken together will
ishment, a proverb and a by-word among all the nations whither the Lord be indeed a ~ign and wonder to all nations, and a prelude to the universal
should lead them" (Deut. xxviii. 37; Jer. xxiv. 9, 10; xxix.18,etc.). Here triumph of true Christianity.
a circumstance apparently dependent upon the capricious judgment of men Another large class of prophecies (intimately connected with those last
was made the subject of a sp2cific prediction. But is it not one of the most mentioned) concerning the LAND OF JUDEA has received an equally
observable things, among all which this outcast people has been made to striking fulfilment. The particular features of the future desolation, as
endure, that oyer and above spoliation of property, civil disfranchisement foretold by the prophets, exactly aocord with the descriptions of modem
and severe persecutions under the name of law, their cup of suffering has travelers. The country has been "overthrown by strangers," is "laid
had that last ingredient largely infused-that they have been marked out waste," and is "utterly spoiled;" has become as a "desolate wilderness f'
for the scorn and contempt of the world? "few men are left," and "the mirth of the land is gone." j
44
MIRACLES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
THE MIRACLE. THE OBJECT OR OCCASION. THE PLACE. THE TEXT.
The Multiplication of .Languages .. :·························· To Defeat Wrong Ambition •.........•••..••.•..•••...........• Babel ....•......•..•...•...... Gen. xi. 7-9.
Certain Sodomites Smitten with Bhndness ......•••••....•• To Punish them for Murderous Intent ......•.............. Sodom ....................... . xix. II.
Destruction of Sodo_m and ~omorrah ....................... . As Punishment for their Great Wickedness ........ ; .... .. Sodom and Gomorrah .. . xix. 24, 25.
Lot'• Wife Turned mto a Pillar of Salt. .......•.•.......... As Punishment for Disobedience in Looking Back ..... . On the road from Sodom xix. 26.
The Burning Bush-not Consumed .......................... . The Call of Moses ......•.•.•....•..••...........................• Horeb ....................... . Ex. iii. 2.
Moses' Rod Transformed into a Serpent .............•.....• To Confirm his Faith ...•.......•............••.................. Horeb ••....••....•........... iv. 2-5.
Mose~' Hand made Leprou~ and Healed ..•..•.............. To Confirm his Faith ...••..............•.........•....•......•.• Horeb •.••••....••••.•........ iv. 6, 7.
Aaron's Rod Transformed into a. Serpent•.................. To Convince Pharaoh of his and l\ioses' Divine Mission Egypt ....................... . vii. 10-12.
The Ten Plagues ...... •·····•···••···•••••·•:··········•:••··•····• To Compel Pharaoh to let the Israelites Go Forth ..... . Egypt ......•....•............ vii.-xii.
The Pillar of Cloud by Day and of Fire by Night.. ...• To Baffle the Egyptians and Guide the Israelites ...... . Near Egypt ................ . xiii. 20, 21.
The Red Sea Divided, and Returned to its Channel.. ... To make a Road for the Israelites, and Drown the
Egyptians ......•...........•••...............•.............•.... Near Egypt .•............... xiv. 21, 22.
The Waters of Marah made Sweet ..•.••....•...•.....•....•• To Supply Drinking Water for the Israelites .........•.• Marah •........••.............. xiv. 24, 25.
Quails and Manna Sent ....•••••.....•...••••••.•...............• To "Supply the Israelites with Food ....•..........•..•.....•• The Wilderness ........... . xvi. 13-35.
Water brought from the Rock •..••••••.•..•.....••.........•.• To Supply the Israelites with Water ......••.••.....•.....•• Horeb and Meri bah ..... . xvii. 5-7; Num. xx.
8-12.
Victory over the Amalekites .•.....••...•....••...............•. Rephidim ...••.......•....•• xvii. 8-16.
Aaron's Rod Buds, Blossoms and Bears Almonds ....... . To Convince the Israelites of his Authority ............•. Kadesh ••••..................• N11m. xvii. 1-8.
Korab and his party Destroyed .....•...••.........•••.....•..• As Punishment for their Rebellion .......••••••...•.•....•..• xvi. 31-35.
Plague Sent and Stayed .............•.•......•................... To Rebuke their Murmurings ................•.•..•••••.•.•••• 41-50.
Fiery Serpents Sent and some of those Bitten Cured ... To Rebuke their Murmurings ................................ . Desert of Zin .......•.....•. xxi. 7-9.
To Rebuke him for Going to Balak .........•.....•..••••••• Pethor ......•.•.••.........•..
Ba.laam's Ass Speaks .••.•••••••.••.•••••• ,.,o, .•••..••••••••.••• xxii. 28-31.
Aaron's Sons Consumed with Fire from Heaven ........• For Offering Strange Fire .•......................•.••••••....•. Sinai ......................... . Lev. x. 1, 2.
Miriam's Leprosy Cured ........................................ . In answer to Moses' Prayer.......... , ....................... .. Hazeroth ••••••.••..•........ Num. xii. 10-15.
The Jordan Divided ......••.............................••.•••••..To Open Passage for Israelites and for Elijah and Josh. iii. 14-17; 2 Kings
Elisha ................................................•........•... River Jordan •.•.••••.••.. , . ii. 8, 14.
The Walls of Jericho Fall ...........................•........•.. To Aid the Israelites in its Capture .......................•• Jericho •.......••.•..•.....••. vi. 6-21.
The Sun and Moon Stand Still ................•..••.•........•. To Lengthen tho Day for the Israelites .................. . Gibeon .•••••.••.•••.•••.•.•••• x. 12, 13.
Samson receives Water from En-hakkore...•..•.....•...... To Slake his Thirst ...•..•...........•......•..................... Lehi ...•••.•.•••.••.••...•...•• Jndg. xv. 19.
Sacrifices Consumed by Fire from Heaven ..•.........•.•••• To Attest Divine Authority.•......•.......••.....••.••...•••• Several places ..••......••.. Lev. ix. 24; Jndg.vi.21;
Judg. xiii.19,20; 1 Ki.
xviii. 38; 2 Chr. vii. 1,
Dagon and many Philistines Fall before the Ark......... To Compel the Philistines to return it to its Rightful
Keepers.......................................................... Ashdod ...... .•••...••....•.• 1 Sam. v.
Beth-Shemeohites Smitten ...................................... . To Punish Irrevereuce .•••••••• ..••••••• •••.•.•.• ••••••••• .••••• Beth-Shemesh ••.••...•.•.. vi. 19.
Thunder and Rain in Harvest-time, in answer to
Samuel's Prayer •··•••·•• ...................................... . To Inspire Reverence ........................................... Gilgal ....................... . xii. 18.
Uzzah Struck Dead ..•.•••..••••..••••...••........•...•...••...•.•. To Punish Presumption ........................................ . Perez-U zzah •....••••....•• 2 Sam. vi. 7.
Jeroboam's Hand Withered ...•••..........••..•........••.•..•. To Punish his Defiance of God's Messenger ............. . Beth-el.. ..••••••.••........... I Kings xiii. 4, 6.
The Widow's Meal and Oil Multiplied .•.•.••••.......•.•.••• To Provide her and her Son and the Prophet with Food Zarephath ••••••••••..•..... 1 Kings xvii. 10--16,
Ahaziah's Captains and their Fifties Consumed•...•.•••• To Rebuke Ahaziah's Defiance of God's Prophet .......• Near Samaria.............. . 2 Kings i. 9-12.
The Chariot of Fire takes Elijah to Heaven •............•. To Show God's Especial Regard for him .•....••••••...... Near the Jordan ..•........ ii. u.
The Waters of Jericho made fit to Drink ••••.••.•••.•••.•• In Answer to the Prayer of the People ..•..•.............• Jericho ...••••.......•.•...... ii. 19-22.
Water provided for a Large Army .••••• •·····•·•····•••···•• ................................................ ·-···----·······----···
Moab ....•..•....•............. iii. 11>-20.
The Widow's Oil Multiplied ....•.•••••.•.••.•...•.•••••.•..•••• To Afford Means to Pay her Debts ......•..•.•.••...•.....• iv.1-7.
The Shunammite's Son Raised •....•.•.•....•••... , .••••..•..•. As a Reward for her Regard for the Prophet. •..•.... :.. Shunam ••................... iT. 32-36.
Poisonous Pottage Cured •.••••••••••.•••.••••••••.••••••••.••••• To Supply Food for the Sons of the Prophets ........•... Gilgal ••.•.•••.......•........ iv. 40, 41.
One Hundred Men fed with Twenty Loaves .....•••...... The Same Purpose as the last ......•••......•.•.......•...... Gilgal •••••••••.•............ iv. 42-44.
Naa.man's Leprosy Cured ..................................... .. Because of his Faith ............................................ . River Jordan .•.......•..•.. v. 10-14.
Gehazi made Leprous ............................................ . As Punishment .......•......................•.•..•....•.•........• Samaria .................... . v. 24-27.
Axe-bead caused to Float ...................................... . ........................................................................
Jordan .•.......•............ vi. 6•
A Syrian Band Smitten with Blindne,s ..................••• To Rescue the Prophet ....................... .....•.. : ........ . Dothan ..................... . vi. 19.
The Syrian Army put to Flight.. ...........................••• To Deliver Samaria from Siege ............................. .. Samaria .................... . vii. 6, 7.
The Dead Man Revived by Contact with Elisha's Remains ......................................................................... xiii. 20, 21.
s~nnacherib's Army Dest;:-oyed ............................... . To Deliver Jerusalem, in answer to Hezekiah's Prayer Jerusalem .................. . xix. 35.
The Sun made to Go Back ..............•.......•..............• As a Proof of what the Prophet had Said................• Jerusalem .................. . xx. 9-11.
Uzziah made Leprous ........................................... .. To Punish him for Usurping the Priests' Functions ... Jerusalem .................. . 2 Chron. xxvi. 19-21.
Sa.ved in the Fiery Furnace .................................. .. To Attest God's Power and Providence •••••••••..•....... Babylon ......••..••..•..•...• Dan. iii. 19-27.
Daniel Saved from Lions ................................•....... The Same Object ................•.........•••••.••••.•............ Babylon .•....••............•• vi. li>-23.
Jonah in Whale's Belly ........•.....•..................••....... To Punish his Attempt to Escape Duty .•...•.............. Mediterranean ........... .. Jon. i. 17.
Jonah Delivered •..••••••..............•........................... In Answer to his Repentant Prayer...•••••.. ········-····· Mediterranean ............ . ii.
PARABLES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.

BT WHOM SPOK:EN. THE PARABLE, WHERE SPOKEN. TEXT,
BAL.UM .•....•........................................................ Concerning the Moabites and Israelite~ ................... . Mount Pisgah ....•..•...... Num. xxiii. 24.
JOTHAH .............................................................. . Trees ma.king & King ........................................... . Mount Gerizim ........... . Judg. ix. 7-15.
SA>,SON •·••••••••••••••••········· ········•·················•·•• ···•·
Strong bringing forth Sweetness .................•••••••.••• Timnath ••......•.....•...... xiv. 14.
NATHAN ............................................................. . Poor Man's Ewe Lamb •...............................•...•.•..• Jerusalem .................. . 2 Sam. xii. 1-4.
WOMAN 011' Ti:KOAH ............................................... . Two Brothers Striving .....................•••.....••.•.....•.• Jerusalem .................. . xiv. I.
TaE SMITTEN PROPHET ......................................... . The Escaped Prisoner ...............................•.•......•.• Near Samaria............. .. 1 Kings xx. 36-40,
JEHOASH, KING OF ISRAEL .......... , ......................... . The Thistle and Cedar ......................................... . Jerusalem ................. .. 2 Kings xiv. 9.
DAVID ••••••••••••••• ·••••••••••••••·•·••••• ••••• ·•••••••••••••••·•••· Israel Compared to a Vine .••....•............................. ,Jerusalem ................. . Ps. lxxx. 8-16,
ISAIAH·······-·································· .................... . Vineyard yielding Wild Grapes ....................... . Jerusalem .................. . Isa. v. 1-6.
EZEKIEL ........................................................... .. The Vine Tree ...............•••...............................•.• Jerusalem .................. . Ezek.xv.
EZEKIEL ............................... ··•··· ...................... . The Great Eagles and the Vine .....................••....•.• Babylon ••••••...•.....•.....• xvii. 3-10.
Babylon •.•..••.............•.
EZEKIEL ........................................................... ..
EZEKIEL····························································· ~~oen~ !fe~P-t;"~~::.::·.:·::::::::::::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: ::::::::: Babylon ....•.•••.............
xix. 2-9.
xix. 10-14.
EZEKIEL•••••• .•••••••.••••••••••••..••••.•••••..•••••.•••••••••••••• The Boiling Pot ....................................•..•..•••...... Babylon ..•.•.•....•.••...... xxiv. 3-5.
H40G.U .....................•.....••••.•....•.......•.......•.....•... Holy Flesh .....•...................•..........•..•..••...•....•••. Jerusalem .................. .. Hag, ii. 11-14.
45
7
THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT,

WITH THE AUTHORSHIP AND DATE WHEN WRITTEN.
WHEN WHEN
WRITTEN, THE FIVE BOOKS OF MOSES; CALLED THE PENTATEUCH. WRITTEN.
B.C. B.C.
1491 Besides the history of the Creation and of the world to the call of in the Deliverance of Israel and their going out from Egypt (hence 1491
to ABRAM, and of the Israelites from that time to the death of MosES, the name Exodu,); their entrance into the Wilderness of Sinai ;"the to
1451 promulgation of the Law; and the building of the Tabernacle. 1451
a period of 2552¼ years, these Books contain the Divine Law, as The centre and crowning jewel of this Book is the DECALOGUE-
given by GOD, tbrongb MOSES, directly for the government of the that wonderful God-given Code that bas ever formed and ever will
chosen people; hence they are called by the Jews, Toro•, or" The form the basis of all proper laws.
La.w." The Pentateuch (,rel'ff, "five," and TnlX~, "a volume,"
LEVITICUS.-This Book covers but one month; it• contents are
i.e., the "five-fold book") was written by the great Law-Giver, at the duties assigned to the Priests and Levites, and a minute de-
different times between B. C. 1491 and 1451-tbe last eight verses scription of the rites and ceremonies of the .Mosaic dispensation.
being added by JOSHUA., or by EZRA. In the Jewish MSS. these
NUMBERS.-The Book of Numbers gives the history of thirty.
Books appear as one, divided into fifty-four •ections for Sabbath eight years, though most of the events belong to the first and last
reading in the Synagogue; the division into five Books was made of those years. Its contents are, the numbering (hence the name)
by the translators of the Septuagint, who gave them severally the or marshaling of the people for their journey to the Promised
name• they still preserve, except that "Numbers" is the English Land; a statement of their conduct during their wanderings; an
account of the consecration of the 1.'abernacJe; a repetition of some
translation of Api.8.IU)< of the Septuagint.
0
of the p.rincipal Jaws and some additional precepts; directions for

the division of Canaan; and the numbering at the close of their
GENESIS.-The First Book of MosEa takes its name from the journey.
fact that it narrates the particulars of the Gtinesis or '' creation " of
the world and of ADAM and EVE (i., ii.); then follows the history DEUTERONOMY.-Tbe Fifth Book of MosEs is called Deuter•
of mankind in general till the call of ABRAM; the scope of the his- onomy (Oevnpos-, "second," and voµ.o~, '']aw,"i. e., "the second Jaw,"
tory here narrows, and we have the history of ABRAHAM and his or the" Repeated Law") because it contains a repetition of the
descendants to the death of JosEPH, B. C. 1635. The period cov- Mosaic Law, civil and moral; it also embraces a recapitulation of
ered by Genuis is 2269 years. · some of the events of their wanderings; the solemn confirmation
of the Law by blessings and cursings on Eba! and Gerizim; pre-
EXODUS.-Tbe Second Book embraces 145 years, to the erection dictions relative to their future, including a very striking one of
of the Tabernacle in the deeert, B. C. 1491, and comprises the his- the MESSIAH; the selection of JosHUA. as MosEs' successor; and
tory of the bondage in Egypt; the miraculous plagues resulting finally the death and burial of the great leader.
THE HISTORICAL BOOKS, FROM JOSHUA TO ESTHER.
The Historical Books narrate the civil and religious history of the down to the subversion of both J udab and Israel. The First Book
Jews from their first oettlement in Canaan to their return thither covers 126 years, to the death of JEHOSHAPHAT, B. C. 889, and the
from Babylon-a period of 1018 years. The object being to set Second Book 300 years, to the destruction of Jerusalem by NEBU-
CHADNEZZAR, B. C. 588. The Jewish authorities ascribe the antbor-
forth GOD'S glory, not that of his people or their rulers, these ship to JEREMIAH.
Books do not give a full history, bnt rather selection• therefrom:
such facts are dwelt upon as best show the development of the THE BOOKS OF CHRONICLES, like those of Samuel and
objects and purposes of the Divine government. of the Kings, were but one Book in the Hebrew canon, which was
called the Book of Diaries; in the Septuagint they were called
n-apa.AE"t1roµ.eva, "things omitted;" St. JEROME first calJed them by the
1426 THE BOOK OF .TOSHUA was undoubtedly written by JosHuA. name they now bear. The period they embrace is from ADAH to
himself, the account of his death and burial being added probably :he Restoration under CYRUS, 3468 years. They form a full
by EzRA.. It contains the history of the conquest and partition Epitome of Jewish History to the year 536 B. C. They were with-
of Canaan; the renewal of GOD'S covenant with Israel; and the , ~ut doubt com piled by EzRA..
farewell, death and burial of JosHUA., comprising a period of
thirty years.
THE BOOK OF EZRA was written mainly by him, and may be 456
regarded as a, supplement to Chronic1es; it gives a period of 80
10411 THE BOOK OF .TUDGES.-This book covers itbont 309 years, years to the end of Ezra's administration as governor, B. C. 456.
to the death of SA>rsoN, B. C.1120, and comprises the history of
the murmurings, adversities, disorder and general a-narchy of the Part of this Book (iv.-vii.) was written in Cbaldaic, which lan-
Israelites during the period of transition from the Theocratic to guage the Israelites had learned during their captivity. Between
the monarch_ic form of government. The portion from chapter chapters vi. and vii. there occurs a hiatus of 58 years.
xvii. to the end is a digression. The authorship of this Book bas
been disputed, but it is imputed to SAMUEL by Jewish authorities. THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH was in the ancient canon 4'33
called the Second Book of EzaA, though the major part of it wao
10411 THE BOOK OF RUTH.-The author of this sweet little pas- certainly written by NEHEMIAH himself. He was a man of great
toral, as well as its date, is very uncertain, though, n.s it was part firmness, cool judgment, and an earnest servant of GOD-in abort,
of the preceding Book in the early Hebrew canon, it may safely ju•t the man needed by the Jews at the time. He was appointed
be ascribed to the same writer. Ruth, though a Moa.bitess, and governor about B. C. 446, and went to work promptly and vigor-
hence a Gentile, was an ancestress of King David. ously to rebuild the wall around Jerusalem, and shortly completed
it in spite of fierce opposition from SANBALLAT and other enemies
1049 THE BOOKS OF SAMUEL.-Tbe division into two Books is of the Jews. His entire administration is suppo8ed to have ex-
to not found in the early MSS. It has been decided by the best tended over 36 years. Besides rebuilding the wall, be effected
1018 authorities that SA>rUEL wrote the first twenty-four chaptere,. and great reforms among the people. This Book closes the Old Testa-
NA.THAN and GA.D the remainder. They contain the history of the ment Hi,tory-B. C. 433.
Israelites for about 120 years-B. C. 1135 to I 016. The exceed-
0
ingly romantic story of David, the shepherd-boy, the soldier, the THE BOOK OF ESTHER bas been ascribed to variou, snthors,
king, the sweet psalmhit-his ri~e from obscurity to the throne of but it seems most probable was written by lfORDECAI, one of its
all lsrnel-makes the Books of Samuel one of the most delightfully principal subjects. It tells how ESTHER, a pious Jewish captive,
interesting of narratives, and the sweet sincere friendship of DAVID became Queen of Persia, and saved the Jews residing in that realm
and JONA.THAN lends an additional charm. from the plots of HA.MAN; it also tells how MORDECAI arose from a
very humble position to be second only to the ki11g. The AHASUE-
'121 THE BOOKS OF THE KINGS (like the former, hut one nus of this Book has been shown by exce1lent authorities to have
to Book in the Jewish MSS.) take np the history of the Nation of been XERXES II. The whole story forms a beautiful illu1tration
458 Israel at the time of its highest irlory, and carry us step by •tep of GOD'S providential cbre of His people.
46
THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT,
WITH THE AUTHORSHIP AND DATE WHEN WRITTEN.
WHEN
-WHEN
-
WRITTEN.
THE POETICAL BOOKS. WRITTEN,
B. C.
B. C.
1520 THE BOOK OF JOB takes rank not only as the first written ings was undoubtedly written by King SOLOMON. The Book as-
of the Books of Inspired Scripture, but has been shown by Arch- sumed its present form some two hundred and fifty years after SOLO-
bishop USHER and others to be the most ancient literary produc- MON, during the reign of HEZEKIAH. Its characteristics are those
tion in the world, having been written not later than 1520 B. C.....:. of a poetical moral philosophy.
that is, ten centuries before CONFUCIUS and SoLoN, more than five
centuries before HOMER, and earlier than the earliest date claimed ECCLESIASTES.-The most generally received opinion is that 976
for the Vedas. The best authorities favor the opinion that it was this Book was written by SoLOMON in his old age, after he had re-
written by Jon himself. It sets forth tho sufferings of Jon and his pented of his self-indulgences and sins, by way of teaching a. solemn
unfaltering e-ubmission to the Divine will. lesson from his own melancholy experience.
104fi THE BOOK OF PSALMS.-This is a collection of Sacred SONG OF SOLOMON.-The Hebrew name of this beautiful 1016
to Songs composed at various times and mostly by DAVID. They are poem is "The Song of Songs." The tradition of the Jews is that
160 models of acceptable devotion: the Christian Church adopts them this Song was written by SOLOMON in his youth; the same tradi-
as her own language, or the language of her Lord. As mere lit- tion ascribes the Book of Proverbs to his prime and Ecclesiastes
erary productions they have been called the national ballads of the to his old age. It takes rank as one of the finest gems of Oriental
Hebrew people: many of them are perfect gems of Oriental poetry. poetry. Many Christian writers regard it as a beautiful allegory,
Not a few of the Psalms are prophetic, containing predictions of the -the Bride as the Church of CHRIST and the Bridegroom as
life, chara.ctEr and sufferings of our Saviour. For Date and Origin, her Divine Lord; taking this view, the last ten verses beauti-
and Arrangement for Devotional Purposes, see pages 14 and 15. fully depict the entire separation of the Church from the world
and her perfect consecration to the love and service of her
1000 THE PROVERBS.-This collection of pithy, wise, practical say- Lord.
THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS, IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
858 JONAH.-With the exception of the prayer in chapter iii., this pany some of his people in their flight to Egypt, where tradition
Book is a simple narrative of JONAH'S call as a messenger to Nine- says he was stoned to C.eath by somfl of the Jews incenEled ~t his
veh, his attempt to escape the duty, the punishment that overtook fearless reproaches of their crimes. His writings are remarkable
him, his subsequent obedience and the result. He lived during for pathos. The burden of his complaint was the univeroal
the reign of JEROBOAM II., or even earlier; he may indeed have wickedness of the princes and people. He predicted the punish-
been, as some think, a disciple of ELISHA. ments that overtook them, and also foretold the Restoration, men-
tioning CYRUS by name more than a hundred years before that
800 JOEL.-JoEL prophesied to Judah not later than the reign of monarch's birth. His prophecy is full of allusions and direct pre-
UZZIAH, warning the people of their overthrow unless they should dictions of the Messiah.
repent of their idolatry and turn to GOD.
THE LAMENTATIONS OF JEREMIAH, some maintain,
790 A.MOS denounces the idolatry of the king and people, and foretells were written on the death of JOSIAH, but the general opinion
the c&ptivity of Israel, which was fulfilled sixty years later by among commentators is that they are directly applicable to the
SHALMANESER; but beyond this he promises them deliverance and wretchedness of the Jews during the captlvity, and have prophetic
a. return to more than their pristine glory under Messiah. allusion to their future miseries after their dispersion.
790 HOSEA.-HosEA prophesied to Israel during the turbulent reigns HABAKKUK.-This prophet is supposed to have ministered 626
to of the last seven kings--in all sixty years. The idolatry every- during the reigns of MANASSEH and AMON, or in that of JE-
725 where prevalent and its inevitable punishment are his themes; he HOIACHIN. Hi• subject is mainly the judgments that were to over-
also tells them of their ultimate restoration under the Messiah. take the Chaldeans.
760 ISAIAH.-Jewish tradition says ISAIAH was nephew to King AMA- DANIEL.-This great prophet was of noble, if not of royal, blood. 534
to ZIAH, and father-in-law to MANASSEH, by whom he was murdered. Ile was, with other Hebrew youth, carried captive to Babylon, and
698 His prophetic labors extended at least over a period of forty-seven educated for service at NEBUCHADNEZZAR'S court, where he after.
years, possibly sixty-two years. ISAIAH has been aptly termed the ward rose to high positions of great trust. He was ninety years
evangelical prophet. His great theme is the humiliation, the work, of age at the time of the Restoration under CYRUS, and contributed
the glory of the Messiah, and the blessed results of His salvation. largely to the consummation by opening CYRus' eyes to the pro-
It pervades the entire Book, and gives it a charm for the Chris- phetic passages that had appointed to him the work. His book
tian student that no other Book of the Old Testament can rival. contains both narrative and prophecy. In the latter are won-
Our Lord and His Apostles quote ISAIAH more frequently than all derful predictions as to the Four Great Empires of the As-
the other prophets. While the writings of ISAIAH are distinguished syriam1, Persl-ans, Greeks and Romans. He also foretells with
throughout for peculiar elevation and grandeur of sty1e, tho~e pas- great distinctness the time of Messiah's appearing, the rise and
sages, running all through the Book, that tell of the "coming fall of Antichrist and the consummation of all things here below.
Saviour," his sufferings, patience and glory, are positively sublime.
In fact, IsAIAH had as clear a conception of the God-man JESUS n,S OBADIAH.-This Book consists of but one chapter, directed 585
had any of the Apostles. He was so full of Christ that, no matter against the Edomites, tellin$ them that "Edom shall be as
what his primary topic, it always led him to his one loved theme. though it had never been."
750 MICAH wrote during the reigns of JOTHAM, AHAZ and HEZEKIAH. EZEKIEL.-Like JEREMIAH, EZEKIEL was of the Sacerdotal 595
His subject is the same as that of AMOS, HosEA and JOEL. family. He commenced his ministry ..bout the fifth year of the to
Captivity. His mes,ages were delivered partly before and partly 572
720 NAHUM.-This prophecy of NAHUM was chiefly uttered as a after the destruction of Jernsalem. The former consist chiefly of
warning to Nineveh, foretelling the overthrow of the Assyrian rer,roofs, condemnation and exhortation, while the latter are con-
empire. so atory, promising the distressed people de1iverance and future
prosperity. The last nine chapters conta'!n a remarkable Vision
630 ZEP~ANIAH prophesied to both Judah and Israel, foretelling clearly referring to the glory of the Church of Christ.
their downfall as a punishment for their idolatry and utter
profligacy. HAGGAI.-It wa• this prophet who predicted that the glory of the 520
Second Temple should exceed that of the Firat. He flourished
628 JEREMIAH.-JEREMIAH w&s called to the prophetic office about about B. C. 520.
to seventy years after IsAIAH's death, in the thirteenth year of
586 JosIAH's reign, while quite young. During the pious JOSIAH'S ZECHARIAH was contemporary with HAGGAI. He prophesied 520
reign his influence and advice had great weight, but soon after very clearly of the advent and glory of the Messiah.
JEHOIAKIM ascended the throne JEREMIAH'S work was interrupted,
and cast into prison, where he was confined till the fa.II of Jeru-
I
though not stopped. During ZEDEKIAH'S reign he was arrested MALACHI, the ll\st prophet before Christ, prophesied during the
governorship of NEHEMIAH. He foretells the preaching of St.
620
salem. He and BARFCH were subsequently compelled to accom- John Baptist and the Advent of the Great Deliverer.
47
,----------'--------------------------------------------------:----------
THE APOCRYPHAL PERIOD:

FROM MALACHI TO JOHN THE BAPTIST.
BEFORE BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS .EVENTS IN PERSIA, SYRIA BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN

El"ENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES.
CHRIST. CHRIST. AND EGYPT. CHRIST. EUROPE,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · / - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---1-------------
413 J oiada, Judas or J ehoiada high priest. 405 Artaxerxes Mnernon, Persia. 404 Euclid.
373 Jonathan, John or Johanan high priest, 401 Death of Cyrus the younger. 401 Retreat of Ten Thousand.
351 Ochus, !<ing of Persia, plants Jews near the Caspian. 381 Artaxerxes Ochus, Persia. 397 Xeuxis.
341 J addua high priest. 350 Egypt recovered by Persians. 389 Plato.
332 Alexander, having destroyed Tyre, visits Jerusalem; plants 335 Darius Codomanus, Persia. 363 Mantinea; death of Epami
· Jews in Alexandria.. 331 Alexander defeats Persia on the Granicus, nondas.
324 Alexander dies; his kingdom divided. 334; at Issus, 333; at Arbela, the Persian 356 Birth of Alexander.
321 Onias I. high priest. empire ends. 345 Aristotle.
320 Ptolemy Lagus captures Jerusalem; plants Jews in Alex- 324 Ptolemy Lagus, Egypt. 338 Demosthenes.
andria and Cyrene. 312 Seleucus I.; Nicator, Syria. 334 Apelles.
312 Seleucus obtains Syria; era of the Seleucida,. 312 Empire of Seleucus from Antioch to India. 295 Epicurus.
306 The dominions of Alexander formed into four kingdoms, 2~1 Seleucus on the Tigris built. 281 Theocritus.
as foretold by Daniel. 285 Dionysius (Alex.) determines •olar year. 280 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, enter
300 Simon the Just high priest. Italy.
292 Eleazar high priest. BE FOR Er 268 [Berosus,
EGYPT. SYRIA.
285 Version of the LXX. commenced at Alexandria, CHRIST. 261 Manetho, Egyptians.]
250 Onias IL high priest. 264 First Punic war.
246 Ptolemy Euergetes offers sacrifices at Jerusalem. 285 P. Philadelph. 280 Antiochus I. 258 Regulus prisoner.
216 Ptolemy Philopater, prevented from entering the holy of 261 Ant. II. Theos, 236 Archimedes.
holies, attempts to destroy tl Jews in Alexandria, but 247 P. Euergetes I. 246 Sel. II. Callinic. 220 Plautus.
is miraculously prevented. 226 Se!. III. Keraun, 224 Colossus of Rhodes overthrown
203 Antiochus the Great obtains Palestine, 222 P. Philopater, 223 Ant.III.the Great. 220 Hannibal.
2ro The sect of the Sadducees founded. 205 P. Epiphanes. 218 Second Punic war.
199 Scopas, an Egyptian general, recovers Judea to the king 190 First Roman army 216 Battle of Cannre.
of Egypt. in .Asia. 210 Zeno.
19S Antiocbus regains Judea. 187 Se!. IV. Philop. 202 Hannibal defeated in Africa by
195 Onias EI. high priest. ' Scipio Africanus.
176 Heliodorus, attempting to plunder the temple, is prevented 181 P. Philomath. 175 Ant. IV. Epiph. 190 Scipio Asiaticus.
by an angel. 164 Ant. V. Eup,
170 Antiochus Epiphanes takes Jerusalem, slays 40,000 per- 162 Demetr. Soler de-
sons and profanes the temple. feated and slain
167 Antiochus persecutes the Jews. by,
165 Judas Maccabreus purifies the temple and institutes the 150 Alexander Balas,
feast of dedication.
161 Judas Maccabmus slain; his brother Jonathan succeeds. 149 Third Punic war, lasts three
149 Onias builds a temple in Egypt like that in Jerusalem. years.
144 Jonathan, murdered by Tryphon, is succeeded by Simon 146 P. Phy•con. 146 Demet. Nicat. 148 Carthage destroyed.
his brother, who is made ruler by Demetrius. 144 P. Physcon. 144 Ant. VI. Theos. 148 Corinth destroyed.
143 The sovereignty and priesthood confirmed by the Jews to 143 Tryphon.
Simon and his posterity. 139 Ant. VII. 136 Scipio Nasica.
136 Simon murdered; J obn Hyrcanus his son succeeds him. 130 Demet. Nie. II. 133 Tiberius Gracchus.
135 The Pharisees. 127 Alexander.
130 John Hyrcanus throws off the Syrian yoke and makes 123 Ant. VIII.
himself independent. He destroys the temple on Mount 116 P. Lathyrue.
Gerizim. 111 Ant. IX. 111 Jugurthine war (five years).
110 The Essenes. 108 Ant.VIII.andIX.
106 Aristobulus succeeds his father Hyrcanus and assumes the 93 PhilipandAnt.X.
title of king. 92 Demetrius Enc, 100 Julius Cresar born,
105 Alexander J annams succeeds his brother Aristobulus and 88 P. Alexander, 88 Civil war. Marius and Sylla,
reigns for 27 years. 83 Tigranes of Ar- 81 Cicero's .firet oration.
78 Jannmus dies. Alexandra his wife SUCl°'eeds and makes 81 P. Auletes? menia.
her son Hyrcanus high priest, and favors the Pharisees. 69 Ant. XI. 71 Spartacns.
69 Alexandra. dies. Hyrce.nus succeeds, but is forced to 69 Lucullus defeats Mithridates and
yield the crown to his younger brother, Aristobulus. 65 Pompeymakesita Tigranes.
65 Pompey the Great reduces Syrin to a Roman province. 55 P. Auletes. Roman province.
Hyrcanus endeavors to regain the crown. 63 Catiline conspiracy.
63 Pompey, appealed to by Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, de- 60 First triumvir.: Pompey, Cresar
cides for the former; he takes Jerusalem and makes Rorr~m~ Governors. Roman Governor,. Crassus.
Judea tributary. 60 Catullus.
57 Aristobulus and his son Alexander, raising disturbance~, 55 Gabinius. 57 Sallust.
are vanquished by Gabinius, the Roman governor .,f 50 Cornelius Nepos, Varro.
Syria. 49 Battle of Pharsalia.
54 Crassus plunders the temple. , 51 Cleopatra. 51 Bibulus. 46 Cresar reforms calendar.
47 Antipater, being appointed by Julius Ca,sar procurator of 50 Q. M. Scipio. 44 Cresar !!!lain. Diodorus Sic.
Judea, makes his son Herod governor oi Galilee, and 47 S. Cresar. 42 Battle of Philippi.
PhasaeJ, of Jerusalem. 43 Cassius.
44 Walls of Jerusalem rebuilt. 38 Ventidiu._ 44 Second triumv.: Oct., .Ant., Le-
(3 Anti pater poisoned; Herod and Phasael revenge his death. 39 Parthians invade pidus.
40 The Parthians, having taken Jerusalem, slay Phasael and Syria, 50; and
place Antigonus, son of Aristobulus, upon the throne. are fiercely ex-
Herod flies to Rome and is appointed king of Judea. pelled by Vent. 36 Lepidus expelled the triumh
37 Herod takes Jerusalem, beheads Antigonus and is estab- 33 War between Oct. and Ant.
lished as king of Judea; reigns 34 years 34 Plaucus. 31 Battle of Actium,
35 Herod makes Aristobulus, brother of his wife Mariamne, 30 Made a Roman 27 Messala C. 27 Octavius emperor, with iitie of
high prim!t, but afterwards murders him. province by Oc- Cresar Augustus.
25 Herod rebuilds Samaria and calls it Sebaste. tavius. 31 Mrecenas.
22 Herod begins to build Cresarea. Trachonitis, Auranitis 22 Agrippa. 29 Horace~
and Batanea are added to his dominions. 27 Propertius.
17 Herod, after two years' preparation, begins to rebuild and 25 Livy.
enlarge the temple. 21 Tibullus.
_______________________________________________________ _
..._
6 Zacharias receives the announcement respecting the birth
of John the Baptist. The Canon of the New Testament
begins .
13 S. Saturninus and
T. Volumnius.
20
5
Ovid.
Dion. Ho.Hearn.
48
SIGNIFICATIONS OF OBSOLETE WORDS,
AND WORDS THAT REQUIRE EXPLANATION.
THE WORD. DEFINITION. TEXT. THE WORD. DEFINITION, TEXT,
Agone ....•....•.........•. Ago .......•.•.•.•..•.••.....••..•...... 1 Sam. xxx. 13. Marrow ................. . Secrets of the heart ...••.•......•. Heb. iv. 12.
All .....•...••.••••......... A large number•.......•............ Luke xv. 1; Matt. iii. 5. Meat .•.••••.............. (l) Wheat flour; (2) Doctrines .. (l) Lev.ii.I; (2)Heb.v.14.
Perfumer ....•....•..........•.......• Ex. xxx. 25, 35. Meat, to eat ........... . To do God's will...........••••..... John iv. 32, 34.
Apothecary•·············
Audienoe .• , ••...•..•••••• Hearing ............................. . Gen. xxiii. 13; Luke vh. l Melt, utterly ........... . Be entirely dismayed .......•..... 2 Sam. xvii. l 0.
Babes ............ ········•
Humble, docile Christians ...... . Matt. xi. 25. Milk ••.••.•••............ Elementary doctrines .......•..... 1 Cor. iii. 2.
Bestowed .•............... Stationed ~········ ...•••.............. l Kings x. 26. Milk, sincere .......... . Pure principles ...................... 1 Pet. ii. 2.
Bonnets .•..•....•.. ······ Turbans ...........•.....••••......... Ex. xxviii. 40. • Mincing ............. .. Walking affectedly ...............• Isa. iii. 16.
Burden ....•.............. Judgments, calamities •........... Isa. xiii. I; XY,] ; xix. J, Minish ................. . Diminish ............................ . Ex. v. 19; Ps. c,-ii. 39.
~ Carriage................. . Baggage ...........•••••....•......... Isa. x. 28. Mist •...•.•..•............ (1) Blindness; (2) Blackness. (I) Acts xiii. 11; (2) 2
Cast out ......... ········· Excommunicate .•...•.............• John ix. 34. Pet. ii. 17.
Champaign ......... ····· A plain or valley .................. . Deut. xi. 30. Mock .••.•.•...•.......... (I) Baffle, thwart; (2) Bring (1) Num. xxii. 29; (2)
Chapiters ............... . Ornaments .......•......••.•...•.•..• 1 Kings vii. 16. shame upon. Gen. xxxix. 17.
Charge ...... •············ Taxes ................................ . l Kings xi. 28. Night •••................. (1) Adversity; (2) Ignorance; (1) Isa. xxi.12; (2) Rom.
Charger ..•...... ········· A large dish ...•........•.........•. Num. vii.; Matt. xiv. 8. (3) Death. xiii. 12; (3) John ix. 4.
Clay, thick ......... ·····• Worldly riches ....•................• Hab. ii. 6. Observation ........... . Outward show •.......•.........•... Luke xvii. 20.
Coasts ....•................ Entire territory .................... . Deut. xvi. 4. Occurrent •.........•.... Taking place .....••..•............. I Kings v. 4.
Concision ••.•...••....... Formal npholders of circum- Ouches •................ Sockets ......•...•••.....•............. Ex. xxviii. 11
cision ............................. . Phil. iii. 2. Overlay .................• Smother .....••.•.•.•.•.•............. 1 Kings iii. 19.
Concluded .....•... •····· Decreed (orig. Shut up together) Rom. xi. 32; Gal. iii. 22. Passion ................ .. Sufferings and death •............. Acts i. 3.
Concupiscence. , , ... ••· Evil desires in general •..•........ Rom. vii. 8; 1 Thess. iv. 5 Perfect ..............•..• Eminently righteous ............ . Jobi. l; Gen. vi. II.
Conversation ...•......• • Conduct, behavior..••.•..•......... 1 Pet. ii. 12; Gal. i. 13. Polls .•.... .-..••.•.....••• Careful count ...................... .. Num. i. 2.
Cover the feet•·•··•····· Lie down to sleep ................. . 1 Sam. xxiv. 3. Prating...••............• Talking rashly •...........•.....•.. 3 John 10.
Cross ..................... . Christian self-denial ....•.......•• Matt. x. 38. Prevent ................ . Go before, precede ............... .. I Thess. iv. 15.
Curse .................. ··· Revile or speak evil of...........• Ex. xxii. 28. Prevent me .......... . Anticipate wants; 1mccor me .. . Job iii. 12; Ps. Ixxix. 6.
Daysman .......... •••··· Arbitrator, umpire ...........•••.•• Job ix. 33. Princes ••.......•.......• Chief men, leaderi ............... . I Kings iv. 2.
Delectable ....•......... Desirable ....•...•.•....•....•........ Isa. xliv. 9. Prison ................. .. Place of departed spirits ...•.•... l Pet. iii. 19.
Dignities ......•.......... Civil rulers ...............••......•... 2 Pet. ii. 10; Jude 8. Provoke ................ . Influence, excite ................. .. Heb. x. 24; 1 Cor. z. 22.
Ear the ground ....... . Cultivate the land ...••.•.......•.•. l Sam. viii. 12. Quick ••••.........••...... Living •••....•....•.•.••......•...•... Acts x. 42.
Ensample ............... . Example or type •.........••....... 1 Cor. x. 11. Rentest thy face ..... . Distendest thy eyes .............. . Jer. i.-. 30.
Ensue •••••••••....••.•.... Follow, pursue .•••.••..•....•....... 1 Pet. iii. 11. Rereward .............. . Rearguard •.•..•...•••.............•. Josh. vi. 9.
Entreat..................• Treat, use .....••.•.......•••..•••.•.• Acts xxvii. 3. Sabaoth ................. . Hosts, armies ...................... . Rom. ix. 29; Jas. v. 4.
Eschew .......•.•......... Flee from, shun .••..•••.......•••••. 1 Pet. iii. 11. Savour ................ .. Scent, odor.......................... . Eph. v. 2; 2 Cor. ii. 16.
Everlasting ............. . For a long yet limited time .•...• Gen. xvii. 8. Scrip ••••••.•............. A small bag, a wallet ............ . Luke xxii. 35.
Every whit. ............. . (1) Every minute detail; (2) (1) 1 Sam. iii. 18; (2) Seared ••....•.........•.. Made inactive, insensible ....... . 1 Tim. iv. 2.
In every part. John vii. 23; xiii. 10. Seethe ...........•........ Boil .•.....•....••...•..........•....... Ex. xxxiv. 26.
Fan ....................... . Winnowing implement ........... . Matt. iii. 12. Seducing ...............• Enticing into heresy ............. . 1 Tim. iv. 1.
Fellow,my ..............• My equal ....••....••.•..•.•..•....••. Zech. xiii. 6. Servitor ................. . Servant ............................. .. 2 Kings iv. 43.
Foolishne................ Vice, crime .......................... . Mark vii. 22. Selah ......••••••......... A rut in singing ................. .. In v J.rious Psalms.
Fray ..................... . Terrify, affright. ..•..•....•••..••.•. J er. vii. 33; Zech. i. 21. Sensual ................. . Carnal, sinful. ...................... . Jude 19; J as. iii. l ~.
Fruits .................... . Works, actions.................... .. Matt. vii. 16, 20. Seven .................... . Several, many ..................... .. Ps. xii. 6; Prov. xY-iv. US.
Garden .................. . The Church •••.••••.........••••••.•• Isa. !viii. 11. Sew pillows .......•.... Make Ot:' fasten cushions ........ . Ezek. xiii. l 8.
Gird up the loins of Bring the mind into Christian Sheets ••.......•.......... Shirts ••..•.••••..•.•••.••.•.•..•••••.• Judg. xiv. 12, 13.
the mind. frame ............................. . 1 Pet. i. 13. Shipwreck ............. . Exposure of backsliders to ruin l Tim. i. 19.
Gods ....•......•.•.•.•.••. Judges, great men ......••.•...•..• Ex. xxii. 28. Shoe, to cast out over To subdue ••.•.•••................... Ps. Ix. 8 ; cviii. 9.
Go out or come in ••..• Conduct matters .................. . 1 Kings iii. 7. Shoulder, to withdraw To rebel •..•..•.....•.........•.•..... Neb. ix. 29.
Governor listeth .•..... Pilot wishes .•.•••.........•..•••..••• Jas. iii. 4. Silverlings ............. . Small coin .•..•...•................•. Isa. vii. 23.
Greeks •••.•••••••..•....•• Gentiles in general. ...•.••.....•... Acts xix. 10. Sin •.•••••.........•.....•. Sin-offering ........................ . 2 Cor. v. 21 ; Hos. i-.-. 8.
Groves................... . Places of idol worship ..•......•.. 1 Kings xiv. 23. Sincere ................. . (1) Unadulterated; (2) Un- (l) 1 Pet. ii. 2; (2) Phil.
Habergeon .............. . Corselet, or breastplate .......... . Ex. xxxix. 23. sullied. i. 10.
Hale ...................... . Accuse ................................ . Luke xii. 58. Sore •.••••••••.•••......... (I) Very much; (2) Very (1) l Sam. xvii. 2,; (2)
Haply .................... . Possibly ...••...•..................... Mark xi.13. severe. Gen. xii. 56.
Harnessed ...•...••..•... Equipj>ed, or furnished ...•..•.••• Ex. xiii. 18. Spoilers ..•••.••••........ Foragers ............................. . I Sam. xiii. 17.
Holpen .................. . Helped ••.••........................... Isa. xxxi. 3. Strait••.•...•••........... Contracted, difficult. of p&ssage Matt. vii. 13, 14.
Bosen .................... . The inner tunic.................... . Dan. iii. 21. Straitened..•...•........ Pained, distressed ................. . Luke xii. 50.
Howbeit ................. . Nevertheless .•.•............•....... 1 Kings xi. 22. Ta.ches ••••............... Fastenings, hooks ................. . Ex. xxxv. 11.
High-places ..........•.. (1) Places of worship; (2) (1) 1 Kings iii.; (2) 1 Tale ........•............. N um her, account....... .. ..• .. ... . Ex. v. 8.
Places of idol-worship. Kingsxii.31,32; xiv.23. Tempered ..••.•......... (I) Accurately mixed; (2) (l) Ex. xxx. l!6; (2) 1
Idols ..••................. Anything too highly prized ... . I John v. 21. Symmetrically formed. Cor. xii. 24.
Imaginations ........... . Corrupt reasonings ............... . 2 Cor. x. 5. Thousand .............. . A large indefinite number ....... Ps. xci. 7.
Inditing ••................ Bubbling up, overflowing., .. , .. . Ps. xiv. 1. Tossed to and fro .... . Fickle, changeable ••............... Eph. iv. 14.
Inherit .................. . Subdue .•..•.......................•.. Isa.. liv. 3; Ps. Jxxxii. 8. Trench ............... .. Camp ••....••....••.••........•....•.. 1 Sam. xxvi. 5; xvii. 20.
Inheritance ............ . People ....•......•.............•....... Ps. xxviii. 9; xciv. 14. 1 Trow .................... . Imagine, think .......•............. Luke xvii. 9.
Inn ....................... . Halting-place, camp ............. . Ex. iv. 24. I Untow&rd •...•.......... Rebellious, disobedient .......... . Acts ii. 40.
Iron ...................... . (1) Barren, dry land; (2) (1) Deu~: xxviii. 23; (2) Unwittin~ly ..•........• Thoughtlessly, unintentionally Josh. xx. 3.
Strength; (3) Severe trial. Dan. u. 33, 41; (3) Ps. I Unworthtly ........... . Without due reverence .......... . 1 Cor. xi. 29.
Jangling ................ . Unprofitable, pernicious dis- cvii. IO. Vanities ............... .. Idols .•...........•....•.•...•..•••••..• Acts xiv. 15.
cussion •..... ······-•···•··•• ••.... I Tim. i. 6. Ward •.......•..•......... A band or company ......•••...••• Neb. xii. 24.
Jeans •.•••.•••••.••....... Greek of Joshua ...........•....... Aots vii. 45; Heb. iv. 8. Ware .................... . (1) Aware; (2) Watchful....... . (1) Actsxiv.; (2) 2 Tim•
Kerchief, ............... . Veils of false prophets .......... . Ezek. xiii. 18, 21. iv. 15.
l Kick •..............•......
Kine ..............•..•..•
Kine of Bashan ....... .
Oppose, rebel against ....•.......
Cows ................................. ..
Effeminate, profligate rulers
and nobleo ••.....................
l Sam. ii. 29; Acts ix. 5. Wavering ............. .. Doubting, hesitating ..•.....•..•.
Gen. xxxii. 15; xli. 2.
Amos iv. 1.
Wench ...••.•............ Any large fish .•.•...................
Whit •....••.......•...•.. Smallest appreciable quentity ..
Whoring ••.••.........•. Straying ...............•........••....
Heb. x. 28; Jae. i. 8.
2 Sam. xvii. 17.
1 Sam. iii. 18.
Ex. xxxiv. 15.
Orna.ments in form of fruit .... . I Kings vi. 18. Wimples......•..••...... Iloods, vei]s ........................ . Isa. iii. 22.
Ef.}:~::::::::::::::::::: A ~on and heir .................... .

Lies ................................. ..
Bindel .......................... ~ ... ..
1 Kings xv. 4.
Ps. iv. 2; v. 6.
Wind .•................... Destruction ........................ ..
Wink at ................. . Bea.r po.tiently with .............. .
Isa. xiii. 13; Rom. i. 13. Wist .......•....•......... Knew ............................... ..
J er. xlix. 36.
Acts xvii. 30.
Luke ii. 49; John T, is.
~viatban ..••••.••.••••• A persecuting monarch ......... .. Isa. xxvii. 1. Wit, we do you to .... We tell you ..••.••••..•.•........... 2 Cor. viii. 1.
Libertine..••••••..••..•. A Jew having Roman citizen- With ..............•...... A wi1low twig, or bough ........ . Judg. xvi. 7-9.
ship .••••..•.•••.••••••••..••••••••.• Acts vi. 9. \Vitness ................. . 'festimony .......................... . l John v. 6, 8, 9.
Liotetb .....•••....•••.•• Willeth ....•...........•............... John iii. 8; Ja,. iii. 4. Wont .................... . Used, accustomed ................. . Matt. xxvii. 15.
Lower parts of the Wot .................... . Know, be aware of................ . Acts iii. 17.
earth ..............•.... Abode of disembodied spirito.. Eph. i.-. 9. Wroth .................••• Very angry .•...•..•................. Matt. xviii. 34.
Magnifical .••........••. Grand, illustrious, superb....... 1 Chron. xx.ii. 5. Yearned, bowels ...... Intense affection, or love ........ . 1 King• iii. 26.
49
------------------------------------------------------------------,
A GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLIC WORDS
AND PHRASES OF THE INSPIRED WRITERS.
THB WORD. 1'Xl'LA.NATION. TEXT. THE WORD. EXPLANATION. TEXT•
Aba.ddon,Heb. .A n&me derived from the title of the Dew •.....•..•... Power of Christ in the Resurrection •..•. Isa. xxvi. 111•
Apollyon, Gr. .Arabian kings, and &pplied to the Dogs ..........•. l. Gentiles, as sunk into impurity...... . Ma.tt. xv. 26.
Mohammedan powers, by whom the 2. Idle, luxurious ministers of religion. Isa. !vi. 10.
Christia.n Church in the East was 3. Caviling, unprincipled teachers •..•••• Phil. iii. 2; Rev. xxii.15.
"°rely oppressed .......................... .. Rev, ix. 11. [50, 51. Doors •..••••••••. The entrance, or enlarged exercise of
Abomination.. 1. Sin, in general ••..•••.•.••..•..••••••......• Isa. !xvi. 3; Ezek. xvi, the gospel ministry ...••••.•..• , .•••.••• 1 Cor. xvi. 9.
2. Idolatrous rites of Popery .•••....•••..• ltev. xvii, 4. Dragon .•.•.•.••. A royal enemy-the king of Egypt .....• Ezek. xxix. 23.
Abomination The idolatrous ensigns of the Roman .2. Sa.tan actuating his agents ............• Rev. xii. 9.
of Desolation. a.rmy ........................................... Ma.tt. xxiv.15. 3. Dangers or dllliculties ...•...••••••.•••... Ps. xci. 13. [13.
Adulteress, or Drunkenness .. 1. Emblem of folly ••••.•••••••...••.•••••••.• Isa.xxviii. J-.q;Jer.xiii.
Harlot......•• .An apostate city or Church ............. .. ha. i. 21; Rev. xvii. 5• 2. Senselessness, the effect of Divino
Adultery •....•• Idolatry and a.postasy.••.•••••.••..••••••.•• J er. iii. 8, 9; Rev. ii. 22. judgments•••••.••••.• , •.•......•..•......• Isa-. xxix. 9 ; Ii. 21.
Angels ........• 1. Intelligent beings employed by God Ezek. x, 8, etc.; Heb. i. Dust & a.shes .. Human nature ................................ . Gen. iii. 19; xviii. 27.
as ministers of His Providence.•.•• 4-7,14; Rev.iv.6; v.11. Eagle ........... . 1. A king or kingdom ..••.••••.•••..••••....• Ezek. xvii.
2• .Apostate spirits .......................... . Matt. xxv. 41; Jude 6. 2. The Roman army, whose standard,
3. Bishops or pa.stors of churches ••...••• Rev. i. 20; ii. 18, 12, 18, were eagles.............................. . Matt. xxh·. 28.
Angel of the Ea{then ves- 3. Emblems of renewed strength ••••..•.• Ps. ciii. 3; Isa. xi. 31.
Lord •..••••••• J esu• Christ ..••••.•.••.•••••.••••••••••••..•..• Zech.i. 11. s~Is •••••.••••.• The human body ••.••...•..••.•..•.••........• 2 Cor. iv. 7.
Arm............ . 1. The omnipotence of God •...••.•••.•••.• Jer.xxvii.5; xxxii.17. Earthquakes.• Political revolutions ••••••••.•••••.•••••••••• Rev. vi. 12; Hag. ii. 6.
2. The power and miracles of Christ ..• Isa. !iii. 1; John xii. 38. 7 ; Heb. xii. 26.
3. Gracioull influences of God ••••••••....• Isa. Ii. 9; Iii. 10. Egypt. .......... Wickedness ................................... . Rev. xi.3.
Armor ........•• Spiritua.I graces............................... . Rom. xiii.2; Eph.vi.11. Elders, the Eminent saints, perhaps patriarchal
.Arrow• ••••••••• 1. Judgments of God .•.••••••••••••.••.....• Job vi. 4 . twenty-four. believers.......... , .................. ••·••·•·• Rev. iv. 10; Heb. xi. 2.
2. Slanderous words••.•..•.•••.•.•.•..•.•••• , Ps. !xiv. 3. Eyes ........... . I. Applied to tho Almighty, denote,
Ba.bes .......... Young od"eeble Christians •.••.••••••••••• 1 Cor. iii. 1; Heb. v. 13, 1. His Infinite Knowledge •••••••••• Prov. xv. 3; Ps. xi. 4.
Babylon ...... .. Papal Rome ................................... . Rev.xiv. 8; xvii.,xviii. l!. His Watchful Providence ....... . Ps. xxxii. 8; xxxiv. 15.
Bala.am ........ . The errors &nd impurities of that apos- 2 Pet. ii. 15; Jude 11; II. Applied to Jesus Christ, they de·
tate•.•.••.••...•••.••••••••••••••••••.•••••...•• Rev, ii.14. note His Omnipresence •••••••••• Rev. ii. 23; v. 6; Heb.
Beaat•.•••••••••• 1• .A heathen power.......................... . Dan. vii. 17. [7, etc. III. Applied to man, they denote, iv.13.
2. The Papal .Antichrist.•••••...•••••••.•••• ReT. xiii. 2, 12; xvii. 3, 1. The understanding, the eyes of
Beasts .........• The four living creatures, improperly the mind •..••••••••••..••.••.••.•.• Ps. cxix. 18; Eph. L 18.
called beast, ................................ . Rev. iv. 2. A friendly counselor............... . Job xxix. 15.
They denote the cherubim described •..• Ezek.i.10. 3. The whole man •••••••.•.........•••• Rev. i. 7.
Black, Black- 4. Human designs •••••.••••...•.•...••• Deut. xxviii. 54-56.
ness........... Afflictions ...................................... . Jer. xi.".': 2; Joel ii...6. Face .......... . The favor of God ••.•.•.•..•••.•..••...••....• Ps.xxxvi.16; Dan.ix.17.
Blasphemy.... Idolatry, especially that of Popery .•.••• Rev. Xlll, I, 5, 6; xvn. 0 tJo Family ......... The Church of God •..•••..••••••••••••.•..... Eph. iii. 15.
Blindness...... Ignor&noo of Divina Doctrine............ . Isa. xxix. 18; Rom. xi. Fa.t............. .. 1. The most excellent of everything ...... Ps. Ixxxi. 16.
25; Eph. iv. 18. '>.Riches ....................................... . Ps. xxii. 29; Jer. v. 28.
Blood............ Symbol of the .Atonement by Christ. .•.• Matt. xxvi. 28; Heb. Father.......... God, whose we are by creation and Mal. i. 6; ii. IO; Jer.
xiii, 20. gra.oious adoption ......................... . xxxi. 9; !tom. viii. 15,
Body •..••••••••• The sanctified Church of Christ •••••••••• 1 Cor. xii. 13, 27. 16; Eph. i. 5.
Book •••••••••••• Symbol of the DiTine Decrees .•••••••.••. Ps. xl. 7; Heb. x. 7. Fire. ...... ...... Destructive calamity....................... . Isa. xiii. 25; !xvi. 15;
Book of Life .. The heavenly register of the people of Rev. iii. 5; xx. 12, 15; Ezek. xxii. 31.
God ............................................ . xxii. 19 ; Matt. iii.16. Flesh .......... . 1. Riches ...................................... .. Isa.. xvii. 4.
Bow ••••••••••••• 1. Vigorous health .......................... . Job xxix. 20. 2. Morta.I man ................................ . Isa. xi. 6.
2. Symbol of evangelioa.l conquest ...... . Rev. vi. 2. 3. Human virtues or religious privileges. Phil.iii. 3,4.
Bowels ....... .. Tender sympathy.. ,......................... . Phil. ii. 1; Luke i. 78. Forehead .••••• Public profession of religion,............. . Rev. vii, 3; xiii. 16.
Bra.nob ....... .. Christ. ........................................... . Isa.. xi. 1; J er. xxiii. 5; Fox, •••.•••••••• Consummate hypocrisy and deceit .•.•.• Ezek.xiii.4; Lukexiii.32.
xxxiii. 15; Zech. iii. 8. Fruit ........... . Religious virtues and enjoyments ....... . Ps.i.3; xcii.14. [xi.4.
Bre&d, food •••• 1. DiTine Doctrine.......................... .. Deut. TiiL 3; Isa. Iv. 2; Furn&ce ....... . Trying afflictions, or the place ••.••••••.•• Deut. iv. 20; Jer. ix. 7;
Ma.tt. iv. 4. Garments, Isa.. Iii. I ; ID, 10; Rev.
2. Christian fellowship ••••••••••.•••••.••••• 1 Cor. x. 17. White....•••. Emblems of purity and joy............. .. iii. 4, 5; xix. S.
Bride ........... . The Church of Christ •••••••••..•••••••.••••• Rev. xxi, 9. Ga.tee........... . Symbol of security ........................... Ps. cxlvii. 13.
Bridegroom •.• Christ, the Husband of the Church .....• John iii. 29; Rev.xxi.9. Gates of the
Briers.......... . Per!ons of pernicious principles ••·••o•• Isa. Iv. 13. [9. daughter of
Brim•tone. ..... 1. Perpetual desolations•.•..•.••••••..••.••• Job xviii.15; Isa..xxxiv. Sion ......... . The ordinances of Divine worship •••••• P•. ix. 14.
2. Emblem of torment ..•..••.••..•..•...•..• Rev, xiT. 10. Gates of death. Imminent danger........... •••······••···--·• Ps.ix.13; Job xxxviil.1'/'.
3. Pernicious doetrinea....... .............. . Rev. ix.17. Gog with Ma- 1. Scythian powers in former ages...... . Ezek. xxxviii. 2.
Bulls ........... . Violent men •..••••••••....•.•....•........•..•• Ps. xxii.12. gog .....•..••.• 2. Infidel nations in the last days ....... . Rev. xx. 8.
Cedars••.•••.•.• Eminent men ..... ~ ............................ . Zech. xi.2. Gold ....••..••..• Gospel blessings ............................. . Rev. iii. 18.
Cedars of Leh. Kings, princes of Judah ..•.........•......• Isa. ii. 13. Grapes .......••• Virtues of religion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Isa. v, 2.
Ceda.r,twigs of Nobility, mi!it&ry chiefs ........•.••..•.•••• Ezek. xvii. (. Grapes, Wild. Sinful tempers and manners •••••••••••••.• Isa. v. ~- [Rev, Tii.i. 7.
Cha.ff.••••••••••.. Worthless, irreligious persons .......... .. Ps. i. 4; M&tt. iii. 12. Hail ............ . The incursions of violent enemies ...... . lea. xxviii. 2; xxxii.19;
Clouds•.....•••• Armies, multitudes ...... •...•..•............ J er. iv. 13 ; Isa. Ix. 8; Ha.nd, Right .. Protection and fa Tor......................... Ps. xviii. 35; Ix.xiii. 23.
Crown of life. Immort&lity, felicity and glory of Heb. xii. I. Hand of the
-of glory•• Heaven ..............•.....•.....•.••.•....•.. Jas. i. 12; Rev. ii, 10. Lord on a
Cup ...•••••••.••. 1. Blessings of Divine Providence a.nd prophet..... . Influence of the Holy Spirit••••••.•••.•••• Ezek. viii. 1.
Gra.oe ...................................... . Ps. xxiii. 5. Harvest. ....... . Extreme judgment, or end of the world. Joel iii.13; Matt. xiii.39.
2. Divine Judgments •••••••••••..••.•.•••••• Isa. Ii. 17. Head,.......... . 1. The understanding or governing
Cup of ea.IT&• Thankful acknowledgment of Divina principle in man .................. ..... . Isa., i. 6; Dan. ii. 28.
tion ......... .. Mercies ....................................... . Ps. exvi. 13. 2. Chief of a people ........................ . Mic. iii. 1, 9, )1.
Cup of bless- Cup &t the Lord's Supper, in &llusion 3. The metropolis of a country..•••.•... Isa. vii. 8, 9.
ing ......•••••• to the paoch&I cup ••...•.••.•••••••.•.••.•• 1 Cor. x. HI. Heanna........ 1. The powerful Providence of God•..• Dan. iv. 26. [18.
Darkne••······ 1. Ca.lamity and misery .......•••••••••.••••• Jer. xxiii. 1. 2. God .......................................... . Matt. xxi. 25; Luke xv.
2. Irreligion and ignorance...•••.•..••.•.• Rom. xiii. 12. 3. Political or ecoleaia.stical govern~ Isa. xiii. 13; Hag. ii. 2,
Darkness of ments ..•................................... 21.
sun,stars,&c. Disorder! in tho gonrnment..•.••••.•••.• Isa. xiii. 10. 4. The visible Church ..•••.•••......•....... Rev. xii. 7, 9.
Day ............ . 1. .A Year •••••••••••.••••••.•••••.•••••••••••••• Ezek. iT. G; ReT, ii. 10; Hell............. 1. The general receptacle of departed
xi. 9; xii. 6. souls ...................................... , Isa. xiv. '1; Rev. i. 18.
2. An appointed season .••...•.••.••...•.•.. ha.. xxxiv. 8. 2. The place of eternal torment for the Ps. ix. 17; Matt. x. 28;
3. A state of Evangelica.1 knowledge ..... 1 Thes1. v. 5, impenitent. ......... ,~ ................... . xxiii. 33.
Death,Natural Sepa.ratiou of the spirit from the body. Gei,. xxT. 1. Horn............ I. Strength •.••••••••...•....•.•..•...•••.••.•. Rev. v. l.
Dea.th, Moral .. Insensibility to the evil of sin, and to :2, Divine proieotion., .. ·
...... .............. . Ps. xviii. 2; Amo• liL
the duties and pleasures of the Divine 14; Luke i. 69.
friendship •••.•..•.•••••••.•.•.•..•••••.•••.. Eph. ii. 2; Rev. iii. 1. 3. Royal power.......................... ,, 11 , , Jer. xlviii. 25; Zeeb. i.
Death, Second. Eternal ba1ai1hment from God ••..•.•.••.. Rev. ii. 11; xx. U. 18, 21; Dan. vii. 20,22.
50
A GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLIC WORDS
AND PHRASES OF THE INSPIRED WRITERS.
THE WORD.
EXPLA!iATION. TEXT. f ! THE WORD, EXPLANATION. TEXT.
---------~,
Emblem of conquest, the work of its Joel ii. 4; Hab. i. 8; Seal, Sealed ... 2. Symbol of secresy ....................... . Isa. xxix. 11.
Hor1<1············ Jer. iv. 13. 3. Token of ~pecial commission ........ .. John vi.27.
rider............. •·········· ........•....•••.•
Horse ........... . White, emblem of happy conquest; red, 4. Emblem of peculiar interest......... .. Eph. i. 13; iv. 30; Rev.
of bloody war; black, of disease and vii. 2-4.
pestilence; pnle, of fa.mine and misery. Rev. vi.2,8; Zech. vi.2. Seed............. Evan~elical Doctrine ....................... . Luke viii. 5-11 ; 1 Pet. i.
Bouse ....••.•.••• Church of God ............................... .. Isa. ii. 2 ; 1 Tim, iii. 15; 23; I John iii. 9.
Heb. iii. 6, Serpent......... Satan, the devil ............................... . Gen. iii. l; 2 Cor.xi. 3;
Hunger and I. Natural desires after happiness ...... Prov. xix. 15; Isa. Iv. Rev. xii. 9.
Thirst. l; Rev. xxii.17. Sheep........... The disciples of Christ .................... .. Zech. xiii. 7; John x. 11,
2. Spiritual desires ......................... .. Amos viii. 11; Matt. v. 16; 1 Pet. ii. 25.
6; Luke i. 53. Shield........... Faith in tQe Divine promises............. . Eph. vi. 16.
Idolatry ........ . I. Covetousness ••........••••.••.•.•••......•.• Col. iii. 5. Sleep............ 1. Death ........................................ . Dan. xii. 2; John xi.11;
2. An object excessively beloved ......... l John v. 21, l Thess. iv. 14.
Image of gold, The four universal monarchies-As- 2. Carnal •ecurity ........................... . Rom. xiii. 11.
silver, brass syrian, Persian, Macedonian, Roman. Dan. ii. 31, 45. Sodom and
and iron. Gomorrah .. . An apo,tate, wicked city .................. .. Isa. i. 10; Rev. xi. 8.
Rev. v. 8. Spiritual maladies .......................... .. Isa. i. 6; !iii. 5.
Incense •······· DeYotional exercises •..••.................... Sores ........... .
Infirmities ... •.. 1. Bodily weakness .......................... . Matt.viii.17; Isa.liii. 4. Sower .......... . A gospel preacher ........................... . Matt. xiii. 3, 37. [16.
2. Spiritual weakness ....................... . Rom. viii. 26. Star............. . 1. A prince or ruler ....•..................... Num.xxiv.17; Rev.x:.di.
Jerusalem ..... .. 1. Church of God ........................... .. Ps. cxx. 6; Isa. !xv. 18; 2. Eminent pastors of churches ......... . Rev. i. 20.
!xvi. 13. Stone .......... .. I. Jesus Christ ............................... . Ps.cxviii.22; Isa.xxviii.
2. Heavenly glory .......................... . Heb. xii. 22; Rev. iii. 16; Matt. xxi. 42.
12; xxi.; xxii.; Gal. 2. A true believer ............................ . I Pet. ii. 5.
iv. 24, 26. Stone, White .. Seal or token of full absolution .......... . Rev. ii.17.
Keys............. I. Power and authority ................... .. Rev. i. 18; Isa. xxii. Sun ............. . 1. The Lord God ............................ .. Ps. lxxxiv. 11.
2. Commission of the Gospel ministry. Matt. xvi. 19. 2. Jesus Christ .............................. .. Mal. iv. 2.
Laborers........ Gospel ministers ............................. . Matt. ix. 37, 38; l Cor. Sun and Moon States, civil and ecclesiastical. .......... .. Joel ii. 31; .Acts ii. 20.
Lamb............ The Messiah, typified by the paschal iii. 9. Swine ......... .. Unclean, infidel persons .................... . Matt.Tii. 6.
lamb and the daily Israeli ti sh sacrifice. Ex. xii. 11 ; xxix.38, 41. Sword .......... . 1. The symbol of destruction ............ . Deut. xxxii, 41, 42.
Lamp............ 1. Profession of religion ................. .. Matt. xxv. 3, 4. 2. The word of God-the weapon of a
2. Divine illumination and comfort. ... . 2 Sam. xxii. 29. Christian ................................. . Eph. vi. 17.
Leaven ••• - ..... Corrupt principles and practices ........ . Matt. xvi. 6; I Cor. v. Tabernacle .. .. The human body............................ . 2 Cor.v.1; 2 Pet.i.13,14.
Leopard......... 1. A subtle, rapacious enemy ............ .. Dan. vii. 6. [6, 8. Talents ........ . The gifts of God bestowed on man ..... . Matt. xxv. 15.
2. Antichristian power ..................... . Rev. xiii.2. Tares ........... . Wicked infidels.............................. .. Matt. xiii. 38.
Life............... I. Immortal felicity ........................ . Ps. xvi, 11. Teeth ........... . Symbols of cruelty .......................... . Prov. xxx. 14.
2. Evangelical doctrine .................... . John vi. 33, Thorns ........ . 1. Worldly cares, riches and pleasures. Luke viii. 14.
3. A state of justification ................ .. John v. 24; Col. iii. 3. 2. Perverse unbelievers .................... . Ezek. ii. 6. (12, 16.
4. Christ, the 1murce of life, natural, John i. 4; ·xi. 25; xiv. Throne ........ . I. Government or kingdom ............... . Gen. xii. 4; 2 Sam, vii.
spiritual and eternal ............... .. 6; Col.iii.4. 2. An order of angels ...................... .. Col. i.16.
Ligbt ............ 1. Joy, peace and prosperity............. . Esth. viii. 16. Thunders ..... . Prophecies .................................... .. Rev. x. 4.
2. Evangelical knowledge and holiness. Isa. viii. 20; Eph. v. 8; Trees ........... . Good or bad men ............................. . Ps. i. 3; Matt. iii. 10.
1 John i. 7, Vine ........... . 1. The Hebrew Church ................... .. P,. lxxx. 8; Jer. ii. 21.
Lion ............ .. 1. An emblem of fortitude, the ensign 2. Christ, the Head of the Church ..... . John xv. 1.
of the tribe of Judah ................ .. Gen. xlix. 9. Vineyard ..... . The Church of God ......................... .. Isa. v. 1, 6; Jer. xii. 10.
2. A title of Christ......................... .. Rev, T, 5. Vipers ........ .. Wicked children of wicked parents ...... Matt. iii. 7; xii. 34.
Loousts ......... Teachera who corrupt the gospel........ . Rev. ix. 3, Walk after the
Manna. •••••••••• The felicities of immortality ........... .. Rev. ii. 17. flesh, to ...... To be guided by sensual appetites ..... . Rom. viii. 1.
.Mountain....... 1. A kingdom, state, republic or city .. . Isa. ii.12,14; Zech.iv.7. Walk after the To follow the motions of the Holy Spirit
2. The kingdom of Christ's Church .... . Isa. ii. 2 ; xi, 9 ; Dan. Spirit, to. and the counsel• of the Word of God. Rom. viii. 1,
ii. 35. Walk with To live in communion with God, act-
Mystery........ . A thing or doctrine unknown until re- Rom. xvi. 25; 1 Cor. ii. God, to. ing as in his •igbt to please and
vealed....................................... .. 7; Col.i.26; Rev,i.20. glorify him .................................. .. Gen. v. 24; Ti. 9.
Naked .......... . Destitute of the garment of holiness .. . Rev. iii. 17. Wash ......... } Purification { 1. M~":' 1•·· ................ .. Ps. xxvi. 6; lxxiii. 13.
Night. .......... . Ignorance, error, adversity............... .. Rev. xxi. 25. [21. Washed ..... . 2. Spmtual .............. .. Pa. Ii. 2; Ezek. xvi. g,
Number two ••• A few............................................. l Kings xvii.12; Isa. vii. Washing .. .. Pardon and sanctifioation ................. . I Cor. vi. 11; Rev. i. 5;
Number three, vii.14.
or third ...... Excellency ..................................... . Isa.xix.24; Zech.xiii.9. Water........... The grace of the Holy Spirit ............. . Isa. xliv. 3; John iii. 5;
N nmber four •.. UniverseJitJ ................................... . Isa. xi. 12; Ezek.vii. 2. iv.10.
Number seven. Perfection ...................................... . Rev. i. 4-xxii. Waters ......... 1. Afflictions and troublee ................ .. Ps. ]xix. 1.
Oaks ............ . Princes ........................................ .. Isa. ii. 13. 2. Multitudes of people .................... . Isa. viii. 7; Rev.xvii.15.
Olive, Wild .... . Sensual man .................................. .. Rom. xi.17. 3. Evangelical ordinances ................. . Isa. Iv. I.
" Cultivated. The Church of Christ ...................... .. Rom. xi. 24. 4. The blessings of the Holy Spirit..... Isa.xliv.3; John vii. 37.
P&lm ............ . An emblem of joy and victory .......... .. Rev, vii. 7, Week............ Seven years, Seventy weeks of years
Paradise ....... . Heaven, the residence of the Redeemed. Luke xxiii.43; Rev .ii. 7. are four hundred and ninety years ... Dan. ix.24.
Paasover..•.•.•. Jesus Christ ................................... . l Cor. v. 7, Wilderness..... I. General desolation. ...................... . Isa..:xxvii.10; Jer.xxii.6.
Physician ...... . Jesus Christ ................................. . Matt. ix, 12• 2. Thi• world of trial....................... . l Cor. x. 5,6; lsa.xli.18.
.Pillar........... .. 1. The chief support of a family, city Wind............ 1. The operations of the Holy Spirit .. . John iii. 8.
or state ................................... . GaL ii.9. 2. Divine judgments....................... .. Isa. :xxvii. 8.
2. A monument of grace in the temple 3. De•olation ................................. .. Jer. Ii. l; iv. 11, 12.
of glory .................................. .. Rev. iii. l 2. Wind•, Four... General destructions ........................ . Jer. xlix. 36; Dan. vii.
Rain ........... .. 1. Emblem of saving doctrine .......... . Deut. xxxii. 2. 2; Rev. vii. 2.
2. Spiritual influences ...................... . Isa. :div. 3. Wine............ 1. Temporal blessing, ..................... . Hos. ii. 8; Ps. iT, 7.
River-..•....••• 1. The irruption of an invading army .. Isa.lix. 19; Jer.xlvi.7,8. 2. Goopel provision .................... ;.... . Isa. x:n. 6; Iv. 1.
2. An emblem of exuberant blessings .. Job xxix.6; Ps.xx.xvi.8, 3. Divine indignation ....................... . Ps. lxxv. 8; Rev.xvi.Jg,
3. Overflowing• of Divine love and Witnesses...... Persecuted churches or their pastors .. .. Rev. xi. :µ),
grace ...................................... . Rev.:xxii. 1; Ezek.:xlvii. Wolf, Wolves. I. Fierce, 'irreligious men ... Isa. xi. 6; !xv. 25.
u,aoo•OO . . . . . .
~:r·::::::::::: A ilecure refuge ............................... .

I. Powerful authority ....................... .
Ps. xviii.2; lsa. xvii. IO.
Ps. ii. 9.
2. Bitter persecutors ....................... .. Luke x. 3.
3. Avariciou.s men, profeisedly Chris-
2. Divine faithfulness ...................... . Ps. xxiii. L tian ministers........................... . John x. 12; Acts ,a, .29.
Salt. ...... l. The principle• and virtues of Chris- Women ......... I. A state or city ............................. . Ezek. xxiii. 2, 3.
tians ..................................... .. Matt. T, 13. 2. The Church of Christ................... . ReT, :xii. I.
2. The wisdom of Christian prudence .. Col, iv. 6. Yoke............ 1. Oppressive servitude .......•. , ......... .. Dent. xxviii. 48.
Sea.. ....... .... .. The remote islands and countriea of 2. Painfu] religious rites.................. . Act• xv. IO; Gal. v. l.
the Gentiles ............................. . Isa. I.x. 5. 3. The delightful service of Christ .... .. Matt. xi. 29, SO.
lie&!, Sealed ... . I. Symbol of security ..................... .. Son; Sol, iT. 12. 4. Moral reatraint1 ........................... . Lam. iii.27.
Yo!. 1-4 51
PRECIOUS STONES OF THE SCRIPTURE.
STONES. DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERAL REMARKS.
Ad'ama.u., .....• The Hebrew word is twice translated thus (in both instances ii;. is used meta.phorically-Ezek. iii.; Zech. vii.); in a third instance, Jer. xvii., it is
·rendered "Diamond." It means a. very hard stone, and the latter is the hardest we know of.
Ag'ate .. . .....• One of the stones iP. the High~priest's breastplate; a variety of quartz occurring in nodules, semi-transparent and uncrystallized.
Am'ber......... This was probably not the substance known among us by that name, but rather a metal; some suppose it was a mixture of brass (or copper) and
gold, others regard it as brass highly polished.
Am'ethyst...... In the High•priest's breastplate; violet, bordering on purple, composed of a strong blue and a deep red.
Ber'yl........... In the High-priest's breastplate, also in the foundation of the New Jerusalem; a pellncid gem of n bluish green color, of the genus EMERALD,
though less valuable.
Car'buncle..... In the High-priest's breastplate; supposed by some to have been the GARNET, by others the EMERALD; it was certainly a bright flashing gem.
Ohalced'ony ... One of the stones in the foundation of the New Jerusalem; there is great diversity of opinion concerning it; possibly it was a species of AGATE, varie-
gated and cloudy.
Chrys'olite..... In the foundation of the New Jerusalem; probably a species of TOPAZ; a transparent gem of yellowish i;reen color; the name signifies the golden stone.
Chrysopra'sus. In the foundation of the New Jerusalem; a species of BERYL, resembling the CHRYSOLITE, except that it has a bluish shade in its golden green.
Di'amond .• -... In the High-priest's breastplate; it is too well known to demand more than mention.
Em'erald....... In the High-priest's breastplate, and in the foundation of the New Jerusalem; see particularly Rev. iv. 3; requires no description here: its superb
beauty is well known. Anciently called SMARAnus.
Ja'cinth......... In the High-priest's breastplate, and in the foundation of the New Jerusalem; a handsome gem of a deep reddish yellow; identical with the LrnuRE
of Ex. xxviii. and xxxix.
J~s;per ••••••.•• In the High-priest'• breastplate, and in the foundation of the New Jerusalem; a species of quartz, red, yellow or green, usually handsomely •potted.
Ltg ure......... See J ACINTH.
On'yx ........... In the High-priest's breastplate; also, two of them, with the names of the heads of the twelve tribes engraved thereon. were placed on the shoulder,
of the ephod; it was much used like the Cameo is now, the device being cut on the opaque white, while the darker stripes served as border and
groundwork; it was white, blue and gray, or brown, in layers.
!j,u'hy........... A valuable gem of rose-red color, class Corundum; in High-priest's breastplate(rendered SARDIUS); some have thought that the AGATE of our ver-
sion was the RuBY, as that rendered RUBY in two passages wa.s probabJy REH CORAL.
Sap'phire...... The Hebrew name signifies splendor_; it is second only to the DIAMOND in hardness, lustre and value; generally of beautiful pure blue, sometimes
blue, red and yellow combined; in High-prieat's breastplate.
Sar'dius......... Supposed to be the RUBY; rendered SARDINE, in Rev. iv. 3, where ir. is thought to be C0RNELIAN.
Sa.r'donyx.. .... A variety of the ONYX, with a shade of translucent deep orange brClwn; in the foundation of the New Jerusalem.
To'paz .•••.••••• : A superb yellow or golden green gem; in High-priest's breastplate, and in the foundation of the New Jerusalem. Some have supposed that it is 0ur
1 CaRYSOLITE.
TREES AND PLANTS, FRUIT AND FLOWERS,

AND SPICES OF BIBLE LANDS.
TREES, ETC. ) DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERAL REMARKS.
Algum,Almug.l Imported by Sor.oMoN to make columns, baluot,rades, etc., of the Temple, from Ophir; supposed to have been the RED SANDAL-WOOD TREE, the wood
of which is very heavy, hard, fine-grained and of a. beautiful garnet color, or it may have been the WHITE SANDAL-woon, which is still much used
! in India for utensils and fine work.
Almond......... This superb tree bas ever been a favorite, on account not only of its beauty, but equally •o of its early blooming; its beautiful rose-pink blos-
soms are harbingers of spring. .
Aloes, or Lign- A tree or plant from which was obtained a valuable sweet-scented wood, as, a.Jso, a delightful, pungent, aromatic gum prized for perfuming rooms
aloes. and clothing, and for anointing the dead. The ALOK of Palestine reaches a height of scarce five feet, while the East Indian ALOB frequently attains
an altitude of one hundred and twenty feet and girth of twelve feet.
Anise............ Marginal rendering "DILL," probably correct; this was a small plant of little pecuniary value, though both the plant and seeds were used as a
carminative and as a condiment.
Apple........... As the APPLE is little kn~wn in Palestine, the QUINCE or the CITRON may have been intended; evidently, a large tree and a fruit of rich eolor, fin•
flavor and fragrant odor.
Ash ..._........... This may have been the AsH, though many learned critics have held otherwise; the larger number are in favor of the opinion that a species of Pi.11
was intended.
Barley.......... The B.A.RLEY of :flalestine i~ our common grain of same name.
Bay.............. A symbol of a prosperous career. Possibly a LAUREL or a. CEDAR, but more probably the OLEANDER, called tlje ROSE-BAY, is the tree meant.
Bean .••.....•... Still a common article of food in the East; the kinds most used are the WHITE HoRSE-BEAN and the KIDNEY-BEAN.
Box .............. ! Th?ught t>y some to_have_ been a. species of CEDAR, but it may with equal probability have been the Box TREE, as rendered.
Bramble ........ i This bush has been identified bv HAssELQUIST and others as the BLACKBERRY.
Brier .••......... '1 This variety of the WILD ROSE Seems to have been indigenous to the soil of Palestine; the Hebrew· word signifies "brier" and" scorpion."
Bulrush,Rush. I " BULRUSH" and" Ruse" are used interchangeably in our version; in some places the Egyptian PAPYRU~ is intended, in others the common marsh Russ.
Cala.mus,Sweet1 An ingredient of the holy anointing oil, also mentioned as a perfume; supposed to have been imported from India; the root, item and flowers, when
Cane. Ibruised, are very fragrant. .
Camphire...... No doubt this was the HENNA of the Arabs, a shrub rising five or six feet, with fragrant whitish flowers in clusters. The powdered leaves were used
as a. dye for the finger-nails, etc.
Cassi& .••••••... I One of the ingredients of the holy anointing oil; the plant resembles CrNNAllON, though •carcely so fine or fragrant; the rind or hark was used &s a
I perfume.
Cedar....••.•..•• j At one t_i~e ced1_1.r trees were v~ry abundant in Palestine, especially in the Lebanon region ; its great height, straightness and the hardne11 and
durability of its wood ma.de 1t very valuable for building.
Chestnut....... The PLANB TREE has been considered by many as the tree meant. A native of Western Asia, it bas taken kindly to the soil nod climate of Europo
and America.
Cinnamon...... One of the ingredients of the holv anointing oil; the tree was the same that now bears the name, and the inner rind was used as now. ·
Cockle........... An Oriental weed, smaller hut of more brilliant flower than the cockle of this country; the plural of the same Hebrew word is rendered "wild-
grapes" in Isa. v., and hence some have chtimed that it meant noxious weeds in general.
Coriander...... Generally admitted to be the same plant a.s bears the name now in the East; it is chewed by all classes for the pleasant flavor it imparts to the
breath; it is also user! to flavor food. ·
Cucumber •••.•. The well-known plant that is still extensively cultivated in all parts.
Cummin ....... . This plant was similar to the CORIANDER, and probably the same as that now known 011 FENNEL or CARAWAY. In time its seeds make an exoeJlent styptic.
Cypress ..•...... Some have maintained that the tree so named in our version was the ILEx, a epecieEI of OAK, but it is more likely it was the ordinary EvERGRBEN OYPBDL
Date ••..••....•• See PALV. ·
Dill .••••.••..•..• ~A= .
52
I
TREES AND PLANTS, FRUITS AND FLOWERS,

AND SPICES OF BIBLE LANDS.
----------·-------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERAL REMARKS.
TREES, ETC.
Dove's Dung.. BocHART pronounces this CHICK-PEAS, while Dr. TaoMso~ says it was a. coarse kind of BEAN.
Fig .............•. This well-known tree abounded in Palestine, the Mount of Olives being especially noted for its luxuriant growth.
Fir ..•.•.........• The Hebrew word would apply to any tree that could be cut into boards, planks, etc.; doubtless certain species of PINE and JUNIPER were meant,
possibly the LARCH or CYPRESS.
Fitch,Vetch .. . A small pea, though coarse and scarcely palatable, still an article of food, yet chiefly cultivated as food for doves and pigeons,
Flags ........... . Two Hebrew words rendered thus; the first was probably a name for any marsh-weed; the other word no doubt included sea-weeds in general.
Flax ............ . This was. the common FLAX, and was used, as now, for manufacturing linen.
Galbanum .... .. A plant from which exudes a resinous gum resembling AssAFCETIDA in smell and medicinal properties: an ingredient of the holy anointing oil.
Gall.. .......... .. The Hebrew word rendered thus usually is in two places translated HEMLOCK; it was some noxious plant, probably the POPPY; it was certainly of
bitter taste, and poisonous in some degree.
Garlic ......... .. While this resembles the GARLIC of the present day, it was of a more delicate kind; it was native to Askelon.
Gopher ....... .. Material used in constructing the ark; it may have been the PINE or CEDAR, but more probably the CYPRESS.
Gourd .......... . This name is applied to two distinct vines; the one, poisonous, either the CoLOCYNTH or the WILD CUCUMBER; the other (Jon. iv.) the CASTOR-OIL plant.
Grape .......... . The GR.A.PE-VINE is still extensive]y cultivated in Syria and Palestine, and it flourishes far beyond its average in this country; a bunch of grapes
grown at Welbeck weighed 19½ pounds, and measured 19¾ inches in length and 19½ inches in breadth or diameter.
Grass ........... . This term in our version inc1udes aH that clothes the ground with verdure; there is a peculiarly beautiful variety noticed by HA.ssELQUIST as abound-
inOI'0 in Pale~tine, called the SHEEP'S FEscuE.
j Heath ...... ~ ... Two Hebrew words; the one may have indicated the HEATHER or LING; the other probably should have been translated "ruins" or '' forlorn,"
though some think it does indicate a plant, and they name the TAMA.RIX or JUNIPER,
I Hemlock ....... . See GALL.
Holm .......... .. A species of OAK, mentioned only in the _Apoer,rphal Book of the History.of SUSANNAH. . .
I Husk ........... . Archbishop FRENCH says the HusK ment10ned m the Parable of the Prodigal Son was the fruit of the CAROB TREE; they have a hard dark outside
and a dull sweet taste.
Hy,sop ........ . Probably the common HYSSOP; it was early valued for its medicinal properties, and used a.s a re.nedy for affections of the throat and chest.
Juniper ....... .. Generally supposed to have been a species of broom, a leguminous plant, with white flower; the roots are bitter, and edible only when driven by hung~r.
i Leeks ........... . Not our LEEK, but the FENU-GREC, a native of Egypt, resembling CLOVER, used as food by men; it wa• aupposed to be a specific against worm ■ and
dysentery. '
Lentil ........... . A leguminous plant, yielding a pulse, resembling small beans; it was chiefly used in soup or pottage.
I Life, Tree of.. . Never
Lign-aloe •••.•. See ALOE.
identified, and possibly the name indicated no tree, but was used only as symbolic to point to the great Tree of Life, JESUS.
ii Lily ............. . Tradition says that the LILY grew in such quantities that the stalks dried were used as fuel; one kind is particularly noticed by travellers as pecu-
liarly gorgeous.
Mallow, ....... . Supposed by some to have been the SEA-PURSLAIN, which grew near the sea-coast, and was eaten chiefly by the poor, but probably a coarse kind of
greens. calJed "Jew's Mallow."
II Mandrake ...... Still thrives in Syria and Palestine; many strange superstitions clustered around the MANDRAKE; the fruit was about the size of an ordh;ary egg,
and very pleasant to the taste.
.Mastich ........ . The MA!!!TICH TREE is mentioned only in the History of SusANN AH; it produced a fragrant resin•
.Meadow ...... .. In the Hebrew of Gen. xii. 2, 18, the word rendered meadow probably indicated a water-pl,mt or marsh-plant. .
.Melon.......... . Generally regarded as indicating the WATERMELON, which grew in great profusion in Egypt and in the Levant; it was about the ""n,e as our
WATERMELON.
Millet .......... . Identical with our MILLET; it was cultivated extensively and the green stalks used as fodder, while the grain was much prized.
.Mint .......... .. The SPEARMINT, which was much cultivated and used ib Palestine; besides it culinary uses, it was scattered over the floors on account of the pleasant
sceut it exhales when bruised.
I Mulberry .... .. While the MULBERRY abounds in Palestine (see SYCAMINE) the tree intended here was rather a BALSAM TREE distillingwhitetears of a pungent, acrid taste.
Mustard ....... . A species that, from a minute seed, grew into a considerable tree, with numerous branches, is described by travellers; its fruit resembled CURRANTS
1
I I
in form, while its seed was similar to our MUSTARD.
.Myrrh.. ....... .. Myrrh is a gum resin extracted from the tre~ balsam-myrrh, which grows in Arabiit and Africa; it exudes from the bark; an ingredient of the holy
anointing oil.
1
.Myrtle......... . This tree was very popular on account both of its beanty and its sweet scent. Being very prolific, the groves of MYRTLE have been described by trav-
ellers as exceedingly handsome.
I Nettle......... .. Not materially different from the NETTLE or THISTLE; too well known to require more than mention.
II Oak............ .. Many varieties of this well-known and always useful tree abounded in the Holy Land.
Olive ........... . This tree is called in Isaiah the OIL TREE; it stiJI grows luxuriantly everywhere near the Mediterranean, e,>,! j,: a.bundant in Palestine. It was and
still is highly prized.
, Onion_,,,, .... . The ONION of Egypt, though similar to that so well known among na, was far superior to it in delicacy and richness of flavor.
Palm ........... . This was the DATE-PALlf TREE, which has·ever grown a.hundant1y in the Holy Land, and has always been deservedly a favorite.
Pannag ........ . Supposed to be the GINSENG; ,oultivated extensively in China and Chinese Tartary; it has been considered a wonderful panacea for many diseases.
Paper-Reed .. . See BULRUSH.
Pine ............ . The name occurs three times in our version, and in each case it is probably a mistranslation, though the PtNR TREE did grow in :Palestine.
Pomegranate .. One of the most ancient and beautiful of fruit and flower trees (it 1s rather a bush); the fruit is about the size of an orange.
1 Poplar ......... . Probably the WHITE POPLAR; it is mentioned but twice in our version, and some have questioned the rendering.
j Reed ........... . CA.NE growing in the marsh-lands, used for making arrows, also some kinds for manufacturing door-mats, etc.
Ro,e ........... . Many varieties abound in Palestine and Syria and other Bible lands; travellers say that the Ros Es of Syria exceed in beauty and perfection those of
I any other country.

Rue.. ........... . A perennial plant; it was used as a condiment, and to it wa• attributed the power of preventing poison from affecting the human system; it was
also thought to ward off infection.
R:;sh ........... . See BULRUSH,
I Rye............. . See SPELT.

Saffron ••••••.•.. A perennial plant, the stigmas of the flowers of which have long been used as a medicinal stimulant and as a condiment.
I
: Shittah ........ . Shlttim is the plural form, and ,hittim-wood is the wood of the SHITTIM TREE; this, it is generally agreed, is the ACACIA.
Spelt. .......... . The Hebrew word has been variously rendered "rye" and "filches," but the grain meant is no doubt SPELT, a variety of wheat with smooth or
bald ear,
! Spikenard..... . The VALERIAN JATAMANSI, the root of which is still a valued drug.
, Syeamine .... .. This tree is mentioned but once, and the MULBERRY TREE is supposed to have been intended; the mulberriea of Palestine are del!lcribed as a delicious
fruit resemb1ing our largest ble.ckberries.
! Sycamore .... .. Not the tree that is grown in this country and Europe, but the SYCAllORE-PIG, which, though a lofty and a wide-spreading tree, was yet tender, and
its wood of little account.
j YineofSodom. Not positively determined what tree or vine ia intended; among those suggested the more probable seem to be the "mad apple•" of the Arabs, or
the bitter apple.
:~••L.........
l
About the same in all important points as that of the present day.
w•llow ... ... .. Two Hebrew words; the one either the WEEPING WILLOW, or more likely the OLEANDER; the other the EGYPTUN WILLOW,
ormwood ... . The Scripture term is general, comprising various bitter pl~nts.
53
SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS AND COINS. '
No'lE.-Corrected by the latest scientific discol'eries down to the present time; from McCulloch, Gregory: Brande, Lavoisne, Smith and other authoritiea.
-
I. MEASURES OF LENGTH AND DISTANCE.
MEASURES OF LENGTH. biblical science requires, and using the Mosaic or leial cubiL This cubit is nearly
the largest or Egyptian one.
THE Bible cubit was shorter than that of other countries. In the limos of the The Altar of lnce,ise.-Only two sides of it, viz., its length and breadth, are
Hebrew monarchy, three different cubits were recognized by the Jews. I. The expressed by Moses; each of them is affir"1ed to be one cubit. Yet he declares
common cubit, in length of our inches and decimals of an inch, 15.8763, or slightly it was fonr sqnare; whence we coJlect that its sides and its top were each just a
more than a foot and a quarter. 2. The ancient Mosaic cubit, a hand-breadth square cubit. (See Exodus xxx. 2.) Now the Jewish square cubit amounts to
longer than the first, and of the same length with the smaller Egyptian cubit, almost exactly two and a half English square feet, so that the Altar of Incense
that is, Ht.0515 inches, or a.bout a. foot and seven inches; and 3. The new cubit, was a cube of 2½ feet every way.
equal to the royal Egyptian cubit, eq,m! to a.bout 20.6 inches, or 1 foot 8½ inches. The Table of Shew-Bread, Ex. xxv. 23.-This is affirmed tB be two cubits in
length and one in breadth. None doubt but it was rectangular, containing two
Jewish square cubits. These amount to five English 8quare feet, nearly, that is,,
MEASURES OF DISTANCE. 722 square inches. '
The Boards of the Tabernacle.-Tbese were each ten cubits in length and one
A "Sabbath Day's Journey" was 2000 cubits, or six-tenths of a mile. It is and a half in breadth (Ex. xxvi. 16). Being rectangular, they contained 15
said the term originated thus : The ra.bbins took the text in Exodus xvi. 29 : " Let Jewish square cubits, or just about 37½ English square feet. They were, in
no man go out of his place on the seventh day," and on the strength ofit forbade short, boards 15 ft. 10 in. long, and 2 ft. 4½ in. wide. This seems an extraordi-
all travelling. Then they made an exception, allowing the walk from the houses nary width to be required in a country so destitute of large trees as the wilder-
next the Tabernacle, across the empty space always kept around it, to the edifice, ness of Sinai.
for the purpose of worship. Now, this empty space was always just 2000 cubits The Mercy Seat.-This was God's Throne of Grace among the Jews. Moses (Ex.
wide. And, fina.Jly, they allowed every man to travel on the Sabbath, not more xxv. 17) affirms that its length was two cubits and a half, its breadth one cubit
than this distance of 2000 cubits from the wall of his own clty in any direction. and a half. This makes the area :;f the Mercy Seat to be 3 ft. 11½ in. long, by 2
The furlong of the New Testament is the Greek Stadium, the length of the ft. 4½ in. wide, or about 8 4--5 square feet.
celebrated Greek national race-course at Olympia. It consisted of 600 Greek The Square Cubit in Sqnare Feet.-A square cubit reduced to inches is 19 X 19
feet, equal in English. measure to 606 feet 9 inches. The mile mentioned in the = 361 sq. inches. Divide this by 144, the number of square inches in one square
New Testament was possibly a Roman mile. foot, and we have 2 73-144 square feet. Reduce this vulgar fraction to decimals,
and we have 2.5 square feet, nearly; the exact figures running into a repeating
MEASURES OF SURl<'ACE. decimal, thus: 2.5076308888 +.
The Court of the Tabernacle.-This was the ground on which the priests per-
The Jews had no such system as our "square measure," which enabled them formed all the solemn public worship of Israel in Moses' time. The area of this
to name an area. by its size, as "square foot," 1 ' acre," etc. They had t() designate court is described by Moses (Ex. xxvii. 18), by its length 100 cubits and its
the space they wanted to describe by naming ita length or breadth. The Bishop breadth everywhere 50 cubits. Wherefore this area must be in Jewish measure
of Peterborough has added, under this head, a number of interesting and learned 5000 square cubits, sinoe that is the product of 100 multiplied into 50. This wa.S'
calcula.tiom!, which a.re here given, with such modifications a.a the present state of then equal to an area of 12,500 square feet.
II. MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
LIQUID MEASURES. iii. 2 only), & word meaning something poured out; 6, the Homer (meaning
"heap") or Cor, a.a it is elsewhere ca.lled, from the circular vessel in which it wa.s
These were : 1, the Log, a word originally n.~&ning a basin; 2, the Hin, an measured.
Egyptian word; and 3, the Bath, a Hebrew word meaning "measured." JOSEPHml. RABBI?flftB.
Meruura. Galwm. Gallonl.
DRY MEASURES. Homer or Cor (10¾, or 5½ bnsbels) ................................... 86.696 ............... 44.286
Ephab or Bath................................................................ 8.6696............... 4.4286
1. The Cab ( only in 2 Kings 'l'i. 25 ), a word meaning hollow or concave; 2, the Seab ...... . . . ......... ......... ... .... . . ........... ....... ......... ......... ...... 2.8898......... ...... 1.4762
Omer (only in Exodus xvi. 11Hl6), a word meaning & heap, or a sheaf; 3, the Hin ................................................................................ 14449 ............... .7381
Omer .............................................................................. .8669 ............... .4428
Seah, which means "measure," this being the most usual measure for household Cab ................................................................................ .4816............... .246
uses; 4, the Eph&h, an Egyptian word; 5, the Half-homer or Lethec (in Hosea Log ................................................................................ .120! ............... .0615
III. COINS AND MONEY.
l. MONEY NO'.t' COINED. two different Greek words. One of these is Kodrantea (Matt. v. 26; Mark xii.
42), which is the Greek form of the Latin word Quadrans. The Roman Quad-
All the money mentioned in the Bible before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, rans was a small copter coin, and was, a.s its name indicates, the quadrant or
that is, before the period oi the ret.urn from captivity, was uncoined money, and quarter of the a,. T is a, was a copher coin, sixteen of which were equal to a
seems always to have been silver, go1d being mentioned a.s a valuable metal, but denarius. The aa was accordingly a out equivalent to the old-fashioned "red
not as money. This uncoined money was used by weight. Therefore· it is very cent," and the farthing to a quarter of & cent. The other word translated
likely that the money mentioned in the Bible before the times of Ezra and Nehe- "farthing" is As,arion (Matt. x. 29; Luke xii. 6), the Greek form of the Latin
mio.h consisted of silver rings, and that it was paid and received by weight, ae is .Asaarium, which was the smaJI a,, equal to half the This farthing was a,.
described in Genesis xxiii. 16. therefore twice as large as the other.
Mite, in Greek, Lepton, was a copper piece, the smallest coin in circulation, and
2. COINED MONEY. worth half the first of two farthings above described, viz., the quadrans.
The Meccabean shekel was a silver piece about as heavy as & silver half doJlar. TABLE OF BIBLE MONEY.
It had on one side & figure of a vase, supposed to have represented the pot of Denominations. Grains. l"alu,, n,arly.
manna preserTed in the ta.bernacle, and on the other side a stem with three flowers, Gold Shekel ..................................................... 132 ............... $5.69
snpposed to have represented A&ron's rod that budded. With the vase was an in- Gold Maneb .................................................... 13.200 ............... 569.00
scription signifying-'' Shekel of Israel," and with the branch another signifying Gold Talent ..................................................... l,320,000 ............... 561900.00
"Jerusalem the Holy." These in~criptions were in old Hebrew lettere,, similar in
style to onr own capitals, and were like the Phoonician and Samaritan alphabets.
The Daric.-The Persian Daric, mentioned in the Old Tefltament, was a go]_d
i!l;:~ li!;ii:::::::::::.:_:_:_::_::_:_:_:_:_:_::_:_:_:_:_:_:_::·:·::::::·.~:::_::::::_
Silver Maneb ................................................... 13,200 ...............
1t::::::::::_::_:_.~
82.00
~1
coin, so named after Darius, the name of several Persian kings, just as in modern Silver Talent ............................. .., .................... 660,000 ............... 1,660.00
Copper Shekel ................................................. 528 ............... .03 l'-100
times Louis and Napoleon have been the names of French coins. Copper Talent .................................................. 792,000 ............... 47.14
"A Piece of Money" (Matt. xvii. 24-27) fonnd in the fish by St. Peter, and with Persifm Daric or Dram (gold) ............................. 128............... 6.52
which he paid tribute for himself and Christ, was a •tater, a Greek silver piece, Maccabean Shekel (silver)................................. 220 ............... .63
of the valne of a silver half dollar. "Piece of Money" Stater, silver) ..................... 2'20 ............... .63
The Penny wa.s the denariua, the principal silver coin of the Romans, up to the Penny (Denariusi silver) ................................... 58 6-7 ........ .1'
Farthing (Quadra11s, copper) .............................. 42 ...............
beginning of the third century l\fter Christ. It was worth almost exactly 14 cents.
-
Farthing i• the word used in the authorized version of the Bible to translate
F1trthing ( A88ft.rium, copper) .............................
Hite (copper) ...................................................
NOTE -The lawful weight of the U.S. silver dollar is 412½ grains.
84 ...............
21 ............... i
54
,-
REMARKABLE MOlTNTAINS AND HILLS,
AND RIVERS, LAKES AND SEAS OF BIBLE LANDS.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS A:ND HILLS.
DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERAL RElfARKS,
Chain east of the Jordan; PEOR, NERO and PISGAH belong to it.
Ab'a.rim ....... . The eastern of two extensive parallel rMges, now caUed Jebel esh-Shurkt". See LEBANON, .
Anti-Lib's.nus The term refers to the country Armenia 1 \.10 the mountains of which the ark rested; the same He'brew word is in two passages rendere?, Armenia;
Ar'e.ra.t .•.•..•.• there are two peaks especially known es ARA!UT; the highest point is 17,750 feet above the sea and 14,573 above the level of the plam.
A mountainous country, east of the Jordan: remarkable for height, and for rich woodland and pasturag;e; the HILL OF BASH AN was HERMO'N.
Ba'sban ....... . Usually called a mount, but there is no authority in or out of Scripture for rn calling it.
Cal'vary ....... .
Range extending about 28 miles; the highest point of Mo □ NT CARMEL is 1728 feet above the sea; now generally called .Mar Elyas.
Car'mer........ .
E'bal. .. , ...... .. Mountain in Palestine opposite GERIZIM, on northern side of valley of Shechem; it rises 2700 feet above the sea; now called Sitti Lalamiyah,
E'phraim ..... . The highland portion of the territory of Ephraim.
A bill near Jerusalem; the Hebrew name signifies" scabby," and some suppose it was to this bill lepers were sent" out of the congregation."
Ga 1reb ........ ..
Ge'bal.. ........ . The mountainous tract extencling from the Dead Sea to Petra.
Geriz'im ....... . A mountain of Ephraim, opposite EBA.I., the valley of Shechem (now Nablus) intervening; it rises 2600 feet above the sea.
Gilbo'a, ...... .. Ridge of bills rising at Jezreel, eastern end of Plain of Esdrrnlon; the ridge extends about ten miles, west to ea,st; now called Jebel Fukaah.
Gil'ead ... , .... . A mountainous region east of the Jordan, in extent about 60 by 20 miles.
Her'won ...... . Also called SION; it was on the north-eastern border of Palestine. it rises boldly, at the southern end of Anti-Libanus, to & height of about 10,000
feet above the sea, from 2000 to 3000 feet above the chain; present name Jebel eah-Sheikh.
Hor ............ .. On the boundary (" at the edge") of Edom, it is the highest and most ,,onspicuous of t!le sandstone mountains of Edom, its height being 4800 feet
&hove the Mediterranean, and more than 6000 a hove the Dead Sea; its double top makes it conspicuous far and near; the tomb of Aaron is on the
more northern peak; modern name Jebel Jtlebi Har'Um.
Ho'reb ......... . See SINAI.
Leb'anon ..... . Very celebrated chain north o: Palestine; it comprises really two distinct parallel ranges, which enclose the valley of Lebanon ( Crele-Syri&); ~~e
western, or main, range commences at 33° 20' N. lat., and runs upward of 100 miles south•westwardly; these mountains were remarkable for their
•cenery, their unrivalled trees and verdure; they ranged in height from 6000 to r0.200 feet above the sea.
Ne'bo ........... . "Over against Jericho" was the highest peak of the ABARIM r&nge; from its lofty summit Moses viewed the Promised Land, and on it be died a.nd
near it was buried; about 4500 feet high.
Ol'iveo(Olivet) The ridge of OLIVET is about a mile Jong from north to south, its. elevation nearly 300 feet a.hove the •ite of the Temple in Jerusalem; it is one of
the little hills or rocky crowns which encircle the Holy City, being in itself comparatively insignificant. It derives its chief importance and
attractiveness from the fact that it was a favorite resort of our SAVIOUR and was the scene of many of the leading incidents of His eventful life;
highest point about 2700 feet above the sea. ·
Pe'or ........... . One of the ABARrn range, from the summit of which Balaam blesaed, while desirons of cursing, Israel.
Pis'gab ..•••.... One of the ABARIM range, of which NEBO was the summit.
Rim'mon ...... . The RocK RnrnoN was a peak north-east of Geba and lllichmash.
Sama.'ria...... . The site on which Omri built the city of the same name.
Seir .....••....... Mountainous district of which HoR was the highest peak. See HoR.
Si'na.i. .......... . HOREB wa,s probably the designation of the grou;c, while SINAI denoted a single mountain: ihese monntain• lie ne&rly in the centre of the penin-
sula om braced between the two arms of the Red Se&; Horeb was called the "Mountam of God." Tho highest point was npward of 7000 feet
above the sea.
Si'on .......... . See HERMON.
T&'bor ......... . This mountain rises abruptly, from the north-eastern arm of the ~lain of Esdrmlon, to a ':1eight of 1900 feet; it stands entirely insul&ted, except on
the west, where a narrow ridge connects it with the mountains of Nazareth; modern name Jebel et•TUr.
Zi'on ........... . The southwestern hill of Jerusalem.
RIVERS, LAKES AND SEAS.
THE NAME. DESCRIPTIVE A.ND GENERAL REMARKS.
Ab'ana, ...•.•.. Rising in the Anti-Libanus, at a. height of 3343 feet, and passing Abila, it flowed through Damascus; modern name Barada.
lls'non ......... . "Near to Salim," where John the Baptist baptized; bas not been identified; it may have been at Wady Farah, five miles northeast of Jerus&lem.
Ar'non ........ . River east of the JORDAN, the boundary of Moab and of the Amorites; modern name El-Mojeb.
, Che'b&r•.•...... River of Jilabylonia, possibly the CHABORAS (now Khabom·), but proJ/ably the Nahr Malcha, or royal canal of Nebuchadnezzar.
' De&d Se& ...... This name does not occur in the Bible, but the sea is noticed by a number of names-the Salt Se&, the Sea of the Plain, the East Sea, the Former
Sea., anC. the Sea. where there is no difficulty of identification; its usual name now is the DEAD SEA, from the belief, now exploded, that neither
vegetable nor aniwa.l life could subsist in or near it. It is of an elongated ova.I abape, save that the regularity of the figure is broken by a.
large peninsula from its eastern shore; its extreme length is about 46 miles, breadth above 10 and area. about 300 square miles-the dimensions
vary, however, somewhat, at times. Its level is 1289 feet below that of the Mediterranean.
Egypt, river of Two Hebrew words; the one indicates the NILE (see SrnoR); the other the Wady el-Arish, that falls into the Mediterranean, near Rbinocolur&.
Eupbr&'tes ..... The largest, longest and most important river of Western Asia; its length is 1780 miles, over two-thirds of which are navigable for small vessels.
Gal'ilee, ae& of Called also Sea of Tiberi&!, Sea. or Lake of Gennesareth or Gennesaret, Sea of Chinnereth or Cinnereth, and Matt. iv. 15, the sea. The Jordan
enters it at its northern and passes out at its southern end, the bed being sil!J,ply a depression of. the great Jordan valley; its level is 653 feet
below that of the Mediterranean; t\le banks on the east &re ne&rly 2000 feet high, deeply furrowed by ravines; the west bank is less regular, but
equally picturesque.
Gi'hon ......... . Second river of Paradiae, that "eomp&sseth the whole land of Etbiopi&." Like boundaries of Eden, the locality of this river cannot be determined.
Great Se& .•.... The Medlteri"anean. _
Ha'bor......... . River of lllesopotamia.; it is the CHABORAS (now Khabour).
Hid'dekel.. •..• The TIGRIS, one of the rivers of Eden; its length is estimated &t 1150 mile•, of which about 300 ,r,iles are navigable for rafts in the seasons of flood.
Jab'bok ........ . A stream fa1ling into the JORDAN about midway between the Sea of Galilef and the Dead Sea; tl.e present name is Zurka, or the Blue River.
Jor'd&n. ....... . The great river of Palestine; its sources are in the Anti.Li ban us; a traveller has well said, "It is without any parallel, historical and physical, iu
the whole world." l\lacgregor says,'' The Jordan is the sacred stream nc..t only of the Jew, who bas ?tioses and the prophets; of the Christian,
who treasures bis master'a life upon earth; of the cast-out Ishm1telite, who bas dipped bis wandering bloody foot in this river since the days of
Hagar; but also of the Moslem faithful, who deeply reverence the Jordan." Present name Eah Shediah.
Me'rom ........ . The watera of Merom, the name of a. lake in northern part of Palestine; the Samach01iitis of Josephus, and Bahr el-HUleh of the present day.
Moch'mur..... . A wady or torrent, mentioned only in Judith; modern name Wady MaVuriyeh.
Nile ••....•.••..• See SIHOR.
Nim'rim ....... . The wa.ters of Nimrim, a stream or brook of Moab; now Wady Nemeirah. ,
J
P~a.r'par...... . It is eight miles from the city, but flows across the whole plain of Damascus; it iE.i about 40 miles long; modem name .Awaj.
P1 son ........... One of the four rivers of Paradise; the most generally received opinion identifies it with the Gangea.
Red Sea ....... . In some passages, called "the Sea," and in Isaiah,'" the Egyptian Sea;" the Hebrew name is "the Sea of Stlph ;" it lies between Egypt and Arabia;
its length is about 1400 miles, average breadth 150 miles, and o.rea 180,000 square miles; its western arm is now called the Gulf of Sue•, and 1'1
ea•tern the Gulf of Akaba; it iu very deep, more than 6000 feet at its deepest soundings.
Si'hor-......... Or Shihor; this is the more generMii Scripture name for the NILE, which recent explorations show to be the longest river in the world, except tbe
Missouri-Mississippi, if we regard the two as one. Its l~gth, a.s far a.a a.soerta_ined, is 2300 miles in Ro direct line, to which must be &dded 1everal
hundred on account of its windings. It is also nota.ble for the phenomen, of ita annual overflow. Modern name BaAr ,m-N-.l.
U'la1 ........... A river of Su1iana, prob&bly the Euhens of the Greek■ and Romana.
-------- 55
FIRST OENTlTRY OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
BEPOltE BEFORB
EVENTS IN THE CHRISTU. N CHURCH, EVENTS IN ROME AND IN PALESTINE, SYRIA, ETC.
CHRIST. CHRIST.
5 JESUS is born at Bethlehem, of Judea, on Monday, December 25th, Twenty-eighth year of Augustus Cresar's reign.
four years and six days before the common era. Cyrenius is appointed governor of Judea and Varus of Syria. 5
He is circumcised, Jan. 1st; Feb. 2d He is presented in the Temple; Antipater makes a plot against his father Herod, but is detected. 4
a few days later the Wise Men visit Him, and JosEPH, in obedience Herod causes the massacre of all male infants in Judea of two years 3
to angelic warning, takes the young child and His mother and flees and under, in the hope of killing the announced King of the Jews.
into Egypt. Antipater is put to death, a.bout Nov. rnth or 20th; Herod d:o• a ter- 2
Being informed by the angel of Herod's death, JosEPH, MARY and the rible death, Nov. 25th, and his kingdom is divided among his sona;
Holy Child JESUS return from Egypt and take up their residence Archelaus bas Judea, Idumea and Samaria, with title of ethnal"ch or
at Nazareth. king; Antipas becomes totra.rch of Galilee a.nd Perrea., and Philip
of 'frachonitis and vicinity.
YEAR YEAR
OF OUR OF OUR
LORD. LORD.
8 JESUS, being twelve years of age, is taken by His reputed father Tiberius returns to Rome from Rhodes, is ~dopted by Augustus, and 4
and His mother to the Temple, and, when they leave, He remains; invested with the tribune.
they return, seeking Him, and find Him in the midst of the doctors, There is a great famine at Rome. 6
"both hearing them and asking them questions." His mother expos- Arohelaus is deposed and b&nished to Lyons, by Augustus 9 on account 'I
tulates with Him, and He makes His memorable reply (Luke ii. 49). of his tyra.nny and maladministration; his dominion is reduoed to a
(April) He goes with MARY and JOSEPH, and is" subject to tbem," and Roman province and annexed to Syria, Coponius being appointed
"increases in wisdom and stature, and in favor with GOD and man." governor of Judea.
26 JoHN BAPTIST begins to preach and baptize; toward the close of the Augustus makes Tiberius his colleague in the empire, Aug. 28th. 11
year, JESUS, being about thirty years old, is baptized by JoHN; soon A census i~ taken at Rome, which shows 4,037,000 citizens; Augustus 14
after this He enters upon His public ministry. dies, aged 76 years, Aug. 19th, at Nola; Tiberius Nero Coosar is
28 JORN BAPTIST is beheaded by Herod Antipas. made emperor the same day.
29 Friday, April 15th, Orr& LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST 1s Caiaphas is made High-priest; the Jews are banished from Rome. 19
CRUCIFIED, DIES A.ND IS BURIED; Sunday the 17th, HE RISES FROM THE Tiberius retires to Caprea, leaving the direction of the empire to Sejanm1. 26
DEAD; HE A.PPEA.RS REPEATEDLY TO CHOSEN WITNESSES, AND Thurs- Pontius Pilate is made governor of Judea.
day, May 26th, AscENDS TO His FATBl:~'s RIGHT HA.ND. Sejanus is disgraced and put to death. 31
June 5th, the Da.y of Pentecost, the HOL_ GHOST descends upon the Tiberius declares himself friendly to the Christians, and p1Wposes to 36
Apostles and Disciples, while '' they were all with one accord in one enrol JESUS :>mong tbe gods, but the Senate refuses.
place;" St. PETER delivers a powerful discourse, and about three Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Baia,, Jfarch 16th or 26th, aged 78 3'1
thousand are added to the Church. yea.rs, and is succeeded by Caius Caligula.
I
, [For Chronology of Miracles, see page u5.] Pontius Pilate commits suicide, having been deposed and sent into
30 The office of Deacon is created, and seven men a.re appointed. exile.
Bl St. STEPREY, the first Christian martyr, is stoned to death, and a great The Emperor Caligula assassinated on the fourth day of the Palatine 41
persecution ensues. games by Chrereas and others; his uncle Claudius Ca,sar succeeds
BS SAUL of Tarous is converted. [For Chronology of St. PAUL'S life, see him; Seneca is banished to Corsica.
Tabular Memoir, p. 53.] Herod Agrippa is made king of Judea.
38 St. MATTHEW writes the Hebrew of his Gospel. [For Chronology of There is a. famine in Rome. 43
the Books of the New Testament, see pages 50, 51, 52.) Herod Agrippa I. is smitten by the angel of the Lo<J, and dies a mis. 44
42 The name Christian• is applied to the followers of CHRIST at Antioch. erab\e death (some authorities place this in A. D. 49).
44 St. JAKES (the brother of JOHN) is beheaded by Herod Agrippa, wbo Cuspius Fad us is made governor of Judea., etc.
also caste St. PETER into prh1on, whence he is rescued by an angel. Tiberius Alexander is made governor. 46
45 The fearful famine, foretold two years before hy AGA»us, rages through- Claudius takes upon himself the title of censor; he puts to death many 47
out Judea. of the first men of Rome to gratify tbe revenge of his wife Messulina.
Ventidius Cumanus is made governor of Judea..
A census is taken, which is said to show 6,900,000 citizens in Rome; 48
Messalina is put to death for her open crimes.
Seneea is recalled from banishment, and made preceptor of Nero 49
Ca,sar ( afterward emperor).
The city of London founded by the Romans. 50
62 The gre&t Apostolic Council held at Jerusalem to decide the terms ·of Tbe Jews expelled from Rome by Claudius. . 52
the admission of Gentiles to the Church. Antonius Claudius Felix is made governor of Judea, etc., and Herod
Agrippa II. King of the Jews.
Claudius is poisoned· by bis wife Agrippa, and is oueceeded by Nero 54
62 St. MARK dies, and is buried at Alexandria. Cresar, the most infamous of Roman emperors.
63 St. JAKES the Less, brother of our LORD, is thrown down from the Nero puts his mother Agrippina to death, and enters upon his fearful 59
pinnacle of the Temple, then stoned, and a fuller strikes him on the career.
head with his club and kills him. Gessius Florus is made governor, and the Jews begin their revolt by 64
64 The first Gentile persecution of the Christians commences, in conse. stoning him. .
quence of Nero accusing them of causing the great fire in Rome. Nero puts Seneca., his former preceptor, and other eminent men, to 66
66 The Chri•tians at J erusa.lem flee to Pella in Crelo·Syria. death.
67 Simon-Magus, the arch-heretic, causes the imprisonment of the Apos- The Jewish war begins in May of this year; 20,000 Jews are slain in 66
tles St. PETER a.nd St. PAUL (this being St. PAUL'S second incarcera- Cres&rea; all Syria is filled with slaughter.
tion in Rome). Vespasian defeats the Jews and takes Josephus, the historian, prisoner. 6'1
68 These two Apostles ·suffer martyrdom, the former by crucifixion, the Nero is deposed, and commits suicide; Galba is proclaimed emperor. 68
latter by decapitation. The ZealotEt in Jerusalem divide themselves into two parties, and mur-
der one another by thousands, committing the most horrid cruelties.
The civil war between Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian ends in 69
triumph of the last.named, and he assumes the government.
Jerusalem is taken and destroyed by Titus, Sept. 7th; thus ends the '10
Jewish war in the entire overthrow of their state and their disper-
sion; Josephus estimates 1,100,000 persons perished in the siege, and
in all 1,357,660 in the war; the prisoners taken from the Jews, 97,000.
115 The second Roman persecution of the Chril'ti.ane commences ; tradition A dreadful plague rages in Rome, 10,000 persons dying within a day. '17
says St. JOHN was thrown into a caldron of boiling oil near the Latin Vespasian dies; hil'! son Titus succeeds him. 79
gate at Rome and miraculously preserved; be is afterward banished Terrible pestilence bteaks out again. 80
to the Isle of Patmos. Titus dies, Sept. 13th, and his brother Domitian succeeds him. 81
96 St. JOHN is released from bani•hment on the accession of Nerva. Domitian is killed, and with him ends the line of Cresars; Nerva be- 96
comes emperor.
Nerva dies, Jan. 21et, and Trajan. who is absent in Germany, is pro.. 98
uo St. JoHJ<. the venerable Apostle, the last of the Twelve, is supposed to claimed emperor.
have died &t Ephesu• about A. D. 100. Trajan enters Rome quietly, without parade. 99
56
How TO READ THE wORD OF GOD. A FEW SIMPLE RULES.
'Norder to the profitable reading of the Word 01 GOD it is necessary to ap- 5, Read regularly. It is related of CHRYSOSTOM that be read the Epistle to the
~a. ...h its sacred pages with becom.ing reverence and humility. Some persons Romans twice every week, and of the Rev. THOMAS GouGE, that he read fifteen
•iead ..,the Bible as a_ boo~ of amusement, while ot~ers peruse it for its anti<J,Uarian chapters daily. Aim not so much &t quantity as at regularity, so as daily to feed
character and its h1stor1cal records. Oth~rs ag~m read thoughtlessly; be1~g ac- on the Word, and thus we shall experience its sustaining and contro11ing power.
storoed from childhood to see the Book 1n their households, they unconsc10usly In the labors and cares of every-day duty, as well as in the temptations, we shall
cu me to treat it as a. common thing. In order, however, to study it with saving feel the benefit of such feeding on the Divine counsels in the Holy Word.
~o netit the heart roust he prepared with pious dispositions and with illumination 6. Study the design of each book. Errors and heresies generally arise from
of the 'no LY GHOST, which is promised to. t~ose w?o a~k it. . . . separating passageli and reading them without regarding their relative bearing
1 Read with reverence. Remember that 1t 1a an inspired revelation 1n which and connection, and applying a dogmatic meaning to them, instead of ever read-
ALMIGHTY GOD sets forth His plan of grace and mercy. To read a message ing with the con\'iction that no one part and no one book can be opposed to any
from the LORD with lack of reverence or with thoughtlessness is as unwise as it ot.hers, and that a spirit of unity pervades the whole.
is dangerous. 7. Discern always the connection which is shown to exist between doctrine and
2. Read with docility. Remember that GOD is the Teacher in the Word. Do d!uty, and strive after spiritual obedience. To receive right views of GOD, heaven,
not therefore use it so as to make it sustain favorite theories or preconceived bell, the SA V !OUR, pardon and acceptance, will necessarily lead to right feelings,
0
inion,. To act thus is to assume that man knows beforehand what GOD and where the affections and the heari are right, then right acting will follow, In
slould reveal, and that it is not dishonoring to GOD to compel His Word to speak other words, true doctrines, rightly apprehended, are inseparable from spiritual
as roan pleases. So also to reject the teachings of the Bible because they are feelings and efforts after corresponding obedience. There is darkness in every
humiliating to man's supposed ability or dignity is to act as if GOD knew not our mind where mere legality or notional formality prevails.
state and nature, and that man were wiser than GOD. 8. Remember that the Bible is given not only to teach, but to i:;ustain under
3. Read with intellige1ice and care. Compare passage with passage, and it trial, and to cheer under affliction. This is a world of care, a. scene of disappoint-
will be found that the Bible will he its own interpreter. There are many difficult ments, bereavements, trials and distress. This is not the inheritance and the
and profound places in the Bible. Do not reject or deal rashly with such pas- rest. Here the believer walks by faith, and the soul has to lean on an unseen
sages, Lay them aside for thought and prayer and future reading, and in time stay, but a never-failing support. Of that support the Word is ever full, both of
it will be found that light will arise in unexpected quarters, and such portions direction and promise. Read with faith and receive the promise with the sim-
will be made plain. · plicity and heartiness of a little child, and it will be found that tho LORD is a
4, Read ,tudiously. Let the ~arnest attention of the mind and all the faculties present help in the time of trouble. Study, then, the Word that teaches the soul
~f the soul be applied, remembering that the Word is given to make wise unto bow to cast the burden on the LORD.
ialvation. Do not ignore the lessons of any book or part of a. book. Realize 9. Rely constantly on the teaching of the HOLY SPIRIT, and look for His
the fact that the Bible is all from GOD, and that, though all the books are not of
equal interest, they are all designed for our instruction, and they all unite to com·
,v
graciou~ presence to shine on the ord and make the soul wise unto ~alvation.
Ia.member that the "natural man receiveth not the things of the SPIRIT OF
plete the revelation as a whole. Read the Bible so as to discern the system of truth GOD. They are spiritually discerned." The HOLY GHOST has given the
which pervades the Book, and remember always that if natural things in the uni- Word by His inspiration, and it is His office to interpret it to the soul, and to
verse are worthy of stuJy, much more so arQ the lessons of JEHOVAH, ,et forth in seal it on the heart. E7er iook for that teaching. Read with humility, with a
His Word, that reveal & Saviour and tell us of the inheritance of the saints in t~ndar, docile spirit, being assured that if any man lack wisdom, let him ask of
&nother world. GOD, who giveth liberally, and it shall be given to him.
ANSWERED PRAYERS
RECORDED IN THE Ol..D AND NEW TESTAMENTS.
BY WBOH BY WHOM
IUBJECT OR NATURE OF PETITION. THE RECORD. SUBJECT OR 1'ATURE OF PETITION. THE RECORD.
OFFERED. OFFERED.
ABRAM •••••••••••• Being ebildloss, asks an heir ....... _...... Gen. xv. 1-6. The Church ..... For protection under persecution ....... .. Acts iv. 23-31.
Lor ................. Permission to escape to Zoar............... Gen. xix. 18-22. CORNELIUS·••••• For Divine favor and enlightenment •••• Acts x. 1-4, etc.
ELIEZER ......... . For success on his errand••••..•••....•..•·•• Gen. xxi v.
ls.I.AC ............ .. For children..................................... Gen. xxv. 21, 24-26. INTERCESSORY.
JACOB ...... -•••••• Implores deliverance from bis brother... Gen.µxii. 9,xxxiii.4.
lsBAEL ........... . Wrestles with GOD all night for His ,-\.BRAHAM ....... . For lsHMAEL ................................. .. Gen. xvii. 18-20.
blessing ......... ......... ...... ............... Gen. xxxii. 24-30, ABRAHAM ........ For Sodom and Gomorrah .................. Gen. xviii. 20-32.
The Israelites ... For deliverance from bondage............. Ex. ii. 23-25. ABRAHAM....... . For Abimelech and his family ........... . Gen, xx. 17.
MOSES........... . That he may see the Promised ·Land •. _ Deut.iii,25; xxxiv.1-4 MOSES .......... .. For Phar&oh ( four times) .................. . Ex. viii. 12, 13, 30, 31 ;.
The bra.elites ... Power to overcome the king of Canaan Judg. iv. 3, 23, ix. 33; x, 18, 19.
GIDEON .......... .. For signs of success.......................... Judg. vi. 36-40, MOSES .......... .. For the children of Israel (five times) .. . Exod. xxxii. 11-14, 31-
S.1.11so11 ........... . For w&ter to quench his thirst............ Judg. xv. 18, 19. 3-1-; xxxiii. 16-17;
Sil!SON .......... .. For strength to obtain vengeance on Nuro.xi.2; xiv.13-
the Philistines.............................. Judg. xvi. 28-30. 20; xxi.7,8. (SeePs.
HANNAH ........ .. For a son, ................. ............... ...... l Sam. i. 10-28. evi. 23.)
DAVID ........... .. Returns thanks and prays for continued MOSES............ For Miriam .................................... . Num. xii. 11-14.
favor ......... .•.. ..... ......••• .. ..•.•.• .. ..•• 2 Sam. vii. SAMUEL.......... For the Israe]ites............................. . l Sam. vii, 5-12.
SoLOMON........... For an understanding heart (wisdom)... I Kings iii. 6-14. SOLOMON......... For God's favor on the Temple and on
ELISHA ............ For deliverance from a Syrian force ..... 2 Kings vi. 17-23. the people ................................. . 1 Kings Tiii.-ix. 3.
JEHOAHAZ ....... For deliverance from the Syrians......... 2 Kings xiii. 4, 5. A prophet....... For the cure of the king's band....... .. I Kings xiii. 6.
HEZEKIAH........ Protection against Sennacherib........... 2 Kings xix. 15, etc. ELIJAH........... For restoration of life to widow's son .. .. I Kings xvii. 20-23.
HEZEKIAH........ For recovery from dangerous illness..... 2 Kings xx. ELIJAH........... That God would triumph over Baal .... . l Kings xviii. 36-38.
JABEZ······•······ For the Divine blessing ............... T .. ' 1 Chron. iv. 10, etc. ELISHA........... For restoration of life to the Shunam-
The Reubenites. For victory in an approaching battle... 1 Chron. v. 18-.22. mite's eion ................................... . 2 Kings iv. 3i-35.
Abijah's Army.. For victory over Jeroboam................. 2 Chron. xiii, 14-18. HEZEKIAH...... For those who had eaten the Passover
Au................ For aid against the Ethiopians............ 2 Cbron. xiv. 11-15. unsanctified ................................. . 2 Chron. xxx. 18-20.
JEHOSHAPHAT... For victory over the Syrians............... 2 Cbron. xviii. 31. The Levites..... For the people ............................... .. 2 Cbron. xxx. 27.
JJ:HOSHAPHAT... For protection against his enemies...... 2 Chron. xx. 6-27. EzRA............. Confession in behalf of the people ...... . Ezra. ix.
MA!'ASSEH........ For deliverance from the Assyrians..... 2 Chron.xxxiii.12, 13 NEHEMIAH...... For the remnant in captivity............. . Neb. i.
NEHEllIAH....... For protection from Sanballat and JEREMIAH ...... For relief of the people in the great
Tobiah........................................ Neb, iv. famine (answered unfavorably) ........ Jer. xiv.
AGOR.............. For moderation in his desires............. Prov. xxix. JEREMIAH....... For the remnant of Judah .......••....•.... Jer. xlii.
Joiuu............. For deliverance fr0m the whale........... Jonah ii. DANIEL.......... For the restoration of Jerusalem ..••..•... Dan. ix. 20-21.
ZACHARU.S....... For a son........................................ Luke i. 13. HABAKKUK..... For revival of God's work (n. noble
The Publican.... For mercy, forgiveness and justification Luke xviii. 9-14. model of prayer)........................... Ha.b. iii.
-
Thief............ To be remembered by Jesu ■............... Luke xxiii. 42, 43.
_T_h_•
The___ C_r_u_c-iti_e_d_ On
Apostles.... __ ____
choosing an _ ___
Apo1tle _ _.-........
.......... _ _ _ _ Acts
_ _i._16-26.
The Church...... For St. PETER'S deliverance from prison Acts xii. 6-12.
_ _ _ _ _ _ST,
S_T_._P_E_,T_E_R_._
.._.._·_·_F_o_r_r_e_st_o_r_a_ti_o_n_o_f_l_i_fe_to_D_o_r_ca_s_._
PAUL......... For the father of PoBLIUs.................. .._.._··_·_·_A_c_t_s_ix-._4_0_.
Acts :a:xviii.____II.·_J
57
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES,
AND RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS.
l
DURUG the ministry of our SA VI OUR His journeys and teachings were con- SATURN, called by the Greeks KRONOS, was the son of C<ELUS or URANUS
fine,! to the territory of Palestine. He did not therefore come personally into and TERRA, the goddess of the earth. TERRA ha.d a mighty progeny, the Tita1111,
contact with the heathen temples of the Greeks or the Romans, or mingle with six males and six females, the youngest being SATURN. The children were hated by
the followers and priests of these false systems. His nearest approach to heathen- their father, who thrust them into a cavern of Earth. EAR TB, grieved at such con-
ism in a dominant form was at the time of His vi~it to the coasts of Tyre and Sidon duct, produced the substance called" steel," with which, in the form of a. sickle,
(Matt. xv. 21, 29) and His journey back through the northern districts of the Sea of having aroused the 1'itans and SATURN, the latter mutilated his father, and the
Ga.lilee. The disciples, howevt:, early came into contact with all the varied forms drops of blood falling on the earth gave birth to ERINNYES, the Giauts and the
of the idolatry of the empire. At Antioch, in Cypr•1s and Crete, in the cities of .Jlelian nymphs. After this SA.TURN obtained his father's kingdom on condition
A!ia Minor, in Greece and in Italy, indeed wherever they went in their missionary that he should not bring up any male children. RHEA, his wife, concealed the
labors, in all lands around the Mediterranean Sea, they. encountered the popular sys- birth of Jt•PITER, NEPTUNE, PLUTO and JuNo, and instead of the children gave
tem of the day, just as those who went eastward had to meet the followers of the Per- him large stones, which he swallowed. SATURN was in consequence of this myth
eian and Syrian systems. It is important, therefore, that a brief description of the confounded with the grim deity MOLOCH of the Tyria:;s, the Carthaginians and the
leading deities of Greece and Rome should be given, in order that the character of Phoonicians. SATURN has been held to be the same with TIME, and on this account
the religions may be comprehended witli which the Gospel had to contend, and over he is represented as devouring his children and casting them up, as TnlE devours
which it so rapidly and signally prevailed. The. Romans received their deities and produces again. NIEBUHR regards SATURN as the earth, and CREUZER con~
and their mythology from the Greeks, but in many respects the people of different siders him as the great god of nature, who suffices for himself, and who is satisfied
provinces modified their beliefs respecting the lives and characters of their gods. with his own comprehensive powers. There were no temples of KRo~rns in Greece,
JUPITER, or JOVE, was the supreme Roman deity. He was held to be the but at Athens there was a chapel dedicated to him and RHEA, Sacrifices were
eldest son of SATURN and RHEA, He and his brothers NEPTUNE and PLUTO made to him at Olympia, and the Athenians had a festival in his honor. The
divided the world by lot among themselves. The heavens, the air and the clouds priests among the Romans offered sacrifices to him bareheaded. He is repre•ented
constituted his wide domain (Homer, ll. 13: 355). -All aerial phenomena were as an old man, bareheaded, holding a scythe in his hand, and a serpent, which
under his control; therefoTe, lightnings, thunder, storms, rain and snow were ex- bites its own tail-an emblem of time and the revolution of the year. Fetters
hi.bitions of his will. These, at times, were warnings, at others, judgments. He were hung on his sta.tues in commemoration of his having been imprisoned by
is represented as a. Grecian prince dwelling in royal stata on Mount Olympus JUPITER, and all slaves when freed dedicated their chains to him.
with JUNO and his household. The poets describe his quarrels with JuNo, her APOLLO, the son of JUPITER and LATONA, was the god of archery (HOMER),
rage and the immoralities of which they were all guilty. Though Ho"cR men- prophecy auU. music. All sudden deaths were ascribed to him as rewards and
tions the parents of the gods, he never states the localities in which they had been punishments. At the banquets of the gods he played on his lyre at Olympus.
born. An old tradition made the Isle of Crete tte birth-place of the Olympian Bards and prophets received their skiJl from him and the :Muses. The chief seats
JUPITER, He was rocked in a golden cradle, fed on honey and the milk of the of his worship were at Delphi in Phocis, Delos, Patara in Lycia., Claros in Ionia,
goat Amalthea, while the Ouretes danced around him, clashing their arms to pre- Grinium in JEolis and Didymi in Miletus, where revelations were given. The hawk,
veD.t SA.TURN from hearing his cries. The Arca.dians contended that JUPITER first swan and cfrada were dedicated to him, and the bay tree was 8acred under his
saw the light among their mountains. care. His statues represented him as tb.e perfection of manly beauty, in his hands
He first espoused METIS, but being warned that her child would equal himself a bow or a lyre, and a chaplet of bay leaves around his bead. The statue" APOLLO
in knowledge and strength, he swallowed her, and the goddess :MINERVA sprang BELVIDERE" shows the idea that the ancients entertained of bis form.
from his bead. His second wife, THEMIS, bore him the SEASONS and the FATES. DIANA, called by the Greek, ARTEMIS, was the daughter of JurITER 1>nd
The ocean nymph, EuRYNOME, produced him the GR~CES. CERES became the LATOSA. She was sister to APOLLO, and pre8ided over the chase, and the
mother of PROSERPINA; MNEMOSYNE, of the MusEs. and LATONA, of APOLLO and sudden deaths of women were caused by her. She is a virgin speeding over the
DIANA. His la.st spouse was Juso, the mother·of MARs,._HEBE and the lLITHYI...E. hills, with a train of nymphs, in pursuit of game. She turned AcT.JEOS into a. stag
The oak and the eagle were dedicated to him. His celebrated shield (&gi•J, for looking at her bathing. Onrns perished by her arrows, and with her brother
which sent forth thunder and lightning. was ma.de by VULCAN, and, according she destroyed the children of NIOBE, It is likely that, as a threefold goddess, she
to HOMER, A POLLO sometimes bore it for him. was worshipped as SELENE, the Moon, as ARTEllIS or DIANA, Earth, and as
The most celebrated of his temples was at Olympia, in Elis, where every fourth HECATE or PROSERPINA in Erebus. She was also identified as the goddess of
year the Ol_vmpic ganies were celebrated_ Ile had a splendid temple also in Nature, and adored at Ephesus, where her image (Acts xix. 21-41) was held
&gina., but his greatest oracle was a.t Dodona. The Greeks represented him a.s a sacred. It was of great size and of immense value, covered with brea.sts and
model of dignity and majesty, with his eagle standing beside his throne, while he heads of animals to denote the fecundity of nature.
grasped his sceptre and thunder. MERCURY, called HERMES by the Greeks, was the messenger of the gods,
NEPTUNE, the god of the sea, the brother of JUPITER and PLUTO, was one and particuiarly of JuPITER. He was the god of speech, eloquen1.1e (Acts xiv.
of the most ancient of the Grecian deities. His wife was AMPHITRITE, and their 8-18), the patron of orators, of merchants, of all dishonest persons, of thieves, of
children were TRITOS and Raooos. The latter becaine the bride of llELIUS, the travelers and of shepherds. He presided· over highways, cross-roads, and con-
sun god. NEPTUNE had a numerous progeny. Beside his residence on Olympus, ducted the souls of the dead to the regions below. He was usually represented
NEPTUNE had· a splendid pa.lace beneath the sea. at &gm, and HOMER gives u. with a chlamJJB or cloak, a petasu11 or winged cap and the talari·a or winged
glowing description of his passage from this palace on bis way to Troy, the sandals. In his band he bears the caduceus or staff, with two serpents twined
chariot-wheels only touching the watery plain as the monsters of the deep gem- around it, with wings at the end of the rod. The older statues were mere posts
holed around their king. The most celebrated of his temples were at the hthmus with & rude bead and a beard carved on them, and they were erected on roads,
of Corinth, at Onchestus, Helice, Trcezene and the promontories of Tamarum and foot-paths and in gardens.
Germstus. NEPTUNE is represented, like -JUPITER, as serene and majestic, his MINERVA, or ATHENE, the daughter of JUPITER, was the goddess of
form strong and muscular, and hence'' the chest of NEPTUNE" is a. poetic expres- wisdom and skill, and of all the liberal arts and sciences. Every prudent chief
s10n to indicate power. He usually bears in his hand the trident, the three- was viewed as being under her patronage, and she was the inspirer of all able
pronged ,ymbol of his power, and dolphins and other marine animals accompany artists. Thus she inspired EPEus to frame the wooden horse by which Troy was
his images. The animals sacrificed to him were usually black bull8, rams and taken, and the celebrated ship Argo. Her favorite plant was the oii've. and she
pigs. In Ionia and the commercial cities of Doris he was extensively worBhipped. was chiefly honored at Athens, the city to which she gave its name, and where
The hor,e was sacred to NEPTUNE and the rivers, and was employed as a general the ~plendid festival Panatbenrea was celebrated in her honor.
symbol of the waters, the idea being, according to some, that NEPTUNE introduced VENUS, a Tery celebrated Roman deity, was considered as identical with the
the horse into Greece over the sea.. Grecian goddess APHRODITE. HESIOD says she sprang from the foam of the sea
PLUTO, called also HADES, was the brother of JUPITER and NEPTUNE. into which the mutilated portions of URANUS had been thrown by his son SATURN.
He was the lord of the lower world, or the abode of the dead. His rule was inex- She landed on the island of Cythera, and thence i-he went to Cyprus with Lov&
orable, and as be was deaf to supplication, and permitted no return from his and DESrR& attending her. She was the patroness of Love, pre.sided over birth
realms, he was an object of aversion to gods and men. His region is represented and growth in general, and was the goddess of gardens. Her favorite plants
in the Riad as being within the earth. Its name was Erebus, a. dreary, dark and were the rose and the myrtle. She was chiefly worshipped at Cythera and
cheerless scene, where the dead, both good and bS:d, wandered in a. weak, unhappy Cyprus, where at Paphos, Golgi, Idalium and Arna.thus she was adored. At
state, having no strength or power of body and mind. Some suffered more than Cnidus, Miletus, Coos, Corinth, Athens and Sparta she was worshipped, and the
others, for instance, S1sYPHOS, TITYUS and TANTALUS, The whole res.Im and rule service~ in her honor were often scenes of great immorality.
were dreary and to be dreaded. The cypress, the narcisims and the ailanthus were The Grreks and Romans possessed A,n in~ufficient idea of the omnipresence,
sacred to him, and black animals, as oxen and sheep, were sacrificed to him. omnipotence and unity of the Deity. Their gods had been rulers or heroes, and
JUNO. a. Roman female deity, identical with the Grecian HERA, was the they were endowed w_ith all the pa.~sions and vices of humanity. The powers of
daughter of SATURN and RHEA. She wn.s sister a.nd wife of JUPITER. Their nature, the phenomena of the heavens, and natural objects were personified and
children were l\IARS, HEBE and the lLITHYL-E, to whom some add the GRACES. represented by images, and these became objects of adoration. The testimony of
VULCAN was the son of JuNo, without a father, and she wa.s ~a.id by some to have history establishes the fact that the worshipping of impure, wicked and abomin-
originated the monster TYPHON. The chief seats of her worship were Argos, Samos able objects conduced to immoralities in those who EZerved them (Rom. i. 21-32).
and Platrea, but she was generally honored, as at Sparta, Corinth, Corcyra and else- The educated classes perceived the absurdity of such wor~bip, and they became
where. The u,illoio, the pomegranate, the dittany a.nd the lily were her sacred sceptics and utterly reckless. The lower classes groveled in superstition and
plants, while the cuckoo a.nd the peacoek were appropriated to the Olympian queen. darkness, without God and without hope. To a people so EZituated, when the
MARS was the son of JUPITER and JUNO, or, as some have ~a.id, of BELLONA. Gospel came in power, it was found to be a message worthy of the great Father
Ovrn, in bis Metamorphose,, relates the fables connected with his origin. MARS of the Universe. To the Ruman slave in his thro.ldom, and the pauper in his
delighted in war and strife, yet the skill of MINERVA defeated his violence. H011ER field of toil, it brought freedom and opulence. To thoughtful men, who medi..
desoribes his enormous size, his terrible voice and great martial power. TERROR tated on life, moral evil and nternity, 1t brought rest and peace; and so in the
and FEAR (DEIMOS and PeoBo~\ were his son~; thP.y and his sister STRIFE (Ea1s) Apostolic age the missionary of the f:ross wn.s recognized as a messenger of mercy,
accompanied him to battle. H&s100 says that H.i.a110NIA was the daughter of a.n<l multitudes hnstened to cast their idols aside and to em.brace the GREAT
M,rns and Vaxus. DELIVERER who brought peace to their souls.
58
PROGRESSIVE REVELATION OF DIVINE TRUTH.
- th htful student of the Word of God will not fail to notice the elementary ' There is little doubt but that during the captivity the spiritual necessities of the
0
THE ~~ the Pentateuch as well as the directness and simplicity of the Ian~ people led them when separated from the temple to form associations for religp
a°
character tyle of the earl/ books of the Old 'l'e:stament as contrasted witlr the ious objects, and after the Restoration, under the administration of NEHEMIAH
guage and ~he style of the Epistles in the :Kew Testament. An ascending scale of and his immediate successors, the synagogue system rapidly spread, and ere long
ma. t ter an_ very perceptible. In the revelation of doctrine there is a development, it extended over the land. The advantages of parochial or congregational wor-
1
progres_s :he natural world there is a progression from the germ or the seed to :!hip were thus enjoyed by the people in their "meeting-houses/' where the Law
Ju st as ~tion of the fully expanded tree. was read. Hearkening to the Sc:riptures in such assemblic~, the people were
the con r rity is observable also in the mode in which Divine truth has been warned against the sins of their fathers, and the old tendency to idolatry was-
. A. ~~:ut~: Cbur,·h. Instead of a stream issuing from the fountain and holding successfully opposed. Such a system of parochial or village worship was really
~ive 0
ward with a gradual increase, as it keeps tu a level plane, the cur- a f~amework for the Christian Church, as the rulers and members of these syna-
its w~y ~denly enlarO""ed at distinct periods by neW and great additions, which gogues had only to recognize the Messiah when be appeared, and forthwith they
rent !3 ~~ stream to a°bicrher plane, on which it continues to flow. In process became Christian organizations.
et•V~ • "other adctition is
voucbsafed,•and on a still higher platform the stream 7. In the fulness of hme the SAVIOUR came, according to the sure word of
•~ time anand thus it bas continued to grow until in due time the Church ba.s re- prophecy. As the paschal lamb was slain in the eve of the Jewish day, so the
a _va~c::~ fulness of doctrine, which it was the purpose of the LORD to bestow. Great Antitype died for our sins in the eve of the Jewish Church's fi!Xistence anti
ce~ve F m the fall of ADAM until the Deluge, the Church we.s left with the know- at the close of the national day. The sceptre was departing from Judah. The
led· e t~oat in time "the Seed of the woman" would bruise the bead of the s~rpent, power of Rome was rapidly turning Pale~tine into a mere province of the empire,
h g thus a, moral deliverer would appear. There was enough here to form a and every vestige of Jewish rule was about to disappear. That which in Jewish
t •: f r faith and hope. In the expulsion from Eden and in the government of sacrifices and symbols was exhibited 10 the Church during ages of expectaacy was
~::'~nfverse, GOD bad indicated His hatred of sin, ,ret from century to century now realized in the person and work of the SON OF GOD. On the cross He
the huma.n race seems. to have d1sr~gard~d the promise, and to have d~generated could utter, "It is finished," and then bowing His head, He gave up the ghost•
. t a condition of violence and hcent10usness that threatened to dissolve the This section, however, has not so much to do with our LORD in His office of a
~:ds of society. The long-threatened Deh_1ge came, an~ thus !he ~O £:tD asserted Priest atoning as in His prophetical office as a Great Teacher. The Jews did
g·s chara.cter as the Moral Governor, showmg that patience 1s neither approval not fall into actual idolatry after the captivity, but so far as spiritual wonhip and
~r forgetfulness and that persistency in evil entails misery and woe. right views of the MESSIAH'S kingdom were concerned they bad sadly degen-
n 2 In the famiiy of NoAH the new world entered on its course with all the les- erated. '.;'be priesthood and the chief priests bad become political, and they de-
son~ of the past. The terrors of the LORD bad been so unmistakably displayed sired a MESSIAH mainly in order to beat back the power of Rome and consoli-
a• to teach men that with Him there was judgment as well as mercy. Yet the date the Jewish rule. The sect of the Pharisees had extended a spirit of formal-
t;ndency of the race soon hecame manifest, and e. system of symbolizing of the ity and superstition among the people. 'fhey had Elet '' the traditions of the
owers of nature began to engross the minds of men, which tended to the lowest elders" not only on a level with the Revealed Word, but on many points they
forms of idolatry, and speedily extended its fascinating infiuenee. In this transi~ bad made the Word of none effect by their traditions. On the other band, the
tion state another important and gracious manifestation took place. Sadducees had fallen into a cold, degrading scepticism, rejecting immortality and
3. ABRAHAM was called, and the announcement made th~t in tiim, according to all the sanctions of a future life, thus striking at the very basis of moral oblign.-
the flesh should the Deliverer come. As yet, the Messiah might be of any nation, lion. Now, our LORD, as the GREAT TEACHER, opened up the character of
of a.ny :ace or family, or in any age. Now, the fai~h of.the Ctiur?h ~as directed the Law of GOD, showing the spirituality of its nature, th~ universality of its
to a particular quarter, a.n~ the de~cent of the Mess1~~' 1n a _c~rtarn hne, wa:s de.. demands and the sanctions by which it exacts obedience. He unveiled the utter
cla.red so thl\t this proph11tic promise enlarged the sp1r1tual v1s10n and estabhshed sinfulness of the Pharisaic spirit, and showed theinutility ofme!'re external obedience
the faith of the Church. Brought into Egypt and sunk in bondage as the de- while the heart was corrupt, and the life in aim and motive was opposed to GOD.
,cendants of ABRAHAM were, their condition seemed to be hopeless, and the LORD He taught by precept and example what it was to be good,and merciful, and benev-
appea.red to have forgotten His promise, but in the depth of their darkness and olent, and ~ind, tvtV to sow in this life, and what to expect in the future harvest.
1 utrering their lot was suddenly changed to light and freedom. Against the Sadducean errors He established the great doctrine of immortality,
4. Under the leadership of MosEs the Hebrews went out from Egypt-a. mighty which He illustrated and confirmed by His own Resurrection, Over evil spirit•,
host. They received at his bands a wonderful system of social and ecclesiastical over disease and death, over the kingdom of natur.a, as well as over the souls of
l&ws. They were provided with all the details of a complicated churchly system, men, He showed His lordship and sovereignty, and so with signs a.nd wonders mani-
that tended to keep them separate from the heathen around them, and to perpetu- fold He established the divinity of His mission and showed that He was the SON
ate among them the increased knowledge of GOD and of salvation which their OF GOD with power. Thus teaching, He called sinners to Himself to receive and
11a.crifices and typical institutions contained. The commentary on the Levitical rest in a fu1l salvation. By fervid appeal!!! and earnest supplications, by illu!-ltra-
,y,tem in the Epistle to the Hebrews shows that all the great fundamental doc- tions drawn from Jewish rites that told of safety and of healing, He proclaimed His
trines of the Gospel were exhibited in type and figure in the institutions of the mission and called sinners to Him, that in Him they might enjoy eternal life.
L&w, and thus under MosEs the Church stands forth in advance of any former 8. Plain though our LORD'S teaching bad been before His death, and still
condition, invested with privileges such as no former age ba.d enjoyed. more clear after His resurrection, yet His Aposties were slow to learn. They
~- Time rolled on, and the unsettled transition period of the Judges came to an clung to the idea of a great Jewish kingdom under the sway of a MESSIAH
end. The weak administration of ELI and the evil conduct of bis sons, and of the whose reign would be more powerful than that of DA v1D, more magnificent than
aons of SAMUEL also, led the people to desire the consolidation of the nation; and that of SOLOMON, and mcire permanent than that of any judge or monarch of all
now 8AKUEL, the lest of the Judges, founder of the monarchy, and first of the their line. The teaching of our LORD after His resurrection impressed their
gre&t prophetic band that from his day indicated the will of GOD to the people, minds, and as they waited in Jerusalem they in some measure recognized the
takes his place as a reformer, and stands &t the bead of another distinct period: truth that His kingdom was not to be of the fashion of this world, that in its
AB the projector of the Schocls of the Prophets and the originator of the other nature it was spiritual-a dominion over souls--and· that earthly boundaries
educational institutions that so largely affected the social life of the Jewish people were not to limit its e7tent, and that earthly monarchs themselves would become
until the captivity, SAMUEL'S influence and policy mark out a distinct era. its citizens and recognize the ascended SAVIOUR as LORD and RULER over
ft. The rulers and the people, both in Israel and in Judah, seemed unable to com- all. At the Pentecostal effusion of the SPIRIT their minds were opened to dis-
prehend the folly and the wickedness of their idolatrous departure from the ser- cern the Gospel message in all its fulness, and then a PETER, a JAMES and a JOHN
•ice of Jehovah, and to realize the fact that those judgments would overtake them could preach and write, a• their Epistles testify. A mightier intellect-PAUL, the
of which their prophets so plainly spake, if they did not repent and turn to the Pharisee, bumbled and taught by the risen SAVIOUR-goes forth at His com-
LORD. Their captivity •erved to humble those who bad been carried to the mand as the herald of salvation, and in bis Epistles the Church bas the full com.
Tigris and the Euphrates, and the oppression endured by those who bad been pletion of doctrine which was the purpose of the KING OF ZION to bestow.
l~rt 10 the land prepa.red them for recognizing the m0roy of GOD in their restora.- The promise in the garden was simple, but it was enough for faith. '\Vhcn PETER
lion under EZRA and NEHEMIAH. As a statesman R,nd a patriot, perhaps NEHE- and PAUL and JOHN laid down their pens, nothing more profound, more elevated
•us ~e,.·er ha.d & superior. Great as MosEs was as a legislator, NEHEMIAH was or more extensive in their range could be required for the Church's use t'ban the
u eminent a.s a restorer of the civil and religious polity of his countrymen. truths which these servants of the LORD had proclaimed I
SEL~CT CHAPTERS FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS.

PARTICULAR OCCASION. I APPROPRIATE CHAPTERS. PARTICULAR OCCASION. APPROPRIATE CHAPTERS.
Affliction ......... ou...............

Jo~_xxiii.; Pa, ~~vii., xlii.,~xix. 65-72,_~xxx.; La~. Pecuniary losses................ Jobi.
B . 111.; Rom. v111.; 2 Cor. 1v.; Heb. xu.; Rev. xx1. Recovery from .............. ,u.. Job xlii.
B~it~~:_ ........................... Mark_:<· 13, et:c,; Acts ii. 37, etc. Recovery from sickness....... Ps. xxx., xci., oiii., cxvi., cxviii.; Isa. xxxviii.
Child-bi!th··••...... ...... .....••.• Ps. mu.! cxxx1x. .. . .. Repentance....................... Josh.xxiv.; Ps. li., xxxii., Ixxxviii., cxxx., cxxxix.
Death of N··:······ ... ·•·••• ·••••• 1 Sam_. 1. 9, etc; ~s. cx~vu., cxxvn1. Sabbath-day..................... Ex. xvi.; Neh. xiii. 15, etc.; Ps. xxvii., lxxxiv.,
Death in th~~hb~rs ...... •····· Job xiv .. ; ~ccles. 1x., xu. xcii., xcv ., c., cxxii.
D family............ Ps. xxx1x., 1 Cor. xv. Servants newly hired.......... Col. iii.
IJ eath of an aged man... ..... Gen. 1. Sickness........................... Pa. vi., x.xiii., xxxviii., Ixxxviii., cii.; l!!a.. xxxviii. •
Death of &. wife ..••. ...... ...... Gen. xxiii.
Leatb of a child................ 2 Som. xii. 15, etc.
bftng detected...... ..... ...... Ps. ci.; Acts"·; Rev. xxi.
Tbanksgivmg. ...... ........... I Rom. viii.; 2 Cor. v.; Rev. xxi.
Pe. ix., xxxiv., lxvi., Ixxi., xcvii., ci., oiii., cxxxviii,
I oxlv., cxlvii.
'
'
:s::;::;·"·············· ......... John ii.; Epb. v.
Pa. eiii.
Traveling ......... ·•••••·•• ..•.•.
Youth leaving the family ••...
' Ps. exxi.
I Uon. xxxix.; Prov. i.-iv. i Eocle:i. xii.
69
AIDS FOR SOCIAL AND PRlV ATE PRAYER.
TEXT.
, - ADORATION.
----1
'----E-X-PR_E_S_S_IO_N_S_F_O_R_SO_C_I_A_L_A_ND_P_R_I_V_A_T_E_P_R_A_Y_E_R_, TEXT,
EXPRESSIO!'fS FOR SOCIAL A~D PRIVATE PRAYER.
INTERCESSION.
Jer. x. 6........ Forasmuch as there is none like unto thee, 0 Lord, thou art great, Ps. lxvii. 3 .. .. Let the people praise thee, 0 God; Jet all the people praise thee.
7........ and thy name is great in might; who would not fear thee, 0 , Ps. vii. 9 ..... . Oh let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end; but estab-
King of nations? lish the just.
Ps. cxlv. 10.... All thy works shall praise thee, 0 Lord, and thy saints shall 1 Eph. vi. 24 ... Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity.
bless thee. They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom, and I Ps. cxxv. 4 ••• Do good, 0 Lord, unto those that be good, and to them that are
talk of thy power. upright in their hearts.
Ps. xviii. I, 2.. I love thee, 0 Lord, my strength. The Lord is my rock, and m;v Isa. !xiv. I.. .. 0 that thou wouldst rend the heavens, that thou wouldst come
fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I down, that the mountains might flow down at thy presence.
w_ill trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my Ps. xliii. 3..... 0 send out thy light and thy truth.
high tower.
Ps. !xii. 1. .... . Truly my soul waiteth upon God; from him cometh my salrn- THANKSGIVING.
2 ..... . tion. He only is my rock and my salvation; he is my defence,
I shall not be greatly moved. Ps. cvii. 15 ... Oh that men would praise the Lord for his goodness, and for his
Ps. Ivii. 11.. ... Be thou exalted, 0 God, above the heavens; Jet thy glory be wonderful works to the children of men!
above all the earth. Ps. cxiii. 2•... Illessed be the name of the Lord from this time forth and for
1-------------------------1 3... . evermore. From the rising of the sun unto the going down of
CONFESSION. 5.. .. the same, the Lord's name is to be praised. Who is like unto
6.. .. the Lord our God, who dwelleth on high, who bumbled himself
Dan.ix.5 .•.... ,v
e have sinned, and have 6ommitted iniquity, and have done to behold the things that are in hea,·en and in the earth?
wickedly, and have rebelled, even by departing from thy pre- 1 Pet. i. 3 ..... . Illessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which
cepts and from thy judgments. according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto
I John i. 8... .. If we say we have no sin, we deoeive ourselves, and the truth is a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
not in us. 4 ...... to an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth
Isa. !xiv. 6.... . We are all as an unclean thing. not away.
Ps. Ji. 3 ........ . I acknowledge my transgression, and my sin is ever before me. Epb.i.3 ...•... Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who
Rom. vii. 18 .. . For I know that in me, that is in my flesh, dwelleth no go<id hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in Christ.
thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that Ps. lxxii. 18 .. Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel, who only doeth won-
24 ... which is good I find not. 0 wretched man that I am, who 19•• drous things. And blessed be his glorious name forever: and
shall deliver me from the bodv of this death? , Jet the whole earth be filled with his glory. Amen and Amen.
Job xi. 4 ....... . Behold, I am vile; what shall° I answer thee? I will lay my Ps. xi. 5..•.... Many, 0 Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast
hand upon my mouth. done, and thy thoughts which a.re to us-ward: they cannot be
reckoned up in order unto thee: if I would declare and speak
SUPPLICATION. of them, they are more than can be numbered.
Ps.cxxxix.17. How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, 0 God! bow great
Ps. !xvii. 1.. ... God be merciful unto us, and bless us; and cause his face to 18. is the sum of them! If I should count them they are more in
shine upon us. number than the sand: when I awake I am still with thee.
Ps. lxxxv. 7 ... ,Vilt thou not revive us again, that thy people may rejoice in Ps. ciii. 1. ..••• Bless the Lord, 0 my soul, and all that is within me, bless his
8 •.. thee? Show us thy mercy, 0 Lord, and grant us thy salvation. 2 ...... holy name. Bless the Lord, 0 my soul, and forget not all his
Luke xviii. 13. God be merciful to me, e. sinner. 3•••••• benefits. Who forgiveth all thine iniquities, who healeth all
Ps. Ii. 1 ........ . Have mercy upon me, 0 God, according to thy loving-kindness: 4 •••••• thy diseases. Who redeemeth thy life from destruction: who
according unto the multitude of thy tender mercies, blot out redeemeth thee with loving-kindness and tender mercies.
9 ........ . my transgressions. Hide thy face from my sins, and blot out Ps. cxvi. 12 .. . What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits toward me?
10 ........ . all mine iniquities. Create in me & clean heart, 0 God; and 13 .. . I will take the cup of salvation and call upon the name of
renew a right spirit within me. the Lord.
Ps. cxxxix.23. Search me, 0 God, and know my heart; try me, and know my Ps. cxlv. 10 ••. All thy works shall praise thee, 0 Lord, and thy saints shall
24. thoughts. And see if there be any wicked way in me, and bless thee.
lead me in the way everlasting.
Ps. xxv. 4, 5 ••• Show me thy ways, 0 Lord; teach me thy paths. Lead me in DEDICATION.
thy truth, and teach me : for thou art the God of my salvation ;
7 •...•• on thee do I wait all the day. Remember not the sins of my Isa. xxvi. 13. 0 Lord our God, other lords besides thee have had dominion over
youth, nor my transgressions; according to thy mercy remem- us; but by thee only will we make mention of thy name.
11. .... . ber thou me for thy goodness' sake, 0 Lord. Cast me not away Isa. ]xiii. 19.. We are thine.
12 ..... . from thy presence: and take not thy holy spirit from me. Re- Ps.cxvi. 9, 16. I will walk before the Lord in the land of the living. 0 Lord,
store un9',J me the joy of thy salvation; · and uphold me with truly I am thy servant; I am thy ser-.ant and the son of thine
15 ..... . thy free spirit. 0 Lord, open thou my lips; and my mouth handmaid: thou hast loosed my bonds.
shall show forth thy praise.
Ps. cxix. 18 .. . Open thou mine eyes, that I may hehuld wondrous things out of DOXOLOGY.
149 .•• thy law. Hear my voice according unto thy loving-kindness:
175 ... 0 Lord, quicken me according to thy judgment. Let my soul Phil. iv. 20 ... Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen.
live, and it shall praise thee; anc! Jet thy judgments help me. Rev. vii. IO ..• Salvation to our God which sitteth on the throne, and unto the
Prov. xxx. 8 •.• Remove far from me vanity and lies: give me neither poverty 12 ... Lamb. Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving,
9••• nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me. Lest I be and honor, and power, and might, be unto our God for ever
full, and deny thee, and say, Who is the Lord? or Jest I be a.nd ever.· Amen.
poor, and steal, and tn.ke the name of my God in vain. ITim.i.17 •.• Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise
Ps. xxxix. 4 ••• Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days, God, be honor and g1ory for ever and ever. Amen.
what it is; that I may know bow frail I am. Rom. xvi. 27. To God, only wise, be g1ory, through Jesus Christ, for ever. Amen.
TO READ THE BIBLR THROUGH IN A YEAR.

Variou1t tn,bles have been constructed for this object, but generally they are through con,ecutively from day to day, the same object will be accomplished by
confused and difficult to be carried out. Perhaps the following is one of the sim- reading five chapters on the Lord's Days, and three on each of the other days or
plest arrangements that could be adopted: • the week, still remembering to take two parts of the one hundred and nineteenth
If the one hundred and nineteenth Psalm be reckoned as eleven chapters (i.e., Psalm as a chapter.
two parts for a chapter), then all the chapters in the Old Testament will aumber During leap years, the extra day may be provided for by the division of some
nine hundred and thirty-nine (9:-1\J). In the New Testament there are two hun- of the long chapters, as judgment would direct; so as to have a portion for the
dred and •ixty chapters (260). Now, if the Lord's Days, or fifty-two Sabbaths, be last day of February.
dOToted to the New Testament, five chapters daily would include the whole book It is obvious that such a mode of reading the Word of God may become very
(i. e., !>2 X o = 260). Rea.ding three chapters daily, on the other days of the unprofitable, as quantity might come to be the chief object, instead of that thought-
week, or during three hundred and thirteen days (i.e., 313 X 3= 939), would ex- ful comparison of passage with pa&sage, and that lengthened a.nd prayerful exam-
aotly make nine hundred and thirty-nine, the number of chapters contained in ination of difficult portions, which alone can enable the Christian reader to profit
ihe Old Testa.ment. It is obvious that if the Old and New Testaments be read by THE WORD.
60
JE,iVISH SEASONS, SACRIFICES AND OBLATIONS.
THEIR TYPICAL REFERENCE TO CHRIST, HIS WORK AND INSTITUTIONS.
SACRIFICES AND OBLA TIO NS,
. t" f 10 O between sacrifices and oblations consisted ·in this, that in the Ill. THE PEACE-OFFERING was not an atoning sacrifice to make peace
;~c
THE d~• 1 offered was wholly or partially destroyed, as being Jehovah's only;
former// -~~as acknowled~ed to be His gift, and then enjoyed by the offerer.
with God, but a joyful celeb_ration of peace made through atoning provisions of
the covenant. Jehovah, as 1t were, was in His House inviting the worshiper who
in the a te:6~ 8
were divided° into burnt-0.fferin.<1•, with the accompanying meat-
T~e !a.c:ea:-food i.n general, especially corn and flan!), peace-o_jferinf.!s, sin-
had been reconciled and accepted to fea•t with Him. Only a part of the offering
was burnt on the altar and was thus offered to Jehovah; the breast and the
offen_ng ~ sin• committed ignorantly, and trespa••-offering•, for wilful sms and shoulder belonged to the priests, and the rest might be eaten by the worshiper.
offeri11gs, 10r "
for ceremonial uncleanness. IV. THE SIN-OFFERING was an expiatory sacrifice for sins of ignorance
I THE :BURNT-OFFERING, or perfect sacrifice, was so c:,lled because it was committed by a priest, or by any of the people. Special victims were enjoined
wb~ll consumed by fire upon the alt~r o_f burnt-offering, and so, as it were, sent in different cases with special ceremonies (Lev. vi. 24-30).
t/God 00 the wings of fir_e. It s1gmfied that the ~lferer belonged _wholly to V. TRESPASS-OFFERINGS were for sins committed knowingly, as well as
l
0
d d that he dedicated himself soul and body to Him. Burnt-offenngs were for act.s of ceremonial uncleanness.
m:d'ea~n behalf of the whole p~ople or ~y <?ne or more indiv~duals ~ho_ must And thus in all these sacrifices and offerings, which were continued from year
b • g them of their own free will (Lev. 1., v1. 8-13). Three kmds of ammals, to year, the Jews had before their minds the great facts of their guilt and ex-
fr~! from blemish, might be offered: (1) a young bullock c,f not more than three posedness to condemnation because of their violation of God's righteous law.
years; (2) a Jamb o~ kid, a male of the first ye~r; (il) tu_rtle d~ves or young They were taught their inability to satisfy the demands of the law which they
igeons. Burnt-offermgs were made on the followrng occasions, viz.: bad broken, and, above all, that when they deserved judgment, deliverance was
p 1. The Daily Sacrifice of a yearling lam~ or kid w~s offered at the times of the graciously prepared for them by way of substitution and atonement. They were
morning and evening prayer before the priest went into the tabernacle to burn taught that it was not possible "that the blood of bulls and of goats should take
away sins," yet these shadows intimated the- substance of good things to come
in~~nTte Sabbath Burnt-Offering was the daily sacrifice doubled (Num. xxviii. when the Great Deliverer, by one perfect offering, which needed no repetition,
should finish tbe work of redemption, and for ever sit down at the right hand of
i.
0
D, The Burnt-Offerings at the festivals of the New Moon, the three great
fea.sts the Day of Atone.'llflnt and the Feaet of Trumpets, were generally two
God. As in the type, the blood of an innocent victim was shed, so in the case
of the great Antitype, the holy and righteous One who knew no sin, who was
bullodks a ram and seven Jambs (Num. xxviii. 11; xxix. 39)_. pure and undefiled, gave His life as a ransom for the guilty, His vicarious death
4. Private Burnt-Offerings PRESCRIBED BY THE LAW, at the consecration of and sufferings atone for guilt, and thus peace with God is the portion of the
priests the purification of women, the removal of leprosy or. other ceremonial believer in the Saviour. The believing Jew was permitted to eat of the peace-
uncle::t~ness, the performance or the accidental breach of the vow of a Nazarite. offering as an intimation of the fact that reconciliation and acceptance had been
II. THE MEAT-OFFERING and the DRINK-OFFERING always accom- secured; so now the Christian is assured that, being justified by faith (Rom. v. 1),
panied the burnt-offering, for which, indeed, the meat-offering might be substi- he has peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.
tuted by the poor. As the burnt-offering signified the consecration of life to God, VI. OBLATIONS are not clearly distinguished from those sacrifices which
80 in the meat-offering the produce of the land was presented before Him as were of the nature of gifts; they included incc11se, things vowed, first--fruits of
being His gift, with the devout acknowledgment in both cases, "Of thine own corn, of wine, oil and wool, the first-born of man and beast, and tithes of the pro-
have we given thee" (1 Chron. xxix. 14)- duce of the land.
THE SACRED SEASONS.
These fell under three heads. half century. It began on the tenth of the seventh month, the great Day of
L Those connected with the Sabbath, namely : Atonement. Sacrifice being offered, the trumpet of jubilee proclaimed "liberty to
1. The weekly Sabbath itself. the captive and the opening of the prison doors to those that were bound." The
2. The Feast of the New Moon. land was left uncultivated as in the Sabbatic year, and all alienated possessions
3. The Sabbatical Month, and the Feast of Trumpets. returned to the families to whom they had been a.Hotted in the first division of
4. The Sabbatical year. the holy land. The institution was based on the principle that the land was
6. The Year of Jubilee. God's, who granted to each family its portion, and thus tile principle was asserted
II. The three great historical festivals, namely: that the land, the people, all belonged to God, were His servants and incapable
1. The Passover. of belonging to any one but Him; and thus the jubilee completed the great Sab-
2. The Feast of Pentecost. batic cycle of years at the close of which, in a limited sense, "all things were
3. The Feast of Tabernacles. made new."
III. The Day of Atonement.
II. THE THREE GREAT HISTORic°AL FESTIVALS.
I. THE SABBATICAL SEASONS.
1. THE SABBATH is so named from a Hebrew word which signifies reat. Thrice in the year at these feasts all the males were required to appear before
That this was one of the primeval institutions adopted by Moses from the ancient Jehovah at the tabernacle, and afterward at the temple. No age was prescribed:
patriarchal usage is implied in the very words of the law," Remember +.he Sab- Jesus went up to the Passover at the age of twelve (Luke ii. 42), Samuel still
bath day to keep it holy." The institution was not intended to promote idleness younger (l Sam. i. 24 )· ·
but to prohibit work/or worldly gain. ' 1. THE PASSOVER, which was the most solemn of the three festivals, as the
2. THE FEAST _OF THE NEW MOON marke<! the completion of the lunar memorial of the nation's birth and the type of Christ's death, was kept for seven
month. The first sight of her new crescent was announced by the sound of two days, from the evening which closed the fourteenth to the end of the twenty-first
silver trumpets (Num. x. 10). · day of the first month of the sacred year, Abib or Nisan (April). Certain
3. THE SA11:BATICAL MONTH and the FEAST OF TRUMPETS. The differences existed between the ordinance as observed in Egypt and the "Per-
month of T>sri,_ the first of the civif but the seventh of the sacred year, had a ~etual P.i.ssover." The latter was thus observed: On the fourteenth day of
kmd of Sabbat,c character (Lev. xxxiii. 24 ). The calendar was arranged 80 that "isan all leaven was put away out of their houses, and on the so.me day all
th~ first day of this month fell 011 a Sabha.th. This, the civil New Year's day wasmales who were not infirm bad to appear with an offering of money at the
ushered m by the blowing of trumpets, and hence was called the Fenst of Tru,;,pets.national sanctuary, according to bis means (Dent. xvi. 16, 17). As the sun was
Ou the tenth of this month the great Day of Atonement was kept, and f~m th, setting the lambs were slain, and the fat and the blood given to the priests. The
fifteenth to tbe twenty-second of the month the Feast of Tabernacles, the grea.tes lamb was then roasted whole, and eaten with bitter herbs and un1envened bread,
of the whole year, Wa@ oelebrated. All the great festivals were obser d w·th·i1 1 no portio~ of it being left until the morning. The same night the fat was ~urned
• Sabbatic cycle of seven months. ve / by the priests after the fifteenth day had commenced, an_d the blood was 1prmkle_d
4d THE SA11:BATICAL YEAR. Each seventh day, and each seventh mnmn on the altar. On the fifteenth no work, P,Xcept preparing food, was done, as 1t
wns a holy day, On the sixteenth of th~ month the morrow after the Sabha.th
the first shear" of the harvest was presented and waved by the priest before th~
1
an eac~ seventh year were holy. The land belonged to Jehovah, and it also had
~ keep its Sabbaths to Him. It was to be a. season of rest and especially of greatLord, and a male lamb was offered as a. burnt-sacrifice with a meat and drink-
i1-°dness to the poor. The. land was not to be s~wn, nor the vineyards and the offering. Special offerings were made during all the pe;iod, and the seventh day,
0
~Ve.yards dressed; no frmt or produce of any kind was to be gathered from the the twenty-first of Nisan, appears to have been one of peculiar Flolemnity. Cheer•
1
;~ \~ut aJI _was to ~: left to the po~r, the sla_ve_and t?e stranger (Ex. xxiii. ful_~_ess w~~- to prevail,during all the week, and in later years the Hallel, Psalm
, ). This was a year of release, because m it creditors were bound to re- cx111.-cxvni., was sung (Matt. xxvi. 30). The Passover bas the profoundest and
1haae poor debtors. Sl&ves also were to be set free (Deut. xv. 12-18). From vet the clearest siO'nificance of any typical rite Its teaching is '-Ummed up in
!i:a i:s~ the people _neglected these inju~ctions, ~n.d it was one of the national ~he words," Canis; oua PASSOVER is sACRIFICR~ FOR us" (1 Cor. ~- 7), who we.s
h1eh _!'ere punished by the Babylon_u,n car,ti~ity. 1n fact put to death at the very season of the Passover, as "a Jamb without
5. THE YEAR OF JUBILEE occurred every fiftieth year. It completed every blemish and without spot" (1 Pet. i. 19; Isa. !iii. 7; John i. 29; Acts viii. 32).
61
SEASONS, SACRIFICES AND OBLATIONS.
2. THE PENTECOST, or HARVEST FEAST, or FEAST OF WEEKS, was a one lot being inscribed" for Jehovah," the other" for Azazel." The latter wae
supplement to the Pas•over. It lasted only one day. The people bad presented, called the ,cape-goat. The high-priest then offered first the young bullock ,.s the
a.t the Passover, the first sheaf of the harvest, and thereafter had returned to sin-offering tor himself and his family. Having slain it at the altar, he took
tht:lr homes to gather in the crops of the year. Then they returned to keep this ~ome of its blood, with a ceilser filled with live coals from the altar, and a band-
fea.st before Jehovah. It was kept fifty days after the sixteenth of Nisan, and ful of incense, a.nd entering into the most holy place, he threw the incense on the
fell a.bout the end of May. The Pentecost was the Jewish harvest home, and the coals, thus enveloping the ark in a fragraut cloud and partiaJly shrouding it
people were enjoined to rejoice before_ Jehovah with their fami~ies, t~eir seryants, from his own eye~, lest he should die for a profanely curious gaze, and then be
the stranger, the fatherless and the widow, as they brought a tree-will offermg to sprinkled the blood seven times before the mercy-seat.
the Lord (Deut. xvi. 9-12). The great feature was the presentation of two loaves . The ~oat" of_ Jebova~" was then slain as a sin-ofiE!ring for the people, and the
made from ttie first-fruits of the harvest, and until these were offered none might h1gh-pnest agam went into the most holy place and performed the same cere-
eat of the grain newly gathered, nor could any other than first-fruits be pre- womes with its blood. As he returned through the holy place, in which no one
sented to the Lord. ebe was present, he purified 1t by spnnkhng some of the blood of both the victims
1
3. THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES, or FEAST OF INGATHERING, com- I un the altar of _incense. This com,'.lleted the purification_ of the sanctuary, t~e
pleted the round of _annual festivals. It was a tha_nksgivin_g for the harvest and •~c 0nd st age of the at~nement. ;,hen followed the rem1ss10n of the people•
a. memonal of the tune when the Israehtes dwelt in tents in the wilderness. It sins by the ceremony o_ devotmg v~1e ,cape-goat, the one on which the lot had
fell in the autumn, when the 6hief fruits of the earth, the corn, the wine and the talle~ "for ~zazel." The high-priest laid h_is hands upon_ its head, _and confes_sed
oil, were gathered in. Its :luration was strictly only seven days (Deut. xvi. 13), over it ,;he sms of the people, .and the victim, loaded ~s 1t were _with those sins,
but it was followed by a day of holy convocation. During the seven days the ~as l~d o~~ by a man, cho:;en for the purpos~, to the "'.1lderness, mto "a land not
Israelites were commanded to dwell in booths (tabernacles) formed of the boughs 10hab1ted, and there let loose. The meamng of this type of the tr-ue Atone-
of trees. ment, not by the blood of bulls or of goats, but by the precious blood of Christ
Himself, is set forth in the Epistle to the Hebrews (chap. ix., x.), showing us,
that, as the scape-goat typically carried away into a land of forgetfulness the
III. THE DAY OF ATONE:\IENT. !:lins for which atonement had been made, so our great Deliverer, on whose head
THIS was the one single fast, or day of humiliation, prescribed by the Mosaic we lay our burden, carries away our transgressions, and our sins are remembered
Jaw, whence it is called the Fast {Acts xxvii. 9). It was observed five days no more.
before the Feast of Tabernacles, and all were obliged to omit their work of every
kind and to" afflict their souls" on pain of being -0ut off from among the people. IV. FESTIVALS AFTER THE CAPTIVITY.
Its ceremonies signified the humiliation or the people for all the sins of the year,
and the remission of those sins by the atonement made within the veil by the 1. THE FEAST OF PURIM, or of LOTS, was observed annually to com-
high-priest, who alone performed all the sacrifices of the day (Lev. xxiii. 26---32). niemorate the preservation of the Jews in Persia from the massacre to which
The victims were (I) a. young bullock for a. sin-offering and a ram for a burnt- they were devoted by Haman (Esth. ix. 24).
offering for the high-priest himself and his family, and (2) a ram for a burnt- 2. THE FEAST OF DEDICATION commemorated the purging of the temple
offering and two young goats for a sin-offering for the people. Two goats were a.nd the rebuilding of the altar after Judas Maccabams had driven out th,. Syrians,
presented at the door of the tabernacle; the high-priest cast lots on them, the B.c. 164-. It is named onl/once in the canonical Scriptures, John x. 22.
THE LAWS OF THE HEBREWS.

THE Jewish Commonwealth was founded on a religious basis. In form, it was 1. The Law of Persons. Tbe power of a father was held to be sacred over hi1
&monarchy, with JEHOVAH for its unseen king; but in its substance, it was a. children (Ex. xxi. la--17). The first-born was to have a double portion of the
commonwealth, in the strictest sense; the people enjoying equal rights, being all father's inheritance. In default of sons, property might pass to daughters, if
the children of God and united together as brethren. they married in their own tribe. The wife could never become independent of
On leaving Egypt, and in the first stage of their history, the Jews could scarcely her husband. The laws of service and servitude-Ex. xxi. 1-6, 20; Lev. xxv.
be called a nation in the political sense of the term; they were a body of tribes, 10, 45, 46.
the main bond of union being the "pt"omise given to the fathers." Each of these 2. The Law of Thing,. The land belonged to God, and its holders were
tribes had its own patriarchal go,·ernment by the,~ princes" of the tribe and-the merely His tenants. At the jubilee all land that had been sold or alienated re-
"heads" of the respective families, but as yet no central government existed. turned to the original owners. A house might be redeemed in n. year, and if not
In the second stage of their history, the constitution was essentially the same: then redeemed the title was lost, except in the case of Levites' Louses. Debts
Jehovah was their sovereign, and the laws that He had given to them ·were to be were released at the seventh year, and tithes of all produce were required to be
obeyed; the Judges were local and special deliverers raised up in seasons of great given for the support of the Levites.
national need and distress. In process of time a king was demanded, and a social 3. In the Crimi11al law, the offences against God were •p~cified in the fir•t foJir
•tate longed for that would unify the people and consolidate them a.s a. nation; commandments. Idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy and Sabbath-breaking were
the reign of Saul wa• an experiment in which the self-will of the king was severally condemned (Num. xv. 32-36). Offences against man are summed up
constantly asserting itself against the will of Jehovah; the accession of David in the other commandments: in the fifth (the commandment with promise),
marks the establishment of the true Hebrew monarchy. respect and regard for parents are enjoined; in the sixth, murder, cruelty and
The political law of the kingdom was summed up in the ono great duty of violence are forbidden; in the seventh, licentiousness is con damned, while the
governing according to the law of God. Tbe Princes of the Congregation, or the eighth forbids theft, pur1oining or perversion of justice; the ninth denounces
beads of tribes, seem to have always retained a certain power in the state. The fa.lse witness and untruthfulness, and the tenth condemns the sin of covetousness
chief provisions of the civil l<tw of Moses may thus be classified: and all lusting after that which belongs to others.
THE PARABLES OF OUR LORD.

FROM the time indicated by Matt. xiii., Parables enter largely into our LORD'S THE WEDDING-FEAST, Luke xii.; THE FlG TREE, Luke xiii.; Tm<: GREAT SUPPER,
tea.cbing. Many of them may have been repeated more than once with certain Luke xiv.; THE LosT SHEEP, MatL xviii., Lukexv.;THELOSTPIECEOF}IONEY,
T&riations, as, e.g., those of the Pounds and the Talents, Matt. xxv. 14, Luke Luke xv.; THE PRODIGAL SoN, Luke xvi.; THE UNJUST STEWARD, Luke xv.;
xix. 12; of the Supper, in ?tiatt. xxii. 2, and Luke xiv. 16. There is an obvious THE Rieu MAN AND LAZARUS, Luke xvi.; THE UNJUST JUDGE, Luke xviii.; THE
order and object in those which the Evangelists have recorded, and their meaning PHARISEE AND THE PUBLICAN, Luke xviii.; THELABORERSINTBEVINEYARD,,
will be better understood by studying in the class to which from their character Matt. xx.
they naturally belong.
Toward the close of our LORD'S ministry, before and after His entry into Jeru-
For· instance, there is a. group which have for their subject the laws of the salem, the Parables assume a new character. Thoy are Theocratic, but the phase
Divine kingdom, in its nature, growth n.nd consummation. Under this bead on which they dwell is that of the final consummation of the kingdom. In pa.rt,
may be placed: THE SOWER, Matt. xiii., Mark iv., Luke viii.; THE WHEAT AND they are prophetic of the rejection of Israel; in pa.rt, of the great retribution at
THE TARES, Matt. xiii.; THE MUSTARD-SEED, Matt. xiii., Mark iv.; THE SEED the Coming of our LORD. They are to the earlier parables what the prophecy of
CAST INTO THE GROUND, Mark iv.; THE LEAVEN,. MatL xiii.; THE Hin TREASURE, Matt. xxiv. is to the Sermon on the Mount. To this class may be referred: THE
Matt. xiii.; THE PEARL OF GREU PRlCE, Matt. xiii.; THE NET CAST INTO THE PouNDS, Luke xix.; THE Two SoNS, Matt. xxi.; Ta& VINEfARI> LET OrT TO
SEA, Matt. xiii. HUSBANDMEN, Matt. xxi., Mark xii., Luke xx.; THE M.lRRIAGE-FEAST, J\'latt.
xxii.; THE WrsE AND FOOLISH VIRGINS, Matt. xxv.; TeE TALENTS, Matt. xxv.;
The next group are of a. different character. Tbey occur chiefly between the THE SHEEP AND THE GoATB. Matt. xxv.
mission of the Seventy and the last approach to Jerusalem. They are drawn
from the life of men rather than from the kingdom of nature, and they are NoTE.-Tbe Table on page 36 presents the Parables of JESUS CHRIST our
chiefly delivered in reply to questions. They are such a.s these: THE Two LORD in their chronological order, with the lesson we should learn from each; the
DEBTORS, Luke vii.; TaE MERCILESS SERVANT, Matt. xviii.; THE Goon SAVARI- above classification will be fonnd exoeedingly useful In studying the Parables In
T~N, Luke x.; TBB FRIEND AT MIDNIGHT, Luke xi.; Te.: Rrna FOOL, Luke xii.; their connection with, and bearing upon, each other.
62
--· ...
RELIGIOUS SECTS AND POLITICAL FACTIONS

DURING OUR LORD'S MINISTRY .
•
RELIGIOUS SECTS, THEIR :FOUNDERS AND TENETS.
th irit of prophecy ceased, and there were no inspired persons to II. THE SADDUCEES
APTER et sp •n religious matters among the Jews, different opinions soon
settle dispu ed Jivided them into various sects and parties. The chief of these
spru1t to::~.
were t ;
u~:n . sees the Sadducees and the Essenes. These sects are generally
a;isen after the Babylonisb captivity, and they differed in the
APPEAR to have derived their name from Sadock, a pupil of Antigonus Socbreus,
president of the great Sanbedrim, about two hundred and sixty years before
Christ. He enjoined his pupils to serve God from pure love, and not from fear
behev? . articulars The Zaddikim gave themselves to the study of the Scrip- nor from hope of reward. Sadock, misunderstanding or perverting his m&ster's
follo;'~f epChasidim ~tudied bow to add to the Scriptures. The former profess_ed tenets, taught that there was no future state of rewards and punishments, and
tu~• ! to conform to the Jaw; the latter would be above the Jaw, voluntarily the Sadducees held that "there is no resurrection, neither angel nor spirit"
:d;;~;eto what th~ J~w required. These persons speedily fell into two sects, with (Matt. xxii. 23; Acts xxiii. 8), and that the soul perishes with the body. They
broadly marked distmctwns. rejected all traditions, professing to receive only the letter of Scripture, and mainJy
accepting the books of Moses. They denied a superintending providence, bold-
I. THE PHARISEES ing that man had an absolute liberty to shape bis life as be pleased, and that
prosperity or adversity was entirely in bis own bands, being simply the result
of bis wisdom or bis folly. In numbers the Sadducees were inconsiderable, but
PROBABLY derived their name from the Hebrew wordperushim, in Syriac pherishai, the opulent and the elevated classes were often found in their ranks, and all who
which signifies persons who are ,eparat~d from oth~rs. They as~umed this name simply expected to find happiness or even existence in this life.
because they claimed a more than ordmary sanctity (Acts xxv1. 5). Josephus
tells us that they boasted that they were the favorites of heaven, and they held
that God was in strict justice h?und to bless and make ~hem partakers ~f the III. THE ESSENES
terrestrial kingdom of the Memab, and to crown them with eternal bappmess.
Pharisaism rose gradually, ;,ut it was consolidated as a sect at least two hundred PROBABLY derived their name from a Syriac word which signifies to heal or cure,
years before the Advent. not because they studied medicine, but because they gave heed to the disea••• of
The great body of the populac~ were attr~cted to the ~ec~ because of their out- the soul. They appear to have been divided into two parties, one of them being
ward sanctity, their zeal and th~tr assumption o~ supe~1or1ty. I~ doctrm~ they called by PHILO practical Essenes. They engaged in husbandry and mechanical
held a mixture of fatalism and hberty. They believed m angels, m the existence arts. Both classes were abstemious in their food, living on coarse fare a.nd
of human spirits, in immortality and in a species of resurrection of the good, or drinking water only. Their houses were mean, and so alllo was their raiment,
rather in a transmigration similar to the system of Pythagoras. Above a-11 they which they never changed till worn out. They eschewed all ornaments and neat-
were noted for the manner in which they placed the traditions of the elders not ness in dress. They lived in societies, and bad all their goods in common. Avoid-
only on a level with the Jaw of God, but often above it, and thus by their expla- ing extravagance, they were moral in outward character and rigid in their observ-
nations and refinements they made the commandIT"ent of God of none effect ance of the Sabbath. They believed in the immortality of the •oul-rejecting a
(Matt. xv. 6). They affected 11reat austerit~ an_d external n:.ortifi?ation, but there resurrection-the existence of angeJs, a future state of rewards and punishments,
,..,.. an ostentation, self-conceit and bypocrlBy m all that they did. They made and that all things followed by an eternal fatality or chain of neceisary causes.
locg prayers and gave _e.lms "to be. seen of men." Thly were scrut~lous in It is not known when this sect arose. Paul is held to refer to them (Col. ii. 18,
observing fasts and ordmances, washing of hands, cups and vesself.l, w Ile they 21, 23) where be speaks of "a voluntary humility," and "neglecting of the
neglected" the weightier matters cf the law, judgment, mercy and faith" (Matt. body." They had some peculiar views respecting angelic beings, and they were
uiii. 23; Luke xviii. 11, 12). They affected a peculiar dress-Jong robes, deep noted for their custom of swearing all who entered into their fellowship, to
fringes and broad phylacteries-and yet they sought the chief seats in the syna- "keep and observe the books of the sect and the names of the angels with care."
gognes, and to be honored in the market places, thus showing their pride, selfish- · The dogmas also to which Paul adverts in bis words "touch not, taste not,
ness and arrogance, even while they professed themselves to be engaged in the handle not," are such as the Eseenes held. They would not taste any pleasant
eervioe of Jehovah. Hence the terrible denunciations and warnings of our Lord food, but lived on coarse bread, drank nothing but water, and many of them
(Matt. :uiii.; Mark :,:ii.; Luke xi.), in which be exposes their character and pre- would not eat until after sunset, while if they were touched by any not of their
}'arel them for the judgment that awaited them. own sect, they would wash as if they bad been polluted.
POLITICAL FACTIONS, THEIR :FOUNDERS AND OBJECTS.
I. THE SAMARITANS instituting pagan games, and in all these they were opposed to the Pharisees, wb~
held it was unlawful to pay taxes to the Roman emperor. In doctrine they are
WaRB the descendants of the heathen colonists settled in Israel at the time of the believed to have been Saddueean, for that which by one Evangelist is called the
~ptivity. Originally they were heathen, but gradually they became acquainted leaven of Herod (Mark viii. 15) is by another (Matt. xvi. 6) styled "the leaven
wttb the system of the Jews. When Nehemiah attempted a reformation of the of the Sadduoees."
Church, a. priest, Manasseh, fled to Sa.maria, and bis father-in-law, Sanballat, the
governor, erected a temple, in which be ministered. To this temple disorderly III. THE GALILEANS OR GAULONITES
Jowa who would not be reformed continued to go, and thus, while the priests in
Jerusalem were annoyed, the population was augmented in Samaria who pro- WERE a faction beaded by Judas the Galilean, or Gaulonite, against the Roman
fessed the true God. Idolatry was therefore largely abandoned, and the descend- ftower, when Augustus levied a tax on Judea and reduced it to the form of a
ants of that mixed population held tenaciously to the services of their Samaritan oman province. Be /roclaimed that tribute was due to God alone, and there-
le':l;le. The enmity never died out which was caused by the refusal of the Jews fore should not be pai to the Romans, that religious liberty ,hould he asserted,
to. ow _the heathen colonists to aid in reconstructing the temple at Jerusalem, and and that the divine laws were to be defended by force of arms. This party was
th'! feehng was intensified by the fact that when the Jews were in peace and safety soon suppressed, and it is probable that a reference is made to it, in the allusion
their f•~r was sought by the Samaritans, but when the savage assaults of Anti- to those whom Pilate slew, and whose blood had been mingled with their
:hna Ep1phanes threatened the destruction of the nation, their northern neigh- sacrifices.
n •e~e ready to renounce their faith, 0,nd to disavow all their desired alliances,
nen ~mg so far as to offer to dedicate their temple on Mount Gerizim to Jupiter
Ol:,mpiu,. He~ce, it was the highest term of reproach among the Jews, to call a IV. THE ZEALOTS,
per1<>n • _Samantan (John viii. 48), and so great was their animosity that they
would neither ask nor receive favors from each other (John iv. 9). OF whom so much mention is made in the account- of the Jewish wars by Jose-
Around the site of their ruined temple a wretched handful still continues to pbus, were probably in league with the Galile&ns, and LAVY bolds that the Juat
rally, where they observe a peculiar form of sacrifice. At Nablous they have a M~, whom the Pharisees and Herodians sent to entangle our Lord in bis con-
~gue, and they boast of having an ancient manuscript copy of the Penta- versation (Matt. xxii. lo, 16; Mark xii. 13, 14; Luke xx. 20), were members of
three thousand five hundred years old. this political party.
II. THE HERODIANS V. THE SICARI!,

W:u diuinguisbed from the other Jews, by concurring in the scheme of Herod to
it:, mit himself and bis dominions to the Romans. They apprehended that the
RENDEREDmurderers in Acts xxi. 38, were really a band of assassins who derived
their name from their using poniards like the Roman Sice. These they oon-
eul~AD power would be irresistible, and that a, wise if not a selfish policy was to cealed in their garments, and, like the Indian thugs, they used them in secret, to
•~ the favor of the Roman emperors. They joined in the policy of Herod slay their victims. They appear to have been under the lead of an Egyptian
~111 •reeling lemples with images for idolatrous worship, in building theatres and impostor.
63
THE PERIOD
BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.

JEWISH HISTORY FROM SECULAR SOURCES.
JUDEA continued subject to the kings of Persia about two hundred years, but stand up for the law," and having collected around him a large number of faithful
does not appear to have had a separate governor after Nehemiah. It was annexed men, he undertook to deliver his people, and to :e•to:'e the worship of th~ God
to the province of S:,rria, and the administration of its affairs was left to the of Israel. But being very old when he engaged m this arduous work, he did not
high-priest, subject to the control of the provincial rulers. This raised the high- live to see its completion. At his death his eldest son Judas succeeded to the
priesthood to a degree of temporal dignity and power which very soon made it command of the army, in which he was greatly assisted by his brother Simon, a
an object of ambition to the different members of the family of Aaron, and gave man of remarkable prud,:mce. The motto on his standard was Exod. xv. 11:
rise to many violent and disgraceful contests among them for the office. ",vho is like unto thee among the gods, 0 Jehovah?" the Hebrew words. being,
Upon the overthrow of the Persian army by .Alexander, Syria and the neigh- Mi Camoka Baalim Jehovah: and from the initial letters of these words, !If CB I,
boring countries fdl under his power, and Tyre was taken after an obstinate is said to be derived the word Maccabi or Maccabee, which became the surname
resistance. Alexander then marched into Judea to punish the Jews, who, as of the family.
faithful subjects of the king of Persia, had sent the Tyrians supplies of pro- After several victories over the troops of Antiochus, Judas Maccabreus gained
visions, and refused them to him. But it is related that, as he approached Jeru~ possession of Jerusalem; and his first care was to repair and purify the temple
salem, and saw a procession of tho people clothed in white coming to meet him, for the restoration of the Divine worship. This reconsecration of the temple and
headed by J addua the high-priest, and all the priestly race, in their robes of revival of its worship was ever after celebrated by an annual feast of eight day•.
office, bis heart was turned to spare and favor them. He continued to them the It occurred at the time of the winter solstice (165 B. c.), and was called the Feast
free enjoyment of their laws and religion, and exempted them from tribute of the Dedication (John x. 22).
during their sabbatical years; and when he built the city of Alexandria, he The war was carried on for twenty-six yea.rs, with :five successive kings of
placed a great number of Jews there, and gave to them the same privileges as te Syria and after many sanguinary battles the Syrians were driven out of the
bis Greek subjects. count~y, and the Jews, under their Maccabean princes, regained for a time their
After the death of Alexander and the division of his empire among his gene- independence and the free exercise of their religion, which they commemorated
rals, Judea became a subject of contention between the kings of Syria and Egypt, by commencing a new epoch in 143 B.C. as the year of" the freedom of Jeru-
which ended in its forming for a time part of the monarchy of Egypt. Ptolemy salem." They had again regular troops, strong garrison~ and al~iances with
Soter, the king of Egypt, brought many thousands of the Jews into that country, other powers, including even Rome, and the boundaries of" the state were ex-
settled them there and treated them kindly, placing them on an equality with tended by the subjugation of the Idumeans and Philistines, as well as of Moab,
the Greeks at Alexandria. Greek being the common language of that city, it Ammon and Arabia Petrea. Previously to this, in the year 153 B. c., as the
was quickly learned by the Jewish settlers, and became the native lang,,age of Asamonean family were descended from the eldest branch of the raC'e of Aaron,
their children who were born there, and who on that account, in pr.ocess of time, the office of high-priest was assumed by Jonathan, the then reigning prince,
were called Rellenists, or Grecian Jews, a name which afterward came to be and it remained in the family until the usurpation of Herod.
applied generally to all Jews speaking the Greek language in foreign countries This season of prosperity was, however, of short duration. The nation was
(see Acts vi. 1; ix. 29; xi. 20, etc.). These Grecian Jews had synagogues in exceedingly troubled by internal dissensions, especially on the part of the Phari-
Alexandria, in which the writings of Moses and of the prophets, translated into sees, who first appear prominently in history in the reign of John Hyrcanus, as
Greek for this purpose, were read every sabbath day. This translation, which is fotming a large and powerful body, of turbulent character and lofty pretensions,
ca11ed the Septuagint, contributed much to spread the knowledge of true religion and carrying on fierce quarrels with the rival sect of the Sadducees, which led
through the western part of the world. It came into common use among the upon one occasion to a dreadful civil war. There were also violent contests for !
,Jews, and the quotations made from the Old Testament Scriptures in the New, the throne between rival members of the royal family, which greatly weakened
by the evangelists and apostles, are often, though not always, from this version. the nation, and it Wj,S ill-prepared to withstand the extending power of Rome,
Seleucus., king of Syria, about 300 B. c., built numerous cities in Syria. and Asia which in the year 65 B. c. subjugated Syria, and soon afterward conquered Egypt.
:M:inor, and regarding the Jews as good and faithful citir;ens, endeavored to In the year 63 B. c. Pompey marched bis army into Judea, besieged and .ook
attract them to his new cities by the offer of the same privileges as were enjoyed Jerusalem and made the country tributary to the Romans, though it was still
by the Greeks and llfacedonians. They accordingly settled there in great num- governed by the llfaccabean princes. During the reigns of the later princes of
bers, especially at Antioch in Syria. this family, Herod Antipater, an ldumean by birth, obtained a position of power
It is worthy of notice that by these events the Jews were brought into contact and influeuce in the land, and after his death, his son, Herod the Great, so in-
with a new form of heathenism. They had already encountered its more gratiated himself with the Romans that he obtained the appointment of king of
ancient and more barbarous forms during their sojourns in Egypt and in Babylon, Judea in the place of Antigonus. He had, however, some difficulty in obtaining
the headquarters and central seats of idolatry in their days. But now, by their possession of his kingdom, as the people were grea.tly attached to their Macca-
dispersion in Egypt, and the other countries bordering on the eastern end of the bean kings. But he came against Jerusalem with a Roman army of 60,000 men,
Mediterrancn.n, they were everywhere brought into contact with the more culti- and, after a siege of above half a year, took the city by storm, and massacred
vated and refined mythology and philosophy of the Greeks; and there are many of the inhabitants. Shortly afterward he put to death Antigonus, and
good grounds for believing that they were the means of communicating to the thus ended the Asamonean dynasty, after it had subsisted a hundred and twenty-
more candid and teachable among them some knowledge of a purer religion. six years.
During the reign of Ptolemy Soter the prosperity of the Jews was much pro- Herod was a man of great abilities and of indomitable resolution, but an
moted by the internal administration of an exce1lent high-priest, Simon the Just. ambitious and cruel tyrant, unscrupulous as to the means by which he gained his
Ile repaired and fortified their city and temple, and made a. spacious reservoir ends. He persecuted to death a.II the memhers and adherents of the Asamonean
of water," in compass as a sea." house, and he even put to death his wife and two of his own sons. He degraded
After the Jewish nation had been tributary to the king• of Egypt for about the high-priesthood by making the tenure of the office dependent on his own
eighty years, it became, by the conquest of Antiochus the Great, subject to the pleasure. In order to gain popularity with his subjects, as well as to increase hitt
kings of Syria, but the Jews were still governed by their own laws, under the own fame, he greatly enlarged and beautified the temple at Jerusalem, making
high-priest and council of the nation. it, in some respects, more magnificent than that of Solomon. He also erected in
Judea, being situated between Syria. and Egypt, suffered much during the neighboring cities many heathen temples, and constructed numerous public
whole of this period from the frequent wars in which those countries were works, such as bridges, roads, be.tbs, aqueducts and harbors, the cost of which
engaged, and was the arena of many bloody and destructive battles. Besides he defrayed by heavy exactions upon his subjects.
this, the peaC'e of the nation was greatly disturbed Ly the claims of rival candi- In the thirty-sixth year of the reign of Herod, while Augustus W&S emperor
dates to the office of high-priest, which afforded to the kings of Syria frequent of Rome, THE SAVIOUR OF THE WORLD WAS BORN.
pretexts for interfering with the internal affairs of the nation. And all these Herod was succeeded in the government of the greater part of Pa.Jestine by his
evils were considerably aggravated by the corruption and misconduct of the chief son Arebela.us, who acted with great cruelty and injustice, and in the tenth year of
men, and the increa.sing wickedness of the people, who began to neglect the wor- his reign, upon a complaiut being made against him by the Jews, he was banis.hed
•hip and the law of God far more than they had ever done since their return by Augustus to Vienne, in Gaul, where he died. Publius Sulpitius Quirinus (who
from the captivity. is called in Greek Cyrenit1s, Luke ii. 2), the president of Syria, wati: ~hen sent to
God saw fit to punish the Jews for this defection by the hand of Antiochus reduce the countries over which .Archelaus had reigned to a Roman province,
Epiphanes, who came with an army and plundered the city and temple of Jerusalem and a governor of Judea was appointed under the title of Procurator, subordi-
with every conceivable circumstance of cruelty and profanation. For three years nate to the president of Syria. But the Jews were still permitted to exercise
and a half they were altogether deprived of their civil and religious liberties. The their religious wore.hip without molestation or restraint.
daily sacrifice was suspended; the temple itself was dedicated by Antiocbus
to Jupiter Olympius, whose statue was erected on the altar of burnt offering; the llfeanwhile, in the Gentile world, the old systems of idolatry had fallen into
worship of Jehovah and the observance of his law were prohibited under the disrepute, partly through the extreme corruptions of worship and of morals con-
severest penalties; every copy of the sacred writings that could be seized was nected with tbem, and partly through the cultivation of Grecian philosophy, the
burned_; and the people were required, under pain of death, to sacrifice to idols. conflicting theories of which, however, utterly failed to satisfy the wants of
Never before ha.d the Jews been exposed to so furious a persecution. The apos- mankind, as they afforded little solid truth and produced no moral renovation.
tates were numerous, but a remnant continued faithful; and these events were At the sn.me time, the universal prevalence of the Roman power, ensuring
doubtless useful in calling the attention of the heathen around to .those great internal peace and facilitating communication between different parts of the
principles for which many of the Jews were willing to peril their Jives. world, together with its indifference to thC" various forms of religious belief anJ.
.At length, God raised up a deliverer for his people in the noble family of the worship, opened, for a time, a wider field for the diffusion of the gospel. So that
Asamoneans. Afattathias, a priest eminent for his piety and resolution, and the Providence combined with prophecy t? mark this as the" fulness of time," wben
Lfather of five sons, encouraged the people, by his example and exhortations, "to the expected SAVIOUR should come into the world.
64
,,..
I
A COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
FROM THE CREATION TO THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
-HALES· TO THE DEATH OF SOLOMON.

USHER. HALES
TO THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
USHER.
- -
B. C, A.M. B. C, A.,M. B. C.
c. J..M. --- --- --- --- --- --
A.JI.
Creation .•.•..... ····································· 4004 990 4421 Jeroboam's calves set up .•.•.......•....••..... 974 3030
5411 Birth of Cain and Abel •........ •· •········ •····· 4003 1 973 4438 Death of Rehoboam .............................. 958 3046
53 11 100 3875 129 972 4439 Abijah conquers Jeroboam •..•................. 957 3047
201 Murder of Abel .... •····· ········· ······ ·········
52 10 Birth of Seth ......... · ·•· •· •· •· · ··· •·· •· · · ·· •· · ·•· 3874 130 970 4441 .Asa succeeds Abijah ...•.......•................. 955 3049
51 81 230 3769 235 968 4443 Nadab succeeds his father Jeroboam ........ 954 3050
49 96 415 Enos born ...... •·····································
Cain an born .. •· •· ··· ·· ·· ·· ·· · · · · · · ·· ·· ·· ·· · · ·· · · · ·· 3679 325 966 4445 Baasha, the son of Abijah, succeeds Nadab 953 3051
4i 86 625 3609 395 929 4482 Jehoshaphat succeeds Asa ..•............•....... 914 3090
46 16 795 Ma halal eel born ... ••· ••· · ·· · ·· •· · · ·· · ·· ·· · · ·· ·· ·· ··
Jared born ...... ····································· 3544 460 904 4,507 Death of Jehoshaphat .......•••.•.•••..•......... 889 3115
445-1 960 3382 622 900 4511 Ahab killed at Ramoth Gilead .................. 897 3107
4289 1122 Enoch born ...... ····································
1287 Methuselah born -······· · ········ ···· ·· ·· ···· ······ 3317 687 890 4521 Jehoram smitten with an incurable disease .. 887 3117
41 24 Lamecl1, father of Noah, born .................. 3130 874 895 4516 About this time Athaliah murders the roya I 884 3120
39 37 14i4 3074 930 family, all but Joash.
930 Adam dies ...........................................
4481 3017 987 889 4522 Joash anointed king by Jehoiada ..•..••.... , .. 878 3126
3914 1497 Enoch is translated ..... •· .... ••••· •· •••· •··· •· •··
1142 Seth die.• ............ ······ ····· ······ •····· ····••··· 2962 1042 867 4544 Jehu dies about this time ........................ 856 3148
42 ti9 Noah born ........................................... 2948 1056 850 4561 Joash, king of Israel, succeeds Jehoahaz 839 3165
37 55 1656
1340 Enos dies ............................................. 2864 1140 about this t.ime.
40il 2769 1235 848 4563 Amaziah succeeds Joash, king of Judah .... 839 3165
387i 1534 Cainan dies ............ •········ ...... •····· •········
1690 Mahalaleel dies .................................... 2i14 1290 833 4578 Jeroboam II. succeeds his father............... 825 3179
37 21 2582 1422 809 4602 810
3489 1922 Jared dies ............................................ Amaziah dies, Uzziah succeeds................. 3194
3;.'i5 2136 God denounces the Deluge..•....•....•......... 2468 1536 792 4619 Jeroboam IL dies ............••................... 784 3220
31 84 2227 Lamech dies ......................................... 2353 1651 770 4641 Pu! invades Israel ......••......•.................. 771 3333
31 55 2256 Methuselah dies .................................... 2348 1656 757 4654 Jotham succeeds Uzziah .......•................. 758 3246
31 54 2257 Noah leaves the Ark ............... : .............. 2347 1657 742 4669 Rezin and Pekah invade Judah about this 742 3262
31 53 2258 Arphaxad, son of Shem, born ......•........... 2346 1658 time.
3018 2393 Salah, son of Arphaxad, born .•••.............. 2311 1693 741 4670 Ahaz succeeds Jotham ••.....•••....•....... '. ... 742 3262
2888 2523 Eber, son of Sal ah, born ••...•...•............... 2281 1723 740 4671 Ahaz sues for assistance to Tiglath-Pilezer.. 740 3264
2i 54 2657 Peleg, son of Eber, born ......................... 2247 1757 725 4686 Hezekiah succeeds Ahaz •.............•.......... 727 3277
26 14 2i97 Babel built about this time ..................... 2247 1757 715 4696 Shalmanezer succeeded by Sennacherib 715 3289
2554 2857 About this time Nimrod builds Nineveh 2233 1771 about this time.
and founds the Assyrian empire. 715 4696 Sennacherib invades Judea •.•..••.•....•....... 713 3291
26 24 Z,87 Ren, eon of Peleg, born .......................... 2217 1787 709 4702 Hezekiah's miraculous cure ......•.•...•........ 713 3291
2492 2919 Serug, son of Reu, born •...•..........•.......... 2185 1819 708 4703 Sennacherib slain, Esarhaddon succeeds..... 706 3298
2362 3049 Nabor, son of Serug, born •.•.....•...••..•••...• 2155 1849 696 4715 Manasseh succeeds Hezekiah ................... 693 3306
2283 3128 Terah, father of Abraham, born ......•........ 2126 1878 677 4734 Esarhaddon seizes on Babylon •..........•...... 680 3324
22 13 3198 Haran, son of Terah, born .•.•••................ 2056 1948 671 4740 Manasseh carried captive to Babylon ......... 677 3327
28 05 2606 Noah dies ............................................ 1998 2006 641 4770 Amon succeeds Manasseh .••..................... 643 3361
2153 3258 Abram born •.....•.••......•........................ 1996 2008 639 4772 Amon murdered, Josiah euc-ceeds ............. 641 3363
2l-13 3268 Sarah born •..•..•.••...•.•............••............ 1986 2018 608 4803 Josiah slain in battle...........•.•••.•............ 610 3394
2093 3318 Abram called from Ur to Haran .............. 1922 2082 602 4809 N ebuchaduezzar besieges Jerusalem .......... 590 3414
20i8 3333 Abram comes into Canaan ...................... 1921 2083 590 4821 Ezekiel begins to prophecy in Chaldea ...... 587 3417
2r.m 3334 Abram goes into Egypt .••••..................... 1920 2084 · 586 4825 Seventy years' captivity begins •.•••............ 606 3398
20iO 3341 -His victory over five kings-Melchisedec 1913 2091 457 4954 Ezra sent as governor of Judea ................ 457 3547
blesses him. 453 4958 Eliashib succeeds to the high-priesthood ..... 453 3551
2067 3344 Ishmael born ....................................... 1910 2094 420 4991 Nehemiah's reform among the Jews about 428 3576
-
20.54 3357 Abram's name changed-Circumcision in- 1897 2107 this time.
stituted-Isaac promised. 420 499] Malachi prophesies about this time ........... 420 3584
-
2053 3358 Isaac born ...............•...•...•••.•.•....•..•...... 1896 2108 420 4991 Eliashib ........ high-priest.................. . .... 420 3584
2028 3383 Abraham commanded to offer Isaac ...••..... 1872 2132 413 4998 J oiada, or Judas " 413 3591
20 13 3398 Isaac marries Rebecca ............................. 1856 2148 373 5038 Jonathan, or John " ························
....................... 373 3631
19~3 3418 Jacob and Esau born .•............................ 1836 2168 341 5070 Jaddua or Jaddus " ........................ 341 3663
19i3
1916
3438 Death of Abraham •................................ 1821 2183 321 5090 Onias I. .......................
" ........................ 321 3683
3495 Jacob's flight into Mesopotamia ...•........•.. 1760 2244 300 5111 Simon the Just " 300 3i04
18115
18i2
3526 Joseph sold into Egypt .....•..•••...•.....••....• 17:.!8 2276 291 5120 Eleazar ........................
" ........................ 291 3il3
3539 Promotion of Joseph-seven years of plenty ~715 2289 276 5135 Manasses " 276 3728
begin. 250 5161 Onias II. " ........................ 250 3754
1863 3548 ························
1i28 3683
Jacob sends his Mons to Egypt to buy corn .. 1707 2297 217 5194 Simon IL " 217 3i87
Moses born about this time ••..••............... 1571 2433 195 5216 Onias III. " •······················· 195 3809
16l!8 3723 Moses flees into Midian ••...............•.....•.. 1531 2473 175 5236 Jesus, or Jason " ........................ 175 3829
2337 3074
1648 3764
Job lives about this time ........................ 1520 2484 17:; 5239 Onias, or MenelanR " ........................ 172 3832
God sends \,loses to deliver Israel ............ 1491 2513 163 524S Judas Maccabreus .................................. 163 8841
I 647 3763 Law delivered at Mount Sinai. •••......••••.••. 1491 2513 160 Jachim, or Alcimus, high-priest ...•... _ ...... 160
1647 3764 About this time Israel turned back to wan- 1489 2595 5251 Jonathan. 3844
der forty years. 153 5258 He is appointed high-priest •.................... ]53 3851
I608 3803 The Israelites pass Jordan ....................... 1451 2553 143 5268 Simon ............•................................... 143 3861
I608 I 3803 The sun and moon stand still .................. 1450 136 3868
1582 I S829
2554 136 5275 John Hyrcanus ....................................
I 300 4045 ,Joshua dies .................................... , •.... 1443 2561 106 5305 Aristobulus and Antigonus..................... 106 3898
I 110 431)1 I Gideon delivers Israel •...•....•..........•...... 1245 2759 105 5306 Alexander Jannreus ..•............................ 105 3899
1108 4303 Saul made king of Israel ..•............. :.•..... 1095 2909 78 5333 Queen Alexandra ..........•.•..................... 78 3926
Sat~l's rash sacrifice and consequent rejec- 1093 2911 69 5342 Hyrcanus II. .•..•........•..•••..................... 69 3935
t10n. 69 5342 Aristobulus II ....................................... 69 3935
1100, 4311
l0i0 : 4341 Saul spares Agag, and is finally rejected .... 1079 2925 5348 Pompey takes Jerusalem, and establishes
10.16 ~ath of Saul. ...................................... 1055 2949 63 Hyrcanus II .........••..•••..••••................ 63 3941
4375 eath of Absalom ................................. 1021 2983 40 5371 Antigonus ••..•••......••.....•....................... 40 3964
1020 4391 3967
991 Completion of the temple .••••••...•••. , ••••••..• 1004 3000 37 5374 Idumrean king, Herod the Great ............... 37
I 4420 Death of Solomon ................................. 975 3029 5 5411 John the Baptist born ............................ 4 4000
65
AN INTRODUCTION
TO THE
RIGHT UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORACLES OF GOD.
to us, and providing everlasting lite and happiness write, as to render the whole Scripture, at anr gl·l'tll
CHAPTER I. for us. While reason, then, plainly suggests the period, a sufficient blessed rule to direct men to true
C1P 1'IIE DIVINE AUTHORITY OF THE SCRIPTURES OF possibility, the desirableness, and the necessity of a holiness and everlasting happiness, De. 8. 4; l's. 1. 2;
THE OLD A.',D NEW TESTAMENT. revelation from God, adapted to our circumstances, 19.7-11; 119,105; Mat.22.29; Lu.16.29,31; Jn.:l.39:
the books of the Old and New Testament manifest Ro.15.4;2Ti.3.15-17;2Pe.l.19 . .Many of the sen:
No man, who is an unbiassedfree-thinker, can soberly themselves reasonable, credible, and divinely inspired: tences recorded in Scripture are not inspired in them.
hearken to the dictates of his natural reason, and It is their DIVINE INSPIRATION (which indeed supposes selves, being the words of Satan or of wicked men;
&erio11sly ponder the absurd and contradictory prin- them reasonable and credible) that we now attempt to but the Scripture report relative to these expressions
ciples and practices which have been or are prevalent demonstrate. In what manner the influence, by which is directed by divine inspiration. -That our ~ooks of
among mankind, without perceiving that the light, or the penmen of the Scriptures were directed, affected the Old and New Testament, the APOCRYPHAL TRA<n'IJ
even the law nf nature, is altogether insufficient to them, we pretend not fully to explain. It is enough being excluded from both, are of an INSPIRED and
direct us to t.rue holiness, or lasting happiness, in our for us to know, that thereby they were infallibly DIVINE original, is thus evident.
present lapsed condition. It can give us no plain, guided and determined to declare what they did not I. The subject MATTER of them requires a divine
distinct, convincing, pleasant, powerful, and lasting formerly know; to conceive properly of what they had inspiration. The history of the creation, and part of
ideas of God. It cannot direct us m the right manner formerly known; and to express their subject in terms that of the flood, &c., therein related, were known only
of worshipping him with due love, resignation, hu- absolutely just in themselves, and calculated to convey to God. Mysteries relative to the Trinity of person,
mility, self-denial, zeal, wis<1om, sincerity, and fervent the truths represented to others. But so far we may in the Godhead; the promise of grace: the incarna-
:lesire of the eternal enjoyment or him. It cannot conclude, that, while the penmen exercised their own tion of the Son of God; his undertaking offices, and
show us our true happiness, which Is suited to our reason and judgment, Ps. 45.1; Mar. 12. 36; Lu. 1. 3; states, and our union with him; justification, adop-
highest powers, which mai· always be enjoyed without Ac. 1. 1; 1 Pe, 1. 11, the Holy Ghost (1) Effectually tion, sanctification, spiritual comfort, and eternal
shame, suspicion, fear, or dread of loss or danger, and stirred them up to write, 2 Pe.1,21. '.2) Appointed to blessedness, in him, are therein declared;-which God
which will in every situation support and comfort us. each his proper share or subject correspondent with only could comprehend or discover, The nature ol
\t can discover no true system of morality, perfect in his natural talents, and the necessities of the church religion therein prescribed is so pure and benevolent,
,ts rules, means, and motives. It can discover no in his time, Mat, 25.15; 2 Pe. I. 21. (3) Enlightened that God alone could devise or appoint it. While ii
effectual incitements to virtue, drawn from the excel- their minds, and gave them a duly distinct view of represents the Most High as everywhere present-as
lency and presence of God the lawgiver, from the the truths which they were to deliver, Je.1.11-16; infinitely perfect, powerful, wise, and good-holy,jus\
authority of his bw, or from his discovering a proper 13.9-14; Eze,4.4-8; Da.10.1,14; 9.22-27; 8.15--19; and true--an infinitely gracious lover of righteousnes.,
regard to it in rewarding virtue and punishing-vice. 12.8; Am.7.7,8; 8.2; Zec.1.19,21; 4.11-14; 5.6; Jn. and hater of iniquity,-as our bountiful Creator and
It cannot manifest in a striking manner the certainty, 16.13; Ep.3.3,4; 1 Pe.1.10;11. Perhaps this illumi- Preserver, and as the infinitely merciful Redeemer of
~xcellence, pleasure, and allurement of virtue or of nation was given all at once to Paul, when caught up our souls, by the obedience and death of his only.
future reward, nor carry us to that proper pitch of to the third heaven, but was bestowed gradually on begotten Son,-it requires us to know, believe in,and
religion and virtue in our heart, which will ripen us the other apostles, Mar.4.34; Lu.24.17,45; Jn.20.22; revere him with our whole heart, soul, mind, and
for the full and immediate enjoyment of God. It .Ac.2.4; 10.9-15,28,34. (4) He strengthened and re- strength, as our Father, Friend, H us!Jand, Saviour,
eannot show us on~ perfect e:rnmple of virtue, either freshed their memories to recollect whatever they had and Portion in Christ; and confidently to depend on
among learned or unlearned heathens; nor give us seen or heard, which he judged proper to be inserted him, and ask from him whatever we need in time or
any promise of God's assisting us in the study of it. in their writings, Je. 31. 3; Lu. 1. 3; Jn. 14. 26. (5) eternity; and to obey him in all that he commands,
It can discover no certainty that God will pardon our Amidst a multitude of facts, he directed them to write as children whom he hath begotten again to a lively
sins,-no proper atonement,-no actually pardoned precisely what was proper for the edification of the hope, and established as the heirs of an everlasting
sinner,-no happy soul, praising God for his pardon- church, and neither more nor less, Jn.20.30,31; 21. inheritance. We are here taught how human nature
ing mercy,-no spiritual worship,. appointed by God 25; Ro.4.23,24; 15.4; 1 Co.10.6--11. (6) He excited may be truly improved and perfected, by our receiving
for rebellions sinners,-no purpose, promise, perfec- in their minds such images and ideas as had been Jesus Christ as made of God unto us wisdom, right-
tion, or name of God, that can secure his pardon;- treasured up in their memories, and directed them to eousness, sanctification, and redemption,-as an el•
nor does it give us any hint that it could consist with other ends and purposes than themselves would ever fectual principle and root of true holiness ;-and by
his honour, or is intended in his patient bearing with have done of their own accord, Thus, under inspira- our walking in him by faith, denying ungodlinesi
sinners on earth ;-nor does• it afford any divine pro- tion, .Amos draws his figures from herds, flocks, and and worldly Justs, and living soberly, righteously,
clamation of pardon, nor even any incitement to us fields; Paul makes use of his classical learning, Am. and godly, patiently, contentedly, and cheerfully,-
to forgive our injnrers;-and, in fine, it cannot effectu- i.-ix.; Ac. 17.28; 1 Co.15.33; Tit.1.12. (7) He immed- setting our affections upon things above, where Chris!
1,lly sanctify our heart, nor produce that bent of will iately suggested and imprinted on their minds such is, and through the Spirit mortifying ~very sinful and
&nd affection, that inward peace with God, that suf- things as could not be known by reason, observation, selfish inclination. We are taught .o lave our neigh·
ficiency of light and strength from God, or that solid or information, but were matters of pure revelation, bours as ourselves, perfectly fulfilling the particul81
hope of eternal happiness, which is necessary to pro- Is.46.9,10: 41.22,23; 45.21; whether they respected duties of every relative station; and to lay aside all
duce true holiness and virtue. It eannot support us doctrines, 1 Ti.3.16; or facts past or future, Ge.1.2,3; malice,envy, batred,revenge,or other malevolent dispo-
nuder heavy and bitter af!lictions, by showing us God's Le.xxvi., &c. (8) He so superintended every par- sitions or passions; to love our enemies; to render good
fatherly care of us, his promises to us, or his making ticular writer, as lo spiritually gmde him m his for evil, blessing for cursing; and to pray for them tbll
all things to work together for our 6 ood,-nor can it matter, word■, and arrangement; and, by this super- despitcfully use us. These laws of universal puril)
wmfort us against death by certain views of his love intending influence, made them all in connection so and benevolence are prescribed with an autbori11
66
~·· proper
only to God, and extended to ,men a compass
God alone can demand: and those sms
THE DIVINE AUTHORITY OF THE SCRIPTURES.
a most pleasant astonishment to find eYerywhere the
same facts supposed, related, or prepared for; the
ture, in order to extirpate the Jewi~h or Chr!stian
religion! And he has bestowed amazing support and
and degree as h' ·h God alone can observe or prohibit. same doctrines of a gracious redemption through Jesus consolation on snch as have risked or parted with their
f bidden w 1c
:i.re or f 1 motives to duty, and dissuasives Christ exhibited, or supposed to be true; the same liYes rather than deny the dictates of Scripture, or m
h most power u
'r e . · here most wisely proposed, and power- rules or exemplifications of piety and virtue, and the least contribute to their extirpation or misinter-
fro Dl nee 'dare otives drawn from the nature, t h e motives thereto; the same promises of mercy, or pretation. By quickly multiplying the copies or the
f ullv· . rrge
__ th,-m · an d t he JU
threatenings, the mercies, · dg- threatenings of just misery, to persons, societies, or readers of the Scriptures. he renderea it impossible to
promise,,. G ed. particularly from h'1s k' ·m ness m th e
d · nations, exhibited without a single contradiction. corrupt them in anything important, without causing_
O
ments ol '
,rk of our redemption, and is
h' bl esse d re1a• When there is an appearance of contradiction, it will the corruption all at once to start up Into every eopy
w, • Christ. and from advantages or disad- be found that 'the different passages do not respect dispersed through the world, and intu the memories
tions to uB in ' .
- t poral spiritual, and eternal. And while the same thing or person, in the same respect, and in of almost every reader ;-than "hich nothing cnuld
,·antages, em ' . . d . .
·ellent means of directmg an exc1tmg to, the same circumstances of time, place, or manner; be more absurd to suppose. Nay, ls is observable
the most cxc . . . .
·-ing pietv and v1rtne, are established m and so there is no contradiction at all. that of all the thousands of various readings which
and Of exerc1l; . . .
the most prudent forms and authoritative manner, V. The manifest CHARACTER OF THE PENMEN further the learned have collected, not one in tile least ener-
rfect and engaging patterns of holiness evinces the divine original of the Scriptures. They vates any point of our faith or duty towards God or
the mos t Pe ·
• t are set before us in the example of Jesus everywhere discover the utmost candour and dis- man.
and v1r ue
Christ our Redeemer, and of Go~ as reconciled in interestedness: they everywhere candidly publish the VII. Multitudes of MIRACLES, which only the in-
him, and reconciling the world to h1mse~_f, Ex.20: 1-_l 7; infirmities or even faults of themselves, their friends, finite power of God conld effect, have been wrought
c xviii.-xx.; De.iY.-xxv.; Mat.v.-vu.; Ro. v1.xn.- and nation. None of them ever gained anything in for the confirmation of the doctrines and facts men-
1
:,.'. Ga. v. vi.; Ep. iv.-vi.; Col.iii. iv.;· 1 Th. v.; 'l'it. this world by their work but trouble and vexation; tioned in the Scriptures, and for el'incing the divine
ii :•Ja.i.-v.; 1 Pe.i.-v.; 2 Pe.i.; 1 Jn.i.-v., &c. &c. and, according to their own principles, they could mission of the principal publishers thereof. The wis-
·II. The MANNER in which these subjects are ex- obtain nothing in the next hut everlasting destruc- dom and goodness of God required him, especially
bihited in the Scriptures is evidently divine ;-wise, tion, if they indulged themselves in any imposture. when in the days of Moses and Christ he was estab-
,·ondescending, and yet majestic. The discoveries The matter and manne> of their work infinitely trans- lishing a new form of worship, to mark the important
~are been gradual, as men stood in need of them or cended their abilities. Setting their predictions aside declarations of his will with some distinguishing
•·ere in a proper condition to receive them, Ge. iii. for a moment, how conld men of the best education, characteristics, awakening to consideration. Nothing
iL xii. xvii., &c.; He. 1. 1. The principal points,- and especially men of no education_, form such exalted appears more proper for this ead than a series of un-
"' of God's manifestation of himself to sinful schemes of sense, piety, and virtue? Or how ·could controlled miracles, which no power could check, and
men; bis full satisfaction in and with Christ as our wicked men, inspired by Satan, publish and prosecute which supported nothin;;- but what was agreeable to
Mediator; and the Jaw of the ten commandments,- such a scheme of mystery, holiness, and morality? reason, so far as it could conceive of it. Neither
,rere declared from heaven with uncommon solemnity, Such is the character of Jesus Christ, drawn b:v the reason nor experience can admit that the infinite wis-
Mat.3.17; 17.5; Ex.20.1-18, &c. And while these four evangelists, with every mark of simplicity and dom and goodness of God could permit one, much less
and other similar truths are announced in a style the candour, and in which ignominious su:ffuring I;; made multitudes of uncontrolled miracles to be wrought for
nio,t plain and simple, there appears therein some- a leading article, that the delineation thereof-and the confirmation of falsehood. But the miracles
thing astonishingly sublime and majestic. While the that too by persons of no uncommon knowledgt-- wrought in confirmation of the Scriptures have every
dic-tates are authorized with a THUS SAITH THE LORD, without a real and exactly answerable model, would, favourable circumstance that could be wished. Their
the rnry style, particularly in Scripture songs, Job, to every nnbiassed free-thinker, appear more incredi· number was almost beyond reckoning, and all of them
Psalms, Lamentations, and Isaiah, and in our Sav- ble and impossible than even the incarnation, obedi- calculated to answer some great and benevolent encl.
iour's discourses, &c., is at once surprisingly suited ence, and death of the Son of God, therein attested, .A.ecording !o the nature of the broken law, many ol
to the dignity of the Author, the nat'!re of the sub- however astonishing. those wrought by Moses, Elijah, and Elisha were
ject, and the condition of the persons addressed. VI. The providence of God has, in a most marvel- tremendou~ and dreadful. According to the nature
111. The manifest scoPE of the Scriptures is to lous manner, PRESERVED the Scriptures of the Old and of the gospel which they published, the miracles
render sin loathsome and hated, and to promote holi- New Testaments from being lost or corrupted. While wrought by Jesus Christ and his apostles were gene-
oe,;s and virtue; to humble men, and reform them perhaps millions of other books, once of com:derable rally of a benevolent nature and tendency. Moreover,
from their beloved Justs and sinful practices; and to fame in the world, and which no one songht to extir- most of the miracles mentioned in Scripture were per-
exalt and glorify God to the highest. No good angel pate, are lost and forgotten, the Scriptures, though more formed in so public a manner that both friends and
or man could dare to personate God in the manner of early written, and thongh Satan and his agents un- foes had 1lhe fullest access to a thorough examination
lhe Scriptures; nor could bad angels or men publish, numbered have hated them, and sought to canse their of their nature and certainty. Most of them were
and so warmly inculcate, what is so remarkably con- memory to perish from among men, or to corrupt them, wrought when the concurrent circumstances of ProYid-
trary to their own vicious inclinations and honour. still remain, and .remain in their purity. In great ence loudly called mankind to observe and examine
It therefore remains that God alone must be the author wisdom and kindness, God, for their preservation, them. Most of them-as the passage of the Hebrews
and inditer of them. ordered an original copy to be laid up in the holy of through the Red Sea and through Jordan; the forty
I\". Xotwithstanding the dictates of Scripture are holies, De. 31. 26; and that every Hebrew king years' sustenance of the people in the Arabian desert, •
'° extremely contrary to the natural inclinations of Bhould write out a copy for himself, De. 17. 18; and by manna from heaven and water from a rock; the
'llankind, and were published without any concert by appointed the careful and frequent reading of them, stoppage or retrograde motion of the sun; the feeding
•uious persons, of very different conditions, and in both in private and pnblic. With astonishing kind- of thousands with a few loaves and fishes; and the
different ages and places, yet snch is the marvellous ness and wisdom has he made the contending parties raising of dead persons-were of such a nature, that
euxoyy of all the parts, in their whole matter and who had access to the Scriptures-such as the Jews nothing less than absurdity itself can suppose the
4COpe, as irrefragably demonstrates that these penmen and Israelites, the Jewli and Samaritans, the Phari- senses of. the witnesses to have been deceived, or that
mu,t all have been directed by the same Spirit of sees and Sadducees, the Jews and Christians, and the any power less than divine could have produced them.
<:od. One part of our Bible is so connected with, and various parties of Christians-MUTUAL CHECKS npon Besides, all these miracles were wrought in confirma-
lends to the establishment of another, that we cannot each other for almost three thousand years past, that tion of a relig10n the most holy, p,we, 8lld be12evolent;
n,,i.,onably receive any part without receiving the they might not be able either to extirpate or to cor- and most of them by persons who were eminent pat-
"hole. In the :Sew Testament we have the historical rupt any part of them. When the Christians had terns of virtue. And that such miracles were wrought,
narratil'e of the fulfilment of the typical and verbal almost utterly lost the knowledge of the Hebrew is in part attested by the inveterate enemies thereof,
!•redietions of the Old. In both Testaments the snb- originals, God, hy his providence, stirred np the Jew- whether Jews or heathens.
"''JUcnt books, or subsequent parts of a book, are con- ish rabbins to an uncommon Jabour for preserving VlII. The PROJECT of reforming mankind by the
ncc1cd with that which went before, as a narrative of them in their purity, by marking the number of let- Scriptures, and the manifest SUCCESS thereof, is a
th e cxc,·ution of a scheme begun, or of the fulfilment
ters, and how often each was repeated, in their continued miraculous proof of their divine original.
of a prophecy declared. If we receive the history, we Masoras. By what tremendous judgments did he What, but a certain evidenc~ of his divine commis-
inu,t al"° receive the prediction. If we admit the restrain and punish Antiochus Epiphanes the Syro- sion, could have made ]\loses risk his character-that
pn:,liction, we must believe the history. To a diligent Grecian king, Dioclesian the Roman emperor, and on the sixth day of the week the whole Hebrew nation
IO&rtber of the Scriptures, it cannot fail to occasion others,'who attempted to deffloy the copies of Scrip- in the wilderness should always find manna sufficieni
Yol. l-5 67
THE DIVINE AUTHORITY OF THE SCRIPTURES.
for t,wo days, and that the sixth year should always should, within a few years after Christ's ascension, are necessarily affected with it, as bdeed marked With
produce a double crop; and, on that supposition, enact be preached in almost every corner of the Roman em- divine evidence, and attended with almighty power,
a standing law, that they should never attempt to pire and the countries adjacent;-and that multitudes, 1 Th.1.5; 2.13; Jn.6.63.
gather manna on the seventh day, or to cultivate their at the hazard of every temporal loss or punishment
fields on the seventh year? Without certain assurance from men, should readily believe, constantly adhere
of divine protection from t]jeir inveterate enemies on to, and cheerfully and strictly practise the same! And
CHAPTER II.
every hand, on those occasions, could he ever have re- it is equally astonishing, that, for more than seven-
quired that ali the males able to walk should, three teen hundred years, notwithstanding innumerable OF RULES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE SCRIPTTJRE;I OF THB
times every year, leave their homes, and assemble to persecutions, together with the wickedness of pro- OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.
keep the sacred festivals near the middle of their fessors, and the inconceivable villanies or base in-
country? Without manifest warrant from God, could difference of the clergy, this project has been more or I. Let us labour, in much fervent praye1· and 811p-
.o.e ever have hoped that there would be a sufficiency less successful in reforming the hearts and lives of pl-ication, for the powerful influence and inhabitat,on
of males in Aaron's family to execute the priesthood multitudes in almost every nation of importance under of the Holy Ghost (who perfectly understands the
for all Israel, free from all those blemishes which he heaven. Scriptures, and indited and appointed them for ou,
marks out as excluding from that office? Without IX. Nothing more clearly demonstrates the divine spiritual edification), that he may constantly interpret
this, could he ever have hoped that the small country authority of the Scriptures than the EXACT FULFILMENT and apply thern to our heart. ]le is the Spirit oj
of Canaan could afford sustenance for his numerous of the typical and verbal predictions therein exhibited, wisdom and re1Jelation in the knowledge of Christ; He
nation, while they were debarred from so many kinds in the most circumstantial manner, hundreds or thou- it is wlw searcheth all things, yea., the deep things oj
of eatables. and were required to give yearly so much sands of years before that fulfilment took place, or God: He is the Anointing, that is Truth, and teachetl,
of the product to the Lord ?--The PROJECT of Chris- there was the smallest appearance of it. Predictions all things. He can enlighten our eyes, and make us to
tianity, and its SUCCESS, are still more astonishing. (especially as above circumstantiated) necessarily imply know the things freely given us of God, and to see
N otbing less than a certain warrant and almighty in- a looking with certainty through an infinity of pos- wondrous things out of God's law; can make us by
fluence from God could effect the one or the other. sible events, and seeing and declaring what shall the Scriptures, wiser than our teachers-wise unto
How is it possible that a few men, weak or villanous, certainly happen, and what not. Such foresight and salvation, Ep.1.17, 18; 3.16-19; 1 Co.2.10,12; 1 Jn.
without the smallest assistance from worldly influence, declaration can only take place in the omniscient 2.20,27; Ps.119.18,96-108; 2 Ti.3.15-17.
could ever form a scheme to reform the whole world and almighty Governor of the world, who alone can I I. Being renewed in the spirit of our minds, and
from principles and practices deep-rooted in their in- declare the end from the beginning.-To mark the all- having in us the mind of Christ, we ought, under a
clination, and firmly established by extensive custom, seeing JEHOVAH, the author of Scripture, its pages are deep sense of God's presence and authority in the
by long-confirmed laws, and the high and universal crowded with predictions, the exact fulfilment of which Scripture, earnestly, and with much self-denial, to
authority of nations,-hy mere declarations of what is recorded in the inspired and other histories written search the Scriptures, by much serious reading and
they thought true?-nay, by what they knew to be since the events took place. Almost every historical meditation thereon; chiefly that we may spiritually
falsehood, if they were impostors ! How could villains, passage in our Bible is a narrative of something ante- know the mind, behold tht giory, and feel the gracious
or even the weakest, choose for their hero One who had cedently foretold. The New Testament is little else power of God therein, in order to our faith in and
been always contemned, and had lately been crucified than a representation of the fulfilment of the types obedience to them. The natural man receiveth not
between thieves as a noted malefactor, by the common and predictions of the Old, relative to Jesus Christ the things of the Spir:t of God: it is the man wlto
consent of his own countrymen !-One who, if he was and his gospel church. Nay, the histories of churches feareth God to whom he w:ll teach his way, and reveal
not God in our nature, had abused his disciples' con- and nations, from the beginning to the end of the the secrets of his grace;-it is the man who hath
fidence, and decoyed them into a train of temporal world, do, to a judicious observer, represent little the Spirit of Chruit, the mind of Christ-who bath
and eternal miseries !-One who had never encouraged more than the fulfilment of Scripture predictions, as seen the Lord, and tasted that he is gracious-the
them to hope for anything in this world, in following to the families of Adam and Noah; the Canaanites, man who hath had his eye.• opened, that can discern,
him, but crosses, hatred, reproach, imprisonment, tor- Amalekites, · Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Phil- judge of, and understand the matter or manner of
tures, and death ;-nor, if they indulged themselves istines, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Syrians, Assyrians, Scripture revelations, 1 Jn. 2. 20, 27; P•. 25. 12, 14;
in a fraudulent prosecution of their cause, for any- Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Saracens, Tar- 1 Co.2.14-16; Jn.14.21-23; Lu.24.45; Ps.119.18. A.
thing in the future state but everlasting destruction 1 tars including Goths, Huns, and Turks; and especially deep sense of our ignorance, and of our absolute need
How stupendous, and absolutely incredible, that a few the Jews, Jesus Christ, the New Testament church, of Scripture influence, must animate us to the earnest
villanous projectors of reformation shou Id begin their and Antichri~t; as shall be hereafter manifested. This study of knowledge. He, who thinks that of himself
work, a few weeks after, in the very place where, and proof, drawn from the fulfilment of predictions, in- he knows divine things to any purpose, knoweth no-
among the very multitude by whom, J-,sus their hero creases in evidence more and more as that fulfilment thing as he ought to know-only with the lowly i,
had been ignominiously crucified;-and should in the takes place, and is observed. The dispersion and wisdom. God, who resisteth the proud, giveth grace
most public and undaunted manner, in the face of misery of the Jewish nation, so long continued, or so to the humble: the meek will he guide in judgment;
danger and death, avow him to be the Son of God; often repeated; the progress and continuance of the the meek will he teach his way. The mysteries of the
and to have risen from the dead, ascended to heaven, gospel among the Gentiles; the long-continued do- kingdom he hides from the self-conceited, wise, and
and sat down at the right hand of God;-that amidst minion of the popes, and the partial revolt from it at prudent; and reveals them unto babes, 1 Co.8.2; Pr.
the deepest poverty, cruel hatred, calumnious reproach, the Reformation; the past and present condition of 11.2; Ja.4.6; Ps.25.9; J',fat.13.11; 11.25. Scarcely
and inhuman persecution from enemies, they should, the Turkish empire; the present state of Assyria, Chal- can anything tend more effectually to blind the mind,
with unwearied zeal and cheerfulness, carry on their dea, Arabia, Phenicia, Canaan, Egypt, &c., in exact and harden the heart, than the searching ot the Scrip-
project, never appearing to covet any outward honour correspondence to Scripture predictions, are standing tures in a philosophical manner, regarding merely or
or wealth ;-and that they should form a system of testimonies of the divine original of our Bibles, no chiefly the rational sense of the passage. Hence mul-
doctrines and morals, infinitely superior, in sense and less conclusive and striking than if we had miracles titudes of preachers, who daily study the Scriptures
dignity, to all the productions of Socrates, Plato, wrought every day. for the sake of their external performances, are of all
Aristotle, Cicero, and other renowned doctors of the X. Though the above arguments are sufficient to men the most ignorant how Christ's words are 1tpirit
heathen world! How astonishing is it that these few silence gainsayers, and to produce a rational convic- and life. The god of this world blinds their minds;
preachers, without the smallest encouragement from tion that the Scriptures are of divine original and . so that hearing many things, they never open their
earthly powers, should so triumph over the craft, the authority, it is only the effectual application of them eyes; and seeing many things, they never behold one
rage, and power of the infuriated Jews; triumph over to our mind, conscience, and heart, in their SELF- truth, or the subject thereof, in its glory, ls. 6. 9, 10;
the pride, the policy, and power of the Roman empire, EVIDENCING DIVINE LIGHT and POWER, which can pro- 42.18,19; 56.9; 2 Co.4.3,4.
when at its full strength and maturest sagacity;-over duce a cordial and saving persuasion that they are III. We must earnestly study to reduce all ou;
the pride of learning, and the obstinacy of ignorance, indeed the Word of God. But, when thus applied, Scriptural knowledge to practice. Not any number
hatred, prejudice, and lust;--0ver the hardened in- this word brings along with it such light, such autho- of the best rules can make an apprentice to under·
clinations, deep-rooted customs, and long-fixed laws rity, and such sanctifying and comforting power, that stand his business so much as a considerable pracdce
of Jews and heathens ;-and that, contrary to every there is no shutting our eyes nor hardening our hearts therein. When serious contemplation of Scripture
temptation from outward advantage, nay, notwith- against it; no possibj,lity of continuing stupid and un- and experimental feeling and practice of it meel
atandingevery conceivable form of opposition, the gospel concerned under it: but the whole faculties of our soul together, true scriptural knowledge must needs lie
68
RULES FOR RIGHT UNDERSTANDING SCRIPTURE.
etened. The man that doeth of friendship with his Maker, did, by disobedience to The general scope of the Epistles is to point out our
larged an d swe
greatly en. , ll know of his doctrine whether it God, render himself and all his natural posterity sin- need of a Saviour, and the blessings which we receive
·fw,Uhes,w 'h ful and miserable: that they being utterly incapable,
Chris 8 'If God's commandments be ever wit us, through him; and to direct us how to improve these
be of God. they will render us wiser than our as well as unwilling to recover themselves, God, of aright in our personal practice, relative duties, and
d be kept by us, he his love and unbounded grace and mercy, formed a ecclesiastical fellowship. ]\fore particularly the scope
an . t' an the ancients, or even our teac rs,
enemies, w,aer ,t new kingdom, in which his own Son was made their of the Epistles to the Romans and Galatians is to
• li· Ps.119.98,100. .
Jn. 1 • 16' ' h' g the Scriptures, we mv.st proceed in :Mediator, Surety, Saviour, and Redeemer !-their establish the doctrine of justification through faith
IV In searc m . . Prophet, to instruct them; their Priest, to offer sacri• in Jesus Christ, and to teach us how to im•
· beginning with that which 1s most
derlirmanner, . prove it. The scope of those to the Corinthians is to
an or • t· I and afterwards study that which flee and intercede for them; and their King, to sub-
·u and prac 1ca, . .
P1ai d. fli It and obscure. To recommend this due, rule, and defend them ;-that in consequence of redress contentions and disorders among church mem•
,. more i cu . h' fl his obedience, suffering, and glorification, they may, hers; of those to Timothy and Titus, to direct church-
.. h u•T PART of both Testaments 1s c 1e y
ethod, t e FI,= .
officers; of that to the Hebrews, to manifest Christ's
ill 1 inly declaring what thmgs had been by his Spirit, be saved from sin, justified, adopted,
BISTORIC.>.L, p a . . . h h sanctified, comforted, and glorified ;-And of the ten headship over the church, and his fulfilment and wise
. t rming!ed with plam direct10ns ow t e
done ' an d m e. duties ought to be done. Of t Ius · k'm d commandments, or of Christ's summary of them, Mat. abolition of the typical cere!D.onies; of James, to show
ore necessar) the vanity of pretending fait!i without exercising good
DI b k of the Old Testament from GENESIS to 22. 37, 38; 7. 12. Or those scriptures commonly
are the oo s cited in evangelical theologies may serve as a works; of Peter and Jude, to warn their Jewish breth-
· lu·i·vely and the first five books of the
EstHER me ~ '
• These ought carefully to be studied, as there criterion for understanding the doctrines aud ren of the approaching ruin of their nation, and of
?ieW, ·r Id references and allus10ns · to t bat wh'1ch 1s · laws of Scripture. Such a brief summary of divine their duty with respect to it; of John, to comfort
are roam o :r •
them in their distress, and enable them to examine
contained in them in the other.books. :Nay, e:en m truth is the analogy or proportion of faith, Ro.12. 6;
the subsequent histories. there is freque~t ment10n of, is the delineation, draught, plaiform,pattern, or form themselves fully. The particular texts ought there-
or allusion to, the creation; floo~; del_1verance from of sound words, which ought to be held fast· in faith fore always to be understood in reference to the mani-
Egrpt; captirity in Babylon; birth, life, and de~th and love which is in Christ Jesus, Ro.6.17; 2 Ti.2.13. fest scope of each epistle, and the particular passage
of Christ. The SECOND p aRT of both Testamen~s, ,. e. By attention to it we may immediately discern when of it.
from JoB to the SoNG OF ~OLOMO: inclusiv~ly m_ the texts are plain or when they are figurative. Thus, if VII. The va,·ious texts VJhick are similar, either in
Old, and all the EPISTLES m the :New, consist c~1efly bodily members be ascribed to God, it will teach ns words or in signification, or e,:en wh:ch represent a
of J)(JCTRISAL declarations of the nature, perfect10ns, to understand them as representing his spiritual ex· similar su/Jject, ought to be carefully compared. On
cO'
O
and works of God; of the person and media, eellencies, since God himself is a Spirit. If God be almost every subject a multitude of phrases will be
~~-~ .
tion 0 (J esus Christ, and the way of sal vat10n through said to deceive men, or to harden them in sin, it will found which, when compared, do amazingly illustrate
him; and of man in his innocent, fallen, recovered, teach us to understand those texts only of his permit- and as it were support one another. The truth which
and eternal state; mingled with commands and directing men to be deceived and hardened by Satan and is more darkly represented in one paseage, is repre-
ti,ms bow to behave answerably to the relations and their own lusts-since God is infinitely holy. If the sented more clearly in others. Part of the attributes
,ru1·idences of God towards us; together with manifold sacramental elements be called Christ's body and blood, or circumstances of persons or things is so represented
1
hints of the conduct of God and the cases of his people. it will teach us to understand them as signs and seals in one text, and part of them in another, that only
The LAST PART in both Testaments is chiefly PROPHET- of his p~rson and righteousness; but not as transuu- by searching the several rc,iptures, and connecting
ICAL, declaring beforehand the mercies and judgments stantiated into his material body and blood,-since them together in one view. can we obtain a true or
,rhirh should take place all along, till the end of the the heavens contain him till the end of the world, Ac. just apprehension of them. IL particular, the t~·pes
world; but intermingled with manifold charges of 3.21. If the Scriptures represent saints as exposed of the Old Testament must be compared with their
guilt, as the cause of the judgments threatened; and to punishments for sin, or as obtaining rewards by anti types in the New. The predictions must be com-
with historical hints of the circumstances or fulfilment their gracious tempers and good works, it will teach pared with the history of their fulfilment; and the
of the predictions, and directions how to behave aright. us to consider both iL that form in which saints meet passage in which the point is purposely handled ought
Thi• part, generally relating to things then future, is with them, i.e., as secured for them by the blood of to be chiefly attended to in the comparison, as Ge. i.
n..turallY most obscure. It is even necessary that it Christ, as bestowed by God's redeeming love, and on creation; Ro. iii.-v. on justification, &c.-To
ahould be so, that the persons concerned might be in- suited to their state as persons indissolubly married carry this comparison of Scripture texts, one with
duced to a careful expectation of, and preparation for, to Christ and saved by faith in him. another, to a due extent, or a due degree of exactness,
the event.; and that men might be the less able to YI. Not only must every text be nnderstood in will perhaps appear very difficult; but the more It Is
counterfdt or to attempt preventing some of them. harmony with the analogy offaith, or general plan of practised it will become the more easy and pleasant.
\'. It is of great use to form in our mind a brief re··ealed tr'1th, but also in agreement with the plain The inexpressible advantage which attends it will
tolltrlion of the most p/,ain and important Mstories, 6Cope and tendency of the passage, chapter, or book infinitely more than compensate the toil. Herein the;
d,xtr,n,., laws, and predictions of Scripture, which where it lies. This plain scope must therefore be serious inquirer has the Spirit of God for his director,
'1101/ w-re as a kind of standa,·d and criterion for earnestly searched out and observed in an accurate the lively oracles of God for his ·commentary. He
•odmw.inding of others. Th us a fixed view of the observance of the contents of each book or chapter. has the plerumre of discovering the truth for himself
aeation; the fall of man; the flood; the calling of Thus the scope of the historical books of the Old Tes- in God's own light; and the discovery which he thua
Ahn.ham; the fate of Joseph; the Israelites' entrance tament is to represent the fate of his Hebrew people; makes, by humbly searching the Scriptures Is Inex-
into and deliverance from Egypt; their travels in the and therefore every text thereof ought to be under- pressibly more agreeable than merely to have met
wilderne,;.,; settlement in Canaan; change of their stood in agreement with this. The scope of the with it at random in some commentator. Being
r,rernment by judges into that by kings; division of Psalms is to express the saint•' exercises, and to ac- acquired by care and labour, it generally llxes Itself
their kingdom into two; their captivities into Assyria knowledge God as blessed in himself, and the author much more firmly in the mind. And while we are
and llabylon ;-and of the birth, life, death, and of all blessedness to men; and in reference to these thus occupied in comparing the several texts, we may
""urrM:on of Jesus Christ; and of the spread of the ought every text therein to be understood. The scope humbly expect that the Holy Ghost will Illuminate
ppel, •·hich followed by means of the remarkable of the Proverbs is to teach men wisdom and discretion; all with his glory, and apply all to the heart.
tffu-,on of the Holy Ghost;-will greatly contribute of Ecclesiastes, to point out the insufficiency of all VIII. We ought never to content ourselves with a
towud, our right understanding of other historical created enjoyments to render men happy; of the Song general view of any text; or of the words of it abstract-
p,,int,, and even of many predictions. We should of Solomon, to exhibit the kind and familiar fellowship edly considered; but shou/,1 search out w!tat is therein
tn•le:u·our to obtain a compendious view of the nature between Christ and his people: and therefore, in agree- chiefly and emphatically intended by the Spirit of God
of (;oJ, a., a ~pirit, infinite, eternal, unchangeable in ment with this scope, ought the several texts in each as it stands in such a particular connection. T~u•
hi! l>eing, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, of them to be understood. The scope of the prophetic thousands of unexpected beauties will appear to our
an,! truth; subsisting in three distinct persons, Father, parts in both Testaments is to warn. the church of her view. Never are the oracles or truths of God seen
Sou. and Holy Ghost; and who has, in his eternal dangers on account of sins, and to encourage her hopes in their real and manifold glory but when thev are
· ·' c, given his !Jon to the wor,ct; and, w. execution of preservation under, and deliverance from, the viewed in their proper connections. The glory ot
of ~at love, forms all thing$ into being in greatest tribulations. The scope of the Gospels, by redeeming grace is never justly conceived of unless it
ttetl!an, and .oreserves and governs them therein Matthew, Mark, Lnke, and John, is to exhibit Jesus be viewed as abounding where sin had abounded-as
by his provid,•nce :-And of man who being Christ as the Son of God and promised Messiah, that reigning unto eternal life where sin had reigned uD.to
~td perfectly holy, and admitted into' a state we might believe in him to the saving of our soul. death, Ps. cvi.; Eze. xvi. xx.; Ro.iii. 'l.; Ep. ii. Man's
69
wi~kedness u never justly perceived without viewing hints must be understood as relating to e,·erything shall befall the Jewish nation, but in whatever simil!I?
it in connection with that God ag.1inst whom, and similar preceding the date. unless the context restrict hath or shall befall the gospel church and the mem.
that voodne88 a~;-:1inst which, it is committed, De. them. God's nourish:n[J and brin[Jin[J "P children, hers thereof; nay, in the eternal happiness of saints
xxxii.; Uo. 2. 4. Gospel holiness is never rightly Is. I. 2, includes all the farnurs he had done for the and ruin of sinners. The predictions of destruction
understood but when viewed in connection with that Jewish nation from the call of Abraham, Ge. xii., to to their enemies of Egypt, Assyria, Baby Ion, &c., not
sbte of salvation in which, the gracious principles the date of the prophecy. Their reuell:n[J against God only have had their fulfilment in the diversified disag_
and moti,-es from which, the manner in which, and must include all their wickedness in, and after their ters of these nations, but perhaps also an ,intitypical
th€ end to which, it is performed. The history of deliverance from Egypt, till Isaiah uttered these words. fulfilment in the disasters of the wicked and other
typicul persons or events, and the form o( typical Sometimes a phrase does not only relate to both church enemies of the gospel church. The predictions of
ordinances, are never properly understood but in con- and state, but at once represents the sinful crime and distress· or prosperity announced to the Jews by
nect:on w;th their antitypes. Never can we discern the wrathful punishment thereof. Thus, Is. I. 5, The Amos, Micah, Isaiah, &c., befcrre the Assyrian in.
the tenderness of the grace, or the seasonableness of whole head is sick, and the whole heart is faint, &c., vasion, had different steps of fulfilment. (1) In the
the mercies or judgments of God, without carefully may at once denote the sinfulness of the church and invasion under Hezekid1, and the merciful deliver-
observing the connection, when, where, and after nation, among all ranks, high and low, and in every ance therefrom, and the reformation and prosperity
what, the mercy or jndgment happened. Nay, never person; and likewise the miserable state of both under which followed. (2) In the invasion of their kingdom
are the oracles of God rightly received but when viewed • Ahaz, &c. Figures relating to the church, as in the under 111anasseh, and the deliverance therefrom, and
in their proper connection with Jesus Christ, as the , Song of Solomon, &c., and manifold promises relating the reformation and prosperity under Josiah. (3) In
author, matter, and end of them. This connection to it, ought to be applied to it as the visible mystical their captivity in Babylon, and deliverance therefrom,
of the sacred oracles is often contained in a small par- body of Christ; and also to every particular member and the prosperity which ensued. (4) In their harass-
ticle-A~D, THEN, THEREFORE, BECAUSE, IS-, BY, TO, of it. And these figures and promises onght to be ments under the Syro-Grecians and the Romans, and
THROUGH, &c.; and sometimes we are left to collect it understood in one manner when applied to the church, the present long dispersion and the future deliverance
from the station in which one thing is placed with and in another manner when applied to a particular therefrom. (5) In the erection of the gospel church.
another. We ougl1t therefore not only to weigh every soul. The same promises or threatenings frequently (6) In the entrance into, and happiness of, the
word of the Holy Ghost, but carefully to mark how relate to both church and state; in which case they faithful lives of the saints. And (7) In the h~p-
things stand joined one with another. Thus, by are to be understood in one view when applied to the piness of the church in the eternal state. The like
observing the context, 1 Pe. 4. 18, we learn that the former, and in enother view when applied to the latter. prophecies by I;;aiah, Micah, Zephaniah, Obadiah, Jere-
saving of the righteous nith difficulty relates to their Thus most of the promises and threatenings which miah, and Ezekiel, after the Assyrian invasion, had
escaping when the Jewish nation was destroyed, not respect the Jewish nation are to be understood in their fulfilment in the oppressive captivity of Babylon,
to their spiritual salvation; and that the eating doubt- both these views. The predictions which we have and deliverance therefrom, and the prosperity which
in[Jly, Ho.14.23, relate• immediately to the partaking in Re. vi. viii. relate to the Christian church and to ensued; and in the other-four subsequent steps already
of common ':'eats, not to the receiving of the !,ord's the Roman state. The predictions we have Rr..9.1-11 mentioned. Those by Haggai, Zechariah, and Mal-
&upper. relate to the power of the popes in the west, and of achi related 0aly to what followed the deliverance
IX. Christ Jesus bein[J the [Jreat subject and end of the 11Iahometans in the east. Predictions ought to be from Babylon. The predictions of Daniel (ch. ii. iii
Scr:pture revelation, we ought everywhere to search if considered a.s fulfilled in every event posterior to their vii. xi. xii.) had, or shall have, their fulfilment in the
we can find him. The Scriptures testfy of hiin, Jn. date which can correspond with their terms and con- dse, management, and ruin of those respective em-
5.39. To him give all the prophets witness, Ac.10.43. text. Types, so far a.s they prefigure things future, pires. The majestic COMING of J e~us Christ, predicted
In }Ioses, in the Psalms, and in the Prophets, there must he understood in the same latitude. Thus most by himself, Mat. xxiv.; Lu. xx., and by the prophets,
are things concerning him, Lu 24. 27, 44. His name of the Old Testament histories are again verified in had, has, or will have, its accomplishment in his de-
is the Word of God; and the Scripture is but the antitypes, with respect to their antitypical fulfilment. struction of the Jewish nation-of the heathen empire
testimony of Jesus, Re.19.10,13. It is but a gradual And thus the predictions relative to David, Solomon, of Rome-wickedness-and in the final judgment of
revelation of him, answerable to the counsels of God the Jewish nation, &c., besides their immediate ful- the world :-in order to the erection or glorification of
as a God of order,-answerable to the growing state .filment on these objects, have an antitypical accom- his church in these different periods. The predictions
of the church, and of every saint on earth. Scripture plishment in Christ and his gospel church. The pre- of the wickedness of those who reject Christ, 2
history does but exhibit man's need of Christ, and diction of the enmity between Jesus Christ and his Th. 2. 2-11; 1 Ti. 4. 1-4; 2 Ti. 3. 1-6, &c., have their
God's preparation of the world for him. Scripture people on the one hand, and the devil and his subjects fulfilment in whatever similar happens in any period
genealogies do but direct to the line of Christ, and on the other, Ge. 3. 15, has its fulfilment in all the of the progress of wickedness. The predictions of
thus mark him out as the promised Messiah. Scrip- contentions between these parties from the fall of tha church's happiness in Re. vii. xi. xix. xx. xxi. xxii.,
ture chronology does but mark the seasons of Christ, man till the end of the world, whether in a single shall have their fulfilment not only in .the glorious
the times of promise, and days of power. He is the person or a social capacity. The prediction of trouble coming age, but chiefly in the eternal state. So many
end and fulfi.ller of all Scripture laws, Ro. IO. 4; Ga.4. to mankind, particularly women, Ge. 3. 16-19, las its events being thus narrated, and especially foretold in
24. Gospel declarations are but the exhibitions of accomplishment in all the painful conceptions, child- the same passage, it cannot reasonably be thoughl
as
him the light and .life of the world. In Christ all birth, nursing, &c., of women;-in all their subjection strange that the prophetical terms do not exactly
the promises are yea and amen, 2 Co. I. 20. What then to and ill usage by men;-and in all the troubles of agree to any one of the particular events or steps of
can be more absurd, more unchristian, than to over- persons, families, or nations;-in all the storms, earth- fulfilment; they will nevertheless all agree to the
look or to evade the discerning of Jesus Christ, espe- quakes, bad seasons, scanty crops, &c., which happen. whole fulfilment conjunctly taken. And the terms
cially when the description and work cannot agree to The prediction of Noah concerning the fate of his which appeared too high or too low for one step of ful-
anot'rier; but, atter all, we must take heed to discern sons, Ge. 9. 25-27, has had its accomplishment in the filment, will appear exactly answerable to another step.
him only in the manner he is really represented by fate of mankind ever since. The prediction of men's What did not answer to the predictions, literally un-
the Holy Ghost, and no other. To fix spiritual mean- being blessed in Abraham or in his seed, Ge.12.3; 22. derstood, will be found to have corresponded to them
ings upon phrases which were never immediately in- 18, has been fulfilled in his and his posterity's useful- in a figurative and spiritual sense.
tcncled by the Holy Spirit in them, is to profane the ness to render men pious or happy; but chiefly in the XI. The langwi[Je of Scripture, e,;ptcia/Jy in the
Scripture, and expose it to contempt. But where Gentiles' salvation through Jesus Christ; and even in poetical and predictory parts, abounding withfiguru,
Jesus Christ and his fulness are immediately exhibited, the outward happiness of nations where the gospel has it is necessary to have tlte knowied[Je of the principal
we must conceive of them as thus exhibited. Where been received. The predictions of God's giving Cllnaan of these fixed in our mind. The most remarkable
he is but indirectly exhibited, it is only in that to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and their seed, Ge. 12. 7; figures of Scripture language are, (1) The name of ONI
manner we must apprehend him there. Where he is 13.15, &c., was not only fu !filled in God's bringing THING IS GIVEN TO ANOTHER, because of some connec-
represented in a type, we must discern him through the Hebrews into, and continuing them for many ages tion with it, as its cause or effect, or as its subject OJ
that type, as a medium. in, that country, but also in his bringing multitudes adjunct. Thus the temple is called Lebanon, becaust
X. As to the infinite mind of the Holy Ghost, every of believers mto a gracious state, the gospe built of cedar-wood brought from Lebanon, Zec.11.L
11:h.7ect a,nd ei•e171 evrnt are at once per.fertl?J in view, church, and the heavenly glory. The predictions of A heavenly frame is called the Spirit, because pro
/us 11:ords in Scripture our,ht always to be understood }loses, in Le.xxvi.; De.xxviii.-xxxiii., not only had duced by him, Re.1.10. The name of parents, Jae,:,/;
in the fullest latitude of sir,n\fication that the analogy their fulfilment in the diversified sinning and repent- Israel, Moab, &c., is given to their posterity, Is.4f
cf faith and of the context ca10 admit. Historical ing, and in the mercies and judgments which have or 22; 15.1,2,6. A testimony is called t~e mouth, !'lo
7f) ~
Speech is called the tongue, Pr. 25. 15. The to heaven, when very high, Ge. 11. 4; De.11.1. J,feu I Ps vii. xviii. xxxv.; Is. lix. lxiii.; and angels, clouds.,
17· 6fi. ts which God bestows are called his love or grace, are represented as the sand on the shore, as a sea, a. &c., are represented as his horses or chariots. l,; nde1
t,ene .
l)ecaUSe they proceed from 1t, J n.1.16; 1 J n. 3.1. The the dust, as the dew, as the grass, the vapours of a the notion of a HUSBANDMAN, he is represented as hir•
f the effect is given to the cause: thus the cloud, &c., when very many, Ge.13.16; 1 Sa.13. 5; ing labourers, and ploughing, planting, sowing, reap•
nameo Gd R '16 -
gospel is called the ~wer _oJ o d' o.... ,~ _-M~: '
s Ps. 110. 3; 72.16. Plenty of a thing is represented as
taking Canaanitish wive~ ,s_ ca11e a _gru;,, i.e. e rivers of it, Job 29:6; Ex.3.8. Saul and Jonathan as
ing, winnowing churches or nations, as his fields, vine-
yard, garden, and corn; and the days of remarkable
cause of it, Ge. 26. 35. Faith 1s called mcto7:1 ?ver th~ swifter than eagles, and stronger than lions, 2 Sa.L23. judgment are the harvest, vintage, Mat.xx. If he i•
world, i.e. the cause ofit, 1 Jn.5.4. Sa~ana 1s ca_llea, (4) Some expressions, being uttered with a DERISIYB represented as a FOWL, eagle, hen, &c.; his perfections
l
the transgression of Israel, and Jerusa,~m the ,ugh AIR, have a signification directly contrary to their
laces of Judah, i.«. the cause thereof. 1111.1.5. W1s- natural meaning, as De.32. 38; 2 Sa.6.20; 1 Ki.18.27;
:om and knowledge are called stabilitu. oecause they 22.15; Ps.22.8; Ec.11.9; Zec.11.13; Mat.26.45. (5)
and providences are represented as wings, feathers.
Ps. 91.4; J,fat.23.37. Under the figure of a RAVENOUS
BEAST, lion, bear, leopard, he is represented as roar•
are means of it, Is. 33. ~- The name of au act is iriven I But no figure more abounds in Scripture than META· ing, tearing, swallowing np, 1caiti11g to destroy, &c.,
to its object; so God 1s called the fear,r..~ope. trust, PHOR, by which the names, qualities, or actions, proper Am.1.2; Ho.5.14; 13. 7,8. When the church in general
&c., of his people, Ge:31.5_3; J_oel 3.16. l'ne_name of to one person or thing, are attributed to another, be- is represented as a WvMAN, Christ is her head; young
h t contains anythmg 1s given to the thmir con- cause of some likeness betll'een them. By this figure, converts rooted in him, her hairs; ministers, her eyes,
~i:ed: thus the inhabitants are calieJ by the name and in order to accommodate to our weakness, almost neck, feet; di Yine oracles and ordinances, her breasts
of the city, the country, the world, &c., Je.4.4.14,29; the whole visible creation of God is formed into a and ornaments; church members, her children or
Ge.6.11- The liquor is called a cup. 1 lJo.11.25: and representation of things spiritual and divine. By it daughte,-s; blameless ones, t•irgi,rn; scandalous and
hence cup denotes a portion of mercy and judirment, Jehovah, Jesus Ghrist, the Holy-Spirit; angels and apostate ones, harlots. But when a particular saint
Ps.16.5; 23.4. Pullets are called a nest, De.;,:,, 11. men, in their different classes of good and bad; nations, is represented as a WOMAN, hope is the head; good
The dispositions, thoughts, desires, &c., are called the churches, &c., are likened to human persons, in their works, the hair or feet; spiritual knowledge and faith,
i,eart, Ps.62.8; Je.17.9. What belon_!!:s to a person is parts, members, characters, stations; and even to ani- the eyes or ear.s; faith, the neck and hand; faith and
called by his name: thus Christ's people are called mals, &c. -God's purposes, providence, covenants, love, the brea.,ts; praise, prayer, and holy converse,
Christ, I Co. 12. 12. The Lord's oblations are called word, law, gospel, ordinances, and blessings;-so also the mouth or lips; love, the bowels; the affections and
the Lord, De.10.9, with Nu.18.8-31. The name of the graces, sins, pro,perity, adversity, life, death, resurrec- conversation, the feet; Christ's righteousness, im-
si~n is given to the thing signified; as when the tion, last judgment, and this world, heaven, hell, &c., planted graces, bestowed gifts, and holy exerches,
.;preme authority is called a sceptre, Ge. 49. llJ; Zee. are likened to things material, &c.; and that we may their robes and ornaments, Ps.xlv.; Ca.i.-viii. When
10.11 :-or of the thing signified to the sign; as when have emblematical instructors ever before us, meta- the church is compared to a VISIBLE WORLD, Christ, or
the elements in the Lord"s supper are called Christ's phors are drawn from God himself, and from angels, God in him, or his Word, is the light, the sun; minis•
body and blood, 1 Co.11.24,25 :-or of a quality to that but chiefly from human persons; from animals and ters, the stars; ordinances, the moon and clouds;
in which it is found; as when a crimson or scarlet- vegetables; from the celestial lurninaries or airy meteors; divine doctrines and influences, the refreshing wind,
coloured thing is called crimson and scarlet; or a field from substances fiery, liquid, or earthy; from means of rain, dew, welt., ri·vers; persecution and distress, the
containing springs is called the upper and nether human accommodation, houses, food, rahnent, &c,; storms, winter, ni9ltt, scorching noon; suints, the corn,
,prings, kl.18; Jos.15.19. The name is put for the from times, typical institutions, &c. (See SCRIPTURE green grass, fruitful shrubs or trees; and their works
person or thing named: thus the name of God, name METAPHORS.) Two things are necessary to be always or rewards are their fruit, Ca. i. ii. iv. vi.-viii., &c.
•f Ghrist, signify God himself, Christ himself, De. 28. observed with respect to this figure:- When nations are represented as a visible world, laws,
58; Ac.4.12. Sometimes also persons and things are 1. That the likening of anything to another natur- rulers, and great men or idols are figured out as the
named according as they appear, not as they really ally produces a likening of the acts, relations, and sun, moon, stars, mountains, principal trees, or boughs,
are: thus angels appearing as men are called men, attributes of the thing compared, to the acts, attri• on which the subjects grow as berries, or sit as birds;
Ge. XYiii. xix. &c. The devil resembling Samuel is butes, and relations of the thing to which it is com- and those of lower stations as the earth, air, sea,
called Samuel, 1 Sa. 28.14-20. Error is called a gospel, · pared; nay, the relations and acts themselves, of the rivers, grass, stubble; and fearful judgments are the
as it pretended to be one, Ga. l. 6. (2) By taking per- persons or things compared, receive a correspondent storms, earthquakes, eclipses, night, thunderings, li9ltt-
sons or things together, MORE UNIVERSAL TERMS ARE figurative representation. Thus, when God or Christ nings, harvest, vintage, Re. vi. vii. viii. xiv. xvi.; Is.
'CSED FOR MORE RESTRICTED ONES;-as ALL for many, is figuratively represented as A MAN, his attributes are xxiv.; Eze.xxxi. When nations are represented as a
for all k111ds, for some of every sort, for the greater or consequently represented as hands, feet, eyes, ears, FAMILY, the country or chief city is the mother, the
bttter pa1"t, Mat. 3. 5; 19. 28. The WORLD, earth, or mouth, nostr;/s, bowe/,s; and he is represented as think• lesser ones the daughters; and if flourishing or never
whole world, for the Roman empire, for the Gentiles, ing, speaking, walking, writing, sitting, standing, rid- taken, they are called virgins, and magistrates are the
for the wicked, for the unbelievers, for manp, Lu. ing, flying, sleeping, &c., Ps.20.6; 18.8; 130.2; Is.I. pc.rents, Is. xxiii. xlvii.; Je. xl.-li.; Eze. xvi. xxiii.;
2.1; Ro.1.8; 1 Jn.2.2; 5.18; Re.13.3,8; for Canaan, 20; 60. 13; He. 4. 13, &c. ;-and as a father, ma8te,·, when nations or armies are represented as FLOCKS and
·Ro.4.13. EVERY CREATURE for men, or many of them, husband, king, warrior, husbandman, builder, &c., HERDS, their governors are the shepherds; great or
lfar.16.15; Col.1.23. NORTH is put for Chaldea, a Mal.1.6; Is.63.16; 54.5; 33.22; 63.1; Mat.16.18; Jn. valiant men, the rams, bulls, l,e-goat.,,jat ones, &c.,
country north-east of Jerusalem, Je.1.13,15; Zec.6.8. 15. 1. These again introduce other correspondent Eze.xxxiv.; Je.xxv.
BEFORE for the east side, RIGHT HAND for south side, figurative representations. C' nder the notion of a 2. That in fixing the sense exhibited by a metaphor,
&c.,ls.9.12. FoR EVER is put for a long time, Ge.17. FATHER, he is represented as begetting, adopting, teach- the comparison ought never to be run too far, _or into
8, 13; Da. 2. 4. Christ is said to die, be buried, rise ing, loving, pitying, and providing for and giving an anything which cannot be properly applied to the
U9ain, kc., when it was only his body that died, &c., inheritance to his people, 1 Pe.1. 3; Ep. l. 5; Ps. 32. 8; person or thing represented. And that which appears
Jn.J.l).29,42.-0r,more restricted terms are used for 103.13, &c. 'C'nder the notion of a MASTER, he is chiefly intended by the Spirit of God, and which is
more universal ones; as one for all of the kind, Ps.1.1. represented as having a l,ouse, chambers, servant.,; obviously figured out to us in the nature, form, or use
YE.-!TERDAY for time past, He. 13. 8. THRICE, SEVEN end the favours he bestows in consequence of obed- of the thing from which the metaphor is taken, ought
Tll!E.s, TEY TrnEs, for often, very, often, 2 Co.12. 8; Ps. ience are called a REWARD, J n.14. 2 ; Ca. l. 4; Re. 22. to be chiefly attended to. Thus, in metaphorical Ian•
119.169; Nu.14.22. A·THOUSAXD for very many, Is. 3,12. 'C'nder the notion of a HUSBAND, he is repre- guage, the term Goo represents angels, prophets,and
M.Ji; De.32.30. A part for the whole, as souls for sented as bet,-otl,in9, affectionately loving, dwelling magistra.tes, as God's deputies, and like him in dig-
persons, Ac. 2. 43; Christ's resurrection for his whole with, and providing for his people; who are represented nity, glory, &c., Ex.17.1; Ps.82.1; 97. 7; hut denotes
appearance on earth, particularly after his death, Ac. as his bride, ~pouse, bringing forth children, and the devils, idols, or our belly, as worshipped and served
!. 22, An HOUR, or DAY, for a period of time, Ps.37. like; and their apostasy from him by idolatry, or instead of God, 2 Co.4.4; Phi.3.19. ANGEL represents
J 3; Jn 14. 23; 5. 25. (3) THE EXPRESSION APPEARS other indulged iniquity, is called u·lioredom, and Ghrist, mini,,ters, or magistrates, as bearers of God'■
TO ME• N MECH LESS OR M'CCH MORE THAN IS REALLY themselves represented as harlots, Je.iii.; Ho.ii. iii.; message or active performers of his work, Re.ii. iii.
ME.isr; thus in the ten commandments, especially Eze. 16. 23. Under the notion of a KING, he is rep re- vm. 1x. xvi. xvii. MAN, in what pertains to and is
th o-e n,•gatively delivered, and in most of the nega-
sented as having su[rjects, armies, laws, sceptre, crown, done by him, represents God in his excellencies and
fo·e injunctions, much less is expressed than is really throne, palace. Ps. xiv. ex. cxlviii., &c. C'nder the glorious works; eyes denote his knowledge and pity;
m•ant, Ex. 20. 3-17. The Hebrew spies are repre- j notion of a WARRIOR or CAPTAIN, he is represented as ears, his knowledge or attention; mouth or lips, his
lenf.ed as grasshoppers, i.e. very little, Nu.13.33. The having armour, sword, bow, arro·ws, spear, ltelmet, word or authority; arms, hands, fingers, bis power;
'°Jll of towers er walls are represented as reaching up &c.,fighting with and rout·ing his opposers, Rab.iii.; heart, his purpose or love; bowels, his mercy; feet, hit
1
71
,RULES FOR RIGHT UNDERSTANDING SCRIPTURE.
providential work; his face, his essential glory or XII. Where Scriptures at first sight seem to contra- cles of God.-The apparent contradictions in the his-
providential manifestation of himself, &c., Ps.34.15, dict one (fnotlter, we must, by a serious consideration tory appear owing to the same persons having differen\
16; Is.l.20i25.ll, &c. 'l'he frequent representation of them, labour to discover their harmony. But iJ names, or the deed being done by different persons: to
of God by this emblem at once exhibits JEHOVAH in we •lwuld not be able to reconcile them, we ought not the one of which it is ascribed in one text, and to an-
his heavenly relations and appearances in the to pro,-c•unce them irreconcilaule, but rather attribute other in the other text; or deeds similar, being really
most endearing manner, and suggests the marvellous a d'ificiency to our own understandings. There can be different. Reckoning of time is sometimes from one
and everlasting inhabitation of his Son in our nature. no real contradiction, but when the differing passages period and sometimes from another; especially when
But indwelling grace and sinfulness are represented mean precisely the same person 01: thing, and precisely some kings had for some years a conj unet reign with
as men, to denote their residence in our whole nature, in the same respect and circumstance: no such contra~ their father, and then a separate reign by themselves.
and having in them what is similar to our several diction is to be found in Scripture. ~:it where there Round numbers of hundreds or thousands, are put for
powers, Ep.4.22,24. WoMENrepresent what is comely, seems to be one, either (1) The &ame terms are used such as differed but little from them. What is not in-
kind, or what is weak and dispirited. Ca. 1. 8; Na. 3.13. in a different sense in the differing texts. Thus Paul cluded in one reckoning is included in another, &c.
VIRGINS represent professors or churches as beautiful directs to work out our salvation with fear and trem- Thus the sojourning of the Hebrews from the call ol
~ their conversation, ordinances, or form; or cities bling, i.e. filial fear and holy awe, Phi.2.12. John Abraham to leave his native country, Ge. 12. 1, to the
and countries, glorious, prosperolfB, or never destroyed, says there is no fear in love,-perfect love casteth out deliverance from Egypt, was 430 years, Ex.12.40,41;
Is.xxiii.; Je.xlvi.; l\Iat.xxv.; Re.xiv. WIVES often fear, i.e. slavish fear, 1 Jn. 4.18. The Samaritans Ga. 3. 17; hut from the birth of Isaac to that deliver-
figure out saints tind churches as united to Christ, feared the Lord, i.e. with a slavish dread,-and yet ance were but 400 years, Ge. 15. 13. Jacob and hia
rendered fruitful by him, or adulterously departing feared not the Lord, i.e. with a child-like, sincere, descendants, at their going down into Egypt, were i.n
from him, Ca.i.-viii.; Je.iii.; Eze.xvi.xxiii. TRAV· and holy awe of him, or a right worshipping of him, all seventy persons, Ge.46.26,27; De.10. 22; but ex-
AILING WOMEN represent God and Christ, as powerfully 2 Ki.17. 32-34. It is appointed for men once to die, cluding Joseph and his two sons, who were in El\"yp\
accomplishing remarkable events, Is.42.14; 53.10; but i.e. a temporal death, He. 9. 27; and yet if any one before, and including eight of Jacob's daughters-in-law,
represent wicked men as earnestly working mischief, keep Christ's sayings, he shall never see death, i.e. they made seventy-five souls, Ac. 7. 14. David, by
or as rendered suddenly miserable, Ps.7.14; Is.13.8. eternal death, Jn.8.51. A man is justified, i.e. before Abishai and his army, slew 18,000 Edomites who came
USEFUL ANIMALS, as sheep, oxen, doves, represent God in his person and state, by faith without the deeds to assist the Syrians; or 18,000 Syrians, and aiso
Christ and his people as social, patient, pure, peace• of the law, Ro.3.28; and yet by works a man is justi- lf,000 Edomites: Joab assisted in killing 12,000 of
able, and as acceptable sacrifices to God, Mat.22.4; fied, i.e. before men, and not by faith only, Ja.2.24. these, or killed 12,000 besides, 2 Sa.8.13: 1 Ch.18.12;
J n. 21.17; but figure out wicked men as stupid, thought· Hatred of others is very sinful, Tit.3.3; and yet to Ps. lx. title. The Ammonites hired 32,000 Syrians,
less, worthless, and as miserable sacrifices to the ven- hate our nearest relations, i.e. to love them less than besides the 1000 from l\faachah; 33,000 in all, 2 Sa.
geance of God, Is.53.6; 34.6. RAVENOUS ANIMAL~, as we do Christ, is our duty, Lu. 14. 26. Or (2) The 9. 6; 1 Ch. 19. 6, 7. Of the Syrian army were slain
eagles, lions, &c., represent God, Christ, and the saints seemingly opposite texts really treat of d1ferent sub• 7000, who fought in 700 chariots, and 40,000 horse-
as courageous, powerful, active, or terrible, Ho, 13. 8; jects. Thus the Spirit of truth guided the apostles men, and as many footmen, or 40,000 horsemen who
Re.5.5; Pr.28.1; Is.40.31; but figure out wicked men into all trutli, i.e. in their doctrine, Jn.16.13; and yet dismounted and fought on foot, 2 Sa.10.18; 1 Ch.19
as crafty, malicious, mischievous, destructive, Ps.10. Peter erred, and wa.s to be blamed, i.e. in his practice, 17. Adino, or Jashobeam, might slay in one battle
9; 22. 20,21; and their claws, teetli,_lwrns, denote their Ga.2.11-18. John Baptist was not Elias, i.e. r.ot the 800, and in another 300, 2 Sa. 23. 8; I Ch.11.11. When
power and means of doing m;scidef; and so horns prophet who lived under Ahab, Jn.1.21; and yet was David numbered the people, the men of Judah amount-
become emblems of kings, kingdoms, oppressors, Da. the Elias foretold by l\Ialachi, i.e. one in the spirit ed to 470,000, who, with the 30,000 under their thirty
vii. viii.; Zee. 1.18. Animal flesh denotes spiritual and power of the ancient Elijah, l\lal.4.5; l\Iat.11.11, mighties, made 500,000. The men of Israel amounted
or temporal ble.,sings; as nourishing and strengthen• 12,14,18; Mar.9.11-15; Lu.1.17. Or (3) In the seem• to 800,000 exclusive of the 288,000 standing troops,
ing, Is.25.6; Re.19.?l; indwelling grace denotes grace ingly opposite texts the same subject is considered in which, put together, make almost 1,100,000, 2 Sa.24.
as sensible and easily impressed by God's influences, different pa,·ts or re.,pects. Thus believers in Christ 9; 1 Ch.21.5; 27.1-15. No more than three years of
Eze. 36. 2ti; indwelling sinfulness refers to it as their head, -as justified in his righteousness, and in famine were threatened for David's numbering the
conveyed by natural generation, and as base, pol- respect of their new nature, and what they aim at and people, 1 Ch.21.12; but, had these been added to the
luted, and putrifying, Ga. 5.17, 24. The- CELESTIAL shall quickly obtain, are all fair witlwut spot, Ca. 4. 7; three preceding years of famine for Saul's murdering
:;.r;MINARIES as lofty, illuminating, or refreshing, re· Je.50.20; Nu.23.21; lJn.3.9; 5.18; and yet in them- the Gibeonites, they, together with the year of release,
present God, Ch,-ist, ~r his word, ordinances, ministers, selves, and with respect to remaining corruption in would have made seven, 2 Sa.24.13. David gave to
pe,ople, h.60.19; Re.8.12; but as scorching or blast- them, are all as an unclean thing-carnal, sold under Araunah, or Ornan,fifty shekels ofsilver for the thrash•
ing, they represent aff/,ictions, distress, persecutions, sin, Is.64.6; Ro. 7.14. In respect of his divine nature, ing-floor, and the oxen then sacrificed, 2 Sa.24.24: and
Re.7.16; 16.8. VEGETABLEs,plants, trees, corn, grass, Christ and his Father are ONE, Jn.10.30; lJn.5.7. afterwards bought the whole farm for six hundred
flowers, represent Christ and his people as divinely In respect of his divine person, he is his Father's equal shekels of gold, for the temple to be built on, 1 Ch.
formed and influenced, comely, lively, fruitful, and and fellow, Zec.13.7; Phi.2.6. But in respect of his 21.25. Solomon had 4000 stables, in which were
useful, Ca. ii. it". vi. vii.; but figure out wicked men manhood and mediatory office, his Father is greater 40,000 stalls, ten in each; or he had 4000 stalls at
"-"indifferent stations, fruitful in wickedness, quickly than he, Jn.14.28; is his Master, Is.49.3; his Head, Jerusalem, and 40,000 in all, 1 Ki. 4. 26; 2 Ch. 9. 25.
blasted and destroyed by the wrath of God, Eze.xv. 1 Co.11. 3; his God, Ep.1. 3; Jn. 20.17; his Creator, Hiram got 20 measures of oil for his family, 1 Ki. 5.11;
:n:xi. STONES figure out Christ and his people as Je.31.22; his Portion, Ps.16.5,6. In respect of his and 20,000 baths of oil for his artificers besides, 2 Ch.
prepared of $,od, precious, durable, firm, and useful divine nature, Christ is the Lord from heaven, 1 Co. 2.10. Solomon's workmen had 3300 subordinate over-
1
in building the church, 1 Pe.2.4--6; Re.xxi.; but re- 15.47; God over all, Ro.9.5. In his human nature seers, and over these 300 more, in all 3600, 1 Ki.5.16;
.present wicked men as insensible, obstinate, hurtful, he is thefruit of the earth, ls.4.2; the child born, Is. 2 Ch.2.18. The temple was founded in the 480th year
Zee. 7.12. l\foUNTAINS represent Christ, his church, 9. 6. Or (4) The seemingly opposite texts respect dif· of the deliverance from Egypt, 1 Ki. 6.1: therefore the
or ordinances, as lofty, openly exhibited, firmly fixed, ferent times and places. Thus during Christ's humil- 450 years mentioned Ac. 13. 20, must either mark the
and in their protecting, supporting, and satisfying iation, the Spirit was not, i.e. was not remarkably time from the birth of Isaac to the settlement in
fulness, Is.32.2; Joel 3:18; but also figure out diffi- poured out, Jn.7.39; and yet after Christ's ascension Canaan, or the years of oppression mentioned in the
culties, opposition, and enemi.es, states, or cities, Re. he was poured out, Ac. ii. ; 1 Th. I. 5. Circumcision and book of Judges must be included in the t·ests; or some
v111.xvii. ",,..ATER, ri:i,ers, seas, depths, floods, rain, other Jewish ceremonies were long necessary duties, of the latter judges must have been contemporary.
dew; WIND, FIRE, as pure, purifying, pleasant, or use- Ge.17.9,10; Ro.3.1,2. But after their abolition by Each of the brazen pillars, at the entrance of the
ful, denote Christ, his Spirit, word, ordinances, Is. 32. the incarnation, obedience, death, and resurrection of tabernacle, was almost eighteen cubits, which, being
2; 44.3,4; Eze.37.9; Mat.3.11; but as ruinous or ter- Christ, they became sinful rites, Ga.5.2; 4.9-11; Is. joined together, made thirty-five cubit.• for both, 1 KL
rible, they denote fearful judgments, opposition, ajf/,ic- 66.3. 7.15; 2 Ki.25.17; 2 Ch.2.15; Je.52.21. The brazen
tkm, Ps.69.1,2; Je. 4.11. Of COLOURS, white represents Most of the seeming contradiction• in Scripture are sea had ordinarily no more than two thousand bath,
purity, glory, freedom, priesthood, peace, victory, Re. found in the historical parts, where their connection of water in it, 1 Ki. 7.26; but if filled to the brim, it
3.4; black or pale, terribleness, calamity, death, grief, with the great subject or scope of Scripture is less con• could have held 3000, 2 Ch. 4. 5. Solomon's fleel
filthiness, Re.6.5,8; green, comeliness, growth, fruit- siderable, and where the blunder of a transcriber, or of brought him from Ophir four hundred and fiftJ
fulness, freshness, Ca.1.16; red, scarl,t, &,., what is a printer, in a few letters, might be easily admitted, talents in all, of which 420 were clear gain, or the1
Mlrrible, bloody, murderous, Re. 6. 4; Is.1.18. withoui really detracting from the honour of the ora- brou.ght him 420 talents at one voyage, and 450 ill
'72
THE JEWISH LAWS AND TYPES.
28 · 2 Ch. 8.1~. At least in Solomon's iv. ix. x.; directed their wars with the Amalekites, imitate them on proper occasions. Even when they
h 1 Ki "9 '
ter
an0e th~re was nothing in the ark but the two tables Midianites, and Canaanites, Ex.xviii.; 1 Sa.xv.; Nu. were appointed by God to the government, they were
ti~belaw 1Ki.8.9; 2Ch.5.10; butthepotofmanna xxxi.; De. xx.; Jos. vi. viii.; and appointed their offi- called to their office by the people, as much as our
of A ro~'s budding rod were once in it, or rather cers, Ex. iii. iv.; Nu. i. xi. Many things, which in an- British kings. They were installed in it by unction,
and eda. the fore-side of it, He. 9. 4. King Ahaziah other view were religious ceremonies, seem, in some at least where their title seemed dubious, 1 Sa. 10. l;
~ m .
p ,ran bis reign in the twenty-second year of his age, respect, to have pertained to the form of the Jewish 16. 1; 1 Ki. 1. 30; 2 Ki. 11. 12; 23. 3. They were
~Ki.S.26; and in the forty-s~cond yearoft~e r~yalt_y theocracy. The tabernacle, 01:: temple, was the palace crowned with a crown somewhat like the high-priest's
f bis mother's family, to which he was so hke m his of their king; the oblations were his revenues or civil mitre, 2 Sa.1.10; 2 Ki.11.12; Ps.21.3. The principal
0
duct 2 Ch. 22. 2. The vessels of gold and silver list; the priests and Levites, his courtiers and officers. subjects tendered them a kiss, importing allegiance,
con ot' made till after the temple itself was repaired, Nor do l know but many of them were civil judges as Ps.2.12; and the people by loud acclamations testified
weren
Ki. 12. 10, 14; but were afterwards formed of what well as ecclesiastical officers; even as our ruling elders their subjection, 1 Sa. 10. 24; 1 Ki. 1. 39. According
2 in the church may Ja"'.fully be magistrates in the to law none but a native Israelite could be king.
metal remained, 2 Ch. 24. 11, 14. Jehoiachin's re-
e was appointed on the 25th day of the month, state. Every king was to transcribe, for his own use, a copy
1 of the Mosaic laws. He was to govern with equity
~ 2_31; but not executed till the 27th, 2 Ki.25.27. To maintain the true religion constantly among
~~ the two lists of the returning captives, in Ezr.ii. them, and to prevent idolatry, which is at once so dis- and lenity. He was not to multiply to himself wives,
and Ne. vii. the one may mark the numbers enrolled honourable to God and so destructive to the morals of horses, siiver, or gold, but to depend on the assistance
in order to return, and the other the numbers which mankind, and for securing their internal peace and and protection of God in all his undertakings, De.16-
tually returned.-To reconcile the apparent incon- happiness, he formed them into a nation uncommonly 18-20; 17.14-20. Their great council, in which the
acstencies in the four Gospels, nothing more is neces- separated from the nations around. He even pro- supreme magistrate or his representative presided, had
81 rY but to place the passages in their proper order, as hibited them to imitate their neighbours in the cus- only power to enact regulations for executing the laws
ea.
Ii attempted in the subsequent CHRO:S-OLOGY. toms which they had observed in their false worship; prescribed by God himself:· nor, according to these
XIII. To obtain an exact knowledge of the Scrip- as planting trees near altars; boiling kids in their rules, do they seem to have had any power of levyini,
ture, especially in its historical and prophetical parts, mothers' milk; and perhaps sundry others; the un- taxes. Till the reign of Saul, the Hebrews had never
it is of great use to understand the GEOGRAPHY, which reasonableness of which we cannot now so clearly per- any standing troops; but the 601,730 freeholders wen,
marks the situation of the place.• where the events ceive. Idolatry and witchcraft, being at once the obliged, on a proper call, to bear arms against the
mentioned took place, to understand the CHRONOLOGY, most presumptuous rebellion against the God of enemy at their own expense, Ju. iii. vi. xx.; 1 Sa. x1.
which marks the tirne when the events happened, and nature, and high treason against him as the King of Saul had but a few thousand standing forces, 1 Sa. rn.
to understand the HISTORY of the nations, the fate of Israel, were justly declared punishable by death in 2; 26.2; but David increased their number to 288,000,
which the Scripture narrates or foretells. Without every Israelite or sojourning proselyte. To render 1 Ch.27.1-15. Jehoshaphat increased those of Judah
this knowledge our understanding of the histories or their constitution firm, and to prevent their oppress- to 1,160,000; 2 Ch.17.14-19.
predictions of Scripture must be extremely scanty and ing one another, he appointed the country which he
confused, as we cannot perceive the events in their gave them to be divided into 601,730 shares; to each It only remains to take Il!)tice of some of the CLASSl!8
proper circumstances and connections. To assist the warrior a share of about twelve acres of ground; and or SECTS mentioned in the Scripture history of the
reader with what is most necessary on these heads is by the return of inheritances, once every fifty years, Jewish nation, As (1) The SCRIBES. The most hon-
the aim of the last two chapters of this Introduction. at the jubilee, he fixed these shares in their respective ourable of these were the secretaries of state and war,
XIV. To be capable of perusing the oracles of God families. This secured a numerous body of free- 2 Sa.8.17; 2 Ki.18.18; 22.3; 25.19, The inferiorscribu
in their originals, with HUMILITY of mind, will open holders, always ready to defend their country against were much like our writers to the signet, &c., l Ch.
to our view, especially in the Old Testament, a scene every invader. And, while the Levites were dispersed 2. 55. Many of the Simeonites, it is said, being scat-
of emphasis and glory, in thousands of instances, through the nation for its religious instruction, their tered amongst the other tribes, kept public schools,
which cannot be exhibited in any translation whatso- forty-eight cities and suburbs, which they held by and were scribes of the lowest form, Ge.49. 7. There
erer, and which no commentator observes. divine right, at once accommodated them, and secured appears to have been another kind of erclesiastical
their persons and farnilies as hostages for their good scribes, who were preaching clergy, and expounded the
behaviour. Every tribe being independent in itself, law of Moses in their own way, Lu. 5. 17, 21; 11. 44.
their princes were captain• in w11r, and magistrates in (2) RABBINS. The title of RABBI, in the earlier ages,
CHAPTER III.
tim<, of peace. only denoted such as were of superior rank and sta-
OF THE JEWISH LAWS AND TYPES, After their settlement in Canaan every city had its tion, Job32.9; Es.1.8; Je.39.3; 41.1. But some ages
particular judges, who held their courts, at least some before our Saviour's incarnation, the self-conceited
For many ages mankind seem to have had no other of them, in the gates, De.16.19; Ju.11.5,6; Zec.8.16. doctors of learning began to assume it as a badge of
form of government, either civil or sacred, but that of Every tribe had its supreme and subordinate rulers, literary honour, Mat.23. 7,8. (3) The PHARISEES were
the patriarchal kind. Fathers were at once kings and according to the plan of Jethro the Midianite, EL a v.ery numerous sect. They prete..Jed that the tra•
pnests to their numerous descendants. When Go<l, xviii.; De.i. The chief rulers were called princes, or ditions of the elders were of at least equal authority
thought proper to form a nation for himself, and sepa- heads oftlwusands, Nu.32.2; Jos.9.15; 17.4; Nu.10. with the written Word of God. They affected to d;s-
rated them from the rest of the world, they appear, 4. Perhaps the aeventy elders, mentioned Nu. xi., were cover an uncommon sanctity in many painful auster.
for the first four hundred years, to have had no other the sixty rulers of ten thousands, together with the ities and trifling shows of devotion. They enlarged
government of their own. While they were in Egypt twelve princes of the tribes, N u.i. vii. Of these, some the fringes on the corners of their garments, and
they had elder•~ but these appear to have been nothing think the Jewish sanhedrim or parliament was first marked their foreheads with scrolls of parchmeni
more than the wisest and gravest among them, or the constituted, and afterwards continued. But the utter called phylacteries, on which were inscribed some
heads of their tribes, who had no power or civil judi- silence of the Old Testament about any such court, noted sentences of the law, :M:at.6.23. (4) The SAD-
cature, Ex. 3. 16, with 18. 13, 18. Their officers were when there was no king nor judge to govern the DUCEES. They seem to have acknowledged the divine
nothing but overseers of their tasks, Ex. 5.14. people, Ju. xvii. xxi., and when the people generally authority of at least the books of :Moses, but denied
When they came out of Egypt, God, who formerly followed their kings, either in idolatry or reformation, the existence of separate spirits, and the resurrection
stood related to them as their Creator and covenant makes the existence of any such court in those times of the dead. They denied the word of God, and
God, beca1;,e a kind of national King to them. In extremely doubtful. Whether most of their fifteen pretended that men were ab•olute masters of their
corre,pondence to this threefold character, he gave judges, after effecting the several national deliverances own actions, without any supernatural influence.
them laws, moral, ceremonial, and civil. As their for which God raised them up, retired to a private life, Many of the rich and powerful were of this sect, Ac.
King, he gave them Jaws concerning servants, retalia- as before, is not altogether evident. 23.8; 5.17; but we never hear of one of them con-
tions, damages, inheritances, marriages, borrowing of The Hebrews' request of a king is represented as a verted to the Christian faith. (5) The SAMARITANS
money, wars, punishments, admission into places of rejection of their theocratical form of government, 1 were the offspring of those heathens whom the kings
power and trust, or even into the camp or congrega- Sa.8.7; 12.17,19; under their kings, especially after of Assyria brought from the East, and planted in the
tion, &c., Ex. xxi.-xxiii.; Le. xviii.-xx. xxv.; Nu. the division of the kingdom, we find but small vestiges country of the ten tribes. Their religion was a motley
5. 1. 2; xxvii. xxxiv.-xxxvi.; De. xix. - xxv. As of it. Nay, except by David and Solomon, who were mixture of the heathen and the Jewish. They and
their King, he directed the form of their encampment also prophets, we find scarcely anything good done by the Jews generally hated one another to an uncommr,n
•nd marching in the wilderness, Ex.xiii.xiv.; Nu.i.- any of them, in which any sovereign on earth may not degree; and in the days of our Saviour the Jews
73
thought them all possessed by the de,·il, 2 Ki. 17.24- xxv.; Ps.105.6-15; Ac.7.2-8; Ro.iv.; Ga.3.6-18;4.22 temners, Ju.vi.-viii.; 1 Sa.12.11; He.11.32-34. (11)
~4; Ezr.iv.v.; Ne.ii.iii.iv.vi.; Lu.9.52,53; Jn.iv.; -31; He.11. 8-19. (7) ISAAC, in his long-predicted, SAMSON, in his preternatural birth; his solemn separ-
8.48. (6) The GALILEANS were a party headed by one much-desired, and marvellous birth; in his early ation to the service of God; his marvellous exploiU!;
Judas, who refused to submit to the Romans, or to enduring of persecution; in his voluntary oblation of the men of Judah's betrayment of him into the hand
pay them any tribute, Lu. 13. 1; Ac. 5. 37. (7) The himself to Ood, a source of great blessings to himself of his enemies; and, in fine, his voluntary death for
HERODIANS were the flatterers of Herod the tetrarch and his seed; in his happy marriage to his Gentile the ruin of his people's destroyers, Ju.xiii.-xvi.; He.
of Galilee, who were ready to comply with whatever kinswoman; and in the long-desired birth, different 11. 32-34. (19) BoAz the Bethlehemite, in his abund-
heathenish customs he introduced, in order to please tempers and states of his children, Ge. xxi.-xxvii.; ant wealth; his humble and affectionate mind; his
his Roman friends, Mat.22.16; Mar.8.15. Ga. 4. 26-29. (8) JACOB, in his noted uprightness; divinely directed and honourable marriage to a desti-
his acquirement of the birthright and blessing; his tute Gentile widow, and the happy issue thereof, Ru.
The knowledge of the TYPICAL REPRESENTATIONS manifold troubles, and divine support and comfort i.-iv, (20) SAMUEL, in his marvellous birth; his early
under the Old Testament dispensation is of much more under the same; his prevalent wrestling and powerful dedication to God; his solemn call to and faithful ser-
importance, the whole of it being intended by God as prayers; his numerous off.spring, and the extensive vice of God as the prophet and deliverer of Israel; and
a proper mean of ushering his Son into our world, and blessings he left them, Ge.xxv.-xxxv.; xlvi.-1,; Ho. in the remarkable justice which overtook the na-
into his subsequen.t glory: every religious rite, every 12.3; 4.12. (9) JosEPH, as a darling son, marked tion for rejecting him, 1 Sa. i.-xxxi.; He. 11. 32-34.
noted person and event observable therein, may justly with princely apparel; a hated, but prudent and affec- (21) DAVID, in his fidelity, patience, meekness, zeal,
be considered as an emblem of what is spiritual, and tionate brother; a trusty, wise, and successful servant; eminent devotion, firm faith in, and high favour and
as a TYPE, a FIGURE, a SUBSTANTIAL PREDICTION of an inspired interpreter and pror bet; a resolute resister familiarity with God, and in his triple unction and
good things to come. '!'his idea is strongly supported of temptation; a patient sufferer of trials unnumbered, call to this office, in which he was at once the psalmist,
by the apostle's calling the Jewish ordinahces shadows and through them highly exalted and singularly prophet, and monarch of Israel, and a head to the
of good things to come, the body of which is Christ, blessed; and, in fine, as the preserver of nations, the heathen around; in his covenant-headship over hia
Col. 2. li; and by most of his Epistle to the Hebrews. advancer of his master's kingdom, and nourisher of royal posterity; in his unnumbered and grievous affiic-
To view the noted PERSONS, EVENTS, and RITUAL IN- his father's family, Ge.30.22-24; xxxvii.; xxxix.-1.; tions from every side, and his holy resignation thereto;
STITUTIONS in relation to Jesus Christ and his New Ps.HJ5.16-22; Ac.7.9-18. (10) JoB, in his remarkable in his marvellous exploits, and almost ever-successful
Testament and heavenly church, is indeed to appre- piety, integrity, humility, and usefulness; in his ori- wars with the enemies of his nation; in his astonish-
hend them in a most amiable and engaging point of ginal happiness and wealth; in his sudden and sovereign ing care to order the church, and his expensive pre-
light. In this view we discern all the prophets bear- reduction to depths of misery and woe; in his mani- parations for building the temple of God, 1 Sa. xvi.-
ing witness to our glorious and worthy Redeemer. fo\d and grievous sufferings from every quarter-hell, xxx.; 2 Sa.i.-xxiv.; 1 Ki.i.ii.; 1 Ch.iii.xi.-xxix,; Ps,
Among these shadows of good things to come we may earth, and heaven; his remarkable patience under ii.-cl.; Ac.13. 22. (22) SoLOMOY, in his dearness to
rank, them; and his restoration at last to redoubled glory God; in his early and solemn enthronement; his charge
I. TYPICAL PERSONS, who, in their distinguished and wealth, Job i.-xlii.; Eze. 14.14; Ja. 5.11. (11) from and benediction by his father; in his astonishing
origin, their amiable qualities, their honourable sta- MosEs, in his honourable but hazardous birth; his wisdom, wealth, and renown; in the extent, order,
tions, their peculiar work or call to it, their wise and marvellous preservation; his manifold trials, and pa- peace, and happiness of his kingdom; in his expensive,
faithful performance thereof, and remarkable success tience under them; in his solemn call to his extensive skilful, and laborious erection of a magnificent temple
therein, represent Jesus, the Mediator of the New office of deliverer, mediator, extraordinary priest, for God, and in his solemn dedication thereof by sac,
Testament and Saviour of men. In this light we may unparalleled prophet, honoured lawgiver, and king rifices and prayer, 2 Sa.12.25; 7.12-16; 1 Ch.17.11-15;
consider (1) ADAM, in his immediate formation by in Jeshurun; in his incomparable intimacy with God; xxii.xxviii.; 2 Ch.i.-ix.; 1 Ki.i.-x.; Ps.lxxii.cxxxii
God, his perfect likeness to God, his distinguished and in his meekness, disinterestedness, fidelity, and (23) ELIJAH, in his debased appearances,,fervent zeal,
form, in which the spiritual and material substances zeal in the discharge of his work, Ex.ii. to De.xxxiv.; effectual prayers, discriminating sacrifice, miracles of
of creation were connected; in his lordship over this Ps.105.26,27; 77.20; Ac.7.20-40; He.11.23-29. (12) mercy and judgment, power over the nations, em-
sublunary world, his divine marriage, and in his par- AARON, as a renowned saint, an eloquent orator, a bodied translation to heaven, and the fearful re-
ental and federal relation to mankind, Ge. i.-v.; Ro. holy prophet, a great high-priest, a covenant-head ward which overtook his opposers of the family oi
5.12-19; 1 Co.15.21,22. (2) ABEL, in the debasement and common parent of priests unnumbered; in his Ahab according to his predictions, 2 Ch. 21.12-15; I
of his name, the righteousness of his life, the excel- solemn call to and investiture in his office of priest- Ki.xvii.-xix.xxi.; 2 Ki.i.ii.; Lu.4.25,26; Ja.5.17,18.
lency and acceptableness of his sacrifice; in his brother's hood, and the confirmation thereof by miracles of (24) ELISHA, in his solemn caH to his prophetical func-
hatred and murder of him, and the fearful punish- mercy and wrath; in his laborious, faithful, and affection, and ready compliance therewith; his plentiful
ment which ensued, Ge. 4.. 1-16; He.11. 4; 12. 24; 1 tionate discharge thereof; and at last in his voluntary endowment with the Spirit of God, numerous miracles
Jn.3.12. (3) ENOCH, in hi! self-dedication to God, death on mount Hor, leaving his sacred vestments of mercy and judgment, usefulness to his nation, tha
upright walking with him, clear prediction of the to his son, Ex. 4.14-16; viii.-x. xxviii. xxix.; Le. manifold injuries he received, and the fearful resent-
last judgment and embodied translation to heaven, viii.-x.; Nu.xvi.xvii.xx. (13, 14) BEZALEEL and ments thereof by his God, 1 Ki.19.19-21; 2 Ki.ii.-ix.,
Ge.5.22-24; He.11.5; Jude 14,15. (4) NoAH, as the AHOLIAB, as the divinely called, singularly qualified, p.14-21; Lu.4.27. (25) JoNAH, in his exposure to
comforter of his friends, the upright favourite of his faithful, laborious, and successful framers of a taber- the raging storm and billows, his burial alive in the
God, the erector of the ark, the saviour of his family nacle for the symbolic residence of God, Ex. xxxi. whale's belly, and resurrection therefrom on the third
and animals, the acceptable sacrificer to God, the xxxvi.-xl. (15) PHINEHAs, in his divinely directed day; and in the success which attended his subsequent
covenant-head of those who repeopled the new world, though uncommon zeal for God and his nation; in ministration among the Gentiles, 2 Ki. 14. 25; Jonah
and the predictor '!lf their different fates, Ge. v.-x.; his honourable reward of victory, peace, and everlast- i.-iv.; Mat.12.39-41. (26) ELIAKIM, in his succes-
He.11.6; 1 Pe.3.19,20. (5) MELCHIZEDEK, in the ing priesthood; and in his covenant headship over sion to·a traitor in office; his distinguished authority
secresy of his genealogy; in his immediately divine his priestly posterity, Nu. xxv. xxxi.; Ps. l.06. 30, 31. and faithful exercise thereof, for the honour of his
instalment in the priesthood; in his relation to an (16) JOSHUA, in his name pregnant with salvation; master and advantage of his nation, Is. 22. 20-24.
accursed people as their priest and king; in his hav- his education under Moses the lawgiver; his solemn (2i) DANIEL, in his renowned piety and uprightness;
ing no official successor; in his superiority to and call and repeated encouragement from God to his his high favour "·ith God; his distinguished wisdom
blessing of Abraham; and in his generous refreshment work, and his diligence therein; his miraculous assist- and uncommon revelations of God's purposes; his
of the victorious but weary troops, Ge.14.18-20; Ps. ance, diversified exploits, marvellous conquests, and powerful prayers; his advancement to btgh honours
110.4; He.7.1-11. (6) ABRAHAM, in his divine call wise distribution of the promised Canaan to God's through exile, debasement, and trouble; and in the
to leave his native country; in his firm trust in, ready chosen people; and in his zeal and care to establish terrible justice which overtook his malicious per•
obedience to, and high favour with God; in his meek- among them the true worship and service of God, Ex. secuto.a, Da.i.-xii.; Eze. 14. 14; 28. 3. (28) ZERUB-
ness, his kindness, and his boldness in favour of Lot, 17.10,13; Nu.13.13,16; 14.6-10,30; 27.15-23; De.31. BABEL, in his dearness to God; his leadmg his people
his injurious friend; in his perfect equity and exten- 1-8; Jos.i.-xxiv.; Ac.7.45; He.4.8. (17) GrnEON, in from Babylon to Canaan; and in his rebuilding the
sive usefulness to his neighbours; in his covenant his original meanness; his lovely humility and meek- temple by w:,ak means, and notwithstanding much
headship over his long-promised and marvellously ness; his clearly divine, solemn, and miraculously opposition, Ezr. i.-vi.; Zee. 4. 6-10; Hag. l. 14; 2. 23,
produced seed; and in the extraordinary oblations, attested call to deliver Israel; his amazing suceess by (29) JosHUA the high-priest, in the resistance he r&o
whereby he confirmed it; and in the distinguished unlikely instruments; his care to reform his nation, ceived from Satan; the divine changing of his apparel;
tempers and fate of those born in his house, Ge.xii.- maintain peace with his friends, and punish ~is con- in the contempt which he and his fellows endured
; 74
nd in their subsequent crowns of honour, and their 22.21; 12.48,49; Le.19.10; Nu.15.4; 19.10; 35.15, ing the people, &c., during the vigour of llfe, and
;ellowship with angels, Zee. iii. vi.; Ezr. 5. 2. (30) &c. (7) The HANGED MALEFACTORS of Israel in their then retiring to an honourable rest; and in theit large
JoHN BAPTIST, in his divinely predicted, preternatural, accursed death and speedy burial, figured out our: allotment of cities and incomes, though by far the
and gladdening birth; his early and eminent sanctity Redeemer as bearing with our guilt and curse; cruci- smallest of the Hebrew tribes; prefigured Jesus, as
of nature and life; and in his solemn call to his work fied for the pardon of our crimes; and decently in- the solemnly installed, the once debased, but faithful
of reformation; his zeal, fidelity, and success therein; terred \\·ithout delay, to mark that the law was ful- Servant of his Father, in all the concerns of his church;
and in his martyrdom in the cause of truth, ]\fat.iii. filled for us, De.21,22,23. (8) The HEBllEW JUDGES, and were emblems of his ministers and saints, in their
xiv.; Lu.i.iii.; Jn.i.iii. These did all prefigure Jesus fo their solemn call to deliver their people from that labours of love and their ample reward, Ex.32.2i-29;
Christ in everything-in his person, state, or conduct misery which their sins h:.d procured; in their divine De.33.8-11; .Mal.2.5,6; Ku.iii.iY.,iii.xviii; 35.1-8;
correspondent with these things. qualification for their work, and success therein; pre- De.12.11-19; 14. 27-29; 18. 6-8; 2 Ch.17.8,9· 19.8;
II. TYPICAL CLASSES or ORDERS of men, which prefigured Jesus, our necessary, divinely called, well- xxix.-xxxi. ; Ke. viii. (14) The AARO"IC PRIESTS, in
fi~ured Jesus Christ and his gospel ministers or people qualified, and successful deliverer, Ju. ii.-xvi.; 1 Sa. their attested descent from Aaron; their unblemished
in their stations, endowments, work, and reward. i.-vii.; 12. 11; Ke. 9. 27. (9) The HEBREW KINGS of bodies; their separation from their brethren; their
Thus (1) The I~RAELITES IN GENERAL, in the meanness David's family as introduced by the Israelites' rejec- · temperate diet, moderate mourning, and houourallle
of their extract; the supernatural manner of their tiou of God's immediate government; as taken from marriage; their plain, but pure and sacred apparel;
production from Abraham; their long- continued among their brethren; as divinely called to, and their divine call, and solemn attestation thereof by
paucity and weakness; their obstinacy and wicked- secured in, power by a perpetual covenant; as instal- miracles of mercy and wrath; their solemn consecra-
ness, and frequent II!Urmurings and rebellions; their led by unction, coronation, kisses, and shouts of sub- tion to their office by washing, eurobing, oblations,
manifold distresses, wanderings, and enemies; and jection; as copying out the la,v of God for themselves, unctions, and feasting; and in their extensive work of
especially in God's federal betrothing of them to him-' and constantly attending to it as the rule of their rearing and um-earing the tabernacle in the wilder-
self in their progenitors; marking them with his sign administrations; as charged not to trust on carnal ness, taking care of the sacred furniture, offering all
of circumcision; separating them to himself as his supports nor wallow in fleshly pleasures; as sitting on the gifts and sacrifices of their nation, burning the in-
peculiar people, children, and servants; bestowing the Lord's throne and ruling the Lord's people0 but cense, placing and removing the show-bread, lightmg
upon them his peculiar protection, provision, direc- never exalting their heart above them; and as fight- and dressing the sacred lamps, blowing the silver
tion, laws, ordinances, promises, and country; and his ing the Lord's battles, and extirpating his accursed trumpets, teaching and blessing the people, j udgiug
increasing them into a multitude of nations; were enemies; represented Jesus Christ as the mediatorial of their leprosies, purifying the unclean, encouraging
figures of the saints, particularly in the gospel church, King of his church; and his saints, as made kings the people in their battles; and, in fine, in their plen-
He.11.11,12; Ex. i. ii. xiii. xiv. ni. xvii.xix.; Ku. i.- unto God, 1 Sa. viii. xiii. xv.; 16.1-13; 2 Ch. xi. xii.; tiful and sacred reward; prefigured Jesus in his hon-
xxxvi.; De.iv.-ix.; 26.5-9; Ro. 9.4,5,&c. (2)TheFIRsT- l Ki. I. 39; 2 Ki.11. 12; 23. 30. (10) The HOLY PRO· ourable pedigree, perfect purity, absolute fitness for
BORN HEBREW MALES, 38 memorials of an accomplished PHETI!, in their dh·ine mission to, furniture for, and his work, solemn call to it, and instalment therein,
redemption from Egypt; as the beginning of their di,ectiou in their work; and in their diligence, fidelity, and his faithful and complete discharge thereof, issuing
father's strength, and preservers of their honourable and zeal in it; explaining God's laws, attesting his in a glorious, abundant, and everlasting reward; and
name; as heirij to a double portion of their inherit- truths, revealing his purposes, announcing his pro- they were also em bl ems of his ministers and saints,
ance, and their principal blessing; as heads (if not mises and threat,enings, and directing his people; in He.5.1; Ezr.2.62,63; Le. xxi.; 22.1-13; 24.5-9; L-
priests before t;.hA b'W} tfl tl-u•il" h,-At.ln-,:.m; as the honour being often signs and wonders to men; and i.=. ~,.!£-;:, x. xii.-:xv.; !l.x. xxix.; 28. 40-43; 2 Ch. 13. 10, 11;
of their families, and means of sanctifying them to iug much abuse and persecution from them, and in Nu.4.5-16; 6.23-26; 8.2,3; 10.1-10; xv.-xviii.xxviii.
God and procuring his blessing thereon; prefigured God's fearful resentment thereof; represented Jesus xxix.; De.17.8-13; 18.1-5; 20.1-4. (15) The HIGH-
Jesus Christ, and were emblems of his chosen saints, Christ and his gospel ministers and saints, Is. vi.; Je. PRIEST, in his peculiar dignity; his government of the
Ex.13.2,11-16; 22.29; 34.19; Nu.3.45-51; 8.16; De. i.; Eze. ii.-xi.; He. i.; Is. i. to Mal. iv.; 2 Ch. 36.15- other priests; in his double suit of sacred vestments,
21. 16, 17. (3) The Krns,rnN-REDEEMERS, in their 17; JIIat. 23. 34, 35. (11) The NAZARITES, in their the simple and golden; his plentiful unction; his
necessary nearness. of kin, that the right of redemp- voluntary separation from others and solemn dedica- never defiling himself, nor leaving the sanctuary; his
tion might be theirs; in their recovering their friends' tion· to God; in the honourable length of their hair; espousing none but an honourable virgin; his per-
inheritance, if mortgaged ; redeeming his person, if in their abstinence from everything intoxicating and forming the whole work of the annual expiation, puri-
enslaved; avenging his blood, if he had been murder- polluting; in their exact fulfilment and solemn finish- fying the sanctuary and its furniture, entering within
ed; and in marrying his widow, and raising him up ing of their vow; figured out Jesus, his ministers, and the vail and returning to bless the people; prefigured
an honourable seed, if he died childless ; prefigured his people, as solemnly, and yet voluntarily, set apart Jesus, the sole High-priest of our profession, in his
Jesus Christ in our nature, securing our happiness, to their sacred work; as constant and increasing in unparalleled excellency, dignity, and purity; his
avenging our blood upon Satan and our lusts, redeem- their manifested subjection to God; making known headship over his people; his robes of manhood,
ing our persons; and, by ;,_uiou and communion with their moderation to all men; and 38, amidst debase- mediatorial office, and righteousness; his divine call
.them, rendering us fruitful in good works, Le. 25. 25; ment and troubles, perfecting holiness in the fear of to, and full preparation for his work, by the abundant
Nu. 35. 19-28; Ru. 4. 1-10. (4) The YOUNGER UN· the Lord; and at last finishing their course in a man- influences of the Holy Ghost; his perfect attachment
l!ABRIED BROTHERS of a Hebrew who died childless, in ner thankful, solemn, and highly honourable to God, to, and attendance on that work; his communion with
their obligation to espouse their brother's widow, and Nu. vi.; Ju.xiii. (12) The NETHINIMS, i.e. g;ven ones, true a:>d sanctified persons and pure churches; his
raise him up au heir to his estate, and their exposure which consisted of the Gibeouites, and such others as making a full atonement for our sins, and bringing in
.o contempt if they refused, represent ministers and were devoted to the lower services of the tabernacle or an everlasting righteousness; and his entering into
professors of the Christian church, who, by com- temple, in drawing water to wash the sacrifices, or heaven by his sacrifice, that he might thence return
munion with the church, must either raise np a hewing wood to burn them; in their voluntary sub- to bless men in the gospel dispensation and last judg-
•piritual seed to Jesus their departed Brother, or ex- jection, their mean employment, and yet distinguish- ment, Ex.28.1-39; 29.6; Le.21.10-12; viii. ix. xvi.
pose themselves to everlasting shame and contempt, ed nearness to God; represented our devoted, conde- III. TYPICAL EVENTS, or traus;ent things, which
!Je. 25. 5-10. (5) The VOLUNTARY B~XD-SERVANTS, scending, and debased Redeemer, approaching to, and prefigured Jesus, and the great ei·euts of our redemp-
'Who, from lovi, to their master and family, refused to enjoying remarkable fellowship with God in the ser- tion by him. (1) NOAH's ARK, in its divine contriv-
go free at the end of their term, and had their ear vice of his church, and his ministers and saints, Jos. ance, appointment, and plan; in its firmness, strength,
fastened to his door-post, in token of their engage- 9. 22..'.27; 1 Ch. 9. 2; Ezr. 2. 58. (13) The LEVITES, in and fitness to swim through swelling floods, and to pro-
ment to perpetual service, figured out J;sus Christ, as their honourable separation to the service of God, 38 a tect from deluging rains; in its capacious and regular
from love to God and his people voluntarily engaging reward of their zeal against the worshippers of the stories, rooms, and entrance; in its illumination only
himself in the perpetual work of our salvation, and golden calf; in their standing in the room of the first- from above; in its being the sole means of saving
his people 38 constrained by his love to perpetual born Israelites; in their being appointed to their work persons and animals from the overflowing deluge:
obedience, Ex.21.5,6; De.15.16,17. (6) The SOJOURN- for preventing plagues on the Hebrew nation; in their in its saving the cargo which God directed by it, by
ING STRANGERS, not Canaanites, in the tender care taken early enrolment in the sacred lists, from a mouth old; the exposure of itself; and, in fine, firmly settlin~ on
of them; in their free access to the oracles and ordin- in their solemn instalment in their office, by washing, its lofty rest; represented Jesus, in his ciiversified
ances of God, and to the cities of refuge; represented waving, and diversified oblations; in their extensive offices and states, as the sole means of savini;: a lost
the free and abundant access of the Gentiles to the labour, watching and bearing the tabernacle and its world committed to him by God from the overiiowin2
gospel church, and their high privileges therein, EL furniture, assisting the priests in the sacrifices, teach- deluge of transgression; and is a figure of 'nis oody
75
the church, without the limits of which none can be
saved, Ge. vi.-viii.; He.11. 7; 1 Pe.3.20,21. (2) JAcoB's
LADDER, erected in the wilderness, and reaching from
I
/ cross and in the gospel, as the divinely-appointed,
the easy, the accessible, the universal, and infallible
Saviour and medicine of sinful men, who look to him
of persons in societies, or of works and grace, or ol
ordinances of God and inventions of men; no eunuchs,
bastards, Ammonites or Moabites, were to be admitted
Jacob on earth to a promising JEHOVAH in heaven, by faith, Nu.21.4-9; Jn.3.14-17. (12, 13) The POOLS into any share of the Hebrew government, De. 23.1-8.
and occupied by angels ascending and descending OF BETHESDA and SILOAM, occasionally noted for their No Israelite might wear a garment proper to the other
thereon; represented Jesus, as the Son of Jacob in healing virtue, might figure him out as the miracu- sex, De.22.5. None might wear a garment of woollen
his manhood, and of JEHOVAH in his divine person; Ions healer of maimed, withered, lame, diseased, and and linen, De.22.11. None might so,;,. his field with
in his different states of debasement and exaltation blind sinners, Jn.5.1-4; 9.6,7; Zec.13.1; Is.8.6. (14, a mixture of divers seeds, De. 22. 9. None might
as the Mediator between God and men, ministered 15) The DELIVERANCE of the Hebrews from Egypt and plough with an ox and an ass y~ked together, De. 22.
to by angels himself, ·and in whom they ministered Babylon, in the time and manner fixed by God's pro- -10; nor gender his cattle with divers kinds, Le.19.19.
to us, Ge.27.11-15; Jn.i.51. (3) lllosEs' BUSH; low, mise, and notwithstanding much opposition, prefigured (7) To mark the most disinterested love and tende~
earthly, and combustiQle; burning, but not consumed; Jesus· promised, seasonable, mari·ellous, all-powerful compassion towards mankind; and to figure out the
represented Jesus' manhood; low and weak in itself, deliverance of the nations from their misery under rich abundance of Jesus' redeeming grace, no servant
inhabited by his fulness of Godhead, and exposed to heathenism or Popery, through his erection or re- who had fled from a hard master was to be delivered
the fierceness of his Father's wrath, but not consumed; establishment of his gospel church; and are emblems back to him, De. 23. 15. No captive maid was to be
and his church, under fiery tribulations, but not de- of men's deliverance from an unregenerate state, Ex. married till she had remained a month to prepare
stroyed, because inhabited by a promising God, Ex, xiv,; Ps. lxxviii. cv.; Ezr. i. ii. (16) The TRAVELS of herself and bewail the loss of her parents, De. 21.10-
3. 2-10; Ac. 7. 30-34. (4) The PILLAR OF CLOUD AND the Hebrews in the wilderness, amidst sins, judg- 14. No man betrothed or newly married, or who had
FIRE, which conducted the Hebrews in the wilderness, men ts, trials, mercies, and revelations unnumbered, newly built a house or planted a vineyard, was re-
in its form; its seasonable origin; its hovering over and their marvellous ENTRANCE into Canaan, were quired to attend in war, De.20.5-7; 24.5. None might
the erected tabernacle; in its bedewing, enlightening, typical of the diversified fates of the gospel church, lend money upon usury to a poor Hebrew, if to any
protecting and directing influence; and in the many and her marvellous entrance into her millennial and Hebrew at all, or render him a bond~serv'ant, Le. 25.
oracular instructions received from thence; marked eternal rest, Ex. xv. to De. xxxiv.; Ne. 9.15-23; Ps. 36,37; De.23,19. None might reap the corners of his
out Jesus Christ, aud his gospel ordinances, Ex.13. lxxviii.14-54; 105. 39-43; 106.14-33; Jos. i.-v. (17) field, nor glean those of his vineyard, nor shake his
20-22; 14.20; 40.34-38; Nu.9.15-23; 10.33,34; Ne. Their divinely directed and wonderfully successful fruit-trees a second time, nor bring home a sheaf
9.14,19; Ps. 105.39; I Co.10.2. (5) The TREE discovered WARS, in the conquest or preservation of Canaan, were which he had once forgotten in the field; but all was
by God, and cast by Moses into the bitter waters of typical of the manifold struggles of the gospel church to be left to the poor, to the stranger, to the father-
Marah for sweetening them, represented Jesli,s, found to extend her boundaries or maintain her privileges; less, and the widow, Le. 19. 9, IO. (8) Not only to
out by God, made under the law, and crucified for us, and emblematical of the saints' spiritual warfare on deter from every indulgence of fleshly lust, but to
sweetening everything awful, bitter, and troublesome, earth, Ex.17. 8-16; Nu. 21.1-3, 21-35; Jos. vi.-xii.; mark the fearful end of those who hypocritically join
Ex.15.22-25. (6) The MANNA, divinely formed, mar- Ju. i.-xvi.; 2 Sa. v. viii. x. &c. themselves to the church, or who dishonour Jesus by
vellous in virtue; given freely, seasonably, plentifully, IV. MISCELLANEOUS ORDINANCES, many, if not most their scandalous and continued outbreak.ings, the
daily, early, and abundantly, to ill-deserving and even of which, pertained to their civil as well as to their woman who falsely imposed herself upon a husband
contemning murmurers, ready to perish; and gathered ceremonial system. These in general directed them as a virgin was to be publicly stoned, De. 22. 21; and
by all daily and early; shared equally; carefully pre- to live as a people separated to the Lord, and who in a priest's daughter who played the harlot was to be
pared; speedily and regularly eaten: a golden potful all things, even the most minute, were zealous for his burned, Le.21.9. (9) To animate them to a constant
of which was preserved for a lasting memorial in the honour. (1) To mark them Abraham's seed, distin- gratitude for mercies received, and a regard to the
holy of holies, represented Jesus as the bread of life, guished from all others; to seal with them the coven- commandments of God, every Hebrew's upper garI11ent
given to sinners of mankind in the gospel,and gather- ant of grace, and their peculiar relation to God; to was marked with a blue fringe, commemorative of the
ed and eaten by a true faith; and of which there is a prefigure Jesus Christ as shedding his blood for his redemption from Egypt, and of his obligation to obey
plentiful memorial contained in gospel ordinances, people; and to represent onr spiritual regeneration the law of llfoses, N u.15. 3 7-41.
Ex.xvi.; N u.11. 4-9, 31-33; 21.5,6; Ne.9.15,20; Jn. and mortification, every man-child was, under pain of V. TYPICAL PLACES, which were ceremonially holy,
6.32-57. (7) The ROCKS of Rephidim and Kade~h, as death, to be CIRCUMCISED on the eighth day, Ge.xvii. but in different degrees. Canaan was holy in the
smitten by Moses' rod, and emitting streams of water (2) To mark that nothing should be rashly, or in an lowest degree; the cities of refuge in the second; Jeru-
sufficient for all the Hebrew millions, and following improper condition, given to the Lord, no animal, salem in the third; Mount Sion in the fourth; and the
them in their way through the wilderness, represented however clean, was to be offered till it was at least tabernacle and temple in the highest. In the more
Jesus, as obeying and suffering under llfoses' law, that seven days old, Ex.22.30. The fruit of trees was held sacred places God symbolically dwelt: thither his
thence might issue forth streams of redeeming love, polluted for the first three years, and only on the offerings were brought; there his festivals were kept;
blood, spirit, and tru'th, for the life and comfort of fourth year given to the Lord, after which it was the and thence his oracles were to be sought, De. 12. 5-7;
sinners of mankind, Ex.17.1-7; Nu. 20. 1-11; Ne. 9. lawful property of its owner, Le.19.23-25. The price Ps.lxxxvii.cxxii.cxxxii. (1) CANAAN, as the wonted
15, 20; Ps. 78.15, 16; 105. 41; 114. 8; 1 Co. 10. 4. (8) of a dog, or the hire of a harlot, or anything else un- residence of ejected sinners; as a land divinely chosen
The WELL DUG by the nobles of Israel on the border lawfully gotten, was never to be offered to the Lord, for God's favourites; long promised, freely bestowed,
of Moab, at Moses' direction, represented Chi-ist as De. 23.18; Is. 61. 8. A bond-woman defiled, having and graciously inspected by the eye of God; a land
the fountain opened in the gospel, by the prophets nothing of her own, was to bring no trespass-offering, orderly allotted to God's chosen people, brought thither
and apostles, for the purification and comfort of his but to be scourged for her fault, Le. 19. 20-22. (3) by miracles unnumbered; a land singularly nourished
people in this world, Nu. 21.16-18. (9) The CLUSTER To mark a regard to the Lord's oblations, and to by the influences of heaven, and fruitful in everything
OF GRAPES, brought by Caleb and Joshua from Eshcol, Jesus' death, thereby represented, none might eat of necessary for subsistence and delight; and, to crown
might figure out his unnumbered excellencies, bless- any blood, or of the fat of any cattle, sheep, or goats, all, the sacred residence of JEHOVAH, and of the or-
ings, promises, gifts, and graces, brought near in the Le.17. 6; 7. 23-27. (4) To excite the Jews to the nt- dinances of his grace-but how despised and come
gospel, and exhibited to men as evidences of the plenty most purity in all manner of conversation, none might short of through unbelief!-prefigured the state of
which is to be enjoyed in the Canaan above, Nu. 13. eat of clean beasts which had been torn, or had died the New Testament church and of the celestial hap-
23,24. (10) While _.\ARo,,s BCDDING ROD, laid up in of themselves, Le.17.15; De.14.21; and every one was piness; and was an emblem of our new-covenant state
the foreside of the ark, marked the divine appoint- to ease nature at a proper distance, and cover the of union to and fellowship with Jesus Christ, Ge.
ment, the constant succession, and ever useful labours excrements, De.23.12-14. (5) To prevent symboliz- 15.18-21; E~ 3. 8, 17; 6. 8; Nu.14. 7, 8; De. 6.10, 11;
of the A.aronic priests, it represented Jesus the ever ing with heathenish and inhuman superstition, and to 8.7-10; ll.9-l2;Ne.9.25,35; Eze.20.6,15; Ps.106.24;
flourishing and fruitful branch of the Lord; and the animate to the most tender compassion, none might He. 3.19. (2) The CITIES OF REFUGE, in their names;
gospel rod of his strength, as the demonstrative evid- cut his flesh or make himself bald in mourning for and as being near to the borders of the heathen, and
ence of his call to his high-priesthood, Nu. xvii.; Ps. deceased friends, Le.19.27,28; De.14.1. N-0ne might easily accessible to every manslayer; as Levitical
ll0.2. (11) The BRAZEN SERPENT, appointed by God, boil an animal in its mother's milk, or slay the dam cities of instruction; as perpetually having their gates
framed by Moses, and lifted up on a pole, that the along with her young, Ex. 23. 19; 34. 26; De. 14. 21; open, with excellent roads leading to them; and in
serpent-bitten Israelites might be healed by looking to 22. 6,7; Le. 22. 28. Nor was the mouth of an ox, while the protection and peace which they secured for the
it, represented the Almighty Jesus, in the likeness of treading out the corn, to be muzzled, De.25.4. (6) refugees who remained in them till the death of the
sinful flesh, fulfilling Moses' law, and lifted up on the To teach them the hurtfulness of improper mixture11 high-priest; represented Jesus Christ as the all•
76
ed near, accessible, completely furnished, and pure and precious materials, connected by the wisdom holies. But in the wilderness, and even afterwards,
reoownt· g' refuge of smt'ul men, Jews and Gentiles, of God; in her different states, filled with all the ful- it was, when necessary, carried about by means of
everlas. 10
h they . receive •pmtua
· · I 1·1ght , 1·•
11e, l"b
1 ert y, ness of Christ, consecrated by his blood and Spirit, staves fixed in its golden rings. None but priests
iD WhIC , • ,
and formed for his service; and at last, in all her true might see it, under pain of ,!eath. By means of it
d safety Nu.3:i.6-34, De.4.41-43, Jos.xx.
peace, an ' . .
. (S) JERUSALEM, m its name markmg peace and members and important concerp.s, fixed in the heavenly the Israelites' passage through Jordan was opened,
xx~ection discerned and possessed; in its stable foun- temple, Ex.xxv.-xxvii.; 30.26-29; xxxvi.-xl.; Nu. the lofty walls of Jericho were brought down, the
pe . ompact form, beaudful appearance, and strong iii. iv.; Jos. 18. 1. (6) The TEMPLE stood on Mount Philistines and their idol were plagued, the curious
datJOD, c .
. tions • and as a city chosen of God, holy, Jlioriah, towards the south- east of Jerusalem, in a Bethshemites were slain, and the family of Obed-edom
forll 6ca , . .
healthy, rich, renowned, .royal, populous, and pr1v1- large court surrounded by a high wan; a~d divided were blessed. It represented Jesus Christ God-man,
refi"'ured the go"1el church below and the into twci parts, the INNER for the-priests and Levites, to the astonishment of angels and men, fulfilling all
d
Jege,P 0
·_ • • •
heavenly Jerusalem abovt, I:',.48.1-4 '. 76_.2, 122.2:--9, and the OUTER for the clean Israelites. Its plan was righteousness, glorifying and delighting his Father
_2; Jos.15.63. (4) l\loUNT ZION, m its be~ut1ful divine, and the preparations for it were immense. It to the highest, and containing in him every memorial
125
situation; its extens1~e and pleas~nt pro~pect; its ~n- was a very magnificent structure. The wall of it con- of JEHOVAH'S kindness; everything necessary for the
shaken stability; its Joyous dwellmgs; its protection sisted of alternate rows of cedar-wood and hewn stone, instruction, confirmation, and nourishment of his
b, and dearness to God as the peculiar residence of probably polished marble. The whole inside-floor, people; and who, being consecrated to his work, and
himself and his chosen kings of David's family, was walls, and roof-was overlaid with gold, and curiously carried about in the gospel, directs their journeys,
also an emblem of our fixed and glorious spiritual marked with figures of cherubim and palm-trees. On blesses those who sincerely receive him, overcomes
state, and a figure of the gospel church and of the the outside of the wall were reared, in three stories, their enemies, opens their passage into their promised
heavenly glory, 2 Sa.v.; Ps. 48. 2-4; 76.1; 78. 68, 69; ninety chambers for accommodating the attending rest, and punishes such as profanely abuse him, Ex.
!25, l. (5) The TABERNACLE, appointed for God's priests. Just before the entrance, or east end, stood 25.lff-22; 37.1-9; 40.9,35; 16.33,34; Nu.17.10; De.
peculiar residence, was thus formed: a court sixtr-one the brazen altar, 36 feet square and 18 feet higji, with 10.3-5; Le.16.2; Jos.3.11-17; 6.14-20; 1 Sa.v.; 6.19;
ards Jong, and about half as much in breadth, w,is a large brazen sea and ten Javers for washing the 2 Sa.6.11; 1 Ki.8.4-12. (2) The TABLE OF SHOW-BREAD
inclosed by a linen hanging, perhaps of net-work, priests and sacrifices. The entrance was a porch of 36 was formed of shittim-wood overlaid with gold. It
about nine feet in height, suspended by silver hooks feet from north to south, 18 from east to west, and was 3 feet 8 inches in length, half as much in breadth,
on fifty-six brazen pillars, fixed at bottom in large 219 high, in the form of a steeple. On each side of and 2 feet 9 inches in height; and had at top a double
oockets of the same metal. The sole entrance from the porch was a magnificent pillar, almost 33 feet cornice of gold to preserve the loaves from falling off.
the east was twelve yards wide, but hung over with a high, and curiously adorned with chapiters and figured When necessary it was carried by staves of shittim-
fine vail of embroidered linen suspended on four pil- pomegranates. Beyond this porch was the sanctuary, wood fixed in rings of gold. It had the same form of
lars; here, under the sky, stood the brazen altar and an apartment of 73 feet in length, 36½ in breadth, consecration as the ark. It stood. in the north-west
[aver, at a small distance from the entrance of the and 54:i in height. Here, at the west end, stood ten, corner of the sanctuary. t" pon it stood, in two rows,
ganctuary: hither every clean Hebrew or proselyte if not eleven, golden candlesticks, each with seven twelve loaves of show-bread, one for each Hebrew
might come with his oblations. At the west end of branches; as many tables of show-bread, with twelve tribe, with some frankincense on them. The old ones
this court stood the tabernacle, which was a close tent loaves on each; and a large alt::r of incense between were removed every Sabbath, and given to the priests
in form of a house, standing from east to west: its the two rows of candlesticks and tables. To the west- for food, and new ones put in their place. Solomon
length was about 54¾ feet, its breadth 18!, and its ward of this apartment, and scp:.m:ted from it by a made ten new golden tables, five of which were placed
height as much: it was erected by forty-eight strong fine partition and vail, was the HOLY OF HOLIES, a on each side of the golden altar, on each of which
boards of shittim-wood overlaid with gold, fixed at square room of 36½ feet In length and breadth, and were placed twelve loaves. This table and its furniture
bottom in ninety-six large sockets of silver, and bound 54¾ in height. Here, amidst thick darkness, stood prefigured Jesus Christ blessing all faithful men,
together by five cross-bars of shittim-wood overlaid the ark with its furniture, to which Solomon added in every generation, before God in his intercession; or
with gold; over these was spread a fourfold covering of two new cherubim of olive-tree, the wings of which the gospel, 118 presenting him and his fulness to his
embroidered linen, of haircloth, of strong leather, and stretched the whole breadth of, the house over it. It people, chiefly on the weekly Sabbath, Ex. 25. 23-30;
of rams' skins dyed red, all properly connected by clasps also was solemnly dedicated by sacrifices and prayer, 29.31; 30.27; 37.10-16; 40.22; Le.24.5-9; 8.31; l Ki.
or buttons. Its whole east end served for an entrance, and was annually purified on the great day of expia- 7.45; 2 Ch.4.8; Mat.12.4; He.9.2-21. (3) The ALTAR
and was hung with a vail of embroidered linen sus- tion. It prefigured Jesus Christ and his church in OF INCENSE, so called because frankincense was daily
pended by golden hooks on five pillars of shittim-wood their more glorious_and exalted state. It typified his burned thereon while the burnt-offerings were con-
overlaid with gold. This tent was divided into two manhood as the divinely-planned, curious, pnre, and sumed by sacred fire on the brazen altar, was formed
apartments: the first, called the sanctvary or lwly glorious residence of his Godhead; typified his person of shittim-wood overlaid with gold. It was four-
place, was in length 36½ feet, and in breadth or height as the glorious, fixed, and lasting means of our fel- square, almost 22 inches in length and breadth, and
half as much. Into this only the clean priests might lowship with, God; typified the. church, as formed by twice as much in height. Whether its top was a
enter; and in the west or inner end of it stood the manifold oracles, ordinances, and members, to be the golden grate I know not: it is certain it was sur-
golden candlestick, altar of incense, and table of residence of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and typi- rounded with a golden cornice, which prevented the
show-bread. Beyond, and sep:,,rated from this by fied heaven itself in its glorious fulness of redemption, falling of any incense from it. It had spires or horns
another vail of embroidered linen, suspended on four and as the honoured mansion of complete and immed- at the four corners of it, and was portable by staves
pillars of shittim-wood overlaid with gold, and fixed iate fellowship with God; and it wa.s an emblem of of shittim-wood fixed in its golden rings. It was con-
in sockets of silver, was the ORACLE or MOST HOLY every particular saint, whose soul and body are by secrated by an unction of blood and oil, and had its
PLACE, a &quare room of 1S¼ feet, into which only the Jesus built up and consecrated as temples to God, l horns annually tipped with the blood of the general
high-priest might enter on the day of expiation; and Ki.vi.-viiL; 1 Ch.xxii.-xxvi.; 29.1-9; 2 Ch.iii.-vi. expiation. Solomon seems to have made a new one
where the ark, with its furniture and the cloud of VI. The TYPICAL or SACRED UTENSILS were (1) The of cedar-wood, perhaps larger than that of Moses. It
glory overshadowiug it, had their residence. The ABK. It was a chest made of shittim-wood, very fine stood in the middle at the west end of the sanctuary,
tabernacle was solemnly consecrated at its erection, and almost incorruptible, overlaid with gold; 4 feet over against the mercy-seat. It represented J esns
and every year was sanctified anew on the day of 7 inches in length, 2 feet nine inches in breadth, and Christ appearing before God in our nature in his in-
e:z:piatioa. After it had been long carried from place as much in he.ight. At the top it had a golden cor- tercession, and presenting our services to him, Ex.30.
to place, all that was important of it was lodged in nice round about its lid, called the mercy-seat, because 1-10; 27.34-38; 37.25-29; l Ki.6.20; Re.8.3,4. (4j
Solomon's temple. It represented Jesus Christ, the the symbol of the divine presence rested on it, which The GOLDEN CANDLESTICK consisted of almost 114
free but altogether pure and precious gift of God, in was of pure gold. Out of the ends of this lid were pounds weight of gold beaten out into seven branches
his marvellous form but much unseen excellencies; in hammered two golden cherubim, which, with their adorned with knops and flowers. It stood on the
the order and connection of his offices, states, and expanded wings, covered the whole mercy-seat, while south side of the golden altar; and being daily snp•
everything else; as having in himself all fulness of they seemed to pore upon it. Within this ark were plied with sacred oil, and its lamps lighted and trim-
atoning, purifying, enlightening, interceding, nour- reposited the two tables of the moral law; and in some med by the priests, was the sole illuminator of the
ishing, law-magnifying virtue; as well-pleasing to other place of it the golden pot full of manna, Aaron's sanctuary. Solomon made ten golden candlesticks,
God; and as being the sole Mediator, in whom God budding rod, and a copy of Moses' law. Being con- and placed five of them on each side of the sanctuary.
and his people have fellowship one with another. It secrated by an unction of blood and cil, it ordinarily It represented Jesus Christ, who hath the seven spirits
also represented the church in her divine plan, her stood on the floor at the very west end of the holy of of Goel, as the sole enlightener of his church, and hi•
77
THE JEWISH LAWS .AND 1YPES.
eburrh as the enlightener of this dark world, Ex. 25. of the world. Never, till in the federal transaction
:i1-40; 40.22-25; Le.24.1-4; Nu.8.1-4; 1 Sa.3.3; 1 between God and Israel, Ex. xxiv., do we read of
of the brazen altar; but a very poor mun offere<)
an omer of fine flour, and a suspected adulteress an
'
Ki. 7.49; 2 Ch.4. 7. (5) The BRAZEN LAVER was a large any sacritices besides burnt-offerings. God having handful of barley - meal without any frankincense.
vessel holding water for the priests to wash their separated the Hebrews for a people to himself, exceed- They represented Jesus Christ, divinely charged with
hands or feet, or the sacrifices, while they were occu- ingly extended and expressly inculcated the law of our sins, a:ad dying to enable us to meet
pied in their work at the tabernacle or temple. It , typical oblations, including SACRIFICES, in which there God's justice, and fo-r advancing bis own and his
stood near to the entrance of the sanctuary. Solomon was a destruction of the animal life, to the honour of people's happiness, Le. iv. v.; 6. 1-7, 24-30; 7. 1-11;
formed ten new Javers, each capable of containing God; and GIFTS, in which no life was destroyed, as in xvi.; Nu. 15. 22-31. (3) PEACE-OFPERINGS, thanked
about 307 gallons 5 pints English wine-measure, five meat-offeringS, drink-offerings, soul-rans01n money, God for mercies received, and obtained mercies de-
of which he placed on each side of the entrance to the tithes, &c. While these oblations were intended as sired, or paid vows. They might be either of a male
sanctuary upon bases of curious workmanship. He an acknowledgment that the Hebrews held all their or female of the herd or flock, as the offerer pleased.
also formed a still larger vessel, called the BRAZEN SEA, property from God, they were typical of Jesus Christ, The fat was burned to the Lord; the right breast anct
which upon occasion could hold 23,029 gallons 5 pints, offered to God and useful to men, and generally repre- shoulder, cheeks ancl maw, belonged to the priests; and
which he placed upon 12 brazen oxen, three looking sented the moral duties of ministers and people. The the rest was returned to the offerer, to make a feast
towards each quarter. This represented Jesus Christ animals, as living, eatable, clean, tame, social, valu- thereof with his friends; which, if a thank-offering,
as the fountain opened for the purification of all able, male, and in the prime of life, &c., and the fine it behoved them to eat the same day; and in other
men, exhibited in the gospel by the tw~lve patient, flour, marked out the necessary excellency in Jesus cases on that and the next day. These offerings re-
pure, and laborious apostles, and other ministers, Ex. Christ and his people, and their services. The volun- presented Jesus Christ as securing for us everlasting
30. 17-21; 38.8; Le.8.10,11; 1 Ki. 7.23-40; 2Ch.4.2-o, tary manner in which they· were offered represented peace ancl prosperity, to the honour of bis Father, the
14,15; He.9.21. (6) The ALTAR, upon which the Lord's the willing and cheerful obedience of Christ and bis joy of ministers, and the speedy comfort of saved men,
part of the sacrifices and meat-offerings was burned. people. The presentation thereof at the door of the Le. iii.; 7. 11-21, 28, 34; De. 18. 3. (4) The MEAT•
Before the flood we read of no altars at all. Before tabernacle imported dedication to God, and acceptable- OFFERINGS, whether offered separately by themselves,
the erection of the· tabernacle the altars appear to ness through Christ's person and mediation. . The or as appendages to burnt-offerings, peace-offerings,
have been formed of earth or nnhewn stones; and such laying on of the offerer's hands imported the transfer- trespass-offerings, or to the kid and lamb sin-offerings,
were afterwards used on some particular occasions. ring of guilt on the sacrifice, and the devoting it to consisted of fine 'flour, frankincense, oil, and salt.
The:• represented Jesus in his debased state, bnt ca· God. The slaughter of the animals represented the Whether they were bak_ed or fried, or not, a part thereof
pable of enduring the suffering necessary to save. death of Christ, that the offerer ought thus to have was burned on the altar to the Lord, and the rest be-
That which .Moses formed consisted of shittim-wood suffered, and our surrender of our life to his service. longed to the priests. They represented Jesus Christ,
overlaid with bmss. It was about 9 feet square and The sprinkling of the blood round ab.out the altar or the most excellent fruit of the earth, prepared by
5½ feet high. I ts top was a brazen grate, through to1ca1·d• the mercy-seat, &c., marked the divine virtue dolorous sufferings to be the everlasting joy of JE-
which the ashes of the oblations fell into a pan below. of Christ's bloocl to satisfy a sinful world and purify HOVAH, and delightful nourishment of his chosen
At each corner it had a brazen spire or horn, which the whole church. The washing of the sacrifice, or people, Le.2.6,14-23; 7.9,10; Nu.l~.1-16; 18.9,10.
protected man-slayers. It was carried about when any part of it, marked the perfect purity of Christ, (5) The DRINK ·OFFERINGS of wine were scarcely ever
necessary on staves of shittim-wood overlaid with brass. in which his people ought to imitate him. The burn· used alone, but attended the meat-offerings. Part of
The new altar which Solomon built for the temple ing of the whole or part of the oblation represented the wine was poured out to the Lord on the altar, and
was 36½ feet square, and its height 18¼ feet. It had the sui'ferings of Christ and his people. The holy fire the rest was gh-en to the priests. They represented
an easy access on the east side. After the captivity a denoted the sacrifice of Christ for sinners, and that fulneS2 of consolation which flows from Jesus'
large pile of stones appears to have supplied the place holy love flaming in Christ and in his people. The offering of himself for us, and our feeding on him by
of it. This altar was consecrated by an unction of parting of the oblations between God and the priests, faith, Ex. 29.40; Nu.15.1-16; xxviii. xxix. (6) 'rhe
blood and oil. It represented J esns Christ in his or, in some cases, also the people, imported that the HOLY ANOINTING OIL was formed by pounding togetl1er
debased state as onr infinitely-valuable ~Iediator, all- obedience and suffering of Christ, and even of his myrrh, cinnamon, cassia, calamus, and olive-oil. By
sufficient atonement, and never-failing refuge from people, at once glorify God and bring advantage to an unction of it the priests and holy utensils were
God's wrath; through whom we have access to and men. consecrated to their sacred work; and on nothing else
nourishment from God,and our persons and services are These oblations were (1) BuRNT·OFFERINGs, so called migl1t it be put, or any ointment made like unto it,
rendered acceptable in his sight, Ex.27.1-9; 29.36,37; because the flesh was wholly burned. These were the under pain of death. It represented the Holy Ghost
38.1-7; 1 Ki.7.50; 2Ch.4.l; Ezr.3.3, with Ge.8.20; most dignified, as well as the most ancient and the in bis manifold precious virtues, by whom Jesus
12.7; 35.1,3; Ex.20.24,25; Nu.19.3; De.21.4; Jos.8. most frequent, being offered on eight or nine stated Christ, his ministers, people, and ordinances, are con-
30-35; Ju.6.24; lSa.7.6; 2Sa.24.25; lKi.8.63,64; times, and as many particular occasions; nay, re- secrated to, and fitted for their respective uses, Ex.30.
18.30,32. (7) For calling together the Hebrew assem- peatedly offered every day. Except when poverty 22-33. (7) The SOCL-RANSOM MONEY, of which every
blies, for &nnouncing their journeys in the wilderness, obliged a man to offer birds, they were al ways to be man, poor or rich, was to give half a shekel when the
for encouraging them in their battles, for proclaiming of male cattle, sheep or kids. Being presented at the congregation was numbered, if not once every year,
their festivals, or for triumphing on them by a solemn door of the tabernacle, and by the laying on of hands, that there might be Iio plague among them, repre-
sound over the sacrifices, Moses made two SILVER charged with the offender's guilt, they were slain, and sented Jesus Christ as a ransom, equally given for
TRUMPETS for the priests. Solomon increased the the flesh being rendered all pure, burned on the altar; both poor and rich, to prevent the infliction of God's
number to 120. These represented the gospel, by the the blood was sprinkled round about it; and the skin wrath on his people, Ex.30.11-16; 38.23,26. (8) The
preaching of which sinners are gathered to Jesus, ani- given to the priest. A meat-offering and driuk-oG'~~- FIRST-FRGITS of animals, vegetables, dough, wool, &c.,
mated to their spiritual pilgrimage, encouraged in ing always attended them. They represented Jesus which were partly assigned to the Lord, and partly
their Christian warfare, and have their liberties and Christ, by the complete sacrifice of himself, honouring to the priests, represented Jesus Christ as the gre~t
spiritual feasts announced; and of which the great all bis Father's perfections, that his people might ob- honourer of God,. and the sanctifying head of his
subject is Christ and him crucified, Nu.10.1-10; 2 Ch. tain spiritual clothing, nourishment, and comfort, Le. people; and represented his people as the glory and
5.12; Ps.81.1,2; 89.15. (8) The STANDARDS of weight 1.2,13; 6.8-13; 7.8; 22.19-27; Nu.15.1-16; xxviii. preservers of nations and churches, Ex.13.12-16; 22.
and measure kept in the sanctuary might represent xxix. (2) The SIN and TRESPASS OFFERINGS were never 29,30; Le. 22. 27; Ku.18.12-18; 15.17-21. (9) 'ro
Christ's Word and his perfect pattern, Eze.55.9-12; merely voluntary. Their matter was regulated ac- commemorate the Israelites' living in the wilderness
Ex.30.13. cording to the station, crime, or ability of the offerer. on tenth deals of manna, their limited meat-offerings
VII. TYPICAL OBLATIONS. Immediately after the A bullock was offered for a priest, or for the congre- were all proportioned by tenth deal,, Ku. 15.1-16.
fall God appears to have instituted sacrifices. With gation, or for their rulers; the fat was burned on the For the same reason the share which the Lord de-
the skins of sacrificed animals our first parents were altar; the rest of the animal burned without the camp; manded of their crop was measured by TENTHS or
clothed by him, Ge. 3. 21. Abel's offering of a sheep, and the blood partly sprinkled on the golden altar, or TITHES. One-tenth of their whole income from their
Noah's oblations of animals and fowls, Abraham's towards the mercy-seat; and the rest poured at the fields, &c., was assigned to the Levites in general,
oblation of a ram instead of Isaac, Ge. 4. 4; 8. 20; 22. bottom of the brazen altar. In other cases the priest who gave a TENTH part thereof to the priests. A
13; Job's offerings for hi• children, and his friends' bad the flesh for his share, and the blood, except ·of second TENTH of their incomes was appointed to be
oblation for themselves, Job 1. 5; 42. 8; are the most the expiation goat and leper's trespass-offering, was spent in feasting the poor, &c., at the sacred festival&.
noted sacrifices we read of during the first 2513 years sprinkled on the horns, and round about the bottom At least every third year ANOTHER TENTH, or perhaps
78 I
THE JEWISH LAWS .AND TYPES.
to be given to the Levites and public mcney, and charged with the guilt of all the gospel which followed it, a sheaf of barley was pub-
8
•""ND TENTH, wa d
ue 5.,w b . b mes. These TITHES figure out tribes, by the laying on of the hands of the stationary licly reaped, thrashed, and winnowed: an onier of tl<d
we p00r .atteir o . .
the abundant p1 ovis10n of his people; men who represented them, was offered for the nation 'l(!eal or ears, being waved and lteaved along with
Jesus ChrISt as the abundant means of his satisfac- every morning about nine o'clock, while the incense frankincense and oil, part of it was burnt on the altar
. and bi8 people as They represent,"1 the duty of our
. ht was burned on the golden altar, and the people prayed along with a lamb for burnt-oflering, and part of its
. nd dehg · · th in the court; and another in the afternoon; with their double meat-oflering, Le. 23. 9-14. (6) To give thanks
uon ~ a considerable part of our rncomes to e
devoting . tai•ning bis faithful ministers in a respective meat-offerings and drink-offerings, Ex. 29. for their quiet possession of Canaan, and for the mer-
nd of malll
Lord • a Ku 18 20-32 · De. 14. 22-29. (10) 38-45; Le. 6. 9, 12; Nu. 28. 1-8, &c. (2) To prefigure cies of the finished harvest; to commemorate the pub-
t wanner, ;. . · · ' . lication of the law from l\Iount Sinai; to prefigure the
decen b. or persons assigned to the Lord by the evangelical and celestial rest, and more abundant
DEV oTED t mgs . manifestation of Jesus Christ therein, not only was effusion of the Holy Ghost after our Saviour's ascen-
· more or less solemn. Nothing belong-
Iuntary ,•ow, • fi _;; · every SABBATH to be observed as a d!'Y of rest from all sion, and the amazing spread and influence of the
vo ·d by an antecedent claim, as rst-.,ru,ts,
•og to the 1 01 . gospel by means thereof, was the festival of PENTE•
1 mi ht be devoted. Nothing devoted might manner of work, and used in the exercises of devotion,
tithes, &c.' d !ack without paying a fifth-part more but thereon the morning and evening sacrifices were COST observed; i.e. of the fiftieth day after the pass-
be redeeme · ·t's 'estimation • of its· wort h . A n d no- doubled,Ex.31.12-li; 35.2,3; Nu.15.32-35; 28.9,10. over, about our Whitsuntide. No servile work was
than the pries done thereon. Besides the ordinary festival sacrifice
. d t d under a curse could be redeemed at all. (3) To thank God for the merciful alternations of the
thmg evo e moon and changing of the seasons; to expiate the of two bullocks, two rams, and seven lambs, for a
bese gifts represented Jesus Christ and his saints
T •r deliberately and constantly devoted to sins, and make grateful acknowledgment of the mer- burnt-offering, and a kid for a sin-offering, another
voluntari Y, .. . cies of the finished month, and to supplicate the con- sacrifice was offered of one bullock, two rams, and
ibe service of God, Le. xxvIL .
The WAVE and HEAVE OFFERINGS were not different tinnance of these favours, and to represent the reno- seven lambs, for a burnt-offering, a kid for a sin-
from what we have mentioned, but were either less vation of all things to infinite advantage by Jesus' offering, and two lambs for a peace-oC'Jring, along
,acred oblations, or bnt a part of the m_ore sacred. incarnation and mediation, and the happy and exten- with two leavened loaves, each containing a tenth deal
Thus the right shoulder and br~ast, f~t, kidneys, &c., sive ·discovery and virtue of himself and his work in of fine flour; as the first-fruits of their finished wheat
of the priest's ram of consecration, with the loaf, the the eva.ngelical and eten,al state; the DAY OF THE NEW harvest. In presenting this oblation they made a
cake of oiled bread, and wafer of unleavened bread, MOON' s APPEARANCE was celebrated by abstinence from solemn acknowledgment of the original meanness of
which attended it, Ex.29.22-26; Le.8.25-29; the right the servile labours of ploughing, sowing, &c., and a their nation, and of God"s gracious fulfilment of his
shoulder and breast, and perhaps the fat, of all peace- large burnt-offering of two bullocks, one ram, and promises to them, Ex.23.14-17; 34.22,23; Le.23.15-
otferings, with the leavened loaf of the thank-offering, seven lambs; and a sin-offering of one kid was offered 21; Nu.28.26-31; De.16.9-12; 26.1-11. (7) To com-
Le. i. 30; JO. 15; the lepers' trespass-offering with its for the congregation; over which i;acrifice the priests memorate the creation of all things at this season; to
attendant log of oil, Le.14.12,24; the jealousy-offer- blew with the silver trumpets, Am. 8. 5; 2 Ki. 4. 22; thank God for the mercies of the finished civil year,
ing, ;\'u. 5. 25; the sheaf or omer of ripe ears at the Nu.28.11-15; 10.10; Ps.81.1,2. (4) To commemorate and to obtain mercies for the year now commencing;
feast of unleavened brea·d, Le.23.15; the two loaves at the Hebrews' deliverance from Egypt; to seal the cove- to prepare the people for the great day of atonement;
Pentecost, and their attendant peace-offering, Le.23. nant of grace with the genuine seed of Abraham; to and especially to prefigure the joyful and efficacious
19,20; the first of the dough, Nu.15.19,21; the tithes, prefigure our redemption through the sacrifice of spread of the gospel of our crucified Redeemer, was the
;\'u.18.24-30; the Lord's tribute of the spoil of lllidian, Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, in the end of the FEAST OF TRUMPETS observed on the first day of the
;\'u.31.29.41; were he.aved up towards heaven, or waved world, by the rulers and people of Judah at this very first civil, but seventh sacred month. No aerv;/e work
towards the four winds, in acknowledgment of their season of the year; and to represent our safe and de- was done thereon. To the new-moon offering abov6
coming from God, and in token of devoting them to lightful feeding on him by faith and with godly sor- mentioned was added another sacrifice of one bullock,
his service, who is the Most High, and everywhere row; the PASSOVER was yearly observed on the 14th one ram, and seven lambs for a burnt-offering, and a
present JEHOVAH. day of that month in which they came out of Egypt; kid for a sin-offering. The silver trumpets, or others
.More abundantly to represent J esns Christ in his which, for commemoration of that deliverance, was of rams' horns, were blown over the burning sacrifices
person, his righteousness, and the virtue of them, two appointed to begin their sacred year, and answered from morning till night, Nn.29.1-6; 10.10. (8) Per-
or more of the simple sacrifices were often joined to- nearly to our month of J\,larch. A male lamb or kid haps to commemorate the fall of man on this day of
gether. Thus, for the consecration of the Levites, for of a year old was taken, sacrificed, or at least slain; the year, or to commemorate God's reconcilement to
the purification of a defiled N azarite, for the purifica- its blood sprinkled on the door-posts and upper lintel, Israel after they had worshipped the golden calf, or
tion of a woman polluted by child-birth, for the puri- as a means of preservation from the angel who de- contemned Canaan; but chiefly for expiating the sins
fication of one cured of a running issue, and for a stroyed the first-born of the Egyptians; and the flesh of the preceding year, and to prefigure Jesus' debased
congregational sin of ignorance or bird-expiation, a of it being roasted, without breaking a bone thereof, and laborions course of obedience and suffering as the
burnt-offering and a sin-offering were connected, Le. was eaten that same night by about twelve or twenty sole mean of atonement for a guilty world before God,
5.7; 12.6,8; 15.14,30; Nn. 8.12; 6.11; 15. 24. For in a company, with unleavened bread, bitter herbs, the ANNUAL ExPiATION was observed on the 10th day
the consecration of priests, a sin-offering, burnt-offer- and pious conference. Snch as could not observe it of this month. No manner of work was to be done
ing, and ram of consecration, i.e. a kind of peace- that very day did it on that same day in the following thereon more than on the Sabbath. All the Hebrews
olfering, Ex. xxix. ; Le. viii. ix. For a N azarite after month, Ex.xii.; Le.23.5; Jos.5.10; De.16.1-7; Nu.9. observed it, in solemn fasting and ajfliction of their
finishing his vow, a sin-offering, burnt-offering, and 9-14; 28.16; 2 Ch. 30.1-20; 35.1-18. (5) To com- souls. After the daily sacrifice of a lamb for a burnt-
peace-offering, Nu. 6.14. For the purification of a heal- memorate the Israelites' affliction and coarse fare in offering, and the festival sacrifice of one bullock, onP.
ed leper, a bird-offering, a burnt-offering, a sin-offering, Egypt, and their sudden deliverance therefrom; to ram, seven lambs, for a burnt-offering, and a kid for
and a trespass-offering, Le. 14. 6-20. For dedicating commemorate their seven days· travels before they got a sin-offering, were finished, the high-priest, washed
the Mosaic altar, burnt-offerings, sin-offerings, peace- through the Red Sea; to prefigure the low and afflict- in water, and mostly dressed in his plain garments,
offerings, twelve days repeated, Nu. vii. For dedicated, but devout life of our Redeemer and of his saints performed the whole work of sacrificing peculiar to
ing Solomon's temple, large burnt-offerings and peace- on earth; and to prefigure the fate of his gospel church; that day. For himself and his fellow-priests he offered
olferings, 1 Ki.8. 63,64. For dedicating Zerubbabe!'s the FEAST OF UNLEAVENED BREAD was observed on the a bullock for a sin-offering. Having carried some in-
temple, burnt-offerings, sin-offerings, and peace-offer- seven days which followed the passover; on the first cense into the holy of holies, and kindled it before,
ings, Ezr.6.16. At Pentecost, a burnt-offering, sin- and last of which no servile work of ploughing, sow- perhaps on the west side of the ark, he carried in part
olfering, and peace-offering, Le.23.15-21; Nu.28.26- ing, or the like, was transacted. No bread but un- of the bullock's blood, and sprinkled it amidst the
31. At the other monthly and annual, festivals, a leavened was eaten upon any of the seven. On each smoke of the incense, once towards the top, and seven
uurnt-offering and sin-offering, Le. xxiii.; Nu. xxviii. of them two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs, were times towards the foreside of the ark. Of the two
J:Xl't.,
offered for a burnt-offering, and a kid for a sin-offer- goats for a sin-offering for the whole nation, one chosen
YIII. TYPICAL OR SACRED SEASONS. (l) To be a con• ing for the congregation. The silver trumpets were by lot was offered: part of its blood was carried into
Btant mean of Israel's fellowship with God, and to blown over the burnt-offering, while it lay on the the most holy place, and sprinkled once towards the
represent Jesus Christ as promised before the altar, Ex. 12. 17-20; 13. 4-10; 23.14-17; 34. 18; Le. top, and seven times towards the front of the mercy-
foundation of the world, and in these last times offer- 23. 6-8; De. 16. 8; Nu. 28. 17-25. To sanctify the seat, to make atonement for the oracle.and sanctuary,
ed for all the world, to be the constant nourishment of approaching harvest, and prefigure the resurrection of which was ceremonially polluted by the sins of the
their souls, and daily mean of their access to God and Jesus Christ, our great sacrifice from the dead, on that worshippers who attended At it. The re.st of the hlood
familiar intimacy with him-a lamb, bought with the very day of the year, and the effectual spread of the of the goat, mingled with part of the blood of tho
79
f>ullock, w~ sprinkled towards both sides of the sanc- jubilee a sale took place, the price of lands was so spection in the priests judging of it, and which repre
tuary. The horns of the golden, and I suppose also much the lower, Le.25.8-55. sented sinful corrupt10n reigning or raging in persons,
of the brazen altar, were tipped therewith seven times. IX. TYPICAL PURIFICATIONS. If a Hebrew under families, or nations, the leper was seven times sprinkled
The other goat, after being charged with the guilt of ceremonial uncleanness ate of the sacred oblations; if with a mixture of water and of the blood of the slain
the nation, confessed to God over his head, was dis- he ate any blood or any fat of sacrificeable animals; bird: he shaved off all the hair on his flesh, and washed
missed by a fit person into the wilderness. Two rams, if he contemned the ordinance of circumcision, the his body and clothes ; and though admitted to the
one for the priests and another for the people, were passover, or water of separation; or if he were charge- camp, was for seven days restrained from entering his
then offered for burnt-offerings; along with the fat of able with murder, adultery, or any other presumptuous own house: on the seventh day he again shaved off all
the bullock and goat of the sin-offerings; the flesh of sin, no means of purification or of atonement were left the hair on his flesh, and washed his body and clothes;
which was burned without the camp. The high-priest him,-an awful hint to presumptuous contemners of on the eighth day he offered a trespass-offering, a sin-
then solemnly blessed the people, :&u.29.7-11; Le.23. Jesus Christ or his oracles and ordinances, that for offering, a burnt-offering, and a log of oil. The priest
26-32; xvi. (9) To commemorate the Israelites' safe them is reserved ·nothing but everlasting destruction touched the extremities of the leper's body with part
dwelling in their tents for forty years in the Arabian from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of of the blood of the trespass-offering. After sprinkling
wilderness; to show their thankfulness to God for their his power, Nu.15.30,31; 1 Sa.3.14. But (1) If a wife part of the oil seven times towards the tabernacle, he
happy enjoyment of their fruitful country; to pre- were suspected of adultery, the case was cleared by a in like manner touched the extremities of the body of
figure Jesus' tabernacling in our nature, and through solemn adjuration of her before God by the priest; a the healed leper therewith, and poured another part
his whole life solemnly offering np himself an infinitely coarse offering of barley-meal, to bring sin to remem- of it on his head. Thus his purification not a little
valuable sacrifice to God, to make reconciliation for brance; and a drinking of holy water impregnated resembled the consecration of the high-priest. The
the sins of-his people; to prefigure the state of the with dust of the sanctuary, and with ink which had leprous house was purified by a sevenfold sprinkling
gospel church, the abundant manifestation and virtue marked the curse due to adultery. If she were guilty, of bird's blood mingled with runniug water, Le. xiii.
of a crucified RedeP,mer therein, and the noted reet this draught made her thighs to rot and her belly to xiv. And if a man had but a seab suspected for a
and joy of the apostolic and spiritual periods.; and swell; if she were innocent, it rendered her healthy leprosy, he had to wash his clothes, Le.13.6. (7) In
to represent the believers' pilgrimage on earth, and at and fruitful,-an awful token of God's detestation of DEFILEMENT contracted from RUNNING ISSUES, which
last happy entrance into heaven; was the FEAST OF adultery and every approach thereto, or ill-grounded represented the scandalous eruptions of indwelling
TABERNACLES celebrated by all the ·Israelites, at the suspicion thereof; and that, by the effect of Jesus' lusts, which are extremely infectious, the person when
place where God's tabernacle or temple stood, on the death and word, and of afflictive providences on their healed continued seven days in his purification; he
15th and seven following days of the seventh sacred hearts, the hypocrisy or sincerity of professors is much washed his body and clothes in running water; and
and.first civil month. The first and last days thereof tried in this life; and that dreadful shall be the trial on the eighth offered two turtle-doves or two young
were solemn convocations, on which no servile work and punishment of hypocrites at last, Nu. v. (2) Not pigeons, the one for a sin-offering and the other for 11
was done; the people dwelt in booths formed of olive- only was the general pollution of the Hebrew nation, burnt-offering. He who touched the flesh or the bed
branches, &c.; and sin-offerings, and large, but con- and of the tabernacle, temple, and ordinances, which of the person who had the issue, or had sat on his
stantly decreasing burnt-sacrifices, were offered on they had infected, annually purged by the GREAT seat, or been spit upon by him, had to wash his body
each of the days for the Israelitish nation, Le.23.33- EXPIATION already mentioned; but when murder was and clothes, and remain unclean until the even. He
43; De.16.13-15; 31.10; Ne.8.13-18; Nu.29.12-38. committed, and the murderer unknown, an unyoked who but touched what had been under the unclean
The law was read with peculiar solemnity at the feast heifer, brought by the nearest magistrates, was slain person had to remain unclean until the even, if not
of tabernacles, &c.; and it was only at THIS FEAST, the in a rough valley over running water. The magis- also to bathe himself and wash his clothes. The vessel
FASSOVER or feast of unleavened bread, and PENTECOST, trates, washing their hands over the slain heifer, of earth which had been touched by the unclean person
that all the males of Israel, capable of travelling, were solemnly protested their innocence of the crime and was to be broken, and that of wood to be rinsed in
obliged to attend, Ex.23.14-17; 34.22,23; De.16.16. their ignorance of the criminal; and the priests present water, Le.xv. (8) To purge out the DEFILEMENT con-
(10) For securing solemn instruction to the Hebrew supplicated forgiveness.-A figure this of our redemp- tracted from DEAD BODIES, which represented a heart
nation; for relief of the poor, especially such as were tion through the death of Jesus Christ, the seed of the dead in sin and a fallen covenant-head, a red unyoked
In debt; and to mark Canaan the Lord's peculiar aud woman, in the rough valley of this world, and the heifer was to be slain without the camp, even for the
rightful property; to manifest that not its fruitful influence of his pnre and purifying Spirit as connected next in dignity to the high-priest. Her blood was
soil, but God's providence was their security for a sup- therewith, De. xxi (3) In DEFILEMENT contracted seven times sprinkled towards the tabernacle. Her
i:;:y; and to prefigure our spiritual redemption, liberty, from HOLY THINGS, the high-priest, who offered the flesh, and the rest of her blood, and even her excre-
and rest, through Jesus Christ, particularly in the goat of the GREAT ANNUAL EXPIATION, and sprinkled ments, were burned, together with cedar-wood, hyssop,
New Testament church and heavenly state; the its blood; he who led the scape-goat into the wilder- and scarlet wool; and the ashes were laid up in a clean
SEVENTH YEAR, beginning with the seventh sacred ness, or who burned the flesh of sin-offerings for priests place without the camp. Of these ashes, mingled with
month, when the fields were quite clear of their crop, or the congregation; was purified by a simple washing running water, the wat,r of purificat:on was formed.
was observed as a sabbath. The fields lay unculti- in water, Le. 4. 16, 24-28. The brazen-pot, in which He who touched a dead body or any part of it, or a
vateu; their spontaneous growth was common pro- the flesh of other sin-offerings was boiled, was purified grave, remained seven days in his uncleanness. He
perty, but chiefly belonged to the poor. And the debt by washing and rinsing; but if it were an earthen was to be sprinkled with the water of purification on
which one Israelite owed to another was forborne if vessel, it could not be cleansed at all, Le. 6. 28. The the third and seventh day by a clean person with a
not remitted, Le. 25. 2-7; De. 15.1-18; 31.10. (11) priest, who killed the red heifer; and he who casts the bunch of hyssop: on the seventh day he had to wash
To keep the property of their respective shares of cedar-wood, hyssop, and scarlet wool into the fire with himself and his clothes. The house or tent in which
Canaan fixed in the Hebrew families, and to keep their her flesh; he that burned her flesh; he that carried a person had died, and all the vessels in it, remained
genealogies clear till Christ should come; to prevent her ashes and laid them up in a clean place; he who unclean seven days, and were purged by the sprinkled
perpetual oppression, poverty, and bondage, or even sprinkled the water of separation, or even touched it; water of purification; and even he who touched any•
undue hastening to be rich; but chiefly to prefigure had to wash himself or clothes, if not both, and remain thing which the unclean person had touch,'<i was
our redemption by Jesus Christ in the evangelical and unclean until the even, Nu.19.7,8,10,21,22. (4) In rendered unclean until the even, Nu. xix. These
celestial state of the church; that year, which, begin- DEFILEMENT contracted from UNCLEAN ANIMALS, which PURIFICATIONS represented our spiritual cleansing from
ning on the 10th day of the seventh sacred month, i.e. are emblems of wicked persons, he who touched their the sin of our holy exercises,-the sin of our fellow•
the fast of expiation, consisting partly of the 49th carcass was unclean until the even; and he who bore ship with wicked men,-the sin of our original cor·
and partly of the 50th year, was observed as a JUBILEE their carcass or ate thereof had to wash his clothes ruption or natural actions,-the sin of our indwelling
of rest. It was proclaimed by sound of trumpet through and remain unclean until the even, Le. xi.; De. xiv. lusts or infectious outbreakings, by the sacrifice, blood,
the whole country; perhaps most of the inhabitants (5) While circumcision ceremonially purged the ori- and Spirit of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God .ind seed
joined in the solemn sound. The fields lay unculti- ginal defilement of the child, Ge.17.9-14;Jos.5.2-8; of the woman, continually applied to our conscience,
vated. The spontaneous growth belonged chiefly to the DEFILEMENT contracted by the mother IN CHILD· heart, and practice while we live in this world.
the poor. Every debt which one Israelite or proselyte BIRTH, after remaining therein for a time, and twice
of the covenant owed to another was absolutely and as long in the case of a female child as in that of
finally remitted. Slaves and prisoners were set free. a male, was removed by a burnt-offering and a sin-
Estates which had been soi.I reverted to their original offering, Le.xii. (6) In purging the DEFILEMENT con-
proprietors; and hence the nearer to the approaching tracted by LEPROSY, which required so much circum-
80
GEOG.RA.PHY AND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
tinguished estrangement from the know ledge of the / there a coast or isle adapted to tradt in the Medit.cl'
true God, miserable bondage to Satan and to their ranean to which they did not send forth their colonies.
CH.APTER IV. fellows of mankind, have in every age been the general ~ o doubt multitudes who fled from the sword of
VIB'II' or THE GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF
characteristics of the descendants of Ham, particularly Joshua, Barak, or David, took retuge among them,
6 8JIOBT • OIISSARY FOR THE RIGHT UNDERSTAND· of those by Canaan. Never that we know of did they while others retired to Greece, nort:.. of .Africa, &c.,
JIATIOllB, NE form themselves into any extensive and lasting em- and there formed themselves into powerful states.
HISTORICAL AND ESPECIALLY THE PRO·
Jl(G OF THE ' pire. Never, except for a short time aud in a very The Tyrians entered into a brotherly covenant ot
aETICAL PARTS OF SCRIPTURES, THE CORRESPON·
p OF WHICH ARE ALL ALONG GENERALLY restricted extent, have they been able to rule over the friendship with the Israelites under David and Solo-
KJIT TEXTS
descendants of Shem or Japheth, Ge. x.; 9. 25-27. mon, 2 Sa. v.; 1 Ki. v. ix. ; .Am. 1. 9. But this theJ
D D OUGHT TO BE CAREFULLY COMPARED,
QUOTED, AN But a more particular account of these descendants of grossly violated in joining the grand alliance against
d CANAAN are the ·countries on earth Noah mentioned in Scripture is necessary. Jehoshaphat, Ps.83.7; and in deliveringnpJewish refu-
CHALDEA an .
. t' of which claim our particular regard, I. Not long after God ~ad frustrated the attempt of gees to the Edomites in the days of Jehoram and Ahaz,
ibe s1tua ions h .
the respective bearings of ot er countries mankind at Babel, and confounded their language, the or in selling them to the Grecians for slaves, Joel 3.4-6;
and to t hese • • · t C CANAANITES, descended from Ham's youngest son, in .Am. I. 9. To punish this and their other abounding
have somewhat peculiarly 1mportan . . HALDEA was
ly to the westward of the river Euphrates, seven principal nations of .Amorites, Hittites, Jebus- impieties, Shalmaneser, king of .Assyria, about A.M.
aituated most
the 31st and 35th degree of north latitude, ites, Girgashites, Perizzites, Hivites, &c., took posses- 3282, ravaged their country, took multitudes prisoners,
betw~nth 5th 46th 47th, 48th, and 49th of east sion of CANAAN, and formed themselves into almost as and sold them to the .Arabs for slaves, ls.xxiii.; Joel
and Ill e 4 ' ' many kingdoms as they had cities, Ge.10.15-19; 12.6; 3.4-8; .Am.1.9,10. But the Tyrians having defeated
long,•t ude from London. It had Northern . .Arabia on
the west, Persia on the east, Assyria on the north· 13.7; 14.2,5-7; 15.19-21; Ex.3.8; 23.23; Jos.xii.; his fleet, obliged his troops, who had besieged their
east, and Mesop 0 tamia on the north:west. Thro~gh J u.1. 7. Notwithstanding all that llfelchizedek, one capital for five years, to retire. They then pushed
these territories ran south-eastward mto t~e Persian of their kings, could do to reform them, they quickly their traffic with more assiduity and vigour than ever.
G If the famed rivers of Euphrates and H1ddekel, or became monsters in wickedness; and God punished There was scarcely a nation in the west of .Asia, north
~ · Here about the 32d degree of north latitude, them with terrible ravage and reduction by Chedor- of .Africa, or south of Europe with which they had
T1gr1s. '
God created man and planted the garden of Eden laomer, king of Elam, Ge.13.13; xiv. .Abont sixteen not some trading. The whole strengtL of Phenicia
the banks of the united stream of the rivers just years after, A. M. 2107, their kingdoms of Sodom, was employed in their fleets and armies, Is. 23. lt;
0
::::tioned; and "hich, a little below, was divided Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim were, for their un- Eze. xxvii. Provoked with their attempts to assist
into the two rivers of Pison on the west, and Gihon natural lewdness, consumed with fire and brimstone Zedekiah, king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar, king of
on the east, Ge. 2. 8-14; 2 Ki. 19. 12, 13; Eze. 27. 21. from heaven, and the country turned into a dead Babylon, after he had sacked Jerusalem, A.M. 3416,
The spot was not only extremely delightful in itself, and poisonous lake, into which the river Jordan hath marched his troops into Phenicia, and marking his
but adapted for the spread of mankind from thence since rnn without any visible outlet, Ge. xviii. xix.; motions with terrible ravage and bloodshed, multi-
into the rest of the world. From the wood of which Job 18. 11-21; Is.1.9,10; 13.19; Eze.16.49,50; .Am. tudes were slain,or taken prisoners and sold for slaves.
i\oah built his ark, one is tempted to think that it 4.11; Zep.2.9; 2Pe.2.6; Jnde7. The rest of the The merchants fled away to Cilicia, Spain, Carthage,
was formed in this country. Not long after the flood Canaanites were reprieved about 440 years longer, till &c. By fire and sword he rendered their once glori-
we find the bulk of mankind in the plain of Shinar, God had prepared the Hebrew nation to take posses- ous country almost utterly desolat,e. Ethbaal, their
and building the tower of Babylon, which could scarcely sion of their country, Ge.15.16. .And for some time haughty monarch, was ignominiously slain. .And
be J:iO miles to the north-westward of Eden, Ge.11. before the Hebrews invaded Canaan,God had weakened after a siege of thirteen years, Tyre was taken, A. M.
1-9. Here :'i'imrod erected the first kingdom· that we the natives by pestilence, swarms of insects, civil wars, 3432; but the inhabitants had removed themselves
know of on earth. Not long after, .Ashur, a descend- and the like, Ex.23.28; Nn.13.32; De.7.20; Jos.24. and their valuable effects to a neighbouring island
ant of Shem, erected another at Nineveh, about 150 12; Jn.1. 7. Within about seven years Moses con- about seventy paces from the shore. Disappointed of
miles to the north-east, on the river Hiddekel, Ge. 10. quered two powerful kingdoms on the east, and the rich booty which they expected as the reward ol
»-12. Joshua thirty-one lesser kingdoms on the west of their inexpressible fatigues, the Chaldeans raged like
From Babel the posterity of Noah gradually dis· Jordan, and gave their land to the Israelites, Ge.15. infernal spirits, abusing and murdering the few weak
persed themselves into the different quarters of the 18-21; Ex.3.8; 23.23; 34.11; Nu.21.21-35; xxxii. or sickly Tyrians whom they could find, burning the
world. The descendants of JAPHETH, who became xxxiv.; De. 2.26-37; 3.1-20; Jos. vi.-xxi. Such city, and hurling the ashes thereof into the sea. That
by far the most numerous, removed northward, and Canaanites as were left in the land (many of them Nebuchadnezzar in his fury pursued the fugitiv~
peopled the northern half of Asia. Thence the de- being made tributaries), having seduced the Israelites Tyrians into the north of .Africa, the l\Iediterranean
"""ndanl.8 of Javan and Gomer moved to the north- into a compliance with their idolatries, retained or isles, or south-west of Spain, as some writers pretend,
west, and peopled Eµrope. No doubt the descendants recovered a considerable part of the strongest places is scarcely probable. It is more likely that those in
of Magog, or others, moved from Eastern Tartary into of the country. They even formed themselves into a the island pacified his rage by a partial submission.
America, and peopled a great part of that country. mighty kingdom in Western Galilee, which, governed But to the inexpressible grief and vexation of not only
The p08terity of SHEM peopled the southern part of by Jabin, did for twenty years terribly oppress the the Phenicians themselves, bnt of the merchants who
Aaia, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Syria, .Arabia, Chaldea, Israelites. But their army was defeated, and it is traded with them, much of the Tyrian wealth was lost
Persia,Judea,and perhaps China. Bnt in later times, probable their empire unhinged, by Barak, De. vii.; in the sea or otherwise destroyed; and never while the
by the invasions of the Greeks, Romans, Tartars, and Nu. 33. 55,56; Jos. 23.11-16; Jn.i.-iv.; Ezr.9.11,12; Chaldean monarchy continued did thby recover their
Turks, and by the European settlements in the East Ps.106.34-40. Such as still remained we may sup- power or traffic, Is. xxiii.; Je.25.9,22; 27.3-8; 47.4;
Indies, most of what once pertained to the descendants pose assisted the llfidianites, and especially the Phi- Eze.xxvi.-xxviii.; Joel 3.4-8; Am.1.9,10.
of Shem is now subjected to those of J apheth. Of listines, to oppress the Israelites, Ju.vi. x. xiii.; 1 Sa. But, just seventy years after the Chaldeans had
the po.terity of HAM, the Canaanites took up their iv. xm. xxxi. But King David and Solomon reduced destroyed their city on the continent, instead of which
dwelling in that pleasant country which has been them all as slaves to their people. The latter em- they had built one npon the island, we find the Tyri-
aince called by their name, and which God had marked ployed 153,000 of them in the most servile parts of ans a11Sisting Darius Hystaspes, king of Persia, against
out for the residence of his peculiar people. It lies his work-in building his temple, palace, &c., Ge.9. the Ionian rebels of Lesser .Asia, A. M. 3502. They
in the 32d, 33d, and 34th degrees of north latitude, 25,26; 2 Sa.5.6-9; 1 Ki.5.15,16; 9.20,21; 1 Ch.11.4-8; also aided Xerxes, his son, in his mad invasion of
and the 36th and 37th of east longitude from London, 2 Ch. 2. 17,18; 8. 7,8. While part of the Canaanites Greece. Having fortified their new city, and recover-
about four hundred miles westward of Babylon. It continued among the Israelites till after their caped their enriching trade, they and their fellow Pheni-
h.. Arabia on the east and south, F.gypt on the south- tivity, tempting them to idolatry, others joined their cians, in conjunction with the Egyptians, attempted
We,;t, the Mediterranean Sea on the west, Mount Gibeonite brethren, dedicating themselves to the ser- to free themselves from the Persian yoke. .About A.l!l.
Lehanon and Syria on the north, and shall hereafter vile work of God's temple under the name of Neth- 3653 .Artaxerxes Ochus ravaged their country in his
be more particularly described. The rest of Ham's inims, l Ch.9.2; Ezr.ix.x.; 2.55,58; Ne.2.3; xiii. inhuman manner. The Zidonians, finding themselves
off,pring, after part of them had continued for some Such Canaanites as had formed themselves into the betrayed in the siege by Tennes their king, and Men-
g,·nerations in Asia, removed south-westward to .Africa, kingdoms of Zidon and Tyre, on the north-west of tor his Grecian general, set fire to their city and
and (leopled it. No doubt some of them from thence, Canaan, not only escaped the sword of the Jewish perished in the flames, to the number of 40,000. The
~y means of tempests or otherwise, crossed the ocean conquerors, but for many ages carried on a most rest of the Phenicians submitted, and had their slavery
ll>to South America and the islands adjacent. Dis- flourishing trade, especially by sea. Scarcely wu increased. Mnch about the same time the slaves mur•
81
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
r
dered almost all their masters at 'fyre. Highly· pro- Jonathan, Saul, or David, could long restrain their first-born were slain in one night, and their um,
•oked with their refusing to admit him into their city, implacable res~ntment, Ju.3.31; xiii.-xvi.; 1 Sa.iv.- drowned in the Red Sea, A.M. 2513, Ex.i.-xiv.
that he might sacrifice to their principal idol, Alex- vii. xiii. xiv. xvii. x1iii. xxxi.; 2 Sa.v.; 1 Ch.14. 8-17. Perhaps provoked with the contempt which Solomon
ander the Great, about A.M. 3672, laid siege to Tyre; At last David reduced their country, 2 Sa. 8. 1; 1 Ch. had discovered for their princess, his queen, in coliect,-
and, with infinite labour and expense, took it by 18.1. But towards the end of his reign they attempting his seraglio of women, the Egyptians became his
storm, after a siege of seven months. About 15,000 ed to rernlt, 2 Sa. 21. 13-22; 1 Ch. 20. 4-8. Not long enemies, and protected his opponents. Shishak, who
of the inhabitants had fled off in the Zidonian ships; after the di vision of the Hebrew monarchy they re· it seems first united Egypt under one king, and e:x.
and many of their wives and children had been trans- newed the war with the ten tribes, 1 Ki.15.27; 16.15. tended his empire far ana wide into Africa and Asia,
ported to Carthage when the siege began. Of the To their own hurt they joined in the grand alliance A.M. 3034, ravaged Judea, 1 Ki. xi.; 14. 23-28; 2 Ch.
men who remained, Alexander put 800Cr to the sword, against Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, about A. M. 3112, 12.1-9.' In his absence his brother rebelled; and after
crucified 2000 of the principal, and sold 30,000 to the 2 Ch.xx.; Ps. 83. 7-18. lJnder Jehoram his son they his death his large empire fell into pieces; and Egypt
Jews, Arabs, and others, for slaves, Ge. 9. 25, 27; Ps. ravaged the kingdom of J uqah, and sold multitudes itself bent under the power of the Ethiopians. Pro-
83.7-18; Is: xxiii.; Je.47.4; Eze. xxvi.-xxviii.; Joel of Jews to. the Edomites or Greeks, 2 Ch. 21.16, 17; voked with their attempts to assist the Hebrews of
3.4-8; Am.1.9,10; Zec.9.1-4. Joel 3.6; Am.1.6. Notwithstanding lizziah, king of Israel and Judah, the Assyriam (I suppose under
When Alexander·s fury was abated, he repeopled J ndah, had reduced part of their country, they, in the Sennacherib) for about three years terribly ravaged
Tyre from the continent of Phenicia. But Antigonus, . days of Ahaz his unhappy grandson, again took arms, their country. About A.M. 3330 n civil war broke
one of his captains who succeeded him, soon after re- and seized upon part of Judea, 2 Ch. 26. 6; 28.18; Is. out among the twelve princes, whom it seems the
duced it to the brinli: of ruin, having taken it by a 9.12. About 20 years after, Hezekiah reduced their Assyrian king had constituted his deputies in the
siege of nineteen months. The Alexandrians in Egypt whole country to the brink of ruin, 2 Ki.18.8; ls.14. land. After it had raged about fifteen years, Psam-
having drawn to trhemselves the trade of the nations 29-31. Not long after they were attacked by the miticus subdued his eleven competitors. But, not.
around, the Phenicians could never recover their in- Assyrians, Is. 20. 1. To expel the Assyrian troops, withstanding all his efforts to restore the power and
fluence: they were also often embroiled in the con- Psammiticus, king of Egypt, reduced Ashdod by a felicity of the nation, his wars with the Assyrians in
tests between the Syro-Grecian and Egypto-Grecian siege of 29 years. They nevertheless spitefully harass- Palestine, and his J>rovoking 200,000 of his troops to
successors of Alexander the Great. To punish their ed the Jews when distressed by the Chaldea us. Pha- retire into Ethiopia, greatly weakened it, ls. 19. 1-17;
frequent riots, and their siding with Cassius his enemy, raoh-hophra, in his march to assist Zedekiah, king of xx.; and perhaps xviii.; Na. 3. 8-10. About A.M.
Augustus, the Roman emperor, a little before our Judah, A.M. 3415, smote Gaza their capital. In his 3390 Pharaoh-nechoh, his son, attempted to extend
Saviour·s birth, deprived the Tyrians and Zidonians march from Tyre to Egypt, A.M. 3432, Nebuchad· his power dn the ruins of the now falling Assyrian
of their municipal freedom. About A.D. 194 Niger, nezzar, provoked with their attempts to assist the empire; and took Carchemish, a city upon the Eu-
the Roman usurper, burn6d Tyre into a heap of ruins, Tyrians, desolated their country, burned their cities, phrates; and rendered the Jewish nation his tribu-
and murdered most of its inhabitants. From A.D. and murdered the inhabitants. Under the Persian taries. Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldean, soon after,
633 to about 1130 Phenicia was enslaved by the government they recovered a little; but abandoned A. M. 3396, gave his troops a terrible defeat; took
Sarncens and Seljukian Turks. It had been subjected themselves to pride, idolatry, and bloodshed. Having Carchemish, and pursued the Egyptians to the fron.
ab~ut 160 years to the inhuman popish Crusades, when destroyed Tyre, Alexander the Great, A. M. 3672, tiers of their country, 2 Ki. 23. 29--35; 24. 1-7; 2 Ch.
Alphix, the sultan of Egypt, took it, and utterly marched against the Philistines, whose cities were 35. 20-24; 36. 3-6; Is. 19. 1-7; Je. 47. 1; 46. 1-12.
destroyed Tyre and Zidon and the other places of then ga.rrisoned by Persian troops, took Gaza by Puffed up with the felicity which he and his kingdom
strength, that they might never more afford shelter storm, demolished its walls, and murdered its inhabi- had enjoyed in the beginning of his reign, Pharaoh-
to the Europeans; since which Tyre has been gene- tants, or sold them for slaves, and placed Macedonian hophra and his subjects abandoned themselves to pride,
rally a heap of ruins, inhabited only by a few pitiful garrisons in all their fenced cities. About A. M. 3841 idolatry, carnal security, and other impieties. Terrible
fishermen, Is.xxiii.; Joel3.4-8; Am.l.9,10; Je.47. Judas Maccabeus, the Jewish deliverer, subdued the miseries ensued. Provoked with the unhappy issue of
4, 7; Zee. 9.. 1-4; Eze. xxvi.-xxviii. The Canaanites, whole country of the Philistines. About sixty-li\·e his expedition against the Cyrenians, many of his own
who, in their flignt from Joshua, David, Nebuchad- years afterward, Jannreus, his brother's grandson, subjects took arms against him. llfaking Amasis, his
nezzar, &c., had retired to the north of Africa, formed burned Gaza into a desert, and incorporated the general, their king, they touted his hired troops, and
there several sovereignties; but that of Carthage was remnant of the Philistines with such Jews as be took himself prisoner. They even obliged Amasis to
the most noted. After terrible contentions among placed in their country, Ps. 83. 7-17; Is. 14. 29-31; deliver him into their hands, and ignominiouely
themselves, or with the Greeks in Sicily, and Romans 11. 14; Je. xlvii.; Eze. 25. 15-17; Am.1. 6-8; Zec.1. strangled him. lllean wbile Nebuchadnezzar, to re-
in Sicily, Spain, Italy, and Africa, they were all, about 21; 9.5-7. venge the Egyptians' attempts to assist the Jews or
3858, reduced by the Romans to the basest servitude. III. 'l'he EGYPTIANS descended from Ham, by his Tyrians against him, invaded t,heir country, A.M. 3432;
For about 1900 years past their country, by the son MrzRAIM, Ge. 10. 6, 13. Their country was about routed their armies; murdered the inhabitants, or by
tyranny of the Romans, Vandals, Saracens, and Turks, 600 miles in length from north to south, and lay on terror drove them out of the land; seized on their
has been an almost constant scene of misery and bond- the north-east of Africa, on the west of the Red Sea, wealth; burned their cities; and carried off their idols.
age. Such Phenicians as retired to Europe, and there and south-west of Canaan. The river Nile, which For about forty years, the once populous country of
for a time subsisted under the names of Breotians, runs from south to north, by its annual overflowing Egypt continued almost utterly desolate, Je.44.29,30;
Pelasgl, Etruscans, &c., were quickly reduced t.o misery rendered the country exceedingly fertile; and at last, 43. 8-13; 25. 9, 19; 46. 13-26; Eze. xvii. xxix.-xxxii.;
and bondage by the Greek and Roman descendants of dividing itself into several streams, ran into the Medi- Is.19.1-17.
Japheth. Thus Noah's curse of servitude followed terranean Sea. Their principal cities were No, Zoan, The Chaldean empire being ruined A.M. 3466, the
these Canaanites withersoever they fled to escape it, On, Migdol, Pithom, Rameses, Noph or Memphis, Egyptians under Amasis attempted to recover their
Ge. 9.25-27. Tahpanhes, and it is said about 20,000 others, Ge.41. freedom. But Cyrus of Persia, marching his troops
II. The PHILISTINES were a part of the posterity of 45; Ex.1.11; 14.2; Nu.13.22; Is.19.13; Je.44.1; 46. into their country, obliged them to acknowiedge hi•
Mizraim, th9 second son of Ham, Ge.10.14; 1 Ch.1. 14, 25; Eze. 30.13-18; Na. 3. 8. It seems that some• authority. After his death Arna.sis quickly revolted
11,12. Leaving Caphtor, or the north-east parts of times the southern part of the country was called from the Persian yoke. But Cambyses, A. M. 3478,
Egypt, they very early settled in a small strip of ter- PATHROS, and the lower part of it EGYPT, Is. 11. 11; marched against them; and placing before his troops
ritory along the sea-shore, in the south-west of Canaan, J e. 44.1. Not long after the dispersion from Babel, cats, dogs, and other animals which the Egyptian•
having driven out the Avites, who before possessed it, Mizraim and his family founded their kingdom here, adored, he easily stormed Pelusium, their principal
De.2.23; Je.4i.4; Am.9.7. In the days of Abraham, Ge. xi. xii. Their monarchy continued above 1600 frontier on the north-east. He cruelly ravaged the
Isaac, and Ephraim, they had begun to discover their years; and their kings were generally surnamed PHA· country; murdered the inhabitants; killed their dei-
malicious spite against the Hebrews, Ge.xx.xxi.xxvi.; RAOH. A terrible famine of seven years, beginning fied animals; abused and slew their priests; demolished
1 Ch. 7. 21. Notwithstanding Joshua's allotment of A.M. 2290, had ruined their nation, had not Joseph their temples;· and transported about 3000 of thei•
iheir territory to the tribe of Judah, they long retain- the Hebrew, by his prudence, saved them alive. By idols to Persia. AbOut A.M. 3517 tl1e Egyptians again
ed their fortifi~J cities of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ek- his sale of the corn which he had laid up, he made revolted from under the Persian yoke. Darius Hys-
ron, aud Gath. Nor did they ever lose an opportunity their fields, their cattle, and persons, the property of taspes prepared to reduce them. After hi• death,
of domg the Israelites mischief. Neither covenants their king, Ge. xl.-xlvii. Their cruel oppression of Xerxes his son ravaged their country and rendered
of friendship with the patriarchs, nor the rebuffs they the fsraelites, when •ojourning among them, drew their bondage more grievous. Instigated by Inarus,
met with from Shamgar, Samson, the ark, Samuel, upon them TEN fearful plagues; and at last all their king of Lybia, whom they had acknowledged their
82
GEOGRAPHY .AND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
. th again revolted about A. M. 3540. In a kings of Persia, in their turns ravagei.. the ...vrthern ' passage through their country into Canaan, bu,, ti
,overeign, j six vears Artaxerxes Longimanus- re- parts of Ethiopia. Since that period the Romans, seems they afterwards behaved in a more benevolent
bloodY :ar O
st 0 / them About 3590, Amyrtreus,
duced td ec mosome time ;eigned in the fen country,
Saracens, and Turks, who have been successively manner, Nu.20.14-21; De.2.28,29; 23.7. For about
governors of Egypt, have frequently harassed the 400 years after the Edomites seem to have applied
Who• us! ha ,or · garrisons,
attacked the Persian · and drove nort hern Ethiopians. And sometimes the savage themselves muc h to trad e. E lat h and E ziongeber,
furio ~t out of Egypt. After the Egyptians had Galles and Giagas from the south have almost desol- on the Red Sea, were their principal ports. Saul
them qu~ e "th the Persians for their liberty about ated their country. Ever since the conversion of the harassed them, 1 Sa.14.¼7; David rendered them tri-
struggle WI furious intestine war between Nectane- eunuch, A.D. 35 (Ac.8.26-39), Christianity has been butaries to the Israelites, Ge.25.23; 2i.29,3i,40; 2Sa.
sixty ydears~ a ndesian prince exhausted their strength. known, and for about 1400 years has had a civil 8. 14; 1 Ki. 11. 15,16; Ps. Ix. cviii. Notwithstanding
1
bus .an th's a "' eopportunity Artaxerxes Ochus and h'1s esta b!is h ment in African Et l1iopia, but is much dis- Hadad's attempt to revoIt, t hey continued 150 yeal'i
Taki_ng t i ps about 365~ ravaged their country with graced by ignorance and superstition. Neither the subject to Judah, and were governed by a deputy,
Persian ~:e 'barbarity- ~urdered the inhabitants; repeated attempts of the Saracen or Turkish :Maham- Ge.25.23; 27.29,3i,40; 1 Ki.11.15-22; 22.47; 2 Ki.
inexp '.eshsid their tcmpl~s· and returned home laden medans, nor of the European Papists, have ever been 3.7. About A.M. 3112 they entered into a combina-
1 e
demo'th 18 '
boot,·. In A. M. 3672 Alexander the Great able to establis h in it t heir respective delusions, Ps. tion with the neighbouring nations to extirpate t he
wi ·h d his Grecian troops into Egypt. Wearied of 68. 31; 87. 4 ; Is. xviii. xx.; 43. 3, 6; 45. 14; 49. 12; Israelites, but almost perished in the at.tempt, 2 Ch.
::r~e:ian yoke, the Egyptians readily submitted to Eze.30.4,5; Da.11. 43; Zep.2.12. Part of the Ethi- xx.; Ps. lxxxiii. Xot long after they revolted from
him as their powerful deliverer. For about_323 years opians will assist Gog and llfagog against the con- Jehoram, king of Judah, and with no small bloodshed
after this they were governed by the_ Grecian Ptole- verted Jews in the beginning of the millennium, Eze. rendered themselves independent, Ge.2i.40; 2 Ch.21.
mies, under four or five of whom their country bade 38.5. 8-10. To revenge some insult, perhaps of their buy-
fair to recov,cr its ancient splendour. About A. M. 3995 Y. The AM..lLEKITES appear to have sprung from ing the Jews for slaves from the Tyrians and Philis•
the Tiomans reduced it into one of their provinces, and Ham, and to have existed as a nation long before tines, Amaziah invaded their country, •.nd· inhumanly
:o tained it under their yoke about 650 years. In A.D.

the Saracens conquered it, and established in it
their )Iohammedan delusion, which has ever since been
Esau or AMALEK his grandson were born, and to have murdered many thousands of them, and took Selah
been one of the most ancient and powerful: they had their capital. U zziah his son further ravaged theil'
their residence on the south and south-west of Canaan, country, and took Elath, their prindoal seaport Ob
the authorized religion. About A.D. 970 the 11f9slem almost all along from the western gulf of the Red Sea the Red Sea, 2 Ki.14.7; 2 Ch.25.11, 12; 26. 2; .Am, 1.
caliph of Cyren~ wrested it from the caliph of Bagdad. to the bank of the Euphrates, Ge.14. 7; Nu. 24. 7,20; 6, 9. About A. M. 3264 they ravaged the south parts
He and his posterity governed it 200 years. About 1 Sa. 15. 7; 27. 8; l Ch. 4. 39,40. No token of their of J udca, and murdered and took prisoners a great
.1,.P. llil Saladin the Curd craftily seized it for him- connection with the Edomites appears in history; but manyoftheinhabitar.ts, 2 Ch.28.17. But God quickly
,elf; and he and his descendants governed it about 80 being allied with the Egyptians, or ~ovetous of booty, resented the injuries done to his p!":'[>le. The As-
Hars. For the next 275 years it was ruled by 111ame- they attacked the Israelites in their march from syrians in a terrible manner ravaged the country of
iuke slaves; 24 of them Turks, and 23 Circassians. Egypt to Sinai. To punish their behaviour, God not Edom, and destroyed Bozrah, their new capital. When
Since 1525 it has been oppressed by the Ottoman only enabled Joshua to defeat them on that occasion, the Chaldeans, about 3416, burned ,Jerusalem, and
Turks. All the principal families being transported but appointed the Hebrews to exterminate them from murdered and took captive most of the .fewish nation,
to Constantinople, a Turkish Pacha, with 24 subordi- the earth, Ex.17.8-16; De.25.17-19. Next year they the Edomites assisted them, and instigated their ut-
nate !legs, all originally slaves, govern it, under the assisted the Canaanites against the presumptuous Is- most severity. But in the righteous judgment of God
Grand Seignior. Thus for more than 2000 years back- raelites, Nu. 14. 45. About A.M. 2639 they assisted the same Chaldeans, about fh•e years after, rendered
•ard Egypt has never been governed by a proper the llfoabites, and about 2797 the 111idianites against the country of Edom a desolate wilderness. Ever
native of the country; nor has any nation under heaven Israel-on both which occasions they shared the 11ince it has been plagued with barrenness and drought,
been so remarkably governed by the basest of slaves. miserable fate of their allies, Ju. 3. 13; 6. 6. They and has swarmed with serpents. When the Chaldean
.Meanwhile, a mad propensity to the most stupid idola- continuing in their impietv and hatred of Israel, God, monarchy was unhinged, in A.M. 3466, the Edomitee
uy or superstition, brutish ignorance, sloth, cowardice, about A.M. 2942, ap;,omted Saul to destroy them re-collected themselves. Part of them incorporated
dishonesty, deceit, cruelty, murderous malice, and in- utterly, which in part he effected. Not long after with the Ishmaelites on the south, and part of them
clination to sodomy, have formed the great lines of David cut off a part of what remained. Their alliance seized npon the south parts of Judea: these Darius
their national character, Is. 19. 1-17; xx.; and per- against Jehoshaphat, about A. M. 3112, issued to their Hystaspes ordered them to evacuate, but with what
haps xviiL; 27.1; 30.1-6; 31.1--3; 43. 3; Je. 25. 9, 18, hurt. About A.M. 3290 the Simeonites cut off many success we know not. About A.M. 3841 Judas Mac-
19; Je. 46. 13-26; Eze. xxix. xxxii.; Da. 11. 5-25, 42, more. By his projecting the utter destruction of the cabeus, the Jewish hero, offended with the Edomites
43; Joel 3.19; Zec.10.11; 14.18. Jewish nation, Haman the Amalekite drew complete for assisting the Syro-Grecians against his nation,
IV. The CusHITES or ETHIOPIANS descended from ruin upon himself and his friends; since which no ravaged their country, slew 40,000 of them, and dis-
Ham's eldest son. For many ages part of them re- remains of the nation are to be found in the histories mantled Hebron their capital. About thirty-five years
aided on the south-east of Babylon and west of Persia. of mankind, Ex. 17.14,16; Nu.24,20-22; De.25.17-19; after Hircanus his nephew reduced the Edomites, and
That country is still called Susiana or Chusistan, i.e. 1 Sa.14.48; 15.1-8; 27.8,9; 30.1-20; 2 Sa. 8.12; 1 Ch. obliged them to incorporate with the Jews and profess
the country of Cush, Ge.10.6,7; 2.13. The CusHITEs, 4.39-43; Ps.83. 7-17; Es.iii. vii.-ix. their religion. But just before the sacking of Jerusa-
•hom the king of Assyria transported to Canaan, were VL The EDOMITES sprang from Abraham by Esau lem by Titus, a body of Edomites deserted the Jews,
no doubt the remains of them in that place, 2 Ki.17. his grandson. Partly by intermarriages, and partly and got off laden with booty. Ever since the Edom-
24,30; Ezr.4.9,10. Part of these Cushites, after long by conquest, they seized on the country southward itish nation has been consigned to oblivion,Nu.xxiv.;
continuanceabout Babylon(Ge.10.8-10),movedwest- of Judea, which had been formerly possessed by the Ps.137.7; Is.21.11; xxxiv.; 11.14; Je.25.9,21; 27.3,
nrd into Arabia, and for a time dwelt about the HORITE descendants of Ham. It included the moun- 6,7; 49.7-22; La.4.21,22; Eze.25.12-14; 32.29; xxxv.;
eutem gulf of the Red Sea, Hab.3. 7; Nu.12.1. From tains of Seir and Hor, and the provinces of Uz,Dedan, 36.2; Joel 3.19; Am.1.11,12; Ob.21; Mal.1.4.
thence part of them gradually emigrated into Abys- Teman, &c. Their principal cities were Bozrah, VII. The 111rDIANITEsweretheoffspringof Abraham
ainia, southward of Egypt, Es.1.1: 8.9; Je.13.23. Selah, &c. It was of old moderately watered and by Keturah. Most of them dwelt on thesonth-east
During the civil war which happened in Egypt, after fertile, Ge. 25. 25,30; 27. 39,40; 32. 3; 36.1-9, 32--39; of the Dead Sea, eastward of the Edomites. But part
the death of Shishak, about A.l!. 3050, Zerah the De.2.12; Nu.20.23; 33,37; 34.3; Is.21.11; 34.5,6; Je. of them, perhaps to shun the idolatrous infection of
Ethiopian (2 Ch.14.9-13) seems to have seized on that 49.7,8,22; La. 4. 21; Eze. 25.12,13. Like Esau their an- the rest, took up their residence near the north-east
kingdom. About A.M. 3278 Sabacon, another Ethi- cestor, the Edomites were generally given to hunting point of the Red Sea; among these Jethro, the father-
opian, reduced Egypt a second time, an1 entered into and war. While the Israelites groaned under their in-law of Moses, was a prince or priest, Ge. 25. 2-6:
1
confederacy with Hoshea, king of Israel, against Egyptian taskmasters, the Edomites had become a 37.28; Ex.ii.iii.xviii. About A.M. 2552 the Northern
lbe As.,yrians, 2 Ki.17.4. Tirhakah, who marched to powerful nation under their kings and dukes. But 111idianites were subjected to or allied with the .Moab
lhe a.,,;istance of Hezekiah, king of Judah, was pro- being excluded from the peculiar privileges of Abra- ites. Their women were peculiarly instrumental in
Lably the same as Sethon his successor. When Sha!- ham's seed, they mingled themselves with the heathen; seducing the Israelites to whoredom and idolatry.
tnaneser, Sennacherib, or Esarhaddon hrs son, for and, learning their ways, abandoned themselves t.:, This their wickedness God punished with the almost
lhree years ravaged the land of Egypt, part of Ethi- the slavery of their own sinful lusts, Ge.36.10--43; 27. utter destruction of their nation, Nu. 22. 4,7; '8:XV,
"P._ •hared the same fate, Is.xviii.xx.; 43:3. Ne- 40; 25.23; Ex.15.15,16; !Ch.1.35-54. Notwithstand- xxxi.; Jos.13.21. About A.H. 2797 the Mid~nite.
bachadnezzar the Chaldean, and Cyrus and Cambyses, j ing ,-epeated entreaties they denied the Israelites a rendered the Israelites their tributaries, an<! ic,r sever
Vol. 1-':i 83
years greatly oppressed them. But Gideon, by a Chald~ans in ravaging the kingdom of Judah, and, ants,or transported them as slaves to his eastern domin.
handful of troops, reduced them to the brink of ruin. with the utmost cruelty and insolence, pushed on the ions. Under Cyrus the Persian, about A.M. 3466, and
l t is probabla that their small remains incorporated ruin of that nation. Not long after Jerusalem was his successors, the Syrians once more returned and re-
with the Moabites or Ishmaelites, Ju. vi.-viii. The burned to a heap, Nebuchadnezzar, offended with the built their cities. When Alexander tne Grecian con.
posterity of Jethro lived among the Jews under the Jlfoabites and Ammonites for their attempts to assist queror marched this way about 3672,Hadrach,Hamath,
name of lu:NITES and RECHABITES till the Assyrians the Tyrians, and for the murder of Gedaliah, his Jew· and Damascus were obliged to submit. E1·er since Syria
and Chaldeans carried them away captive, Ex.2.21; ish deputy, furiously invaded their country; and, by has been a scene of war, ravage, and bloodshed. Here
18.1,2; Nu..10.29-32; 24.21,22; Ju.4.11; 1 Ch.2.55; carrying off their wealth, burning their cities, and the Grecian monarchs of Egypt and Syria often con-
2 Ki.10.15,23; Je.xxxvi. murdering the inhabitants, rendered it an absolute flicted. It was terribly ravaged by Eumenes the
VIII. IX. The MoABITES and AMMONITES were the desert. After the overthrow of the Chaldean empire Pergamenian, and by Hircanus the Jew, and by the
product of Lot's incest with his daughters, Ge.19.30- in 3466, such as remained returned to their country, Parthians and others. About A.M. 3939 the Romans
33. The Moabites dwelt eastward of the Midianites, and successively became the tributaries of the Per- reduced it into one of their provinces. G 'lder them
along the banks of the river Aruon, which runs west• sians, Greeks, and Romans. Notwithstanding their it was often plagued with Parthian and Persian inva-
ward into the Dead Sea. Their principal cities were own servitude they took every opportunity to distress sions, and miserably distressed by earthqu3kes. From
.A:r, Kir, Bozrah, Heshbon, Elealeh, &c. This country the Jews after their captivity. Provoked with their A.D. 634, when the Saracens seized on it, it became a
they took from the gigantic Emims, who were the insults, particularly during the persecution of Anti- frequent scene of war between them and the Christian
offspring of Ham, De.2.9-11; Nu.21.13-15,26; 22.36; ochus Epiphanes, Judas l\Iaccabeus, with a handful of emperors of Constantinople. Towards the end of ~he
Is. xv. xvi.; Je. 48.1-5, 19-24. The AMMONITES had Jews, about A.M. 3840 invaded the country of the eleventh century of Christ the SelJnkians wrested it
their residence on the north-east of the Jlfoabites, and Ammonites, routed their forces, burned their cities, from the Saracens, and erected one of their four king-
east of the Reubenites and Gadites, in the territories and made slaves of their wives and children. About doms at Aleppo, and another at Damascus. After
which they wrested from the gigantic Zamzummims, seventy years after, J annreus, his grand-nephew, re- the European crusaders had held it about ,; hundred
another part of the descendants of Ham. Rabbath duced the Jlloabites into a state of slavery to the Jew- years, rendering it a constant scene of the murder of
was their principal city, De. 2.18-22; 3.11; 2 Sa.12. ish nation, Is.xv.xvi.; 25.10; Je.xlviii.; 49.1-6; Eze. Turks and of ◊ne another, Saladin, the conqueror of
26-29; Am.2.14. When the Israelites, in A.M. 2552, xxv.; Am.1.13-15; 2.1-3; Zep.2.8-10. Egypt, drove them out of most of it about A.D. 1196.
encamped on the border of the Moabites in their way x. The s YRIANS or ARAMITES were the offspring of Since that time it has been generally oppre~sed by
to Canaan, they, and it seems also the Ammonites, Shem's youngest son, and of N ahor, the brother of the Ottoman Turks, and not a little exposed to the
invited and hired Balaam to curse that people, that Abraham; perhaps mingled with some Canaanites, piundering Druses of Lebanon and the roving Arabs.
they might be destroyed. But God not only obliged Ge.10.22,23; 22.21,22; 1 Ch.1.17. Their country lay Nor, except at Aleppo and Damascus, is there n~w
him to bless the Israelites and denounce destruction on the north-east of Canaan and Mount Lebanon: anything important but ancient ruins, Is.17.1-3; ,Te.
upon their enemies, but for this cause excluded the anciently it extended far beyond the river Euphrates 49.23-27; Am.1.3-5; Zec.9.1,2.
Moabites and Ammonites from the congregation of to the eastward, and perhaps included most of Meso- XI. The AssYRIANs were the posterity of Ashur, the
Israel to all generations, De.23.3-6; Nu.xxi.-xxv.; potamia, 2 Sa.10.16. Cushan-rishathaim, who for second son of Shem. They formed one of the most
Ne. 13. 1,2. From A.M, 2639 to 2657 the Jlfoabites eight years greatly oppressed the Israelites, wae pro- -ancient kingdoms in the world. Their residence was
grievously oppressed the Israelites, but were driven bal;ly the king of the Syrians beyond the Euphrates, on the banks of the Hiddekel or Tigris, eastward of
out of Canaan by Ehud, and Eglon their king was Ju.3.8-10. Their ancient kingdoms were Zoba, Da- Mesopotamia. Nineveh, their principal city, stood
slain, Ju. 3. 12 -30. From A. M. 2840 to 2858 the mascus, Hamath, Geshur, Rehob, Ishtob, l\Iaachah, above 500 miles to the north-east of Jerusalem, Ge.IO.
Ammonites terribly oppressed the Israelites on the &c., 2 Sa.8.3,9; 10.6,8; 15.8; 1 Ch.19.6,8. The Syri- 11,12,22; Na.2.8. About A.M. 3li0 God, by Jondh,
east of Jordan, but were reduced by Jephthah, Ju. ans on this side the Euphrates were either conquered threatened the wicked Ninevites with immediate de-
x.xi. About A.M. 2909 or 2939 Nahash theAmmonite by David, about A.M. 2964, or voluntarily submitted, struction; but their solemn fasting and repentance
ravaged Gilead, and refused every term of submission 2 Sa. viii. x. ; 1 Ch. xviii. xix. But about sixty years prevented it, Jonah i.-iv. About A.M. 3230 the As-
but what was inhuman and barbarous; but his army after, Rezon, a servant of Hadadezer, whom David had syrians under Pu! began to be powerful, and to extend
was almost wholly cut to pieces by Saul, 1 Sa. xi; conquered, formed a kingdom for himself at Damascus, their empire. He and his successors, Tiglath-pi!eser,
Saul afterwards warred with success upon the Am• which quickly extended itself over all Syria on this Shalmaneser, and Sennacherib, conquered the Medes,
monites and Moabites, 1 Sa.14.47. They both seem side the river, and proved a terrible scourge to the Persians, Chaldeans, Syrians, Ammonites, Moabites,
to have favoured David while he was persecuted by kingdom of Israel, particularly in the days of Baasha, Edomites, Philistines, Israelites, Egypt, and part o(
Saul; but, provoked with their insolent or barbarous Ahab, Jehoram, Jehu, and Jehoahaz, 1 Ki.11.23-25; Phenicia, Arabia, and Ethiopia, 2 Ki.15.19,29; 16.7-
conduct, he conquered them both not long- after he 15.18-20; xx.xxii.; 2 Ki.6.8,28,29; 10.32,33; 13.3-7; 9; 17.3-6,24,27; 18.34; 19.12,13,17; Is.10.7-14; 36.
became king of Israel, Nu.24.17; 1 Sa.22.3,4; 2 Sa.8. 2 Ch. 22. 5 ; and even to the kingdom of Judah, which 19; 37.11-13,18; 7.17-25; 8.4; x.xv.-xxiv.xxviii.;
2,11,12; x.-xii.; 1 Ch.xviii.-xx.; Ps.60.8; 108.9. For lay further off, particularly in the days of J oash and Am.i.ii.; Joel 3.2-8; Eze.31.3-9.
about 150 years they continued subject to the Israel· Ahaz, 2Ki.12.17,18; 16.5,6; 2Ch.24.23,24; 28.5; Is. Their transactions in Canaan were the most im•
ites, and after the di~ision of the kingdom, fell to the 7.1-8; 9.12. But God did not suffer the injuries portant. Not long after Pu! had laid the Israelites
share of the ten tribes. After the death of Ahab the which they did to his peopl!c' to pass unpunished. under tribute, Tiglath-pileser, hired by Ahaz, king of
Moabites rebelled, but were severely chastised by Twice, with a handful of men, Ahab routed their Judah, about A.M. 3270, entered Syria; and by mur-
King Jehoram, liis son, and his assistants in the war, huge armies, and brought them to the brink of ruin, der and captivity of the inhabitants, laid it desolate.
and their country almost ruined, 2 Ki.1.1; iii. Both 1 Ki.xx. A preternatural noise terrified them from The Israe!itish territories in Galilee, and on tbe east
nations joined as principals in the grand alliance their cruel siege of Samaria, 2 Ki. vii.; and J oash and of Jordan, soon after shared a like fate. After Sha!•
against Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, but their army Jeroboam, descendants of Jehu, repeatedly routing maneser had ruined the kingdom of Israel and ravaged
perished in the attempt, 2 Ch.xx.; Ps.lxxxiii. The their armies, reduced them to the very brink of de- the country of the Philistines, if not also of the Egyp-
kings of Israel being no longer able to retain them in spair, 2 Ki.13.15-25; 14.25-28. tians and Ethiopians ( ls. xviii. xix.), Sennacherib, his
subjection, Uzziah and Jotham, kings of Judah, ren- But more terrible judgments overtook them soon son, provoked by Hezekiah's refusal to pay the tribute
dered them tributary; but it is probable they resumed afterwards. Hired by Ahaz, king of Judah, Tiglath- which Ahaz his father had promised, prepared to sub•
their liberty during the unhappy reign of Ahaz, 2 Ch. pileser the Assyrian made their wealth a prey, burned vert the kingdom of Judah. By valuable presents
xxvi.-xxvm. While the Syrians from the north, or their cities, murdered the inhabitants, transported and a profound submission Hezekiah attempted to
.A..ssyrians from the north-east, ravaged the land of part of the survivors to Media, or caused them to avert the stroke. But, contrary to treaty, Sennacherib
Israel, the Ammonites and Moabites seized on the serve in his army against the Israelites, Is.8.4; 9.12; invaded Judea and took all the fortified cities,Jerusa·
cities which lay next them, and in the most inhuman 17.1-3; Am.1.3-5; 3.12; with 2Ki.16.7-9. During !em excepted. Having liefeated Tirhakah the Ethio·
manner murdered the inhabitants. God speedily and the decline of the Assyrian monarchy the captive pian, who came to assist Hezekiah, and ravaged Egypt
treVerely punished their injustice and cruelty. The Syrians returned and repeopled their country. Part and part of Ethiopia, or perhaps rather been te~ifieci
Assyrians, about 3290, seized their wealth. burned of them assisted Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean against by that powerful monarch, he marched towards Jeru·
their cities, murdered or carried captive their people, the Jews, 2 Ki. 24. 2. Not long after, on some provoca- •alem. By Rabshakeh his general, and by his Iettero
and desolat~d their country. After the death of tion, he marched his troops into Syria; burned Damas• to Hezekiah, he insolently defied the God of tl:e Jew•
Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, they res.urned their ens, Hamath, Arpad, and other principal cities into to protect them. But he had scarcely terrified the
indepe11dency, About .L K. 33118 they assisted the heaps of rubbish; and cruelly murdered the inhabit- inhabitants of Jerusalem by bringing up his army t.o
84
on the east of the city, when God by a fiery XII. How long the ancient kingdom of Baby!on,or war with that nation. In the third year of his reign
Top~et, e or some other awful stroke, cut off 185,000 Shinar, established by Nimrod (Ge. 10. 9, 10; 14. I), N eriglissar, his sister's husband, murdered him and
-tilenc, . . h L . hi reigned in his stead. Jealous of the growing power
r--
0 f hisa mos
t valiant troops m one mg t.
.
eavmg s
e for a prey, he retreated home with the utmost
• .
continued we cannot certainlv determine. The CH.A.L-
DEANS appear to have sprung from Arphaxad, the third of the :1\Iedes, he marched against them with a pro-
bag~ ~tation and terror; but was scarcely arrived when son of Shem. For many ages after Abraham left their digious army of his own troops, besides 150,000 whom
·Precip•f h" sons murdered h"1m wh"l 1 e h e was sacri"fi cmg . country they were perhaps little better than a thiev- he had hired from Lydia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, Arabia,
two .o "dol is ])e 28.49-52,. Is.5.2o-30,
' . 7.8,17-2J, -. 8.4, ish banditti, Ge.11.28; Jos.24.2,3; Ne.9.7; Job 1.17. &c. Cyrus the Persian, who commanded the J\Iedian
toh 181 ' . . . . . · ... . .. ·94·14 About .A..M. 3260 Pu!, or Tiglath-pileser, probably troops, routed this huge host with an army scarcely a
B• l0.5-34; XVll. XXU. XXIV. XXVlll.-XXXlll., . , •
7, _' 12-14; 24.21,22; 27.l; 28.21; 29.7,8; 30.27- formed them into a regular nation, and made Baladan third part of their number. N eriglissar was slain.
2!>,. 17 . 4 23 .
31. 4-9; 33. I-4, 13, l , . ; XXXVI. xxxvu. xxv.-
.. or N abonassar, his younger son, king, 2 Ki. 20. 12; Is . Laboroschard, his infant son, who succeeded him, the
83' .. xv• 2Ki.xvii.-xix.; 2Ch.xxxii.; Eze.xxxi. 23.13; 39. 1,2. By some means or other Esarhaddon, people murdered, when he had reigned bnt nine
:u:vn. xx •, .
Esarhaddon, his son, who reigned from abont 3296 about .A.. M. 3310, reunited Chaldea to his Assyrian months, noted for nothing but the cruelty of bis
g by cess10n, or conquest, appears to have re- empire, and he and his son retained it about sixty administrators; and Belshazzar, the son of Evil-
333
to ·t d {he kingdom of Babylon to his own. Thither years. At last N abopolassar, the governor of it, and Merodach, reigned in his stead. Gobrias and Ga dates,
uni e "ed King Manasseh and his fellow-captives of perhaps the just heir to the throne, rendered himself two Chaldean lords, provoked, the one by the murder
be carrI
Judah, 2 Ch. x.; 33. 11; Is. 39. 6, 7. About the same king. Abont .A..M. 3399 Nebuchadnezzar, his son of his son, and the other by the castration of himself,
time be transported the re~nant of the _Isra~lites into succeeded him, and erected a new empire, or rather a had revolted to Cyrus and drawn the provinces which
the east, and repeopled their country with h1s_eastern con tin nation of the Assyrian, in another branch of the they governed along with them. Having in two
captives, 2 Ki.Ii.24-41; Ezr.4.2,10. . After his d~ath ancient royal family. Raising an army of 300,000 years subdued the nations which it was probable
he Asswian empire hasted towards rum. God pumsh- warriors, he routed the troops of Pharaoh-Necho, king wonld assist the Chaldeans, Cyrus ravaged their
~ the~ for their idolatry, their blasphemy of himself, of Egypt, at the Euphrates, and took Carchemish, country and marched against Babylon, their capital.
d their oppression of his people; and for their pride, putting all the garrison to the sword. Having assisted Here Belshazzar's troops had shut themselves np,
:rnal security, whoredom, murder, and deceit. Saos- Cyaxares, the liiede, in the overthrow of Nineveh, he, having stored the city with provisions snfficient for
duchin, indeed, defeated the revolted llfedes, and de- with a formidable army of Chaldeans, Scythians, and twenty years. For two years Cyrus besieged Baby Ion
stroved Ecbatan, their capital. But to revenge this, others, subdued the Syrians, Jews, Ammonites, Moab- without any success. At last in .A..M. 3466, informed
Ph~ortes, king of ~Iedia, about A.M. 3352, invaded ites, Edomites, and part of the Arabs. Enraged by of the approach of their annual idolatrous re,·el, on
Assvria and laid siege to Nineveh. He being slain, the Tyrians' withdrawment of their persons and wealth, which Belshazzar profaned the sacred vessels of the
Cv;xares, his son, carried on the war with great fury, after he had besieged them for thirteen years, he wreak- Jewish temple, in libations to his idols and in minis•
a~d once and again renewed the siege of Nineveh. ed his fury upon the Philistines and Egyptians who tering to his drunkenness, he brake down the bank
But an irruption of the Scythians into Media obliged had assisted them, and terribly alarmed, if not ravaged, at the head of the new canal which Nitocris had dug
him to raise it, and forbear the war for about twenty- Ethiopia and Lybia. On the east he reduced the llfedes for preventing the Euphrates from overflowing the
eight years; during which, it seems, Nabopolassar, and Persians or Elamites. Wherever he prevailed, by country. By this means he diverted the river from
ruler of Babylon, revolted from the Assyrians, and burning the cities, and by murdering or transporting its ordinary passage through Babylon. No sooner
rendered himself an independent sovereign. Sarak, the inhabitants, he generally left behind him a deso- was the channel emptied of water than Gobrias and
king of Assyria, rendered desperate by the many disas- late wilderness. Their princes he either murdered or Gadates led part of his troops down, and others up,
ters of his empire, burned his palace upon himself, his condemned to perpetual imprisonment; and the people the channel into Babylon. The drunken Chaldeaus
family, and his enormous heaps of wealth, amounting, who survived were generally made slaves in Chaldea, having left their gates on the river quite open, the
it is said, to about 205 millions sterling. The flames Is.14.4-6,12,16,17; xv.xxiv.; 39.6,7; 2 Ki.20.17,18; Medo-Persian troops rushed in thereat and opened the
continued raging fifteen days. About .A..M. 3398 Je.5:.20-23; 25.9-38; 27.3-7; xix.xxi.xxiv.xxxix. other gates to their fellows. While the intoxicated
C'raxares having got rid of his Scythian guests, and xlvi.-xlix.; Hab. I. 6-17; 2.5-17; Da.2.37,38; 4.12, Chaldeans partly lay buried in sleep and vomit, and
fi~ed a ~ce with the Lydians, renewed his war with 22; 5. 19; 7. 4; Zee. 6. 2; De. 28. 49-52; Is. 5. 25-30; partly ran up and down to inform the distant corners
the Assyrians. He and Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon Eze. iv.-vii ix. xvii. xix.-xxxii. xxxv. of the city that the Persians had entered it; while the
laid siege to Nineveh. By contracting alliances, by Having finished his conquests, Nebuchadnezzar merchants, husbandmen, and hired troops" laboured
n,pairing their fortifications, and by hoarding up pro- abandoned himself to idolatry, pride, and other im- to escape for their lives, while every part of the city
•isions, the Assyrians had done what they could to pieties. Out of his immense spoils he formed a mon- was filled with consternation, howling, and desperate
preserve their capital. But while they observed some strous gold~ image for Bel his principal god, who, he sorrow; the J\Iedes, Persians, Phrygians, and others
rerel in honour of their idol, or to celebrate some imagined, had rendered him so successful; which, to- of Cyrus' army, furiously spread burning and b!ood-
tritling victory, the Medes fell npon their troops while gether with its pedestal, was at least 90 feet high and shed on every side. While the flames of the city
buried in drunkenness and sleep and cnt them to 9 in breadth. His subjects were peremptorily com- ascended to heaven, the streets ran with the blood of
piec-es. The Tigris, or some river which ~uns into it, manded to worship it, under pain of being immedi- murdered warriors, princes, magicians, and even of
high swelled by excessive rains or by the melting of ately burned, Is.4_6.6; Je.10.2-15; Hab.I.11,16; 2.18, innocent babes, dashed against the stones. Belshazzar
the Armenian snows, broke down about two miles and 19; Da. iii. By expending his spoils and employing and his thousand lords were despatched in their
a half of the wall of Nineveh. When this inunda- his captives, in his buildings at Babylon, he rendered drunkenness and sleep. His whole family and friends
tion subsided, the 1I!edes and Chaldeans furiously it the wonder of mankind. Its walls were 87 feet were miserably murdered or ignominiously reduced.
ru.hed in by the breach, probably in the night season, broad, 350 high, and about 60 miles in circuit; and Many of his subjects' carcasses rotted a·::;ove ground,
and filled the whole city with ravage, bloodshed, and were fortified with 250 if not '316 towers, at proper or were devoured by beasts or interred like brutes.
flames. Quite confounded, the Assyrians and their distances. His success swelled his pride to an un- Bereaved of their husbands, the delicate ladies and
allies could do nothing effectnally for their own de- common pitch. To punish it, God, by a kind of others were ignominiously ravished or cruelly mur-
fence. Their strongest fortifications were surrendered delirium, rendered him for seven years like a brute. dered. The immense riches of the city became a
almost upon the conqueror's demand. The merchants, At last his reason was restored, and he acknowledged spoil. The temples were pillaged. The iJols Bel,
and perhaps the queen, or the effeminate monarch, God's dominion over him. He was reinstalled in his Nebo, l\Ierodach, Nergal, Sheshach, &c., were broken
fled off in the most precipitate manner; and part of throne, and soon after died, A. M. 3443, having reigned to pieces, and the metal carried off for a prey. The
them took up their quarters in the Carduchian hills two years with his father and forty-three by himself, sacred vessels of the Jewish temple, which were found
adjacent. The confederated Mecles and Chaldeans, Da.iv.; v.18-21. in the temple of Bel, were carefully preserved, and
bal"ing plundered Nineveh of everything valuable, The Chaldeans' contempt of God; their idolatry, afterwards restored to the Jews. Not a little of the
and murdered most of its inhabitants, burned it into astrology, magic, and sorcery; their carnal security, city being burned, and its high walls broken down,
a ruinous heap, to the great joy of the oppressed tribu- luxury, and avarice; their barbarous murder and the whole constitution of the empire was unhinged;
taries. It was never rebuilt; nor, for these 2000 years oppression of the JEWS and other conquered nations, and the people who remained alive reduced to the
pa, t , has any one exactly known whe.-e it stood. About now began to be punished by God. Notwithstanding basest servitude, under the J\Iedes, Persians, Jews,
Lll. 3i50 the Persians built a city of the same name the prudent endeavours of Nitocris, his l\Iedian queen, and other nations, who had lately been their captives,
near llosul, on the east of the Tigris· but the place Evil-Merodach was noted for nothing but folly and Recovering themselves under the mild government
r·t '
~ to0 has, for many ages, been scarcely discernible, riot. By madly abusing some of the Medes at a of Cyrus, encouraged by the confusions which followe~
31.10-17; 32.22; Na.i.-iii.; Mi.5.6; Zep.2.13-15. hunting match, he laid the foundation of a ruinous upon the death of Cambyses his son, and provoke<!
85
f.hat Darius Hystaspes had quite deserted their city xiv.;Je.1.li.;Da.2.32,39; 7.5; 8.3,4,20;Zec.6.2,6,8. Spartans, 1Eolians. Ionians, Dorians, &c., spran•
and fixed hie residence at Shushan in Persia, the Most of the captives who had been enslaved by the from Javan, the · fourth son of Japheth. Whe;
Babylonians, after four years spent in preparations, Chaldeans, he allowed to return and repeople their they first removed from Lesser Asia into the south.
in A.M. 3487, made an open revolt. For twenty desolated countries. To the Jews he also restored east of Europe we cannot certainly determine ; but
months Darius in vain besieged them with all his their sacred vessels; and solemnly encouraged and abont A. M. 3150 several colonies, chiefly 1Eolians and
forces. To prevent a surrender through want of pro- kindly assisted them to rebuild their temple; 2 Ch. 36. Ionians, returned from their over-stocked countries in
vision, the besieged strangled all their unnecessary 22,23; Is. 45.13; H.28; Ezr.i.; 6.2-5. He established Europe to the western parts of Lesser Asia. While
eaters, old men, children, and most of their women. his empire according to the most just and prudent the Greeks with great assiduity cnltivated different
After fixing the plot with his master Darius, Zopyrus, regulations; but Cambyses, his madly cruel son and branches of literature among themselves, they gradu-
a Persian general, having fearfully mangled his face, successor, almost ruined it by his expedition into ally penetrated into the Persian territories; and about
fled over to the Babylonians, pretending that Dari us Egypt and Ethiopia. Artaxerxes Smerdis, the magian A. M. 3672, under Alexander the l\Iacedonian, they
had th us ab used his body for his advising him to raise impostor, throughout his reign did nothing more than reared up an empire of their o,vn upon the ruin of
the siege. They readily credited his pretences, and obstruct the building of the Jewish temple, Ezr. 4. 6-24. the Persian, less opulent and showy, but much more
made him commander of a body of their troops. Darius Hystaspes, who encouraged the building of it, powerful and warlike, Ge. 9. 27; Nu. 24. 24; Da. 2. 32,39;
With these he made several successful sallies upon the and who was perhaps the AHASUERUS who divorced 7.6; 8.5-7,20,21; 10.20; 11.3; Zec.6.3,6,8.
retiring besiegers; and his success quickly procured Yashti, married Esther, advanced and pulled down Scarcely had Alexander spent twelve years in over.
.him the command of the whole Babylonian army and Haman, and rendered lllordecai his chief minister of running the world, when he died, perhaps of drunken•
of the whole city. He seized the first opportunity to state, extended the empire to its utmost greatness. ness, in the very flower of his age. His whole family
open, for his master's troops, two of the principal The conquests and government thereof reached into was quickly extirpated. His queen Statira, the
gates. Darius, thus master of the place, impaled Iberia, Albania, Col chis, and Scythia on the north; daughter of Darius, was murde~ed by Roxana, another
3000 of the principal rebels and pardoned the rest; into Lesser Asia and its islands, Syria, and Canaan, of his wives, and thrown into a well. Eurydice,
and from the neighbouring provinces snpplied them on the west; and into Egypt, Ethiopia, part of Arabia, another wife, and Philip Aridreus, his brother, were
with 50,000 wives. He lowered their walls three and India, on the south; Ezr. v. vi.; Es.i.-x.; Da. viii. murdered by Olympias his mother. For this Olympias
fourth-parts of their height. About A. M. 3680, 3,4; 7.5. herself was murdered by Cassander's soldiers. Roxana
Babylon remained still pretty considerable; and Provoked with the Enropean Greeks for assisting and Alexander 1Egus, her son, whorn Eumenes had
Alexander the Great resolved to restore it to its their rebellious brethren in Lesser Asia and the Egyp- for a time so bravely supported, were privately
ancient grandeur; but Seleucus, his Syro-Grecian tians, and for giving his father's troops a terrible murdered by Cassander. About a year after he mur-
successor, having drained it of about 500,000 of its defeat, Xerxes, furnished with the immense spoils of dered Barsine, the only snrviving wife of Alexander,
inhab tar ,.s to people his new dty of Seleucia, in the Cyrus and Cambyses, and with the hoarded wealth of and Hercules her son. Antigonus, one of his generals
neigl ,x,,uhood, it quickly dwindled into a mere desert, Darius his father, madly resoil·ed to extirpate that who attempted to govern the whole empire, being
and the Euphrates, overflowing part of it, turned it nation. While the Carthaginians, by his instigation, reduced, it was divided into four parts; to each of
into a lakt or fen. Before the Lirth of our Saviour, attacked them in Sicily and Italy, about A. M. 3526, Alexander's remaining principal generals a part.
Strabo, and after him Pliny, represent it as utterly he marched an unwieldy army of several millions into Cassander had Greece in Europe on the west. Lysi-
desolate, nothing remaininl" but the walls. About Greece. The Greeks having defeated his armies and machus had Thrace, Bithynia, &c., on the north.
A.D. 400 Jerome represents it as a hunting-park for fleets, began to think of conqnering his whole empire; Seleucus Ni ca tor had Syria and other eastern provinces.
the Persian kings. For many ages past no one knows and the struggles of the Egyptians to recover their Ptolemy Lagus had Egypt, &c., on the south. Lysi-
certainly where it stood. The supposed seat of it is liberty had afforded them an excellent opportunity, machus' share was quickly wrested from him; and
so haunted with venomous and doleful animals, that had not their own contentions and treachery prevented most of it united to Syria. Cassander's share was
it cannot be safely approached but during the winter their improving it. Agesilaus the Spartan once seemed soon after divided into the seTeral states of Macedonia,
cold, which renders these creatures torpid or confines on the point of overturning it. In their lingering or Achaia, 1Etolia, &c. About A. M. 3856 most of it was
them to their holes, Ps. 137.8,9; 79.6; llli. 4.10-13; often-repeated wars the Greeks more and more per- reduced by the conquering Romans, Da. 7.6; 8.8,22;
5.5,6,15; 7.10; Js.41.2,3,25; 42.13-15; 43.14; 44.25; ceived the luxury, folly, and weakness of the Persian 11.4; 2.40; 7.7,19,23.
45.1-3; 46.1,2,11; 48.14; xxi. xiii. xiv.; Je.10.25; state. Abont A M. 3671 Alexander the Great of The thigh-like kingdoms of Egypt on the SOUTH of
12.14; 25.12-14, 26; 27. 7; I. Ii.; Rab. 2. 3-19; Da. Macedonia, having perfected the reduction of Greece Canaan, and of Syria on the NORTH, long subsisted.
v.; 7.4,12; Zec.6.6,8; 5.5-11; De.32.35-43. into one kingdom, marched an army of about 35,000 Ptolemy Lagus, surnamed the Saviour, ruled over
XIII. The llfEDEs sprang from Japheth, by his son excellent warriors (Egeatie, or goatish men, armed Egypt, Canaan, Phenicia, Hollow Syria, Caria, Cyprus.
MADA!, The ELAMITES, or PERSIANS, from ELAM, the with brass), headed by the most prudent generals, part of Arabia, and the Egean Isles. Seleucus Nicator.
eldest son of Shem, whose name they ordinarily bear against the Persians, whose emblem of royalty then or conqueror, who founded his empire in A.M. 3692,
in Scripture, Ge. 10. 2, 22; 14. 1 ; Is. 21. 2; Ac. 2. 9. was the golden head of a horned ram. Highly pro- was still more powerful ; ruling over not only Syria,
Both•of these were conquered by the Assyrians. Part voked by the insolent messages of Darius Codoman but Persia, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia,
of both served in Sennacherib's army against the their king, Alexander furiously routed their huge Media, Pontus, and almost all Lesser Asia; from which,
J ewa, Is. 22. 6. The Med es, instigated by Dejoces, armies in the great battles of Granicus, Issus, and after about sixteen years' contest, he drove Demetrius,
about A. M. 3294, revolted from under the Assyrians, Arbela; and by overrunning rather than fighting, in son of Antigonus; and to which, after the death of
and rendered the Persians their tributaries. About six years subdued the whole Persian empire, Ge. Lysimachus in A. M. 3723, he added Thrace and parl
110 years after, assisted by the Chaldeans, they over- 9. 27; Nu. 24. 24; Da.2. 32, 39; 7. 5, 6; 8.3-7; 10.20; of Macedonia in Europe. But his son Antiochlli
turned the Assyrian empire and destroyed Nineveh. 11.2,3; Zee. 6.2,6,8. Ahout A.M. 3754 the Parthians, Soter's wars with the Gauls, Bithynians, and Per•
Both, hut especially ·the Persians, were obliged to who perhaps were chiefly Scythians and Gauls, formed gamenians, together with the revolt of the Parthians
aubmit to the Chaldeans; and N ehuchadnezzar built a powerful kingdom in Persia, which continned that ensued, exceedingly weakened the kingdom.
himself a magnificent palace at Shushan in Persia, about 482 years, and sometimes extended from the Wearied with their ruinons contentions, Ptolemy
Je. 25.9,25; 27. 7; 49.34-39. Indus on the south to the Hellespont on the north. Philadelphus_ of Egypt and Antioch us Theos of Syria,
Cyrus, who is so often marked out in the predictions It w:ts long the distinguished terror of the Roman ahout A.M. 3756, agreed to a mutual peace. Ptolemy
of Scripture, advanced the glory of both nations to its empire. About A. D. 220 or 232 the government was carried his daughter Berenice into Syria; persuaded
highest pitch. Having long commanded the Median tr..nsferred to another nation, or at least to another Antiochus to divorce Laodice his queen and espouse
troops of Astyages, his mo,her's father, and of Darius family. This Persian kingdom was a terrible plague Berenice, and settle the crown on her children. Bui
her brother and his own father-in-law, against the to the Christian emperors, especially to those of the Ptolemy was scarcely dead when Antiochus divorced
Chaldeans and others, he became heir to the Persian East; and was a most inveterate and cruel persecutor Berenice, recalled Laodice to his bed, and settled the
crown by his father, and to the Median by his wife, of other Christians. Ever since A. n. 634 Persia has crown of Syria upon Seleucns Callinicus her son. To
Da. 9.1; 5.31. Under his command the Medo-Per- been a distinguished scene of the most shocking prevent Antioch us changing his mind, Laodice quickly
sian troops conquered the three powerful kingdoms of miseries, oppression, murder, and almost everything despatched him by poison, and fixed her son on his
Lydia on the north, Babylon in the middle, and Egypt horrid, under the Saracens, Seljukians, Tartars, Turk- throne about 3758. Berenice, her child, and all her
on the south; all to the westward. The multitudes mans, Sophis, and modern usurpers, Da. 2. 44, 45; Egyptian attendants, were murdered before the Lesse•
Ile slew, and the spoils he seized, were astonishing; 7.12. Asians or Egyptians could come up to protect them.
Is. 41. 2, 3, 26, 45.1-3; 46.11 ; 48. 14 ; xi vii. xxi. xiii. XIV. The GREEKS, comprehending the Athenians, To revenge the death of his sister, Ptolemy Euergele,
86
"
morcbed hcstroops into Syria, reduced most commenced a war upon the Homans. To revenge Stung with indignation at this disappointment, when
ol i,:gypt. d and returned home laden with rich this aff'ront, together with the injury which he had all things promised such success; and provoked by
hat kwg om, . C L
of t •th 2 ,oo Eo-v1,tian idols, winch amuyses done to their allies in Lesser Asia, the Romans quickly the peculiarity of their religion, and by some affronts
·1 nd w, " ~.
1Po 1 s, a . h· d carried off about 300 )·ears before. engaged him. Acilius their general routed his army they had given him; he, in his return to Syria, made
Perswn a in Greece, and dro\'e him quite out of Europe. Livius terrible work among the J cws. Before this he bed
tile h at J·oy of his subjects, he replaced in
totegre
Tbese, • In his return through Canaan he and Emilius at different times defeated his fleets. turned out Oniasthe legal high-priest, and sold his office
. temp 1es.
t belf sacrifice of thanksgiving to God at Lucius Scipio, with an army of 30,000, routed his to his treacherous brothers Jason and Menelaus, one after
offered a so Iemn army in Lesser Asia, slew 54,000 of them, stripped another. Kow, assisted by his heatlien generals pnd
salem, Da.11. 5-9. . .
Jeru h h d been terribly plagued by H1erax his him of all his dominions to the north ward of ]\fount apostate Jews, he stopped the daily sacrifice; rendered
After e a ·· f p S 1 Taurus, and condemned him to pay 12,000 talents of the temple a scene of idolatry and lewdness; compelled
her, and by Eumenes, kmg o . ergamus, e euc~s
brol , ·oner by the Parthian revolters. H,s silver to the Romans, for detraying the expenses of the people to eat swine's flesh; and, in tine, artempted,
. taken pr1s
was sand c\ntiochus the Great, resolved to the war with him. Col'ered with shame and disgrace, with all hi• might, to destroy eYery copy of the Scrip·
s Ceraunu .. .
son-, d on Ptolemy and to recover what their Antioch us retired to the inmost part,; of hie kingdoll/-, tures and ei-ery faithful worshipper of God. Mean-
be revenge '
, h tl Jost Death carried off both Ceraunus and where, attempting to pillag~ ~ temple of Jupiter at while the Armenians and Persians revolted. The
cat:ier a ·hile· · they prepared for the war. Ptolemy Elymais in Persia, for money to pay his Roman debt, Armenians he quickly reduced; but tlie Persian mob
PtolemY ~ . . .
succeeded his father m Egvpt. Ant1ochus he· was murdered by the infuriated mob. Seleucus gave him a furious repulse while he attempted to
pbilopa t er • ..
routed his forces at Berytiv,, and recovered_ Phemc1a Philopater his son, who succeeded him, was remark- plunder one of their temples. Informed in his way
d Hollow Syria. Whether he exec.uted his purpose able for nothing but raising of taxes to defray his homeward that Judas .lllaccabeus and the faithful
&D ·ng Egvpt we do not certainly know; but next father's Roman debt; and for an unsuccessful attempt Jews who assisted him had routed his armies in
of ravag1 . . .
be marched his forces to Egypt, mtendmg to by Heliodorus his minister to pillage the temple of Canaan, he furiously vowed to extirpate their whole
vear ·1 .. Bt God at Jerusalem. Not long after the same Heliodorus nation. Immediately a horrible distemper seized on
• ·t that kingdom from its uxurwus prmce. u
~emv routed his army at Raphia, a city on the poisoned his mas',er for the sake of his throne, Da. his body. His fle;;h was filled with crawling worms,
n;th-~ border of Egypt, and obliged him to restore 11.10-20. rotted, and fell off in pieces, with intolerable torment
Canaan and Hollow Syria. In his return from view- Not Demetrius his son, but Antioch us his brother, and stench. Convinced that it was the punishment
mg these provinces, Ptolemy at Jerusalem offered succ-eedecJ him, A. M. 3829. He had beeu some years of his horrid abuse and persecution of the Jews an<!
,acrific-es of thank,giving to JEHOVAH. But highly at Rome as a hostage, or pledge of security, for the their worship, he solemnly vowed to their God, that
ennured that the terrors of.God or the importunity of payment of the Roman debt; and was one of the most if he recovered he would restore their religion and
the Jrws had hindered his entrance into t-he holy of base, frantic, and mischievous persons that ever grant them the most advantageous instances of his
holies, be caused about forty or sixty thousand Jews breathed. By flattering the Romans to befriend him; favour. But his vows were in vain. The inexpress-
to be inhumanly massacred in Egypt. He granted the by flattering Eumenes, king of Pergamus, to assist ible torment and stench quickly put an end to his
$uians a peace upon the easiest terms, that he might him; and by flattering the Syrians to submit to him, miserable life, near Babylon, A.M. 3840, Da. 11.21-35;
~ve leisure to wallow in iewdness with Agathoclea he peaceably fixed himself on the throne. Having 8. 9-14, 23 -25.
hu. harlot, and her infamous brother. Offended with quickly routed the forces of Heliodorus the usurper, Having languished a hundred years more amidat
bis baseness, many of his subjects revolted. Nor was of Demetri u~. the true heir to the crown, and of terrible contentions and miseries, the Syro-Grecian
it Ion~ before he died of his debaucheries. Ptolemy Ptolemy Philometer of Egypt, who claimed it in dominions, about A.M. 3939, fell into the hands of
Epipbanes, his infant son, succeeded. Antiochus of right of his mot.her, he distributed his spoils among the conquering Romans. About thirty-five years
Srria therefore agreed with Philip of Macedonia to his subjects, which exceedingly gained him their after, those of Egypt shared the same fate. When
..;nquer the Egyptian dominions, and to share them affection. Highly piqned that Eulreus and Lenreus, the Roman empire was divided, A.D. 338, most of
betwixt them. Ptolemy being solely governed by the curators of young Ptolemy, should have demanded that which had anciently pertained to the Greeks was
Agatbocles, his father's catamite, his subjects were for their master the provinces of Phenicia, Hollow allotted to the emperor of the East, who had his resid-
upon the very point of revolting; and several seditions Syria, and Canaan, which had been assigned for his ence at Constantinople. Their territories in Europe
actually happened. The Alexandrians at last took mother Cleopatra's dowry, but it seems had never were sometimes terribly ravaged by the Goths, Huns,
arms, and put Agathocles, his sister, and his friends, been delivered up, Antiochus, having repaired the &c. Those which were in Asia and Africa, about
to death. Scopas, Ptolemy's general, who perhaps fortifications of these countries, marched his army A.D. 640, generally fell into the hands o_f the Saracens.
bim,elf intended to ascend the throne, recovered into Egypt with an intention to conquer it. His in- From them they passed, about 400 years afterward,
Canaan and Hollow Syria; but Antioch us by three or complete victory on the border of Egypt obliged him to the Seljukian Turks. For about three or fonr
four bloody battles retook them. Assisted by the to return hqme. Next year he invaded Egypt afresh, hundred years past almost the whole Grecian empire
Jews, whom he honoured with distinguished favours, and, Alexandria excepted, ravaged most of it. While has been subject to the Ottoman Turks, by whose
he marched his army into Egypt to conquer it. But his deputy governors treacherously surrendered the oppression it is fearfully depopulated, Da. 7.12; 2.40;
finding that the Romans, whose resentment he dreaded, island of Cyprus, the effeminately educated monarch 11.40-43; Zec.6.7; ne.8.7-12; ix.
bad taken young Ptolemy under their protection, he of Egypt did almost nothing in defence of himself or XV. After the rich and bloody empire of the
l'alO!ved to make himself master of it bv fraud. his subjects. Perhaps he was taken prisoner by his Assyrians and Chaldeans; the prudently formed,
Having bribed his beautiful daughter Cle~patra to uncle Antioch us. It is certain they feasted together, moderately wealthy, but inactive, and often basely
betn,y or murder her future husband, upon the first and formed a league of amity which neither of them in- governed empire of the Medes and Persians; the
opportunity he married her to young Ptolemy; and tended to keep; but both were baulked of their treach- rapidly formed and powerful, but quickly divided,
wigned him Phenicia, Hollow Syria, and Canaan, erous intentions. In his return homeward, Antiochus empire of the brass-armed Greeks; had, according to •
for her dowry. But Cleopatra, regardless of the in cold blood ravaged Jeruaalem, murdered 40,000 of the immutable purposes of God, and amidst difficul-
horrid mandates or bribes of her father, faithfully the Jews, and made as many slaves. Meanwhile the ties unnumbered, successively sprung np from con-
adhered to the interests of her husband; and the Alexandrians, finding that Ptolemy their sovereign temptible origins; and had finished their work, and
Egyptian generals suspecting Antiochus' intentions, was entirely managed by his treacherous uncle, made filled up the measure of their iniquities, and then
kept themoeh-es on their guard. Enraged to see his Physcon, his brother, king in his stead. To resent dwindled back to their primary meanness: the empire
de,iigns on the kingdom of Egypt wholly disappointed, this affront Antioch us again invaded Egypt; bnt of the ROMANS, who were descended from J apheth by
Antiochus, with a fleet of 300 ships, and a formidable finding it more difficult than he expected to reduce his son J a van or Gomer, succeeded. In this Sat ,m
army, rendered himself master of several coasts of the supporters of Physcon, he returned home, in hopes made a more ample display of earthly glory, and
Les.er Asia, Thrace, and Greece, and of Samos, Eubrea, that the civil war between the two brothers would erected a more powerful bulwark for the support of
and other islands in the eastern part of the M editer- quickly render the kingdom an easy prey to himself. iniquity, than had ever before existed. In pride,
ranean Sea. Informed afterwards of Ptolemy's death But suspecting his intentions, the two Ptolemies, avarice, murderous cruelty, and tyrannical oppres-
he once more prepal"'<I to wrest the kingdom of Egypt'
Philometor and Physcon, agreed to reign jointly in sion, chiefly of the people of God, it resembled the
from his infant gran-,son · but a terrible storm and peace. Informed hereof, Antiochus again invaded preceding monarchies; but in its commonwealth form,
tbe death of Scopas, who' intended to betray ' that Egypt, and ravaged part of it. But Popilius and which was chiefly directed by two consuls, till at last
ration, prevented him. Jnstigated by Hannibal, the other Roman ambassadors arriving in Macedonian it was dh-ided into two parts, it differed from ,hem.
l&moua and now fugitive gei.eral of the Carthaginians, ships, charged him and all his forces to evacuate In policy, power, extent, and terror to every opposer,
1
be, '" 1•ted by some of the European Greeks, next Egypt if he regarded the friendship of their state. it far exceeded them. Sprung from the basest ort ·
87
gin, these Romans gradually conquered the Italians, tion of the Christians by Diocletian and his fellow- they coulo. find to the sword. The emperor Valentl•
Spaniard,, Helvetians, Gauls, Britons, Germans, Pan- emperors, which lasted ten years. All on a sudden nian III., by promising them an annual tribute,
nonians, Illyrians, Dalmatians, Greeks, Thracians, God pleaded the cause of his persecuted people and diverted them from their intended attack upon Rome.
Lesser Asians, Pontians, Iberians, and Armenians, meted out justice upon their heathen oppressors. To revenge the murder of this emperor on his subjects,
descendej from Japheth; and the Lydians, .Mesopo- While multitudes were swallowed up by earthquakes Eudoxa his queen implored the assistance of tho
tamians, Syrians, Jews, and some Arabs, descended or terrified by ill-boding omens in the sky, Constan- African Vandals. They, under Genseric their king,
from Shem. They enslaved the Etruscan, Pelasgian, tine, being elected emperor by his troops, and pro- in A.D. 455, ravaged Sicily and Italy, pillaged Rome,
Heraclean, Pheoician, and Carthaginian posterity of voked by the designs of his heathen partners in govern- and returned home laden with spoil. The western
Canaan, together with the .Mauritanian, Getulian, ment, took arms against the persecuting emperors empire, now terribly desolated, languished about
Numidian, Lybian, Cyrenian, and Egyptian descend- and their Cresar,i or subordinate emperors. While twenty years more under eight short and .turbulent
ants of Ham, in Africa. Rome, which was the seat Diocletian abandoned his imperial crown for a private reigns. In A.D. 476 Odoacer, whom the Heruli and
of their empire, stands about 1200 miles north-west life, :l,laximinian, Galerius, Maximin, 1,Iaxentius, other barbarians had chosen for their king, deposed
of Jerusalem; but the empire itself extended from and Licinus were so plagued with repeated discom- the emperor Augustulus; and translated the seat of
north to south about 2600, from east to west about fitures and disasters that they hid themselves in dens his own royalty to Ravenna, another city of Italy.
3000 miles. Their conquests extended chiefly to the and caves. While some other principal persecutors His kingdom had scarcely lasted sixteen years, when
southward. They successively adopted seven different murdered themselves in the most desperate anguish, Theodoric the O,trogoth unhinged it, and founded an-
forms of government. For the first 200 years they MaJeimin and Licinus publicly acknowledged their other, of about sixty-four years' continuance. Hitherto
had kings. From A.M. 8i72 to 3960 they were disasters to be the just reward of Jesus Christ the Roman consuls, senate, and magistrates h~d
governed by consula, tribunes, decemvirs, and dicta- upon them for persecuting his people. Multitudes of always maintained some vestiges of their ancient
tors, in their turns. After this to A.M. 4480, by the heathen priests, who had all along been distin- power and dignity. But J u~tinian the emperor of
emperors, heathen and Christian. From A.D. 476 to guished instigators of the persecutions, were miserably Constantinople, having recovered Africa from the
556, they were governed by Gothic kings. Since A.D. destroyed. Even Maximin and Licinus murdered Vandals and part of Italy from the Goths, his suc-
756 the popes have been at once thetr spiritual and thousands of them; because by their false predictions cessor, Justin II., A.D. 566, totally abolished the dis-
their civil heads, Da. 2. 33, 40-43; 7. 7, 8, 23,24; Zee. of victory they had decoyed them into their ruinous tinguished honours of Rome, reduced it to the same
6.1-7; Re.12.3; 13.1; li.3,9-11. wars with Constantine. In fine, the heathen worship level with the neighbouring cities, and made the
About A.D. 44 a terrible famine of seven years' of the sun, moon, and stars, and other idols, was Exarch of Ravenna his deputy-governor of it. The
continuance afflicted the empire. Not long after, abolished by law, Re. 6. 12-17; Ps. 2. 8, 9; 18. 30-48; Romish bishop, about A.D. 606, obtaining an imperial
multitudes of earthquakes happened in it, in Italy, 21.8-12; 35.26,27; 40.14-16; 46.6-8; 48.4-11; 59. mandate by which he was declared UNIYERSAL ErsHoP,
Lesser Asia, and Canaan, and in the isles of Crete, 12-15; 69. 23-28; 68.1, 2, 12, 30; 79.6-13; 83. 9-18; immediately began to grasp at civil power. In A.D.
Samas, Chios, &c. Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colosse 94.24; 96.13; 98.9; 72.9; 110.5,6; 132.18; 149.6-9; 756 he actually became prince of Rome and the two
were quite ornrturned, Joel 3. 30; Mat. 24. 7; Lu. Pr.1.24-32; Is.66.15-17; Joel 3.9-16; Zep.3.8; Hag. territories adjacent, and restored to that city part of
21.11; Ac.11. 28; 2.19,20. The opposition of the 2.22; Mi.4.13; 5.5-15. its ancient privileges. The succeeding popes attempted
emperors Nero, Domitian, Trajan, and Adrian to the From A.D. 323 to 338 the Roman empire, now to extend an imperial influence over the nations.
everywhere victorious gospel of Christ, and the cruel Christianized by law, enjoyed a short repose. Mean- Hating the Emperor of Constantinople, the Romans
persecution of his followers, drew upon their dominions while Constantine repaired the ancient Byzantium, proclaimed Charles the Great, king of France and
the tremendous justice of God. The noted vic- on the north-west of the Euxiue Sea, and called it Germany, their emperor. About A.D. 800 he and the
tories of Vespa,iian over the Jews in the first century CONSTANTINOPLE, after himself, and rendered it his pope established the German empire instead of tho
of the Christian era, and of Trajan over the Jews and imperial seat. His death was followed by fearful Roman; which healed head of the beast will probably
Parthians in the next, were quickly followed by fearful calamities. The contemporary or separate reigns of continue till the glorious better age commence, Da.
and bloody disasters. While the Parthians and other his three sons were chiefly marked with mutual con- 2. 33,41-43; 7. 8; Zee. 6. 7; Re. 8.1, 7-!2; 13.2,3, 15;
heathens murdered the Romans in other countries, tentions one with another; rebellions of Maxentius, 12.3.
the Jews, enraged with the ruin of their nation, city, Sylvanus, and others; terrible ravages by the Persians About A.D. 480 the western empire bad begun to be
and temple, murdered about 500,000 or more of them and Armenians in the east; and by the Allemans, parcelled out into TEN TOES OR HORNS; i.e. sovereign
in Cyprus, Cyrene, and Egypt. The slaughter of Jews Scots, and Picts in the west. The short reign of states of barbarians who came from the East; viz.
unnumbered, in revenge of this, did but more and Julian their cousin was principally noted for his crafty Huns, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Suevi
more weaken the empire, Re. 6.1-4. Whatever zeal and cruel attempts to abolish Christianity and restore and Alans, Burgundians, Hernli and Rugians, Saxons,
Maren. Aurelius and Septimus Severus discovered for heathenism, and his ruinous loss in the Persian war. Lombards. Bishop Chandler classes them thus: the
common equity and for the support of their subjects, In A.D. 364 Valentinian divided the empire with Ostrogoths in Mresia, the Visigoths in Pannonia, the
their persecution of the Christians issued in such Valens his brother, after which this di vision generally Suevi and Alans in Spain and part of France, the
scarcity of provisions that people were obliged to eat remained. The emperor of the western part resided Vandals in Africa, the Franks in France, the Heruli
their victuals by weight and measure; and labourers at Rome, and the emperor of the east at Constantinople. and Thuringi in Italy, the Saxons and Angles in
were scarcely able to earn what was necessary for their Being now composed of ancient Romans, conquered Britain, the Huns in Hungary, the Lombards on the
own subsistence, Re. 6.5,6. In the third century of nations, and invading Scythians, the Roman state banks of the Danube, and afterwards in Italy. Sir
the Christian era the Roman empire became more became extremely weak and disjointed. Theodosius Isaac Newton arranges them thus: the Vandals and
and more miserable. From 235 to 286 the Chris- the Great united its parts, and restored it to some Alans in Africa and Spain, the Suevi in Spain, the
tians were generally and sometimes terribly per- degree of its wonted order and strength. But he Visigoths, the Alans in France, the Burgundians,
secuted, and millions of them murdered. In true dying in 395, and dividing it to his sons Honorius and the Franks, the Britons, the Huns, the Lombards,
just resentment of this, twenty emperors and thirty Arcadius, it gradually became more and more weak and the Exarchate of Ravenna. In the eighth century
usurpers, after making no small havoc among their and miserable. The Goths nnder Rbadagaisus and Bishop Newton arranges them thus: the Senate of
opposers, or even their friends, were cut off almost all Alaric ravaged Greece, Italy, &e., besieged Rome, Rome, the Greek Exarchate of Ravenna, the Lom-
in a miserable manner. Moreover, while the Persians murdered about a third part of the imperial subjects, bards, the Huns, the Allemans, the Burgundians,
in the East plagued Syria and the countriei adjacent, and obliged the western emperor to allow them Gaul the Franks, the Goths, the Britons, the Saxons.
the Goths, Quadi, Sarmatre, Suevi, and Vandals (or France) and Spain for their residence. In A.D. Ever since the fall of the Roman empire it has been
ravaged almost all the Roman territories in Europe. 410 Alaric again ravaged Italy and burned Rome. generally parcelled out into ten distinct sovereignties,
Few cities and scarcely one unwalled town escaped Meanwhile other armies of Goths, Alans, and Vandals notwithstanding frequent alterations of their form,
th~ir infernal pillage and murder. Besides fearful almost desolated Gaul and Spain, and took possession extent, &c. At present we have the states of Italy,
earthquakes, a terrible pestilence of fifteen years' con- thereof. The Vandals crossed the Medite=nean Sea the Two Sicilies, Portugal, Spain, France, Britain,
tinuance pervaded the whole empire from south to by the Straits of Gibraltar, and by terrible ravage Holland, Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland; or by
north. Multitudes were left unburied. Dogs and rendered themselves masters of the Roman territories joining Holland, Hungary, or Switzerland to Ger-
other ravenous animals were so accustomed to human in Africa, and there formed a powerful kingdom. many, we may admit Turkey for a tenth. The dif-
carrion that they sometimes entered towns and de- Attila and his infernal Huns for fourteen year, ferent nations of which these states were composed,
voured the living, Re.6. 7,8. ravaged Thrace, Greece, France, and part of Italy iu and their diversified tempers and laws, have re~dered
The fourth century opened with a terrible persecu- the most barbarous manner, putting almost every one their constitution& weak and inconsistent. Da. 2. 3&
88
-43; 7, 7, 20; Rc.12. 3; 13. l; 17. 3, 12, 16. For assisted, it is said, by a villanous Jew and a treach- out of their country. For more than 400 years pa.st
41 erous Christian monk, under pretence of reforming the Ottoman Turks have possessed a great part of
aJmost 1200 years past these ten sovereignties have,
·n whole or in part, submitted to the tyranny of the his countrymen's gross idolatry, contrived a religious their ancient conquests. Others, of Tartarian original,
~ntichristian popes; but when. 1260 from the full system adapted to the then reigning taste of Jews have still longer possessed their kingdom of Persia,
ifestation of Popery are fimshed, they shall re- and Christians as well as heathens; promising to Hindoostan, &c. Thus these IsHMAELITES or SARACENS
!llall ce bis authority and employ their power to those who embraced it manifold carnal enjoyments are, after an amazing blaze of earthly grandeur, re-
noun
abolish it. What alterations these ten states will both in time and in eternity. After spending about duced to, if not below, their ancient baseness. They
undergo in their own f~rm, by the _general conversion fourteen years in private attempts on his idolatrous nevertheless maintain their wonted independency,
of mankind to Clir:ist m the corrpng age, we know neighbours, he was obliged to flee from Mecca, the and still oblige the haughty sultans of Constantinople
not, Da.2.44,45; 7.8,11,24-27; Re.13.1,12-17; 17. place of his birth, to :llledina, where he procured a to pay them a yearly tribute of 40,000 crowns as the
J2-16. considerable number of followers, who were called condition of their allowing the Turkish pilgrims a
xn. ARABIA is of great extent, reaching from SARACENS. Encouraged by this he altered his plan, safe passage to l\Iecca, their holy city, Ge.16.12; Da,
Egypt on the west to Persia on the east; and fro~ and began to propagate his tenets by fire and sword. 11.40; Re.9.1-11.
the Indian Ocean on the south to Canaan; nay, m While a preternatural darkness of the sun, from June XVII. The Scythians, Tartars, and Turks are the
the east parts, to Syria on the north. The eouth part to October, presaged their ruinous influence, his army offspring of J apheth, by MAGOG, and perhaps some
of it, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, was of Saracens prodigiously increased. Like locusts and others of his sons, Ge.10.2; Eze.xxxviii.xxxix. They
peopled by the po•terity of J oktan, Ge. 10. 26-30; scorpions, they chiefly ravaged and murdered the have multiplied exceeding!y, and have often made
1 Ch.1. 20-23. The north parts by the lsHMAELITES, nations during the five months of summer; and it was the most terrible irruptions into Europe or Southern
who, when multiplied into their twelve tribes, swal- about five prophetic months, or 150 years, before their Asia. About A. M. 3370, under Madyes or Oguz Khan,
lowed up most of the descendants of Keturah, Esau, ruinous power began to decline. The strength of they ravaged Western Asia. It seems they intended
and Lot, Ge.16.10,12; 17.20; 21.9-21; 25.1-4,12-18; their armies chiefly consisted in cavalry, and their to have penetrated into Egypt had not Psammitticus,
36.1-16; 19.37,38. Part of the Ishmaelites anciently incursions were rapid and violent. Dressed with tur- by flattery and compliments, diverted them. It was
traded with the Egyptians in spices; and long after bans or mitres, their heads appeared as if crowned; not till after twenty-eight years, and the massacre of
with the Tyrians in spices, ebony, jewels, gold, ivory, and their captains reckoned themselves on a level their chiefs by Cyaxares' orders, that they evacuated
precious clothes, and cattle, Ge. 37. 25; Eze. 27. 15, with kings. They had beards as men; but plaited l\Iedia or submitted to its king. Moch about the
20-22; but they have generally applied themselves to their hair as women. They pretended to a masculine same period they seem to have conquered China.
\he management of flocks and herds, dwelling in tents, religion; but lust for women, revenge, and cruelty About A.M. 3510 -the bcythians carried on a furious
and roving from place to place, as they found most chiefly marked their character. Their daring hearts war with Darius Hystaspes the Persian. About A.M.
convenient for pasture, Is.13.20; 21.13; 60.6,7; Eze. and destructive weapons rendered their inroads alarm- 3i54 the Parthians founded a powerful kingdom in
25.4,5. They have in every age been distinguished ing and terrible. Their tail, the very scum of their Eastern Persia, which continued 482 or 4i5 years.
for lewdness, robbery, ravage, revenge, and murder; armies, spread misery and death wherever they went; Before the birth of our Saviour the Dacians had begun
and have been a common nuisance and plague to man- and the delusions they propagated were ruinous and to ravage the north-east parts of the Roman empire,
kind around them. It was the interest of each of damning. But Abubeker the caliph, or successor of but were reduced by the emperor Trajan about .A.D.
the many conquerors who approached their territories Mahomet, made it a standing law that none should 110. The Sarmatre began their ravaging of Germany
to extirpate them; but none has ever so much as destroy corn or fruit-trees, or hurt any cattle, but about .A.D. 69, but were reduced by the Huns about
properly reduced them to subjection, Ge.16.12. Some when it wa.s necessary for subsistence; and God so 450, and more fully by the Goths about 500. The
of them assisted the Midianites against Israel, and managed their conquests and ravages that his faithful Alans began ravaging Media about A.D. 70, and Europe
shared in the vengeance of Gideon, Ju. 6. 3 ; 8. 24. servants generally escaped. Nor, though they wreaked 120; and at last settled in Spain about 409. The
They sent friendly compliments to Solomon; and their fury upon empty and idolatrous Christians all Suevi began their ravages about A.D. 85, fixed their
perhaps the Queen of Sheba was an Arabian, 1 Ki. along, from-China to the Atlantic Ocean, could they residence in Spain 409, and were subdued by the
10. 1-15; 2 Ch. 9. 1-H. Shishak, the Egyptian con- ever render themselves masters of the Christian capi- Goths about 585. The Vandals began their murderous
queror, was obliged to protect his kingdom from their tals of Rome and Constantinople, even though they incul'8ions about .A.D. 166. They ravaged all along
depredations by a deep ditch and line of defence. pillaged the former, and often besieged the latter. from Germany to the Atlantic Ocean, crossed the
They complimented Jehoshaphat with some flocks; By the direction of Satan, and of Mahomet and his Mediterranean Sea, and erected a kingdom in Africa
but quickly after, to their own hurt, they joined in successors (CALIPHS), especially for the first eighty 407. Issuing from thence, about 455, they ravaged
the grand alliance against him, 2 Ch. 17.10, 11; x:x.; years, they murdered an infinity of mankind. In Sicily and Italy, and pillaged Rome; but about 536
Ps. 83. 6-17. They terribly ravaged Judea under Asia, they conquered Arabia, Canaan, Syria, Chaldea, were subdued by Justinian, the emperor of Constan-
Jehoram his son, 2 Ch.21.16,17. Persia, Media, Armenia, Assyria, with part of Lesser tinople. Perhaps the Galles or Giages in the heart
About A.M. 3200 the Gadites and Jkubenites gave Asia, India, and Tartary. In Africa they conquered of Africa are part of their murderous descendants.
the eastern lshmaelites or Hagarenes a terrible defeat, Egypt, Nubia, Libya, Barbary, Fez, and Morocco, About if. not before A.D. 215, the Goths began their
and seized on their territory and wealth, 1 Ch. 5.15-22. and other countries on the north of the river Senegal. terrible ravages of the Roman empire. In A.D. 410
About 3290 the Assyrians ravaged their country. In the Mediterranean they seized upon Cyprus, Sicily, they took and burned Rome, and about the same time
Many of the Kedarenes were murdered and their and many other islands. In Europe they conquered fixed their residence in Italy, Gaul, and Spain.
flocks carried off for a spoil. The Dedanites fled to Portugal and Spain, with part of Italy and France. About .A.D. 250 the Franks began (hdr ravages, and
the woods, where many of them perished by hunger. From .A.D. 760 to 910 their power was either at a about 420 settled in Gaul, which, from them, ha.s
The Kenites were carried prisoners to Nineveh, Nu. stand, or more generally on the decline. Their setting been since called FRANCE. The Heruli began their
24.21,22; ls.21.13-17. About .A.M. 3420 Nebuchad- up other caliphs in opposition to the mighty lords of ravages about A.D. 256, and, along with others,
nezzar the Chaldean ravaged the northern parts of Bagdad; the religious differences between the Persians abolished the Roman empire in 476, but within aboul
Arabia, put multitudes of the Dedanites, Buzites, and other Mahometans, and the territle animosity sixty years were once reduced by the O,trogoths, and
Temanites, Scenites, and Kedarenes to the sword, occasioned thereby; the success of the Christians in again by the emperor Justinian. About .A.D. 257 the
burned their cities, and carried off their wealth for a Spain; and the perpetual inroads and growing power Burgundi began their ravages, but were reduced by
prey, Je. 25. 9, 23-25; 49.30-33. Provoked by their of the Seljukians in Persia, greatly weakened their the Franks about 534. About 269 the Gepidre began
contempt of himself, or by their depredations on his authority. Tangrolipix, •the Seljukian Turk, about their incursions; but about 572 the Lombards, who
BUbjects, Alexander the Great, about .A.M. 3678, in A.D. 1040 or 1055, rendered himself sovereign of Persia, had jnst before established a powerful kingdom in
vain resolved to extirpate them. Antigonus, his stripped the caliph of Bagdad, who was the chief, of Italy, subdued the rest. The Lombards themselves
mighty general, who attempted to suc~eed him; his civil authority, leaving him but a mere shadow of were reduced by Charles the Great of France and
Pompey, the victorious Roman commande,; and the spiritual power. Germany about 200 years after. From A.D. 376 the
emperors Augustus, Trajan, and Severus attempted to In A. n. 1260 the J enghizan Tartars utterly abolished Huns committed the most terrible ravages through a
reduce or destroy them in vain. Providence always, the caliphate of Bagdad. Mostanser the caliph escaped great part of Europe, and at last settled in Hungary
and sometimes miraculously, maintained the inde- to Egypt, where he and his successors enjoyed a show About the same time the Haiathelite or Ephthalite
pendency of these wild descendants of Abraham by of spiritual government till, in 1525, that country Huns committed the most shocking depredations in
Hagar, Ge.16.12. was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. In A. D. 1610 the kingdom of Persia. From about A.D. 485 to 1390
About A.D 608 Mahomet, a crafty Ishmaelite, the 8 paniards drove a,bou t 900, 000 Saracens and Moors the But.r..__..., frequently ravaged the ea.stern empire,
89 .
bt:l were at la.st reduced by the Ottoman Turks. furious, desperate, and cruel; horrid blasphemers, 14,15; 31.13; 35.11; xlvi.; Ex.i.; De.7.7; 10.22; 26.5;
Whether the Saxons, who so furiously warred in Ger- and mad with zeal for the l\Iahometan delusion. Jos.24.2-4_: Ps.105.6-24; Is.51.2; Ac.7.2-18.
many, and who murdered the Britons of England and Assisted by newly-invented fire-arms of a monstrous "'hen the Hebrew• had sojourned in Egypt about
dwelt in their stead; and the Jlfarcomans, Allemans, size, protected by sparkling breastplates, and steeled 215 years, and had for almost a hundred been cruelly
and Quadi, who bore their part in ravaging the in heart with co'!•age and fury, for almost 400 years oppressed, God, notwithstanding their sinfulness and
Roman empire, were also of a Scythian or Tartar they spread the most tremendous ravage and murder many compliances with the heathen abominations,
original, we cannot determine; nor can we say what among the apostate Christians in the west of Asia and did, in A. M. 2513, miraculously bring them forth
desolations were made in Tartary by the emigration squth-east of Europe. They began their conquests from their bondage with great honour and wealth,
of such multitudes towards the west. ·But it is cer- with the taking of Kutahi in Asia, A.D. 1281 or 1302, and, by tenfold plagues, severely punished their
tain that, by murdering the old inhabitants and one and ended them with the taking of Kaminiek in Egyptian persecutors, Ge.15.14,16; 46.4; 50.24,25;
another, a great part of Europe was rendered a Poland, 1672, or at the peace of Carlowitz in 1698. Ex.i.-xiv.; De.11. 2-4; 4.20,34,37; 5.15; 6.12,21,22;
shambles of bloodshed· and war, and turned into a Under their emperors, Othman, Orchan, Amurath I., 7.8,18,19; 9.26; 13.10; 16.1; 26.6-8; Jos.24.5-7; Ju.
comparative desert. Kor till many ages afterwards Bajazet I. (whom Tamerlane the Tartar so terribly 2.1; 10.11; 1 Sa.12.6,8; Ke.9.9-11; Ps.66.5-12; 77.
were these countries moderately peopled or cultivated. routed, and carried about in an iron cage), l\Iahomet 14-20; 114.1; 80.8; 81.5-7; 78.12,43-52; 105.26-38;
So general was the destruction that the language, and L, Amurath II., Mahomet II., Bajazet II., Selim I., 106. 7-12; 135.8,9; 136.10-15; 74.12-15; 89.10; Is.
even the laws, of the Romans or natives were extir- Soliman, Selim II., Amurath III., and l\Iahomet 51.9,10; 63.9-15; Je.32.20,21; 2.6; Eze.16.2-7; 20.
p'lted, and the language of the ravagers, and their IV., they made themselves masters of the whole of 5-10; 23.3; Ac.7.18-36; 13.17.
· feudal system, inhuman diversions, and probations of the eastern Romish empire from Ethiopia on the south Notwithstanding their frequent murmurings, re-
1 causes, were e,·erywhere introduced. Thus the TOES to Poland on the north, and from near the Caspian newed rebellions, and repeated idolatries, God for
of the image appeared as formed of iron and clay; Sea on the east to the Straits of Gibraltar on the forty years guided and protected them in the wilder-
and the grizzled horse., of the fourth chariot walked west. Few countries mentioned in Scripture escaped ness by a miraculous pillar of cloud; fed them with
to and fro in the earth, Da.2.33,41-43; Zec.6.7; Re. their conquering fury. Those which they subdued, manna from heaven, and with water from the flinty
6.4,8; 8.7-12. though anciently populous, rich, and fertile, were by rocks of Rep hi dim and Kadesh; and twice regaled
About A.D. 1000 Mahmud Gazni, with an army of their murders and tyrannical oppressions rendered a them with the flesh of quails. In the most solemn
Tartars and others, founded the empire of the Gaz- comparative desert. Instead of hundreds or thousands manner he gave them his laws, and appointed them
11evides in the East Indies, which continued for some of wealthy and populous cities, none, except Constan· governors in church and state for the execution of
ages powerful :rnd flourishing. While the power of tinople in Europe; Smyrna, Bagdad, Aleppo, and them. His tabernacle was erected among them, and
the Saracens was on the decline multitudes of Turks Erzerum in Asia; Cairo and Alexandria in Egypt; to their tents regularly pitched around it. And having
had gradually poured themselves from the north-east which we can scarcely add Algiers, Tunis, and Trir,oli by diversified plagues cut off that wicked generation
into Persia and l\Iesopotamia. They formed four in Africa, now deserve roach notice, Ge. 9. 27; Da.11. who contemned his promised Canaan, he, by a mirac-
sultanies or kingdoms near to the Euphrates-that of 40-43; Zee. 6. 7; Re. 9.12-21. ulous passage through Jordan, and by manifold vic-
Bagdad in A.n. 1040 or 10:i5, of Damascus and Aleppo What tidings from the north and east shall he~- tories over the natives, gave them the possession of
in 1079, and of Iconium in 10S0. The first was by after terrify the Ottoman empire we know not; but that country. His tabernacle was erected in the
far the most powerful. For more than 200 years in the beginning of the millennium we expect the middle of the land, his covenant of peculiar friendship
God, by their own mutual contentions, and by the Turks and their Persian, Ethiopian, Lybian, and renewed with them, and the influences of his Holy
invasions of the European crusades for the recovery of Arabian allies to attack the Jews when just converted Spirit remarkably bestowed upon them, Ge. 12. 2, 7;
Canaan, and by the invasions of the Tartars, restrained to the Christian faith and returned to Canaan, and 13.14-17; 15.7-21; 17.7,8,21; 21.12; 22.17,18; 24.60;
their motions and kept them as it were bound by the miserably to perish in the attempt, lea\,ing their car- 26.3,4; 27.28,29; 28.3,4,13-15; 3.,.11,12; 50.24,25,
river Euphrates. Arisen from the smallest begin- casses to fatten the fields and their wealth ft>r ~ ·-poi!, Ex.3.8; 6.4-8; 15.13-17; 23.23-31; 33.14; 34.10,11;
nings, J enghiz Khan, an eastern Tartar, and his sons, Eze. x:xxviii. xxxix. ; Da. 11.44, 45. In tile e;,d of that Nu.14.31; 15.1; 26.53-55; 33.51-54; xxxiv.; 35.10;
between 1200 and 1260, conquered most of Ada and ha_ppy period we expect the descendants of Magog- De.1.7,8; 4.1; 5.16; 6.1,3,10,18; 7.1,2,20-24; 8.7-9;
the east of Europe to the frontiers of Germany. Be- Russians, Tartars, and Turks, or other like savages, 9.1-3; 11.10,21-25; 12.9,10,29; 26.1; 30. 18,20; 31.13;
sides several smaller states in India, &c., they formed with their wicked auxiliaries-to attempt, an utter 32.8-14; xxxiii.; 34.4; Jos.1.2-6; 3.10-13; 6.3-5;
the three powerful empires of Kipjak, partly in Europe, destruction of the Christians, but to be tlestroyed by 8.1,2; 10.8; 11.6; Ex.x,·.-xl.; Le.i.-xxvii.; Nu.i.-
and of China and Persia in Asia. None of these con- somfl ruinous plague, Rfl.20.8,9. , xxxvi.; De.i.-xxxiv.; Jos.i.-xxiv.; Ne.9.12-25; Ps.
tinued respectable in the J enghizan family beyond XVIII. Notwithstanding God's des•roctlon of the 44.3,4; 66.11,12; 77.14--20; 78.12-55; 80.8-11; xc.;
the ninth or tenth generation. About A.D. 1400 old world by a flood, to purge away its universal cor- 95.8-ll; 99.6-8; 105.39-45; 106.7-33; 107.1-7; 114.
Tamerlane, with a huge army of Tartars, overran ruption, mankind quickly returned to their wonted 1-8; 135.10-12; 136.16-22; Is.48.21; 63.9-14; Je.2.
Western Asia, murdered an infinity of mankind, wickedness, or invented new methods of guilt; and 2,3,6,7; 31.2; 32.21,22; Eze.16. 2-14; 20.10-23,35;
m:my of them in cold blood, and founded the two therefore, to preserve religion among them, God se- Ac. 7. 36-45; 13.18, 19.
powerful empires of Persia and Hindoostan,-the last lected a peculiar nation for himself. For about 2000 Their situation and fate in Canaan exactly corre-
of which, comprehending about thirty-two kingdoms years the Jewish or Hebrew descendants of Shem w,,~ sponded with the benedictions of Jacob and Moses,
on this side the Ganges, is still governed by his l\Iogul the distinguished people of God, Ge. 9. 26. Abraham Ge.xlix.; De.xxxiii. Their territory was about 180
descendants. Thus God has multiplied Japheth, and himself was for this purpose separated from the rest miles in length from north to south, and 80 in breadth
made ltim dwell in the knts of Shem, Ge. 9.27; Re. 9.14. of mankind, and he and his promised seed, i.e. those from east to west. The river .Jordan (which, taking
·ro avoid the fury of the Jenghizan Tartars, Soliman only by Isaac and Jacob, were by solemn covenant its rise in Lebanon, and running southward, formed
Shah, a Turkish lord, with his three sons, attempted adopted into peculiar relation to the .Most High. in its course the lake of Merom and the far larger sea
+,., cross the Euphrates to the westward. He was While Abraham himself was a blessing to the nations of Chinneroth, Galilee, or Tiberias), together with the
dfOWned in his passage. His two elder sons returned around, he was also highly favoured by Gui; and brooks and rivulets which crossed the country, and "
ilome and submitted to the enemy; and not long after Isaac and Jacob were conceived by a supernatural multitude of fruitful hills and valleys, rendered it
Ortogrul, the youngest, with his sons Condoz, Saru- influence, and were in like manner by their instruc- exceedingly pleasant and fertile. Lebanon on the
bani, and Othman, crossed the river and obtained tions, example, and otherwise, rendered public bless- north, Hermon and Gilead on the east, Tabor in the
from the Seljukian sultan of Iconium a settlement ings to mankind. A seed numerous as the sand was middle, and North Carmel on the west, were some of
on the western borders of Armenia. Othman, from promised to these divinely-confederated patriarchs. the more delightful mountains This territory com-
whom the Turks are still called OTTOMANS, becoming But to exercise their faith and patience, it had during prehended about 9,231,000 acres of ground, which,
a valiant captain, many of the Seljukians deserted the first 215 years increased to no more than seventy after saving perhaps two millions for the Levitical
their own sultans and joined him. With these he persons. In the last half of the 430 years prescribed cities and for the chiefs of families, allowed each of
frequently routed the straggling Tartars or his Chris- by God for their wandering condition, it increased the 601,730 warriors who conquered it about tl"elve
t:an neighbours. His victories made the Ottoman into about three millions, men, women, and children, acres apiece. The arable grounds yielded sometimes
bands prodigiously increase. The strength of their notwithstanding terrible oppression and manifold at- sixty or an hundred fold. The rich pastures produced
armies generally consisted in horsemen, of whom they tempts to murder their male children, Ge.12.1--S; 13. large quantities of milk and honey. Thus, by the
have sometimes had a million in pay. Dressed in 16; 15.4,5,13,14,16; 17.4--7,16,19,21; 18.10,14; 21. blessing of God, their land was fully capable of main·
blue, scarlet, or yellow livery, they were extremely 1-8,12; 22.17,18; 25.21--!!4; 26.3,(; 27.22-29; 28.3, taining its numerous inhabitants. The Reubenltes.
90
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NATION8.
Gadites,and half.tribe of ll!anass~~ had t-~~ir portio~s Zebulunites, on the west side, were seated the tribe kings, especially just before the ruin of their monarchy,
on the east of Jordan, Nu.xxxn.; De.m.; Jos.xm. of AsHER, whose principal cities were Rehab, North and the civil wars attending it; their repeateo. wars
The portion of the REUBENITES lay on the north-east Hebron or Abdon, Aphek, Beth-shemesh, Kanah, with the kingdom of Judah, and especially the inva-
of the Dead Sea of Sodom, .and north o_f the river Accho or Ptolemais, Jos.19.24-31; 21.30,31; Ju.1.31; sions of the Syrians and Assyrians, rendered them
Amon, Jt included Peor, Nebo, and Pisgah, hills 1 Ch.6.74,75; Ac.21.7; and on the east side was the generally miserable. The craft of Jeroboam I.; the
which at present make a very rugged appearance. portion of the X APHTALITES, whose principal cities valour of Baasha; the miraculous victories of Ahab;
Their principal cities were Heshbon, Jahaz, Bamoth- were Ham math, Ramah, Hazor, Kedesh, Beth-shemesh, the successful wars of Jehoush, ,Jeroboam II., and
baal, Beth. peor, J\Iedeba, Adam., Shittim, Bezer, Kiijuth-sepher, Capernaum, &c., Jos.19.32-38; 21.32; Pekah, quickly issued in the ruin of their families
Mephaath, Beth-jeshimoth, &c., part of which the I Ch. 6. 76; Ju. l. 33; Mat.11. 23. This and the three and the distress of their kingdom. Of the eleven
Moabites afterwards took from them, Nu. 32. 3,37,38; next preceding portions lay mostly in Lower or Wes- contemporary kings of Judah, only Asa, Jehoshaphat,
De.3.12,16; Jos.13.15-21; 21.36,37; lCh.6.78,79; tern Galilee. and Jothum were indisputably pious; and prosperity
with Js.J5.2,4,6; 16.9; Je.4S.21-24. Northward of In correspondence with the legal dispensation they attended their reigns and that of C zziah. Rehoboam's
the Reubenites the children of GAD had their inherit- were under, and that they might be standing emblems inconsistency and J oash's apostacy were punished by
ance in a soil more plain and fertile. Their p}incipal of the people of God in their imperfect state, the Egyptian and Syrian invasions. Under the wicked
cities were Dibon, Ataroth, Aroer, Jazer, Enon, Suc- Hebrews were generally happy or miserable as they reigns of J ehoram, Ahaziah, and Ahaz, the nation
coth, Penuel, Mahanaim, East J\lizpeh, Ramoth-gilead, obeyed or disobeyed the divine Lord of their country. was reduced to the very brink of destruction. Ignor-
&c., part of which were afterwards seized by the Am- Neglect to extirpate the idolatrous Caananites issued ance, ingratitude, contempt of God and his oracles
monites and J\Ioahites, N u.32.34-36; J os.13. 24-28; in their sudden and often repeated apostasy from God and ordinances, breach of covenant with him, idolatry,
21. 38, 39; 1 Ch. 6. 80, 81; with J e. 48. 21-24; 49. 2. to the like abominations. This JEHOVAH punished devilish divinations, alliances with heathens around
Northward of the Gadites, in the large territory of with repeated and grievous oppressions by the Meso- and dependence on them instead of God, pride, hypo-
Galilee of the Gentiles, were seated the Eastern· potamians, the Moabites, the Canaanites, the Midian- crisy, scornful obstinacy in wickedness, neglect of
}iANASSITES- Their principal cities were Edrei, Ash- ites, the Ammonites, and Philistines. But upon their relative duties, selfishness, hatred, bloodshed, luxury,
taroth, Golan, Geshur, Sharon, J abesh-Gilead, Cbor- repentance he delivered them byOthniel, Ehud, Barak, lewdness, injustice, oppression, falsehood, deceit, envy,
azin, Bethsaida, Girgasha, Gadara, &c., Nu.32.39-42; Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, and Samuel, their judges, covetousness, and every similar form of iniquity,
De.3.14,15;Jos.13.29-31; 1 Ch.6.71; Mat.11.21; Lu. Ex.23.24,32,33; 34.12-17; Le.18.24-30; Nu.33.52- having long prevailed among all ranks in Israel and
8.26. Nine tribes and a half had their portions on 56; De.iv.-xiii.xxviii.-xxxii.; 7.2-5,16,25,26; 18. Judah, God, by the Assyrians, fearfully punished
the west of Jordan. In the south parts, westward of 9.-12; 20.16-18; Jos.23.4-16; 24.20; Ju.i.-xxi.; 1 Sa. them. After Pu! and Tiglath-pileser had distressed
the Dead Sea, JUDAH had a large inheritance of about i.-vii.; 2Ki.17.7-23; Ne.9.26-31; Ps.106.34-46; 78. and weakened the kingdom of Israel, Shalmaneser
a hundred fenced cities, among which were Libnah, 56-67; Eze.20.25-29; 16.15-34. quite destroyed it in A.M. 3283; and, with Esarhaddon,
Makkedah, Azekah, Engaddi, Adullam, Hebron, About A.M. 2909, or rather twenty or thirty years his grandson, about forty years after, carried off the
South Bethlehem, Beth-shemesh, Gath, Ekron, Ash- later, the Hebrews, wearied of their immediate sub- poor remains of the ten tribes to J\Iedia and othe,
dod, Askelon, and Gaza, which last five the Philistines jection to God and his occasional deputy judges,desired eastern parts of their empire, whence few, if any of
Jong retained, Jos.xv.; 21.13-16; 2Ch.ll.5-10; Ne. to have a king like their heathen neighbours. Their them, ever returned to Canaan. From A.M. 3290 to
11.25-30. The SIMEONITES had their portion out of sinful desire was granted; but it did not alter the 3294 Sennacherib teITihly ravaged the kingdom of
tbe south-west part of the territory of Judah. Their tenor of their happiness and misery to their advantage. Judah, and took most if not all their fenced cities,
chief cities were Beer-sheba, Hormah, Ziklag, &c., Under Saul, their first king, they were reduced to the except Jerusalem. But when he had brought up his
Jos.19.2-8. The BENJAMITES had a small strip along very brink of ruin; but under David and Solomon, forces to attack that sacred capital, God, in answer to
the north border of Judah: it included Jericho, Beth- who succeeded him, their glory and happiness were Hezekiah and Isaiah's prayers, by an angel cut off
el, Gibeon, Gibeah, Ramah, Gilgal, Mizpeh, Bahurim, advanced t;, the highest, con-espondent to the blessings 185,000 of them in one night and delivered the city,
Nob,Anatboth, Lod, Hadid, and Ono, and the northern of Isaac, Jacob, and Moses. The whole of the Canaanites Le.26.14-39; De.4.25-28; 28.15-68; 29.18-28; 30.18;
half of Jerusalem, Jos.18.11-28; 21.17,18; Ne.IL who remained among them were reduced to slavery; 31.16-20; 32.1:i-30; Jos.23.13-16; 24.20; 1 Sa.12. 25;
31-35; 1 Ch. 6. 60; Ezr. 2. 33. The DANITES had their and all the nations, from the River of Egypt on the 2 Sa. 7.14-16; 1 Ch.17.13, 14; Ps. 89. 30-51; 1 Ki. 9.
portion on the west of the Benjamites. Their chief south-west to the Euphrates on the north-east, Philis- 6-9; 11.9-13,26-39; 14.7-16; 16.2-4; 17.1; 18.41,45;
cities were Zorah, Eshtaol, South Gath-rimmon, tines, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, and Syrians, 20.13,28,42; 19.17; 21.21-24,29; 22.15,17,28; 2 Ch.
Aijalon, Ekron, Gibbethon, if not also Joppa, Jos.19. were rende,ed their tributaries, Le.xxvi.; De.iv.-xii. 18.6,27; 2Ki.l.6,16; 3.17,18; 2Ch.20.15-17; Ps.
i0-47; 21.23,24; 1 Ch.6.69. Along the north border xxviii.; 32.15-43;1Sa.8.ll-18; 12.14,15,25; 16.1-13; 83.1-18; 2 Ch.21.12-15; 24.20; 2 Ki.9.6-10; 10.30;
of Benjamin and Dan the EPHBAIMITEs had their 23.17; 24.20; 25.30; 26.25; 2Sa.7.10-16; lCh.17. 8.10-13; 13.17-19; 14.25; Ho.1.4,5; Am.7.9; ii.-ix.;
portion. It abounded with pleasant hills-Ephraim, 9-14; Ge. 27. 28, 29; xlix.; De. xxxiii.; Ps. xx. xxi. J11i. i.-iii.; 4. 11-13; vi. vii.; Ho. i.; 2. 2-13; iv.-xiii.;
Gerizzim, Eba!, Zalmon or Salmon, &c. The prin- lx.lxvi.; 89.3,4,19-29; lxxii.cxxxii.; 1 Sa. viii.-xxxi.; Is. i-x. xvii. xxii.-xxiv.; 1 Ki. xi.-xxii.; 2 I~i. i.-
cipal cities were Sharon, Lydda, two Beth-borons, 2 Sa. i.-xxiv.; 1 Ch.x.-xxix.; 1 Ki.i.-x.; 2 Ch. i.-ix.; xix.; 2 Ch.x.-xxvii.xxxii.; 2 Ki.17. 7-23.; Is.xxxvi.-
Shechem, Samaria, Beth-el, Shiloh, N ajoth, Gezer, Ps.xviii.cxliv.; 78.67-72. xxxix.
&c. Northward of this was the portion of the Western To punish the apostasy of Solomon 11.nd his subjects, Though the Jews had been severely punished for
MANASSITES. Their principal cities were Taanach, God, before his death, began to chastise them, by their hypocrisy and lukewarmness in the reformation
Beth-shean, Endor, Megiddo, Salem, Bezek, Thebez, means of Hadad the Edomite and of Rezon the Syrian. attempted by king Hezekiah, and notwithstanding
North Gath-rimmon, Tirzah, Cesarea, Antipatris, Jos. Immediately after it the ten tribes of Ephraim, the manifold warnings of Hosea, Isaiah, J\Iicah, and
xvi. xvii.; 21. 21-25; 1 Ch. 6. 66-70; Ge. 14.18; 1 Sa. l\Ianasseh, Simeon, Dan, Rueben, Gad, Issachar, other prophets, yet they ungratefully abused their
11.8; Jn.9.47-50; 1.27; 1 Ki.16.8,9; Ac.9.35,36; 23. Zebulun, Asher, and Naphtali, in A.M. 3075, revolted deliverance from the Assyrians, and the unnumbered
81,33. Along the north border of these Manassites from the royal family of Dayid and formed a distinct mercies of both church and state consequent thereto.
.-as seated the tribe of IssACHAR. Their chief cities kingdom of their own; which, under nineteen wicked A most shocking scene of idolatry, murder, witch-
.-ere Kishon, North Jarmuth, Tabor, Nain, Jezreel, sovereigns, of nine different families, continued 254 craft, and everything horrid opened under king
Aphek, &c. Here were the mounts Tabor, Gilboa, years. To prevent their travelling up to the solemn llfanasseh, about A.M. 3306; which, notwithstanding
and North Carmel, and the famed valley of Jezreel, feasts at Jerusalem, Jeroboam, an Ephraimite, their his own repentance, and the piety and zealous refor-
Jos.19.17-23; 21.28,29; 1 Ch.6.72,73; Lu.7.11; 1 Ki. first king, established among them the .idolatrous mation of Josiah his grandson, issued in the ruin of
21.1; 20.30; 18.20; Ju.4.6; 8.18; 1 Sa.31.1; Is.35.2; worship of the golden calves. To these Omri and the state. After Josiah's death in A. M. 3394 both
Ho.1.5. Along the north border of the men of Is- Ahab added other idolatrous abominations still more kings and subjects abandoned themselves to the most
eachar the ZEBULUNITES had their portion, which, as hateful. Notwithstanding the faithful warnings of enormous impieties, to contempt and forgetfulness of
.-ell as the three preceding, extended all along from Ahijah the Shi!oni te, and of the man of God from God, to hypocrisy in, or profane neglect or abuse of
Jordan on the east to the Jll.editerranean Sea on the Judah, and of J ebu the son of Hanani, and of Micaiah, his worship, to carnal confidence in themselves or
l'est, and contained the rivers Kishon and Belus, if and of the wonder-working Elijah and Elisha, and of their heathen allies, to profane swearing and opeu
not als;, part of Jllount Tabor. The chief cities were Jonah, Amos, Hosea, nnd other prophets in their violation of the Sabbath, to neglect of relative duties
Cinnereth or Tiberias, Cana of Galilee, Gennesaret, respective ages, the ten tribes con tin ucd obstinate in and want of natural affection, to hatred, murder,
North heth-lehem, &c., Jos.19.10-16: 21.34,35; Ju. their iniquity, particularly in worshipping the calves luxury, whoredom, perverting of judgment, false-
l~llt: Mat.14. 34; Jn. 6.1; 2.1. Northward of the of Beth-el and Dan. The frequent murder of their hood, slander, and ·covetousness. To punish these
91 .
GEOGRAPHY .A.ND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
and their other enormities, under Manasseh and 6,7,10,13; 5.5-15; 7.12-20; Zep.3.9-20; Zec.i.-iii. public demonstrations of their joy; and .Taso,: at-
.A.mo,i, th~ Lord gave them up into the hAnds, first of vi.viii.-:idv.; Jlfal.i.-iii . tempted to recover the high-priesthood. Provoked by
Pharaoh b i of F..gypt, and then of Nebuchadnezzarthe While the Grecian armies, between A.M. 3672 and this, and detesting their peculiar manner of worship,
king of Babylon. He, in different invasions, wasted 3834, so often marched through the country of the Antiochus, in his return homeward, forced his wav
their country, carried captive their princes and people Jews, which lay between Syria and Egypt, God pro- into Jerusalem, murdered 40,000 of the inhabitant.;,
who escaped his sword, and in A.M. 3416 burned their tected them in a marvellous manner. About 3672 and sold as many more for slaves. He carried ofl'
cities and temple, and rendered their land a desolate Alexander .the Great marched against them to punish 1800 talents of the sacred money, and a great part of
wilderness. While Daniel and others, who were first their assisting his obstinate opposers of Tyre. But the furniture of the temple, and made two of his most
carried prisoners to Babylon, were kindly and somf- the humble supplication of their high-priest entirely inhuman favourites governors of the country. About
times honourably used, those who came after were stifled his resentment and secured his favour. He two years after, mad with rage that the Romans had
treated with much severity, contempt, and derision. offered large sacrifices to their God, and confirmed to frustrated his designs upon Egypt, he ordered his
Such of the poor as were left in Canaan and those who them whatever privileges they had enjoyed under the troops, in their return through Judea, to pillage the
acceded to them, quickly after the murder of Gedaliah Persian kings. Having built Alexandria in Egypt, cities, murder such as were able for war, and sell the
by Ishmael, retired to Egypt, where they mostly he settled multitudes of Jews therein, and allowed women and children for slaves. Upon the Sabbath,
perished in a few years, when N ebuchadnezzarravaged them the same privileges as his :Macedonian subjects. when the Jews superstitiously declined to fight, his
that country, Le. 18. 28, 29; 26. 14-39; De. 4. 25-28; About 3684 Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, to revenge troops entered Jerusalem, killed multitudes in cold
27.14-26; 28.15-68; 29.18-28; 30.17,18; 31.17-19; the attachment of the Jews to Laomedon his rival, blood, and carried off 10,000 prisoners. They erected
32.15-30; Jos.23.13-16; 24.20; 1 Ki.9.6-9; 2 Ch.7. furiously ravaged their country and carried 100,000 of a fort hard by the temple, whence they might sally
19-22; 34.23-28; 2 Ki.20.17,18; 21.11-15; 22.16-20; them prisoners to Eg·ypt; but he there used them so forth and lb.urder such as dared to worship there.
Mi.4.10,11; ii.iii.vi.vii.; Hab.i.-iii.16; Zep.i.; 2.1-3; kindly, even promoting them to places of power and Not long after Antioch us dedicated the temple itself
3.1-8; Ho.6.11; Am.2.4,5; v.vi.; 9.1-10; Is.i.-v.; trust, that many others followed them thither of their to Jupiter Olympius, a chief idol of the Greeks, and
6.9-12; 9.13-21; xxiv.; 27.10,11; 28.14-22; 30.1-17; own accord. Seleucus N'icator of Syria, having built erected his statue upon the altar of burnt-offering,
42.17-25; 58.1-5; 59.1-15; Eze. ii.-xxiv.; Je.i.- thirty-five, if not forty, new cities, sixteen of which For 2300 mornings and evenings, or 1150 days, the
:1:!iv. lii.; 2 Ki. xxiv.xxv.; 2 Ch.xxxvi.; La. i.-v.; Je. he called Antioch, after his father; nineSeleucia, after daily sacrifice was entirely stopped, and the temple
xxiv.xxix.; Da.i.-v. himself; six Laodicea, after his mother; three Apa- rendered a scene of idolatry, lewdness, and murder.
When the Jews, who were first carried captive, had mea and one Stratonice, after his wives; placed in Such Jews as refused to worship idols or eat swine's
been just seventy years in Babylon, Cyrus the Per- them as many Jews as he could, and assigned them flesh were exposed to all the horrors of persecution,
sian, who had, about two years before, taken Babylon the same privileges as they had at Alexandria in torture, and death. Eleazar and a widow, with her
and abolished the power of the Chaldeans, by a solemn Egypt. .About 3720 '.Philadelphus, king of Egypt, at seven sons, were the most distinguished martyrs.
proclamation, A.M. 3468, commissioned them to return his own expense, ransomed all the Jews who were Others, hazarding everything dear, instructed their
to their country and rebuild the temple of their God. enslaved in his dominions and gave them their free- neighbours, and warned them to avoid every sinful
To encourage them he restored the sacred vessels which dom. It is said that he, or Euergetes his son, pro- compliance. Mattathias, a priest, and his sons Judas,
Nebuchadnezzar had brought away; and ordered his cured a Greek translation of their laws for the use of Jonatl!.an, Simon, &c., commonly called MACCABEES,
lieutenants on the west of the Euphrates to assist his famous library. Ptolemy Philopater offered large took arms, and with astonishing bravery and conduct
them with materials and money. About 30,000 of thank-offerings at the temple of Jerusalem for the defended their religion and liberties. After many
the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, and perhaps victory which he obtained over Antiochus the Great; lesser advantages, Judas, who succeeded his father in
12,000 of the other tribes, immediately returned, under but enraged that their priests or their God had hin- the command, gave Nicanor, the Syro-Grecian general,
the direction of Zerubbabel and of Joshua the high- dered his access into the HOLY OF HOLIES, upon his a terrible defeat, A.M. 3839; recover.ed t,he temple,
priest. Notwithstanding much opposition and trouble, return to Egypt he terribly oppressed the Jews there, repaired and purified it, and restored the worship of
in twenty years they rebuilt the temple and established depriving them of their privileges, and assembled God; and repaired Jerusalem, which had been reduced
the worship of God. About seventy years after, Ezra multitudes of them in order to have them devoured to almost a ruinous heap. After he had, with a
and Nehemiah, as deputies of the Persian king, re- by ravenous beasts. Instead of hurting the Jews, handful of troops, for some years proved a terrible
formed their corruptions and rebuilt the wall of Jeru- the animals furiously turned upon and devoured the scourge to the Syro-Grecians, Edomites, Arabs, and
salem. The Jews meanwhile astonishingly increased heathen spectators. Provoked by his barbarity, the other heathens around, he was slain A. M. 3843, and
in numbers and enjoyed a tolerable degree of happi- Jews of Canaan readily submitted to Antiochus the Jonathan bis brother succeeded him. He and Simon
ness. The Ammonites, Moabites, Samaritans, Philis- Great, who had invaded their country. He repaired his brother, who succeeded him, with astonishing
tines, Edomites, aud Arabians indeed took every op- their temple at his own expense; complimented them bravery and prudence continued to rectify the dis-
portunity to harass them; and Haman the Amalekite, with 20,000 pieces of silver, 1400 measures of wheat, orders of both church and state. Onias the high-
by a plot, brought them to the very brink of destruc- and 375 of salt, for its service; and confirmed to them priest, son of the above-mentioned, having settled m
tion. But God, by means of Zerubbabel, Ezra, N ehe- all their privileges which had been granted by Alex- Egypt, where he afterwards built a temple for those
miah, Esther, and Mordecai, frustrated their attempts. ander the Great. As Jerusalem was"much depopu- of his nation according to the form of that at J erusa•
Excepting that Artaxerxes Och us, about 3653, ravaged lated, he exempted from tribute, for three years, such lem, these Maccabees officiated in Canaan both as
their country and transported multitudes of them into as would settle in it, and commanded all his subjects high-priests and as civil governors; but were both at
Egypt or to the east of Media for slaves, the Persian to let their Jewish slaves go free. But Scopas, the last treacherously murdered. About A.M. 3869 Hir•
kings generally favoured them. But neither their Egyptian general, quickly forced the Jews to return canus succeeded Simon his father. He first procured
mercies nor judgments restrained them from wicked- to the obedience of his master, and placed a garrison a peace with the now weakened Syro-Grecians, and
ness. They indeed from this time abhorred idolatry, at Jerusalem. About A.M. 3828 Heliodore of Syria, then revolted from their yoke, and rendered himself
which they reckoned the chief cause of their Chaldean by order of his master Seleucus, attempted to pillage an independent sovereign of the Jews. He subdued
captivity; but indulged themselves in marriages with the temple of Jerusalem, but an angel affrighted him the Edomites, and forced them to embrace the Jewish
the heathens, in cruelty to their Hebrew wives, in from the undertaking; and soon after he was per- religion. He reduced the Samaritans,and demolished
contempt of God's ordinances and profanation of his mitted to poison his master and thus hasten ruin Shechem and Samaria, their capitals, and razed ,heir
Sabbaths, and the like, Ge.17.7,8; Le.26.40-45; De. upon himself, Joel 3.16,17; Ps.68.29,30; Eze.26.20; temple on .Mount Gerizzim. Alexander Janneus, bis
.4.29-31; 30.1-10; 32.35-43; 1 Ki.8.46-50; Ne.1.8,9; 21.27; D1i.9.25; 11.14,16,20; Zec.2.8; 9.8; 8.20. son, after a short reign of Aristobulus, his brother,
Ps. 68. 22; 69. 35, 36; Is. 1. 25, 2i; 4. 2-6; 11. 11-16; Antiochus Epiphanes was scarcely fixed upon the succeeded him in A. M. 3899. He reduced the Philis-
19. 24,25; 24. 22, 23; xxv.-xxvii.xxxv.; 14.1-3; 40. Syro-Grecian throne when the Jews severely felt his tines, obliged them to embrace the Jewish religion,
1. 2, 9-11, 29-31; 41. 8-20; 42. 13-16; 43. 14-21; 44. madness and fury. Because Onias their high-priest and burned Gaza, their capital, into a rumous heap.
21-28; 45.13,17; 46.12,13; 48.16-21; 49.10-26; 51. refused to comply with some heathen abominations, He also reduced the Moabites, Ammonites, and part
11-23; 52.1-12; 59.19-21; lx.lxvi.; Je. 3.12-25; 12. he turned him out of his office, and sold it to Jason, of the Arabians. Never smce. the days of Solomon
7-16; 23.3-8; 24. 5-7; 29.10-14; xxx.-xxxiii.; 50. his more complaisant brother, for 350 talents of silver. had the dominion of the Jewish nation been so exten·
4-8,19,20,28,33,34; 51.6; Eze.6.8-10; 11.15-20; 16. Disgusted with J asou, he quickly turned him out, sive. Never but under these three reigns were they,
60-63; 20.34-38; 28.24-26; 34.13-31; 36.24-38; and sold it to Menelaus, another brother, for 650 after the captivity, independent ot" the heathen powen
:x:xxvii. xl.-xlviii.; Ho. 2.14-23; 6. 2; 14. 1-8; Joel talents. When Antiochus was in Egypt, about A.M. -Persians, Greeks, or Romans, Da. 8. 9-14, 23-25,
3, 1, 2, 16-21; .A.m. 9.11-15; Ob.17-21; Mi. 2.12, 13; 4. 8834, the Jews, falsely informed of his death, made 9. 25; 11. 28-35; Zec.14.1-3; xiii.; 8. 8, 9; 12. 2-8;
92
•GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
• .13-16; Is. 49. 24-26; 63.1-4; l\Ii. 4. 12,13; opening of the east gate of the temple whilst shut temple in Egypt, built by Onias, shared a similar
9
JO.l-7, Eze 25 14· Zep. 2.7-9; Is. 11.14; Nu. 24. with strong bolts, though twenty men could in general fate. Jerusalem was turned into a ruinous heap.
Ob. 17-21; · · ' scarcely open it; the apparitions of armies in the air, The foundations of the temple were ploughed up,
9 • ,\m.9.11-15.
17-l 'ltls cruelties and other miscon~uct flexander fighting battles and besieging cities; the unaccount- probably in ouest of treasure; and, for the like
B~xceedingly disgusted many_of his s~bJects, par~ able and absolutely obstinate crying of a country fep reason, much of the rubbish of the houses was turned
~ arl the Pharisees. After his death m A. M. 392~ Jow', called Jesus, in the city for more than seven up; and it is said, not only the bellies of the dead
ttcnl 'dy with no small prudence, governed the years, especially at the solemn feasts, ' Woe to Jeru• but of the fo·ing were ripped up for the sake of the
his w1 ow, . h salem-Woe to the people- Woe to the temple;' and
. , nine years. She was scarcely m er grave gold which they were supposed to have swallowed.
nation ior · · d b It· who, while at last he added, ' Woe to myself,' was Besides 257,660 who perished in other places, 1,100,000
when Aristobulus, her younger son, Jome y mu 1-
f those who hated the Pharisees, contended for struck dead on the spot; were providential omens are said to have Jost their lives at Jerusalem alone.
O
tudes and high-priesthood against Hircanus, his thereof, Ps.22.6-20; 35.11-26; 69.1-21; Pr.1.20-32; Titus caused the ringleaders in the rebellion to be
the crown . .
indolent brother. Fmdmg that the Arabs Is.8.14,15; 49.4,7; 50.2-9; 52.14; 53.1-8; 65.1,2,5, crucified all round the city, till no more wood for
elder but . . 6; Da.9.24: Zec.11.8-13; l\Iat. ii.-xxviii.; llfar.i.-xv.;
iited Hircanus, he, m A.M. 3_940, ~pplied to the crosses could be had. About 97,000 were taken pri-
~Romans,,'or help· But they, turnrng his enemy under
Lu. iv.-xxiii.; Jn. v.-xii. xviii. xix.; Ac. ii.-xxviii.; soners. Many of these were sent into Egypt by sea
quickly reduced the country. He and several Ge.49. 10; Is.66.6; Joel 2.30,31; Zec.11.1; llfat.24. to be slaves. About 11,000 perished with hunger.
PompeY,
of hi• captains pushed t h e1r
· way m · t o th e h oIy of 3-13,24,30; Mar.13.5-13,24-26; Lu.21. 7-17,25; Ac. Part were transported to Syria, to be devoured by wild
]' And soon after Crassus, another Roman, bent ii.-xxi,y.; 1 Th. 2.14-16. beasts in the public diversions, or sold at the lowest
:: :: fatal Parthian expedition, pillaged the temple About A.D. 67 Cestius Gallus, the Roman governor rate for slaves. Not one descendant of David that
of about 10,000 talents of silver. After Judea had of Syria, having invested Jerusalem, raised the siege could be found was left alive. K evertheless multi-
for thirty-two years been a continued scene of ravage without any visible reason and retired with the Jews tudes of Jews still remained in the Roman empire.
and bloodshed, Herod, the son of Antipater, who had at his heels. Taking this opportunity, the Chtistians, These, about A.D. 119, murdered about 500,000 of
cted as a principal incendiary by the assistance of as directed by their Lord, left the city and retired to the Roman subjects, Christians and heathens. But
:ntony the Roman triumvir, obtained the crown Pella beyond · Jordan, where Providence protected Trajan, the valiant emperor, with no small difficulty
through much barbarity and murder. Finding that them, l\1at. 24.14-16; ll1ar. 13. 14, 15; Lu. 21. 20, 21. and with terrible bloodshed, reduced them. About
neith;r force nor flattery could render him, who was Not long after, Vespasian, whom God just then mar- A.D. 134 .lEiius Adrian, the emperor, prohibited them
a Gentile-at least by his father-and who, to please vellously ad·vanced to the Roman throne, in A. D. 69, from circumcising their children, and appointed a
Augustus the emperor, had made heathen compliances, invaded their country from the north-east, and quickly colony of heathens to rebuild Jerusalem and name it
quiet on his throne, he, i~ ~- M. 39~4, ~solved to re- spread murder and flames all along to the south-west. ..Elia, after himself. About 200,000 Jews, assembling
commend himself by rebmldmg their rumous temple. Beginning at Galilee, where the inhabitants of Chor- under Barcocab, one of the bandit ti who had for a cen-
Within three years and a half the principal parts were azin, Bethsaida, Nazareth, and Capernaum had been tury before infested Canaan with their robberies, and
~nished in a most magnificent form. It took eight principal rejecters of Jesus Christ, he took the cities now a pretended l\Ie;siah, murdered the Roman sub-
vears more for the rest. Nay, in A.M. 4033, it appears by force, burned them into heaps, and murdered jects wherever they could find them. With no small
~ot to have been finished, Eze.21. 26,27; Hag.2.6,7,22; almost every inhabitant. The Jews resisted with difficulty the Romans defeated them in battle. After
.Mi.5.1,3; Zec.14.1,2; llfal.4.1; Jn.2.20. madness, and chose rather to mu.rder themselves than a siege of three years they took Bitter their capital.
When the long-promised l\Iessiah appeared in the surrender to the most compassionate generals. No- Fifty other garrisons quickly surrendered. In this
flesh, A.M. 4000, the Jews, finding their carnal imagi- where was the scene more shocking than at Jerusalem, war about 600,000 Jews are said to have been slain
nations and expectations nowise answered in him, where the worship of God had been long profaned and by the sword, besides those who perished by fire,
notwithstanding the clearest evidence in his doctrine, our Lord had been crucified. The Romans invested famine, or pestilence. For several years fairs were
miracles, and behaviour, rejected and ignominiously t!J.e city, while the Jews, not only from Canaan, but held in Syria for selling the prisoners; and or those
crucified him, and did what they could to prevent the from the_ countries around, were assembled to keep who were transported to Egypt many perished by
1pread of his gospel among the Gentiles. To mark their passover, perhaps to the number of two or three hunger, shipwreck, and massacres. Adrian built hia
him actually come, the sceptre gradually departed millions. Thus their solemn feast which commemor- city on Mount Calvary; and, in contempt of the Jews,
from them. He had scarcely made his appearance ated their miraculous deliverance from Egypt, and erected a marble statue of a swine over its principal
in the temple, in the twelfth year of his age, when which prefigured Jesus' death, and at which he had gate. For about 500 years after this they durst not,
Jndea was reduced into a Roman province. When he been crucified, became their snare and trap. Split without bribing the soldiers or hazarding their lives,
died, about twenty-four years after, they seem to have into three different factions, the besieged Jews spent approach near the ruins of their once sacred capital.
had no power of life and death in their hands. After their time in barbarously murdering one another, or Since this period the Jews have continued scattered
lhe conversion of the centurion and his friends, Ac.x., united in desperate but unsuccessful sallies against among all nations, obstinately adhering to their an-
we find not the least vestige of civil power among the Romans. Some even in sport murdered their cient and distinguished ceremonies, in contempt of
lhem independent of the Romans. The destruction fellows, to try the sharpness of their swords. At last Christ; their numerous pretenders to l\Iessiahship in
of the Galileans at the temple by Pilate; the destruc- the faction headed by Eleazar was treacherously every age and nation having hardened them in their
tion of others by the falling tower of Siloam; the self- massacred; and while the heaps of unburied corpses delusions, and drawn upon them an infinity of mis-
destruction of Judas the traitor; the alarming exit of occasioned a pestilence, their destruction of each chiefs. Dreadful have been their persecutions by the
Ananias and Sapphira; the consumption of Herod by other's magazines hastened a terrible famine. Even kings of Persia, Roman emperors, Ar:ibian caliphs,
worms; the blindness of Elymas the sorcerer; the the most delicate ladies were obliged to broil their kings of Spain, France, England, and princes of Ger-
murder of about 100,000 Jews in Egypt, Syria, and infants for food. Meanwhile the Jews scorned every many; and often from the groundless fury of tho
Canaan by their heathen neighbours,-were but fore- gracious proposal which the compassionate Titus, now enraged populace in these places. A few instances
boding earnests of the fearful miseries of that nation general for Vespasian his father, could make them. shall represent their miserable condition. About the
for the rejection of Jesus Christ. The appearance Having besieged the city about six months, the beginning of the fifth century of the Christian era
of pretended Messiahs-Simon, Dositheus, Theudas, Romans, A. D. 70, forced their way into it from the the people of Macedonia, Dacia, Syria, and l\Iinorca,
Felix the Egyptian, and many others; the astonishing east. Provoked with the obstinacy of the besieged, murdered multitudes of them on account of their
,Pread of the gospel through the Roman empire; and they murdered every one they met with. While the insulting their religion, and forced the remainder to
tbe persecution of Christians by Jews and heathens, streets ran with blood, the air was filled with the groans hide themselves in dens and caves of the earth. In
and even by the edicts of Nero the emperor; the mul- of the dying, the howlings of the terrified, and th; the sixth century, Julian, their pretended Messiah,
titudes of earthquakes in Europe, Lesser Asia, &c.; desperate outcries of the ravished; and the flames of and his followers drew upon· themselves, by their
the continued rumours of war, which disheartened the burning city ascended up to heaven. Instigated by insolence, the death of 20,000, and the enslavement
many of the Jews from the cultivation of their fields; a pretended Messiah, 6000 took refuge in the temple. of as many more. In the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth,
tbe hanging of a star, shaped like a sword, over Titus was extremely bent upon preserving it; but one and fourteenth centuries, the Popish Crusaders mur-
Jerusalem for a whole year; the nocturnal blazing of of his soldiers, by casting a brand, set it on fire. dered them almost wherever they could find them,
1 noontide light, about midnight, over the temple and Nor could all his authority make his loving and while the Jews themselves murdered their own chil-
places about, for half an hour, at the feast of taber- ob~dient troops so much as attempt to quench the dren, that the Crusaders might not cause them to be
!lacles; a cow's bringing forth a lamb while she was flames. The outcries of the Jewish beholders became baptized. About the beginning of the thirteenth
led forward to the altar for sacrifice; the spontaneous then absolutely infernal. Not long after its rival century Nasser the Arabian caliph, provoked ~Y
93
their madly running after pretended Messiahs, scarcely JEHOVAH might transact the work and display the might be the more observable, the miracles, once so
left one of them alive in Mesopotamia and the places glories of our redemption. To prepare the way for common in Israel, had for 700 years almost entirely
around. After various confiscations of goods, banish- this great work, God permitted mankind to fall in ceased; nor for 400 had one prophet appeared among
ments, and bloody massacres, they were finally ex- Adam their covenant-head. In prosecution of it he them, Ex.iii. to Es.x. &c.
pelled from England by King Edward, A.D. 1291, to published the first promise in paradise; instituted In the fulness of time, A.M. 4000, when the long.
the number of 160,000. Edward permitted them to sacrifices; and, by an effusion of his Spirit, made the continued tribeship and legislative power were depart.
transport their substance to France; but there, in his descendants of Seth to distinguish themselves from ing from the descendants of Judah; when that tribe
own dominions, he confiscated it for himself; so that those of Cain, and observe social and public assemblies had undergone manifold calamities and changes uf
most of them perished through want. After several for his worship. By an overflowing flood he swept off government and masters; when Daniel's seventy weeks,
banishments and massacres, they were, in 1300, finally the multiplied offspring of the serpent, and testified or 490 years from the eo ict of Artaxerxes to rebuild
expelled from France. About 1492 the Spaniards that the grant of the earth to man, under the first Jerusalem, were just expiring; when the nations had
banished 600,000 or 800,000 of them. lllost of these covenant, was entirely annulled. Immediately after been shaken by the rise of the Persian, Grecian, and
perished by shipwreck, or through the inhumanity of the flood he bestowed on Noah and his descendants a Roman empires, and by the fall of the two former;
the Africans. · Many of their carcasses lay unburied. new grant of the earth, founded on that new covenant when the second temple yet stood, but hastened to.
Between A. D. 1663 and 1666 scarcely any of them which cannot be broken by men's sin. ·when the seed wards ruin; when the family of David remainei distinct
were left alive in the Persian empire. To save their of the serpent again waxed strong, and attempted to in genealogy, but was extremely debased; when both
lives or wealth, many of them have, from age to age, defeat his designs in their building of Babel, he dis- Jews and Gentiles generally expected the unparalleled
pretended to embrace the Romish idolatry. Perhaps persed them; bot it was round about Canaan, where birth of a glorious Redeemer; and when an uncommo11
at present 16,000 or 20,000 of them are professed the Redeemer intended to appear in manhood, and peace, of about twelve years' continuance, extended
Papists in Portugal and Spain, and not a few of them from whence the glad tidings of redemption were to over most, if not all the world; the eternal Son of God,
in clerical orders. These their friends endeavour to be pu b!ished, Ge. i.-xi. To preserve religion in the without any change in his divine nature or person,
have circumcised at death, Le.26.14-39; De.4.2~28; recorrupted world, God separated Abi:abam and his seed assumed a real manhood; in respect of which he
28.49-68; 29.18-28; 30. 17,18; 31.16-18,29; 32.15-34; for himself by a peculiar covenant relation, founded became the son of Eve, Abraham, Isaac, Jacoh,
Ps.2.1-5,9; 21.8-12; 35.23,26; 40.14,15; 50.2,3; 69. on, and emblematic of, the covenant of grace. For Judah, Jesse, David, and Mary the Virgin; and was
22-28; 58.2-11; 59.11-15; 109.1-20; 110.5,6; 132.18; almost two thousand years he marvellously preserved born at Bethlehem. Endowed in this manhood with
140.9,10; 55.15,23; Pr.1.24-32; Is.2,6-21; 3.1-26; 4. that family out of which the Messiah was to spring, an incomparable fulness of gifts and grace, and pecu.
1; 5.24-30; 6. 9-12; 8.15,21,22; 9.13-21; 24.1-22; and continued the true religion among part of them, liarly supported in his work, his perfection in know-
27.10,11; 28. 17-22; 10.22,23; 42.19,20,22-25; 59.1- even under the oppression of the most powe1ful and ledge, in wisdom, holiness, meekness, and zeal, was
18; 65.2-7,11-15; 66.3,4,6,7,14-18; Eze.6.1-7; vii.ix. active agents of hell. To them the covenant of grace amazing, Ge.49.10; Eze.21.27; l\Ii.5.3,5; Da.9.24;
xv.; 16.35-39; Da.9.26,27; Ho. 3.4; Am. 9.1-10; Zep. was gradually manifested, and confirmed by many Hag.2.6-9,21-23; llfal.3.1; Nu. 24.17; Is.7.14; 9.6;
1.13-18; Zec.13.8; 14.1,2,4,5; ]\[al. 4.1,3,5,6; Mat.3. solemnities, signs, and types, Ge. xii.-!. &c. 28.16; 40.3,5,9,10; 48. 17; 49.26; 45.17-25; Je.23.5,6;
12; 8.12; 12.43-45; 21.37-44; 22.6,7; 23.34-39; 24.1- Intending quickly to abandon the rest of mankind 33.15,16; Ho.1.7; Ps.45.6; 97.7; He.1.6; Pr.8.22,23,
41.; 26.64; lllar.12.1-9; 13.1-31; Lu.11.49-51; 13.1- to the slavery of Satan, he, by the deliverance of his 30; Ps.2.7; Zec.13.7; Ex.23.21; Ge.3.15; 12.3; 22.18;
9,24-35; 17.22-:17; 19.14,27,41-44; 20.16-18; 21. 20 people from Egypt, further separated them for himself. 26.4; 28.14; 49.10; De.18.18;Je.30.21; Is.11.1,10;
--33; 23.29~31; Jn.5.43; 7.34; 8.21,24; Ro.11.8-25; To regulate and fix them in this state, he added a Lu.l.69; 2 Sa. 7.12,14; Ps.72.1; 89.3,20; Eze.34.23,24,
1 Th.2.15,16; He.2.3; 6.6-8; 10.26-31; lPe.4.17,18; multitude of positive laws, which, whether eccle.si.asti- 29; 37.24,25; 17.22; Is. 53.2; 4.2; 7.14; Zec.3.8; Da.
2 Pe.2.9-22; 3.9-11; De.4.27,28. cal or civil, did almost all exhibit Jesus Christ and 2.34,35; Je.31.22; Mi. 5.2; Lu. 1.32,35; with Mat.i.;
Notwithstanding their inexpressible miseries, the his work of redemption. The fate of that generation Lu.i.ii. 3.23-38; Ro.1.4; 9.5; Jn.1.14; Is.49.1-3; 48.
Jews, everywhere scattered, have, for 1700 years past, in the wilderness; the remarkable effusion of the Holy 16,17; 11.2-4; 61.1-3; 50.4-7; 42.1-6; Ps.89.19-21;
remained a people distinct from the rest of mankind, Ghost on their children; their unbloody victories over 45.2,7; 2.6; 18.50; 28.8; 132.17; 1 Sa.2.10; Da.9.24;
and never in the common manner incorporated with the natives, and safe settlement in Canaan; their Is.10.27; 49.8; 52.13; 53. 7,9,11; 59. 17; 63.5; Ps.16.8;
others. It is computed that their present number mingled troubles, deliverances, and rests, under the 18.28-36; 28.7; 40.7,8; 69.9; Pr.8.14; Zec.9.9; Je.30.
amounts to 3,000,000; 1,000,000 of which lives in the Judges; and their glory and wealth under David and 21; lliat.3.15,17.
Turkish empire; 300,000 in Persia, India, and China;. Solomon; were but so many figures of the approaching Having, as our Saviour, undertaken the great
and 1,700,000 in Africa and Europe. Except in Por- redemption by Jesus Christ. To mark their imperfec- work of redeeming us from our sins, he, in
tugal and Spain, their condition is now generally toler- tion and their true design, the most purifying cere- the character of our High-pri,eu, offering himself in
able. It is even observable, that scarcely one of their monies, as the sin-offering, annual expi.ations, and the sacrifice of himself, appeared in the likeness of sin•
distinguished oppressors, whether persons or nations, water of separation, remarkably spread defilement. ful flesh, the manner of his birth being ~xtremely
has long escaped the justice of Heaven. About The Jewish nation, church, and ordinances had no debased. Hatred, contempt, reproach, poverty, and
-'-D. 1866, or 2016, we expect the whole of the Hebrew sooner arrived at their meridian glory, than they be- trouble were his inseparable attendants in life. In
tribes to be converted to the Christian faith, and to gan to fade, and make way for the exhibition of Christ his infancy Herod attempted to murder him. During
be happily and orderly replaced in Canaan, where it himself. Whilst the captivity in Babylon weaned his public ministry he wandered about without any
is probable they will continue to the end of the world. them from their obstinate attachment to idolatry, the fixed abode. While Satan repeatedly tempted him
When they shall be just settled, the Turks and their loss of the diadem of David's family, of the magnifi- to the vilest of crimes, Jews, Samaritans, and others
allies, we expect, will attempt to dispossess them, and cence of the temple, and of the Urim and Thummim, affronted and abused him. In ratifying the new cove-
aeize on their wealth; but shall miserably perish in sacred fire, ark, Shekinah, and perhaps other princi- nant, and abolishing the ancient ceremonies by his
the enterprise, Le. 26. 40-45; De. 4. 29-31; 30. 1-10; pal types, taught them to look for the speedy mani- death, his sorrows were quite inexpressible. While
82.35-43; 1 Ki.8.4'l--50; Ps.68.22-30; 69.35,36; Is.I. festation of the things prefigured. The dispersion of Judas, instigated by Satan, betrayed him, and Peter
25-27; 4.2-6; 9.1-7; 11.11-16; 19.24,25; 24.22,23; the Jews through the Persian, Grecian, or Roman em- thrice denied him, the other disciples forsook hnn.
27.12,13; xxv.xxvi.xxxv.; 41.8-20; 42.9-16; 43.18- pires, with their sacred books along with them, pre: Notwithstanding his manifest innocence, Jews and
21; 44.23,26,27; 45.17; 46.12,13; 49.10-26; 51.11,17- pared the nations, as by broken hints, for the spread Gentiles of all ranks concurred to persecute i.nd mur·
23; c!!.1-12; !iv.; 55.8-13; 56.8; 57.13-19; 58.12; 59. of the gospel by means of the·pentecostal converts, der him. He was spit npon, buffeted, scourged, con·
19-21; lx.-lxvi.; Je.3.18; 23.3,4, 7,8; 30.3,8-11; 31.1, or of the preachers who followed them into their demned, and crucified. Not only in the garden, bu\
8,10,38-40;32.36-44; 33.6-14; 50.4,5; Eze.11.16-20; several countries. By the successive rise and fall of when his body was distorted on the cross, he seemed
16.60-63; 20.34-38; 28.24-26; 34.13-31; 36. 24-38; the Chaldean, Persian, and Grecian empires, God had to be deserted, and loaded also with the sins of •
xxxvii.-xlviii.; Da.12.1; Ho.1.11; 3.5; 2.14-23; 6.2; shown that every alteration of external government lost world. While nothing but gall and wormwood
14.1-8; Joel 3.1,2,16-21; Am.9.11-15; Ob.17-21; Mi. did but change the form of men's sinfulness and were allowed to quench his thirst; while the soldiers
2.12,13; 4.6,7,13; 5.5-15; 7.12-20; Zep.3.9-20; Zee. misery, if not add thereto. After repeated attempts in sport parted his garments, and the profligate mul-
8.7,13; 10.6-12; 12.2-9; 14.1-11; Ro.11.15,26-32; Satan had, in the constitution and extent of the Roman titude insulted him with scoffs; he, imploring forgive-
·2 Co. 3.16; Eze. xx xviii. xxix. empire, erected the strongest battery against God and ness to his murderers, and committing his soul to God,
XIX. No history is more important than that of his Christ which had ever existed, and had reduced expired, an atonement for sin. Yet notwitbstandin(
the CHRISTIAN CHURCH in her Head and ]i1embers. God's separated nation to the lowest depth of corrup- repeated attempts, not a bone of him was broken.
This world was chiefly created for a theatre, on which tion and misery. And, that the appearance of Jesus He was interred in the tomb of tM rich, ::iut sealed up
94 .\
r~
; GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
d watched by the wicked. ypon th_e thi_rd da~ he Eze. 17.22,23; 21.27; 34.24,29; 37.24,25; 44.3; 45. 7,8, the junction of so many nations into one Roman
an red death and rose agam to receive his glorious 22-25; 46.1-8,10; Da.7 13,14; 2.44; 9.25; 12.1; Ho.3. empire, which Satan had erected as his impregnable
nque '
co d And after he had sufficiently manifested the 5; 13.10,14; J\Ii.2.13; 4.3,8; 5.1,2,4,5; Zep.3.15,17; bulwark against the approaching l\lessiah, a mean of
rewar . · an d ms
..• ,·t of his resurrection, · t ructed h"1s d.1sc1p
. Ies, Zec.6.12,13; 11.4,7; 13. 7 ;14.9; l\Ia!.3.1-3; Lu.1.32,33; its more easy spread. The destruction and dispersion
1
""" y nded into the sanctuary and holy of holies 1 Co.15. 2,25; lllat.iv.-xxvi.; l\Iar.i.-xiv.; Lu.iv.-xx1i.; of the Jewish nation, which soon after took place,
he asce . . .
sb<Jve, to make cont:°.ual _mterce~s10n f~~ ~s, J e._ 30. :1; Jn.i.-xix.; Ac.i.-xix.; Re.i.-xxii.; I Ti.1.17; 6.15,16. were also calculated to wean men from the typical
Ps. o.6-8; Ex.xxnu.xx1x.; Le.1.-v.v1~1.1x.xvL; Nu. For almost 2000 years after the call of A bra ham, ceremonies, and to n1ake then1 examine the character
4
xix.xxviii.xxix.; Ps.110.4;-~2.l-21; 30.11-21; 40.1- and especially after the departure of the Israelites from and religion of Jesus, who had so circumstantially
• 17· 41.5-9; 69.1-21,29; oo.3-9; 109.2-4;89.38-45; Egypt, very few Gentile sinners had been conYerted, predicted these events. From A. n. 66 to 312 the
:·''11 '1· 49.7· 50.8; 25.8; 52.14; !iii.; Mi.5.1; Ho.II. or even called to fellowship with God. But the pro- church was repeatedly under general persecutions,
i'.' 13:1~; 6.2; Da.9.24,25; Zec.9.9; 13.7; 3.9; 12.10;
mised Shiloh had scarcely appeared iu the likeness of appointed by the Roman emperors, particularly under
Lu,13.32,33; 9.31; Mat.12.40; 16.21; 17.9,22,23; 20. sinful flesh, when wise men from the East, two cen- Kero, about 66; Domiti.an, 96; Trajan, 107; Adrian,
JS 19,22,28; 21.3S,39; 26.2,21,23,24,31,32,34; Jn.l. turions, the Syro-Pbenician woman, and the Samari- 120; Aurelius, 160; Severus, 202; l\faximin, 235;
,,9.36;2.19; 6.70,71; 10.11,18; 11.50; 12.24,27,31-33; tans and Greeks, received him by faith. He had Decius, 250; Valerian, 25i; Aurelian, 2i2; and Dio-
i 3
'.1s,21,38; 15.13; 16.7,10,21,22; 20.17; Ps.16.9,10; scarcely ascended to heaven when he poured down the cletian, 303. These persecutions were very useful to
JIO.l; Mat.ii.; 4.1-10; 8.20; 9.3,11; 11.19; 12.24; Holy Ghost in a wonderful manner. Qualified by his prevent the church's swarming with errors, or the
xxvi.xXYii,; Lu.11.15,16; 15.1; 20.20; 22.23; Jn.5.16; influences, the apostles and others, beginning at J eru- propagators of them; for many, particularly the Gnos-
salem, preached with amazing success, and confirmed tics, fond of mingling the heathen philosophy with
6,60,66; vii.-x.; 11.47,48,57; xviii.-xx.; Ac.1.1-11;
He.v.-ix.; 10.22. their doctrine by miracles. Within about forty years the gospel of Christ, formed abominable tenets, in
In his debasement and glory he was, and is, equally Arabia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Cyrene on the south opposition to his person and grace. The monstrous
the Saviour, Slt,pherd, Prophet, and :Peacher of his and west; Chaldea, l\fesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, Kero led the way in impe,·ial persecution. Havmg,
church, whether Jews or Gentiles; feeding them, par- and Persia on the east; Phenicia, Syria, Lesser Asia, for his revenge or his diYersion, burned part of Rome,
ticularly the poor, by his truths, ordinances, influences, Pontus, Thrace, Greece, Illyricum, 1 Italy, if not also his capital, he charged it to I he Christians' account.
and blessings. His personal ministrations were chiefly France, Spain, and Britain on the north and west; l\lultitudes of them were burned in heaps in his gar-
confined to Judea, especially in the courts of the tem- had received the gospel; and multitudes had believed dens, for his nocturnal recreation; and in many cor-
ple at Jerusalem, where multitudes attended; and in on Christ, and formed themselves into regular societies, ners of his vast empire they were inhumanly exposed
the regions of Galilee, where the grossest ignorance had under the apostles, evangelists, prophets, pastors, to wild beasts, or otherwise tortured and slain. For
long prevailed. He confirmed his precious, seasonable, teachers, ruling elders, and deacons, whom he had about 250 years after, scarcely a disaster by sword,
practical, and sanctifying doctrines by miracles un- appointed; and walked in boly fellowship with God famine, or pestilence, came upon the Roman subjects,
numbered, and which emblematically represented his and among themselves. Wretched ignorance, gross but the heathens, and especially their priests", pre-
spiritual work in the redemption of men. He feasted idolatry, vain superstition, savage barbarity, shocking tended that the toleration of the Christians in their
thousanrls on a few loaves, without diminishing the lewdness, and other like abominations, were, by the peculiar religion had provoked the gods to inflict it,
food. He healed the most incurable diseases;' made power of the gospel, obliged to give place to spiritual and begged to have them utterly extirpated. The ·
the blind to see, the deaf to hear, the dumb to speak, knowledge, piety, and virtue in every form, Ge.49.10; persecutions above-mentioned were all of them remark-
the dead to live, the devils to leave the possessed, the 1s.11.1,10; 2.2; Mi.4.1; Joel 2.28; Pr.1.23; Is.32.15, ably distressing. Those of Aurelius and Severus were
storms to become calm, the trees to wither, the fishes 16; 44.3-5; Mat.10.23; 28.20; Jn.14.17,18,26; 15. extremely ruinous. Those under l\Iaximin, Decius,
t-0 assemble into nets, or even to bring the money 26,27; 16. 7-14; 20. 22; Lu. 24.49; Ac. 1.8; Ps. 72.6; Ho. and Valerian were still more furious and cruel.
.-hich he needed. And yet his ministrations had but 14.5; Eze.34.26; Ps.65.9-13; 68.9,10; Is.55.10-13; Millions of Christians were murdered 11·ithout or by
inconsiderable success in the conversion of sinners, Joel 3.18,21; Zec.13.1; 14.8; Eze.47.1-12; Is.61.3,11, form of law. Multitudes were, for the public diver-
Ge.49.10,18; Ps.14.7; 53.7; 98.2,3; Is.19.20; 42.7; 45. 25.3,5-7, 41.17-19; 43.19; 12.3; Jn.7.38,39; Mar. sions, tqrn to pieees by lions, tigers, and other raven-
!i,22; 46.13; 48.17; 49.6,7,25,26; 59.20; 63,1-5;.Je. 16.17,18; Is.35.3,5,6; 42.18; 29.18; Jn.14.12; Am.9. ous beasts, in the theatres. And the last, bet ween
23.6; 33.16; Ho.1.7; Zep.3.17; Zec.9.9,11; Mat.1.21; 11; Ps.69.34-36; 45.16;68.22-28;72.16,17; ls.lxi.; 32. A.D. 302 and 312, was still more terrible and bloody.
Lu.1.31,47; Ps.23.1-3; Is.40.11; 49.9,IO; 41.17,18, 20; 60.20; Mat.19.28; 5;13,14; Ps.132.16; Eze.44.17- Almost in every place of the Roman empire Christians,
Eze.34.11-16,22-29; 37.23-27; Mi. 5.4,5; Zec.13.7; 25; Ge.3.15; 12.2,3; 22.18; 26.4; 28.14; 49.10; De.32. and especially their preachers, were scourged to death;
11.i,ll; Hag.2.7,9; Mal.3.1-3; ls.41.27; 9.1,2; 52.7, 36,43; Ps.2.8; 14.7; 18.43; 22.27-31; 45.3-6,9-17; had their flesh pulled off them by pincers, or mangled
15; 40.3; De.18.15-19; Ge.49.10; Ps.22.22; 40.9,10; xi vii.; 65.5; 66.1-4; !xvii,; 68. 22-35; 69.33-36; lxxii. with broken pots; or they were torn asunder by beasts,
Pr.1.20-24; viii.; 9.1-12; Job 33.23; Is.11. 9; 42.1,3, 6, lxxxvii.; 89. 2-4,18-29; xcii.xcvi.-e.cx.; 132.13-18; or between trees; or were roasted between gentle fires;
7; 49.6; 50.4; 48.17; 54.13; 55.3-11; 59.19,20; Lu.I. cxlix.; Is.1.25-28; 2.2-5,17-21; 4.2-6; 9. 7; xi.xii.; 18. or, by holes made in their flesh, had melted lead
79; 2.32; l\lal. 4.2; Is.29.18,19; 35.5,6; 41.17; Eze.34. 7; 19.18-25; xxv.xxvi.; 27.1-6,12,13; 29.18-24; 30.18 poured into their bowels. In Egypt alone 144,000
16; ls.25.8; Ho.13.14; l\lat.iv.-xxv.; l\lar.i.-xiii.; Lu. -26; 32. 1-4,15-20; xxxv.; 41.10:-20; 42.1-16; 44.2-5; are said to have been cut off by violent deaths, and
iv.-xxi.;Jn.ii,-xvi.; Ro.15.8; He.I.I; 2.3,4; Ac.IO. 45.22-25; 49.6-26; 52.15; 53.10-12; !iv.Iv.; 56.8; 57. 700,000 more banished. Their churches were e.-ery•
39; ls.49.4; 53.1; 6.9,10; Jn.12.37-40. 14-19; 59.16-21; lx.-lxii.; 63.1-5; 65.16-25; 66.8-14, where demolished; and their books, especially the
Amidst his lowest debasement he discovered his 18-24; Je.xxxi.xxxii.; Eze.17.22-24; 34.11-31; 36.21 Scriptures, sought out and burned.
Royal He.adship over his church. He taught in his -38; xxxvii.xl.-xlviii.; Da. 2.35,44; 7.14; Ho.1.10,11; Scarcely any, whether the Jewish nation or particu-
o.-n name. He appointed twelve, and afterwards 2.14-23; xiv.; Joel 2.28-31; 3.16-21; Am.9.11-15; Mi. lar persons, as Herod, Domitian, &c., who had perse-
&eventy more, of his disciples to act as his deputies, iv.v.; 7.14-20; Zep.3.9-20; Hag.2.6-9; Zec.2.10-13; cuted the Christians, long escaped the justice ot
heralds, and ambassadors in the work of the gospel. 8.20-23; 14.8-11; l\fal.1.11; 4.2; l\fat.8.11; 16.18;20. God. Terrible ravages by the Goths, Persians, and
lie at least twice expelled the merchants from the 6-16; 13.3-52; 21.28,29,41,43; 22.9,10; 26.13; 24.14; others, had often punished the Roman empire. But
,onrts of the temple. He instituted bapttSrn and his 28.18-20; Mar.16.15,16; Lu.2.32; 14.23; 24.47; Jn.l. never was the justice of Heaven so manifest as in
own supper for seals of his covenant. Being raised 9; 3.16,17; 8.12; 10.16; 11.52; 12.23,24,32; 16.8; Ac. the case of Diocletian and his assistants. He and
from the dead, he more abundantly exercised his 1.8; ii.-xix.; Ro.1.7,8; 11.11; 15.8-19; 1 Co.1.2; 2 Co. Heraclius his partner had scarcely begun their bar-
kingly office in appointing extraordinary and ordinary 1.1; 8.1; Ga. 2. 2; Ep.1.1; Phi.I. l; Col.1.1; 2.1; 4.13; barous work when Galerius, their instigator, caused
officers in the church, and in qualifying them with . 1 Th.I.I; 1 Pe.I.I; Re.I.II. them to resign their authority and retire to a private
the Holy Ghost. He issued forth his oracles, and During this period the Christians, and especially life. After living some years in great •mxiety, it is
appointed his gospel ordinances. And he exfends his their teachers, were hated and persecuted by the Jews said that Diocletian poisoned himself. Atte, several
<lominion in the world by increasing, ruling, and pro- and the heathen mob. But till their religion had efforts to resume his imperial authorit~, Heraclms
tecting his subjects, and by restraining and conquer- spread and taken deep root among the Gentiles, they had his neck broken for attempting to murder Con-
ing his and their enemies, Ge.49.10; Ps.2.6; 21.3-6; experienced no imperial persecution. God even made stantine his son-in-law. Maxeutms and his army of
21.i-10; 8.1; 45.6,7; 68.18-35; 89.19-37;xciii.xcvi.- about 200,000 were most of them slam by the enemy,
c.; 118.22; 22.27-31; 132.17,18; lxxii.cx.; Ca.1.4,12; 1 NB. ThechurchesofEphesus, Smyrna. Pergamus, Tbyatira, or drowned in the Tiber, where thrt had laid snares
Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea, Colosee. Galatia, Perga, Pam- for Constantine. Galerius died of a most tormenting
3.6,9,11; i.5; Is.2.3,4;4.2; 9.6,7;11.3-5; 12.6;24.15,
pliylia, Cilicia, Pisidia, &c., were in Lesser Asia; thoae of Phi-
16,23; xxv.; 32.1,2; 35.2; 40.9-11; 42.1-4; 45.5-26; lippi, Tbeasa.lonica, and Corinth in Greeoe; and of Rome, in and loathsome distemper, begging the prayers ol tho
52.13,15; 53.11,12; 55.4; 63,1-6: Je.23.5,6; 33.15,16; Italy. Christiatlll as a mean of his relief. Constantine, son
95
GEOGRAPHY .a.ND HISTORY OF NATIONS.
r
to Constantinus, the only Cresar who had .not joined church, by their soul-ruining errors, and by the furious imperial LoRD OVER ALL ill.stead of Jesus Christ; ana
in the perReCutions, being called from Britain, was c,mtentions, rival councils, and even persecutions and by promoting d1v1sions, by encouraging appeals to
made emperor by his troops. He proclaimed a tolera- massacres which they produced. The Arians, who in themselves from the eastern and other bishops, by
tion of the Christian religion in the whole Roman the fourth century held about thirty-two councils, and pretending deeds of councils in their own favour, and
empire; but Max1min his colleague in the east quickly had often persecuting kings or emperors to abet them, by unwearied struggles with the bishops of Constan.
revoked it, and attacked Constantine's forces, which were peculiarly hurtful, and had once forced most of tinople, the Romish bishops had long and earnest]v
were commanded by Licinns his brother-in-law. But the clergy to their side. But the doctrmes of Pelagins, contended for the supremacy. About A.D. 606 or 608
being shamefully routed, he in a fury murdered especially when a little refined, gradually and more Phocas, an absolute monster of treachery, cruelty,
multitudes of the heathen priests, who had instigated insensibly infected most of the Christian church, both and everything horrid, had, by the inhuman murder
him to the war. When he was ready to give a second ministers and people. of his worthy master Mauritius and family, become
battle to Licinns, he was struck with blindness and By such means the church became a motley mass the emperor of the East. It seems the Bishop of
terrible torments in both body and mind. In rage and of practical heathens, mingled with a few real and Constantinople disdained the friendship of this in-
despair he poisoned himself, confessing that he was circumspect Christians. The great zeal of the fashion- fernal wretch. But Boniface II I. of Rome, hy his
plagued by Jesus Christ for his persecution of the able clergy was to render her in her offices, superior fulsome flatteries, obtained his imperial appointment
Christians. Licinns, who was now deputy emperor and subordinate, similar to the imperial state; and, to be the lJ NIVERSAL BISHOP of the Christian church.
:n the east, for a time pretended to favour the Chris- for the gratification of their carnal proselytes, to borrow Deputies were immediately despatched throughout
tians; but, instigated by the heathen priests, he at whatever they could find from the Jewish or heathen the western churches to introduce the new Gregorian
last commenced a furious persecution. In three great superstitions. Even in the fourth century lordly superstition and to procure a formal submission to
battles, in the last of which abo.ut 100,000 were slain bishops, metropolitans, archdeacons, subdeacons, ex• the Roman pope. The missionaries being extremely
and himself taken prisoner, Constantine reduced him, orcists, and canonical singers were introduced. Can- ignorant of everything important, or at least incapable
after which he was put to death, Ge.3.15; Da.ll.S0- dles were lighted by day in the churches. Incense of officiating in the language of the places to which
35; Re. 6.3-12; Jn.15.20; 16. 2,33; 21.18, 19; Ac.14.22; was burned while prayers were offered or sacraments they were sent, it is said that Pope Yitalian, about
2 Ti.2.11; 3.12; Mat.16.24; 10.17-22,34-39, 22.6, 24. administered. On the stated fasts some particular A. D. 666, appointed their public worship to be every-
9,10,18; Ln.12.49-53; 21.12-17; Re.2.10; 3.10; 1 Co. meats were forborne. Abstinence from marriage was where performed in the now long disused Latin tongoe.
11.19; 2Pe.2.l-3; Mat.24.5,11,24; Ac.20.29,30; 1 Ti. esteemed a high degree of sanctity, especially among This at once concealed the ignorance of his mission.
~.1-3; 2 Ti.3.1-6,13; 4.3,4; Ge.3.15; Re.6.12-17; 12. the. clergy. Prayers were directed to saints departed. aries, and became a standing badge of the church's
2-4,7; De.32.36-43; Ps.2.1-6,9,12; 21.8-12; 68.14,21, Pretended relics were held in great veneration. Im- subjection to Rome. Just five prophetic months, or
23,30; xciii.xcvi.-xcix.; 110.5,~; 89.23; 18.37-42; 35. ages of saints, and of Jesus Christ, were placed in 150 years after the pope had obtained his spiritual
!1,6,26; 132.18; Is. 8.9,10; 9.4; 42.13,14; 49. 24-26; churches, and sometimes were worshipped. The clergy supremacy, and 666 years after John had received his
51.22,23; 54.15,17; 41.11; 45.24; 63.1-6; 66.15,16; began to officiate in canonical robes, which they held Revelations in Patmos, Pope Stephen III., assisted
Re.1.7. to be sacred. Prayers were made for the dead, and by Pepin, king of France, who, by the help of a for-
From A. D. 320 to 606 all the emperors except J nlian even sometimes for mitigation of torments to the mer pope, had treacherously usurped his master's
professed themselves Christians. Constantine.and damned. Baptism was held of absolute necessity to throne, rendered himself a CIVIL LORD of the states of
Theodosius in the fourth, and Justin I. and Justinian salvation, and hence was administered to the dead, Rome, Ravenna, and Pentapolis; in consequence of
in the beginning of the sixth centuries of the Christian or by lay persons. Pilgrimages to our Saviour's which his cardinals or privy counsellors dressed them-
era, distinguished themselves by their care for the sepulchre, and a monkish retirement from fellowship selves in purple and scarlet. Several of the succeeding
church. Constantine first of all made the Christian with mankind, were reckoned a transcendent devotion. popes claimed an absolute power to dispose of not
the established religion of the empire. He admitted By the end of the sixth century the doctrines of the only the Christian kingdoms and empires, but even
few but Christians to places of power or trust; and church were deeply infected with .Pelagianism. The of what belonged to heathens, everywhere in tle
while he erected churches ana schools, and appointed discipline had been long remiss, corrupt, or partial, world. By deceiving or terrifying princes with their
salaries for their teachers, he warmly inculcated and chi€fly in favour of the liberal or the great; and the excommunications and interdicts, by decoying or
carefully exemplified the due observation of the Lord's principal concern of the leading clergy was who should forcing them to the holy war in Canaan, and by rais-
day. At first he tried soft methods for converting the be greatest. The notion of a purgatory or middle ing up traitors against them, they caused them to
heathens; but finding them obstinate, he began to pull state; multitudes of sacred festivals and litanies, in submit to their slavery. The ten kingdoms which
down their temples, break in pieces their idols, and honour of angels, the Virgin Mary, and martyrs; and had been formed out of the ruins of the western em•
banish or even put to death their enraged priests. consecrations of churches, were introduced. Every- pire all submitted to the idolatry, superstition, and
By the free preaching of the gospel, and by the spread thing suppo.sed to have had connection with martyrs clerical tyranny of Rome. The haughty pontiffs even
thereof among the Indians, Persians, and those on the was held in veneration. But not contented with all pretended to command the angels, whether good or
east of the Enxine Sea, many were turned to the Lord. these human or rather devilish inventions in the bad, to do what they pleased,-nay, they claimed an
But Constantine's excessive kindness to the doctors worship of God, Gregory the Great, a sainted and authority over JEHOVAH himself, in empowering their
of the Christian church, and to their new converts, famous Bishop of Rome, added his new canons of the priests to create or divide the glorified body of his Son
tempted them to ambition and dissimulation. Many, mass; his canticles and antiphones; and his almost at their pleasure; in adding to his standard of faith
awed by his authority or example, or attracted by the innumerable ordinances concerning stations, litanies, and practice apocryphal tracts, human traditions, and
favours they expected, professed themselves Christians, processions, Lent, oblations for the dead, pontifical decrees of popes or their councils; in founding the
who had neither knowledge of, nor due regard to, robes, consecrations, and relics, Mat.24.5,11,24; Ac. authority of his oracles on the will of their church,
Jesus or his truths. By his assumption of a kind of 20.29,30; 1 Co.11.19; 1 Ti.4.1-3; 2Ti.3.l-6,13; 4.3, and, contrary to his express command, debarring all
headship over the church, at least in some instances, 4; 2 Pe.2.1-3; Re.vii.viii.; 12.8-17. but their clergy from the free perusal of them; in
the clergy were encouraged to model her government In the beginning of the seventh century two prin- altering, reversing, or confirming his laws as they
according to the form of that established in the empire. cipal enemies to J esns Christ formally appeared on· pleased; in making multitudes of persons and things
The favours of Theodosius, Justin, and Justinian the earth-the Mahome,tan deluswn in the East, his partners in worship, and in protection of the
were perverted to much the same purpose. While the which has ever since extirpated or oppressed the world; in appointing multitudes of holidays in op·
inundations of the ravaging Goths, Huns, &c., were Christian religion in a great part of the world; and position to his law; and by pardoning men's sin or
almost ruinmg both church and state, the Donatists the long-predicted Papery in the west. The im• indulging them in it, and cancelling the obligations
in Africa, who separated from their fellow-Christians perial seat had been long before removed to Constan- of oaths, &c. Most dreadful were the scenes of wick-
as not sufficiently pure in their practice; the Arians tinople. The western empire had been abolished, edness against God and man which prevailed in the
and half-Arians, through most of the empire, who and ten motley kingdoms formed out of its rnins. whole antichristian body, but especially among their
denied our Saviour's proper divinity; the Pelagians, Every shadow of Rome's ancient forms of government clergy. These, regular and secular, multiplied like
who denied the necessity of his righteousness for our by kings, consuls, decemvirs, tribunes, dictators, em- locU11ts, till, by their delusions and oppressive ei:ac·
justification, and of his Spirit's influence to regenerate perors, heathen or Christian, was gone; and Rome tions, they everywhere destroyed the souls of the
the heart; the N estorians, who were tqonght to hold a itself, in A.D. 566, subjected to the Exarch of Ravenna. people, enslaved their bodies, and ruined their estates.
twofold person in Christ; and the Eutychians, who These things had given the bishops of Rome an l!nder the different denominations of Augustinians,
allowed him but one compounded nature, and other opportunity to extend their ambitions views. The Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, CarmeUtes,
eonaptors of the trntb,-were fearful plagues to the clerical form of church gov~rnment still wanted an Jesuits, &c., huge armies of monks zealously sup-
96
. h bi•hop and his abominations. In themselTes they boldly preached to others, and warned these plagues in the least reformed the pope or his
~
the RomIB , · them of their danger in a continued adherence to votaries. When, between A. D. 1517 and 1570, about
. 0 der alone before the Re,ormat10n,
edictme r ' . Rome. Wearied of the tyranny, and detesting the the half of his subjects revolted and embraced the
the Ben had been above 15,000 monasteries,
II, JS
· .aid there cardinals, 1600 archb1s · h ops, 4000 monstrous wickedness of the Romish clergy, multi- Protestant religion, shame obliged their neighbours
200
1, Popes, 700 abbots who had been authors, and tudes embraced theirdoctrines,and attempted to search to drop several of their papal customs that were
bishops, ~~ d saints While the pope and his clergy
1
the Scriptures for themselves; for which purpose the absolutely stupid or horribly wicked; but the whole
6 ooo dev.e · learned reformers supplied them everywhere with substance of their errors and corruptions, a little var•
15 • . ry fleshly abomination, and everywhere
allowed m eve . translations in their mother tongue. Notwithstand- nished, was judicially established by the Council of
" t pernicious errors, gross idolatry, and
d the mos .
sprea . . by pretences to uncommon sanctity, and ing the utmost efforts of the popish rulers in both Trent, which was concluded A.D. 1563. Modern
S11perst1t10n, · · · h d church and state, by pretended miracles and appar- history is generally considered to begin with the dis•
. onders and pretended v1s10ns, t ey ma e
by mag1ca1 w . itions; by perfidy and flattery; by prohibitions of covery of America, and there are three inventions
. . t votaries believe what they pleased.
their ignoran Protestant books; by wars, persecutions, and mas· which belong to the Middle Ages, but were not put
. ly excluding from trade, or even from
By mhuman . sacres;-and notwithstanding the lukewarm:1ess, scan- into general use till the beginning of Modern Times,
. bah' t tions such as dissented from them; and
their ia '... . dals, contentions, and even enthusiastic maaness and which have had much to do with the great progress
. murderous inquis1t10ns, massacres, and wars, rn
b) . illions of Waldenses and Protestants were horrible blasphemy, which took place among too made by the human race in the last four hundred
flh1cb m . bl' d b . . many of the nominal Protestants, the true scriptural years. These are the magnetic needle, gunpowder,
. th terrified others rnto a m su m1ss10n,
il&1n, ey T' religion was, in less than fifty years, not only preached and the printing press. ,Gunpowder is said to come
• S 20_25 ; 11.36-39; 2 Th.2.3-12; 1 1.4.1-3; 2
D>- '· ' 713 . 4 3 4· Re.9.1-11; 11.2; xiii.; 17.1-14, with remarkable success, but form"'lly establiched by from the Chinese, but it was not used in Europe
Ti.. 3 1- , , · ' '
the civil authority, in a great part of Germany, in until the fourteenth century. These and all other
17.18; 18.12,13. . .
?(otwitbstanding the diabolical fraud an~ barbarous Sweden, in Denmark, in Holland, and half of Swit- discoveries and inventions which have come into use
~ of these antichristian locusts and their abettors, zerland, and in Britain; and was, by public v,;icts, in modern times, have lent themselves as servants to
J _ s Christ has always qualified and encouraged a allowed in France, Poland, Hungary, and Transyl- aid Christianity in changing the face of the earth,
esu r number to bear witness for his injured doctrines vania. Since that period the Protestant religion has and the character and direction of the human race,
prope b . t· been almost entirely rooted out of Hungary, Austria, so we may get a glimpse of the coming time now,
and laws against the contrary a omma 10ns,-among
whom may be reckoned the c~uncil ~f Charles the Bohemia, France, Palatinate on the Rhine, &c. ; and when Christianity, as the truth, the way, and the life,
Great of France at Frankfort, rn the eighth century; the Papists have greatly increased in several of the will be dominant in the whole earth.
Claude, bishop of Turin, and his followers, in Pied- Protestant domin10ns. It is doubtless true, however, The antichristian and llfahometan delusions being
mont, in the ninth and tenth; the WALDENSES in the that the number of Protestants in Europe has extirpated from the face of the earth, the gospel will,
.outb of France, in the twelfth and subsequent cen- increased, notwithstanding all opposition. On we expect, with amazing rapidity and success, spread
turies.who, by war and persecution, were scattered into several occasions, as in Germany 1418 and 1550, and through the whole habitable world. Both Jews and
Germany, Italy, and Britain, and of whom Wickliffe in Britain 1558 and 1688, the opposers of Antichrist Gentiles shall heartily embrace it, and turn to the
and bis followers in England, in the fourteenth cen- have been remarkably delivered, after they had for Lord with one consent, and unite in his body the
tuTT and Huss and his followers in Germany, in the three years and a half appeared on the very brink of church. Then shall her doctrine, worship, discipline,
fift~ntb, were the genuine offspring. N otwithstand- destruction. But the great slaughter of Christ's wit- and government be restored to the apostolic plan, and
ing their faithful contendings, and notwithstanding nesses, by the apostatizing of Protestants to the essen· ,xactly correspond with the mea.suring-line and reed
dreadful judgments inflicted by Saracens, Turks, &c., tials of Popery, and l>y the persecution of such as of God"s Word. Astonishing shall be the abilities,
the Antichristians still prevailed. The oracles of God shall continue faithful, and their glorious resurrection, labours, and success of her pa.stors and other officers;
,..ere almost wholly unknown. Many of the bishops we suppose, are still future, Re.11.2-10; 14.1-23; 17. and amazing the knowledge, holiness, zeal, order,
bad never perused, and perhaps never seen them. 14-17. unanimity, and peace of her members. Such shall
Doctrines were tried by false miracles and lying won- Partial effusions of the vials of God's wrath upor. be their multitude and quality, as if all the ancient
ders, not by the Word of God. Many of the leading the Antichristians have also taken place. The Sara• martyrs had risen from their graves to enjoy the most
truths of the gospel were buried in oblivion, and the cens not only murdered their eastern brethren in glorious fellowship with Christ. So general shall be
eontrary errors established and believed. Even the error, i9-olatry, and superstition; but, about A.D. 713, the reformation of mankind, that perhaps few will
remains of truth were rendered almost unintelligible conquered Spain, and afterwards ravaged France and remain apparently•wicked: and long, with increas-
by scholastic terms and arguments. Religion lay a part of Italy; seized upon Sicily and Naples; and ing growth, shall this happy period continue, Ge.3.15;
buried under wicked and senseless traditions and thought it highly meritorious to harass and murder 12.2,3; 22.18; 26.4; 28.14; 49.10; De.32.36-43; Ps.
papal decrees. Worship was drowned in depths of the Romish idolaters. From A. D. 830 to 980 the 2.8; 14.7; 18.43; 22.27-31; 45.3-6,9-17; xlvii.; 65.5;
heathenish, Jewish, or magical superstitions. Devo- contentions between the descendants of Charles the 66. 1-4; !xvii.; 68. 22-35; 69. 33-36; lxxii. lxxxviL;
tion chiefly consisted in adoring the sacramental Great, and the invasions of the Hungarians, deluged 89.2,3,18-29; xciii.; xcvi.-c.; ex.; 132.13-18; cxlix.;
bread, the Virgin Mary, saints, angels, images, and Germany, France, and Italy with torrents of human ls.1.25-28; 2.2-5,17-21; 4.2-6; 9.8; xi.xii.; 18.7;
relics. Pardons of sin, or indulgences therein; ad- blood. From A.D. 1090 to i290 millions perished in 19.18-25; 24.23; xxv.xxvi.; 27.1-6,12,13; 29.18-24;
mi,aions to ecclesiastical offices, or even to celestial the pretended HOLY WAR with the infidel Saracens '30.18-26, 29; 32. 1-4, 15-20; xxxv.; 41. 10-20; 42.
thrones, were sold for money; and none but the poor, and Seljukian Turks for the recovery of Canaan. 1-16; 44.2-5; 45.22-25; 49.6-26; 52.15; 53.10-12;
•ho could pay nothing, were consigned to eternal Scarcely a kingdom in Europe but was disordered in !iv.Iv.; 56.8; 57.14-19; 59.16-21; lx.-lxii.; 63.1-5;
damnation. In ignorance many of the clergy were its constitution, drained of men, and beggared of 65.16-25; 66. 8-14, 18-24; Je. xxxi. xxxiii.; Eze.17.
limilar to brutes; but in pride, avarice, oppression, wealth by these mad attempts, which the popes pro- 22-24;34.11-31; xxxvi.-xlviii.; Da.2.35,44; 7.14,22,
lewdness, blasphemy, and everything abominable, mo,ed with all their fury and craft, that they might 27;2.12; Ho.l.10,11;2.14-23;3.5; 6.2; xiv.; Joel2.
Ibey were complete infernals. Meanwhile God-by have an opportunity to extend their power in Europe 28-32; 3.16-21; .Am.9.11-15; Mi.4.5; 7.14-20; Zep.
~king the lwly war a means of introducing know- while the princes of the respective nations warred in 3.9-20; Hag.2.6-9; Zec.2.10-13.; 8.20-23; 14.8-11,
ltJge from the East-by forcing the learned Greeks the East. From A.D. 1200 to 1370 the furious wars 20,21; Mal.4.2; Ro.11.12,15,25-32; Re.vii.; 11.11-
into the papal dominions, through the capture of between the papal and imperial factions, commonly 19; 15.2-4; 19.1-9; 20.1-5; xxi.; 22.1-6.
Constantinople by the Turks-and by causing the called GuELFS and GrnELINS, rendered Germany and There seems to be forces at work in our day which
rontentions between rival popes, and the struggles of Italy a comparative desert. Between ·A. D. 1370 and indicate that truly the time is soon to come when the
the councils of Basil and Pisa, to sink· the credit of 1447, or later, the frequent contentions of rival popes, knowledge of the Lord shall cover the earth as the
the pontiffs among their votaries-prepared the way and the brave resistance of the faithful Bohemians, waters cover the sea. Men are being brought together
for the Protestant Reformation. involved the antichristian dominions in terrible misery as in one neighborhood. Already great enterprises
In A.O. 1517 Zumglius in Switzerland, and Lather and bloodshed. Between A.D. 1486 and 1534 a sweat• are being contemplated which look to the speedy
Ill Germany, shocked with the blasphemous manner ing sickness and other pestilent.ial disorders cut off removal ol whatever remaining obstacles there are
'1 •h1ch the papal pardons of and indnlgences in sin multitudes in England, Germany, and France. Be- to world-wide companionship among men. A rail•
•ere exposed to sale, openly declared their detestation tween 1370 and 1698 the Ottoman Turks made the road is already built from Joppa to Jerusalem, and
of them. By a diligent search of the Scriptures in most shocking havoc among the Papists who inhabited from Damascus to Beyrout. There is talk of build•
defence of their conduct, their views of divine truth Hungary, Poland, Dalmatia, the Mediterranean isles, ing a bridge across the Straits of Dover near Folk•
""' exceedingly enlarged; and what they apprehended and even part of Italy and Germany. But none of stone. The Mombasa and Nyanza Railway in Africa
97
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY.
Is to connect with the interior lakes and the coast. I ~e~he Bef~neinhabitants, is drowned by a flood. 01~t'. IBeforel from the family, Ge. xxi.; Ac. 7. 8; 1k.
st
Among the possibilities of the near future is a railroad world. Chn . Noah, his family, and some animals are Wo,·,d.jChn,t. 9.9; He.11.11,12; Ga.4.22-31.
across Siberia from St. Petersburg to Behrin,:: Strait, -·- --! preserved in the ark, Ge. 5. 27; vii. ; Lu. - - - - To try Abraham's faith and obedience
•nd also one across Alaska to Behring Strait, while 17.26,27; l\fat.24.37-39; Job22.16; 1 Pe. 2144 1860 God commands him to offer Isaac i~
I 3.19,20: 2 Pe.2.5; 3.6. sacrifice. Abraham readily obeys; Isaac\
Behring Strait itself is to be bridged or ferried. A
1657 23(7, The flood ceases; the ark settles in Ar- death is prevented, and .A braharn and his
ship canal around Niagara Falls is contemplated, and menia: Noah, his sons, and the animals, family greatly blessed, Ge.xxii.; He.11.
also, it is said, a railroad from Quebec to Belle Isle in came forth of the ark. Noah offers sac- 17-19; Ja.2.21. Soon after Sarah dies
Labrador, with connecting ocean steamship lines to rifices of thanksgiving. God covenants and is i:Juried at llachpelah, Ge.xxiii.'
Midford, in Wales. When all the projected enter- with him; allows him to eat flesh; forbids 49.30-32.
prises which look to completer union and fellowship murder: gives him the rainbow as a 2usJ1s56 Isaac, by the direction of Providence, is
token that the earth should neYer more I married to Rebekah the daughter of
among men are completed, there· will not any longer be drowned. Not long after K oah plants Bethuel, his Svrian cousin, Ge. xxiv
be ioreigners, but-~ll men will be neighbors. Human- a vineyard; is drunk; and foretells the Shern, the son ;,f Noah, dies ten year~
ity will be then organized, all the scattered members fate of his seed, Ge. viii. ix.; Is. 54. 8- after, Ge.11.10, 11.
of races and once islolated tribes will be brought into 10. 2168 1836 While .Abraham's family by Keturah and
one body; ~he best ideas, the best science, the best 1760 [2244 Men, being generally recorrupted, build Hagar mightily increase, Esau and Jacob
the Tower of BABEL. God confounds 1 are born to Isaac, Ge. xxv.; Jos. 24. 4;
religion, the best morals will then have the same op-
portunities of triumph everywhere, throughout the I their language and disperses them. Kim- , Ac.7.8; Ro.9.10-13.
rod founds a kingdom in Chaldea, Assh nr 2183 1821 Abraham dies. Four years after Heber
whole body of humanity, as they have had hitherto another in Assyria, and l\Iizraim a third the great-grandson of Shem. dies, aged
opportunities of triumphing among the more favored in Egypt, Ge.10. 9-13. 464 years, from whom the HEBREWS were
2008 1996 Two years after the death of Noah Abra-
races. There is to be in the good ccming time one
science, one moral law, and one religion. This unity
1
I I named, Ge.25.7; 11.17.

ham is born in the 130th vear of Terah. 2208 1796 Esau h,wing sold Jacob his birthright,
Sarai or Iscah, his br~thcr Haran's marries two Canaanites, which grieves hla
of the human race, too, is coming about day by day
I daughter, is born ten years after, Ge.11. parents, Ge.~5.27-34; 26.34; He.12.16.
throurh the ordinary operation of law and truth. I
26-32: 17.11; 20.12. Being blessed of God, Isaac greatly pros-
TI s .1<mgdom o: '.1eaven cometh not with observation, 2079 1925\Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, subdues the pers, notwithstanding the envy of the
bu l>A:>wly and gradually it is permeating and gather- kingdoms of Sodom, Gomorrah, &c., Ge. Philistines, Ge.xxvi.
ing lo itself all peoples and tongues. Our Lord I 14.1-3. Instigated by his mother, Jacob fraudu.
sa1c., "If I be lifted up I will draw all men unto me." 2083 1921 1 Terah dying after they had dwelt five lently obtains his father's principal bless-
years in Haran, Abraham, directed by ing. Esau's rage hereat obliges him to
Through the truth as it is in Christ and through the
God, and encouraged by a promise of flee to l\Iesopotamia. He receives a vision
power of the Holy Spirit the race is gradually being Christ and a numerous seed, enters and p.omise at Bethel; arrives at Haran,
reorganized, and in the ages to come is to be not Canaan. The land is promised to his and· serves Laban his uncle, Ge. xxvii.-
ideally only but really the body of Christ. seed. A famine forces him into Egypt. xxix.; He.12.16; Ge.31.13; Ho.12.3,4,12.
From hence the 430 vears of the Hebrew 22511753 For his service Jacob receives Leah and
CHAPTER V. sojourning are recko~ed by some, Ge.xii.; Rachel, his two cousins, for wives; bv
Jos.24.2,3; Ne.9. 7,8; Ps.105.9-15; Ex. whom, and their handmaids, within fou;.
A. CHRONOLOGICAL HARMONY OF THE SCRIPTURE ms-
12.40,41; Ac.7.2-5; Ca.3.17; He.11.8. teen years, he has eleven sons and one
TORIES, AND OF THE FULFILMENT OF ITS PREDIC·
Returning to Canaan, Lot retires to Sodom. daughter. God also renders him rich in
TIONB.
God renews his covenant with Abraham. flocks, Ge.xxix.xxx.; Ho.12.12; Ac.7.8.
FROM eternity JEHOVAH himeelf alone sub- He removed southward to Hebron, and 2265 1739 After serving Laban for twenty years, Jacob
sisted in three persons-Father, Son, arui built an altar for the worship of God, and his family privately remove to Ca-
Iloly Ghost, Ge.21.33; De.33.27; Ps.90.2; Ge.xiii. naan. Laban pursues, but is pacified.
ls.44.6; Hab.1.12; lJn.5.7; 2Co.13.14; 2091 1913 After twelve years' servitude the kings of Jacob meets with angels at Mahanaim;
Mat.28.19; 3.16,li, &c. Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and with God at Peniel; and with Esau in Jove,
--i-~God created rhe world in Christ, Ac. Zoar revolted; Chedorlaomer and his Ge.xxxi.-xxxiii.
01~t~ IBeforJ 15. 18; Is. 46. l O, Ep. 1. 11; 2 Ti. 1. 9,
allies ravage their country, defeat their 2270 1734 Dinah is deflowered, and the Shechernitei
World. Clmet. &c. He sent into the world his Son troops, take Lot and others captive. circumcised and murdered. Jacob re•
as the Mediator and Representative of Abraham defeats the conquerors, rescues moves to Bethel, where Deborah, Re-
humanity, Ps. 40 6-~; 89.3,4; Is. 53. JO; the prisoners, recovers the spoil, and is bekah's nurse, dies. Soon after Rachel
,JO.
Je. ~l: Zee. 6. 13. blessed by Melehizedek. God promises dies in childbirth of Benjamin. Reuben
1 4004 God created all things; covenanted with him a numerous seed, and Canaan for commits incest with Bilhah, Ge.xxxiv.
mankind; Adam fell into sin, and his their inheritance,Ge.9.25; xiv.xv.; He.7. xxxv.
posterity in him; God published salvation 1-11; Ae.7.6,7; Ga.3.17; Ps.105.9-15; 2276 1728 Joseph, now seventeen years old, is for hi,
by Christ, but denounced troubles and Ne.9.7,8. dreams hated, and sold by his brethren
sorrows in this life, fte.i.-iii.; Ex.20.11; 2093 1911 Despairing of the promised seed by herself, to Ishmaelites and l\Iidianites, who sell
Ec.7.29; Ro.5.12-21; 1 Co.15.22. '
Sarah gives Hagar to Abraham for a con- him to Potiphar the Egyptian, Ge.xxxvii.:
2 4003 Cain, and not long after, Abel is born, cubine, that she might bear it. After Ps.105.17; Ac. 7. 9.
perhaps w:th twin- sisters. Some years I
Hagar had fled from the family and re- 2286 1718 About seventeen years after his marriage
after Cain becomes a husbandman, Abel turned, she bears Ishmael, Ge.xvi.; 25. with the daughter of Shuah the Canaan·
1 a shepherd, Ge. iv.
129 8875 Cain and Abel offer sacrifice. Cain murders
l
12-18; Ga.4.22-31.
2106 1898 God constitutes Abram, and his seed by
ite, Judah commits incest with Tamar his
daughter-in-law, who bears him Pharez
Abel, and is punished; but his family j Isaac, his peculiar people; appoints cir- and Zerah. Joseph refuses to commit
increases, Ge.iv.; He.11.4; lJn.3.12; cumcision as the seal of this covenant; adultery with his mistress; and by false
Jude. Next year Seth is born. changes Abram's and Sarai's names. accusation is imprisoned, Ge.xxxviii.
235 1,3769 Enos is _born. Public soc. ieties for God's Soon after he and two angels visit Abra- xxxix.; Ps.105.18.
worship are introduced, to distinguish ham and Sarah, renew the promise of 2288 1716 Isaac dies, aged 180 years. Soon after
• the Sethites from the offspring of Cain, Isaac's birth; Abraham intercedes for the Esau removes from Canaan, and finally
1 Ge.5.6; 4.26. 2107 1897 preservation of Sodom, &c.; the two an- settles in l\Iount Seir; where his family,
987 3017 After predicting the last judgment, pious gels warn Lot and his family to remove; cohabiting with the Horites, wonderfully
Enoch is translated to heaven without Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim increase, Ge.35.28,29; xxxvi.
tasting of death, Ge.~- 23,24; He.11. 5; are destroyed by fire and brimstone; Lot's 2289 1715 Having, perhaps two years before, inter·
Judel~l~ . wife is turned into a pillar of salt; the preted the dreams of the baker and butler,
1056 2948 Noah, the famous preacher and patriarch, Dead Sea is formed out of this country. Joseph is liberated, and interpret. tho,e
1
\ is born, to the great joy of Lamech his Not long after Lot, made drunk by his of Pharaoh; is made ruler of Egypt, and
r father, Ge.5.2S; Eze.14.14,20. two daughters, commits incest with them, married to a princeSB, Ge.xl.xli.; Pa.IO~
15361'~468 The Sethites marrying with the Cainites, and hence the Moabites and Ammonites 19-22; Ac. i.10.
men become abominably wicked. Noah proceeded, Ge.xvii.-xix.; Is.13.19; 1.9, 2296 1708 After seven plenteous years, a terriblt
warns them of the flood, and begins to 10; Eze. 16. 4g_50; Zep. 2. 9; 2 Pe.2.6-8; famine begins in Egypt and the pla<'·
~
bmld his ark, Ge.vi.; He.11.7; 1 Pe.3.20; Jude 7; Am.4.11. about, Ge. 42. 52: Ac. 7.11; Ps.105.16.
I 2Pe.2.5. 2108 1896 Sarah bears Isaac. About three or four 2298 1706 After Jacob's sons had twice gone to Eg)T'
1656 481 Methuselah, son of Enoch, dies. The
t world, with perhaps double of its present
years after Ishmael mocks him, and he
and Hagar are in consequence expelled
9S
I to buy corn, and been tried by Joseph. ht
and all his family go and reside th•"
C'HRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY.
year ;aetoreland are nourished by Joseph, Ge. xlii.- Je~e Bef'?re wilderness. Korah and his companions ,11":;, lBefore
land, and permitted to entice them, most
:/.~3 cbria< xlvi.; Ac. 7.11-15; Ps.105.17,23;Jos.24.4. World. ChrisL rebel, and are fearfully destroyed. The of the new generation abandon themselves
World.'Christ.
2303 1701, By the sale of the corn which he had laid priesthood is confirmed to Aaron and his to idolatry aud its attendant impieties.
up d•1ring the plenteous years, Joseph family by the budding of his rod ; and Micah and the Danites are ringleadere
renders the money, cattle, lands, and per- some laws relative to oblations aild puri- herein. By refusing to punish the lewd
sons of the Egyptians their king's pro- fications are given, Nu.v.vi.x.-xix.; 33. rakes of Gibeah, the Benjamites procure
perty, Ge. xi vii. 15-20; De.1.19-46; 9.22,23; 11.5,6; Ps. their almost utter destruetion. To pun-
2315 1689 After blessing Joseph's sons and his own, 78.30-40; 106.17,18,24-27. 2591 1413 ish their wickedness, the Lord delivers up
Jacob dies, and is with great pomp carried 2552 1452 After wandering thirty-seven years in the or or the Israelites for eight years to the op-
to Canaan and buried. Joseph's brethren Arabian desert, the Israelites come Lack 2579 1425 pression of the l\Iesopotamians, Ju. i.-iii.
supplicate forgiveness, Ge.xlviii.-1.; Ac. to Kadesh-barnea. They murmur for xvii.-xxi.; 2Ki.17.7, &c.; Ke.9.26,27;
7.15,16; He.11.21. want of water: l\Ioses smites a rock to Eze.20.28,29.
2369 16351Joseph, having foretold. the deliverance
1 provide them- with it. He and Aaron 2599 1405 Othniel, of the tribe of Judah, delivers
, from Egypt, and given orders concerning offend God. The Edomites refuse the or or the Israelites, and the land rests forty
I his bones, dies, Ge.50.22-26; He.11.22. Israelites a passage. Aaron dies. The 2587 1417 years, Ju.3.10,11.
2413 J591 The oppression or" the Israelites begins. Israelites murmur at the manna, and are The Israelites having relapsed into idolatry,
· Twenty years after, Moses is born; and plagued by fiery serpents, but healed by God delivers them into the hand of the
is saved from the water, and educated by the sigllt of a brazen one. The~· conquer 1iloabites for eighteen years, Ju.3.12-14;
Pharaoh's daughter, Ge.15.13; Ex.i.; 2.1 the Canaanitish kingdoms of Sihon and after which Ehud, a left-handed man, of
-10; 7.7; 16.20; Ac.7.18-22; He.11.23. Og on the east of Jordan, which are after- 2679 1335 the almost ruined tribe of Benjamin, de-
2473 11531 _Moses, now forty years old, kills a murder•
1
wards given to the Reubenites, Gadites, or or livers them; and the land rests eighty
1
ous Egyptian; flees into Midian; marries
• and Manassites, Nu. 30. 21-47; xxxi. 2645 1359 years. During this period Shamgar routs
Jethro·s daughter, Ex.2.11-22; Ac. 7.23- xxxii.; De.ii.iii.; 10.6; Ps.106.32,33; Jn. tl1e Philistines, and Boaz marries Ruth,
29; He.11.24-26. 3.14,15;Jos.12.l-6; 13.8-32;20.8; Ne.9. Ju.3.15-31; Ru.i.-iv.
About this time Job is plunged into great 16-23; Eze.20.1 i-26. 2719 1285 After the Israelites had been for twenty
distress; disputes with his friends; is 2553 1451 Balaam, at Balak' s request, repeatedly or or years oppressed by J abin, king of the
reproved by his Maker, and graciously attempts to curse the Hebrews; but God 2745 1259 Canaanites who were left in the land,
/ delivered, Job i. -xiii.; J a. 5.11 ; Eze.14. obliges him to bless them, and denounce Deborah and Barak deliver them, and
, 14,20. destruction upon their enemies. Advised celebrate their victory, Ju. iv. v. x. xi.; l
1
2513 1491 Pitying the Hebrews' affliction, God ap- by him, the women of Moab and Midian Sa.12.9-11; He.11.32; Ne.9.27-31; Ps.
, pears to Moses at Sinai in a burning bush; seduce the Israelites to whoredom and l0G.40-43.
appoints him and Aaron to lead them 011t idolatry; which issues in a plague to 2759 1245 After they had been seven years oppressed
of Egypt. After ten plagues the Egyp- Israel, and in destruction to Balaam and or or by the l\Iidianites, Gideon, a Manassite,
tians allow them to depart; but afterwards the Midianites, Nu.xxii.-xxv.xxxi.; Ps. 2792 1212 delivers them, Ju. vi. vii.
pursue them through the Red Sea, and are 106.28-31; 2Pe.2.14,15; Judell; Re. 2799 1205 After Abimelech, a bastard son of Gideon,
drowned, to the great joy of the Hebrews, 2.14; Mi.6.4; De.23.3-6;Jos.24.9,10; 13. or or had murdered sixty-nine of his brethren,
Ge.15.13,14; 46. 4; Ex.2.23-25; iii.-xv.; 21,22. The new generation of Israelites 2835 1169 and tyrannized over Israel three years,
20. 2; De.4.20,34; 7.18,19; 11. 2,3; 29. 2, are numbered; the manner of dividing or or he quarrels with his Shechemite friends;
3; Jos.24.5-7; 1 Sa.12.8; Ne.9.9-12; Ps. Canaan settled; Joshua appointed to con- 2771 1233 is knocked on the head with a stone
66.10-12; 74.12-15; 78.12-14,42-53; 80. quer it; its boundaries marked out, and thrown by a woman from a tower; and,
8; 81.5,6; 78.13-20; 105.26-39; 114.1-3; princes nominated to divide it, Ge.15. at his desire, killed by his armour-bearer,
135.8,9; 136.10-15; Is.63.7-14; Je.32.20, 18-21; Nu. xxvi. xxvii. xxxiv. Laws of Ju.ix.; 2Sa.ll.21. Tola began to judge
21; Eze.16.3-6; Ac. 7.30-36; He.11.27-29. oblations at fesiivals; of vows; of cities of the Israelites on the west of Jordan.
Directed by the pillar of cloud, the He- refuge; and of marriage of heiresses, are 2799 1205 Perhaps not long after Jair the Gileadite
brews travel in the Arabian desert south- instituted, Nu. xx viii.-xxx. xxxv. xx xvi. or or began to judge those on the east of J or-
eastward to Sinai. The bitter waters of After a most solemn rehearsal of God's pro- 2860 1144 dan. It was perhaps while they were
Marah are sweetened. Quails, manna, vidences; an inculcation, explication, and conjunct judges that the Ammonites ter-
and water from the rock, are bestowed by enlargement of his laws; and declaration ribly oppressed the Israelites eighteen
God for their provision. They defeat the of his blessings and curses; Moses retires years, Ju. x.
Amalekites, and have rulers appointed; to Mount Nebo or Pisgah, and dies, and 2815 1187 Jephthah, a bastard of Gilead, delivers
receive God's laws from Mount Sinai, and is buried by God, De.i.-xxxiv. or or the Israelites; sacrifices his daughter to
are entered into covenant with him. God 2254 1450 Succeeding to Moses, and encouraged by 2878 1126 fulfil a rash vow; and puts to the sword
directs the form of his tabernacle ; ap- God, Joshua sends spies to Jericho; passes 42,000 insolent Ephraimites, Ju.xi.xii.
points his priests, and their consecration. Jordan in a miraculous manner; circum• After, or while Jephthah judged Israel six
Moses receives the tables of the moral cises the Hebrews; causes them to observe years, Ibzan seven, Elon ten, and Abdon
law, but breaks them when he beheld the the passover; takes Jericho; punishes eight, God delivers the Israelites for forty
Hebrews worshipping their golden calf. Achan for his sacrilege; takes Ai by strata- 2848 1156 years into the hands of the Philistines.
By his intercession their destruction is gem; makes a league with the Gibeonites, or or Meanwhile Eli, the high-priest of Itha-
prevented, and the tables of the law re- Jos.i.-ix.; He.11.30,31. 2869 1135 mar's family, judges Israel. Samson is
newed, Ex.15.22-26; xvi.-xxxiv.; De.1.6 2560 1444 After spending six years in the conquest born and appointed to be a K azarite.
-18; iv.v.ix.; 10.1-5; Ne.9.12-20; Ps.68. of the south and north parts of Canaan, About the same time, or a few years
7,8,17; 78.15-25; 105.40,41; 106.13-16, Joshua, in the seventh, divides it by lot afterwards, Samuel is born, Ju. xii. xiii.;
19-23; Eze.16.8-14; 20.5-16; Ac. 7.37-44. to the tribes of Judah and Ephraim, the 1 Sa.i.
1514 1490 The furniture of the tabernacle is formed. Manassites, the tribes of Benjamin, Sim- After Samson had for twenty years harassed
It is erected, consecrated, and dedicated, eon, Issachar, Zebulun, Asher, Naphtali, the Philistines, he is taken prisoner, and
Ex.xxxv.-xl.; Nu. vii. Aaron and his and Dan; sets up the tabernacle at Shiloh; 2888 1116 enslaved by them; but at his death pulls
sons are consecrated for priests, Le. viii. appoints the cities of refuge, and assigns or or down the house, and kills multitudes of.
ix_ Laws of oblations, purifications, and to the Levites forty-eight cities and their 2909 1095 them_ Encouraged by this the Israelites
festivals are enacted by God, Le.i.-vii. suburbs; dismisses the Reubenites and attack the Philistines ; but being de-
x.-xxvii. The second passover is kept, Gadites to their home on the east of J or- feated, bring the ark to the camp; they
Nu.ix. The Hebrews are numbered ar.d dan, who erect an altar of memorial. are again routed, and the ark is taken.
maqJ:,alled, Nu. i.ii. x. ; the Levites ap- The year after was the first sabbatical The judgments attending the ark, on
pointed to serve God instead of the first- year, from which the years of release and themselves, and on Dagon their idol,
born, and consecrated, Nu. iii. iv. viii. of jubilee were afterwards reckoned, Ge. beside which they placed it, oblige the
After the giving of some other laws con- 15.18-21; xlix.; Ex. 23. 22-31; De. viii. xi.; Philistines to send it back with honour-
cerning the purity of the camp, ·suspected 32.8-14; Jos.x.-xxii.; Ne.9.23-26; Ps. able presents. The curious Bethshemite,
adulteresses, N azarites, the priests' bless- 44.2,3; 66.12; 68.10-12; 78.54,55; 8.8- looking into it, 50,000 of them are struck
ing of the people, and making two silver 11; 105.42-45; 35.10-12; 136.17-22; Je. dead. It is never returned to Shiloh, but
trumpets, the Hebrews march from Sinai. 32.21,22; Eze.16.8-14; 20.28; Ac.7.44. remains at Kirjath-jearim, Ju.xiv.-xvi.;
They murmur, and are plagued; have 2570 1434' Joshua assembles the Israelites; once and 1 Sa. ii.-vi.; 12. 9; He.11. 32; Ac.13. 20;
seventy elders added or confirmed in office. again he rehearses God's favours to them; Ps.78.59-67; Je.7.12,14. Samuel, now
Miriam is smitten with leprosy and healed. renews their covenant with God; and dies, almost forty years old, begins to judg~
The spies search Canaan. On their false aged 110 years; Eleazar, the high-priest, Israel, and some time after delivers
report the Israelites despise it, and are dies soon after, Jos.xxiii.xxiv. them from the Philistines, 1 Sa. vtl.;
condemned to wander and die in the Many of the Canaanites being left in the He.11.32.
Vol. 1-7 99
J~. Before' The Israelites, weary of God's deputy- 1~'t'. 1Belore'
0
they return to their allegiance, 2 Sa. selves for three years regularly, and livect
judges, request a king, to render them
World ChnBt,i World.?hnst . xv.-xx.; Ps.ii.-vi.xlii.-xliv. prosperously. But afterwards revolting
1
2909 1095 like the neighbouring nations. Saul is 2984 1020 "'hile the Philistines in four battles at- to idolatry, Shishak, king of Egypt, ra-
or or made king, and defeats the Ammonites. tempt to recover their liberty, they are vages their country, and pillages Jeru,
.2939 1065 Samuel resigns his government, 1 Sa. defeated. God punishes Saul's mur· salem and the temple, 1 Ki. 14.21-31:
viii.-xii.; Ac.13.20,21; He.11.32-35. dering of the Gibeonites by a famine of 2 Ch.xi.xii. ·
2949 1055 For intermeddling with priestly work, for three years, 1 Ch.xx.; 2 Sa.xxi. 3046 958 Abijam succeeds Rehoboam. He routs
neglecting the utter destruction of the 2987 1017 David numbers his subjects. God punishes Jeroboam's army of 800,000, slays 500,000
Amalekites and their property, and for his sin in the death of 70,000 of them. of them, and takes Beth-el and other
consulting with a witch, Saul's army is By his deep humiliation and sacrifice be cities from him,l Ki.15.1-8; 2 Ch.xiii.
routed by the Philistines; and he murders stops the plague. He purchases a spot 3049 955 AsasucceedsAbijam; reignsforty-oneyears·
himself about two years after the death of for the temple to be built on, 2 Sa.xxiv.; 3063 951 zealously extirpates idolatry; strengthe~
Samuel. David, who had been anointed 1 Ch.xxi.; 26.23,24. his kingdom with forts; defeats an Ethi.
king by Samuel about seven years before, 2988 1016 David being now extremely infirm, Abi- opian army of 1,000,000; renews his sub.
and who for about four years had been shag is procured to sleep with him as his jects' covenant with God; and deposea
persecuted, and had composed several of 2989 1Q15 concubine. Assisted by Joah and Abi- 111aachah his idolatrousgrandmother,2 Ch.
his psalms, as vi. vii.xxxiv.xxxv.lii.-lix. athar, Adonijah his eldest son attempts xiv.xv.; 1 Ki.15 9-15.
lxiii. lxi v. cxx. cxl. cxlii. clxiii., &c., returns to seize the throne; but, by the activity 3052 952 Baasha murders N adab the son of Jeroboam
from the country of the Philistines; re- of Nathan the prophet and Bathsheba, 307,! 930 and the whole family, and reigns over
sents Saul's death upon an Amalekite; David gives orders to anoint Solomon his or or Israel. Engaged in a war with Baasha,
laments over Saul and Jonathan's death; successor, 1 Ki.i. 3064 940 Asa hires the Syrians treacherously to
and praises God for his deliverances, Ps. Having made immense preparations for invade the kingdom of Israel, and iJn.
ix. xviii. Directed of God he repairs to the building of the templ9, and given prisons the prophet who reproved his con-
Hebron, where he is made 'king of Judah. Solomon a plan of it, and a charge conduct, 1 Ki.15.16-22; 1 Ch.16.1-10.
Meanwhile Abner made Ishbosheth king cerning it, he fixes the order of the priests, 307 5 929 Zimri murders Elah the son of Baasha;
of Israel, 1 Sa.xiii.-xxxi.; 1 Ch.x.; 2 Sa. Levites, singers, and porters, for the tem- reigns over Israel seven days; but, being
i.ii.xxii. ple; as either now or before he had regu- besieged by bis master's troops, he burna
2956 1048 After Ishbosheth had reigned seven years, lated the trained bands and the royal the palace upon himself, 1 Ki.16.9-20.
much of which time had been spent in property; and having solemnly charged 3079 925 After four years of civil war between Omri
skirmishes with the servants of David, he Solomon and the princes of Israel to cleave and Tibni, Omri prevails, and reigns
is deserted by Abner, and murdered by 2989 1015 to the Lord, he soon after died.-N ot wickedly; builds Samaria, and renders ii
two of his servants; upon which the prin- long after, Adonijah, J oab, and Shimei his capital, 1 Ki.16.21-28; Mi.6.16.
cipal men of Israel, with a large body of were slain by Solomon's order, 1 Ch.xxii. 3086 918 Ahab, still more wicked than his father,
the people, assemhle and make David -xxix.; l Ki.iii. reigns over Israel ; marries Jezebel a Zi-
their king, 2 Sa.ii.-v.; 1 Ch.xii.; Ps.89. 2990 1014 Solomon, who already had Rehoboam by an donian princess, and by uer advice intro-
19, 20, &c. ; Ac.13. 22; Ps. 78, 68-72. Ammonitess, marries an Egyptian prin- duces the worship of Baal; Hie!, with the
2959 1045 After taking Jerusalem from the Jebusites, cess, to whom Pharaoh her father gave loss of his sons, rebuilds accursed Jericho,
and building himself a palace there, and Gezer, a city of the Philistines, in com- l Ki.16.29-34; Mi.6.16.
defeating the Philistines twice, David, pliment, 1 Ki.14.21; 3.1,2; 9.16. In 3090 914 Asa dying, Jehoshaphat succeeds him. He
attended with many thousands of Israel- answer to his prayer in his vision, God reforms his kingdom, fortifies his cities,
ites, brings up the ark of God with great grants Solomon an uncommon share of and forms a militia of 1. 160,000, 2 Ch.
solemnity from IGrjath-jearim to a tent wisdom, which he manifests in judging xvii.; lKi.22.41-46. Hefirstmadefriend-
which he had formed for it on Mount between two harlots; in fixing the crown ship with the kings of Israel, and took
Zion, 2 Sa. v. vi.; 1 Ch. xiii.-xvi.; Ps. 78. officers and providers for his large house- Ahab's daughter to be the wife of Jehoram
68, 69; xxiv. xlvii. !xviii. xciii. xcv.-ciii. hold ; and in his songs, proverhs, and his son.
cvii.cxxxii.cxliv.-d. philosophical discourses, he becomes the In answer to Elijah's prayer, a drought of
t962 1042 David intends to build a temple, but God admiration of the princes and nations three years and a half plagues the king-
restrains him; allots that honour to his around, 1 Ki.iii.iv.; 2 Ch.i. dom of Israel. Ravens at first, and after-
son; promises to establish his kingdom; 2993 1011 After securing the assistance of Hiram king wards a poor widow of Zarephath, whose
and Da,·id, with great thankfulness, of Tyre, and making great preparations, son he restores to life, feed Elijah.
pleads for its accomplishment, 2 Sa. vii.; Solomon, in the 480th year of the deliver- Having by his sacrifice, burned with fire
!Ch.xvii.; 22.6-13; Ps.cxxxii; lKi.5. 3000 1004 ance from Egypt, lays the foundation of from heaven, demonstrated that not Baal,
2-5; 8.15-19; 2Ch.6.4-9; Ac.7.46. the temple. It was finished in seven years but JEHOVAH, was the true God, he causes
2970 1035 After he had subdued the Philistines, and six months, just 3000 years after the prophets of Baal to be slain, and pro-
Moobites,Amalekites, Syrians, and almost the creation, and 1004 before Christ's cures rain. Terrified by the threatenings
all the Ammonites, and thus extended birth. The next year it was dedicated of Jezebel, he retires far southward to
the dominion of the Israelites to the ut- by solemn prayer and large sacrifices, 1 Ki. Sinai; but is reproved by God for his flight,
most extent promised, Ge.15.18-21; Ex. 3013 1)91 v.-ix; 2 Ch.ii.-vi. ; Ac. 7.47. Solomon and ordered back to anoint Jehu kingorer
23. 23-31; 34.11; De.11. 24; 2 Sa. 8.10; finishes his magnificent palace, 1 Ki. 7.1; Israel, Hazael over Syria, and Elisha
1 Ch. xviii.-xx.,-he commits adultery 9.10; 2Ch.8.l. Aboutthistimehewrote prophet in his own room, 1 Ki.xvii.-xix.
with Bathsheba; murders Uriah her hus- his inspired Song, Ca.i.-viii; carried on 3103 901 Benhadad king of Syria having insolently
band; and being reproved by Nathan, his repairs cf cities and enriching trade; threatened the destruction of Samaria,
• bitterly repents. The child sickens and and was visited by the queen of °l';heba, God punishes him with a signal defeat by
dies, 2 Sa. xi. xii. ; Ps. li. 1 Ki.ix.x.~ 2 Ch. viii.ix.; 1.15-17. 3104 900 a handful of Israelites. Next year, ti-
2971 1033 Bathsheba, perhaps the grand-daughter of 3029 975 After great licentiousness with heathenish punish his captain·s blasphemy, his army
Ahithophel, now David's wife, bears Solo- women, and apostasy to their idolatries, is .ilmost utterly cut off. He submits;
I
, mon, 2 Sa.12.24,25; 1 Ch.3.5; 14.4.
2972 1032 Amnon, David's eldest son, deflours his
Solomon, being reprcwed by a prophet,
repents; writes his Ecclesiaste,s, and per-
and Ahab, to his rwn ruin, makes a treaty
of peace with him, 1 Ki.xx.
sister; and after two years is murdered haps his Proverbs; and dies, 1 Ki.xi.Ne. 3105 899 By seizing upon Naboth's vineyard, whom
by Absalom her full brother, 2 Sa.12.10; 13.26; l!:c.L-xii.; Pr.i.-xxix. Jezebel had for this purpose basely mur•
xiii. 3029 975 Provoked by Rehoboam's haughty threat- dered, Ahab draws upon himself and
After Absalom had Jived three years an enings, the Ephraimites and other nine familv fearful denunciations of wrath, bul
2977 1027 exile with bis grandfather Tal~ai, king tribes revdt from the family of David, his e~ternal repentance for a time defen
of Geshur, he is, by Joab's means, brought and form a separate kingdom under Jero- the execution, 1 Ki. xxi.
back to Jerusalem, an!l two years after boam the sen of N ebat. To prevent their 3107 897 Having in the preceding year associated
is reconciled to his father David, 2 Sa.13. return to Judah, by going up to Jerusalem their eldest sons, Ahaziah and JeboraID,
37-39; xiv. at the solemn feasts, he establisnes the in power with themselves, Ahab and Je,
2983 1021 Absalom rebels against David; is joined idolatrous worship of the calves of Dan hoshaphat, encouraged by the false pro-
by Ahithophel, who hanged himself, and and Beth-el among them. Nor could the phets, march against the Syrians for th&
by most of the Israelites. David and b.is reproof of the man of God, nor the mir- recovery of Ramoth-Gilead. Jeboshaphal
friends flee over Jordan: there Absalom's acles attending it, render him penitent, is endangered, and Ahab slain, 1 Ki.xxiL;
huge host is defeated, and himself slain 1 Ki. xii. xiii.; 2 Ch. x. 2 Ch.xviii.
by Joab. After some altercation with Many Levites and others retiring from the 3108 896 While Jehoshaphat, reproved by a prophe~
the men of Judah the Israelites again kingdom of Jeroboam to that of Reho- proceeds in the reformation of hi• king•
revolt under Sheba; but he being slain, boam, he and his subjects conducted them- dom, Ahaziah, the successor of Ahab, dies
100
11P
CHRONOLOGICAL IN.Ut:X OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY.
.,.,., 1 ""'"" of i. fa!i from a window. Elijah destroys 11~ !Before

0
of his father; ravages the country of the 01",':,', l)!efo,e Judah. He, with great zeal and diligence,
ottbe ChriS'· two idolatrous troops by fire from heaven; Worl .:JhriaLEdomites with inhuman barbarity; pro- World. Chri,t . reforms his kingdom; refuses to pay tn-
'll'ootd ia translated. Ehsha succeeds him; heals vokes J ehoash king of Israel to war, in bute to the Assyrians; and reduces th
the bitter water and barren fields of Jeri- which his army is routed, Jerusalem and Philistines, 2 Ch.xxix.-xxxi.; 2 Ki.18.1-
cho; and by two she-bears destroys forty- the temple pillaged, and himself taken 8; Is.14.29.
two insolent children of Bethel, 1 Ki. 22. prisoner, 2 Ki.4.1--14; 2 Ch.xxv. 3283 721 Finding that Hoshea had, with the assist-
I
SI OIi :
49-53; 2 Ch.xix.; 2 Ki.i.ii.
895 The ~foabites, who had been subj_!lct to the
Israelites since David conquered them,
Jonah the prophet foretells the relief of the
Israelites. (' nwilling to denounce the
destruction of Nineveh, he flees to Tar-
I ance of the Egyptians, conspired to render
himself independent, Shalmaneserinvades
his kingdom; demolishes Samaria his capi•
, rebelling after the death of Ahab, J ehoram shish. A whale swallows him up, and, tal; takes him prisoner; and transports
bis son, assisted by J ehosbapbat and the after three days, casts him out upon dry the remaining Israelites to Assyria and
king of Edom, and miraculously supplied land. He warns the Ninevites; they re- Media, whence few, if any of them, ever
with water by Elisha, ravages their coun- pent and are spared. 2 Ki.14.25; Jonahi. returned to Canaan, Is. vii. viii. xx;v.
try, 2 Ki.iii. -iv.; Mat.12.39-41; 16.4. xxviii.; Ho.iv.-xiii.; Am.ii.-i:.r.; Mi.iL
Elisha multiplies the widow's oil; promises 3180 824 A.fterheing hisfather'spartnertwelveyears, iii.vi.vii.; 2 Ki.17.3-23; 18.9-12; 2 Ch.
a son to tt.e Sbunammite, and restores Jeroboam succeeds his father J ehoash, 30.6; Ne.9.32. He soon after ravaged
him to life; renders poison harmless ; and restores the kingdom of Israel almost Phenicia, and besieged Tyre five years,
multiplies provision; heals Naaman of bis to its ancient glory, 2 Ki.14.16,23-28. &c.
leprosy, and smites Gebazi with it; makes 3194 810 Amaziah king of Judah being murdered by 3291 713 Having reduced the :lifoabites, Ammonites,
iron swim; blinds and opens the eyes of his subjects, Azariab or Uzziah succeeds Edomites, Philistines, if not also the
the Syrian soldiers. The Syrians. af- him and reigns prosperously fifty-two Egyptians, Sennacherib the Assyrian,
frighted by God, raise the siege of Sam- years, 2 Ki.14.21,22; 15.1-4; 2 Ch.26.1- contrary to treaty, invades Judea, and
aria, when the inhabltants were almost 15. takes all the fenced cities except J eru-
famished, and leave plenty o( provision, The prophets Amos, Hosea, and perhaps 3294 710 salem: his army is cut off; perhaps in the
2 Ki.iv.-vii. Joel, prophesy; reprove the Israelites for third year, by an angel, on the east of
lll2 892 'Meanwhile Jehoshaphat is miraculously their sins, and foretell their approaching, Jerusalem. During this war Hezekiah
I victorious over the allied army which had but just judgments, Am.i.-ix.; Ho.i.- was miraculously delivered from his deadly
' invaded hi: kingdom with a view to ex- xiv. ; Joel i.-iii. distemper, Am.i.ii.; Is.xv.xxiv.-xxxviii,;
tirpate the Israelites, 2 Ch.xx.; Ps.xlviii. 3221 783 A terrible earthquake is felt in Judea, A.m. J,Ii.i.-iii.; 2 Ki.xviii.-xx.; 2 Ch.xxxii.
Jxxxiii.--He allots his younger sons 1.1; Zec.14.5; Jeroboam II. dying, a civil Chaldean ambassadors coming to Heze-
presents and fenced cities; and, for the war, at least an interregnum of eleven kiah, he vainly shows them his wealth.
i second time, installs Jehoram on his years and a half, ensues, at the end of God threatens him, that it and his seed
f throne, 2 Ch.21.2,3: 2 Ki.8.16. which Zachariah his son, the fourth in should be carried captive to Babylon, Is.
1115 889 ,After Jehoshaphat's death, Jeboram, being descent from Jehu, reigns six months, xxxix.; 2 Ki.20.12-21; 2 Cb.32.25-33.
I sole king, introduces the idolatry of the 2 Ki.15.8-12; 10.30. While Judah flourishes, Isaiah, and perhaps
,
house of Ahab hisfather-in-lawintoJudea, 3233 771 Shallum bis murderer had reigned but one Micah, prophesy, ls.xl.-lxvi.; 1,li.iv,v.
I
murders his brethren, and contemns the
warning which the prophet Elijah had
month, when Menahena, probably Zech- 3306 698 Manasseh succeeds Hezekiah. He intro-
ariah's general, slew him, and reigned duces idolatry, persecution, and other
I
left him. The Edomites and Libnites re-
l volt. The Philistines, Arabs, and others,
ten years. While he was butchering his
opponents, Pul king of Assyria invaded
abominations, 2 Ki.xxi.24.3,4; 22.1,17;
Jer.15.4; 2 Ch.33.1-10.
I ravage his kingdom and murder his family, the kingdom, and laid it under tribute, 3328 676 Esarhaddon invades Judea; carries Man-
/ 2 Ch.xxi.; 2 Ki.8.16-24. 2 Ki.15.13-22. asseh prisoner to Babylon; where he re-
-119 885 \Ahaziah, his only surviving son, succeeds; 3241 763 About this time Uzziah, proud of his con- pents, and is restored to his kingdom,
and having reigned about a year alone, quests and wealth, attempts to offer in- perhaps as a tributary of the Assyrians,
he and J ehoram king of Israel, and other cense in the temple, is withstood by Aza- 2 Ch.33.11-19.
male desc~ndants of Ahab, together with riah the high-priest, and struck with a About this time Esarhaddon transported
Jezebel and the priests of Baal, are slain leprosy. J otham his son governs the the remains of the Israelites to the east,
by Jehu, to whom God had givep the kingdom, 2 Ki.15.5,6; 2 Ch.26.16-23. and further repeopled their country with
kingdom of Israel, 2 Ki.8.25,29; ix.x.; Isaiah and Micah begin to prophesy, ls.i. heathen tribes from Persia, Chaldea, &c.
2Ch.xxii. . . -vi.;Mi.i . . They formed a religion, partly J e)Vish,
After Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, had 8245 759 Having murdered Pekahiah the son of partly heathen; and were called Samari-
murdered all the seed-royal of David she Menahem, Pe'.ah begins to reign over tans, 2 Ki.17.21-41; Ez.4.2,9,10,17; Jn.
could find, and had tyrannized six years, Israel, and rr,,gns twenty years. iv.; 8.48; Lu.9.52,53.
Jehoiada the high-priest, assisted by his 3246 758 Next year Jotbam begins his prosperous 3363 641 Josiah, a child of eight years, succeeds his
1128 878 fellow-priests and nobles, installs Joash, reign oyer Judah; 2 Ki.15.27,28,32-38; obstinately wicked father Amon; he, with
Ahaziah's son, when seven years of age, 2 Ch.xxvii. great zeal, reforms his kingdom; repairs
on the throne; kills Athaliah and Matan 3262 742 A.haz succeeds J otham, and reigns very the temple; renews his subjects' covenant
her idolatrous high-priest; reforms the · wickedly and unhappily. Pekah king of with God ; solemnly celebrates the pass-
nation ; and renews their covenant with Israel kills 120,000 of his best troops in over. During his reign Jeremiah and
God, 2 Ki. xi.; 2 Ch.xxiii. one battle, and carries off 200,000 pris- Zephaniah prophesy, if not also Nahum
IJ4g 855 Jehoash, in the twenty-third year of his oners, ·wh;ch hy order of the prophet and Habakk•tk, Je.i., perhaps to xvii.;
reign, gives orders for repairing the tem-
ple, which are executed with great pru-
dence and fidelity, 2 Ki.xii.; 2 Ch.xxiv,
Oded, are sent back. He and Resin king
render it tributary to them, under a

l
of Syria ravage Judea, and intend to 3394 . 610 J:!'.i~~~l~:~i~;t~ft!:~~h~!~oh-necho
king of Egypt, Josiah is slain; after which
Jehu king of Israel is succeeded by Jehoa- deputy of their own. The Edomites and the kingdom of Judah becomes miserable,
haz his sou. Under both, especially the Philistines, from the south and west, also 1 2 Ki.23.29,30; 2 Ch.35.20-24,
latter, Hazael, who, by murdering his distress it. Ahaz hires Tiglath-pilt:.'!er 3395 609 Jehoabaz, whom the people had made
master Benhadad, had become king of of Assyria to attack his enemies, who, king, being carried prisoner into Egypt,
Syria, terribly ravaged their kingdom, after murdering multitudes of the Syrians Pharaoh-necho makes Jehoiakim king,
2 Ki.10.29-36; 13.1-9; 8. 7-15. and Israelites on the east of Jordan and who reigns wickedly eleven years, 2 Ki.
116, 840 Joash, king of Judah, and his subjects, in Galilee, carries the rest captive to 23.31-37; 2Ch.36.l-5. l'nderhimJere-
turn idolaters. He murders Zechariah Media. Ahaz introduces the Syrian idola• miah and Urijah, if not also Habakkuk
the priest, son of J ehoiada, and his own try, and pollutes the temple, 2 Ch.xxviii.; and Zephaniah, prophesy, J e. xix.xx. xxvi.
cousin, for reproving him. Soon after Is.7.1-9; 2 Ki. xvi.; 15.29. xxii. xxiii. xxv. xxxv. xxxvi. xlv. xlvi.-
the Syrians ravage his kingdom, and his 3262 742 Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah still continue xlix.; Ha.i.-iii.; Zep.i.-iii.
servants murder him, 2 Ki. 12. 17-21 ;· prophesying, Ho. iv.-xiv. ; Is. vii.-xiv. ; 3398 606 Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean, now part-
2 Ch.2!.17-27. Mi.i.ii. ner in the kingdom with his father, in-
1165 839 Jehoash, grandson of Jehu, succeeds his 3274 730 Hosbea, who had killed Pekah nine years vadea Judea, renders J ehoiakim his tribn-
father Jeboahaz as sole king of Israel; before. at last, by a long civil war, renders tary; carries off Daniel, his companions,
visits the prophet Elisha on his death- himself king of Israel, and is less wicked and others, to Babylon, with part of the
bed; according to whose predictions he than his predecessors. Shalmaneser king vessels of the temple of God, which ho
gives the Syrians three terrible defeats, of Ass,vria renders him tributary, 2 Ki. places in that of Belus, 2 Ch.36.6,7; Je.
2 Ki.13.10-23; 14.15,16. 15.30; 17.1,2. 35.11; 29.10; ls.39.7; Da.1.2,3,7,&c.
81661 838 !.',maziah succeeds his fa~her Jcash on the 3278 725 After being partner with his father one 3401 603 Jehoiakim rebels against Nebuchadnezzar.
1 tbrom, of Juaah, punishes tbt murderera year, Hezekiitb begins to rei~ alone over now sole king of Babylon, 2 Ki.24.1.
101
CHROKOLOGIC.A.L INDEX OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY.
r
oi~t':, J':•f?" Daniel makes known and inte:·prets N ebu- J~';; While the Medes and Persians besiege tinuing in that office eighteen, or perhaµ 8
chadnezzar's dream of the image, which
Wo'1d.lUhriBt. Iwm1J. Befo.e'
Chnsc Babylon, Belshazzar and his lords cele- thirty-six years, he labours to reform his
- - the wise men could not, Da.ii. 3466 538 orate an impious rem!. A hand-writing, nation, N e.i.-xiii.; Da. 9. 25.
3-103 601 After a. long and furi0us wa~, Nine¥eh is interpreted by Daniel, denounces their 3574 430 Malachi the prophet reproves the Jews for
destroyed by the ~[edes, assisted by Xcbu- immediaie ruin. That same night Baby- their contempt of God's ordinances, sac.
chadnezzar the Chaldean, Na. i.-iii.; Eze. lon is taken, Belshazzar slain, and his rilege, marriages with heathens, and cru.
xxxi. monarchy rendered subject to the Medes elty to their Jewish wives, MaU.-iv.
"H04 600 While Nebuchadnezzar is occupied in seiz- and Persians, Da.v.; Is.xiii.xiv.xxi.xlvi. 3591 413 The Egyptians revolt from Darius N othus,
ing the kingdom of Assyria., he sends an xlvii.; Je.25.12; 2i.7; I.Ii.; Hali.ii. king of Persia. It required sixty-four
army of Chaldeans, Syri_ans, :llloabites, Daniel is advanced by Darius the Mede; years to reduce them, Is.xix.; Eze.xxi:r.
and Ammonites, against Jchoiakim king but by the envy of his fellow-rulers, is xxx.; Zec.10.11; Joel 3.19; Is.27.1.
of Judah, who ravage his kingdom, mur- cast into the den of lions. He is delivered 3596 408 Scarcelv had Nehemiah finished his refor.
der him, drag his corpse out by the gate and his accusers destroyed, Da. vi. He matioi":i when :lllanasseh, the son-in-law of
of Jerusalem, and leave it unburied, 2 Ki. solemnly supplicates tne restoration of Sanballat, began to build the Samaritan
24.2; Je.22.18,22; 18.19; 36.30. the Jewish nation; has the coming of temple on Mount Gerizzim, Ne.13.28,29;
3405 599 His son Jehoiakin, whom, it seems, he had Christ, and the disasters attending it, in- Jn.4.20.
made his partner ten years before, after timated to him by the angel Gabriel, Da. 3655 349 After reducing the revolted Cyprians and
reigning alone three months and ten days, ix. Phenicians, and ravaging part of Judea,
surrenders himself to Nebuchadnezzar, 3468 536 Cyrus succeeding his father Cambyses as Artaxerxes Ochus, kmg of Persia, final!,
who carries him and his family, c/lurtiers, king of Persia, and Darius, his uncle and reduces the Egyptians; since which they
and principal magistrates, warriors, and father-in-law, as king of .1\ledia, proclaims have never been governed by a prince of
artificers, in all 18,000, to Babylon; f.o. liberty for the Jews to return to Canaan theirown,Eze.29.14,15; 30.13; Zec.10.11;
gether with Ezekiel the priest, afterwards and rebuild their temple, and restores to Is.xix.
a prophet, and Mordecai, and part of the them their sacred vessels, which had been 3670 334 After the Persians and Greeks had been
furniture of the temple, 2 Ki.20.17,18; dedicated to the Chaldean idol Bel. About generally in a state of war for 160 years,
Is.39.6, 7; 2 Ch.36.9,10; 2 Ki.24.6-10; Je. 30,000 of the tribes of Judah and Ben- Alexander the Great marches 35,000
22.24-30; 29.1,2; xxiv.; Eze.17.4,12; 1.2, jamin, and perhaps 12,000 of th~ other Greeks into Asia, with whom in six years
3; Es.2.6. tribes, 7337 proselytes and servants, re- he conquers the whole Persian empire,
3406 598 Zedekiah, brother of Jehoiakim, being turn under the direction of Zerubbabel Da.vi.vii.; 8.5-7; 10.20; 11.3; Zec.6.6.
made king by Nebuchadnezzar, as his and Jeshua, Is.44.23-28; 45.13; 48.20; 3672 332 Alexander furiously destroys Tyre and
tributary, reigns wickedly. Jeremiah 2Ch.36.22,23; Ezr.i.ii.; Xe.vii. Philistia. The Jews and Egyptians sub-
continues prophesying in Judea, J e. xxi. 3469 535 After observing the feast of tabernacles, mit to him, Is.23.1-18; Zec.9.1-8.
xxvii.-xxxiY.xxxvii.xxxviii.l.li.; if not and making preparation for seven months, 3681 323 Alexander dies. Within fifteen years after
also xix. xx. ; and Ezekiel begins to pro- the Jews, amidst joy and grief, lay the his whole family is murdered, and hie
phesy in Chaldea, Eze.i.-xxxi. foundation of the second temple, Ezr. iii. empire divided among four of his princi•
Zedekiah, depending on the Egyptians, But their Samaritan neighbours, by their pal generals, Da. 7.6; 8.8; 11.4. The tw,
rebelled; to punish which, Nebuchadnez- open influence at court, and by accusing principal divisions were the kingdom 01
zar, after a siege of almost two years, them as rebels to Cambyses and Arta- empire of Egypt on the south of Canaan.
3416 588 burns Jerusalem and the temple; carries xerxes Magus, long hinder the building, and of Syria on the north. For more
off captive all the Jews who remained ex- Ezr. iv. Daniel hath his last vision, than 150 years these were generally in a
cept a few of the poorer sort; whom, to- x.-xiL state of war one with another-; neverthe-
gether with Jeremiah, now liberated from 3480 524 Cambyses, after the death of Amasis, rav- less the Jews, whose country lay betwixt
prison, he commits to the care of Geda- ages Egypt and part of Ethiopia, and them, were marvellously protected by
liah. But Gedaliah being quickly mur- ruins his own army. Providence, Da.11. 5-29; Zec.10.8.
dered, the rest retire into Egypt, and 3484 520 Encouraged by the prophets Haggai and 3829 175 Antioch us Epiphanessucceeding his brother
force Jeremiah along with them, J e.lii. Zechariah, and after this by a decree of Seleucus, persecntes the Jews, and sets to
x=iL-xliv.; 2 Ki.xxv.; 2 Ch.mvi.; La. Darius Hystaspes in their favour, the sale their high-priesthood. He make11
i.-v. 3489 515 Jews resume the building of their temple; four attempts to rob Ptolemy his nephew
Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Obadiah prophesy, and in about four years finish and dedi- of the kingdom of Egypt.
Je. xliii.xliv.; Eze.xxxii.-xlviii.; Ob.i.; cate it, about seventy-two years after it 3834 170 rn his return from his second expedition
Ps.l=iv.cxxix.cx=vii. are penned; and had been burned by the Chaldeans, Ezr. into Egypt he takes Jerusalem, murders
Jeremiah's Lamentations, i.-v. v. vi.; Hag.i.ii.; Zee. i.-xiv. About this 40,000, and takes as many more prisoners
3433 571 Having desolated the countries of Ammon, time Darius reduced the revolted Baby- to be sold for slaves.
Moab, Edom, Phenicia, Philistia, and lonians, Is.xiii. xiv. xxi.xlvii.; Je. l.Ii. 3836 168 In his return from his fourth expedition,
Egypt, Nebuchadnezzar returns to Baby- 3490 514 Perhaps about this time Esther was made when he was checked by the peremptory
lon, where, out of his immense spoils, he queen of Persia instead of Vashti; and demands of the Roman ambassadors, he
forms a gigantic image to his god Bclus. after five years the plot and rnin of Ha- stops the daily sacrifice, and attempts to
Shadrach, .11Ieshach, anc'. Abed-nego, re- man took place. But some historians abolish the Jewish worship.
fusing to worship it, are miraculously place these events thirty-six ye:.rs later, 3840 164 After some years' struggling, Judas Mace&·
preserved in the fiery furnace, and are under Xerxes, or rather fifty-six, under hens defeats Antiochus' army at Jerusa-
promoted to great honours, Je.xxv.xlvi.- Artaxerxes Longimanus, Es.i.-L lem, restores the worship of God in tho
xlix. ;Eze.xxv.-xxxi.xxxv.; Is.xv.-xxiii.; 3517 487\The Egyptians revolt from Darius. About temple, and institutes the fe{l,IJt of dedi-
lfab.i.ii.; Da.iii. He also builds palaces, , six years after X_erxes his son reduces them. cation. Not long after this Antiocho•
hanging gardens, the temple of Bel us, &c., 3525 479 Darius having for the last sixteen years of dies miserably. Da.11.21-35; 8.23-25;
Da.4.30. his life carried on an unsuccessful war Zec.1.20,21; !l.13-17; 12.2-7; Jn.10.22.
3434 570 D:miel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's-dream with the Greeks, Xerxes his son, after For thirty years after, Judas and his breth·
of the tr~ cut down. Next year N ebu- four years' preparation, invades their ren Jonathan and Simeon protect their
chadnezzar, for his pride, is deprived of country with an army of some millions; nation; governing their church as high
his reason, and dethroned for seven years, but he and his Carthaginian allies are priests, ana their state as ci vii rulers de-
Da.iv.; 5.18-21. shamefully repulsed, Da. 11. 2; 10. 20; 7. 5; pendent on the Syro-Grecians.
ll442 562 Nebuchadnezzar hath his reason restored; 8.,. 8870 184 After this John Hircanus the son of Sim•
he acknowledges God's sovereignty; is 3540 464 Artaxerxes Longimanus succeeds his father eon, and Alexander J anneus his son, hav•
restored to his throne; and dies, having Xerxes. The Egyptians again revolt, but ing rendered the Jewish nation independ·
reigned forty-five yeal's. are reduced. ent, reign prosperously for about fifty years,
8443 561 Evil-merodach, his son, succeeds, and exalts 3547 457 Ezra is sent to Jerusalem by Artaxerxes and subdue the Samaritans, Edomites.
Jehoiachin king of the Jews, 2 Ki. 25. as his deputy-governor of Judea. With Ammonites, Moabites, and Philistines.
27-30; Je.52.31-34. great zeal he separates the Jews from Is.11.14: Mi.4.12;13; Ob.18-21.
8449 555 Xeriglissar, Nebuchadnezzar's son-in-law, their strange wives, Ezr. vii.-x. Perhaps 8926 78 After a war of six years with bis subjects,
who had murdered Evil-merodach, and it was now that Esther was married to Alexander dies. Alexandra. his widow
his family being murdered in their turn, Ahasuerus, and Haman's plot and ruin wisely go,·erns the state nine years, Hi.1-
Belshazzar, the son of Evil-merodach, five years after, Es. i.-x.; and, by her canus her son being high-priest.
becomes king of Babylon, J e. 27. 7. Daniel influence, Artaxerxes greatly favoured 8940 64 After five years' contention between Illl'
bath his vision of the four boasts; and the Jews. eanus, her elder but peaceable son, IIOd
about two years after, of the ram and he 3559 445 Nehemiah iu appointed deputy-governor of Aristobulus the younger, they both app!J
goat, Da. vii. viii Judea, and rebuilds Jerusalem. Con- to the Romans for help.
102
var 8 ,r'?'•Pompey the Roman general takes part with ofTear the Yea,
of our I of,
with great applause; which John hearing Year I Year
of the · of our leaves the country, and cros8es the sea to
t.!:i~- Chri st.
Hircanus ; and taking Jerusalem from World. Lord. joyfully extols him, J n. 3. 22-36 ; and World.I Lord. Capernaum, ll1at.8.28-34; 9.1; Mar.5.1-
63 Aristobulus, carries him prisoner to is soon after cast into prison, lllat.14.10; 21; Lu.8.26-40. Being feasted at l\1at-
8941 Rome, where he is poisoned about fourteen Lu. 3. rn, 20; llfar. 6. 17. Jesus returns I thew·s house, he justifies his conversing
years after. northward to Galilee through Samaria, with sinners; vindicates his discii,les pre-
47 Antipater, who had been a partisan of where he converts a harlot and many of sent omission of religious austerities; curea
s957 Hircanus, obtains for his son Phasael the her neighbours; is welcomed to Galilee; an inveterate bloody issue, and restore8
government of Judea, and for Herod the at Cana restores to health a nobleman's to life Jairus' daughter, lllat.9.10-34;
Great the government of Galilee. son, Jn. iv.; preaches at Kazareth to the l\1ar. 2.15-22; 5. 22-43; Lu. 5. 29-39; 8.41
SD60 44 Julius Cresar, who, after great success in hazard of life, Lu. 4.16-30 ; removes to -56. Removes from Capernaum to Kaz-
war, had altered the republican form of Capernaum, where he preaches with ac- areth, where, being again rejected, he
the Roman government, and made him- ceptance; calls Peter and Andrew, James begins another new circuit through the
self emperor, is slain by Brutus, Cassius, and John to be his stated attendants; casts cities of Galilee, l\lat.13.54-58; 9.35-38;
and others, in the seuate-honse. out a devil in the synagogue, and heals lllar. 6.1-6. Sends forth his disciples to
S964 40 Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, having Peter's mother-in-law; after which he takes preach in difforent parts, with proper
been made king of Judea by the Parthi- a tour through the other cities of Galilee; directions and encouragements, l\1at.x.;
ans; Herod of Galilee, by tbe assistance multitudes following him to hear hisser- 11.1.; l\Iar.6.1-13; Lu.9.1-6. Herod the
of the Romans, wrests the kingdom from mons, or to obtain his miraculous cures, tetrarch of Galilee suspects him to be
him. l\Iar.1.14-39; Lu.4.31-44; 5.1-11; lllat.4. John Baptist, whom he had lately be-
8982 18 Herod having offended the Jews by some 13-25; 8.14,15. Preaches the sermon on headed at the instigation of Herodias his
heathenish structures in compliment to the mount, ]\fat. v.-vii. Descending from incestuous harlot, l\Iat.14.1-12; Mar.6.14
Augustus the Roman emperor, attempts thence he cures a leper, ll1at.8.l-4; Mar. -29; Lu. 9. 7-9.
to regain their favour by rebuilding their 1.40-46; Lu.5.12-16. Returns to Caper- 4085 S2 Jesus' disciples being returned from their
ruinous temple. naum, where he cures a man of the palsy, missions, he retires to the desert of Beth-
&000 After a solemn annunciation of their birth and calls Matthew to be his disciple, ]\fat. saida; multitudes flocking to hear h;m,
by the angel Gabriel, John Baptist and 9.2-9; l\Iar.2.1-14; Lu.5.17-28. he miraculously feeds 5000 with a few
Christ are born, to the great joy of their 4034 31 Goes up to his second passover at Jerusalem, loaves. To avoid their making him a
parents. Jesus' birth is published to the where he cures the Jame man at the pool king, he crosses the sea westward; walks
shepherds. He is circumcised, and pre- of Bethesda on the Sabbath, and vindi- on the sea; stills a tempest; heals many
sented at the temple; and solemnly ac- cates his conduct, from his equality with diseased; is followed by the multitudtt
knowledged the Messiah by Simeon and God, and the office he had from God, Jn. whom he had feasted; he represents him-
Anna, llfat.i.ii.; Lu.i.; 2.1-38; 3.23-38. v. Returning to Galilee, he vindicates self as the bread of life; is quickly deserted
Wise men of the Gentiles come from the the rubbing out ears of corn by his hungry by multitudes; tries the constancy of his
east to worship hini. God admonishes disciples for their refreshment on the disciples, and foretells that one of them
them not to retun to Herod to inform Sabbath-day; cures a man's withered hand should betray him, Mat.14.13-36; l\Iar. 6.
him concerning the divine babe. To on the Sabbath, and justifies his conduct; 30-56; Lu.9.10-17;Jn.vi. He condemns
secure his destruction, Herod murders all is followed by multitudes to the Sea of Pharisaic washings and traditions; and
the babes under two years old in and about Galilee; many of whorn he heals of their inculcates purity of heart, Mat,15.1-20;
Bethlehem; but an angel had previously diseases, and forbids the possessed to ac- llfar. 7. 1-23.
warned Joseph and lllary to carry Jesus knowledge his l\Iessiahship, llfat.12.1-21; About the time of the third passover he
into Egypt, where he was safe, Mat.2.1- l\Iar.2.23-28; 3.1-12; Lu.6.1-11. withdraws into the borders of Tyre and
18. Having prayed all night on a mountain, he Zidon; commends the Syro-Phenician wo-
to02 Herod being dead, Joseph and Mary, with chooses his twelve disciples from among man's faith, and casts the devil out of her
the babe Jesus, 1·eturn to Canaan, and his other followers; descends to the plain; daughter; returning through Decapolis,
settle at Nazareth in Galilee, l\Iat.2.18- works many miracles; repeats part of his cures a deaf man; and after feeding 4000
Year 23; Judas of Galilee raises an insurrection, celebrated aermon on the mount, llfar.3. 1rith a few loaves, crosses the Sea of Tibe-
~f Ac.5.37. 13-19; Lu.6.12-49; heals the centurion's rias westward, and lands near Dalmanutha
C009 6 Archelaus, who reigned in the room of his servant, and commends his faith, llfat.8. and Magdaia, Mat.15.21-39; llfar. 7.24-
father Herod, being accused of mal-ad- 5-13; Lu. 7.1-10; raises the widow of 37; 8.1-10. Again upbraids the Phari-
ministration, is deposed by the Romans, Nain's son·to life, Lu.7.11-17; l\Iar.3.19 sees for asking a sign of his Messiahship,
and Judea is formed into one of their -21; answers John Baptist's inquiry, and heals a blind man at Bethsaida. Re-
provinces. Whether he wa& the promised Messiah? turning thence to Cesarea Philippi, near
012 9 Jesus goes up with his parents to the pass- discourses concerning J obn, and bewails the springs of Jordan, he acknowledges
over, and disputes with the doctors in the the fate of the impenitent cities of Galilee, himself the lllessiah ; foretells his suffer-
temple, Lu.2.39-52. Lu. 7.18-35; ]\lat.xi.; dines with a Phari- ings ; rebukes Peter; and encourages his
C030 27 John Haptist begins to preach and baptize, see, and vindicates the woman who an- disciples to self-denial and martyrdom,
warning the Jews to prepare for receiving ointed his feet, Lu.7.36-50. Takes an- l\Iat.xri.; llfar.8.11-38; 9.1; Lu.9.18-27.
the Messiah, who was about to be mani- other tour through the cities of Galilee, On the eighth day after he is transfigured,
fested, l\Iat.3.1-12; Mar.1.1-8; Lu.3.1- attended by his disciples and some pious foretells his death and resurrection; de-
18; Jn.1.7-19. women; answers the Pharisees' charge of clares that John Baptist was the Kew Tes-
4082 29 Jesus is baptized by John at Bethabara correspondence with Satan; warns them tament Elias; descends from the mount;
near Jericho; and is attested by his Father of the danger of sinning against the Holy casts out an obstinate devil; warns his
and the Holy Ghost from heaven, l\Iat.3. Ghost, and of idle words; upbraids the disciples of his future sufferings; causes a
13-17; Mar.1.9-11; Lu.3.21-23. He is Pharisees' penerseness in seeking a sign fish to bring money for his tribute at
led by the Spirit into the wilderness of from heaven; pronounces the parable of Capernaum; ]\fat.xvii.; l\Iar.9.2-32; Lu.
Judah to fast, and to be forty days tempted the relapsed demoniac against them; inti- 9.28-45; recommends harmony and hu-
of the devil, llfat.4.1-11; l\Iar.1.12,13; mates his resvl\ltion to persevere in his mility; directs how to deal with offending
Lu.4.1-13. Being examined concerning work, and his endeared affection to his brethren; and, by the parable of the un•
his character, John acknowledges himself obedient disciples, J.u.8.1-3; 11.14-36; merciful servant, inculcates forgiveness of
the Messiah's forerunner, and points out l\Iat.12.22-50; lllar.3.22-35. injuries, l\Iar.9.33-37,42-50; Lu.9.46-48;
Jesus a• the l\Iessiah to his hearers and Retiring to the west side of the sea of ]\fat.xviii.; and reproves John for rebuk-
disciples, Jn. 1.20-37. Ha,·ing become Tiberias, he delivers the parables of the ing a caster-out of devils, ~lar.9.38-41;
acquainted with Andrew, Peter, Philip, so;;:er and of the tares, which he after- Lu.9.49,50.
and Nathanael, J esl'IS returns into Galilee, wards explained to his disciples; and of After discoursing with his unbelieving kins-
perhaps attended by the last two; and the springing field, the mustard-seed, the men, he goes up to the feast of tabernacles
ther~, at a marriage, turns water into leaven, the hid treasnre, the pearl, and at Jerusalem, where he preaches in the
wine, Jn.1.35-51; 2.1-12. the 11et, Mat.xiii.; lllar.4.1-34; Lu.8.4- temple; vindicate, his conduct and mi••
t03S SO After making a short visit to Capernaum, 18. After answering some who professed sion; and the Sanhedrim attempt to ap-
Jesus goes up to the passover at Jerusalem, their inclination to follow him, he crosses prehend him, Ju.vii. Kext morning he
where he expels the merchants from the the sea eastward, and still~ a tempest, returns to the court of the temple; declines
courts of the temple; foretells his own Mat.8.18-27; llfar.4.35-41; Lu.9.57-62; judging in the case of the adulteress; re-
death and resurrection; and confers with dislodges the devils out of two madmen, presents himself as the light of the world;
Nicodemus concerning the new birth, the the one extremely furious; and permits warns his hearers against unlJelief and a
end of his mission, &c., Jn.2.12-25; 3.1- them to enter into and drown the swine; dependence on their descent from Abra-
21. Departs from Jerusalem, and preache,; and, at the request of the Gadareues, ham; and dee IAres his own pre-eternity;
103
r
whereupon the .Jews attempt to stone him,
Yet1.r Y"'ar Year [ Year I Jn.12.l-11; llfat.26.6-13; llfar.14.3-9. Year Year John, his beloved disciple; supplicate•
of die o! our nf the of our I of the of our
Jn. viii. The seventy disciples return with
World Lord. I
I a joyful account of their sucee.ss; he shows
:~;~/w;~· On the fir.t day of the week be rides in
triurn !Jh to Jerusalem; weeps over it upon
World. Lord. pardon to his murderers; recommends ha
departing soul to God; and expires in
4035 82, the scribe the wav to eternal life; delivers sight of it; drives out the traders from 4036 83 triumph. Amazing prodigies attend ha
the parable of th~ good Samaritan; and, the court of the temple, and works mir- death; his body being pierced, but not a
leaving Jerusalem, eomes to Bethany, acles there; conyerses with some Greeks, bone of it broken, is begged and buried
where he commends Mary's attention and and retires to Bethany. Returns to Jeru- by Joseph of Arimathea. His enemies
choice, Lu.10.17-42. Returning to Gali- salem; next morning curses the ba.-ren fig- secure the grave by a large stone sealed
lee, he instructs his disciples bow.to pray; tree, and again expels the merchants from and a strong guard, l\Iar.15.16-47; Lu.
deliYers the parable of the importunate the temple, which exasperates the priests; 23.26-56; Jn.19.16-42; l\Iat.2i.26-66.
friend; dining with a Pharisee, he admon- and at even returns to Bethany, Mat. 21. Early on the first day of the week Jesus
ishes him and his brethren of their sin 1-19; llfar.11.1-19; Lu.19.28-48; Jn.12. rises from the dead, his grave being
and danger, Lu.11.1-13,37-54; cautions 12-50. Returns to Jerusalem on Tuesday opened by angels, who a/frighted the
! his disciples against hypocrisy and the morning; the fig-tree is withered; he con- guard, and made them run from the
fear of man; declines to decide a case of
'1 founds the Jewish rulers who had ques- sepulchre. J\Iary J\fagdalene, finding the
property between two brothers; pronounces tioned his authority; delivers the parables grave open, calls Peter and John, who
the parable of the rich fool; repeats the of the two sons, the vineyard let out to enter into it and 1·eturn. :Mary staying
cautions against covetousness which he had husbandmen, and the marriage-dinner, at the grave, Jesus appears to her, l\Iar.
given in his sermon on the mount; incul- l\Iar.11.20-33; 12.1-12; Lu. 20.1-19; Mat. 16.1-4; Lu.24.l,2,12;Jn.20.l-li. Leav-
cates watchfulness for bis second coming, 21. 20-46; 22.1-14; confounds the Jews in ing her he appeared to the ot!,er women
and care to entertain his present message, their attempt to ensnare him about pay- whom the angel had before informed of
Lu. xii.; urges the necessity of repentance; ing tribute; proves the resurrection of his resurrection. This they reported to
delivers tlie parable of the barrenji,g-tree; the dead; shows what is the great com- his incredulous disciples, l\Iat. 28. 5-10;
cures a deformed woman on the Sabbath; mandment; silences the Pharisees with l\Iar.16.2,5-11; Lu.24.3-11; Jn.20.18.
and, regardless of Herod's hatred, prose- respect to the ll!essiab's divinity; and re- While the guard report to the Jewish
cutes his work, Lu. xiii. Invited to dine peats his denunciations against them, rulers how they had been terrified by the
with a Pharisee, he cures a man of a dropsy llfar.12.13-40; Lu.20.:20-47; Mat.22.15- earthquake and angels, and are insGructed
on the Sabl,ath, and vindicates himself; 39; xxiii. Going out of the temple at to use an ill-formed falsehood, Jesus ap-
recommends humility and generosity; in even, be applauds the liberality of the pears to Peter, and then to the two dis-
his parahle of the marriage-supper fore- poor widow; foretells his commg to destroy ciples on their way to Emmaus; and, in
tells the rejection of the Jews and calling Jerusalem and to judge the world, and the fine, to ten of them that eYening, llfat.28.
of the Gentiles; and urges a deliberate signs thereof; and by the parables of the 11-15; l\Iar.16.12,13; Lu.24.13-43; Jn.
resolution in religion, Lu.xiv. To vindi- serl!ants, ten virgins, and talents, and by 20.19-23; lCo.15.4,5. On that day week
cate his familiar converse with publicans the description of the lastj udgment, incul- he appears to all the eleven, and cures
and sinners he pronounces the parable of cates watchfulness, sincerity, and activity Thomas of his unbelief, Jn. 20. 24-29.
the lost sheep, lost piece of silver, and in religion, Mar.12.41-44; Lu.21.1-36; Some time after he appears to his disciples
prodigal sou, Lu.xv.; and of the unjust lfat.xxiv.xxv.; and warns his disciples at the sea of Tiberias; tries Peter's affec-
ste:ward and rich glutton, Lu.xvi.; and that be should be betrayed in two days to tion, and foretells his martyrdom, Jn.21.
exhorts his disciples to simplicity, forgiv- his enemies. That same night the Jewish 1-24. He appears to the whole body of
ing offences, and humility, Lu.17.1-11. rulers plot his death; and Judas coming his followers in Galilee; and afterwards,
Travelling through Samaria to Jerusalem, in at the very time, agrees to betray him, on several occasions, to his disciples. At
he rebukes the intemperate zeal of James Mat. 26. l-5,14-16;lllar.14.1,2,10,ll; Lu. last, lea<ling them out of Jerusalem to the
and John against the Samaritans, and 21.37,38; 22.1-6. Mount of Olives or Bethany, he, in their
heals ten lepers, Lu.9.51-56; 17.12-19. On Thursday he directs two of his disciples sight, ascends into heaven, 1 Co.15.6,7;
Coming near to Jerusalem, he warns the to prepare the passover; and having spent l\Iat. 28. 16-20; l\far. 16. 15-20; Lu. 24.
Jews against expecting a porn pous king- that day, and perhaps most of the Wed- 44-52; Jn.20.30; 21.25; Ac.1.1-12.
dom of the l\Iessiah ; and foretells their nesday, in solemn prayer, he sits down The apostles return to Jerusalem. Lpon
approaching miseries, Lu. 17. 20-37; and, with his disciples at night, and eats the Peter's motion l\Iatthias is elected in the
by his parables of the importunate widow passover; rebukes their ambition; washes place of Judas, Ac. 1.13-rn. On the tenth
and the humbled publican, he recommends their feet;, intimates that Judas should day after Jesus' ascension the Holy Ghost
importunity, perseverance, and humility betray him, who thereon retires to the is poured out upon his disciples, to guide
in prayer, Lu.18.1-14. At Jerusalem, Jewish rulers; he exhorts them to broth- them into all truth, direct them to work
during the feast of dedication, he opens erly love; foretells Peter's denial of him; miracles, and to speak the languages they
t,he eyes of one born blind; encourages administers the Eucharist, l\fot.26.17-29; had never learned. That very day the
him when excommunicated by the Sanhe- l\far.14.12-25; Lu.22.7-27; Ju.xiii.; and apostles preach, and all the different tribes
drim; admonishes th~ proud Pharisees of entertains his disciples with a consolatory assembled at Pentecost hear them in their
their danger; represents himself as the discourse, which he concludes with a own language, and 3000 are converted to
Messiah and shepherd of God's flock, and solemn prayer, Lu. 22. 28-32; J n. xiv. -xvii. Christ, Joel 2. 28-32; Lu. 24.49; l\Iar.16.
as one with his Father; and to avoid being After singing a hymn, and warning Peter 17,18; Jn.7.39; 14.16-20,26; 15.26,27;
stoned as a blasphemer on that account, and his fellow-disciples of their future 16.7-15; Ac.ii. Peter and John cure a
retires beyond Jordan. trial and fall, he retires to the garden of Jame man. Peter adds an affecting di.s-
4036 S3 Here he declares against rash divorces; Gethsemane, where, after terrible inward course to the spectators, Ac. iii. Behaving
blesses the little children; tries the young trouble and prayer, he is betrayed by courageously before the Sanhedrim, they
ruler·s obedience ; represents the danger Judas, but makes his apprehenders fall are threatened; but returning to their
of riches, J\Iat.xix.; lliar.10.1-31; Lu.18. back.ward, and heals l\[alchus' ear. Being brethren, they thank God, and are again
15-30 ;_ and, by the parable of labourers carried to the palace of Caiaphas, he is filled with the Holy Ghost, Ac.4.1-31.
in a vineyard, warns the Jews not to envy examined and abused; Peter thrice de- The number and zeal of the converts still
the Gentiles' admission to fel1011·ship with nies him, l\Iat.26.30-75; l\far.14.26-72; increasing, many dernte their substance
God in his church, l\Iat.20.1-16. In- Lu.22.31-71; Jn.18.1-27. to the Lord. God's striking Ananias and
formed of Lazarus' sickness, after his On Friday morning the Jewish rulers remit Sapphira dead for keeping back a part of
death he returns to BethanY near Jeru- him to Pilate, who, after examination, the price of their lands,and other miracles,
salem, and raises Lim from the dead; the sends him to Herod as tetrarch of Galilee. promote the enlargement of the church,
Sanhedrim having agreed he should for After some insolent abuse he is returned Ac.4.4,32-37; 5.1-16. Enraged hereat,
this be put to death, he retires to a city to Pilate as an innocent person. After the Jewish rulers imprison the twelve
called Epltmim, Ju.xi. Returning to- several attempts to release him, Pilate, apostles; but an angel liberates them.
wards Jerusalem, he foretells his suffer- protesting his own innocence, condemns Being again apprehended, they are, by
ings; rehukes the ambition of James, him to be crucified to please the Jews, Gamaliel's advice, dismissed with theil:
John, and their mother; and, passing l\Iat.27.1-26; llfar.15.1--15; Lu.23.1-25; life, Ac.5.17-42.
through Jericho, cures two blind men, Jn.18. 28-40; 19. 1-16. Judas repents The converts daily increasing, seven dea-
Mat.20.17-34; Mar.10.32-52; Lu.18.31- and bangs himself, l\Iat.27.3-10; Ac.I. cons are chosen to manage their sacred
43. He com·erts Zaccheus the publican; 16-20. Jesus is led to Calvary, bearing donations. Stephen, one of them, con-
and, by the parable of the pounds, repre- his cross, and there nailed to it. While founding the Jews with proofs of Jesus'
sents the misery coming on the Jewish his garments are divided, and himself l\Iessiahship, is called before the Sanhe-
nation, Lu.19.1-28. At Bethany he is insulted, he converts a fellow-sufferer; drim as a blasphemer; and while hew..
feasted by Lazarus, and anointed by Mary, recommends his mother to the care of making a long defence, is interrupted
104
y,ar Year and tumultuously stoned, Ac. vi. vii. A Year Year
of the of our
the Galatians; and where Gallio takes 1~i:-:e 1~~
0 0 66,95,107,120, 160,202,235,250,257,272,
;Jo';id. t~!r' violent persecution ensues at J~rusalem, World. Lord. their part against the furious Jews, Ac. World. Lord. and 303, the Christian church was terribly
which scatters all the pr~achers but the xvii.; 18.1-18. An Egyptian Jew pr&- per£ecuted by the Roman emperors; and
apostles. Philip, another deacon, preaches tends to be the Messiah, and is followed heresies and contentions, especially in the
to the Samaritans. Peter and John, sent by 30,000, whom Felix disperses, Ac.21. interval of persecution, rendered her state
by the apostles, go there, and communi- 38. very miserable. Meanwhile the Roman
cate the miraculous influences of the Holy 4059 56 Paul returns from Europe to Asia; touches empire, by the murder of emperors, by
Ghost. Simon, a pretended convert, offers at Ephesus; leaves there Priscilla and the ravages of the Scythian tribes, and
them money for such power, but his offer Aquila, who had followed him from Cor- by famines and pestilences, was no less
is detested. Philip baptizes the Ethiopian inth; and hastens by Cesarea to Jerusalem unhappy. These things were foretold by
eunuch, and preaches along the west bor- against the time of the passover, Ac.18. the opening of the second, third, fourth,
ders of Canaan, Ac. viii. 18-22. and fifth seals, Re.6.3-11; 12.1-4.
403
835 Saul, who had assisted at the stoning of 4060 57 After visiting the regions of Galatia and 4316 313 After a terrible persecution of the Chris-
Stephen, and had been a most furious Phrygia, Paul preaches a considerable tians for ten years, the heathen emperors
persecutor, is miraculously converted near time at Ephesus; whence Apollos, an aud their armies are quite overthrown by
Damascus, and becomes a most zealous Alexandrian, had been sent to Corinth; Constantine; heathenism is auolished, and
preacher; preaches in Arabia; returns to but is opposed by Demetrius the silver- Christianity made the established religion
Damascus; escapes a snare laid for his smith and his mob; writes his first epistle of the empire, Re. 6.12-17; 12. 5-12; Ps.
life. After three years he repairs to J eru- to the Corinthians, if not also that to the 21.8-12; 110.5,6; 68.28-31.
salem; sees Peter and John; but.theJews Galatians, Ac.18. 23-28; xix.; 1 Co.i.- 4326 323 The church began to enjoy a considerable
being enraged at his bold discourses, he xvi.; Ga.i.-vi. calm of fifteen years, in which multitudes
is sent to Tarsus in Cilicia, his native 4063 60 Departs from Ephesus to Macedonia in were converted to Christ, Re. vii. ; 8.1.
place, Ac.7.58; 8.1-3; 22.3-21; 26.4-20; Europe; collects a contribution for the 4341 338 After C,mstantine's death, by means of the
9.1-30; I Co.15.8-10; Ga.1.12-24; 1 Ti. poor saints at Jerusalem. Informed of partition of the empire into the Western
I.12-16. the good success of the former, writes his and Eastern, and by the ravages of the
The persecutions ceasing, the Jewish con- second epistle to the Corinthians, and Goths and other barbarians (especially
verts greatly increase. Peter cures 2Eneas perhaps the first to Tim:chy; comes to after 395, till the Western empire was
of a palsy at Lydda, and restores Dorcas· Corinth, whence he writes his epistle to utterly abolished in A.D. 476, and the
to life at Joppa. Called by the order of the Romans, Ac.20.1-3; 2 Co.8.1,2,6,9; whole power of Rome extinguished aboul
an angel, encouraged by a vision of ani- i.-xiii.; 1 Ti.i.-vi.; Ro.16.1; i.-xvi. 566), the Roman empire was generally
mals, and directed by the Holy Ghost, 4064 61 Paul purposes to sail directly to Syria with miserable. And in the same period, by
Peter preaches to and baptizes Cornelius the collection; but being informed that the schism of the Donatists; by the here-
and other Gentiles at Cesarea, and, to the the Jews laid wait for his life, he travels sies of the Arians, Pelagians, N estorians,
great joy of his brethren, accounts for his through part of Europe and Lesser Asia; and Eutychians, and the contentions and
conduct, Ac.9.31-43; x.; 11.1-18. The earnestly exhorts the elders of Ephesus to persecutions attending the same; and by
gospel is preached at Antioch in Syria faithfulness and diligence in their office; tbe gradual introduction of the Roman
with great success. Barnabas and Saul arrives at Jerusalem ; is apprehended in hierarchy and superstition, the church
for auout a year labour in confirming the the temple; claims the privilege of a Ro- became more and more miserable, Re.8.
J converts there. Agabus foretelling a man and escapes scourging; pleads his 5-12; 12.13-17.
famine, a collection is made for the poor cause before the Sanhedrim. To prevent 4483 480 By this time ten toes, horns, or kingdoms
!saints at Jerusalem, Ac.11.19-30.
4047 i 44 Herod Agrippa murders James the apostle
and brother of John, and imprisons Peter,
his assa8sination by the Jews, Lysias the
Roman captain sends him to Felix the
governor of J ndeaat Cesarea; who, though
were formed out of the Roman empire,
which, though often altered in their par-
ticular extent or form of government,
who is liberated by an angel. When ht! trembled at his discourse, kept him have ever since continued, and have for
Herod had just displayed his pride, and prisoner two full years, Ac.xx.-xxiv. the most p~rt been subject to the power
accepted blasphemous flattery, he is smit- 4066 63 Paul is pannelled before Festus the new of the POPE, Da.2.41,42; 7.7,20,24; Re.
ten by an angel, and eaten up of worms, governor; appeals to Cresar; pleads his 1L3;1al;l~3;1QlL
Ac.xii. cause before Festus and Agrippa. After 4609 606 The Roman state, which had been
4048: 45 Having delivered the collection, Barnabas a dangerous passage and shipwreck on the long forming by the gradual corruption of
and Saul return from Jerusalem to An- isle of Malta, he arrives at Rome, where the doctrine, worship, discipline, and gov-
tioch along with John Ma:rk. By the he is continued a prisoner at large for ernment of the Christian church, arrived
direction of the Holy Ghost they are two years, Ac.xxv.-xxviii., and writes at its perfect form, the Bishop of Rome
Eeparated to preach to the Gentiles. They his epistles to the Philippians, Philemon, being constituted her lJNIVERSAL HEAn;
preach in Cyprus, where Elymas the sor- Colo•sians, Ephesians, and Hebrews, who has ever since generally ruled over
cerer is struck blind, and Sergius the Phi. i.-iv.; Col. i.-iv.; Eph. i.-vi.; He. most part of the Roman empire iu the
Roman governor is converted; and in i.-xiiL West, Da.7.8,24-26; ll.3G-39; 2 Th.2.3-
Pamphylia, at Antioch in Pisidia, Icon• 4068 t55 About the end of this year he is set at lib- 12; 1 Ti.4.1~; 2 Ti.3.1-9; 4.3,4; Re.9.1
ium, Lystra, and Derbe, and all places in erty; preaches in Crete, and leaves Titus -11; xiii.xvii. :Meanwhile the liahome-
Lesser Asia, &c.; and in all meet with to set things in order; perhaps preaches tan delusion was introduced into the East,
opposition, Ac.xiii.xiv. in Spain. and furiously propagated far and wide by
40~2 49 Some Jewish preachers insisting that the 4069 66 From Rome he writes his epistle to Titus, fire and sword. It still continues estab-
or or Gentile conve1ts oue:ht to be circumcised and at least the second to Timotl1Y. About lished in the extensive empires of Indo-
4055 52 and keep the law of Moses, the dispute is this time Nero begins the first-imperial stan, Persia, Turkey, and Morocco, Re. 9.
referred to a synod of apostles and elders persecution of the Christians after the 1-11; Da.11.40.
at Jerusalem, whose determination being gospel had, for more than thirty years, 4759 756 A hundred and fifty years, or five months
given, is dispersed among the churches, been spreading and taking deep root in after their rise, and 666 years after John
to their great joy, Ac.15.1-35; 16. 4,5. the empire. About this time James, received his Revelations, and about sev-
Peter coming down to Antioch, sinfully Peter, and Jude wrote their epistles to enty years after a most dreadful pestilence
dissembles, and is rebuked by Paul, Ga. the dispersed Hebrews. in Asia and Europe, the popes became
2.11-21. Paul with Silas, and Barnabas 4077 70 Jerusalem utterly laid waste by the Ro- civil lords in Italy, and gradually ex-
4056 53 with John l\Iark, separate, and visit the mans, and the Jewish nation destroyed in tended their ciYil power over all the ten
churches which they had lately planted, the most miserable munner. This, to- kingdoms of their subjects, and cbimed
Ac.15.36-41. Paul, Silas, and 'l'imothy gether with the dis:.sters which followed it over all the earth. At the same time
travel through much of Lesser Asia. Di- under Trajan about A.D. 116, and under the !Iahometan delusion and Saracenic
rected by a vision, Paul crosses the Medi- Adrian about 134 or 136, plainly marked empire were at their highest summit of
terranean Sea into Macedonia in Europe; God's abolition of the Levitical cere- power, Da. 7.8,24; 11.37,40; 2 Th.2.4; Re.
preaches at Philippi, where Lydia is con- monies, as none of the principal ones 13.2,12.
verted and the devil dislodged from a could beanymoreobserved; and so weaned 4803 800 The German empire is founded by Charlet.
sorceress, on which account they are cast the Christians from their attachment to the Great, Re.13. 3,14, 15.
into prison, but quickly liberated, and them, Jrfat.8.11,12; 23.34-39; Lu.29.42- 5058 1055 After pouring themselves south-westward
40571
the jailer con,erted, Ac. xvi.
54 They plant churches at Thessalonica and
Berea; Paul preaches at Athens; proceeds _,
4093 I
44; 21. 20-26, &c.
90 About this time, or some years after, John
wrote his ReYelations, and perhaps also
into Persia for several ages, the Seljukian
Turks about this time formed the four
kingdoms of Bagdad, Iconium, Aleppo,
I, to Corinth, whence he writes his epistles his Epistles. and Damascus, near the Euphrates ; but,
to the Thessaloni11ns, and perhaps that to From A. n. 116 to 312, particularly about by their own contentions, by the Tartar
105
Year ' Year 1 out of his roots. And the spirit of the ,
iuvasious, aud \Jy the war of the Europeau
tJt the of our cJ~~ :0}:~~r And'Dow, in the year of our Lord 1896, I Year Year
of tue of our
World., Lordcrusades, their power was r<ll!trained for World. I Lord.we see the Turkish empire tottering to Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of
Wond. Lord. I
I
I 200 years, Re. 9.14. its fall. Under the instigation and direc- 1
wisdom and understanding, the spirit
5284'1281 The Ottoman Turks began their conquests 5899 1896 tion of the Sultan, the Ottoman Turk has 5899 1896 of council and might, the spirit of know-
upon the Christians, and for about 390 been permitted to fill and, if possible, ledge and of the fear of the Lord.* * *
years gradually carried it on, murdering exhaust the measure of diabolical crime. The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb,
an infinity of men, and forming a very There is throughout Christendom a gen- and the leopard shall lie down with the
extensive empire, which still subsists, eral expectation of the utter dismember- kid; and the calf and the young lion
Da.11.40-43; Re. 9.15-19. ment of the Sultan's dominions. During and the fatling together: and a little
Claude of Turin and his followers, in the the twentieth century we may expect child shall lead them. And the cow and
ninth and tenth; the Waldenses in the such a revival of truth and righteousness the bear shall feed; their young ones
twelfth and thirteenth; the Wickliffites in and love, as they are expressed through shall lie down together: and the lion shall
the fourteenth; and the Hussites in the Jesus Christ, as has never been witnessed eat straw like the ox. And the sucking
fifteenth centuries; and others, amidst on this earth before. Enough has been child shall play on the hole of the asp,
poverty and persecution, faithfully testi- accomplished through the gospel of and theweanedchild shall put his hand on
fied againBt the Popish abominations. Jesus Christ already to bring to the the cockatrice' den. They shall not hurt
5520 1517 A more extensive reformation began by hearts of men renewed conviction of nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for
I .Luther, Zuinglius. Calvin, and others, the truth of Isaiah's prophecy: "And the earth shall be full of the knowledge
I which issued in the revolt of about half of there shall come forth a rod out of the of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea."
I the Pope's subjects fror, him. Re.11.3-6. stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow Is. xi.; 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9,
TABLES OF THE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, MONIES, AND TIMES, MENTIONED

IN SCRIPTURE;
WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING 'l'HE METHOD OF CALCULATING SCRIPTURAL MEASURES OF SURFACE.
A MEASURE is a known quantity applied to another of Twenty.four Eastern mlles or ninety six thousand cubits, equal four-sq uarea amounted to 305 acres 2 roods 1 perch,
to thirty-three miles, one hundred and seventy·two paces,
the same kind that 1s less known, to make its dimen- four feet English, made a day's journey. beside 51 feet square.
sions better known, by help of numbers expressing
the proportion that the known quantity bears to the TABLE 11.-JilEASURES OF SURFACE. TABLE !IL-MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
unknown. The dimensions to be measured are three: Wine gal. Pinta. Sol. in
l. Me:re length, which hath but one dimension. 2. Moses hath described these by square cu bits. I Eµha or Bolk, • . . • 1 4 15
here express them reduced to our square feet. The Chomf!'I' (Homer in our translation), 75 5 7
Surface, which consist~ of lengths multiplied into Seah, one-third of an epha, 2 4 3
breadth; so it hath two dimensions, as it were, inter- method of this reduction is taught in an Appendix. Hin= one.sixth of an epha, I 2 1
woven; and this is always measured by some squ1ire I first propose three clear examples given by l\1oses; Omer, one-tenth of an epha. • 0 6 0·5
secondly, I place six instances of greater difficulty. Cab, one-eighteenth of an epha, 0 3 10
surface already known, as by a square foot or a square Log, one-seventy-second of an epha, . 0 O½ 10
eubit, or any ot.her square already known by help of The clearest examples are- =
lrltti'eteR of Syria (Jn. 2. 6) Cong. Rom. .
Cotyla (Eastern),one-hundredthof anepha,
0
0
7t
O½
0
s
its side. l\1oses generally useth the square cubit. I. The Altar of Incense. Only two sides of it, viz.
3. Solidity or capacity, which hath three dimensions its length and breadth, are expressed by Moses; each This cotyla contains just ten ounces avoirdupois of
nuiitiplied into each othe.r-length, breadth, and of them is affirmed to be one cubit. Yet he declares rain-water; omer, 100; epha, 1000; chome:r, 10,000.
height or depth. This is measured by a known cube. that it was four-square; whence we collect that it was So by these weights all these measures of capacity
From solidity ariseth weight in all sublunary bodies; just one square cubit (see Ex. 30. 2). Now it is de- may be expeditiously recovered very near exactness.
and by weight we measure the value of coins. There• monstrated in the Appendix that one Jewish square
fore I ehall join weights and coins together in the cubit amounts to in surface 3 English square feet and TABLE: IV.-OF WEIGHTS AND COINS.
fourth table. about 47 square inches. The Jewish weights are reduced to the standard
I use= to signify equal: : : to express proportion ..• . is called II. The Table of Showbread (Ex. 25. 23). It is grains of our Troy weight, whereof 438 are equal to
1epa1·atri.x, parting decimals from integers. affirmed to be two cubits in length and one in breadth. the Roman ounce, and to our ancient English avoir-
None doubt but it was rectangular, containing two dupois ounce. The value of Jewish and Roman weights
TABLE !.-MEASURES OF LENGTH. Jewish square cubits. These amount to above 6 and coins, at the present rate of silver and gold,
I express the cubit and its parts both by inch English square feet and above a half, viz. 94 square expressed in pence and decimals of a penny.
measure and by foot measure, which I deduce from inches.
III. The Boards of the Tabernacle, each ten cubits Grain8 dee. Pence dee. s. d. q.
inches by this proportion:- Shekel is the ori- } - 219· 2s.2s;5 2 4 1
In. Meas. Ft. ~f'RS, in length and one and a half in breadth (Ex. 26. 16), ginal weight.. -
As 12 . I. : : 21.688 1.824
In, Dec. Ft. Dec.
being rectangular, must contain 15 Jewish square
cubits. These are proved to contain very near 50
Bekah,half ashe-}-
kel •. .. - 109.5 = 14.143, = 2 ½+
A Cubit is : to • . . .
A Span the Longer= half a cubit = to .
. 21.888::. 1.824
10.9H::. .912 square feet of English measure.
Gerah, one.tenth) _
ofa bekah .. , - 10.95 = l.41437 = 0 ½+
Span the Less= one-thirtl of a cubit= to • 7.2H6 = .608
A Hand's-breadth= one-sixth of a cubit= to 3.684 .304 = The more difficult cases reserved to the Appendix M!h~tel ~eig~f{) :~ = 21900. =
=
finger's• breadth one - twenty· fourth of a
cubit= to 1ll2= •076
are- Maueh. in ooin = }- 13140_
60 shillings •. -
= 1697.25 £ •· d.
1 5
Measures of many cubits length I express only in

1. The ll1ercy-seat, whose surface is= 12 square feet
and a half.
Talmt of Silver } _ 657000
3000 shillings - •
= 84S62.5 353 11 10 ob
foot-measure:- II. A general method is taught of reducing any Talent of Gold the} == 58,5 15 7 ~
same weight ..
A Fathom . = 4 Cubits =
=
Ft.Dec.
7.296
given number of Jewish cubits to English square feet. The Golden Daru:, (Ezr.2.69)}
Ezekiel's Reed . = 6 Cnbits •
Schanus, the Egyptian line for land-measure,}
• 10.944 III. The example of the 15 square Gubits in the
boards of the tabernacle is made clearer.
:i~mM:i~ iJ;:yo~~:~: = 131.4 .1 8 4
which, I think, Scripture useth to divide in- C b"ts. 12 gerahs.

heritances (Ps. 16, 6 and 77. 55 1• They used -\~ _ 14 ,92 IV. The Court of the Tabernacle (described Ex.
different Jengthiw,but the shm"t.$t and most - - 5 27.18) is found to be just half the Egyptian aroura, Roman money mentioned in the New Testament:-
useful waa • • • • , , • and to contain 1 rood 21 perches 27 square feet, &c. Pence. Fart.hinP.
V. The whole aroura is determined and reduced Denariw (silver), 7 3
Herodotus mentions a schamus just 300 times as .AsRis (copper), 0 S
long. I judge that all the greater were made in pro-
portion to the least. ·
to our English measure, 3 roods 2 perches 55 square
feet.
,As,arium,
Quadrnn,, : II
VI. The suburbs or glebe-land given to each city A Mite, 0 t
The Mile . . . • =
, :;:: 4000 cuhits f296 feet.
Stadium, one-tenth of their mile = 400 oubits
=
=
729,6
P&rasang. three of their miles= 1200 cubits 4 English miles
of the Levites (Nu.35.3-5), is showed to be a square,
on each of the four sides of every city, containing a
TABLE Y.-OF Tn!Es.
and 5SO feet. million of Jewish square cu'bits, or 100 aroura,, The Jewish hours were introduced about the time
Fi~e Stacha, or two thousand cubits, made a Sabbath•day'a
Journey which amount to in each square 76 acres 1 rood 20 of their captivity in Babylon. Their ordinary onea
Ten Stadia. or four thousand cubits, made an Eastern mile. perches 80 square feet; whence we collect that all the were of the same length as ours. Their DAY, begin•
106
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, MONIES, AND TIMES.
ing at six oclock in the morning, they divided into half in breadth, naturallv leads a man to discern in among them and had reigned there during the time
:Cetve /wurs; of which our nine o'clock in the morn- each board's surface 15 J;wish square cubits; because of six kings successively, used this measure of land
ing was the third, our noon their, ttixth, our three if we conceive a line drawn from the end of one cubit called aroura. N o,v this was long before .Moses'
o'clock afternoon their ninth, and our five o'clock at the bottom of the board to the end of one cu bit at time; for the beginning of Amosis or Tethmosis, who
their eleventh. But they seem also to have at last the top of the board, this must needs be 10 whole expelled them out of Egypt, was very near the time
divided their day into four great hours or· watches, square cubits on one side of that line, and ten half of Abraham's death, as appears by the annals of the
each containing three of the ordinary ones, and of squa,e cubits (=to 5 whole) on the other side of that learned primate of Ireland. Wherefore I believe that
these their third hour was from rioon to three o'clock. line; here, therefore, are 15 square cubits. The re- l\loses, who was skilled in all Egyptian learning,
Their NIGHT they divided into four watches, each con- duction of these into English square feet is performed especially surveying, did of choice make the court of
sisting of three hours; the first ended , about nine b_v multiplying 15, viz. the number of cubits given, the tabernacle to be just half an aroura, which was a
o'clock, the second at midnight, the· third at three into 3. 326976, the feet and decimals of one square known measure to him and his people, who had long
o'clock or cock-crowing, and the fourth about six cubit, and the product will be 49. 90464, and that is dwelt in Egypt; and divine authority directed him so
o'clock in the morning. Their WEEK, copied from ver_v near to 50 square feet; for those decimals amount to do.
God's example in the creation of the world, began on to above 130 square inches, and a little more than 13 V.-THE REDUCTION OF AN AROURA TO ENGLISH
our Sabbath, and ended on Saturday. Their MONTHS square inches would make it just 50 feet, which abate- MEASURE.
were regulated by the changes of the moon; and ench ment we need not here regard.
third year consisted of thirteen of these months or 5. Because we have shown from Herodotus that an
IV.-THE COt:RT OF THE TABERNACLE. aroura is the square of 100 Je"'ish or Egyptian cubits;
moo1is. Their names were-
4. Let us now go to the measure of the surface of and 100 such cubits may, in English foot-measure, be
J. Abib or Ni- {March 7. Ethanum {September expressed by 182.4 English feet, it follows that the
san April or Tizri October land, But we will begin with the court of the taber-
8. Bul or Mar- nacle, thP ground on which the priests performed all square of this number will express exactly the number
2. Zif orJair ,S { April
{ October
May chesuan ,S November the solemn public worship of Israel in Moses' time. of the English square feet that are contained in an
eci { May bCI { Novemher
S, Sivan •E June
9. Chisleu
·E DeceR1her The area of this court is described by l\Ioses (Ex.27.18), aroura. Now, by multiplication of 182.4 into itself,
I find the product to be 33,269.76; therefore I con
'- Tbamuz E{~~r; 10. Thebeth ~ { December
l7J January
b_v its length, 100 cubits, and its breadth everywhere
50 cubits. Wherefore this area must be in Jewish elude that there are 33,269 square feet entire, and. 7fJ
5. Ab
~ fJuly
11. Shebeth 5 JJanuary
decimals of a square foot in an aroura. Now, to re-
(August ( February measure 5000 square cubits, for that is the product of
{ August 12. Adar t February 100 multiplied into 50. To reduce these 5000 Jewish duce these English sqnare feet into roods, perches, and
6. Elul September 13. Veader (March
cu bits into English square feet, I must multiply 5000 the remainder of square feet, I use the method nsed
Their CIVIL YEAR, originating from the creation of into 3.326976; the product is 16,634.88 English square in the last paragraph. First, I divide them by
the world, began with Ethanum or Tizri, in our Sep• feet. 10,890, the square feet in a rood, and the quotient l
tember; and by it their releases and jubilees were But in cases of such long numbers of feet, we use, find 3.0550i4-that is, 3 roods and .055074 decimals
regulated. Their SACRED YEAR, originating from for brevity's sake and to help our memories, to re- of a rood. Secondly, I multiply these decimals by
their deliverance from the Egyptian bondage (Ex.xii.), duce them into perches, or roods, or acres, which con- 40, which is the number of perches in a rood; the
began with .A.bib or Nisan, in our March. tain known numbers of square feet, A perch contains product is 2.202960: hence I conclude there are
272 square feet and one-fourth; a rood is=to 10,890 therein 2 perches and .292960 decimals of a perch.
square feet; an acre is=to 43,560 square feet. It is Thirdly, I multiply these last decimals by 272. 25,
plain that the number 16,634.88 hath not integers which are the square feet of a perch; the product fo
equal to those of an acre, but it hath enough to answer 55.20586000-that is, 55 entire square feet. The
AN APPENDIX those in a rood, and some overplus; therefore I must eight places of decimals amount to little above one-
divide 16,634.88 by 10,890, which is a rood. By such fourth of a square foot; therefore I reject them as
To the Second Table of l\feasures of Surface described division continued in the decimal way until I have a inconsiderable in measure of land. By all these re-
by Moses, showing the Method of reducing them by fraction of five or six places, which is exact enough, I ductions it is found that an aroura is in English
calculations to the measures nsed in England, for the find the quotient to b~ 1.527537, which assures me measure 3 roods 3 perches 55¼ square feet. Hence ii
benefit of those that understand Decimal Arithmetic that my number 16,634.88 hath but once entirely follows also that it is not well translated by jugerum,
and desire to try the Reductions given in the Table, in it a whole rood, but it hath moreover in it many for it is much larger; nor is it well in English called
or to make further improvements in this kind of decimal parts of a rood. These therefore I reduce to an acre, for it is considerably less. To this place I
measures. the perches contained in them by multiplying them refer the use of the lesser sort of Ixo<Vos, which yet is
L-THE MERCY-SEAT. into 40, which is the number of perches that make up most convenient for the use of the Egyptians and of
a rood, and cutting off six places from the product, the Jews to measure out private men's inheritances,
I shall begin with reduction of the measures of the which is 21.101480; so I find there are 21 perches by a line which was 80 cubits long. For the length
mercy-seat, which was God's throne of grace among entire, and the figures after the separatrix are decimals of this line will measure one side of an aroura, if the
the Jews. Moses, in Ex. 25, 17, affirms that its length of a perch. These also I multiply by 272. 25, which other side be 125 cubits Jong, which is the length of
was two cubits and a half, its breadth one cubit and are the square feet and decimals of a perch. The this line and its half, and 5 cubits above half of it,
a half. The fractions adhering to its length and product of this last multiplication, after eight places which they might easily mark in it by a knot or ring;
breadth make some difficulty to beginners in arith- cut off from it by the separatrix, because there were_ and by this means they might easily lay any trnmber
metic, which the decimal way doth much abate. six places of decimals in one of the multipliers, and of aroum together, al I of them rectangu Jar and parallel
Supposing, therefore, what I have elsewhere proved, two :n the other, is 27.62793000. Hence I learn that to each other. Such lines, I suppose, for measure of
that the Jewish cubit was a foot-measure 1.824, the there are therein but 27 entire feet; all the eight inheritances, are intimated Ps.78.55 and 16.6, &c.
length must be expressed in foot-measure and decimals decimal places amount to little above half a foot, and
thereof, 4.560. The breadth in like measure will be therefore I cast them away as inconsiderable in the
VI.-THE LEVITES' GI.EBE.
2. 736. Wherefore the product of these numbers measure of land. This method of reduction hy mul- 6. I shall conclude with an example, amounting,
multiplied into each other gives its surface 12o476f6; tiplication of decimals I find to be easier than the after reduction, to a number of English acres, which
in number of its square feet and decimals thereof, 12
common way of reduction by division, and therefore measure we have not yet reached to. This I take
square feet and very near half a square foot. If the I propose it to be used by beginners in this practice from N u.35. 3-5. There llroses describes what measure
decimals had been 50, it had j '1st been half a foot. of surveying. So I find this court to contain in Eng- of land the Levites were to be allowed for their cattle,
If we desire to express those decimals o( a foot in lish measure 1 rood 21 perches 27 feet, and little more their goods, and all their beasts, on tlie north-east,
square inches, as is llilual in England, we must mul- than half a foot square. But reflecting upon Moses' south, and west sidei! of each of their cities; so that
tiply .47616 by 144, the square inches of a foot, and measure by cubits, and finding them to be precisely the city was to be in the midst of the land belonging
the product will be 68.56704, which shows that the 5000 square cubits, I observed that they were just to it, This land in our translation is called suburbs,
d.ecimals we found amount to 68 square inches and half 10,000, which I had observed from Herodotus' because of its nearness to all their cities. But we
about half an inch more: we need n 1t be nicer. Euterpe to be the area of the Egyptian aroura, by must not thence imagine that it means houses and
ll.-A SQUARE Ct:BIT R~DUCED TO OCR MEASURE, which their land was as generally measured as ours is streets adjoining to their cities, in which sense we
by acres and roods. (See Herodot. l. 2., c. 168.) I sometimes use the word suburbs; for l\foses plainly
2. In the altar of incense Moses describes the Jewish called also to mind a passage in l\fanetho, an Egyptian tells ns they were places for their several sorts of
square cul'llt, which must be reduced to our foot- priest, cited by Josephus in his first book Against cattle to feed in, such as might also be orchards or
measure thus-1.824 x 1.824. The product of these A pion, where he affirms that l\Ianetho, in his history gardens for fruits, or perhaps for a little corn, com-
numbers mi:ltiplied will be the upper surface of this of the reign, wars, and expulsion of the Pastors prehended in the word, their goods, These fields he
altar, 3.3269i6, that is, 3 square feet an:l ,326976 (whom Africanus affirms to be Phenicians or CanRan- limits by 1000 cubits, which was just a quarter of an
decimals of a square foot, which we may express by ites, and Josephus vainly believed to be Jews), wrote eastern mile, but amounts in mere length to 608 yards
~7 square inches anJ a few decimals of an inch square, out of the public records of Ecypt that these Pastors English measure, and therefore exceeds a quarter of an
inconsiderable. made at Abaris a very large and strong encampment English mile by 168 yards in length. But it is certain
III.-THE BOARDS OF THE TABERNACLIL that encompassed 10,000 arourre, sufficient to contain that cattle cannot feed upon mere length, hut this
240,000 men, and long enough to maintain their must signify the side of some surface of land bounded
S.Moses' description of-the boards of the tabernacle cattle, Hence it appears that not only the Egyptians, thereby; and we must have two sides of some surfac-e
IBx. 26. 16), by ten cubits in length and one and a but the Phenicians or Canaanites also, that had dwelt given before we can find the area of surface contained
107
r
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, MONIES, AND TIMES.
Therefore Moses (ver.5) telle ns that on each side or reject as inconsiderable in measure of land. Thus we THE L0lfGEB SCBII'TUBE MEASURES,
each city they must measure 2000 cubits, which will have found that this and every other square on each Eng. miles. Paces. Ft.deQ,
determine no surface, unless we understand it to mean side of every Levitical city was prescribed to be 76 Cubit 0 0 1.824
the two sides of a square bounded on every side by acres 1 rood 20 perches 80 square feet in our measure, 400 Stadium or furlong 0 145 4.6
1000 cubits. These two sides multiplied into each but was just a million of square cubits in their
2000 5 Sabbath-day's journey 0 7::9 3.0
other will produce a square that contains just a million measure. --- -
of square cubits, and that is a known and exact To add the four squares belonging to one Leviti cal 4000 10 2 Eastern mile .. 403 1.0
measure of just 100 arource.. And this shows that the city together, the bist way would be to take the first --- -
12000 30 6 a'I Parasang .. 4 153 3.0
2000 cubits mentioned (ver. 5) are the two sides of quotient that we found in acre measure, viz. 76. 376859, -
that square, whereof the 1000 mentioned (ver.4.) is and we must multiply it by 4; and we shall find, by i
96000 240 48 w1s! A day's journey 33 172 4.0
one, and may be called the root of the square. This the method I have used, all the four squares together
shows the agreement of the two different numbers. to amount to 305 acres 2 roods 1 perch; we need not SCRIPTVRE MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR LIQUIDS,
The reduction of this million of square cubits will be take notice of any lesser quantities in this case. We REDUCED TO ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.
Gals. Pints. Sol. in,
performed by the same method that I have used before. may also by this method find the sum of the acres Caph .. 0 Of 0.117
Therefore, first, I express 1000 Jewish by 1824 Eng- belonging to all the forty-eight cities of the Levites,
lish feet, without any separatrix, according to the and many other improvements in this kind of measur- l½I Log 0 O'- 0 211
principles owned in decimal arithmetic; and the ing surfaces. 5¼ 4Cab O 3¼ 0.SH
square of that number will be 3,326,976 without a
separatrix. Secondly, I divide this number by 43,560, 16 12 31 Hin 2 2.53/J
which are the square feet of an acre, and find the 32 24 6 I 2 Seah .. 2 4 5.067
quotient to be 76.376859, which signify 76 entire
acres and .376859 decimals of an acre. Thirdly, to 9672181631 Bathorepha 4 15.2
find what roods are contained in these decimals, I

TABLES OF MEASURES, &c. 1
~720:1806030[10! Coron, Chomer 75 5 7.625

multiply them by 4, the number of roods in an acre,
and find the quotient to be 1.507436, which proves SCRIPTURE MEA~URES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO ENGLISH SCRIPTURE lIE.ASLRES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,
that there is but one rood in them, and the six figures MEASURE, REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.
cut off by the separatrix (because there were six Pk,;;. 011.ls. Pints. Sol.In.
.. .. ..
Enc:. ft. In. dee.
Digit 0 0.012 Gachal 0 0 o:r1~~ 0.031
decimals in one of the multipliers) are all decimals of
a rood. Fourthly, therefore, to find what perches are in 4 Palm 0 3'648
--20 Cab .. .. .. 0 0 2! 0.073
these last decimals, I multiply them by 40, which is the 12 3 Span • 0 10.944
--36
-
l ! Gomer or Omer 0 0 5fa 1.211
number of perches •iontained in a rood. The product
is 20. 29i440; hereby I find that there are 20 entire 24 6 2 Cubit .. 9.888
-- -
120 6
f---
a: Seah .. 0 4.036
perches, besides the decimals of a perch, placed after 96 24 8 4 Fathom 7 3.552 360 18 10 3 Epha 8 0 3 12.107
the separatrix. Fifthly, to find what square feet are -- - - -
in those last decimals, I multiply them by 272. 25, 144 36 12 6 l½ Ezekiel's reed 10 ll.328 1800 90 50 15 tch ::::DLe 16 0 0 26.500
-2::.. Cbomer, l s•
which are the square feet and decimals in a perch;
the product is 80.97804, which is 80 square feet; and
~I~ 8 2 I¼! Arabian pole 14 7.104 3600 180 100 1 so 10 2
Coron I -
j
I 18.969
all the decimals not 11.Jllount.ing t.cJ a !kiWlol'8 f'Xlt I I

1920 480 i 160 j 80 20 13l I 10 ~~:."l~:} 145 11.04 N.B -A. Soot.ch pint contain& thr8Q Eilgliab Qf com meuwo,
and almolt four of - -10,
'
A TABLE OF OFFICES AND CONDITIONS OF MEN.
Patritwe"'8, or fathers or families, such as Abraham, TetrarcM, who had kingly power in four proTinces. proselytes, had a synagogue or oratory for them•
Isaac, and Jacob, and his sons. Proconsuls, or deputies of provinces. selves.
Judges, temporary supreme governors, immediately Gaulonites or Galileans, who pretended it unlawful
appointed by God over the children of Israel. • INFERIOR OFFICERS. to obey a heathen magistrate.
Kings, and they either of the whole nation, or after Publicans, or tax-gatherers_ Herodians, who shaped their religion to the times,
the falling off of the ten tribes, of Judah or Israel. Centurions, captains of a hundred men. and particularly flattered Herod.
Elders, senators, the LXX. or Sanhedrim. Epicureans, who placed all happiness in pleasure.
Officers, provosts, sheriffs, or executioners. ECCLESIASTICAL OFFICERS, OB SECTS OF :MEN. Stoics, who denied the liberty of the will, and pre-
Judges, inferior rulers, such as determine contro- tended all events were determined by fatal necessity,
Tersies in particular cities. High-priests, who only might enter the holy of Simon Magus, author of the heresy of the Gnostics,
Israelite;;, Hebrews, descendants from Jacob. holies. who taught that men, however vicious their practice
An Hebrew of the Hebrews,an Israelite by original Second-priests or Sagan, who supplied the high- was, should be saved by their knowledge.
extraction. priest's office in case he were disabled. Nicolaitans, the disciples of Nicolas, one of the
A Proselyte of the Covenant, who was circumcised, High-priests for the War, set apart for the occasion first seven deacons, who taught the community of
and submitted to the whole law. of an expedition, wives.
A Pro~elyte of the Gate, or stranger, who worshipped Priests, Levites of the sons of Aaron, divided into Nazarites, who under a vow abstained from wine.
one God, but remained uncircumcised. twenty-four ranks, each rank serving weekly in the Nazarenes, Jews professing Christianity.
temple. Zelotes, Sicarii, or murderers, who, under pretence
OFFICERS UNDER THE Ass"'i'RIAN OR PERSIAN Levites, of the tribe of Levi, but not of Aaron's of the law, thought themselves authorized to commi,
}foNARCHS. family; of these were three orders-Gershonites, Ko- any outrage.
Tirshatha, or governor, appointed by the kings of hathites, lllerarites, several sons of Levi, Pharisees, separatists, who, upon the opinion of
Assyria or Persia. Nethinims, inferior servants to the priests and their own godliness, despised all others.
Heads of the Captivity, the chief of each tribe or Levites (not of their tribe), to draw water and cleav~ Sadducees, who denied the resurrection of the dead,
family, who exercised a precarious government during wood, &c. angels, and spirits.
the captivity. Prophets, anciently called seers, who foretold future Samaritans, mongrel professors, partly heathens
events and denounced God's judgments. and partly Jews, the offspring of the Assyrians seut
UNDER THE: GRECIAN llfoNARCHS, SUPERIOR OFFICERS. Children of the Prophets, their disciples or scholars. to Samaria.
Wise .Men, called so in imitation of the eastern magi Apostles, missionaries, or persons sent; they who
.Maccabees, the successors of Judas Maccabeus, high- or Gentile philosophers. were sent by our Saviour, from their number, were
priests who presided with kingly power. Scribes, writers and expounders of the law, called The Twelve.
Di.sputers, that raised and determined questions out Bishops, successors of the apostles in the governmenl
UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
of the Jaw. of the church.
Presidents, or governors, sent from· Rome with Rabbies or Doctors, teachers or Israel. Deacons, officers chosen by the apostle,, to take care
imperial power. Libertines, freed-men of Rome, who, being Jews or of the poor.
lOS
-
A COLLECTION OF THE NAMES AND TITLES GIVEN TO JESUS CHRIST.
Adam, I Co.15.45. Diadem, Is.62.3. Husband, Is.54-5; Je.31.32. Messenger, Mal.~.7; 3.1. Second man, I Co. 15.45.
Advocate, I]"· 2·r. Door of sheep, Jn.10.7. I Am, Ex.3.14; Jn.8.58. Messiah, Da.9.25; Jn.r.41. Seed of Abraham, Ga.3.29.
Alpha and omega, Re.1.8; 22.13. Eagle, De.32. II, Jacob, Is.41.8; 44.1,5. N1ichael, Da.12.1; Re.12.7. Seed of David, 2 Ti.2.8.
Elect, Is.42·. r, Jah, Ps.68.4. Mighty God, ls.9.6; 63.r. Seed of the woman, Ge. 3. 15.
Amen, Re.3.14.
Ancient of days, Da.7.22, Ensign. Is. II, 10. Jehovah, Is.26.4; 40.3. 1Iinister, He.8.2. Servant, Is.42. r, 19; 44.21.
An"el, Js.63.9; Mal.3.r. Eternal life, rjn.5.20. Jerusalem, Ca.6+ ~Iorning-star, Re.2.28; 22. 16. Sharp sword, Is.49. 2.
An~inted, Ps.2.2; 45·7· Everlasting Father, Is.9.6. Jesus, Mat. r. 21; r Th. r. ro. 1\1 oses, Ac. 3. 22. Shepherd, Zee. rr. 16; Jn. IO. n•
Apostle, He.3.r. Express image, &c., He.r.3. Image of God, 2 Co-4-4. Nazarene, Mat.2.23. He.13.20.
Apple-tree, Ca.2.3. . Faithful witness, Re.r.5; 3.14; 19. Immanuel, ls.7.14; Mat.1.23. Offspring of David, Re.22. 16. Shield, Ge.15.1; Ps.18.35.
Author and finisher of our faith, rr; Ps.89.37. Immortal, I Ti. r. 17. Ointment, Ca.r.3. Shiloh, Ge.49. ro.
He.r2.2. Father of eternity, Is.9.6. Inheritance, Eze.44.28. Our righteousness, J e. 23.6; 33. 16. Solomon, Ca.3.7; 8. rr, 12.
Babe, Lu.2.16. . Fatted calf, Lu.15.23. Invisible, I Ti.1.17. Passo\'er, 1 Co.5.7. Son (only-begotten), Jn. r. 14, 18:
Begil'lning of the creat10n of God, Feeder, Is.40.11. Israel, ls.44.21; 49.3. Physician, Mat.9. 12. 3.16,18.
Re.3.14. Fir-tree, Ho.14.8. Judah, Re. 5. 5. Plant of renown, Eze.34.29. Son of David, Mat.9.27; 21.9,
Beaotten of the Father, Jn. r. 14- First-begotten of the dead, Re. r. 5. Judge, Nli.5.1; Ac.10.42. Polished shaft, ls.49.2. SonofGod,Mat-4-3;8.29;Lu.r.35-
Beloved, Ca.r. 13; Ep.l, 6 , First-born from the dead, Col. r. 18. Just One, Ac.3.14; 7.52; 22.14- Potentate, r Ti.6. 15. Son of the Highest, Lu.r.32.
Bishop, 1 Pe.2.25. First and last, Re.r.17; 2.8. King, Mat.21.5; 25.34. Power of God, 1 Co. 1.24. Son of man, Mat.8.20; Jn.1.51.
Blessed, 1 Ti.6. 15. First-fruits, I Co.15.23. King everlasting, Lu.r.33. Priest, He.3.1; 4.14; 7.26. Sower, l\lat. 13.3.
Branch, Zec.3.8; 6.12. F1esh, Jn. r. 14- King of Israel, J n. r. 49. Prince, Ac.5.31. Spirit, r Co.15.45; He.9.14,
Brazen serpent, J n. 3. 14· Forerunner, He.6.20. King of the Jews, Mat.2.2. Prince of life, Ac.3. 15. Star and sceptre, Nu.24.17.
Bread of life, Jn.6.48, 51. Foundation, Is.28. 16. King of kings, Re. 17. 14; 19. 16. Pri,ice of peace, Is.9.6. Stone refused, Mat.21.42.
Briden-room, Mat.9.15. Fountain, Zec.13.1. Ladder, Ge. 28. 12. Prince of the kings of the earth, Strength of Israel, I Sa. 15.29,
Brightness of the Father's glory, Friend of sinners, Mat.II.19, Lamb, Re.5.6-13; 13.8. Re.1.5. Strong God, Ps.89.8; Re.18.8.
He.r.3. Gift of God, 2Co.9.r5. Lamb of God, J n. r. 29, 36. Prophet, De.18.15,18; Lu.24-19. Substance, He.10.34.
Bundle of myrrh, Ca.r.13. Glorious Lord, Is.33.21. Lawgiver, ls.33.22; Ja.4.12. Propitiation, 1Jn.2.2; 4.10. Sun of righteousness, Mal.+a.
Cam phi re, Ca. r. 14. Glory of God, Is.40.5. Leader, ls. 55+ Purifier, Mal. 3. 3. Surety, He.7.22.
Captain, Jos. 5. 14; He. 2. ro. God,Jn.1.1; 1 Ti.3.16; 1Jn.5.20, Life, Jn.14.6. Ransom, 1 Ti.2.6. Tabernacle, He.8.2; 9. II,
Child, ls.9.6. God blessed for ever, Ro.9.5. Light (true), Jn.r.8,9; 3.19; 8.12; Reaper, Re.14.15. Teacher, Tn.3.2.
Chosen, Mat.12.18; Lu.23.35. Gold, Ca.5.II. 9.5; 12.35,46. Redeemer.Job 19.25; ls.59.20. Temple, Kfar.14.58.
Christ, Mat.r.16; 2.4, Golden altar, Re.8.3. Lion, Re. 5. 5. Refiner, Mal.3.3. Testator, He.9. 16, 17.
Commander, ls.55.4. Governor, Mat.2.6. Living God, I Ti.3. 15. Refuge, Js.25+ Treasure, Lu.12.33.
Consolation of Israel, Lu.2.25. Gracious, I Pe.2.3. Living stone, I Pe.2+ Resurrection, Jn. 11.25. Tree of life, Re.2.7.
Comer-stone, Ep.2.20; I Pe.2.6. Guide, Ps.48.14- Long-suffering, Ex.34.6. Righteousness, J e. 23. 6. True, Re.3.7; 19.n.
Counsellor, Is.9.6. Habitation, Ps.91.9. Lord, Mat.3.3; Mar.11.3; Ro.r.3. Rock, De.32.15; 1 Co.ro+ Truth, J n. 14.6.
Cow1ant, Is.42.6. Harmless, He.7.26. Lord of glory, r Co.2.8. Rod and staff, ls. rr. r. \·ine, J n. 15.1.
Covert, Is.32.2. Head of the church, Col. I, 18, Lord of lords, Re. 17. 14; 19. 16. Roe and hart, Ca.2.9. \Vall of fire, Zec.2._!!.
Creator, ls.43. 15. Heir of all things, He. 1.2. Lovely, Ca.5.16. Root of David, Re.5.5. ·Way, Is.35.8;Jn.14.6.
Creditor, Lu.7.41. Help, Ps. 33. 20; 40. 17. Maker and preserver of all things, Root and offspring of David, Re. \Vedding-garment, Mat.22.12.
Cvrus, Is.45. r. Heritage, Is.58.14. !n. 1. 3, 10; 1 Co. 8. 6; Col. 1. 16; 22.16. \Veil of living water, Ca.4.15.
David, Je.30.9; Eze.34.23; 37.24, High (Most), Lu.8.28. He. r.2, 10; Re.4. n. Rose of Sharon, Ca.2.6. \\'isdom of God, 1 Co.1.24-
25; Ho.3.5. Highest, Ps.18.13; Lu.1.32, Man, Ac.17.31; I Ti.2.5. Ruler, Mi.5.2. \\'itness, Is. 55+
Day°s-man, Job 9.33, Holy of Israel, Is.41.1+ Master, Mat.8. 19; 23.8. Sacrifice, Ep. 5. 2. Wonderful, ls.9.6; 28.29.
Day-spring, Lu. r. 78. Holy child, Ac.4.30. Mediator,.t Ti.2.5. Salvation, Lu.2.30. Word,Jn.r.r.
Day.star, 2 Pe.1.19. Holy One, Lu-4-34; Ac.3.1+ Mediator of the new covenant, Samaritan, Lu. ro. 33. Word of God, Re.19.13.
Deli1·erer, Ac.7.35; Ro. n.26. Honey-comb, Ca.4.II. He.12.24. Sanctification, I Co.1.30. Worthy, He.3.3; Re.5.12.
Desire of all nations, Hag.2.7 Hope, Ac.28.20; 1 Ti.I.I. Melchisedec, He.7.1. Sanctuary, ls.8.14. Yesterday, to-day, and for ever1
Dew, Ho.14.5. Horn of salvation, Lu.1.69. Merciful, He.2.17. Saviour, Lu.2.11; Ac.5.31. He.13.8,
A COLLECTION OF
THE APPELLATIONS GIVEN TO THE CHURCH OF GOD IN THE SCRIPTURES.

Adopted sons, Ga.4-5. Daughter of the king, Ps.45. 13. Gathered, Is.56.8, Lamb's wife, Re.21.9. Redeemed, ls. 51. II; 62. 12.
Angels, Lu.20.36. Dead in Christ, t Th+ 16. General assembly, He.12.23. Light of the world, l\lat.5.14- Sanctified, 1 Co.1.2; 6.11.
Assembly of saints, He.10.23. Dear children, Ep. 5. r. Generation of upright, Ps.112.2. Lily among thorns, Ca.2.2. Saved of the Lord, De.33.29,
Believers, Ac. 5. 14. Dearly beloved, Je.12.7. . Glorious, Ps.45. 13. Little ones, Zec.13.7. Seed, Ps.22.30; 112.2.
Beloved of God, Ps.6o.5; 108.6. Delights, Ca.7.6. Glory of God, Is.46. 13. Living stones, I Pe.2.5. Sheep,Jn.10.3,4; 21.16.
Blameless, Phi.2. 15. Dew, Ps.rro.3; Mi.5.7. Grapes, Ho.9.10. Lot of God's inheritance, De.32,9. Sincere, Phi. r.10.
Blessed, Ps.2. 12; 32. t. Disciples, ls.8.16; l\lat.5.1. Habitation of God, Ep.2.22. Love, or his love, Ca.4.7. Sister, spouse, Ca.4.12.
Body of Christ, Ep.r.23. Dove, Ca.2.14: 5.2. Heirs of God, Ro.8.17. Lowly, Ps. 138.6; Pr.3.24. Sons of God, Jn. 1. 12; Ro. 8. 141
Branches, ]n.15.5. Eagles, Ps.103.5; Is.40.31. Heritage of God, Je. 12. 7. Members of Christ, Ep.5.30. Ga-4-6.
Brethren, ko.8.29; 12.1. Elect, Is.45.4; Mat.24.22. Hidden ones, Ps.83.3. Merciful, Mat.5.7. Spiritual, Ga.6.r; I Pe.2.5.
~ride, Re.21.2,9; 22.17. Election, Ro.9.n; 11.5,7. Holy, r Co.3.17; Ep.1.27. Mighty, Ps.II2.2; Ac.18.24. Stars, Ps.148.3; Re.3.r.
llu!lding of God, I Co.3.9. Escaped, ls.45.20; 2 Pe.1.4, Holy brethren, He.3.r. Mount Zion, He.12.22. Stones, r Ti.2.5.
Called, Is.62.12; Ro.8.28. Excellent, Ps.16.3; Pr.12.26. House of God, 1 Ti.3. 15. Mourners, Is.57.18. Strangers, Ps.39.12; II9.19.
Candlestick, Re.1.12; 2.5. Fair, Ca.r.15; 2.10; 4.10. Humble, Ps.9. 12; 34.2. Needy, Ps.9.18; Is.25.4; 41.17. Temple of God, r Co.3. 16.
Cedars, Ps.92. 12; Eze.31.8. Faithful, Ep.r.r; Col.1.2. Husbandry of God, 1 Co.3.9. Obedient, 1 Pe. r. 14. Treasure of God, Ps. 135-4-
Children of kingdom, Mat.13.38. Family of God, Ep.3. 15. acob, Ps.14.7; 147.19. Palaces, Ps.45.15; 48.3, 13. Vessels of mercy, Ro.9.23.
l
Christ, r Co. 12. 12. Fearful, ls.35.4. erusalem above, Ga.4. 26. Palm-trees, Ps.92. 12; Ca.7.8. Vineyard, Js.5.1; 27.2.
Christians, Ac.II.26; r Pe-4-16. Fig-trees, Ca.2.13. erusalem (heavenly), He.12.22. Peaceable, Ge.34.21. Virgins, Je.31.4; Re.14.4-
Church of God, r Co. r.2. First-born, He.12.23. erusalem (holy), Re.21.10. Peculiar people, r Pe.2.9. Undefiled, Ca.5.2; 6.9.
Circumcision, Phi.3.3. First-fruits, J a. 1. 18. ewels of the Lord, Mal.3.17. Perfect, 2 Ti.3. 17; He.12.23. Upright, Ps.11.7; 37.37.
Citizens, Ep.2. 19. Flock of God, Ac.20.28. mage of God, Ro. 8. 29. Pilgrims, He.11.13. Watchmen, Is.52.8; 62.6.
City of God, He.12.22; Re.3.12. Fold ofChrist,Jn.10.16. Inhabitants of Zion, ls. 12.6. Pillar of truth, I Ti.3.15. Wayfaring men, Is.35.8.
~omely, Ca.r.5. Followers of God, Ep.5.1. Joint-heirs with Christ, Ro.8.17. Plants, Ps.144.12; Ca-4-13. Wise men, 1 Co.6.5.
Companions, Ps.45. 14; Ca. 1.7. Fountain, Ca.4-12. 1oy of the whole earth, Ps.48. 2. Poor, Mat.5.3; II.5. Woman, Re.12.1.
Complete, Col.2.10. Free men, r Co.7.22. Israel of God, Ga.6. 16. Portion of the Lord, De.32.9. Worshi}.'pers.. He.10.2.
Congregation of saints, Ps.149.1. Friends of God, Ja.2.23. Justified, Ac. 13.39. Precious, Ps. n6. 15; Is.43.4- Worthy, Re.3+
Contrite, Is.57.ISi 66.2. Fruitful, Col.1.10. 'kingdom of heaven, Mat.13.38. Princes, I Sa.2.8; Ps.45.16, Written in heaven, He. 12.23.
Converts, Is. 1.27. Fulness of Christ, Ep. 1.23. Kings, Re.1.6; 5.10. Pure in heart, Mat. 5.8. Zealous of good works, Tit.:z.14-
Corner-stones, Ps. 144. t2. Garden inclosed, Ca.4. 12. Lambs, Is.40. II; Jn.21. 15. Ransomed, ls.35-10; 51.11. Zion, Ps.69.35; 76.2; 87 .2.
109
A COLLECTION OF Sil\IlLES CONTAINED IN THE SCRIPTURES,
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.
/1,dulterer, ers, to a horse neighing, Je.5.9; Churches, to candlesticks, Re.1.20; 2.r. Famine, famishing to the blackness of an Holds, strong h. to fig-trees, and ripe iigs,
to an oven heated, Ho. 7. 4; the a. fear, City, a c. destroyed, to a ploughed field, oven, La. 5. 10. Na.3.12.
to the terrors of the shadow of death,] ob Mi.3.12. Favour of a king, to a cloud of latter rain, Horses, swift, to eagles, Je-4-13.
24.17. Commandments, to frontlets, De.6.8; 11. Pr. 16.15. Honour, to a crown, Job 3r.36; for a fooL
Adultery, one enticed to a. to a bird hast- 18. Fear, sudden_/. to a woman in travail, Ps. to snow in summer, Pr.26. r.
ing to a snare, Pr.7.22; to an ox led to Confusion upon the wicked, to a mantle, 48.6. Hope, to an anchor, He.6. 19; h. falling, be-
the slaughter, 7.22,23. Ps.109.29. Fearful, to grasshoppers, Job 39.20. ing fixed on uncertain things, to a bed too
Adversity, one in a. to a dove mourning, Contention of brethren, to bars of a castle, Flesh, all .f. to grass, Is.40.6. short, ls.28.20.
Is.38.14; 59.n; Nu.2.7; to a vessel brok- Pr.18.19. Fool, a f. in his folly, to a bear robbed, Host, Ahab's h. to a flock of kids, 1 Ki.19.
en, Ps.31.12. Corruption, the whole mass of c. in man, &c., Pr.17.r2; af. in honour, to a stone 27; of heaven, to a fig falling, Is.34.4;
Affliction, ns, one in a. and not able to es- to a body, Ro.7.23. in a sling, 26. 8; a .f. returning to his folly, heaven and the h. thereof, to a scroll
cape, nor patiently submit, to a wild bull Counsel in a man's heart, to deep waters, to a dog to hls vomit, rr. rolled, ib.
in a net, Is.51.20; time of a. to a cloudy Pr.20.5. Folly, to darkness, Ec.2.13; to a dead fly, House, Jerol,oam's h. to dung, 1 Ki.14-10.
day, Eze.34.12; a. to waves of the sea, Countenance, angry, against a backbiting IO.I. Hypocntes, to grass or green herbs, Job
Ps.42.7. tongue, to the north wind driving away Forgotten, one .f. to a dead man, Ps. 31. 8.12,16; to a rush, 1r,13; to a whited
"-.mazed, one a. in calamity, to one drunken, rain, Pr.25.23. 12. sepulchre, 11:at. 23. 27; his hope, to a
Job 12.25. Cruel and unnatural, to an ostrich, La.4.3. Forsaken, one.f. to a pelican in the wilder- spider's web, Job8.14.
Apostates from God, to a deceitful bow, Curse that is causeless. to a bird wander- ness, Ps. ro2.6,
Ps.78.57; Ho.7.16. ing, Pr.26.2. Friend, the countenance of a f. to iron
Apostle, les, of Christ, to an ambassador, sharpening iron, Pr.27.17. I.
2 Co.5.20; to light, Mat.6.22; toa nurse,
l Th.2.7,
D. Idols, to a palm-tree, Je.Io.5; idolaters, to
adulteresses and their paramours, E.ze.
Army, an a. of enemies, to a storm, Eze. Danger, to a snare or gin, Job 18.8,9. G. 23.20,45; idolatry, to scum, 24.11.
38.9,16. David, to an angel, 2 ~a. 14.7; 1 Sa.29.9; Gad, the tribe of G. to a lion, De.33.20,22. Jealousy, God's). to fire burmng, Ps.79.5;
in trouble, to locusts, Ps. 109.23; his es- Glory, the g. of Joseph, to the firstling of 83. 14; to the grave, and the coals thereof,
B. tablishment, to the moon, 89.37; his seed a bullock, De.33. 17. to a vehement flame, Ca.8.6.
on the throne, to the sun, 36; to an owl Glorious, God" s g. appearing, to bright- Jerusalem, to a fruitful plant, Eze.19.10;
&bylon, to a thrashing-floor, Je.51.33. in the desert, 102.6. ness, Hab.3-4- to a pot seething, Je.r.13; Eze.24.3; to a
Beauty, of the drunkards of Ephraim, to a Days, man'sd. tosmokevanishing,Ps.102. God, to a man astonished, Je.14.9; to a vapour, Is.4- 14.
flower, Is.28.1; man's b. to hasty fruit, 4; 3. husbandman, Job 15.r; to a shepherd, Is. Incurable, to a breach of waters, La.2.13.
to a. moth, Ps.39.11; in a foolish woman, Dead, death, their state, to darkness, Ps. 31. 10; Eze.34- 12-23; to a mighty man, Iniquity, to a breach swelling in a wall, Is.
to a jewel in a swine's snout, Pr. 1r.22. 143.3; desire of d.in calamity, to treasure Is.42.13; to a potter, Ro.9.21; to a sha- 30. 13; to a heavy burden, Job 38.4; to
Beloved, one dearly b. to the soul of a man, hid, Job 3.21. dow, Is.25.4; to a sanctuary, Eze.Ir.16; wind, Is.64.6.
I Sa.18.r. Deceiver, a d. to a madman casting fire- about his people, to mountains about Instruction, to rain, De.32.2.
Boasting, one b. in a false gift, to clouds brands, Pr. 26. 19; to a broken staff or Jerusalem, Ps. 125. r; in his love to his Instruments of judgment, to an axe, Is. ro.
without rain, Pr. 25. 14. reed, Is.36.6. people, to a mother's love, Is.49. 15; de- 15; Mat.3.ro.
Body, ies, our b. to clay, Job 13.12; ro.9. Desolation of a place, to a field ploughed, fending his people, to birds flying, 31.5; Israel, the tents of I. to a garden by the
Bones, of the dead, to chips scattered, Ps. Je.26.18. rejoicing over his people, to a bridegroom, river's side, Nu.24.6; to a lion, 23.24; 24.
141.1, Desperate, speeches of one d. to wind, Job 62.5; seeming to negle,;t his people, to 9; to a home-born slaYe, Je.2.14; smitten
Brethren, in unity, to precious ointment, 6.20. a wayfaring man, Te.14.8; against his of the Lord, to a reed sbaken, I Ki. 14.
Ps.133.r. Destruction, sudden d. to a wall sliding, people, to a moth, flo.5.12; to a lion in 15.
Builder, to a hearer of the word, Mat.7.24 Ps.62.3; to a tottering fence, ib. secret places, La.3.ro; forsaking Judah, Instability, to water, Gc.49.4.
27; Lu.6.48,49. Devil, to a lion, I Pe.5.8; to a strong man, to a lion forsaking his covert, Je.25.38; Judge, unjust, to a whitea wall, Ac.23.3.
Mat.12.29; to·awayfaring man, 2 Sa.12. in his displeasure, to a leopard or lion, Judgment, God'sj. to a great deep, Ps.36.
C. 4- Ho.13.7,8; to a moth, Is.51.8; his dis- 6; to hemlock, Ho. 10.4; measured, to a
Devices, d. of the wicked, to a net spread, pleasure, to a bridle, 30. 28; in displeas- line, 2 Ki. 21. 13; unjust j. to ~all, Am.
Calamity, to a gloomy day, Joel 2.2. Ps.140.5; to ploughing, Job4.8. ure, to a bear lying in wait, La.2.10; in 6.12; the day of God's j. to a hon, 5.18;
Certainty, to seal or sew up, Job 1.~.• 17. Devour, one disposed to d. to a wolf. Ge. wrath, to a IY,ar robbed, &c., Ho. 13.8; God's i. to fire, Je.15.14.
Charity, a professor without c. to sounding 49.27. unreconciled, to an adversary, Mat.5.25;
brass, I Co.13.1. Disciples. Christ'sd. to lambs, Lu.ro.3; to his vengeance, to clothing, Is.59.17; his
Chastisements of God in love, to a father's salt, Mat.5.r3; to sheep, 10.6; Jn.10.3, zeal for his, to a cloak, ib.; his wav in K.
corrections, De.8.5; Mat.3.17. 8-16,27. finding out sin, to searching with candles, Kings, a good k. to tender grass SjXing..
Children, to arrows, Ps. 127. 4; to olive Doctrine of Christ, to a shaft polished, Is. Zep. 1. 12; appearing in mercy, tb the ing, 2 Sa. 23. 4; to light of the morning
plants, 128.3; to plants growing, 144.12. 49.2; to a sword, ib.; false d. to leaven, morning, Ho.6.3; his voice, to a noise of without a c1oud, ib.; a k. heart, to rivers
~hrist, toan apple-tree, Ca.2.3; to a bride- Mat.16.8. many waters, Eze.43.2. of water, Pr. 21. I; a k. favour, to dew
groom, Mat.9.15; to a bishop, 1 Pe.2.25; Drunkard, to one sleeping on the top of a Godly, tempted hy the wicked, to a bird falling, 19. 12; a proud k. to death never
to a cluster of camphire, Ca.r.14; to a mast in the midst of the sea, Pr. 23. 34. fleeing, Ps.11.1; escaping out of danger, satisfied, Hab.2.5; a wicked k. to an idol
corn dying, Jn.12.24; to a corner-stone, Dwelling, safe d. to a nest in a rock, Nu. to a bird escaping out of a snare, 24. 7; broken, Je.22.28; a k. cut off, to foam
Lu. 20. 17, 18; to a lamb, Re. 5. 6, 13; a 14.21,. coming out of trouble, to silver tried, 66. upon the waters, Ho. 10.7.
lamb to the slaughter, Is.53.7; to a light, 10; to fruitful ground, He.6.7; to willows Kingdom, to a lioness, Eze.19.2,5: a .i.
Jn.r.5,7,9; toalion,Re-5-5; toabundlc E. by the waters, Is.44.4; being exalted, to weakened, to an arm broken, 30.21; a k.
of myrrh, Ca. 1.13; to a physician, Lu. the horn of a unicorn, Ps.92.10; in God's OYerthrown, to a strong staff broken, Je.
5.17; to a plant growing, Is.53.2; to a Ear:th made barren, to iron, De. 28. 23. house, to a green olive, 52.8. 48.17.
purifier, Mal.3.4; to a root out of a dry Elect, to sheep, Mat.25.33; to wheat, Lu. Goodliness of all flesh, to a flower, Is.40.6. Knowledge, )ips of k. to precious jewels,
place, Is.53.2; to pillars of smoke, Ca.3. 3.17. Pr.20.15; abundance of k. to waters cov-
6; toa vine,Jn.15.r,5; his beauty, to dove's Enemy, to a flood, Is.59.19; Je.46.7,8; ~o ering the sea, l-Iab.2.14-
eyes, Ca.1.14; his coming, to a thief's a storm, Eze.38.9, 16; a fainting e. to the H.
coming, I Pe.3.ro; his name, to the sav- heart cf woman in pangs, Je.48.41; 49. Hand of the Lord, to a flood of mighty
our of good ointments, Ca. r. 3; Christ 22; the e. wasting Israel, to glean as a waters, Is.28.2. L.
and his hearers, to a hen and chickens, vine, 6.9; the nois~ of an e. to the roaring Harlot, her lips, to the honey-comb, Pr.5. Land, a /. flourishing, to a fair heifer, J e.
Mat.23.37. of the sea, 23. 3; her flattering, to a dart at the heart, 46.20.
Church, to a body, 1 Co.12.12; to a bride-- Enemies, to eagles flying, Je.48.40; 49.22; 7.23; one enticed by her, to a fool going Laughter of fools, to crackling of thorns
chamber, 1'.fat.9.15; to a city, Ps.122.3; La.4.19; Da.8.r; to fanners fanning, Je. to the stocks, 22; her end, to a s\vord and in a fire, Ec.7.8.
to a dove, Ca.2.14; to a floor, Lu.3.17; 5r.3; to tow, Is.43.17; to fishers fishing, to wormwood, 5.4,6,26. Law,God's l. to a glass, Ja.2.23; to a sign.
to horses, Ca. r.9; to husbandry, 1 Co.3. Te. 16. 16; to wolves, 1Iat. ro. 16; of the Heart, to adamant, Zec.7.12; afflicted, to De.6.8; 11.18.
9; to a lily among thon1s, Ca.2.2; to a l.ord, to fat of lambs, Ps.37.20; of the wax, Ps.22.14; faint h. to a woman, Jc. Life, man's /. or time, to the days of an
pleasant plant, Is.5.7; a tender plant, 53. Lord's people, to dragons, Je.51.34; Eze. 51.30; of a man to man, to face answer- hireling, Job7.1,2; to a cloud, 9; to an
2; to a sheepfold, Jn,ro.2; to a vineyard, 29.3; to eagles, De. 28. 40; approaching ing face in water, Pr.27.19; of a man, to eagle flymg, 9.26; to grass flourishing,
Is.5.1; Ps.29.6; to a virgin mourning for with violence, to bees, Ps.118.12; their an oven,Ho.7.6,7; oftheproud,togrease, Ps.90.5; 102.4,11; 103.15; to a hand's
her first husband, Joel 1. 8; to a wine- flattering words, to butter, Is.55.21; in Ps.119.70; a valiant h. to a lion, 2Sa.17. breadth, 39.5; to a pilgrimage, Ge.47.19;
press trodden, La. r. r 5 ; to a camel y multitude, to caterpillars, Je.51.14,27; to 10; a wicked h. to a potsherd covered to a post, Job 9.25; to a shadow, 14.2; to
woman, Ca.r.8; Te.6.2; Eze.6.7,14; the dew falling, 2 Sa.17.12; boasting against with silver dross, Pr.26.23; of a people a swift ship, 9.26; to sleep, Ps.90.5; to a
church considerea as apostate, to a har- the church, to dream of eating and drink- overcome, to water, Jos.7.5; he that sing- tale told, 9; towind,Job 7.7; toa weaver's
lot, 23.5, 17-26,35; to a treacherous wife, ing, and yet remain hungry, Is.29.8; over- eth songs to a heavy h. to one that taketh shuttle, 6; Is.38.12.
Je. 3. 20; to a whore, Eze. 16. 28; left in thrown, to dust, 41.2, away a garment in cold weather, Pr.25. Light of heaven, to a garment, Ps.104.2.
affiiction, to a wife of youth refused, Is. Ephraim, glory of, to a bird fleeing, Ho.9. 20. Lion, a /. roaring, to a king's wrath, Pr.I.
54.6; to a woman in travail, 26. 17; Te.4. 11; to an heifer, 10.11; toabullock,Je.31. Heaven, ns, to a curtain, ls.20.22; Ps.r~. 12,
31; in her comeliness, to tents of Kedar 18. 2; to a gamer, Lu.3.17; decaying, to old Lord, to streams of broad rivers, Is.33.24;
and curtains of Solomon,Ca.r.5; without garments, Ps. 102.26. comforting his people, to dew falling, 18.
comfort, to a garden withoui water; Is. 1. F. Heaviness, to a stone, Ex. 15.7. 4; hastening to destroy the wicked, to a
30; impoverished, to a vessel empty, Je. Face, the.f. hardened for God, to flint, Is. Heresy, to a gangrene, 2 Ti.2. 17. woman in travail, 42.14
51.34; left desolate, to an oak without a 50.7. Heritage. God's Ii. to a speckled bird, Je. Loss, irrecoverable I. to water spilt, 2 Sa.
'eat, Is.1.30, Faith, to a shield, Ep.6.16. 12.9♦ 14,14-
11(}
SIMILES CONTAINED IN THE SCRIPTURES.
Peace of God's people, to a river, Is.58.18; down before the wicked, to a spring cor-
to bands, Ho.rr.4; God's l. to dew,
1,ove~. t 0 a father's, Nu.11.12; De.1.31; 66.6. rupted, Pr.25.26. w.
14. .,, People, a p. base, to dross, Eze.2r. 18; a Righteousness, man's r. to filthy rags, Is. Waiting on the Lord, to servants waiting.
Ps.103,13; Pr.3.12. p. under God's displeasure, to metal in a 64.6; a good man's r. to light, Ps.37.6; Ps.123.2.
M. furnace, 22,18,20,22; a p. in distress, to to the noon-day, ib.; springing forth, to Ways. distasteful, to sour drink, Ho,4,18;
a woman in travail, Ho.13.13; J\.Ii.4.10; the earth bringing forth, Is.6r. II; of Zion, of a rebellious people, to a menstruous
?,hjesty, God's dreadful m. to fire devour- a p. destroyed, to heaps cast up, Je.50. to brightness going forth, 62. r. woman, Eze.36. 17; our own w. in God's
1
26; ap. heartless, to a dove, Ho.7.II; of Ruler, a godly r. to rain, Job 29. 23; a service, to swme's flesh, Is.66.3.
he· w7,:cked to poison of serpents,
in~ • Exf.t24 Israel, to figs, Je.24.2,5,9; 29.17; Ho.9. wicked r. to a bear ranging, Pr.28. 15. \\r eak, that which is w. to straw, rotten
Maliceo ' · 10; to fuel, 7. 12; a p. idolatrous, to a wood, an El stubble, Job 41. 27, 28; to water.
Ps,5<;>/to ashes, Ge.18.27; to grass, r girdle rotten, J e. 3. 10; a p. of small power, Eze.7.17; 2r.7,
Mt;•1_; ; to a worm, Job25.6; M1.7.17; to grass, 2 Ki.r9.26; ap. pre.served, to a s. Welfare passing away, to a cloud,Job30.15.
4 brand plucked out of the fire, Am+ II; Sacrifice of a rebellious people, to bread of Whore, to a deep pit, Pr.23.27; to a rob-
d bodv, to dung, Je.9.22, Zep.r.17,
~!fn m. tO an ass's colt, Job n.12; _a con- ap. under God's punishment, to a vessel mourners, Ho.9.4. ber, 28.
(ble m. to a bramble, Ju.9.15, am. broken, Is. 30. 14; a p. rebellious, to a Salvation, to a bridegroom and bride adorn- Wicked, to ashes, Mal.4.3; to chaff, Ps.r.
~=~fn~ his place, to a _bird wandering heifer backsliding, Ho. 4. 16; a p. scat- ed, Is. 5. IO. 4i to dew, Ho.13.3; to dirt, Ps.18.42; to
from her nest, Pr.27.8; m honour, to a tered, to sheep scattered, Je.50.17; ap. Senselessness, to a stone, I Sa.25.37. a dog, 52.6; to dross, II9.II9; to ground
beast, p 5 _49 _12,20; without understand- spoiled, to a fig-tree barked, Joel r.7; a Sin, to cart-ropes, to cords, Is. 5. 18; to bringing forth thorns and briars, He.6.
. u to a beast, 73.22; a godly man, to a p. straying, to sheep lost, Je. 50. 6; a p . scarlet and crimson, 1. 18; a greater s. to 8; to a garment moth-eaten, Je.50.9; to
:i::~ planted, r.3; enduring and be_ttered
b afflictions, to gold, Job 23. IO, to a
wicked, to kine, Arn+ 1; a p. wanton, to
a fat heifer, Je. 50. II; God's p. to the
a beam, a lesser to a mote, Mat.7.3; blot-
ted out, to a thick cloud, Is. 44. 2; put
a lion in his den, Ps. IO. 9; 17. 12; to
lions, Te.5r.38; Ps.22.12_; to the sea trou...
b;,.nch flourishing, Pr.11.28; an ungodly apple of an eye, De.32.12; to a bird trem- a\vay, to e:ist from west, Ps.103.12; par- bled, Is.57.20; to scorpions, Eze.2.6; to
words, to burning fire, 16.27; an un- bling, Ho.1r.11; to corner-stones polish- doned, to snow and wool, Is. I. 18; Ps. 51. stubble,Joh21.18; Ps.83.13; Ex.15.7; Is.
111
fajthful m. to a broken tooth, or a foot ed, Ps.144-12; to doves flying to thewin- 7. 41.2; Nu.I.10; to thorns, 2Sa.23.6,7; Is.
out of joint, 25. 19; a siothful m. to a dows, Is.60.8; to doves' wings, Ps.68.13; Sien, her prosperity to grass flourishing, 93.12; to bulls, Ps.22.12; to wax, 68.2;
thorn hedge, 15.19; frail m. to a le:if, to a dromedary, Je.2.23; to gold, La.4, Ps.72.16; her salvation to a lamp, Is.62. the w. devising evil, to digging earth, Pr.
fob 13. 25 ; Is.64.6; an innocent m. to a r,2; to grapes, l--lo.9.10; to a hearth of I. 16.27; Je.18.20,22; their sacrifices, to a
1amb, Je.10.19; a laborious m. ~o the ant, fire, Zec.12.6; to a horse led, Is.63.13; Sky, to a molten looking-glass, Job 37. 18. dog's liead cut off, Is. 66. 3; consuming
Pr.6.6; g?odness, to a morning cloud. to a lion,Je.12.8; Mi,5.18; to sheep, Ps. Skin, through famine, to an O\'en black, God's people, to eating bread, Ps.14.4;
Ho.6.4; m misery, to dust _and ashes, 44.u,12; rr9.r76; God'sp.amongothers, La,5,IO. in the dav of wrath, to fuel in the fire,
Job 30.19; a slothful m. on his bed, to a to showers on grass, Mi.5.7; delivered, Slip, one ready to slip, to a lamp despised, Is. 9. 19; ·E,e. 15. 6; to grass, Ps. 37. 2;
door turning upon hinges, Pr.26. ?4_; a to a brand plucked out of the fire, Zee. Job12.5. flourishing, to a green bay-tree, 25; to
righteous m. fall~ng down before the wick- 3.2; fallen from him, to an empty vine, Smallness, to dust, Da. 5. 21; 2 Sa. 22. 43; grass flourishing, 92.7; 129.6; their vio-
ed, 10 a founta1_n troubled, 25.26; a '?'l· Ho.10. 1; in his favour, to com growing, Ps. 18. 12; of stature, to grasshoppers, lence, to a garment, 73.6; their desire, to
praised, to a fmmg pot, 27.21;. a deceit- ,4. 7; to a cloud flying, Is.60.8; forgetting Nu.13.23. the graYe, Pr.1.12; licking dust, to a ser-
ful ,n. to a fox, Lu.13.32; a nch m. to God, to a bride not forgetting her orna- Smell of Jacob, to a field, Ge.27.27. pent, llfi.7.17; their doings, to mire, Is.
grass flourishing, Is. 1. 10, I 1. ments, Je.2.32; mixed with idolaters, to Sorrow, passionates. to a bear roaring, Is. 57.20; their hope, to a puff; Job u.20; re-
1Ien, base m. to earth, Job30.8; cruel_ m. a cake not turned, Ho. 7. 8. 59.r1: of the godly, to a crane's noise, mm·ed from their confidence, to grapes
to !ions, Ps.57.4; evil m. to fire burnmg, Persecution, to make furrows, Ps. 129. 3. 38.r4. shaken, 15.33; their anguish, to a king
Js.65.5; disobedient m. to blind, De.28. Person contemptible, to a dead dog, I Sa. Speaking, familiarly, face to face, Ex. 33. ready to battle, 24; their teeth, to arrows,
29; unreformed, to a bullock, Je.31.18; 24.14; 2Sa.9.8; a vile p. to a beast, Jn. 11; unseasonably, to an ox lowing oYer Ps.57.4; their speeches, to p<>ison, 140.3;
covetous great m. to briers, Mi.7.4; to 15.8. provender, Job6.5. theirprosperity,tolight, Job18.5,6; their
an hedge of thorns, ib.; in distress, to Perpetuity, to days of heaven, De. 12.21. Spirit, an afflicted s. to a bottle in the cursing, to oil, Ps.109.18'; their destruc-
blind, L.ep. 1. 17; cruel m. their jaw teeth, Pleasure, spiritualp. to marrow, Ps.63.5. smoke, Ps. 119. 83; a base s. to an ass, tion, to a potter's vessel broken, 2.9; Je.
to kni\·es, Pr.3.14; ensnared, to fishes. Plenty, to dust, Job22.24; Ps.78.27; Zee. Ge.49.14; the Holy S. to a dove, Lu.3. 19.1I; to a candle put out, Job21.17,18;
Hab. r. 14; in God's hand, to clay, Je. 18. 9.3; to stone, Job22.24. 22; an unruly s. to a city broken down, God casting them away, to a stone cast
6; following their own course, to a horse Post~rity, Abral'iarn'sp. to dust, Ge.r3.16; Pr.25.28. out of a sling, 1~a.25.29; their devices, to
rushing into the battle, 8. 6. to sand, 22.17; 32.12; to stars, 21.17; 26. Statutes, God's s. to gold, Ps.19.20. a snare, Ps. r40. 5; their violent taking
Members, Christ's m. to branches, Jn.,5.5. 4; of the wicked, to a chain compassing, Store, man's s. to clay, Job27.16. away, to a storm, Job 28.20,21; in their
11ercy, God's m. to heaven's height, Ps. Ps.73.6. Strength, dried up, to a potsherd, Ps.22.15; death, to sheep dead in a pit, Ps.49. 14;
103.11. Power, weak p. to corn blasted, 2 Ki. r9.6; renewed, to eagles, ro3. 5. perishing, to smoke vanishing, 68.2; to a
~lessenger, that is faithful, to snow in har- Is.7.27; God'sp. to eagle's wings, Ex.19. Strife, to fire, Pr.16.20; the beginning of s. dream,Job20.8; todung,7; their miseries,
vest, Pr.25.15; that is slow, to vinegar to 4; De.32.u; to an east wind, Je.18.17; to waters let out, 17.14. to slippery ways in the dark, Je.23.12;
the teeth, 10. 26. God's p. to destroy, to a rod of iron, Ps. Suffer, an innocent brought to s. to an ox quenched, to thorns in fire, Ps. 118. 12;
Minister, s, Christ's m. to an angel, Re.2. 2.9; to a whirlwind, 58.9; Fr.1.27; Js.40. led to slaughter, Je.11.19. ' easily cut off, to ears of corn, Job24.24;
1; to a light, Mat.5.14; to stars, Pr.2.r; ~4; 66.15; le:23.9; 30.23; God's restrain- Subtilty, to a snare, Ho.5.1. in their strength, to tow, Is.1.31; their
Da.12.3; to watchmen, Eze.33.7; a care- mg p. to a bndle, Is.37.29. Sun, to a bridegroom, Ps. 19. 5. way, to darkness, Pr.4.19; their devices,
ful 111. to a nurse, :r Th.2.7. Prayer, hands lifted up inp. to the evening Suretiship, to a snare, Pr.6.2; a man en... to a morning cloud, Is.33.11; to cords,
~Iisery, one in great m. to a mark shot at, sacrifice, Ps.141.2. tered into it, to a bird in the hand of a Ps.140.5; their violence, to waters break-
Job7,_20; one delivered out of m. to the Priests, murdering p. to a robber lying in fowler, 5; to a roe running from the ing out, Job 30.14; Ps.124.5; their power
mornmg, 12. 17 ; Is. 58. 8, IO; past, to wait, Ho.6.9. hunter, ib. spent, to waters running away, 58.7; a-
waters passing away, Job 1r. 16. Princes, to matter, Is. 1.25. gainst the godly, to a whirlwind, Hab.3.
Moisture, wanting in man, to drought in Prophets, false p. to a lion roaring on his T. 14; to a wheel, Ps.83.13.
summer, Ps.32.4. prey, Ezr.2.15; to a snare, Ho.q.8. Wife, a man's w. to a ewe-lamb, 2 Sa. 12.3;
1!onarch, a mighty m. to a cedar, Eze. 3r. Prosperity, the time of p. to the noon-day, Teachers, true t. to a candle, Mat.5.r5; to a fruitful w. to a fruitful vine, Ps. 128.3.
3; 2 Ki. 19. 9. Job 11.17; of the wicked, to a.spark or salt, 13; false t. to chaff, Je. 23. 28; to Wine, to a serpent biting, Pr.23.32.
Mourning, to a dragon's w,iiling, 1fi.r.8. candle, 18.5,6. clouds carried with tempest, 2 Pe. 2. 17; Wise teachers, to the bright firmament,
Mountains moving, to a calf skipping, Ps. Protection, God's p. to a helmet of salva- to clouds without water.Jude 12; to foxes, Da.12.3; pathsofthew. to light, Pr,4,18.
29.6. tion, Is. 59. x7; to a quiver, 49. 2; to a Ca.2.15; to shepherds, Je.50.6; to wan- \Visdom, the well-spring of w. to a brook
Moving, not m. to a stone, Ex. 15. r5. shield, Ps.5.12; 3.3; Ge.15.r; to a wall, dering stars, Jude 13; to trees without flowing, Pr. 18.4; knowledge of w. to a
Mouth, them. to a fountain, Ja.3.10,u. Zec.2.5. fruit, 12; to waves of the sea, 13; to wells honey-comb, 24. r3; to light, .Ec.2. 3; God's
Multitude, to dust, Is.29.5; to grasshop- Proud, to hell, Hab. 2. 5. without water, 2 Pe.2. 17. w. to light going forth, Ho.6.5; to rubies,
pers,Ju.7.12;Je.46.23; to grass, Job 5. 15. Providing, God's p. for his people, to meat, Terrors, to waters, Job27.20; Ps.88.I7. Pr.3.15.
Ho.II,4, Thoughts, God's t. to the heavens high, Witness, false w. to a mantle, Pr. 25.,18;
Punish, God's means top. to fish-hooks, Is.55.9; man's t. to a shadow, Job r7.7. to a sword, ib.
N. Am.4.2. Time past, to a watch in the night, Ps.90+ Woman, a virtuous w. to the price oi
News, good n. from far, to cold water to a Punishment, instruments of p. to a saw Troubles, to snares, Job22.10; man born rubies, Pr.31.10; to a ship, 14; a wicked
thirsty soul, Pr.25.25. and staff in a man's hand, Is. 10. 15. tot. to sparks flying upward, 5.7. w. shaming her husband, to rottenness
Nations, a strong n. to a hammer, Je.50. Purpose, God's p. to punish, to a bow Tongue, a lying t. to a bow bent, Je.9.3; in the bones, 12.4; a contentious w. ,o
23; before God, to olust, Is.40.15; to a bent, La.2. r2. to fire, ls.3.6; a slandering t. to a razor, wind not to be hid, 27.16.
drop of a bucket, 17; to a grasshopper, 22. Ps.52.2; t. and teeth of the wicked, to Word, ds, God's w. to rain, Is.55.ro,u;
R spears, arrows, and swords, 57.4; 64.3; to fire, Je.23.29; 5.I4; 20.9; to snow, Is.
to a serpent's t. 140.3. 55. 10, 11; to silver tried, Ps. 12.6; to a
o. Rain, to dust, De.28.I4, Trusting, one t. in man, to the heath in sword, Ep.6.17; to a honey-comb, Ps.19.
Obstinate sinners, to an adder, Ps.58.4: to Recovery, help for r. to a roller, Eze.3.21. the desert, Je.17.6; one t. in God, to a 10; 119.103; to a hammer, Je.23.19; to
brass, Jc. 6. 28; to a backsliding heifer, Regard, one not worth r. to a flea, 1 Sa. tree planted, 7,8. light shining, 2 Pe. 1. 19; God's w. con-
Ho.4-x6; to iron sinew, Is.48.4; to lees 24.14; 26.20. Trying, God t. to refining as silver, Zee. cealed, to fire, Je.20.9; of the mouth, to
settled, Zep. r. 12, Religious, those truly r. to a garden water- I3.9, wind.Job 8.2; of a tale-bearer, to wounds,
Old and ripe for the grave, to a shock of ed, Is.58.11. Ps.26.22; bitter w. to arrows, 64.3; of a
corn, Job 5. 26.
Oppressing a poor man, to rain sweeping,
Remembrance, God's r. of his, to grave in
the palm of the hand, Is.42. 16.
u. secret enemy, to drawn swords, 55. 21;
pleasant w. to the honey-comb, Pr.16.24;
l'r.28.3. Reproach, to a sword in the bones, Ps.42. Uncomfortable state, to darkness without of the wise, to nails, Ee.12.11; to goads,
xo; Pr. 12.18. order, Job9.22. ib.
P. Reprobates, to goats, Mat.25.33. Undaunted, one u. to an adamant, Eze.3. Work of the wicked, to a spark, Is.r.31.
Reprover, a wise r. to an obedient ear, to 9; to lions' faces, 1 Ch.12.8; to a prince, Wrath, stirring up w. to churning butter,
Pains, taking, to breaking clods, Ho. xo. an ear-ring of gold, Pr.25.12. Job 3r.37. Pr. 30. 31; a fool's w. to a stone, 27. 3;
II. Riches, ill-gotten, to a partridge's eggs, Je. Understanding, of a man, to a bucket, Pr. Gods w. to fire, Nu.1.6; Am.5.6; to fir<1
!'arable, a p. in a fool's mouth, to one leg 17.11; vanishing, to an eagle flying to- 20.5; one without u. to a horse, Ps.32.9. burning, La.2.4; Ps.89.46; Je.21.12; to
shorter than another, Pr.26.7; to a thorn ward heaven, Pr.23.5; spiritual r. to great Unity of brethren, to dew descending, Ps. a lion roaring, Is.38.13; Je.4.7; 49.,9;
going into the hand of a drunkard, 29. spoils, Ps. n9. 162. 133, 3; to precious ointment, r. Ho.5.14; to an oven heated, Mal-4-1; Ps.
Patient enduring wrong, to deaf and dumb, Righteous,flourishing, to a cedar, Ps.92.12; Unnatural, to an ostrich, La.4.3. 21.9; to wind blowing, Is.40.23,24;Je.
':'s, 38.13,14 to a palm-tree flourishing, ib.; falling Voice, God's v. to roaring, Je.25.30. 51.1.
111
r
A COLLECTION OF SYNONYMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES USED IN THE SCIUPTURES.
Abase, ed, ing, to break the pride, Le.26.

19: cut off the arm, 1 Sa.2.31; defile the
horn, job 16. 15; be stripped of glory, 19.
I
1
Advice,give counsel, Ex. 18. 19; to consider,
Ju. 18.14; r Sa. 25. 17; see what one doth,
r Ki. 20. 22; consult, r Ch. 13. r; teach,
Appeal, decline, De.17.II.
Appease, ed, to quiet, Zec.6.8; Ps.I31.2;
pacify, Pr.21.I4; abate,Ju.8.3; assuage,
Eze.23.6; purer than snow, &c., La-4-7;
fair, Ge. 12. 11; Es. r. 11; well-favoured,
Da.1-4-
9; lay low, tread down, De.28.43; Job 40. make wise, Pr.r6.23; take heed, Ac.5.35. Job 16.5. Beautify, to deck, Is.?1.13; to adorn, Jc.
II,12; Ps.13.II; 18.27; Is.10.6; humble, Adultery, a trespass, :Nu.6.2; lewdness and Appoint, ed, command, Je.1.7; wrought, 31.4; to garmsh, 2 Ch.3.6.
De. 8. 16; Is.10.33; bring into contempt, folly, Ju.20.6; a fire that consumeth, Job 2 Co.5.5. Before, in presence, Lu.r.8; in sight, 1\fat.
3. 9; to nothing, 40. 25; embrace dung- 31. 12; uncleanness, Nu. 5. 19; filthiness, Approve, to favour, Pr.8.35; De.33,23; to 2.9; Ro.3.20.
hills, La. 4. 5: be of no repute, Phi. 2. 7; Eze.16.36; abomination, 22.rr. accept, Ec.9.7; to please, Job 2. w; to Beginning, principal part, Pr. I. 7; first,
become vile, La. 1. 11. Affect, Affected, Affections, bowels, Ge.43. consent to, Ro.7.16; to commend, Ec.8. Ex.12.1; at the first, Pr.20.21. _
Abhor, ed, est, ing, to stink, Ge.34-30; not 30; 1 Ki.3.26; the heart, 2Sa.r5.6; Ca.4. I5. Beguile, deceiYe, J e. 2. 5; defraud, 1 Th.
sme11, Le. 26. 36; unsavoury, 2 Sa. 22. 27; 9; esteemed, laid up, Job 23. 12; prefer, Apt, convenient, Ac.24.25; commodious, 4. 6; deal treacherously, Is. 41. 2; deal
to hate, Ps.139.22; dung on the face,Mal. Ps.137.6; to burn, 2Co.1r.29; Lu.24.32. 27.12; fit, I Ch.7.40; meet, Ge.2.18; pre- falsely, Je. 8. ro; deal subtly, 2 Ki.10.19;
2. 3; not named, Ep. 5. 3. Afflict, ed, Affliction, sorrow, Ex.3.7; Ge. pared, Ro. 9. 22. deal corruptlv, Ne.1.7.
Abide, ing, to sit, 2 Ki. 19. 27; lodge, Ps. 3.16; heaviness, 1 Pe. r.6; adversity, Ps. Armour, harness, Je.46.4; weapons, 2Ch. Behold, to see, Ge.45. 12; to lool.: t:~on,
91.1; pitch or dwell, Ge.13.12; 36.7; Ps. 94.13; chain, La.3.7; tribulation, Ep.3. 23.10; instruments of war, 1 Sa.8. 12. !2. II.
132.14; eat bread, Am.7.12. 13; Re.2.22; grief, Job 2.13; hedged in, Arrogancy, loving pre-eminence, 3 Jn. 9; Believe, to embrace, He.11.13; to see him
Abject, base men of no name, Job 30.8; 3. 23; woundeth, 5. 18; cast down, 6.21; pride, Pr.8.13; Je.49.r_6; loftiness, 48. that is invisible, 27; to trust, Ps.2. 12; to
feeble, fallen, Zee. 12.8. 'bitterness, 9.18; witnesses (plagues), 10. 16; pomp, Eze.30.18; high looks, Ps.18. rest, 37. 7; to stand still, Ex. 14. 13; to
Ability, able, power of hand, Ge.39.29; full 17; cleave the reins, 16. 13; the rod of 27. take held, Is.56.4; 64.7; to be a son of
of power, Mi. 3. 8; sufficiency, 2 Co.3.5; God, 21.9; Eze.20.37; God's arrows, Ps. Artificer, workman, Ho.8.6; craftsman, 13. Abraham, Lu.19.9.
according to power, 13. 10. 38. 2; wine of astonishment, 60.3; lying 2; chapman, 2 Ch.9.14. Beloved, accepted, I Sa. 18. 5; in favour,
Abolish, ed, disannulled, Is. 28. 8; reject, among pots, 68.13; bread of tears, 80.5; Ascribe, sacrifice, Hab.1.16. 2. 26; soul loveth, Ca. 1. 7; man of the
frustra!e, Mat. 7. 9; destroy, 1 Co. 6. 13; made black, Ca. I.6; water of gall, poison, Ashamed, amazed, Is.13.8; blusb, Je.6.15; right hand, Ps. 80. I7; well pleased in,
vanish away, 13.8,10; broken down, Ep. Je.8.14; covered with ashes, La.3.16. Ezr.9.6; clothed with shame, Job 8. 22; Mat.3.17; precious in the eyes, Is.43.4;
2.14; blotting out, and taking out of the Affording, yielding, Mar-4-8. confounded, 6.20; Is.45.I7; Ps.35-4- a signet on the hand, Je. 27. 24; in the
way, Col.2.14; removing, He.12.27. Affright, ed, heart failed, Ge.42. 28; trem- Assembly, congregation, Pr. 5. 14; con- heart, 2Co.7.3.
Abomination, an unclean thing, Is. 64. 6; bled, I Sa. 28. 5; without courage, Jos.2. course, Ac.19.43; company, Nu. 16. 11; Benefit, gra.ce, I Co.w.32; a good work.
made vile, Na.3.6. 9, II; dismayed, Is. 21, 3; joints of the meeting, Is. 1.I3; the church, Ac.I4.27. 1fat. 26. IO.
Abortive, untimely birth, Job 3. 16; 1 Co. r 5. loins loosed, Da. 5. 6; rottenness in the Assent, to agree, Am.3.3; Ac.24.9; 15.I5; Benefit (to), to deal well with, Ge.32.9; do
8; Ec.3.8; one that dies in thewomb,Job bones, Hab. 3. 16. to speak with one mouth, 2 Ch. 18. 12. good to, Nu.10.29; do well to, Ps.49.rB.
10.18,19. Age, Aged, years of life, Ge.47.9; the days, Assign, to appoint, Nu-4-19. Benevolence, good-will, Da. 33. 6; readi-
Absent, not present, De.29.15; missing, I 35. 28; ancient, Job 12. 12; stricken in Assist, to aid, Ju.9.24; to help, Lu.5.7; ness of will, 2Co.8.rr.
Sa.20. 18; laid up, Col.1.5; taken from, I years, Jos.23. I; full of days, Je.6. II. Phi.4.3; to stand with, 2 Ti-4-16, 17. Bereave, take av,:ay, 2 Sa.4. 11; deprive,
Th.2.17. Agree, to be of one mind, Phi.4.2; Re.17. Assurance, assure, earnest, 2 Co.5.5; seal, Ge.27.45; rob, 2 Sa. I7.8.
Abstain, to be temperate, 1 Co.9.25. 13; Phi.2.2; 1 Co.1.10; of one heart, or Ep. 1. 13. Beseech, pray, 2 Co.5.20; entreat, Ex.8.8;
Abundance, dew of heaven and fatness of knit in soul, ISa.18.1; Ac-4-32; 2Co.I3. Assuredly, certainly, Jos.9.24; verily, 2 require, 2 Sa. 3. 13; intercede, Je. 7 16;
the earth, Ge.27.28; dip the foot in oil, II; to be at peace, ITh.5.13; to assent, Ki.4.14. Ne.2.4; I Ki.I9-4-
De. 33. 24; wash the steps with butter, Job 2 Ch. 18. 12; dwell together, Ps.133. 1. Assuage, appease, Es. 2. 1; Ac. 19. 35. Besiege, to pitch against, Je.52.4; ca•t a
29.6; full as, &c., Is. II.9; as a river, as Agreement, accord,, Ac. 1. 14; 2. r; atone- Astonied, Astonished, amazed, Ex. IS, 15; bank against, Is.37.33; ora mount, Eze.
waves of the sea,48.18; running over, Lu. ment, Ro. 5. rr; concord, 2 Co. 6. 15; confounded, AC. 2. 6; no spirit, r Ki. 10. 4-2;26.8,9.
6 38. friendship, Pr.22.24; fellowship and com- 5; wondered, Je-4-9. Dest, chief, Ac. I3. 50; 1 Co. I3. I3; excel-
Abuse, to mock, 1 Sa. 31. 4; Je. 38. 19; to munion, Ps.94.20; 2 Co.6.15. Astray, to forsake the right way, 2 Pe.2. lent, Phi.r.10; principal, Is.28.25; high..
know, Ju.19.25; sodomy, I Co.6.9. Aid, help, Ge. 2. 18; De. 33. 7; Job 31. 21; 15; towander,Je.14.10; towalkinpaths est, Ec.5.8.
Accept, Acceptable, &c., to have respect, He-4-I6; relief,Ac.I.29; strengthen one's of darkness, Pr. 2. 19. Bethink, bring back to the heart, 2 Ch.6.
Ge-4-4; find grace, 6.8; smell a sweet sav- hands, Ju.9.24; Ezr.6.22; succour, 2Sa. Attended, Attentive, gave ear, Job 29. 2I; 31; repent, Mat. 12. 41j come to one's
our,8.21; turn to ashes, Ps.20.3; be pleas- I8.3; 2Co.6.2; He.2.28. waited, 23; to hang on, Lu. I9. 48; set self, Lu.I5.17.
ed, 69.31; set forth as incense, directed, Aliant, en, a stranger, De. 14. 21; a for- the heart upon, Eze. 20. 4; to lay up Beware, take heed, He. 3. 12; be not de-
141.2; eat as pleasant, Ca.14.16; receive eigner, Ob.II; one afar off, Ac.2.39. words in the heart, Job 22.22. ceived, De.11.16; be cunning, Pr.19.25;
com,ort, Is. 57. 6; heard or had in re- Allow, ed, approve, Ps.49.13; consent, Ge. Ava,!, to help, Mar. 5. 26; to profit, Is.2. circumspect, Ep.5.15.
membrance, Ac. ro, 31; to have access, 34.15; know, Ro.7.15; to like, so ye love, I4; to be effectual, Ja. 5. 16. Bewail, grieve, Ru. 1. 13; lament, Ju. n.
Ro.5.2; to ascend up, Re.8-4- Am-4-5; choose, 2Sa.16.18. Avoid, go from, Ge.26.16; depart,Job28. 40; mourn, r Sa.16.2; hfat.2.16; sorrow,
Access, to have boldness, Ep.3.12; an en• Allure, to steal the heart, 2 Sa. 15.6; entice, 28; eschew, 1 Pe.3.11. 1 Co.5.2; Ja-4-9.
trance, 2 Pe. 1. 11. . Ex.22. r6; Ju. 16.5; draw away, Ac.20.30; Austere, cruel, Pr. 11. 17; hard, Mat. 25. Bewray, disclose, Is. 26. 21; discover,. Pr.
Accomplish, to establish, I Sa.2.23; nothing by persuasion, I Co.2.4; by flattery, Ps. 24; unreasonable, 2 Th.3.2. 25.9; to show, Mat.8.4; to tell, Nu.r4-
fall to the ground, 3.19; do all according, 5.9. Author, a father, Ge. 4. 20, 21; instructor, 14; reveal, Da.2.47.
25.30: confirm and perform, Is.44.26; Almighty, nothing too hard, Je.32.17,27; 22; ringleader, Ac.24-5. Birth, brought forth, Ex.28.Ioj from the
Phi.I.6; effect, Eze.12.23; fulfil, Da-4-33; can do all, Job 42. 2; all things possible, Authority, dominion, Mat.20.25; govern• bowels of the mother, ls.49.1.
Mat.5.18; speak, Hab.2.3; be done, Mar. Mat.I9.26. ment, Is. 22. 21; in the han,j, Ge. 16. 6; Bishop, overseer, Ac.20.21.
13.30. Alms (to give), stretch out the hand, Pr.31. hath the keys, Re.3.7; power, 2Th.3.9; Dishoprick, office or charge, Ac. 1.20.
Account, ed, reckoned, 2 Ki. 12. 15; Mat. 20; cast bread upon waters, Ec.11.1; to rule, 1 Co.15.24- Ditter, gall of asps, Job 20. I4; bread of
25- 19; sum, 2 Ki.22.4; required, Lu.12. disperse, Ps. 112.9; distribute, Ro. 12. 13; Aware (not), wist not, Ac. 23. 5; suddenly, mourners, Ho.9.4.
48; burden, Ga.6.5. -cmrmunicate, Ps.4. 15; to relieve, I Ti.5... . Ec.6.12. Blame, blot, Job 31.7; error, 2 Pe.3.17;
Accuse, witness against, r Sa. 12.3; to tell, IO. fault, Ge. 41. 9; offence, Ho. 5. I5; sm,
27.II; reprove, Job40.2; condemned, 8; Amazed, astonished, Mar. w.24; filled witli B. Mat.i2.31.
Blameless, not give occasion, &c., I Ti.
lay to charge, ask, Ps. 35. 1 r; prophesy wonder, Ac.3.w; affrighted, Mar.I6.5,6;
against, Je.26.II; find occasion, Da.6.5;
complain, Ac.25.7; signify crimes, 20.27;
terrified, Ps. 10. 18; marvelled, Ac. 2. 7_. Band, cord, Ps. 2. 3; chain, 68. 6; fetters,
See affrighted, astonished.
s+
Blaspheme, profane, Le.18.21; curse, Job
105.18; yoke, Te.2.20.
charge, Ro.8.33. Ambassador, a messenger, De. 2. 26; one Baptize, to wasb, Lu.u.38; He.9.10; to l.I3.
Acquit, ed, to be clear, Ge. 24. 8; answer sent, Job I3.16. dip, Jn.I3.26; Lu.16.24; Re.I9.13. Bless, ed, to be gracious, Ge. 43. 29; to
for, 30.33; hold guiltless, Ex.20.7; I Ki. Ambition, arrogancy, Is. 13. rr; loftiness, Barbarian, one of a strange language, Eze. deal well, Ex. 1.20; to make the face to
2.9; justify, 2C_h.6.23; delivered, Tab 28. Je.48.29. 3.6; one whose language is not known, shine upon, Nu.25.26; to satisfy with
7; Pr.14.25; bnng forth to hght, :M1.7.9; Amend, reform, Le.26.23; reFent, Re.2.5; Je.5. 15. favour, De. 33. 2; to load with benefits,
release, Jn.19.10; made free, Ro.8.2. 3.19; return, Ac.26.20. Bare (to make), uncover, Je.49.w; reveal, Ps.68.I9; beauty of the Lord to be upon,
Adopted, tion, called by another name, Amiable, lovely, sweet,2 Sa.I.23; desirable, Hab.3.9. 90.I7,
Ge.48.16; Is.56.6,7,8; a seed, Ga.3.29; Eze.23.6. Barren, empty, Ho.10.1: fruitless, Tude12; Blind, cannot see, Is.44. 18: vailed, 2 Co.
children, Je.2.19. Amiss, to sin, Le-4-2; to offend, Is.3.2; to Tit.2.I4; bring forth no fruit, i.u.8.I4; 3.15.
Adorn, ed, comely, Ca. I. 10; decked, Is. err, Ta.5.19. yieldeth not her strength, Ge. 4. 12; a Boast, to glory, 2 Co. II. r2; to magnify
61.ro; 63.I; Je.10.4; Eze.23.40; beauti- Angels, sons of God, Job 1.6; 38.7; hea- place of no seed, Nu.20.5; unprofitable, one's self, ls. 10. IS; to talk proudly, l
fied, Ezr.7.27; prepared, Re.21.2. venly host, 2Ch.18.t8j Lu.2.13; minister- Tit.3.9. Sa.2.3.
Advance, est, lift up the head, Ge.40.13; ing spirits, He. 1. 14. Base, a dog, 1 Sa. 17. 43; a dog's head, 2 Bold, face like flint, ls.50.7; as adamant,
to promote, Nu.22.17; to make high, De. Anger, wrath, Ex.32.10; Ge-4-5; displea- Sa.3.8; of no name, Job 30. 8; a broken Eze.3.9; confident, 1Jn.2.28; courage-
16.19; to exalt, 1 Sa. 2. 1; r Ki. 16. 2; set sure, Ps.2.5; choler, Da.8.7; fury, 3.19; idol, Je.22.28; of no account, rKi.10.21; ous, Am.2.16; not affn;;hted, Job 30.22;
among princes, Ps. 113.8; made the head, indignation, Na. 1. 6; rage, 2 Ki. 5. 12; lightly esteemed, 1 Sa.1.25; a servant of face not changed, Ee. 3. 1; not terrified,
I Sa.I5.I7; to be ruler, 2Sa.7.8,r8; set jealousy, Ps.79.5. servants, Ge. 9. 25; an abject, Ps. 35. 15; Phi.r.28; not ashamed, ls.50.7. .
up on high, 1 Ch.14.2; Job 5.II; to mag- Anguish, vexation, Ee. r. 14; grief, bitter- vile, Job 30. 8; a worm, Ps. 22. 6;. filth, Bonda.re, servant of servants. Ci~ 9.25; 1'1
nify, 7. 17; glory increased, Ps.49. 16; to ness of spirit,Ge.26.35; I Sa.25.31; strait- offscounng, 1 Co. 4. 11; dung, Phi. 3. 4; the hbouse of bondmen, De. ,·.8; Mi.6.4;
ride on high places, ls. 58. 14; preferred, ness, Ex.6.9; perplexity, Mi.7.4; pangs, contemptible, Mal. 2. 9; nothing, 2 Co. a yoke of iron upon the neck, De.28 48;
Da.6.3; set over, He.2.7. pain, Is.2.3; Ps.25.18. 12.II. in the iron furnace, 4. 20; neck under
Adversity, bitterness of soul, Job 21. 25; Apostasy, falling from the doctrine of Bastard, seed of the adulterer, Is. 57. 3; persecution, La.5.5; labour without rest,
affliction, 30. 27; burned witli heat, 30; grace,Ga.5.4; backsliding, Te.8.5; to turn children of whoredom, De.23.2; Ho.1.2; ib.
solitary, dark as night, 3; distress, Ge. aside, Ps. 125. 5; revolt, fs. 31. 6; draw 2.4; sons of an harlot, Ju. 11. 1. Bound, limit, TobI4-5; landmark, Ho.5.
35.3; 1 Ki.r.29; misery, Ju.ro.r6; Pr.3r. back, He. 10.38,39; denying Christ, 2 Pe. Beauty, Beautiful, pleasant, Ge.3.6; La.2. 10; border, Is. ro.14.
7; want, 6.n; evils, De.3r.r7; troubles, 2.r; denying the faith, ITi.5.8. 4; comely, Eze.16.14; 1Sa.16.18; goodly, Bright, clear, Ca.6.10; hurnished, Eze.L
Ps. 34. r7; calamity, De. 32. 35; sorrows, Apparently, face to face, I Co. I 3. 12; plainly, Ge.39.6; lovely, 2Sa.1.23; no spot or 7; shining, 2 Ch.2. 16; white, Le.13.2,+
Ps.107.39. Job16.19, blemish, Ca.4.7; 2Sa. I4.25; desirable, Burdensome, too heavy, Ex.18.18.
112
SYNO~YMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES "C"SED IN THE SCRIPTL'RES.
Complaint, quarrel, Col. 3. r3 (see the Dark, black, Is.50.3; binding, 2Sa.22.12; Disgrace, pour contempt upon, Ps.107.40;
C. marg.); meditation or grief, 1 Sa.r.16. gloomy, Job 10.22; cloud,36.32; obscure, cast filth on, Na.3.6; make contemptible,
. heavy affliction, Je.8.17; bonds Complete, whole, Ep.6.u; entire, Ja.1.4; Pr.20.20. Mal.2.9; get a blot, Pr.5.7.
t)la!?11Y• p;. _4; darkness, Je. 13. 16; filled, Col-4- 12. Dead, Death, silence, Ps. 94. 17; dwell in Disperse, scatter, Eze. 28. 12 ; not left to-
73
of death,6 . trouble, Ps.73.5; sorrow of Conceal, tell not, 2Sa. 1.29; keep the doors dust, Is. 26. 19; latter end, De. 32. 29; gether, 1 Sa.11.11.
grief, Eps. .z, 13 . desolation, Is. ro. 3; of thy mouth, Mi.7.5. change,Job14.14; king of terrors, 18.14; Displeased, evil in the eyes, Pr.24.18; Nu.
heart, r. r9. ' Concluded, to be under, Ro.3.9. land of forgetfulness, Ps. 88. 12. 22. 34; countenance altered, Ge. 31. 5;
Jlliser)', Ps.d57~~t the band, Is.65.2; take Concord, agreement, 2 Co.6. 16; onemouth, Deceitful, unfaithful, Pr.25.19. angry, 1 Ki.20.43.
CaJled, sprea Ro. 15. 6; one heart, Ac. 4. 32; one con- Deceive, Deceit. deal falsely, Ge. 21. 23; Distress, disquiet,Je.50.34; to straiten, Is.
out, Ac. :i-5· :td wanton, Ps.68.30. sent or shoulder, Zep. 3. 9; unity, Ps. subtly, 27.35; to beguile, 29.25; put out 29.2.
Calves, rul e Pr ,s. 28; light, 4.18; torch, · 133. I. the eyes, Nu.16.14; to mock, Ju.16.10; Distribute, impart, Ro.12.8; communicate,
Candle, amp, . Condemn, to testify against, Job r5.6; ap- to flatter, Ps.5.9; to be a lie, 72.9; craft, He.13.16.
Ne._2.4. bOndman Ge. 44· 33; to serve point to die, Ps. 102.20; to refer to judg- Da.8.25; delude, 2Th.2.11. Drowsiness, sleeping, 1'-far.13.36; slothful,
eapuve. ' ment, 2 Pe.2.4. Declare, confess and shov,:, Ac.19.18; re- Pr.19.15; idleness, 31.27.
enem~:J~ 'i;" 55 _22 ; seek after, 142.4; Confer, to commune, Lu.24.15; to reason, veal, 1 Co.3.13; to lay before, Ex.19.7; to Dwell, abide, Ps. 15. 1; remain, Ge. 38. 11;
Caretak~ thought for, Mat.6.25,28; set heart Mat.21.25. open, Ps.49-4- lodge, Job 17.2.
. heart take no rest, Ee. Confess, acknowledge, Ps. 32. 5; witness, Decline, forsake, Pr-4-6; go astray, 7.25.
upan, 2 Sa. Is .3 ' Jn.-1.7; give thanks, Ps.18.49. Decree. appoint, Pr.8.29. E.
C:i~hise, train up, Pr.22.6; instruct, Lu. 1. C:onfidence, to trust, Phi.3.4; to boast, Ps. Defence, banner, Ge.17.15; an help, De.33.
. inform, Ac. 21.24; teach, 1 Co. 14. 19. 44.8; to make one's arm, Je.17.5. 7; a wall, 1 Sa.25. 16; a tower, &c., 2 Sa . Early, before day, Mar.1.35; about dawn-
ci~e, bole, Je., 3.4 ; Is.2.9; den, Ju.6.z; a Confound, put to shame, Ps.40. 14. 22.51; a-shield, Ps.91.4; a covert, Is.16. ing, Jos.6.15; betimes, 2Ch.36.5; at the
b !low place, Jos. ro. 16. . Conquer, to ride on high places of the 4; a refuge, 25.4; shadow of a rock, 32. voice of the bird, Ee. 12.4; rising of the
::SO to rest, 1 Sa.25.9; to be still, Ps. 4. earth, De.32.13; to tread down, Mi.5.8; 2; a sanctuary, 8. 14. morning, Ge.19.15.
Earnest, a pledge, Ge.38. 17, 18.
C . ~iet, 1 07.30; to forbea~. Ex.23.5; to to vanquish or overcome, Re.2.7,11,17, Defer, prolong, Eze.12.28; delay, Ex.32.1;
t' ;.i_e Ps.37.8; to interrmt, La.3.49. 26; to get victory, r5.2.
Conscience, our spirit, Ro.8.r6.
linger, Ge.19.16; 43.10.
Defile, ed, unclean, Le.15.4; profane, 20.3;
Ears, daughters of music, Ee. 12.4
Earth, dry land, Ge.2.5.9; God's footstool,
ce%5mon'ies, ordinances, Ex. 12. 17; ele..
ments, Ga-4- 3,9; manner, Nu.9.14- Consecrated, aew made, He. 10. 20; set polluted, La-4-14; to foul, Eze-4-r4. Is.66.1; habitable world, Ps.24.1.
Certain, doubtless, Nu. 14.30, amen, 2 Co: apart, Ex.r3.12; hallowed, Nu.3.13; de- Defy, reproach, 1 Ch.20.7; rail, r Sa.25.14; Ease, rest, Je.46. 27; Mat. II. 29; liberty,
. true, De. 10. 14; sure, Ne. 2. 23, voted, Le.27.21,28 . revile, Ex.22. 28. Ac.24.23; peace, Is.27.2; quietness, Ac.
1 Consider, to think, 2 Co. IO. 7; to weigh,
·.:~ut contradiction, He. 7. 7; immut• Degenerate, not keep the first estate, Jude 24-2.
:1e, 6.17; establish_ed, Ge.41.32 .. Job6.2; to ponder, Pr.24.12; to set the 6. Ease (to), to refresh or comfort, Toh 7. 13;
Champaign, the plam, Ge. 13. 10, open heart upon, Hag.1.5. Delay. See defer. take off the yoke, ls. 57. 9; undo heavy
valley, Eze.37.2. Constant, no otherwise minded, Ga.5.10; Delight, ful, rest, Is. 18.4; pleasant, or of burdens, 6.
Change, alter, Le.27. 10; reverse, Nu.23. strong, 2 Ti. 2. 1; established, He. 13. 9; desire, Am.5.11; to be desired, Ge.3.6; Ease (to be at), secure, careless, Ju. 18. 1'
20 . shaken, He. 12.27.
faithful to death, Re.2.10; to continue, 2 beloved, Ho.9. 16. Is.31.9.
Chapman, merchant, Re. rS. 3, II; buyer Ti.3. 14; to endure, He. 12.3. Deliver, to rid out, Ex. 6. 6; to redeem, 2 Edify, build, Jude 20; feed, Pr. 10. II, :.1 ·•
and seller, ls.24.2. , Consume. eat up, Je.22.22; bum up, Lu. Sa.4.9; to draw out, Ps. 18. 16; to loose minister grace, Ep.4-29.
Charge, burden, 2 Co. 12. r6; lay to ones 5.4; swallow up, Ps.21.9; devour, Is.9. the bonds, II6. 16; to enlarge, II8.4; give Eldest, beginning of strength, De. 21. 17;
charge, Ps. 53. rr. 12. rest from, ls.14.3; plucked out, Am-4-rr. Ge.49.3; chief, Ps.105.36.
Chaste, not defiled, Re. 14- 4; possesseth Contemn, despise, Mat.6.24; puff at, Ps. Delusions, devices, Is.66.4. Elected, severed, Le.20.26; chosen, De.7.
his vessel in sanctification, 1 Th.4.4. 10.5; Job12.21; cast behind, Ps. 50. 17; Deny, withhold, Pr.30.7,9; refuse, Nu.22. 6,7; set apart, Ps.4.3; written in heaven,
(hasten, to afflict, Is.53.4; to correct, Je. lightly esteem, De.32.15; seem vile, 25.3. 14- He.12.23.
Contend, to fall out, Ge.45.24; to chide, Depart, fall away, 2 Th.2.3; revolt, Is.59. Eloquent, a man of words, Ex-4- 10; speak
cfi~:,;,;.iness, mirth, Ne. 8. 12; joyfulness, 31.36 .. I3; leave, Tn.16.28. well, r4; choice words, Job 9.14; words
De.2z.47; rejoicing, Je. 15. ro; Ps.45. 15. Continual, without intermission, La.3.49; Depend, loo"k for, Tit.2.r3; wait, Ac.r+ of delight, Ec.12.10; persuasive, r Co.2.
Cherish, to lay in the bosom, Ru.4. 16. without removing, Is.14.6; rest not day Deprive, bereave, Ge.42.36; take away, 2 4; excellency of speech, r.
Chide. contend, Pr.29.9; strive, Col.r.29. and night, Re.4.8. Ki.2.3. Eminent place, brothel-house, Eze. 16.24.
Chief, head over all, Ep. 1. 22; pillars, Ga. Continue_, lodge, Job 17.2; endure,_Mat.10. Deride, mock, Mat.27.29; scoff, Hab.1.10; Empty, void, Ne.5.r3; swept, Mat.12.44;
22; abide, Phi. 1. 25. See alnde, con- scorn, Pr.3.34. waste, Is.24. 1. .
C~i~fly, most of all, Ac.20.18; first of all, stant. Descry, search, Nu.10.33; discover, Is.57. Encline, hear, Ps.55.2; give ear, 54.2; 45.
Ro. 3. 2; especially, Ac. 26. 3; above all, Conversant, a companion, Ps. 119. 63; to 8; find out, Nu.32.23. IO.
3Jn.2. walk, Jos.8.35; go in and out, Ac.9.28. Desire, prayer, Ro.ro.1; request, Ps.1o6. Enclose, compass, Ps.17.9; environ, Jos.7.
:::hosen, separate, Ex.33.ro; elect, Lu.rs. Con".ert, ed, enlarge or persuade, Ge.9. 15; expectation, Pr.11.23. 9.
7; taken, Mat.24.40. 27t.circumcise the heart, De.30.6; cause Desire (to), to long, Ge.3r.30; to lust, De. Encourage, to comfort, I Sa. 30. 6; speak
Christian, the new name, Is. 62.2; 65. r5; those that are asleep to speak, Ca.7.9; 15.15; to have pleasure, 1 Pe.1.r2. comfortably to, 2Ch.30.22; to strengthen,
the worthy name, Ja.2.7. deaf to hear, &c., Is.29.r8; betroth, Ho. Desolate, waste, J e+ 29; as a wilderness, Je.23.14; Ps.27.14-
Church, congregation, De.23.2;Ex.12.19; 2. 19; make ready, Lu. I. 17; transform, Is.27.10; without inhabitant, Je.51.37. Endamage, to do harm, 1 Sa. 26. 21; to
assembly, Ne.8.r8; Ps.89.7. Ro. 12. 2; changed, 2 Co. 3. r8; a new Despair, the heart die, r Sa. 25. 37; cast hurt, 2 Sa. 18. 31.
Circumcise, to cut the foreskin of the flesh, creature, 5.17; translated, Col.1.13; open awayconfidence,He.10.35; without hope, Endeavour, follow on, Ho.6.3; press to-
Ge.17.u. the door, Re.3.20. Ac.27.20; r Th.4-13; without help, 2 Co. wards, Phi.3.14; to be constant, r Ch.28.
Oean, good, Ee. 9. 2; guiltless, Nu.5.31; Correct. See chasten. · 4-8; swallowed up, 2. 7. 7.
r Ki.2.9; pure, Ps.24-4; Pr.20.9. Corrupt, loathsome, Job7.5. Despise, not know, Job 9. 21; set light, 2 Endure, stand, Mat. 12. 26; suffer, r Pe.2.
Oear (to), free, Ge.24.8; acquit, Job ro.14; Covenant, agreement, ls.28.15; sure, Ne. Sa.19.43; lightly esteem, 1Sa.2.30; re- 19. .
bold guiltless, Ex. 20. 7; blameless, Ge. 9.38, roON; league, 2Ch.r6.3; law, Ho. fuse, Pr.15.32; set at nought, Mar.9-12; Enemy, adversary, Ps.89.42; foe, Mat. 10.
44-10; faultless, Jude 24; harmless, He.7. 8. I. cast behind, Ps.50.r7; kick at, r Sa.2.29. 36; seeketh life,Je.22.25; seeketh to hurt,
:it>; innocent, Ps.94.21; just, Pr.17.15; Covering, vail, Is.25.7. Destitute, naked, Ja.2.r5; forsaken, Is.6o. Ps. 13. 17; persecutor, 31. 15; oppressor,
unreprovable, Tit. 1.6; without sin, He. Covetous, to turn •ter lucre, I Sa. 8. 3 ; 15. Es.3.10.
4-15. heart walk after the eyes, Job 31. 7; make Destroy, blot out, De.9.14; cut off, Le.17. Enflame, pursue, ls.5. II.
Cleave, to attend, 1 Co. 7. 35; to join to, gold his hope, 24; greedy of gain, Pr. 1. ro; devour, Je. 15. 3; eat up, Nu. 24. 8; Enjoy, possess, Jos.r.r5; delight in, Ec.2.
Ac.9.26; to stick together, Job 41. 17. r9; the eye not satisfied, Ec-4-8; enlarge lick up all, 22.4; cause to perish, Es. 8. 24; to be thine, De.28.41; rejoice in, Job
Oothe, to array, Es.6.9; to cover, Ps.69. desire, Hag.2.5; serve mammon, Mat.6. 11; swallow up, Ps.50.22; make empty, 20.18.
13; to gird, 93. 1. 24; mind earthly things, Phi.3._r9. Je.51.34; root out, Zep.2.4- Enlighten, convert, make wise, Ps.19.7,8.
Oouds, chambers for rain, Ps. 104. 13; Counsellor, to be instead of eyes, Nu. 10. Destroyer, spoiler, Je.r5.8; robber, Job 5. Enmity, old hatred, Eze.25.r5.
doorsofheaven, 78.23; bottlesofheaven, 31 ; to make to understand, or teach Enough, wealth, Pr.30. r5; content, Ge.33.
Job 38.37; secret places of thunder, Ps. judgment, Is.40. 1. D~~truction, overthrow, Ge. 19. 29; ruin,
81.7. Courage, to be strong, r Sa-4-9; not afraid, Eze.18.38. E~·quire, salute, bless, r Ch.18.10; seek, 2
Cogitations, thoughts, Ge. 6. 5;Ju. 5. r5; De.1.17; hold, Pr.28.1; endure hardness, Determination, purpose, Ec.3.1, 17. Sa.21.1; search, Job9.6.
thoughts busied, r Cb.29.18. 2Ti.2.3. Devise, take counsel, Ps.31.13. Ensample, type, r Co. ro. II; pattern, He.
Comely, fair, Ge.6.2; fit, Col.3. 18; Pr. Craftiness, dealing subtly, Ge.3.r; wisely, Devil, adversary, 1 Pe.5.8; accuser, Re.22. 8.5.
25.u. Ex. I. ro; wilily, Jos. 9. 4; reservedness, 9, 10; enemy, Mat. 13. 28, 39; father of Ensign, banner, Ps.20.5; standard, Is.49.
Comeliness, honour, 1 Co. 12. 23; vigour, Pr.7.10. lies,Jn.8.44; Satan, Re.12.9; the tempter, 22.
Da.10.8. Cruel. the eye evil, De.28.54; brutish, Eze. Mat-4-3; wicked one, 1Jn.5.r8; god of Entice, allure, Ho. 2. 14; seduce, Eze. 13.
Comfort, exhortation, Ac.r5.3r; gladness, 21.31; furious, 23.25; have no pity, Is.3. this world, 2 Co-4-4; old serpent, Re. 12. 10; persuade, r Co.2.4; deceive, Je.9.5.
Ps.30.u; joy, Is.6i.3; light, Mi.7.8. 8; sharp, Hab. 1.8; bitter and hasty, 6; 9. Envy, emulation, Ga.5.20; indignation.Job
Comfort (to),assuage grief, Job 16. 5; streng- hard, Ca.8.6. Diminish, abate, Ex.5.8,11; decrease, Pr. 5.2; jealousy, Pr.27.4; grief, Ps.u2.10;
then the heart, Ju.19.5; to refresh, 2 Co. Curse, ed, to blow upon, Hag.1.9; ana- 13.n; cutoff, Eze.5.11,16,17; make thin, an evil eye, Pr.23.6.
7· 13; to wipe away tears, ls. 25. 8; to thema, 1 Co. 10.22. Is. 17.u. Equal, not behind, 2 Co. 12. II; alike, Ee.
restore comforts, 57. r8; to speak to the Custom, manner, Is.22.2Ii Ac.17.2; Le.18. Direct, guide, 1 Th.3. 11, 12; make straight, · 11.6; after his ways, Eze.33.20; compan-
heart, Ru.2. r3. 3"- Is.45.2. ion, Ju.15.2,6; meet, Es.3.8.
Commend, bless, Ps. 10. 3; extol, 30. r; Da. Disappoint, cut off occasion, 2 Co.11.12; Equity, justice, 2 Sa. r5.4.
4.37. D. hope cut off, Job8.r4; purpose broken, Error, ignorant, Le. 5. 15; He.5.2; deceit,
Commodious, fit, Le. r6. 2r; seem good, 17.n; send away empty, Lu.r.53; plant Is. 30. 10; swerving or oversight, Ge. 43.
de.40.4- Damned, utterly cut off, Nu.r5.3r; blotted and noteat,Am.5.11; come short,He-4-r. 12; rashness, 2 Sa.6.72; amiss, Da.3.29;
ompanion, fellow, Ju.7.13; partaker, Ep. out, &c., Ps.69.28; go down into hell, Discipline, instruction, Ps.50.17i learning, fault, Ps. 19. 12.
5.7; of the society, Ezr.4.7. 33. 15; turned into hell, 9. 17; punished, Pr. r.5. Err (to), to wander, Ge. 37. 15; go astray,
Compassion, bowels and mercy, Is.63. r5; &c., 2 Th. r. 9; second death, Re. 2. 11; Disclose, bring to light, r Co.4.5i discover, Ps.58.3; outoftheway, Is.28.7; goas1de,
Col.3. 12; bowels yearn, Ge.43.30; tender- under God"s wrath, Ep.5.6. Pr.18.2; show forth, 26.26; to manifest, Nu.5.12; to transgress, Pr.6.ro; sin,Job
heaned, Ep. 4- 32; have pity, r Pe. 3. 8; Danger, to be but as a dead man, Ge.20. 1 Co-4-5. See declare. 5.24.
soul grieved for, Job 30. 25; to extend 3; Ex.12.33; the bitterness, I Sa.15.32; Discomfit, dismay, 1 Sa. 17. 11; to terrify, Escape life for a prey, Te. 21. 9; be hid,
mercy, Ps. rog. 12. m1sch1ef come, 2 Ki.7.9; gate of death, Ju.8.12; weaken the hands, Je.38.4; to Zep.2.3; passed over, P's. 141.10; deliver
Complain, murmur, La.3.39; cry against, Ps.9. r3; shadow of death, 23.4; soul in make to fly, Is.3r.8; make hearts to melt, himself, 2 Sa.20.6;goforth, I Sa.14,41;
Job 31.38; find fault, Ro.9.19. one's hand, u9.107, Jos.148. remain, 2 Ch.36.ZQ.
113 176
Eschew, depart from, Ps. 34- 14; decline
not to, Pr.7.25.
SYNONYMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES
19. 20; wrinkle, Ep. 5. 27; iniquity, I Sa.
25.24; guilt, Mat.23. 18.
l]"E,.l!J.) IN THE SCRIPTURES.
G.
Tclappened, came to pass, Ru.2.3-
Happy, blessed, Ps. r. r; well with, 128.a,
r
Establish, fasten as a nail, Is.22.23; streng- Favour, grace, Ge.32.5; acceptance, 20; to Hard, ness, hid, J e. 32. 17; marvellous
then, Ps. 89. 21; found, 78. 69; prepare, delight in, r Sa. r8. 22; great with, 2 Ki. Gain, substance, Mi-4-r3; buy, Da.2.8. Sa. r3. 2; blindness, Mar. 3. 5; obstinati
Pr.3.19; Ge.41.32; continue, Ps.102.28; 5. 1; to know, Ru.2. ro; extend mercy, Ps. Galleries, walks, Eze.41. r5; 42.3. De.2.30.
confirm, 2 Ch.25.3. 109.12; take pleasure, 102.14- Gap, breach, Eze. 13.5. Harlot, . strange W?man, Ju. Ir_. 2; whos,,
Estate, principality, Jude 6. . Fear, faintness, Le. 26. 36; hang in doubt, Garnish, cover, 2 Ch.3.6. heart 1s snares, Ee. 7. 26 ; pamted eye
Esteem, reputation, Ga.2.2; receive, 4.14; De. 28. 66; feebleness of hand, Je. 47. 3; Garnished, covered, 2 Ch.3.6. Eze.23.40; mistress of witchcrafts, Na.j
account, Ps.r44.3; hide, Job23.r2; hon- without heart, Ho. 7. rr ; awe, Ps. 4. 4; Gather, glean, Ju.r.7; take away, Ps.26.9; 4; whore, De.23.17.
our, rSa.2.30. trembling, Phi.2.r2; terror, Ge.35.5; hor- assemble, Zep.3.8; call, Ju.6.34- Harm, evil, 2 Ki,4,4r; heart, I Sa.24.g
Eternal, days of eternity, Mi.5.2; neither ror, Ps.55.5; dread, Ex.15.16; revecnce, Gave, rendered, 2Ki.r7.3; added,Job42.9. Harmless, sincere, Phi.2.15. ·
beginning of days, nor end of life, He.7. He.n.7; trouble, Jn.14.27; r Pe.3.r5. Generation, age, Ac.13.36. Haste, pan,t, Ee. r. 5; flee away, Ca. 8. , ;
3; is, and was, and is to come, Re. 1.4; Feeble,,bowing, Job 4.4; not many, ls. r6. Girl, a maid child, Le.12.5; virgin, Ge.24- speed, r Sa.20.38; not delay, Ps.u9.r6.4
alpha and omega, 22.13; of ages, Is.26.4; 14; abjects, Zee. 12.8. 16; damsel, De.22.23. Hasty, short, Pr. 14.23; rash, ls.32.4; heady
continually, at all times, Ps. 119.20; to all Feed,fill the appetite, Job_38.37; give bread, Give, deliver, Pr. 4. 9; distribute, Ep-4-28; 2Ti.3-4- '
generations, 89. 1. Ne.9.r5; satisfy, Ps.8r.r6; fill with good, impart, Ro.12.8; send, 2 Ch.30.24. Hate, abhor, Le. 24. 14; Am. 5. IO; aboini.
Evident, before the face, Job 6. 28; mani- 104.28; nourish, Ge.45.rr; rule, r Ch.rr. Give thanks, confess, He. 13. 15. nate, r Sa. r3.4; odious to,_ r Ch. r9.6; not
fest, 2 Ti.3.9. 2; bear, Zee. 11. 16; guide, Ps. 78.72. Glad, merry in heart, 2 Ch.7. 10; sing. Ps. away with, ls. r. r3; reiect, Je. r4. , 9 .
Evil. naught, 2 Ki. 2. 19; bad, Le. 27. 12; Feel, know, fob 20.20; seek out, Ec.8.r7. roo. 2; rejoice, Joel 2. 23; shout for joy, would destroy, Ps.69.4. '
that wherein God delights not, ls.65.12; Feet, steps, ls.26.6; ankles, Ps. rS.36. Ps.2r.6. Haughty, proud, Pr.2r.24; lofty, Ps.r 31 ,
mischief, Ex. 38. 10; trouble, De. 31. 17; Fervent, earnest, Phi. r. 20; hot, Ps. 39. 9; Gloominess, darkness, Zep.1.15. I.
darkness, Job 30.26. burning, Je.20. 19; zealous, Nu.25.11, 13. Glorious, decked, ls.63. r; goodly of orna- Haven, mart, Is. 23. 3; entry of the ~
Exact,afflict, Ps.89.21; cause to come forth, Few, gleanings, Is. 17. 6; 24. 13; men of ment, Da.11. 16. Eze.27.3; harbour, Joel3.r6.
2 Ki.15.20. number, 1 Ch.18.8; short, Job 14.r. Glory, honour, Ps. 29. 2; tongue, 30. 12; Heady, carried headlong, Job5.r3; rash,
Exalt, make nest as high as the eagle, Je. Fields, out places, Job 5. rr; open places, brightness, 89.44; praise, 9. 14. Ep.5.2; unadvised, Ps.ro6.33; not to be
49.16; bring to honour or promote, Pr+ Pr.8.26. God, he that abideth of old, Ps. 55. 23; admonished, Ec.4. r3. See hasty.
8; magnify, Da. Ir. 36; lift up, Is. 33. 10; Fierce, ness, strong, De.28.50; sharp, Hab. J ah, 68. 4; the portion of Jacob, Je. IO. Heal, bring health, Je.33.6; cure, Ho.5,, 3;
set up, Job 5. II; cause to ascend, Is.14- 1.r; violent, Ps.140.4~ furious, Pr.22.24; 16; the Hope and Saviour of Israel, 14-8; recornr, Je.8.22; bmd up, Ho.5.6; Is..,.
13. rage, Da. 3. I~; indignation, Ps. 78. 49. Ancient of days, Da.7.9; the Lord, Am. 7.
Examine, to ask straitly, Ge.43.7; to prove Fight, brawl, Tit. 3. 1; contend, Pr. 13. ro; 9.6; most High, Ps.83.18; Almighty, Ge. Hear, attend, Ps.86.6; to receive, Job4,I2;
or try, 2 Co.r3.5; Ps.26.2; to tortUie, Ac. war, Ja.4.1; strive, Ro.13.13. r7.1; El-Elohe-Israel, 33.20; Jehovah, bow the ear, Ps.131.2; Pr.5.1; Ps.78.z;
22.29. Fill, replenish, Ge.r.28; satisfy, Ps.132.15; Ex.6.3; Preserver of men, Job 7.20; King 86.6; hearken, Is.2r.7; Mal.3.16; lay to
Example, figure, I Co. 10.6. abundantly moisten, Is.43.24. over all, Ps.47.2,7; the first and last, Is. heart, Mal. 2. 2; obey, Pr.r5. 32; regard,
Exceed, add to, I Ki.ro.7. Filthy, abominable, Le.7.2r; corrupt, Ge. 4r.4; Father of glory, Ep.r.3,r7. )ob 35.13; answer, r Sa.7.9.
Excel, surpass, Pr.3r.29; chiefest, Ca.5. 10; 6.II; defiled, Eze.23.13; polluted, Ezr.2. Godly, saints, Ps.r6.3; God's hidden ones, Hearken, consent, 1 Ki. 23. 8; incline the
mighty, Ps.103.10. 62; unclean, Le.5.2; vile, Na.3.6; stink- 83.3; that follow righteousness, Is.51.1,7; ear, Ps.45.10; listen, Is.49.1; receive in.
Excellent, exalted, Ps.148.13; cool, Pr.r7. ing, Ps.14.3; mud or scum, Eze.24.12,13. rod of God's inheritance,Je.10.16; house struction, Je.35.13; hear in hearing, Job
27; precious, Ps.36.8; glorious, 76-4- Finish, perfect, Ge.2.1, ri,:,; make ready, of Jacob, Mi.2.7; wisdom's children, Lu. 37.2.
Excess waste, Mat.26.8. 2 Co.9.5; seal up, Da.9.24; fulfil, Ge.29. 7.35. Heart, soul, Ps.rn.3; bowels, 40.8; mind,
Excommunicate, cast out,Jn.9.22; 3 Jn.ro; 27; performed, Ex.5. r3. Gospel, good tidings, Is. 40. 9; peace, sal- Is.2r.4; inward parts, Job 38.26.
cut oft, Ge.17.14; deliver to Satan, I Co. Firm, stable, I Ch.r6.30; steady, Ex.17.52; vation, 52.7; rod of his mouth, 11.4; rod Hearts, gates, Ps. 24. 7; hands, He.12.12;
5.2. unmovable, r Co.15.58. of strength, Ps.110.2; power of God, Ro. loins of the mind, r Pe. I. r3.
Excuse, to cloak, J n. r 5. 12. Firmament, expansion, heaven, Ge.1.8. 1. 16; living waters, Zee. 14. 8; the grace Heathen,Genhles,Ga.2.15; uncircumcised,
Execrable, accursed, Jos. 16. 18; abomin· First, chief, Eze. 20-41; 44. 30. of God, Ep. 3. 2; word of life, Phi.2. r6; 1 Sa.14.6; infidel, 1 Ti.5.8; tents of wick-
able, Pr. 28. 9. Fishers, anglers, Is. r9.8. word of God, He.6.5; Christ's fame, Mat. edness, Ps.84-ro; nations, Eze.36.15.
Execute, judge, Zec.7.9. Fit, apt, 1 Ch-7.10; convenient, Mar.6.21; 3. 12; children's bread, 15. 26; word of Heaven, height, Ps. 148. 1; firmament, r9,
Exempted, free, 1 Ki. I 5. 22. prepare, Pr. 21. I; expedient, I Co. 7. 12; faith, Ro. 10.8; revelation of the mystery, 1; God's dwelling, 2Ch.6.39; habitation
Exercise, walk, Ps.r3r.r; afflict, Ec.7.13. ready, Ezr.7.6; made up, Ro.9.22. 16.25; word of reconciliation, 2 Co.5. 18, of holiness, 30.27.
Exhort, beseech, 1 Th. 4. 1; comfort, r8; ' Fixed, prepared, Ps. 57. 7; trusteth, estab- 19; word of truth, Ep. 1.13; word of pro- Heavy, hard, 1 Ki.14.6; displeased, 20.43;
desire, 1 Ti.2. 1. lished, ro8.r; u2.7,8. mise, C,a.3.8; word of the kingdom, Mat. weighty, Pr.27.3; grievous, Mat.23-4-
Expectation, suspense, Lu.3.15. Flattereth, gives goodly words, Ge. 49. 2r; 24.14. Help, deliver, Ps. 40. I7i strengthen, 20.2;
Expedient, profitable, r Co.6.r2. smooth words, Ps. 55. 21 ; sew pillows, Governors, nursing fathers, Nu.11.26; keep take by the hand, Job8.20; save, 2Sa.
Expel, drive from, Jos.23.5. Eze. r3. 18; speak to please, r Th.2.4,5; the chargeofthe Lord, 1 Ki.2.3; ancients, 14.4; support, Ps.20.2; comfort, 86.17.
Expired, fulfilled, r Sa. 18.26; return of the Jude r6; Je.6. r4; 23.31. Is. 3. 14; magistrates, Ju. 18. 7; powers, Hide, keep close, Job 28.21; conceal, Ps.
year, 2 Ch.36. IO, Flourish, bud, Is.27.6; bloom, Nu.r7.8; Lu.r2.II; judges, Ezr.7.25. 40.IO; sought for, Pr.28.12.
Extinguished, consumed, Job 6. 17. blossom, Is. 35. 1, 2; green, Ps.92.14; re- Grace, fruit of the Spirit, Ga.5.22; the ful- Hinder, forbid, Lu.rr.52; drive back, Ga.
Extol, bless, Ps.r45.2; boast, 2Co.10.r3. vive, Phi.4.10. ness of God, Ep.3.r9; love, Phi.r.9; gift, 5.7; make an error, Ne.4.8; turn away.
Eyes, lookers out, Ee. 12. 3. Follow, at the feet, Ex.n.8; go with, I Co. 2 Co.r.19; thanksgivmg, 1 Co.10.30. lob9.12; stop, 2Co.11.10.
ro.4; go after, De.1.36. Grant, accept, Ge.19.21; answer, 35.3; not I-fire, wages, Ge.29.15; reward, Mat.6.2.
Foolish, absurd, Je. 23. r3; brutish, Ps.49. say nay, 1 Ki.2.20; accomplish desire, 5.9; Honourable, lifted up, 2 Ki.5. r; eminen~
F. 20; Is.19.11; ignorant, Ps.73.22; deceived, hear prayer, 2 Ki. 20. 5; perfonn words, )ob 22.8; great, Na.3.rn; .glory, Is.5.r3.
Face, open, Ge. 1.20. Is.r9.r3; silly, Job 5.2. Je.28.6; fulfil, Ps.20.4; give, r Ch.2r.22. Hope, trust, Ps.70.5; wrut for, 38.15; de.
Fade, decay, He.8.r3; consume, Ps.39.n; Forget, remember as waters that pass away, Grave, the bed, 2 Ch.16.14; sepulchre, Ge. sire, Pr.13.r2; harbour,Joel3.16.
1s not, 103. t6j languish, Is. 2+ 4; wither, Job u.r6; depart from the heart, De-4-9; 23.6; tomb, Mat.27.6o; heap, Job 30.24; Horrible, burning, Ps. n. 6; filthy, Jc. 23.
19.6; wax old, He.2.11. memorial perish, Es.9.22; written in the hell, Ps. r6. rn; chamber of death, Pr. 7. r4.
Fail, cut off, 2 Ch. 6. 20; forsake, 1 Ch. 28. earth, Je.r7.13. 27; pit of destruction, Ps.55.23; Is.38.17; Humble, base in one's own sight, 2Sa.6.
20; fall from, He. 12. r5; make void, Ps. Forgive, not impute, Ro-4-8; blot out, Ne. land of darkness, Job 10.21; long home, 22; tender, 2 Ki.22.19; low eyes, Job 22.
89.33; dried up, Is.19.36; lie, Hab.3.17; 4.5; Je.18.23; Ps.51.9; cover, 32.2; 85.2; Ec.r2.5; house appointed for all.Job 30. 29; afflicted, Ps.9.r2.
deceive, Job 6. 15. pardon, Ex. 34. 9; spare, Ne. 13. 22; not 23; heart of the earth, Mat.12.27; lower Hunger, appetite, Ec.6.7; long, Ps.107.9,
Faint, feeble, 1 Th.5.14; troubled, Job4.5; · remember, He.8.22. parts of the earth, Ep. 4. 9; land of for- Husband, lord, Ge.18.12; covering of th1
heart melt,Jos.2.24; Is.r3.7; weary, 1Sa. Form. See fashion, likeness, similttude,· getfulness, Ps. 88. rr. eyes, 20. 16; guide, Pr. 2. 17; good man,
14.28; no spirit,Jos.5.r; no might,ls.40. cut out.Job 33.6; make, Ge.2.r8; create, Greedy, strong of appetite, Is.56.rr; never 7.19; head, Ep.5.23.
29; tender, De.20.3; as women,Je.50.37. 1.21,27; shape, Ps.5r.5. have enough, ib. Hypocrite, one that covers his sin, Job 31.
fair, beautiful, r Sa.r6.12; Ho.Io.II; pleas- Former, before, Ps.79.8; ancient, Mal.3.4- Grief, anguish, Ge. 42. 21; sorrow, 3. 16; 33; spirit not steadfast, Ps.78.8; near in
ant, Ge.3.6; desirable, Eze.23.tlltood of Forsake, hide the face, Ps. 10. 1; stand afar vexation, 2 Ch.15.5; heaviness, Ezr.9.5. lip and far off in heart, ls.29.13; feigned,
countenance, Ge.2416; Es.1.11; comely, off, 38. n; casr off, 77. 7; to show the Grieve, humble, 2 Co. 12.21; make sad, Eze. J e. 3. rn; corrupt within, though fair with•
2. 7; well-favoured, Ge. 29. 17; goodly, back, Je. r8. 17; come out, Re. r8. 4; de- i3. 22; provoke, Ge. 26. 35; much bitter- out, Mat.23.27; Lu.n.39; a form of god•
36.6. part, r Sa. 16.14; leave, Ru. 1.16; reject, ness, Ru.1.13. liness, but denying the power, I Ti.3.5;
Faithful, trusty, Job 12.20; true, Pr.14.25; Je.7.20; forget, Is.49.14; come backwar?, Grieved, bitter, 1 Sa. 30. 6; shortened, Ju. wells without water, 2 Pe.2.17.
sound heart, 30; believing, 1 Ti.6.2. Je. r5. 6; go astray, 2 Pe. 2. 15; ligh,,y 10.16.
Fall, destruction, Pr.17.19; offance, Ro.5. esteemed, De.32. r5. Grievous, hard, Ps.3r. 18; strong, 1 Ki.2.8;
16,r7; stumble, Pr.24.17; perish, Ps.9.3; Forward, willing, 2 Co.8.10. heavy, Ge.4r.3r. I & J.
punish, Ho.4.14. Found, searched, 1 Ki.7.47. Guard, keeper of the head, 1 Sa.28.2; coun- Idle, slothful, Pr. 12.24; work not at all, •
Falsely, lyingly, Le. 6. 3; subtly, Ps. 105. Founded, established, Ps.24.2. sel, 2 Sa.23.23; runners, I Ki.14.27. Th.3.II,
25; deceitfully, Ex.8.29. Freed, justified, Ro.6.7. Guide, direct, Ge. 46. 28; eyes to others, Idol, Idols, molten gods, Le.19.4; strangl
Fame, Famous, great name, 2Sa.7.9; good Friendly, to the heart, Ho. 2. r4; Ju. 19. 3; )ob 29.15; an husband, Pr.2.17; teachers, gods,Mal.2.n; newgods,De.32.r7; othCI
report, Phi. 4.8; He. 11.2; renown, Nu.16. Ru.2.r3. Ro.2.r9; have rule, He.13.7,17. gods, Je.7.r8; graven images, Ho.n ..;
2; lasting remembrance, Ps. 112.6; obtain Froward, perverse, Pr. 8. 8; churlish, 1 Sa. Guilty, debtor, Mat.23.18; subject to judg- dung gods,De.29.17; abomination of the
witness, He. 11. 4; honourable, Is. 3. 5; 25. 3; son of Belia!, 17; tumeth away, ment, Ro.3.r9. heathen, Is.44-19; vanity, Je.r8.r5; stum-
name spread abroad, 2 Ch.26. 15. Is.57. 17· bling-block, Eze. 14- 3; shame, Ho. 9. 10;
Famine, want of food, Job 30.3; no bread, Fruit, increase, De.28.4; Eze.34.27; profit, devil, 1 Co. 10.21; confusion, ls.41.29.
2 Ki. 25. 3; scarcity, De. 8. 9; cleanness, Pr.14.23; gain, Da.11.39. H. Idolatry, will-worship, Col.2.23; worship-
Am.4.6. Fruitful, valleys spread abroad, Nu. 24. 6; Habitation, dwelling, resting-place, Is.32. ping devils, r Co.10.19; whoring, Ezc.6,
Fan, winnow, Ru. 3. 2; cleanse, Je. 4. 11; like Eden, Is.5r.3; a watered garden, 57. 18; pasture,Je.9. 10; tent,Ps.69.25; estab- 9; pollution, Ac. 15.20; men's inventions,
scatter, 1 Ki.14.15; Jt.49.36. 11; made to flourish, Eze.17.24. · lishment, 89. r4. Ps. ro6.:,9; blasphemy, Is.65.7; filthiness.
Fashion, form,Jn.4.r6; pattern, Ex.25.46. Fugitive, vagabond, Ge.4.12; fall away, 2 Half, part, Da. r2.7. Eze.36.25.
Fast, afflict the soul, Is.58.3,5; roll in dust, Ki.25.rr. Hallow, set apart, Ex. 13. 12 i separate, 1 )ealousy, anger, Ps.79.5; fury, Zec.8.2.
Mi.I.IO. Full, wholly, Job 12. 23; fulfilled, 1 Ki.u. Ch.23. r3; cleanse, Ac. n.9; dedicate, De. 1gnorance, no knowledge, Ep-418; Ho.+
Fat, grease, Ps. n9.70; bones' flourish, Is. 6; plenty, Ge.41.53. 20.5; observe, Ex.12.42. 1; blindness (see blindness); night, Mi.3,
66.r4- Furiously, in madness, 2 Ki.9.20. Hand, side, Ec-4- I; power, Is.50.2. 6; darkness, Mat.4.r6; Lu.r.79; unleam-
Fault, error, Ps.r9.r3; wickedness, Ac.25. Furnish, order, Ps. 78. 19; perfected, 2 Ti. Hap, chance, 2 Sa. r.6; peradventure, Ex. ed, Ac-4-r3; vail, Is.25.7.
5, offence, Ro. 5. 17; sin, disobedience, 4.5. 13.17. Imagine, meditate, Ps.2. 1; intend, a1.11.
114
SYNONYMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES USED IN THE SCRIPTURES.
bl no shadow of turning, Ja.1.17; Lead, to be head, De.20.9; teach, Ps.25-4- 16. 19; easy to be entreated, Ja.3.17; for- Offendeth, a stumbling-block,Mat. 5. 29,
IJ!lllluta t;not Mal.3.6; the same ior ever, 5; guide, 9; 27,II. bearing, Pr.25. 15. scandal, 13.41.
change ' Lean, tell the bones, Ps. 22. 17; body con- Memory, name, Ps.109.13; remembrance, Open, reveal, Ps.II9.18; uncover, Job 33.
·-Z~a'
Ps- 102 give no rest, Is.62.7.
Jn,partuni' whorish forehead, Je.3.3; not
sumed, Pr. 5. II; apply the heart to wis-
dom, Ps.19.12; Pr.2.2.
2 Sa.18.18.
Mercy, grace, Ge. 33. II; Ps+ I; kindness,
16; dig, Ps.40.6; cleave, Mar.1.10.
Oppress, tread upon, Am. 5. II; swallow
(n,pu:~d. 6. , 5 ; hardeneth his face, Pr. Leave, forsake, He.13.5; depart, Ge.31.55; Ru.1.8; Ps.25.6; compassion,2Ki.13.23; up, 8.4; take by violence, !vli.2.2; tear in
ash . cannot blush, Je.6. 15. withdraw, He.10.38; cause to cease, Ru. heart turned, Ho.11.8; bounty, I Ki.3.6; pieces, Na.2. 12; gnaw, Zep.3.3; devour,
,1. 29• beheld, Nu.23.21; counted, Ro.4. 4. 14; reserve, 1 Sa. 9. 24; cast out, Re. pity, Am.I.II. Mat. 23. 14; crush, Job 20. 19; break, Is.
58.6; waste, Ps.7.9; terrify, IO.IS.
ImP~koned, 9· · . II.2. Merry, glad, Ec.Io.I9; songs, Ju.9.27.
i;~ense, perfume, Ex.30.35,37; memonal, Let, hinder, Ac.8.36; withstand, Nu.22.32; Might, ty, strength, Da. 3. 20; strong, Is. Ordained, wrought, 2 Co.5.5; ordered, Ro.
withhold,Ge.23.6; forbid (seeforbid); turn 8.2; rock, 3.29; power, 2 Th.1.7; hidden, 13. r; founded, Ps.8.2; prepared, Ep.2.
Js. 66 ·3·.hensible past finding out, Job 9. back, ls.43.I3. Je.33.3; many, Is.17.12. 10; gave, J e. 1.5.
Inc~m~rs~archabl~, Ps.145.3i Is.40.28. Letter, epistle, Ac. 15. 30; a writing, 2 Ch. Mind, heart, De.8.2; thought, &c., Is.26.3. Ordered, established, Ps. 37. 23; disposed,
IO, u ascend I Ki.22.35; enlarge, Job 21.12, Minister, messenger, 2 Ch. 36. 16 ; master 50.23; orderly manner, Ju.6.26; bind or
Jncrease,make st~ong, Je.5.6; break forth, Lewd, wicked, Ac.I8.14. of assembly, Ee. 12. 1r; servant, Is.49.5; tie, 1 Ki.20.14.
12·23• . to grow, 2 Th. 1.3; bring forth, Liberal, bountiful, 1 Ki. 10. 13 ; bountiful watchman, 62. 6; steward, Lu. 12. 12; 1 Ordinance, tradition, I Co. 11. 2; ceremo--
Ge-3°6·30,;. multiply, Ge.16.10; to add, 2 eye, Pr. 22. 9; soweth beside all waters, Co-4- I; separated to the gospel, Ro. x. 1; nies, He.9.1; observations, Mal.3.14-
Eze.3 · • Is.32.20; open hand, De.15.14. builder, r Co. 3. 10: ambassador, 2 Co.5.
Sa. 2bf~ no healino-, Na. 3· 19; use me- Liberty, freedom, Le.19.20; large, Ps.II9. 20; preacher, teacher, 1 Ti. 2. 7; man of P.
in
l~~:es vain, Je.:6.11; grievously sick, 45; power, I Co.8.9; boldness, He.10.19.
Life, days of flesh, He. 5. 7; quickening,
God, 2 Ti. 6. II; elder, I Pe. 5. I; angel,
Re.2.1; star, 1.20; 6.13. Pacified, anger abated, Ju. 8. 3; heart tc,-
Mi.,. 9. k" di d Ge 30 2· wrath Eze. 13. 22; breath, Ac. 17. 25; length of Ministry, charge, Ac. 12.25. wards, 2Sa.14.1.
Jndignation,anger m e ' .. . ' -
ful, p,.64.24 ; fury, Na.1.16, fierce anger, days, De. 30. 20; breath, Re. 13. 15; soul, Mischief, vanity, Ps. :;6. 4; punishment, 2 Painful.diligent, Pr. 1c-4--See phrases, Ps.
Zep. 3.a; envy, Ac.5. 17. Ge.1.20,30; favour, Job 10.12. . Ki.7.9; evil, 2Sa.16.8; iniquity, Ps.7.I4. 127.2; Pr.31. 15, 18,27; Ec.8. 16.
Infamy, reproach, Pr. 6. 13; name for a Light, day, Ge. 1. 5; morning, 1 Sa. 25. 22; :Misery, bitter in soul, Job 3.20. Pardon, forgive, 1 Ki.8.30; acquit, Job 10.
curse, Is. 65. 15; polluted of name, Eze. Is.8.20; shine, Joel 2.10; lamp, Pr.6.23; Mock, deride, Je.20.7; a proverb, &c., De. 14; cover sin, Ps.32.1; not impute sin, 2
understanding, Ps. n9. 130; brightness, 28.37; shoot out the lip, Ps.2.27; make a Co.5.19; blot out, Ps.51.9.-See more, 2
1r:f:·rf~r, under, Job 12. 3; lower, He. 2. 7; Is.6o.3;· gladness, Es.8.16. wide mouth, Is.57.4; reproach,Je.20.8; Ch.30.18; ls.38.17; 55.7; Ho.14.2.
attained not, 1 Ch. 11.21. Likeness, resemblance, Zec.5.6; similitude, their music, La. 3. 63; scoff, Hab. 1. 10; Partake, er, united, Ge. 17. 6; to eat, Ps.
Infinite, of no number, Ps.147.5; no end, Nu.22.8; as, so, Ju.8.18; according, Ps. taunt, 2.6. 141.4; have fellowship, Ps.94. 20; com-
Na. 2.g; as dust of tl_ie earth, Ge.13.16; 58:4; equality, Da.5.21; habit, Phi.2.7. Moment twinkling of an eye, I Co. 15. 52; pany with, Pr.29.3; portion with, Ps.50.
as the sand, &c.; 1 Sa. 13. 5; not to be Limit, determine, &c., Job I4. 5 ; appoint, small time, Ex.26.22. 18.
measured, Ho.1.10; passeth knowledge, Je. 50. 44; restrain, Eze. 31. 15; space or Morning, break of day, Ge.32.24; Ju. 19.2; Partial, ity, respect persons, De.16.19; ac-
Ep.3.,9. bound, 40. 12. Ca.2.17. cept persons, Ps. 82. 2; Pr. 18. 5; accept
Infolding, catching, Eze. r+ Line, rule, 2 Co. 10. 16; direction, Ps.19.4. Mortal, dwell in houses of clay, Job 4. 19; faces, Mal.2.9; wrangling, Ja.3.17.
Inform (see instruct_), declare. _Is.44.7. Live, that breathe, Jos. 10. 40; life within dust, Ge.3.19; bodies of clay, Job 13.12; Past, driven away, Ec.3.15.
Inhabit, ed, dwell, Zee. 8. 5; abide, rn. 10. me, 2 Sa. 1. 9; have being, Ps. 104. 33; shall die, Is. 5. 12; breath in tlie nostrils, Pastors, keepers, Ca.8. II; guides, He. I3.
Iniquity, pumshment, Job 21. 19; gnef, Is. abide in the flesh, Phi. I. 22, 23 ; in this 2.22. 7; princes of the people, Je.22.22.
.
1 13 ; grievance, Hab. 1. 13; sm, Job 13. tabernacle, 2 Pe.1.13. Mortify, circumcise, Je. 4. 4; cut off, Mat. Pasture, feeding-place, Ne.2.II; grass, Ps.
Lofty, proud, Is.2.12; haughty, II; high, 5. 30; deny, Lu. 9. 23; crucify, Ro. 6. 6; 2 3·3·
1i1~ghten, illuminate, He.10.32; open the 13. destroy, r Co.3.5; bring in subjection, 9. Patience, dumb, Ps. 39. 9; bearing, Je. 10.
eyes, Lu.24.31; shme, Is.6o.x. Long, consume, 2 Sa.13.39; wait,Job3.21; 27; abstain from, 1 Pe.2.11. 19; forbearing, 2 Ti.2.24; suffering, Is.5.
Innocent, harmless, He. 7. 26; faultless, Jude hunger, Ps.107.9; expect, Job 6.8. Mourn, weep, Ge.50.1; La.1.2; cry, 2 Sa. 7•
24 , without transgression, Job33.9; clean Look, set the eyes, &c., fe. 39. 12; observe, 13.19; lament,Je.22.18; bow down, &c .. Peace, rest, De. 12. 10; still, 2 Ch. 12. 9 i
bands, Ps. 24-4- Job 13.27; hasten, 2 I'e.3.12. Ps.35.14; wail,Je.9.17,18; languish, Ho. quiet,Je.47.6,7; safely, Ho.2.18; all well,
lm,truct, give understanding, Ps.119.130; Loose, let go, Jn.11.44. 4.3. 2Sa.18.28; prosperity, Da.8.25; league,
to teach, ls.40. 14; put words in the mouth, Lord, Holy One of Israel, Is.29. 19; ruler, Multiply, make great, Ge.12.2; 2 Sa.22.36; Job 5.23; silence, Job 13.13.
Ex.4.15; str_engthen, Job4.3. . . Ps. 105. 21; The Highest, 18. 13; The hath many, I Ch.23.11. People, waters, Re.17.1; nations, Pr.1434;
Integrity, upnghtness, f>s.25.21; smcenty, Mighty God, 50. 1. Multitude, as the sand, Is. 48. 19; cloud, children, Ge.29. I.
lre.20.5. Love, cleave to, De.11.22; pity, Tit.3.4. He.12.1; fulness, Ge.48.19; tumult, Lu. Perfect, fully, I Ki.II.6; to the end, 1 Pe.
Interpret, expound, Ju. 14. 14, 19; make Lukewarm, neither cold nor hot, Re.3. 16; 22.6. 1.13; upright, Ge.6.4; full age, He.5.14;
known the meaning, Da. 5. 16; give the halt between two, I Ki. 18.21. Murder, shed blood causelessly, Ge.9.6; I sincere, De.18.13; hold integrity, Job2.3-
sense, Ne.8.8; to show, Job 33.23. Lust, long, Ge. 34. 8; cleave to, 3; concu.. Sa.25.31; slay presumptuously,Ex.21.14; Perform, do as spoken, Ge.28.15; visit as
lntreat. ask, I Sa. 20. 28; beseech, Es.8. 3; piscence, Ro.7.7; pleasure, la-4-1,3. guilt of innocent blood, De.19.I3; swal- said, 21.1; make good, Nu.23.19; fulfil,
supplie2te, Job41.3; make prayer, Da.9, Lying, words of falsehood, fs. 59. 13; de- low up, Pr. 1. 12; way of Cain, Jude II. Je.14.25; verify, I Ki.8.26; keep, De.23.
13. vising.Job u,3; deceit,Ho.II,12; vanity, Murmur, complain, La. 3. 29; discontent, 23; finish, Phi.1.6.
Invite, bid, Zep.1.7; call, Mat.22.3. Ps.62.9. Nu.14.26; 16.41; Mar.14.5. Perfume, sweet odours, 2 Ch. 16.14-
Join, asso~iate, Da.11.6; sew together, Ezr. Muster, take the sum, Nu.26.2; gather an Peril, jeopardy, I Co.15.30; danger, Mat.
,p2; mmgle, Is.9.II; add, Ac.5.13,14- M. army, I Sa.28.1; number, I Ki.20.25. 5.22; adventure life, Ju.9.17.
Joy. gladness, Nu.10.rn; ~ . Is.24.II; Perish, become as dung, Ps. 83. 10; sleep
laughter, Ps.126.2; smg, ~1.12. Mad, void of understanding, Pr.17.I8; be- N. perpetually,Je.51.39; consume, 1 Sa.2)'.I,
Judge, minister ju:Igment, Ps.9.8; gov~rn, side one's self, 2 Co.5. 13; play the mad- destroy, Da.2. 18; cut off, Ge.41.36; ut-
67.4; discern,, Co.2.14.15; determme, 5. man, I Sa.21.14; mischievous, Ec.10.13. Naked, ness, bare, Eze. 16. 7; uncovered, terly waste, ls.6o.12.
3; recompense, Eze. 7. 3, 8. Made, framed, He. II. 3; formed, Ps. 104. Is.22.6,8; shame, 20-4- Permission, passing over, Ro.3.25.
Judgment, justice, Job8.3; equity, Is.56. ~6; hewed, Is.5.2; caused, Eze.16.7j built, Name, praise, Is.48.9; glory, 59.19; fame, Pernicious, lascivious, 2 Pe.2.2.
1; nght, 59. 8; condemnation, I Co. II. 27.,5; fashioned, Job 10.8. Jos.9.9; memonal, Ex.3.15. Perpetual, of old, Eze.35.5.
34; fruit of righteousness, Am.6.12; cor- Magistrates, rulers, Ho. 4. 18; elders, Ru. Nature, flesh, Ro.8.8; sense,~a.3.15. Persecute, shamefully entreat, 1 Th. 2. 2;
n:ction, Hab.1.12. 4.4; heirs of restraint, Ju.18.7. Never, since the world began, n.9.32; unto trouble, 2 Th. 1. 6; shoot at, &c., Ge.49-
Just, innocent, Job27.17; perfect, Pr.II.I. Magnify, glorify," Th. 1. 10; set the heart generation and generation, s.10.6. 23; hunt, 1 Sa.24.11; pursue, 25.29; de-
Justified, cleared, Ps.51.4; freed from sin, upon, Job 7.17. New, hidden, Is. 48. 6; principal, Eze. 47, vour, Ps.80.13; plough, 129.3; waste, Ga.
Ro.6.7. Maintain, nourish, Ge. 45. II ; prove, Job 12; raw, &c., Mar.2.21. 1.13; chase out, I Th.2.15.
13.15; profess, Tit.3.14; make judgment, News, tidings, 2 Sa.18.20; 1Ki.14.6; 2 Ki. Persecutors, briars, Eze.28.24; foxes, Lu.
K. Ps.9+ 7.9. 13.32; wolves, Jn.10.12; beasts, 1 Co.15.
Make, turn, Ps.41.3; form, ls.27.u; build, Night, twilight, Pr. 7. 9; evening, Ps.30.5; 32; destroyer, Je.50.1.
Keep, hide, Ps.17.8; hold fast, t Co.15.2; . Ezr.5.4. shadow of death, Am.5.8. Persevere, hold fast, r Ti.1.19; retain, Job
do, 1Ch-4-10. Man, flesh, Ge.6.12; dust and ashes,18.27; Noise, sound, Re.9.9; voice, 19.6; tumult, 2.9; follow on, Ho.6.3; run, He. 12. 1;
1<ind, ness, favourable, Ju.21.21; love, Tit. Adam, 2.15; ripe of age, 1Co.14-2oj soul, I Sa.I4.19. overcome, Re.2.17; faithful to death, 2.
3.4; mercy, ls.63. 7; pity, 9. Ex.12.16. Nourish, carry in the bosom, Nu. IL 12; IO.
King, anointed, Ps. 18. 50; ruler of the Manifest, bare, Is.52.10; open face, &c., 2 give suck, La-4-3; make great, Eze.31.4. Persuade, ed, bow the heart, 2 Sa. 19. 14 ;
people, 105.20; head, I Sa.15.17. Co.3.18; naked, He-4-13; made known, Number, tale, 1 Sa.18.27; count, I Ki.3.8; force, Pr. 17. 21; break the bone. 25. 15;
Kinsman, redeemer, Ru. 2. 20; acquaint- &c., Lu.8.17. search out, Job 34.24. have confidence, Ga. 5. 10; assured. Ro.
ance, 2 Ki. 10.II; neighbour, 1 Ch.38.II. Manna, com of heaven, Ps.78.24; angels' Nurture, admonition, Ep.6.4- 14-15; deceive, 1 Ki.22.20.
Know, consid@r, 1 Sa. 25. 17; understand, food, 25; bread of the mighty, ib.; bread Pestilence, sword of the Lord, 1 Ch.21.12;
o.
j ob 15. 9; compass, Ee. 7. 25; pe~ceive,
ob.14.21.
nowledge, skill, Da. 1. 17; excellent spirit,
of heaven, 105+
Manner, ordinance, Nu.15.24; word, 1 Sa.
17.30; law, 2 Sa.7.19. Oath, swe&ling, Le.5. 1; He.7.21; adjure,
death, Je.9.21; plague, Nu.14.37.
Pine, consume, Zec.14.12; burn with hun-
ger, De.32.24; flow out, La.4.9.
5.12. Many, seven, fob 5.19; multitude, 2Ch.II. I Sa.14.28; curse, Da.9.II. Pity, lament, Ps.69.20; compassion, Eze.
23; great, I"s.18.16. Obey, hearken, Ge.3.17; submit, 16.5; Ps. 16.5; spare, Jn.5. 19.
L Mairy, ied, take, Le.21.13; join in affinity, 18.44; follow fully, Nu.14.24; go in and Plead, argue, Job6.25; fill the mouth with
Ezr.9.14; espouse, Ca-4-II; yoked, 2 Co. out, &c .. 27.21; ears open, Ps.40.6; per- arguments, 23.4; speak on one's behal.£
Labour, work, Ps.104.23; painful, 2Co.II. 6. 14; betrothed, De. 22. 23; dwell with, form, II9. II2; believe, Ac. 5. 36; cleave 36.2; open the mouth in a cause, Pr.31.
27; travail, Ec.1.13; 1Th.2.9; sweat,Ge. Ne. 13.23. to, De. 4. 4; follow with the heart, 1 Ki. 8,9; take vengeance, Je.51.36.
3.1_9; deed, 44.15; endeavour, 2Co.5.9; Martyrs, witnesses, Re.u.3. 14.8. Pleasant, sweet, 2 Sa. x.23; desirable, 2 Ch.
stnve, Col+ 12. Nlarvellous, astonishing, 1 Ki.9.8; wonder- Obscure, in a riddle, 1 Co.13.12; darkness, 32.27; comely, Ps. 14. I; good, Ee. 7. 26;
Laid upon, required, 1 Ki.8.31; make sick, ful, Lu.2.18; Is.29. 14; amazing,Ac.2.7; Is.29.18. fruitful, Is.32. 12.
De.29.22. difficult, Zec.8.6. Observe, look narrowly, Job 13. 27; keep, Please, ing, good in the eyes, Ge.41.37; I
Lamentable, doleful, Mi. 2. 4 ; mournful, Meditate, muse, Ps.143.5; rememlx,r, 63.6; save, Mar.7.9. Ch.13.~.4; acceptable, 1 Ti.5.4; be good,
Mal.3.14. pray, Ge. 24. 63; think upon, Phi. 4. 8; Obstinate, stiff-necked,De.9.6; harder than Es.1.19; find favour, ~-5·
law, doctrine, Ps.19.7; appointed by law, commune, &c., Ps-4-4; lay to heart, Mal. rock, !e.5.3; hard, Is.48.4; iron sinew, ib. Plenty, fulness, Ge. 48. 19; fatness, 27. 39;
Ne. 12.44; statutes, Ex. 15.6; commands, 2.2. Offer, firing up, Mal.1.17; sacrifice, r Ki. without number, 41.49; abundance, De.
De. 30. n ; ordinance, Ex. 12. 43; testi.. Meek, slow to anger, Pr. 15. 18; gentle, 2. 33; add,· Re. 8. 3; pour out, Phi. 2. 28.47; sufficiency, Job 20.22; cup run
monies, 25. 16. peaceable, Ja.3. 17; 2 Ti.2.24; lowly, Pr. 17. over, Ps.23.5; fats overflow, Joel2.24; 3-
Vol. 1-8 115
l3; strength, Job 22. 25; greatness, Ps.
103.8.
SYNONYMOUS TERMS OR PHRASES USED IN THE SCRIPTURES.
Quiet, at ease, Tob21.23; rest, 2Ch.20.30;

not angry. E'.'ze. 16, 42; silent, Ju. 16. 2;
Restrain, a hook in the nose, 2 Ki.19. 28;
Eze.38.4; frown, I Sa.3.13.
Sickness, disease, Mat. 4. 23; infirmity, 8.
17, shadow of death!Job I6.16; first-born
r
Plough, till. Ge.9. 12; break up, Je.4.4; peaceable, 2 Sa. 3. 27. Reveal, bring to light, Job28.n; show, II. of death, 18. 13; attiicUon, 30. 27; pa.in,
open, Is 2~.24,25.
Polluted. abominable, Eze-4-II; plunge in R. 6; make known, Ep.1.9; open the ear, 2
Sa.7.17.
I 33- 1 9·
Sign, wonder, Ps. 105. 27; memorial, Ex.
the ditch, Job 9.31; unclean, Is.64.6; Race, course, 2Ti.4.7. Revenge, requite, Ge. 50. 15; render, &c., 13.9; miracle, 2 Ch.32.24.
trodden under foot, Eze. 16.6. Rage, fury, Da.3.13; tumult, &c., Ps.65.7. Ju. 9. 5; recompense, 2 Th. 1. 6; execute Silent, hold peace, Jn. 18. 19; voice not
Ponder, lay up in the heart, 1 Sa.21.12. Rail, speak evil, 2 Pe.2. 10; reproach, He. judgment, Mi.7.9. heard, 1 Sa. r. 10; stop the mouth, Job 5.
Poor, fallen into decay, Le.25.35; without 10.33; 1 Ti.5.4; fly upon, 1 Sa.25.14. Reverence, rise up before, Le. 19. 32; re- 16; dumb, Ps.39.2; shut the lips, Pr.i7.
power, Job 26.2; needy, Ps,II3.7; desti- Ransom, atonement, Job 33. 24; price, 1 gard, 2 Ki. 3. 14; acknowledge, 1 Co. 16. 27,28; not speak, Job4-2; 2Sa.r9.10.
tute, Is.2.25; a beggar, I Sa.2.8; in want, Co.6.20. 18; count v,..orthy of honour, 1 Ti.5. 17 .. Sin, tranEigress, 1Jn.3.4; Ps.25.17; offence,
Lu. 15.14; brought to a piece of bread, Rebel, revolt, J e. 29. 30; break the yoke, Revile, belch out with their mouths, PS. Ro.5.15,17; iniquity, Ge. 15. 16; wicked-
Pr.6.26; afflicted, Job 36.6; weak, Ps.41. Ge.24.40; stiff-necked, 2Ch.36.13; with- 59.7; speak evil, Jude ro. ness, 39. 9; perverseness, Nu. 23. 21; uri.
I; broken in heart, 10.9; hath no helper, draw the shoulder, Ne.9.29; be froward, Revive, preserve alive, Hab.3.2; raise up, righteousness, 1 Jn.5.17, to err, Job 5. 4 ;
72.12. Is.57.17; turn the back, Je.2.27; not to Ho.6.2. not obey, Je.3.25; guilt, Ps.69.5.
Posterity, generation to come, Ps.78.6; off- obey, 22.21; resist, Ac.7.5r. Reward. See recompense, wages. Sk!lful, wise-hearted, Ex. 28. 3; cunnin,:,
spring, Job27.14; seed, Ps.25.13; left in Rebuke, reprove, Pr. I. I 3; blame, Ga. 2. n ; Riches, treasures, J e.49.4; !11-ammon, Lu. Ca.7.r.
the tabernacle, Job20.26. reproach, Ro.15.3; correct, Ho.5.2; chas- 16. 9; substance, Pr. 8. 21; goods, Re. 3. Slack, delay, Ex. 32. I; linger, Ge. 19. •6·
Power, stretched-out arm, Ex.6.6; might, tise, Ps.38. 1. 17; wealth, Job 3L25; strength, Pr.27.24. slow, Tit. 1. 12. '
De.3.24; right hand, Ps.n8.16; key, Re. Recall, make to return to the heart, La. 3. Righteous, innocent, Ps. 94- 17; keepeth Slander, report slanderousiy, Ro.3.8; bring
9.1; strength, Job26.2; dominion, 2Ch. 21. truth, ls.26.2; upright, Ps.97.II; faithful, up an evil name, De. 22. 14; evil repor.t,
32.9; liberty, 1 Co. 8. 9; substance, r Sa. Receive, take to themselves, Jn.3.24; lay n9.138; equal, 8.9; clean, 2Sa.29.25. Nu.14.36.
9.1. up, Job22.22; suffer, 2Co.rr.16. Rule, the key, Is.22.20; line, 2Co.10.13. Slaughter, fill places with dead bddies, Ps.
Praise, glorify, Ps. 50. 23; magnify, 38. 3; Recompense, give, Eze.7.3; judge, &c., 8. IIo.6; carcasses torn, Is.5.25; garments
calves of the lips, Ho. 14.2; ascribe great- Redeem, ransom, Ex.6.6; Je.31.n; Ho.13. rolled in blood, 9.5.-See more phrases,
ness, De. 32. 3; offer sacrifice, Ps. 37. 6; 14; deliver, Col. r.13; send forth, Zee. 9. s. Is.34.3,6,7; 46.ro,n, Je.9.22; 18.21; 19.
thanksgiving, 100. r. II; buy, De.32.6; Re.14.4. Sacrifice, offering, Mal. r. Io; feast, I Sa.9. 7; 46.10,15; Eze.14.19; 32.6; 39.17,19;
Pray, seek, Ps.27.8; call, Ge.12.8; cry, Ex. Refresh, revive, Ju. 15. 9; comfort, Ge.18. 12; praise, Ps.50.23. Ho.9.12; 10.14; Zep.1.17; Re.I4.10; 19.
2.23; beseech, Job r. r4; make request. 5; breathe, Job 32.20. Sacrilege, devour that which is holy, Pr. 18.
Phi-4-6; intercession, Je. 7. 16; supplica- Refuge, hiding-place, covert, shadow, Is. 20.25; take the accursed thing, Jos.7. I. Slay, make fa.II, 2 Ch. 32. 20; wound, Eze.
tion, Job8.5; lift up the soul, 1Sa.r.15. 32.2; fortress, Ps. 91. 2; defence, 59. 16; Sad·, of a sorrowful spirit, 1 Sa. 1. 15; coun- 28.9; kill, Ge.43.16.
Preach, publish, De. 32. 3; declare, Ac.20. shield, &c., r Sa.22.3; high place, Ps.9.9. tenance fallen, Ge+ 6, Sleep, take rest,Jn.Ir.II,13; lie down,De.
27; warn, 31 ; doctrine drop, De. 32. 2; Regard, set heart on, 1 Sa.4.20; consider, Safety, victory, Pr.21.31.-See phrases, Ps. 31.16.
teach, 2 Ch. 17. 9; feed, Tn.21. 16; pro- Is.18.4; receive with good-will, Mal.2.13; 91.1; Ca.2.14; Is.33.16; r Sa.14-4- Small, narrow, Pr. 24. 10; short, Is. 37. 27;
phesy, r Co. 14- 3; manifest, 2 Co. 2. 14; observe, Ro.14.6; lay to heart, 1 Sa.25. Salvation, rest to the soul, Mat.11.29; hope despised, Ob.1,2.
hold forth, Phi.2. 15; handle the word, 2 25; delight in, Is. 13. 17. laid up in heaven, Col. 1. 5; eternal re- Sojourner, pilgrim, 1 Pe. 2. rr; stranger,
Co.4.2; divide the \Vord, 2Ti.2.15; com- Regenerate, born of the Spirit,Jn.3.6; new demption, He.9. 12; deliverance, 2 Sa.19. Ps.39.12.
municate, Ga.2.2. creature, 2Co.5.17; quicken, Ep.2.1; re- 2. Solitary, alone, Ps.Io2.6,7; dark,Job30.3.
Predestinated, ordained, Jude 4. newed, 4.9; new lump, 1 Co.5.7. Salute, greet, I Sa. 25. 5; inquire of one's Sorrow, affliction, De.16.3; trouble, La.1.
Prepared,loinsgirded, ]e.r.17; maderea~y, Reject, put away, Je.3.8; cast from, 2 Ki. welfare, 1 Ch.18.rn. · 21; pains, Ps. 116. 3; sadness, Ee. 7. 3;
2Co.10.16; fitted, He.10.5; fixed, 2 Ch. 13.23; cast behind, Ne.9.26; no delight Sanctify.wash, Is.3.4; sprinkle clean water, distress, Is.5.30.
12.14; established, Ps.101.17. in, 2Sa.15.26. Eze. 36. 25; purify, Da. 12. 10; Is.66. 17; Speech, language, Ps. 19. 3 ; report, Hab.
Presence, face, 2 Ki. 13.23; appeazance, 2 Rejoice, be glad, Ex-4-14; to joy, Is.9.3; cleanse, 2Co.7.1; purge, He.9.14; con- 3.2.
Co.ro.t. delight, Pr. 2. 14; clap hands, Is. 55. 12; secrate, Ex. 29. 33; set apart, Ne. 12. 47; Stable,Stablish, founded, Is. 14.32; strength,
Preserve, keep, Ge.28. 15; Pr-4-6; save, Ge. take pleasure, 2Co.12.10; lift up,Job31. cause iniquity to pass away, Zec.3.4. en, Da.11. 1; confirm, ib.; settle, 1 Pe.5.
45.7; bind in the bundle of life, I Sa.25. 29; sing, Ps.65.8,12; glorying, 1 Th.2.19; Sanctuary, tabernacle, Nu.8.9; holy place, IO.
29; hold up, Ps.71.6; reserve, 79. 11. praise, De.32.43. 1 Ki. 8. rn; beauty of holiness, 1 Ch. 16. Steward, overseer, Ge. 39. 4; governor, 1
Pride, high look, Ps. 101.5; heart lifted up, Relieve, satisfy with bread, Job 29. 15; 29; God's house, Is.66.5; tent of the con- Ki.18.3; oYer the house. Is.36.3.
De.8.14; arrogancy, ]e.48.29; haughty, strengthen the hands, Eze. 16.49; cover gregation, Le.16.33. Stranger, of hard language, Eze. 3. 5; alien,
Ps 131. 1; heartexalteil,Ho.13.6; naughti• the naked, 18. 7; refresh, Phile. 7; succour, Satan (see devil); god of this world, 2 Co. La. 5. 2; foreigner, Ob. 11; sojourner, Ps.
ness of heart, r Sa.17.28. Ro.16.2; help (see help); right one, Is.I. 4-6; prince of the power of the air, Ep.2. 39. 12; not of God's people, 2 Ch.6.32.
Profaneness, wickedness, Ge.6.5; defiling, 17; make the soul come again, La.1.11. 2; the tempter, 1 Th. 3. 5; adversary, I Strength, might,Pr.24.5; help, Is.r.6; rock,
Le.20.3; violation of the law, Eze.22.26; Religious, heart lift up in the ways of the Pe-5-8; Ep.2.2. Ps.19.14; power, 71.18; support, 20.2.
pollution, Mal.1.7. Lord, 2 Ch. 17. 6; set one's self to seek Satisfy, ied, fill, Mat.I5.33; nothunger,Jn. Strife, dissension, Ac. 15. 2: discord, Pr.6.
Profit, use, Ep.1.29; life and grace, Pr.3. the Lord, 20. 3; lift up the face to God, 6.35. 14; disquietness, Ps.38.8,
22; help, Is.30.5. Job 22.26; working righteousness, Ac. 10. Saviour, deliverer, Ju. 3. 9; preserver, Job Stubborn, stiff-necked, Ex. 32. 9: neck an
Promise, give the hand, Ezr.10.19; cove- 35; see Ja. 1. 27; godly, Ps. 4. 3; devout, 7.20; mighty to save, Is.63.1; author of iron sinew, Is.48.4; will not be charmed,
nant, Ps.89.34; purpose, Nu.14.34. Ac.10.2. eternal salvation, He.5.9. Je.7.17; settled on lees, Zep.1.12.
Promote, lift up the head, Ge.40.20; exalt, Rely, trust, Ps.40.4; cast our burden, 55. Scandal, a stone of stumbling, Is. 8. 14; Study, apply the heart, Pr. 2. 2; acquaint
Job5.u. 22; abide, 91.1; look unto, Is.17.7; lean, offence, Ga.5.11; Phi.1.10. the heart, Ec.2.7; give attendance, I Ti.
Prosper, ity, good success, Jos. 1.8; bless, 36.6; stay upon, 50.10. · Scatter, disperse, Eze. 12. 15; discomfit, 2 4.13; meditate,&c .. 15.
De.33.n; grow great, 2Sa.5.10; speed, Remain, stand, Nu.9.8; stay, Ge.19.17; Sa.22.15; spread, Mal.2.3; break in pieces, Subjection, bow down to, Is.49.23; Ro.14-
Ge.24.12; enlarge, &c., De.11.20; go well tarry, Nu.22.19; abide (see abide); rest, Ps.94.5. 11; ruled O\'er, Ge.4.7.
with,4.40; flourish, Da.4.4; grow, Mal+ Pr.14.33; surplusage, Ex.26.13. Scholar, son of the prophet, 1 Ch. 25. 8; Submit, yield obedience, 2 Sa.22.40; Ps.18.
2; increase, Job 8. 7; Ps. 73. 12; prevail, Remember, think of, Ge.40.14; laynp, &c., brought up at the feet, Ac. 22. 3; a dis- 44; give the hand, I Ch.29.24; kiss, Ps.2.
Ju.4.24; do wisely, Jos.r.7; the Lord be De. II. 18; bring to mind, Is.46.8; bind ciple, Is.8.16; one that answereth, Mal. 12; bend unto, Is.6o.24; put the neck un•
with, Ge.39.2,3,23; peace, Zec.8.12. about the neck, Pr.3.3; keep, 4.2; grave, 2.12. der the yoke, Je.27.8.
Protection, hiding, De.32.38. &c., Is.49.16; have in the heart, Phi.1.7; Scorn, shake the head, 2 Ki. 19. 21; deri• Substance (see riclzes, wealth); ground,
Proud. See pride. come into mind, Je.44.21. sion, Ps.79.4; contempt, 123.4; scoff at, confidence, He.11.1; estate, Job 22.20.
Prove, try, Ps. 11.4, examine, 26.2; tempt, Remission, blotting out, Ac.3.19 (see for- Hab.I.ro; reproach, Ps.79.4. Succeed, inherit, De.2.12; possess, 12. 29;
Ge.22.1; charge, Ro.3.10; visit, Ps.17.3. giveness) ; pardon, Eze. 23. 21; not re- Scribe, secretary, 2 Sa. 8. 17; one that rise instead, Nu.32.14.
Provide, feed, Ge.48. 15; make houses, Ex. member, He.8.12; hide his face from sin, handleth the pen, Ju. 5. 14. Suddenly, speedily, Ge. 44. n; unawares,
1.21; care for, De.11 12; look well unto, Ps.51.9. Search, seek, Ec.7.25; understand, Ps.139, 31.20; in a moment, Je.4.20; as a whirl•
Je.40.4. Remnant, residue, Ne. 11.20; rest, 1 Sa. 15. 1,2; dig, Je.2.34; felt, Ge.31.37; sound, wind, Pr. r.27; as a tbief, I Tb.5.0,4; as
Pubhsb, make known, Is.38. 19; to show, 15; escaping, Ezr.9. 14. r Sa.20.12. travail on a woman, 3.
Da. 4. 2; sound a trumpet, M at.6. 2; spread Renew, strengthen, Is. 4. 13; change, Job Season, set time, 2 Ki. 4 16; opportunity, Superfluous, more than enough, Ex.36.5.
abroad, Mar. 1.45. 29.20. Mat.26.16. Support. to hold, Ps.37.23; bear up, 75.3;
Punish, visit, Le. 18. 25; find out, Nu. 32. Rent. See cleave, tear. Secret, ly, dark place, Is.45.19; wonderful, uphold, He.1.3; sustain, Ps.3.5.
23; to repay, De.7.10; render vengeance, Repair, mend, 2 Ch.34.10; close, 1 Ki.II. Ju.13.18; hide, Lu.8.17; by stealth, Job Suspense, halt between two, 1 Ki. 18. 21;
32.41; chastise, 2 Ki.12.11; cut off, Ps. 27; revive, rCh.11.8; renew,2Ch.24-4; 4.12. in a strait betwixt two, Phi. 1. 23; doubt•
101.8; wound,Je.30. 14.-See phrases, De. set up, Ezr.9.9; found, 2 Ch.24.27. Secure, safe, I Ki-4-25; Job II.18; at rest, ful mind, Lu.12.29.
32.·_41; 2 Ki.8.12; I Sa.5.6,9; Is.65.7; Je. Repent, tum, Pr. 1. 23; convert, Ac. 3. 19; . I Ki.5.4; without care, Je.49.31. Swear, lift up the hand, Nu.14.30; put the
xm.; 50.15. amend, Je.7.3,7; grieve at the heart, Ge. See, set the eyes upon, Ge.44.21; perceive, hand under the thigh, Ge.47.29.
Pure. unspotted, Ja.1.27; JobII.15; clean, 6.6. Job 9.n; enjoy, 7.7. Swerve, err, 2 Ch.33.9; decline, De.17.n;
}'>b 14.4; innocent, Ps. 19. 13; refined, n9. Report, tell, Ge.10.2; declare, Mi.I.IO. Seed, pedigree, Ezr.2.59; offspring, Job 21. depart, Ps.18.21; turn ,o the right orlefl
140; nght, Pr. 20. II; white, Da. 12. 20; Reproach, shame, 2 Sa. 13. 13; proverb,&c., 8; grain, Joel r. 17. hand, Pr-4-27; Is.30.:.1.
purged, Is.27.9; washed, 4-4- I Ki.9.7; scourge of the tongue.Job 5.21; Seek, mquire, Zep. I. 6; delight in, Mal. 3. Swift, light of foot as a roe, 2 Sa. 2. 18;
Purpose, in the heart, 1 Ki. 8. 18 ; set the spit in the face, 30. 10; contempt, 31. 34; 1; procure, Pr. 17.9; make •upplication, skipping, Ca. 2. 8; like hinds' feet. Ha!:1-
face, Lu. 9. 51; determine, 2 Ch. 2. 1; de- wound, Ca.5.7; infamy, Eze.36.3; spec- Job 8.5; devise, Ps.35-4- 3· 19·
cree, 1 Co. 7. 37; foundation, Is. 19. 10; tacle, I Co-4-9; revile, Is.51.7; dishonour, Sell, tum into money, De. 14.2~ Sword, instrument of death, Ps.7. 13; re.zor,
thoughts of the heart, Job 17.n. Ps. 6g. 19; scorn, derision, 44. 13; song, Separate, divide, Ne.11.36; disperse, Eze. Is. 7. 20; dart, Jod 2.8; drought, De.28.
Ps.6g.10, II, 22. 15; come out from, 2 Co. 6. 17; take 22.
Q. Reprobate, no part in the Lord,Jos.22.27; the precious,&c., Je. 15.9; consecrate, Nu.
vessels of wrath, Ro.9.22; appointed to 7.8; withdraw, Ga.2.12. T.
Quake, tremble, De.2.25; shake, Job4.12; wrath, 1 Th.5.9; not sealed, Re.9.4; not Serve, to stand before, 1 Sa.16.22;Je.40.9;
quiver, Hab.3. 16. written in the book of life, 13.8. to follow, 1 Sa.25.27; to be at command, Take, apprehend, I Ki.18.20; surprise, Je.
Quarrel, strife, De. r. 12; fall out, Ge.45.24; Reprove, rebuke, Pr.9.7,8; convince, Job tCh.28.21; to dwell with,Ps. 101.6; minis- 18.41; choose, 2 Ti.5.9.
controversy, De.21.5; inward grudging, 6.8; argue, Is.11.4; discover, Ep.5.13. ter, 2 Ki. 5. 16. Take away, pluck out, Ps.52.5; cause to
Mar 6. 19; complaint, Col.3. 13. Requite, reward, Re. 18. 6; recompense, 2 Shame, blot, Pr. 9. 7; infamy, 25. 10; con- perish, Je.25.10. .
Quicken, give life, 2Co.3.6; revive, Ezr.9.8. Ch.6.23; measure, Mat.7.2. fusion, ls.30.3; reproach, Ru.2.15. Talk, open the lips.Pr.13.3; meditate, 1KL
Quickly, diligently, 1 Sa. 20. 19; hasten, 2 Resist, stand against, Ep.6.11: gainsay, Shelter, shadow, ls.4.6; show (see declare, 18.27.
Ch.18 Lu.21.15. rt?Jeal, manifest, discover). Teach. disperse knowledge. Pr. 15 .7; cause
116
-
SYNONYMOUS '1.'ERMS OR PHRASES USED IN THE SCRIPTURES.
to understand, Ne.8.7; sit in Moses'chair, ish, 20.7; flee away_ Pr.23.5; go away as Undefiled, perfect, sincere, Ps. n9. I, . to nought, 18; lay on heaps,Ps.137.3;
Mat.23.2; givP. instruction, Pr.9.9; make dew, Ho.6.4; pass away, 13.3; cease to Understanding, prudence, 2 Ch.2.12; WIS• destroy, 8; desolate, ruin, Eze.36.33,36.
wise 16. 23; whet or sharpen, De. 6. 7; be seen, Lu.24.31. dom, Pr. 8. 12; discretion, Ps.rr2.5; know- Weak, without strength, Ro.5.6; feeble, I
interpret, Is.43.27. Vanity, that which is light, of no value, Is. ledge, Ge.2.9; skill, Da.9.22; reason, 4. Th.5.14; dust and ashes, Ge.18.27; de-
Temple.theLord'spalace, 1Ch.29.1; house 40. 17,23; 41.29; changeable, Ee. L 2; 2. 34,36; perceiving, 2 Ki-4-9. fence departed, Nu.14.9; small power, 2
of the Lord, Ne. 6. 10; sanctuary (see 11; satisfies not, 5.10; iniquity, Ps.10.7; Unfaithful, treacherous, Zep.3.4; in whom Ki.19.26; aswomen,Ne.3.13; compassed
sanctuary); beauty of holiness, Ps. 29, 2; lying, Eze.13.6; 21.29; untempered mor- is no faith, De.32.20; rebellious, Is.1.23 with infirmity, He.5.2; tender, 2 Sa.3.39;
holy mountain, Is. 56. 7 ; courts of holi- tar, 22.28. ( Vulgate translation). loose, Job 12.2L
ness, 62. 9; house of prayer, Mar. 11. 17; Vantage, gain, Ac.16.16; profit, Pr.14.23. Unfruitful, unprofitable, Job 13. 3; vain, \Vealth, multitude of riches, Ps. 49. 6;
holy hill, Ps.43.3; God's resting-place, 2 Vengeance, zeal, Is. 59. 17; recompense, Tit.3.9; barren, Joel2.20; desolate, Is.7. strength, Pr.5.10.
Ch.6.4L De.32.35, jndgment, He. 10.27; vials of 19. Weary, faint, I Sa. q.28; cut off, Job 10.1;
Terrible, make afraid, Job 13.II; the mes- wrath, Re. 16. r; fury, ls. 59. 18. Ungodly, sons of Belia!, Ju. 19. 22; children no might, Is 1,.0.28.
senger of death, Pr. 16. 14; an army, Ca. Vex, provoke, 1 Sa. 1. 4; make ashamed, of wickedness, 2Sa.7.10; haters of God, \Veep, draY, sater, r Sa.7.6; pour out
6.10; God's indignation, Na.1.6; dread- Ps.6.10; grieve the heart, 1Sa.2.23; cause Ro.r.30; alienated from the life of God, tears, Jot 16.20; eyes run down, Je.9.18.
ful, Hab.L7. sorrow, Pr.10.10; cut to the heart, Ac.7. Ep-4-18; forget God, Ps.9.17. Wicked. See u11godly.
Think, speak in the heart, De. 9. 4; con- 54; break in pieces, Job 19.2; make the Unity, knit together,r Co.1.10; agreement, Wife, a married woman, Ge. 20. 12; an
sider, &c., Ho. 7. 2; conceive, Ex. 38. IOj soul bitter, 27. 2; make the heart sick, Mat. 5. 25; join together, Ep. 4. 16; bind helpmeet for man, 2. 18 ; desire of the
remember, Ge.9.14; reckon,~ Co.10.2. Pr. 13. 12; torment, Lu. 16. 24; oppress, upon, Pr.6.21. eyes, Eze. 24. 26; companion, :Mal. 2. 14;
Thought, purpose, Eze.38. 10; conscience, Ps.ro7.39; Ex.2.21; crush, Ju.ro.8. Unjust, that knoweth no shame, Zep.3.5; glory of the man, 1 Co.11.8; weakerves--
Ee. 10. 20; reasoning, I Co. 13. 11 j said Victory, conquest, Re.6.2; crowns, 19.12; unrighteous, r Co.6.9; deceitful, Ps.43.r; sel, r Pe.3.7.
with himself, 2 Ki.5. rr. palm, 7.9; mastery, Ex.32.18; prevail, 2 covenant-breakers, Ro. 1. 31; a man of Wilderness, a place of no seed, Nu.20.5;
Thunder, voice of God, Ex.9.28. Ch.27.5; subdue, Ge.2.28; to carry away, iniquity, Ps.43. L desert land, De.32. 10; a land of drought,
Time, days, 1 Ki. 11. 42; season, Da.2.21; 2Ch.28.8; overcome, Re.17.14. Unprofitable, vain, Tit.3.9; 2Co.6.1; do Je.2.6; solitary place, Is.35.r; where no
Ec.3.1. View, behold, Mar.12.4r; look, Nu.12.10; no good, Job 15.3; of none effect, Ga.5, way is, Ps. 107.40.
Tongue, language, Ge. IL 17; speech, Ex. to see, 2Ki.7.2; mark, Ru.3.4; set the 4. Willing, pleaseth, Ge. 16. 6; with desire,
4.10. heart on, Pr.24.3r. Unsavoury, no taste, Job6.6; without sea- De.r8.6; fonrnrd, 2Co.9.2; do from the
Treacherous, dig a pit for a friend, Job 6, Vile, base, Job30.8; 2Sa.6.22; churl, Is. soning, l\tlar.9.50. heart, Ep.6.6; with good-will, 7.
27; unfaithful, Mal.2. 15; transgress, Ho. 32. 7; contemptible, Mal. 2. 9; despised, Unsearchable, not comprehended, Job 37. Wind, blast of God"s nostrils, Ex. r5.8.
6.7. Pr.12.9; lightly esteemed, r Sa.3L 15; of 5; ls.40. 18; Je. 17.9; 46.23. Wisdom, knowledge, Job 34. 2; understand-
Tremble. shake, &c., 2 Sa. 12. 8; quake, no value, Jobr3.4; refuse, rSa.15.9; ac- Unspeakable, cannot be uttered, Ro.8.26; ing, 28.28; prudence, Pr.8.12; 19.11; dis-
quiver, Hab.3.16; bones shake, Tob4-14. cursed, 3.13; offscouring, La.3.45; folly, 2Co.12+ cretion, 2.10,11; counsel, Job 12. 13; in-
Tribute, levy, 1 Ki-4-6; mulct, 2 ki.23.33; Tu.19.24. Unstable, moving, La.L8; wavering, Ep. struction, Pr.9.10.
sufficiency, De.6.10; pieces of silver, Ps. Vlolence, force, Ge. 3L 31; power, Ezr. 4. 4- 14; changeable, Is. 52. 2; false, deceit- Word, rod of the mouth, Is. 1L4; voice,
8.30. 23; tyranny, Ja.2.6; incursion, Je.22. 17. ful, Pr. 11. 18. Jn.5.25; sword of the Spirit, Ep.6.7; in-
Triumph, set up banners, Ps.20.5; shout Virgin, hath not known man, Ge.24. 16; 19. Unwise, understand not, Pr.28.5; brutish, corruptible seed, r Pe. 1.23; sharp sword,
for mastery, Ex.32.8. 8; a maid, Ex.22.16; a damsel, De.22.23. 12. 1; foolish, Ro.2.20; want understand- Re.2.12.
Trouble, burden, 2Sa.15.33; terrify, rSa. Visage, face, Job 16. 16; look, Ps. 18. 27 ; ing, Pr.28.16; simple, 2Ti.3.6. Work, operation, Ps.28.5; labour, Job ro.
16.14; shorten, Job 2L4; poverty, r Ch. countenance, 10.4; form,Da.3. 19; beauty, Voice, sound, Re. 1. 15; noise, Jos. 5. IO; 3; hand, Ex.14.,1; account, Ro.9.28; to
22.14; perplexity, Is.22.5; commotion, 2 Is.52.14; 53.2. speech, Col.4.6. do, He.13.21; deed, ]a.1.25.
Ch.29.8; evil, Je. 2. 20; anguish, Is.30.6; Visit, restore, Je.27.22; perform the good Vow, lift up the hand to the Lord, Ge.14. "\Vorship, bow down, Ps.92.6; sacrifice. 1
distress, Ps. 107.6; sorrow, 116.3. word, 29. ro; do judgment, 51.47; a\·enge, 22; bind one·s self by a bond, Nu.30.3; Sa.1.3; serve, Lu-4-7,8.
True, verified, Ge.42.20; not deceitful, Zep. Ho. r.4; try, lob 7. 18. to open the mouth to God,Ju.11.35. Wounded, made sick, 1 Ki. 22. 34; grief,
3. 13; without controversy, 1 Ti. 3. 16; of Unable, weak,Nu.13.18; faint, De. 20. 3; is Uphold, strengthen, Is.41.ro; deliver, Ps. Ps. 147 .3; bruised, ls.53. 5; thrust through.
purpose, Da. 3. 14. not in me,Ge.41.16; too heavyforme,Nu. rr6.8. Je.37.10.
frust, eth, rely upon, 2 Ch. 13. 18; eyes II.14; no might in the hand, De.28.32. Upright, perfect, Pr.2. 21; innocent, Job Wrath, jealousy, Ps.79.5; smoke,18.8; sore
upon, 20. 12; stayeth on, Is. 26. 3 ; wait Unadvisedly, rashly, Pr.14-17; 2Sa.24.ro; 17.8. displeasure, 2.5; heart hot, De.19.6.
on, Ps.25.2,3; hope in, Ep.Lro; strength• void of counsel, De. 32. 28; without un- U sury,taking increase, Eze. r8.8; dishonest
eneth himself, Ps. 52. 7; rolleth himself, derstanding, Pr. 7. 7; destitute of wisdom, gain, 22. 12,
22.8. 15.2L
Y.
Tum, give another heart, r Sa. ro. 9; re-
verse, Je.2.24; convert, Am.1.3.
Unbelief, disobedience, He-4-n.
Unblamable, unreprovable, Col. L 22; un-
w. Yield.give the hand, 2Ch.30.8; bring forth,
Ps.67.6; submit, I Pe.2.13: give place,
Type, example, He.8.5; pattern, 9.23. rebukable, I Ti.6.14; no fault found, r Sa. Wag-es, allowance, Lu.3.14- See hire. Ep-4-27; beentreated,Ja.3.17; return to,
29.3; clear, 2 Co.7.rr; guiltless, Nu. 5.31; \'v' ail. lament, J e. 9. ro; mourn, Am. 5. r6; Je.15.19; grant to, Ezr.7.6; assent, Ge.
V. innocent, De.27.25. howl, Mi. 1.8. 34.15; obey, 27.8.
Unchangeable, no variableness, &c., Is.r. Wait, silent, Ps.65.1; hope, watch, 130.5, Yoke, burden, ls.14.25; bond, Je-5-5.
Vagabond, a fugitive, Ge+ 14; a wanderer, 17; stable, 1 Co. r5. 18; constant, 1 Ch. 28. 6; stand,Ne.12.41; expect,Job32.4; look Young, of yesterday, Job8.9.
Ps. 59. 15; base, of no name, Job 39. 8; 7; not repent, Nu. 29. 19; altereth not, for, Ps.145. r5. Youth.stripling, 1Sa.r7.55,56; young man,
one without place, Ps.109. 10; lewd fellow, Da.6.8. Walk, obsen•e, do, Eze.,7.24; keep, 36.27. 58.
Ac.17.5.
Vain, naught, Am.6.13; fruitless, 2 Co. 15.
Unclean, defiled, Le.5.3; polluted, Ezr.2.
62; filthy, abominable, Job 15.10; Le.II,
Wander, abide not in the house, Pr.7.rr
(see err); go up and down, 2 Sa.15.20. z.
10; foolish, La.2.14; unprofitable, 1 Sa. 8,10,43; common, Ro.14.14. Want, hunger, thirst, &c., De.28.48; fam- Zealous, hot within, Ps.39.4; courageous,
12.21; empty.Job 11.12; to no purpose, Uncover, to make bare, Is. 32. 11 ; leave ine, Job 30. 3. Tos.23.6; valiant, Je.9._3; fervent_ in spirit,
Mal.3.14; wind, Job 15.2. naked, Eze. 16. 39 ; lay open, Pr. 13. 16; Wash, cleanse, purge, Ps.51.27. °Ro.12.11; earnest, Ph1.1.20; stnvmg, 27;
Vanish, consume or cut off, Job6.r7; per• make naked, Is.22.6. Waste, weaken.Job 14.10; decay, n; come contending earnestly, Jude 3.
A COLLECTION OF THE PROPHECIES WHICH CONCERN THE CALLING OF THE JEWS, AND THE
GLORY WHICH SHALL BE IN THE LATTER DAYS.
1. The Jews shall be gathered from all parts of the earth where they are now scattered, 1<r-r2; Joel ~-7,8,19,20; Ob.17, 18; l\li-4-6-8,u-13; 5.5-7; 7. 16,17; Zec.2.13; 9.13-15; 10.
and brought home into their own land. For this, see Is.rr.u; 27.12,13; 43 . .5,6; 49.II, 5,6; 12.6; Nu.24.17; ls.49.23; 6o.1<r-16; 66.19,20.
12; 6o+ 6. The Jews restored shall live peaceably, without being divided into two nations, or
Compare Je.3.18; 16.q, r5: 23.3; 30. 10; 31.7,8,10; 32.37. contending with one another any more, Is.n. r3,r4; 14.1,2; Je.3.18; 50.4; Eze.37.21,22;
So Ho.1r.10,rr; Zep.3.10: Zec.8.7,8; 10.8-10. Ho.I.IL
2. They shall be carried by the Gentiles unto their place, who sha!I join themselves (r) They shall be very numerous, and multiply greatly, Is.27.6; 44.3,4; 49.18--21;
with the Jews, and become the Lord's people, Is.49.22; 14.12; 6o.9; 66.19,20; 2.2-4. 54.1-3; 6L9; Je.23.3; 30.18-20; 3L27; Eze.34.rr; 36.37,38.
Compare Je.3. 17; 16. 19; Eze.47.22,23; l\!i.5.3; Zec.2.II; 8.2<r-23. (2) They shall have great peace, safety, and outward temporal prosperity, Is.32.16
3. Great miracles shall be wrought when Israel is restored, as formerly when they -18; 33.24; 54-13-17; 6o.r8,21; Je.23.3-6; 30.10; 32.34-41; 33.6-9; 50.19,20;
were brought out of Egypt, viz.:- Joel 3.17,18; l\li.7.18-20; Zep.3. 13; Zcc.3.9,10.
(1) Drying up the river Euphrates, Is.rr.15,16; Zec.10.rr; Re.r6.rn; Ho.2.15; Mi. (3) They shall be very glorious, and a blessing in the whole earth, Is.19.24,25; 6r.
7.15. 9;Je.33.3,9; Eze.34.26; Zep.3.19,20; Zec.8.r3.
2) Causing rivers to flow m desert places, Is.41.17-19; 48.20,21; 43.9,20. 7. The land of Judea shall be made eminently fruitful, like a paradise, or the garden
!3) Giving them prophets, ls.66.18-21; Ho.12.9,10.

4) The Lord Christ himself shall appear at the head of them, Is.35.8; 52.12; 58.8;
Ho.L ro,n; l\li.2.12, 13.
4. The Jews, being restored and converted to the faith of Christ, shall be formed into
of God, Is.29.17; 35.1,2,7,9; 51.3,16; 54.rr-r3; 55.12,r3; 60.r7; 6_s.17,25; Eze.34.26,27;
36.37; Joel3.r8; Am.9.13, 14.
8. Jerusalem shall be rebuilt, and after the full restoration of the Jews, shall never be
destroyed nor infested with enemies any more, ls.52. 1; 26.1; 6o.18; 33.6; Joel3.r7; Ob.
a state, and have judges and counsellors over them as formerly: the Lord Chnst himself 17; Zec.14.10,n; Je.31;38-40; Eze.38.1r.
bemg :heir king, who shall then also be acknowledged kmg over all the earth, Is.1.26; 9. A little before the time of the Jews' call and conversion, there shall be great wars,
6o.17. Compare Je.23.4; 30.8,9,21; Ho.3.5; Eze.34.23,24; 37.24,25; Is.54.5; Ob.21; and confusion and desolation throughout all the earth, ls.xxxiv.;Joel3.r,10; Zep.3.8,9;
Zec.14.5,9, Ps.22 27.28 Eze.28.25,26; Hag.2.21-23;Je.30.7-10; 2Ch.r5.3-7. So that we may say, as Balaam
5. They shall have the ,actory over all their enemies, and all kings and nations of the did, prophesying of that very time, 'Alas, who shall live when God doeth tkisf' Nu.24.
earth shall submu unto them, For which see ls.u.13,14; 41.14-16; 49.23; 6o.12; 25. 23).
117
r
A TABLE OF THE PROMISES, IN THE ORDER OF THE BOOKS.
5; rr.38; to dwell among them upon their love God, q; of audience, 15; of Icing life, ~o those in darkness, 50. IO; of everlasting
GENESIS. obedience, 6.r2,r3; of supply to the widow 16; of flourishing and fruitfulness, 92.12- Joy, 51.u; of knowledge, 52.6; comfort in
Of Christ's victory over the devil, 3. 15; of Sarepta, 17. 14; to Ahab, of victory, 20. 14; of not casting off his people, 9+ 14; of desertion,54.7,8; to hearing, 55.3; of mercy
lo Noah, of presen·ation in the ark, 6. 18; r3; of respite of judgments upon his hu- preservation, deli\·erance, and comfort, 97. to the penitent, 7; of the success of the
of the several seasons, 8.21.22; of securitv miliation, 21.29. 10, II; of regarding the prayer of the des- word, 10, I 1; to the observation of the Sab-
from a flood, 9.9,n,15: of the calling of titute, 102.17; not ah~.rays chide, 103.9; of bath, 56. 4-7; righteous happy in death,
the Gentiles, 27; to Abram, to make him IL KI;,;GS. blessing on the posterity of those that fear 57.2; of God's presence, and reviving to
a great nation, 12. 2, 3; of the land of God, 112.2; and wealth, 3; and establish- the humble, 15; not contend for ever, 16;
To the Shunamrnite, of a child, 4. 16; of ment, 6-8; of blessing to them that fear of peace, 19; of audience, 58.9; to liberal-
Canaan, and a numerous seed, 13. 15-17; plenty in !::iamaria, 7. I; to 1ehu, of con-
of a son, 15.4; and numerous offsprlJlg, 5; God, 115. 13-15; of security, 121. 3; and ity, 10,11; to ob~ervation of the Sabbath,
tinuing the kingdom to him for four gener- preservation, 6-8; of prosperity to those 13.14; to tremblmg at the word, 66.2; to
the return of his posterity from bondage, ations, 10. 30; of deliverance from enemies
15.14,16; to Hagar, of a numerous seed, that love the church, 122.6; of stabilitv to outcasts, 5.
to those that fear God, 17.39; to Hezekiah, trusting in God, 125. 1, 2; of deliver:ince
16. 10; to Abram, of a numerous seed, 17. to defend the city, r9.30,31, 34; of healing
2,4,6; to be a God to him and his seed, 7; from oppression, 3; of joy, r26. 5, 6; of JEREMIAH.
him and lengthening his life, 20. 5, 6; to sundry blessings to those that fear God,
to give him Canaan, 8; of Isaac, 16,19,21; Josiah, that he should die in peace, 22.20. To Jeremiah, of protection, r.8,r9; r5.
to bless and multiply Ishmael, 20; of a son 128. 1-6; of redemption from sin, 130.8; to
David, 132. 11-18; of deliverance from 19, 20; of mercy to the penitent, 2. 12; of
by Sarah, 18. 10, 14; to make Ishmael a rest to the righteous, 6.16; to amendment,
nation, 21.13; of a numerous seed, 22.17, I. CHRONICLES, enemies, 138.7; to the upright, 140.13; to
calling upon God, 145.18; of fulfilling their 7.3; to obedience, 23; 11.4,5; to Jeremiah,
18; to Isaac, to giYe him Canaan, 26. 3; Many mercies to David and his seed, 17. of favour with enemies, 15. II; of flourish ..
to multiply his seed, 4, 24; 28. 13-15; to g-14; 22.9, 101 13. desires, 19; of preservation to those that
love God, 20; of help for those in distress, ing and fruitfulness to those that trust in
Jacob, to be with him, 31.3; of Canaan and God, 1'7.7,8; to observation of Sabbath, 24,
a numerous seed, 35. 11, 12; to Jacob, to II. CHRONICLES. 146.7-9; of healing to the broken in heart,
147.3; to the meek, 6 25; of freedom from e\·il to the penitent,
bring him out of Egypt again, 46. 3,4. 18.8-10; 26. 13; of a heart to know God,
To Solomon, of wisdom, riches, and
honour, r. 12; pardon and audience, 7. 14, PROVERBS. 24.7; return from Babylon, 27.22; 29.10-
EXODUS. q; 30.3, 18-22; 3r.8-10, 12; 32.37-44; 33.
15; to Solomon, to establish his throne if
To Moses, to be with him, 3.12; to give obedient, 17, r8; of stability and prosperity Of safety, r.33; of knowledge to those 7, &c.; 46.27,28; 50.4,5; of moderation in
the Israelites favour with the Egyptians, to believers1 20.20; mercy to the penitent, that seek it, 2. 4, 5, 9; of wisdom to the correcting, 30.11; of a new covenant, 31.
21: to teach him what to say, 4.12; to the righteous, 6,7; to the upright, 21; of long 31-34; to Ebedmelech, of deliverance, 39,
30.9. life and favour, 3.2-4; of direction to those 18.
Israelites, to bring them into Canaan and
to be their God, 6.6,8; freedom from sick- JOB. that trust in God, 5,6; of health and strength LAMENTATIONS.
ness upon obedience, 15.26; to the Israel- to those that fear God, 7,8; of plenty, to
ites, to be his peculiar people upon their Deliverance from trouble, war, famine, honouring God with estates, 9, ro; of safety Not cast off for ever, 3.31,32.
obedience, 19.5,6; of long life to honouring slanders, 5. I9"-22; security from mischiev- and security to the obedient, 21-26; to love
of parents, 20. 12; of his presence and bless- ous accidents, 2'.1; a comfprtable habita- of wisdom, 4.8, 9; righteous not famish, 10. EZEKIEL.
ing in places of solemn worship, 24; of de- tion, 24; flouris~hing posterity, 25; long 3; of stability to righteous, 30; 12.3,7; and Of one heart and a new spirit, 11.19: to
fence to obedience, 23.22; of health, 25; of life, 26; to piety and sincerity, 8.5-7; pros- a sure reward, I 1. 18; of blessing to him remember and establish the covenant, 16.
long life, 26; of victory, 27; to Israel, of perity and security, 11. 15-19; of persever- that sells c9rn, 26; of flourishing to the 6o,62; of pardon to those that reform, 18.
his presence, and to be their God, 29.,15; ance and growth in grace, 17.9; of good righteous, 28; just shall come out of trouble, 21,22,27,28; 33.15,16,19; of a new heart,
to Moses, of his presence, 33. r4; to show to acquaintance with God, 22. 21; of wealth 12.13; no evil shall happen to him,21; to the 36.26; of return from Babylon, 37. 21; 39.
him nis glory, 19; of safety, when they to the penitent and righteous, 23, 24; of diligent, 24; r3. 4; of reward to him that 25.
appeared before God, 34. 24- defence, 25; of audience, 27; of audience fears the commandment, 13; of honour to DANIEL.
and pardon to the penitent, 33.26-28; of him that regards reproof, 18; of wisdom to
prosperity to the obedient, 36. II. him that converses with the wise, 20; of To those that turn many t? righteous-
LEVJTI CUS ness, 12.3; of the increase of knowledge, 4,
good to the righteous, 21; of flourishing to
Life to the obedient, 18.5; safety, 25.18, PSALMS. the upright, 14- n; of mercy to them that
19; plenty, 26.3-5; peace, 6; victory, 7,8; devise good, 22; of audience to the right- HOSEA.
God's presence, rr-13; removd of judg- Of fruitfulness and prosperity to the
godly, i. 3; of audience, 4. 3; of blessmg eous, 29; of quietness of mind to those that Of reconciliation and mercy, 2.14, &c.;
ments to the penitent, 40-.1-2,44,45. commit their works to the Lord, 16. 3; of
and favour to the righteous, 5. 12; of refuge of healing to the penitent, 6. I; of increase
to the oppressed, 9. 9; needy not always peace to them that please God, 7; to a wise of knowledge to them that seek it, 2; of
NUMBERS. and faithful servant, 17.2; of safety to the
forgotten, r8; safety to the poor oppressed, not executing the fierceness of anger, Ii.
Of Christ and his kingdom, 24. 17-19; 12. 5; stability and perseverance to the citi- righteous, r8.ro; to the charitable, r9.r7; 9; of healing- their backslidings, r4. 4; of
to Phinehas, of the priesthood, 25. 12, 13. zens of Zion, 15. 1-5; of direction to happi- of satisfaction to them that fear God, 23; growth in grace and fruitfulness, 5-7.
ness, 16.11; to the meek,22.26; of blessing of bles.sini. to the children of the just, 20. 7;
to the poor, 24.4,5; of instruction to the and to the bountiful, 9; of reformation to JOEL.
DEUTERONOM\: correction, 23. 13, 14; to good education
penitent, 25.8; of direction to the meek, 9;
Of mercy to the penitent, 4.29-31; long of mercies to those that fear God, r2-i4; of children, 22. 6; of joy to the father of Of a blessing to repentance, 2.r2-r4,19
life to the obedient, 40; 5.33; 6.2; pros- of safety in trouble, 27.5; of care in dis- good children, 23. 24; of reward to the wise, -32.
perity,6.3,18; spiritual and temporal bless- tress, 10; of strength to those that wait, 14; 24. 14; of blessing to them that rebuke sin- A1l0S.
ings, 7.12-15; long life and victory, 21-25; of strength to his people, 29. II; not to be ners, 25; of reward to a good servant, 27.
welfare to themselves and posterity, 12.28; r8; to the upright, 28. 10; of pardon to the Of life to the penitent, 5.4,6,r4,r5.
always angry, 30.5; of hiding to those that
blessings to the obedient, 15.4-6, 18; life fear God, 31.20; of strength to those that penitent, 13; of safety to the upright, 18;
and the land to those that do justice, 16. of plenty to the diligent, 19,20; of favour MICAH.
hope in God, 24; of mercy to those that
20; of Christ, 18. 15, 18; victory, 20. r, 4; trust in God, 32. 10; of deliverance to those to reprovers, 23; to trust in God, 25; of Not angry for ever, 7. 18; of £.ubduing
blessing to the charitable, 24- r9; long life that fear God, 33. r8, 19; of protection, 34. deliverance 'to the wise, 26; of plenty to and pardoning iniquities, 19.
to them that do justly, 25. 15; many bless- 7; of no want, 9, 10; audience and deliver- the charitable, 27; to correction, :29. 17; of
ings to the obedient, 28. 1-14; outward ance to the righteous, 15, 17, 19; nigh to the honour to the humble, 23; of safety to them H ..\BAKKUK.
prosperity, 29.9; return from captivity to broken in heart, and saves them, 18; satis- that trust in God, 2s: 30. 5.
the penitent, 30. 2-5; renewal of the cove- Of increase of knowledge, 2. r4-
faction in ordinances, 36. 8, 9; habitation
nant, 6; plenty, 8-ro; blessing to the obed- and food to trusting in God, 37.3; of de- ECCLESIASTES.
ient, 16; not to fail nor forsake, 31.6,8; to ZECHARIAH.
sires granted to delighting in God, 4; to To the fear of God, s. r 2 ; to the charit-
Joshua, to be with him, 23; long life to those that commit their way to God, 5,6; of bl Of mercy to the penitent, I. 3.
the obedient. 46, 47. inheriting the earth to waiting on God, 9; a e, II.I.
and to the meek, rr; of upholding to the lSAIAH. MALACHI.
JOSHUA. righteous, 17; of a lasting inheritance to
the upright, r8; food in famine, 19; of di- Of pardon to the penitent, 1.18; of plenty Of mercy to the penitent, 3.7; of plent1
To Joshua, 1.5-9; 10.8. to payment of tithes,·10; of sparing, 17; of
rection to a good man, 23; of upholding, to the obedient, 19; of safety in common
24; of inheriting the land to the righteous, calamities, 3. ro; of joy in the use of ordin- mercy to those that fear God. 4.2.
JUDGES.
29; that steps shall not slide, 31; of not· ances, 12.3; · of perfect peace to trusting in
To Gideon, of victory, 6. 16; 7. 7; to leaving the righteous in the power of the God, 26.3; of peace to believers, 27.5; of MATTHEW,
Manoah, of a son that should deliver Js- wicked, 33; to waiting on God, 34; of help moderate correction, 8; of reformation by To the poor in spirit, 5.3; to mourners,
:acl, 13.3,5. and deliverance to the righteous,39, 40; of affliction, 9; of joy to the meek, 29.19; of 4; to the meek, 5; to desires after right·
many blessings to him that considers the favour to his people, 30.18, 19; of continu- eousness, 6; to the merciful, 7; to the pure
I. S.-\:-.HJEL poor, 41.1-3; of help in trouble, 50.15; of anceofthemeansofgrace,20·26; of safety in heart, 8; to peacemakers, 9; to perse-
Honour to those that honour God, 2.30; salvation to him that orders his conversa- to the righteous, 33. 15, 16; of pardon to the cuted for righteousness' sake, 10- 12; of
mercy to the obedient, 12.14; not to forsake tion aright, 23; of support, 55.22; of plenty members of the church, 24; Christ's care open reward to secret alms, 6. 4; and to
his people, 22. and blessing to praising of God,67.5-7; to of weak believers, 40.u; of strength to the secret prayer, 6; and to secret fasting, 18;
the humble, 69.32,33; of help tc. the poor, faint, 29; and to them that wait, 31; of of pardon to those that forgive others, 14:
II. SAMUEL 72. 12-14; of guidance, 73.24; of satisfac- strength and support,41. 10-14; of comfort of clothing, 30; of supply to those that firsf;
To David, of mercy to his seed, 7.r2-r6. tion to large expectations, 81. 10; of victory to spiritual poor, 17, 18; of direction to the seek righteousness, 33; of desires granted
and plenty to obedience, 13-16; of peace ignorant, 42.16; of safety in dangers,43.2; to earnest seekers, 7.7; of blessedness te>
I. KINGS. to his people, 85.8; of plenty, r2; to David, of pardon, 25; of the Spirit, 44. 3; of in- the doers of God's will, 21; of salvation tC>
89.4,2o-29; and to his seed, 30-37; of decrease of grace, 4; of pardon, 22; of sup- perseverance, 10. 22; to confessing of Christ,
To Solomon, long life upon his obed- }iuerancefrom pestilence,91.3-7,10; of pro- port and deliverance in trouble, 46.4; of 32; of reward to those that lose life fot
ience, 3.14; and to establish his throne, 9.4, tecti,m, u,12; of deliverance to those that sparing,48.9; not forget,49.15,16; of light Christ, 39; to kindness to Christ's mini!""
118
r
.
. '·
.
.
A TABLE OF THE PROMISES.
. of rest to tilose that com~ t,o Christ's name he will do, 14.13, 14; to those EPHESIANS. JAMES.
tars,_ 4 1•;; ; 10 humility, 18.4; of Chnst s that love God, 23; of helping our memories,
8
Chnst, I · those met in his name, 20; of 26; that the Spirit shall guide into all truth, Of reward for any good we do, 6.8. Of wisdom to those that ask it, I. 5; of a
presence ~o]ife to those that forsake all for 16.13; of receiving to those that ask,-24. crown of life, 12; to the deers of the law,
~ver.lastinl:> . to asking in faith, 21.22: of PHILIPPIAXS. 25; to resisting the devil. 4.7; to drawing
Chnst,_ 19· 2Z'the humble, 23.12; of salva- ACTS. nigh to God, 8; to those that humble them-
Of changing our vile bodies, 3. 21 ; of selves, ro; health and pardon to the praycar
~a.ltat1one:severance, 24-13; of :eward to Of pardon to believers, I0.43; and sal- peace, 4.7; of supplying all our needs, 19,
von to P f "thfully employ their talents, of faith, 5. 15.
vation, 16. 31.
those that .a~f life everlasting to the right- I. _;OHN.
~5.2r,23,~9• f Christ's presence with his ROMANS. COLOSSIANS.
eous, 46 • 0 Of appearing with Christ in glory, ~-4- Of pardon to confession of sin, 1.9; ta
ministers, 28.20- Of everlasting life to continuance in well- see God as he is, 3.2; of pardon, 5.16.
MARK. doing,2.7; that sin shall not have dominion,
6. 14; that all things shall work together I. THESSALON!ANS. REVEL-\TION.
To faith, 9_23 ; to prayer of faith, xr.24. for good, 8. 28; that nothing shall separate To be ever with the Lord, 4. 17. To him that overcomes, 2.7,11, 17,26-28;
LUKE. us from Christ's love, 39; that believers 3. 5, 12, 21; of a crown of life to those that
shall not be ashamed, 9.33; of salvation to II. THESSALONIANS. persevere, 2.10; to sup with him that opens
Of great reward to love of enemies, 6. 35; confession and faith, ro.9; and to calling
Of keeping from evil, 3.3. to him, 3.20; to !hose that are before the
fbeina- taught what to say, 12.12; 21.~5; npon God, 13; of bruising Satan under our throne of God, 7.15-r7; to the thirsty,21.
0
h "haritable 14.13,14; of speedyrehef feet, 16.20.
6; to him that overcomes, 7.
~~~ ep~rsecutor;, 18.8. I. TDIOTHY.
I. CORINTHIANS. CHRIST promised, Is.7.14; 9.6,7; n.x-
JOHN. Of preservation in child-bearing, 2.15; to ro; Je.23.5,6; 33.15,17; Hag.2.7; Zec.3.8;
Of confirming to the end, x.8; of relief ministers that are diligent, 4- 16.
Of everlasting life to _believing, 3.15,36; under temptations, ro. 13. 6. 12.-The blessings of his kingdom, Is.32.
. 6. 40, 7; never thJr~t more, 4-14; 5. I-4,17,18; 35.r.
5 ~~~f not 4casting out him that comes to II. CORINTHIANS. IL TIMOTHY. Concerning the CHURCH: its reforma--
thrist, 5_37 ; to the doers of God's will, 7· Of consolation to sufferers, 1.7; of boun- Of reigning with Christ to sufferers with tion, Is. 1.25,26; flourishing ir. i.he last days,
; believers, 38; :o such as contmue m him, 2. 12; of a crown of righteousness, 4. 8. 2.2-4; glory and safety, 4.4--6; love among
17 10 word, 8. 32, to those _th.at keep
Christ's
tiful rea,ping to bountiful sowing, 9.6. the members thereof, rr. 13; tranquillity,
Christ's sayings, 5r; that Chnst s ~beep GALATIANS. HEBREWS. 14-3; spiritual blessings,25.6; security,27.
shall never perish, ro. 28 : th~.t b.eltevers 3; extent, 6; 54.2; 60.1-22; Mi-4- r-7; tran-
shall never die, Ir. 25, 26; nor abide m dark- Of everlasting life to those that sow to Of pardon, 8.12; 10.17; of never leaving '1uillity, Is.33.20; pardon, 24; protection
ness, 12. 46; that whatsoever we ask m the Spirit, 6.8; of reaping in due time, 9. us, 13.5. 1
and glory, Zec.2.5; stability, Mat,16.18,
A CONCISE HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS.

1. St. Luke's preface, Lu.x.1-4. 35. A woman anoints Christ, Lu.7.36; 8. 66. An adulteress, &c., Jn. viii. 97. The widow's two mites, Mar.12.41-
2, Christ's divinity, Tn.1.x-5,c,--14. 1-3. 67. A blind man healed, Tn.ix. 44; Lu.2r.x-4.
. John Baptist's birth foretold, and 36. Of blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, 68. Christ the good shepherd, Jn.xo.1-21. 98. Christ foretells the destruction of Te-
3 Christ's, Lu.r.5. Mat. 12.22-45; Mar.3.22-30; ! ,tl.II. 69. The seventy return, Lu.xo.17. rusalem and the Jewish state, M:"at.
4- Mary in danger to be put away, Mat. 14-26, 29-32. 70. The efficacy of prayer, Lu.xx.x-13,27, 24.1-51; Mar.13.r-37; Lu.21.5-36.
r.r8. 37. Christ's mother and brethren seek him, 28,33, &c. 99. The parable of the virgins and talents;
5. Christ's birth, Lu.2. x-20. Ma1.J2.46-50; Mar.3.31-35; Lu.8. 71. Against hypocrisy, carnal fear, covet- the last judgment described, Mat,
6. Christ's pedigree both by father and 19-21. ousness, &c., Lu.xii. XXV,
mother, Mat. r. x-17; Lu.3.23. 38. The parable of the sower, &c., Mat. r2. 72. An exhortation to repentance, Lu. 13. roo. Christ washes his disciples' feet, &c.,
7. Christ's circumcision; Mary's purifica- I-53; Mar-4- I-34; Lu.8.4-18; 13. I8 I-17. Jn.xiii.
tion, Lu.~.21-40. -21. 73. The feast of dedication, Lu.13.22; Jn. 101. The preparation for the passover,
8. The wise men, Mat.ii. 39. A scribe will follow Christ, Mar-4-35; 10.22. Mat.26.x-5,14-19; Mar.14.1,2,10-
9. Christ disputes with the doctors, La. Mat.8. xS-22. 74. The strait gate, Lu.13.23. 16: Lu.22.1-13.
2.41. 40. The disciples in a storm, Mat.8.23-27; 75. A dropsical man healed; the wedding- 102. Christ institutes the sacrament of the
10. John's ministry, Mat.3.1-12; Mar.I. Mar.4.36-41; Lu.8.22-25. fea.st, Lu.xiv. Lord's supper,Mat.26.20-30; Mar.
1-8; Lu.3.x-18; Tn.x.6-8. • 41. Christ heals the possessed, Mat. 8. 2S- 76. The lost sheep, goat, and son, Lu.xv. x4.r7-26; Lu.22.14-23.
u. Christ baptized, Mat.3.13-17; Mar.I. 34; Mar.5.1-20; Lu.8.26-39. 77. The unjust steward and rich glutton, 103. Christ begins his consolatory dis-
9-n; Lu.3.21-23; Jn.x.15-18. 42. Jairus's daughter raised, Mat. 9. x!l-26; Lu.xvi. course, J n.xiv.
12. Christ tempted, Mat.4. x-n; Mar. x. Mar.5.21-43; Lu.8.41-56. · 78. Scandal to be shunned, &c., Lu.xvii. xo4. Christ the true vine, Tn.xv.
12-23; Lu-4-1-13. 43. Two blind men cured, Mat.9.27-34. 79. The unjust judge and proud Pharisee, 105. Christ comforts his disciples, Jn.xvi.
13. John's testimony of Christ; some dis- 44. Christ teacheth at Nazareth, Mat.13. Lu.18.1-14. xo6. Christ's mediatory prayer, Jn.xvii.
ciples called, J n. x. 19. 54-58; Mar.6.x-6. So. Concemingdivorce,Mat.x9.x-x2;Mar. 107. Christ warns his disciples of their
14 Christ's first miracle,Jn.ii. 45. Christ journeys again to Galilee, Mat. 10.1-12. forsaking him,Mat.26.31-35; Mar.
15. Christ's discourse with Nicodemus, 9.35. 81. Little children brought to Christ, &c., 14-27-31; Lu.22.22-39; Tn.18.1,2.
&c.,Jn.iii. 46. The apostles sent out, Mat. x.; II. I; Mat. 19. 19-30; Mar. xo. 13-31; Lu. 108. Christ's agony, Mat. 26. 36-46; Mar.
r6. John imprisoned, Mat. 14.3-5; Mar.6. Mar.6.7-13; Lu.9.x-6. 18. r5-30; Mat.20.1-16. 14.32-42; Lu.22.40-46.
17-20; Lu.3. 19,20. 47. John beheaded, Mat. 14.6-12; Mar.6.. 82. Lazarus sick, Lu. II. I-16. 109. Christ's apprehension, Mat.26.47-56;
17. Christ converts many Samaritans, &c., 21-29. 83. Christ foretells his passion, Mat. 20. Mar.14.43-52; Lu.22.47-53;Jn.x8.
Mat-4.12; Jn.iv. 48. Herod's opinion of Christ, Mat. 14. x,2; 17-19; Mar.10.32-34; Lu.18.31-34- 3-u.
18. Christ preaches in Galilee, Mat .4. 17; Mar.6. 14-16; Lu.9.7-9. 84- The request of the sons of Zebedee, no. Christ's arraignment, Mat.26.57-68;
Mar.x.14,15; Lu-4-14,15. 49. Five thousand fed, Mat. 14. 13-21; Mar. • Mat.20.20-28; Mar.xo.35-45. Mar.14.53-65; Lu.22.54,63--<>5;Jn.
19. Christ preaches a', Nazareth, Lu.4- 6.30-44; Lu.9.10-17; Jn.6.x-13. 85. A blind man healed; Zaccheus con- 18. 12-16, 19-24.
16-30. 50. Christ walks on the sea, Mat.14.22-36; verted; the parable of the pounds, In. Peter's denial, Mat.26.69-75; Mar. 14-
10. Christ at Capemaum, Mat-4-13-16; 8. Mar.6.45-56; Jn.6.14-21. Mat. 20. 29; Mar. ro. 46; Lu. 18. 35- 66--72; Lu. 22. 55-62; Jn. 18. 17, 18,
2-17; Mar.x.21-45; Lu-4-31-44; 5. 51. Christ'sfleshmustbeeaten,Jn.vi.; 8.x. 43; 19.1-27. 25-27.
12-16. 52. Impious traditions, Mat.15.x-20; Mar. 86. Lazarus raised,Jn.xx.17. II2, Christ's arraignment before the San-
31, Christ heals a man sick of the palsy, 7.1-23. 87. Mary anoints Christ, Mat. 26. 6-13; hedrim, Pilate, and Herod, Mat. 27.
Mat.9.2-8; Mar. 2. x-12; Lti. 5. 17-26. 53. The woman of Canaan's danghter Mar. 14.3-<,; Jn.12.x-u. I,2, u-14; Mar. 15. x-5; Lu.22.66-
22. Christ calls Peter, &c., Mat. 4. xS-22; healed, Mat. 15.21-28; Mar.7.24-30. 88. Christ'sldnglyentranceintoJerusalem, 71; 23.1-12; Jn.18.2$-38.
Mar.x.16---20; Lu.5.x-10. 54- A dumb man healed, Mat. 15. 2g-3r; and casting buyers and sellers out of 113. Christ condemned by Pilate, Mat.27.
z3. Christ calls Matthew, and eats with l\lar.7.31, &c. the temple, Mat.2r.I-16; Mar.I1.1- 15-23,26-30; Mar. 15.6-19; Lu.23.
him, Mat.9.c,--17; Mar.2.13-22; Lu. 55. Four thousand fed, Mat. 15. 32-39; II, 15-19; Lu. x9.28-38;Jn. 12.12-19. 13-25; Jn- 18.39,40; 19.1-3, 16.
5.17-39. Mar.8.1-10. 89. Some Greeks desire to see Christ, J n. n4. Judas hangs himself, Mat.27.3-10.
24- Christ asserts his Godhead, Jn. v. 56. The leaven of the Pharisees, Mat. 16. 12.20. u5. Christ crucified, Mat.27.31-56; Mar.
•.S. The disciples pluck ears of corn, Mat. 1-12; Mar.8.11-21. 90. Thefig-treecursed,Mat.21. 17-22; Mar. 15. 20-41; Lu. 23. 26-49; Jn. 19. 16
12.1-8; 1far.2.23-28; Lu.6.1-5. 57. A blind man healed, Mar.8.22-26. II.n-14,20-26; Lu.21.37,38. -37.
26. Christ heals many, Mat.12.9-16; Mar. 58. Peter's confession of Christ, Mat. 16. 91. Christ's authority questioned, Mat.21. n6, Christ's burial,Mat.27.57-61; Mar.15.
3.1-I2; Lu.6.6-n. 13-28; Mar.8.27-38; 9.x; Lu.9.18- 23-27; Mar.n.27-33; Lu.19.x-8. 42-47; Lu.23.50-56; Jn.x9.3S-4-2.
I']. Christ chooses and ordains his apos- 27. 92. The parable of the two sons, Mat. 21. I 17. Christ's re5urrection, "Mat. 28. I-8;
tles, Mar.3.13-21; Lu.6.12-19. 59. Christ's transfiguration, Mat. 17. 1-13; 28,32; Mar.12.1. Mar. 16. x-8; Lu. 24. x-12; Jn. 20.
28. Christ's sermon on the mount, Mat. 5. Mar.9.2-13; Lu.9.28-36. 93. The vineyard let out, Mat. 21. 33-46; I-IO.
1-I2; Lu.6.20-36. 6o. Christ cures a lunatic child, Mat. 17. Mar. 12. 1-12; Lu.20.g-19. u8. Christ's appearing first to Mary Mag-
29. Mat.vi. . 14-23; Mar.9.14-32; Lu.9.37-45. 94- The parable of the marriage-feast, Mat. dalene, then to others, 11at.28.g-r3:
30. Mat.7.x-30; Lu.6.37-49. 61. Humility pressed, Mat.18.1--9; Mar.9. 22.1-14. Mar. 16. 10,n,13,14; 24.13-48; Jn.
3r. The centurion's servant healed,Mat.8. 33-50; Lu.9.46-50. 95. About paying tribute; Christ confutes 20.11-20.
5-13; Lu.7.1-ro. 62. The feast of tabernacles, Jn.7.2--9. the Sadducees, and puzzles the u9. Another appearance of Christ, and
32. A ,1,,idow's son raised, Lu.7.11-17. 63. Christ goes to Jerusalem, Lu.9.51; Jn. scribes, Mat. 22. 15-46; Mar. 12. 13- his discourse with Peter, Jn.xxi.
33, John's message to Christ, Mat.n.2-19; 7.10. 37; Lu.20.20-44. 120. Ouist commissions his disciples, and
Lu. 7. 1S-35. 64- The seventy sent forth, Lu. xo. 1-6. g6. The Pharisees and scribes taxed and afterwards ascends into heaven,
34- Chorazin and Bethsaida upbraided, 65. Christ at the feast of tabernacles, Jn.7. threatened, Mar.12.38-40; Lu.20..45 Mat.28.x6--2o; Mar.16.xs-20; Lu.
Mat.n.20. 11,&c. • -47. "449-53·
119
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.
r
A TABLE EXHIBITING THE lMPOltTANT EVENTS I,N PROFANE HISTORY DURING THE PARABLES OF JESUS ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
THE LIFE OF JESUS CHRIST. Parable of the l'laces.
Year of Sower, Capernaum. Mat. 13. 1-23,
Christ's Life. Tares, ... ... ... . .. Mat. 13.24-43.
A plot of Antipater agaiMst his father Herod is discovered, ... l
Seed springing up imperceptibly,
Antipateris convicted before Quintilius Varus, and put to death, Mar -4- 26-:.g.
2
Grain of mustard•seed, Mat. r3. 31, 32.
Herod dies. Archelaus succeeds him in the government of Judrea, 3 Leaven, ... . .. Mat.13.33.
This year begins the Christian era, ... ... ... . .. 4 Hidden treasure, ... Mat.r3.44.
Caius Cresac, grandson to Augustus, passes through Jerusalem to march Precious pearl.
against the Armenians, ... . .. .. . ... ... ... Mat. 13.45,46.
5 Net, ... Mat. 13.47-50_
Tiberius is recalled from Rhodes, and returns to Rome, 7 Two debtors, ... Lu.7.36-50.
Caius Cresar dies after his return from Armenia, . .. . .. 8 Unmerciful servant, Mat. 18. 23-35.
Augustus, on the death of his two grandsons, adopts Tiberius, 9 Samaritan, N ear'j ericho. Lu. ro. 2 5-37,
Archelaus is accused before Augustus for his maladministration. He is ban-- Rich fool, Galilee. Lu. 12. 16-21.
ished to Lyons in Gaul. Coponius is made procurator of Judrea, ... IO Servants ,vho waited for their lord, Lu.12.35-48.
Marcus Ambivius is made procurator of Judrea. Salome, the sister of Herod, Barren fig-tree, Lu.13.6-<).
dies, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. 15 Lost sheep, ... Lu.15.3-7.
Tiberius is admitted into the government with Augustus, 17 Lost piece of money, Lu. 15. 8-ro. ·
Anni us Rufus is made procurator of J udrea, 18 Prodigal son, Lu.15.u-32.
Augustus Cresar dies. Tiberius succeeds him, .. . .. . .. . . .. 19 Dishonest steward. Lu. 16. 1-12.
Valerius Gratus is made procurator of Jud::ea, . . . ... . .. . .. . .. 20 Rich man and Lazarus, ... Lu. r6. 19-3r.
Germanicus, the adopted son of Tiberius, is sent to quell Q.isturbances in the Unjust judge, ... Perre;. Lu.18.1--<l.
East, ... ... ... ... .., ... . .. 22
Pharisee and publican, ... Lu. 18.9-14.
Germanicus reduces Cappadocia and Comagene into Roman provinces, 23 Labourers in the vineyard. Mat.20.1-16.
Germanicus is poisoned at Antioch by Pisa, president of Syria, 24 Pounds, .. . Jericho. Lu.19. 12-27.
Piso, being accused of this murder, kills himself, ... ... ... . .. 25 Two sons, .. . Jerusalem. Mat.21.28-32,
Valerius Gratus removes Annas from being high~priest, and gives the office to Vineyard, .. .
Ismael, the son of Fabus, .. . . .. 28 Mat.21.33-46.
Marriage-feast, Mat.22.1-14-
Eleazar, the son of Annas, is made high-priest, ... .. . ... . .. . .. 29 Ten virgins, Mat.25.1-13.
Simon, the son of Camith, is made high-priest in place of Eleazar. Caiaphas Talents, ... Mat.25.14-30.
succeeds him, ... ... . .. . .. 30 Sheep and the goats, Mat.25.31-46,
Pontius Pilate is made procurator of Jud,ea, 31
Herod puts to death John the Baptist, ... 32
Pontius Pilate condemns Jesus to be crucified, THE MIRACLES OF CHRIST ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
34
:Jesus Places.
t
Turns water into 'Wine, . . . ... ... Cana. il.2.I-II.
THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. Cures the nobleman's son of Capernaum, n-4-46-54
Causes a miraculous draught of fishes, Sea ~f Galilee. u.5.1-II.
Places. Cures a demoniac, Capernaum. Mar.1.22-28.
Conversation with Nicodemus, ... Heals Peter's wife's mother of a fever,
f
Jerusalem. n.3.r-21. Mar. I. 30, 31.
Conversation with the woman of Samaria, Svchar. n.4.1-42. Heals a leper, Mar. r.40-45.
Discourse in the synagogue of Nazareth, Nazareth. u-4-16-31. Heals the centurion's servant, ... 1 Mat.8.5-13.
Sermon upon the mount, Mat.v.-vii. Raises the widow's son, ... Nain .~ Lu.7. u-17.
Instructions to the apostles, . . . . .. l\!at.x. Calms the tempest, Sea of Galilee. Mat. 8. 23-27.
Denunciations against Chorazin, &c., ... . .. Mat. u. 20-24. Cures the demoniacs of Gadara, ... Gadara. Mat.8.28-34-
Discourse on occasion of healing the infirm man at Cures a man of the palsy, .. . . .. Capemaum. Mat.9.1-8.
Bethesda, .. ... . .. Jerusalem. Jn.v. Restores to life the daughter df Tairus, Mat.9. 18-26.
Discourse concerning tne disciples' plucking ears of Cures a woman of an issue of bfood, .. . Lu.8.43-48.
com on the Sabbath, . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. Judrea. Mat.12.1-8. Restores to sight two blind men, .. . Mat.9.27-31.
Refutation of his working miracles by the agency of Heals one possessed with a dumb spirit, Mat.9.32,33.
Beelzebub, .. . . .. Capernaum. Mat.12.22-37. Cures an infirm man at Bethesda, Jerus~lem. !n.5. 1-<J.
Discourse on the bread of life, ... ]n.vi. Cures a man with a withered hand, Judrea. Mat. 12. 10-13.
Discourse about internal purity, ... Mat. 15. 1-20. Cures a demoniac, Capernaum. Mat.12.22,23.
Discourse against giving or taking offence, and con• Miraculously feeds five thousand, ... Decapolis. Mat.14. 15-21.
cerning the forgiveness of injuries, ... Mat.xviii. Heals the woman of Canaan's daughter, Near Tyre. Mat.15.22-28.
Discourse at the feast of tabernacles, . . . . .. . .. Jerus;;iem. .vii. Heals a man who was dumb and deaf, Decapoiis. Mar.7.31-37.
Discourse on occasion of the woman taken in adultery, n.8. I-II. Feeds miraculously four thousand, Mat. 15.32-39.
Discourse concerning the sheep, ... [ n.x. Gives sight to a blind man, Beth;;,;da. Mar.8.22-26.
Denunciations against the scribes and Pharisees, Per~~- u.n.29-36. Cures a boy possessed of a devil, Tabor. Mat. 17. 14-21.
Discourse concerning humility and prudence, Ga1iiee. Lu. 14.7-14. Restores to sight a man born blind, ..• Jerusalem. In.ix.
Directions how to attain heaven, Perrea. Mat. r9. 16-30. Heals a woman under an infirmity for eighteen years, Galilee. Lu.13. u-17.
Discourse concerning his sufferings, .. . Jerusalem. Mat.20.17-19. Cures a dropsy,. ... Lu.14.1-6.
Denunciations against the Pharisees, .. . Mat.xxiii. Cleanses ten lepers, Sam~ria. Lu.r7 n-r9.
Prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem, Mat.xxiv. Raises Lazarus from the dead, Bethany. .In.xi.
The consolatory discourse, . .. . .• Tn.xiv.-xvii. Restores to sight two blind men, Jericho. Mat.20.30-34.
Discourse as he went to Gethsemane. ... Mat.26.31-36. Blasts the fig-tree, ... Olivet. Mat.2r.18-22.
Dis<:ourse to the disciples before his ascension, Mat.28. 16-2o. Heals the ear of Malehus, .. . . .. Gethsemane. Lu. 22. 50, 51.
Causes the miraculous draught of fishes, Sea of Galilee. Jn.21. 1-14-
120
.,,
CHRIST AND His KINGDOM IN OR,
SHADOWS;
THE CHRISTIAN DISPENSATION,
AS TYPIFIED IN
T:ECE OLD TEST.A.:::bl.CE:i::-::l"T,

AND ESPECIALLY IN THE
M'.OSA:IC 'RITES :A:ND CEREMONIES,

BY
REV. CHARLES P. KRAUTH, D. D., LL. D.,

VICE-PROVOST OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, AND NORTON PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN THE LUTHERAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, PHILADELPHIA; AUTHOB
OF "THE CONSERVATIVE REFORMATION AND ITS THEOLOGY," "BERKELEY'P PRINCIPLES, ,vrTH PROLEGOMENA .A.ND ANNOTATIONS," ETC., ETC., ETr.,
TYPES IN GENERAL; nite article. Thus we say Christ is the Paschal Lamb, the Atoning
Sacrifice, the High Priest. A type, then, is a prophetic similitude,
THEIR ORIGIN AND SCOPE. meant in God's mind and expressed in some other way than by words.
As all things lie nalred and open before God, as His thought is eter- It is a prophecy in things. It is the shadow of something coming, and,
nal, as He is One, there is a unity in His whole scheme, there is one therefore, can be cast only by a substance: "Which are a shadow of
grand idea harmonizing the minutest tletails. of His plan-a plan which things to come, but the body is of Christ." Col. ii. 17. "There are
bridges over all time, as it reaches from eternity to eternity. As God things done," says Augustine, "hut prophetically done; they are on
bas made the visible universe and controls all events with referencP, earth, bnt they are of heaven; they are through men, but they come
ultimately, to spiritual beings and spiritual ends, it is natural that His from God."
thought and plan, so far as they are revealed in one era, should look to INTERPRETATION 0~' TYPES.
something in the times to come. Hence it is that in the realm of Na-
ture, and yet more in God's peculiar Revelation of Himself in the Great care should be taken that we do not assume as types what are
Kingdom of Grace, there is a constant typical reproduction, a repeti- not types. Nothing is a type unless the Bible asserts or implies that it
tion of the Divine idea in new degrees of clearness, so that every is, or unless it comes clearly within the scope of the same principles on
present is an anti type of some past and a type of some future. Man, which these assertions rest in other cases. The Bible settles all the
in nature, is the antitype of uges of premonition and promise. Nature principles, hut it has not room for all the details. We are to get types
herself is the type of Grace, and Grace, uud~r the Old Dispensation, is out of the Bible, on Bible principles, not to put them into the Bible on
the type of Grace under the new. "lu the Divine works the least our own. We are not to treat the types with an ill-regulated fancy
blade of grass reveals the most perfect symmetry; in God's words, even which will make the Scriptures suffer for the fault of the expositor.
lhe most insignificant, there is the closest coherence," "The Bible is But it is also possible to err in the other extreme. We may mistake
one Book-one grand thought, which embraces the infinite, divine a rationalistic spirit of depreciation or a constitutional prosiness for
whole in it, the thought which is the spring of the ages, the measure of sobriety of judgment. The imagination has its perils, but so has the
all that is past and of all that is to come." "Wh"n a flower springs lack of imagination. "Too sharp is dull," but dull is also dull. We
op, the spirit which is to shape it is already in the seed, and with every must not run into the error of transfusing our own fancies into the
leaf that opens, that hidden something which is the reason of its shape divine record, but neither must we be insensible to the glorious rich-
Is more and more revealed." "The whole Old '.restament is one g-rand ness of its poetry of symbol, allegory and type, in which there is not
Prophecy, one grand type of that which was to come and has come." simply an expression of truth, but a transfiguration of It. The Bible is
not only mind to mind, but is also heart to heart-God's mind and heart
SPECIAL MEANING OF THE WORD TYPE. to ours. Nor for the space of a solitary word, are we to forget whose
The word type is a Greek word in an English shape. It originally mind and heart we have to deal with in the Bible. That construction
means anything produced by a blow-a print, a figure, shape, form, of the whole is most probable, all other things being equal, which is
pattern, sample. The word type is used with various degrees of lati- most consonant with the majesty, the depth, the omniscience, of the
tode. Sometimes it is employed in a sense sufficiently wide to compre- divine mind, the largeness, the tenderness, the pity,of the divine heart.
hend every sort of figurative allusion which the ingenuity of the inter- The range of the interpreter is to be widened by the divine range, the
preter can trace in Holy Scripture. In its proper theological sense, a divine range not to he narrowed by the meanness and barrenness of the
type is a person, a thing or an event, which either in whole or in part expositor. There Is a common guilt and a common curse to him who
la divinely meant and appointed as the symbol of a person, a thing or an adds and to him who takes away. He who takes away, robs the hungry
event not yet revealed. It is one reality hiding for a time another of bread; he who adds, puts husks or poison to the lips of the trusting.
reality. It is a prophecy, but it is not put into language. The lamb Is But even in the sober developement of undoubted types we should
a cymbol of Christ. The Paschal Lamb is a type of Christ in the carefully distinguish between the points of comparison which are dis-
natural, instinctive innocence and gentleness of every lamb, the mind tinctly asserted in the Holy Scriptures themselves (and we mean here
can trace an analogy to the moral innocence and gentleness of our to embrace the Old Testament also, which has many elucidations of
Lord. But the Paschal Lamb is divinely appointed, in part at least.for typical reference), and those which are mere inferences or conjectures
the very purpose of symbolizing the sacrifice made and the redemption of the interpreter, however able and plausible thPy may be. 'l'he -011e
wrought by Christ. We can apply the symbol of a lamb to any one who Interpretation is infallible, the other is at best simply probahle. In the
is innocent and gentle, bnt the type of the Paschal Lamb can be applied divine application and explanation of types there is a characteristic
to our Saviour alone. We can call a little child a lamb, but we cannot economy and repression. while the general tendency of expositors ha.
caJI it a Paschal Lamb. We generally mark the antitype with the defl- been toward profusion and extravagance.
121
CHRIST AND HIS KINGDOM IN SHADOWS.
r
------------------------,-------------------------
THE MOSAIC TYPES. the palm, the fig, the olive and the vine. It was wonderfully guarded
"We have found Him of whom Moses in the Jaw and the prophets did and blessed. Covered with flocks aud herds, with its waving 'forests
write." "Had ye believed Jlloses ye would have believed me, for he and its fertile lowlands, watered by numerous streams and rivers
wrote of me." "Beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded washed by the Midland Ocean of the Mediterranean and by inland seas'
unto them in all the Scriptures the tltings concerning himself." "All it once supported a population of twenty millions, with a thousand
tnings whiclt are written in the law of Moses and in the prophets and in cities and towns. ThG Holy Land was a typical land in all these re.
the Psalms concerning me." All the books of Moses have by pre- spects, and a source of numerous imag-es of the New Testament Church
eminence a direct connection with the person and work of Messiah; on Earth, and yet more of that Cburclt in its heavenly glory. The
they are the fountain-bead of prophecy. Moses is the germ of all the Israelite passes through the desert of the world to the peace of the
Prophets, as Christ is the germ of all the Apostles. Clrnrch, through the desert of life to the joy of heaven. '"'fhese all
GENESIS records the Fall of Man, from which arose the necessity of died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them
sending a Redeemer; it shows the certainty and character of His coming afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and con.
m the promises made of God to the Patriarchs, and sets forth the fessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth," etc., Heb.
example of their fate in a Saviour to come, and in the earliest history xi. 13-16.
of the Church presents materinls for the edification of the Church of 2. SALEM OR JERUSALEM.
Christ to the end of time. An old divine well said, that no better title Salem, "peace," bas merged its name in Jerusalem, the hallowed
could be given to Genesis than this: '"Book of the Gospel touching the city, which not alone the Jew and the Christian reverence, but which
promises concerning Christ." the Mohammedan calls "the place of the Sanctuary," •·the Blessed
Exouus, in the history of the liberation from Egypt, shadows the Sanctity," "the Holy." Jerusalem is '·the city of the great King,"
Deliverance wrought by Christ, his character as the true Paschal Lamb city of the Temple and of the Ark, devoted to God's glory, and the
and the Bread which came from Heaven, and shows in type the nature only place in which the full ritual of His worship could be ob.
of his Priesthood and Propitiatory Sacrifice. served. God had chosen it, that His name might be there. The
'fbe Key to LEVITICUS is given in the Epistle-to the Hebrews, which fond old legendary faith of the Jew was that in Jerusalem no serpent
shows that Christ and HisRedemptoryWork are veiled under the whole or scorpion could hurt, no fever could burn, that notbing po!Juting was
body ol the types of the Ceremonial Law. a!Jowed to enter it, that no traces of the dead were left ia it. •·GJo.
The BOOK OF NUMBERS adds to the treasure,, of typical theology the rious things are spoken of thee, 0 city of God." It is a type of the
type ol the Brazen Serpent, the Red Heifer and the Smitten Rock. Jerusalem which is above, the great, the holy city, the heavenly; the
The BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY is the repetition and sealing of the Law city of the living God, the free, the mother of us all, Gal. iv. 26; Heb,
and of the Promises concerning Christ. xii. 22, the New Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from
God prepared as a bride adorned for her husband, the name of which is
DIVISION ANLl CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSAIC TYPES. written on Him that overcometh. Rev. iii. 12; xxi. 2, 10-27.
With reference to time, the types may be classified as the Pre-Mosaic,
the Mosaic and the Post-Mosaic. We confine ourselves here mainly to 3. ZION OR SION,
the second class. They have been arranged in the order suggested by Iu its widest sense, was the whole mountain range on which Jeru.
Christ's Person and Office, His Priesthood, Sacrifice and Benefits. Iri a salem lay. In a more restricted sense it was the highest part of the
still more completely methodical way they have been arranged in the range. It was the city of David, God's holy bill, the place of His
order of a complete system of divinity. HuLSIUS arranges them as- choice, His desire, His founding and His dwelling, the place of sacred
I. Typical Sacraments: the Tree of Life; the Tree of the Knowledge of song and gladuess, the point from which the law went forth. It was to
Good and Evil; Circumcision; the Paschal Supper. II. Miracles: Noah's Jerusalem as the soul is to the body. 'fhe glory of Jerusalem was that
Ark; the Passage of the Red Sea; the Pillar of Cloud and Fire; the Zion was in 'it. It was the centre of the centre and heart of tbe heart,
Manna; the Smitten Rock. III. Persons: Melchizedek; .Jacob and The whole land was counted its daughter. It was type of the Church
Esau; Moses; the Priests; Levites (Nethinims; Nazarites; Rechabites;, of the New Testament, the Kingdom of the Messiah into which all na-
Prophets; Interpreters; Wise Men; Scribes; Disputers; Rabbis; Phar- tions were to be gathered. On Zion God has placed His Kingly Son.
isees; Essenes; Sadducees; Herodians; Galileans; Samaritans; Pub- Ps. ii. 6. Zion is the habitation of the Lord. Ps. ix. 12. Help.and the
licans). IV. Sacrifices. V. Ablutions. VI. Instruments: the Ark of Redeemer comes from Zion. Ps. xiv. 7; Isa. lix. 20; Rom. xi. 26. God
the Covenant; Al,tars; the Ephod. VII. Places: the Tabernacle; the shines forth from it. Ps. I. 2. In Zion the c::iief Corner-stone is laid,
Temple; Court of the Gentiles; High Places and Groves; Gates; Cit- tried. elect, precious and sure. Isa. xxviii. 16; Rom. ix. 33; 1 Pet. ii.
ies of Refuge (Synagogues and Schools). VIII. Festivals. IX. Vi- 6. To the daughter ol Zion comes her King, meek and having salva-
sions. X. Enemies. tion. Zech. ix. 9; Matt. xx. Ii. As the Clrnrch on earth becomes the
The most natural, most comprehensive and easily rememberad divi- glorified Church in heaven, Zion is type of the celestial glory which
sion of the Mosaic types is that which classifies them by their asso- shines in the city of our God. Heb. xii. 22. Beautiful for situation,
ciations and connections with-I. Sacred Places. II. E<lifiees. III. the joy of the whole earth is this Zion. This ls Jehovah's rest for ever.
Stru<'tures. IV. Persons. V. Offices. VI. Things. VII. Acts. VIII. On this Mount Siou stands this Lamb, and with Him stand the happy
Times and Occasions. IX. Events; and this is the division we shall thousands on whose forehead Hls Father's name is written. The re-
follow. deemed of the Lord shall return and come with' singing unto Zion, and
everlasting joy shall be on their head. They shall obtain gladness and
I. TYPES RELATED TO HOLY PLACES. joy, and sorrow and mourning shall flee away. Her priests shall be
clothed with the spotless robes of salvation through a Saviour's right-
FROM its natura' oirc'umference to its divinely appointed centre, the eousness, and her saints shall shout aloud for joy. Ps. xlvm. 2; cxxxii.
Promised Land wa! considered holy. The sanctity intensified as it ap- 13, 14; Isa. Ii. 11; Rev. xiv. 1.
proached the centre, the holy passing into the more holy, the more holy
into the most holy. 'l'he entire laud was holy; Jerusalem was specially
holy in the land; the temple was the holiest point in Jerusalem, and by
various gradations within the temple, was reached the place within the
II. TYPICAL EDIFICES.
veil; the holy of holies, tbe holiest of all. THE Tabernacle, with its various parts (Ex. xxvi., xxxvi.), was a
Temple within a Tent, or a Tent whose chief part was a Temple. The
1. THE HOLY LAND Tabernacle proper was distinct from the Tent, a8 the interior from the
Was given by God to His covenant people. It was to be the place of exterior, the 8hrine from th<> Temple at large. Two terms are used in
their rest. Is was separate from all lands; it was little but glorious. It the original to mark the difference between the Tent and the Taber•
was a land flowing with milk and honey; rich in its products, land of nacle in the stricter sense in which it was the dwelling-place of the
122
--------: h See the passages in which the tent or covering is dis- wall was broken down; "in Christ Jesus there is neither Jew nor
ll0st .111gd ·from the Tabernacle, as Ex. xxvi. 7, 12, 13; xxxv. 11, and Greek,., Gal. iii. 28. They "who sometimes were afar off are made
t111g111:e laces. Our Authorized Version ordinarily translates both nigh. He is our peace who hath made both one, and hath broken
°
In th
•"ese term
ps by Tabernacle. But one is the 'l'abernacle 'fent, the other
.
down the middle wall of partition between us." Eph. ii. 11-19.
"' t Tabernacle. 'fhe Tabernacle Tent 1s called the 'l'ent or Taber- 2. The Holy Place was the outer apartment or chamber of the Tab-
lbe Teo~ the te,timony or witness, and the Tabernacle of the congrega- ernacle proper. None but the priests were allowed to enter it. In
nacleor assembly. 'l'he Tent-Tabernacle was the movable Sanctuary the morning it was entered to offer incense on tile altar which stoo1
t1on ce of the King of Kings. The Tabernacle as moving, was an there, aud to extinguish the lamps of the golden candlestick, which
I
a nd pa aof the Cb urch in her militant and wandering state, vet as the were lighted again in the evening. On the Sabbath the shew-bread
emblem · was changed.
d f God it was a shadow of heaven where God shall tabernade
abo e obis saints. Rev. xxi. 3. As the place of God's personal special 3. The Most Holy or Holiest, the Holy of Holies or Oracle, was a type
amon~ling and manifestation, it was the type of Christ, the Word who of the heavenly sanctuary, the central point of God's revelation of
10d we e flesh and tabernacled among us. 'John i. 14. Within the tent himself, the place of the immediate presence of the manifested Jehovah.
be;: humanity was the Tabernacle-Shrine of His Deity. Within the Most Holy was the Ark of the Covenant, which was the
l\;e firm linkings of the Tabern~cle m:e like th~ ?onds of the saints;
Artificers, trained of God, are hke faithful m1111sters; the men and
Propitiatory or Mercy Seat overshadowed by the Cherubim. The High
Priest alone entered it, and to him it was allowed to enter only on the
its en who gave to it, and worked for it, are like believer_s who con- day of Atonement, which came but once a year.
~~mtheir gifts and toils in building up the Church. The cloud and fire The Jewish Talmudists and Rabbinists held that the "Tabernacle was
~~cb covered the tabernacle are emble??~ of the divine protection by meant to be a book of deeper wisdom, and of something more glorious
d y and night; the excellence of the sh1tt1m wood, Ex. xxv. 5, 10, 13, than itself, and hence shadowed heavenly and eternal things." A com-
; 28, its hardness and freedom from corruption point to the firmness mon opinion among the Jews is that the three parts of the Tabernacle
2
an'd incorruptness that become saints who are tbe body of Christ. signify the three parts of the Uuiverse. The Court open to the elements
In its fluctuation as a preparation for the fixedne,_s of the Temple signifies the world, in which men of all classes come together. The
wnicb followed it, it is like our earthly house of this Tabernacle, 2 Cor. Holy Place represents the starry heavens. The Most Holy Place is
v. 1-4, which we put off, :l Pet. i. 14, that we may pass into the abiding Heaven where God sits enthronPd among the angels, of whom, by pre-
house of our Father, the Temple not made with hands, and may in due eminence, the Cherubim are figures.
time be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven-incorrup- 4. The Veil separated the Holy of Holies from the Holy Place, "the
tJOn and immortality. But the Tabernacle itself was but a reduced Holy Ghost this signifying that the way into the holiest of all was not
copy of another typical temple. It was a miniature of the Universe, yet made manifest, while as the first Tabernacle was yet standing."
the great Temple of the Most High. The Outer Court of the Taber- Heb. ix. 8. When our Lord yielded up the ghost, "the veil of the tem-
nacle corresponds with the natural World, the Holy Place with the ple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom." Matt. xxvii. 51. In
Church, the Most Holy with Heaveu. The whole Universe is but a this act was implied that the Father had accepted the sacrifice of His
revelation of God in various degrees. The lowest revelation is in Na- Snn as finished and perfect. The Type had vanished in the Antitype;
ture, the mediate is in His Word and in His Church, the supremest is in the true High-Priest had superseded the shadow; the real Veil, the
Heaven, and these three grades of revelation involve three grades of Fleoh of Christ, had been rent; the true Atoning Blood had been
fellowship with God, the faintest through nature, the intermediate sprinkled; the new and living Way opened by which, not alone from
through grace, the most perfect in glory. But man himself is a mini- the Holy Place but from the outer Court, all might have boldness to
ature of the Universe, man is himself a Tabernacle, and LUTHER has enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus. The Typical mysteries
traced in man the same triple idea. Man's body is the Outer Court, had vanished. Jew and Gentile are one-the moral Universe has
bis soul, his powers of understanding and of knowledge is the Holy uninterrupted access to the throne and heart of God.
Place, bis spirit is the Holy of Holies. "Man is the glory of God." See
1 Cor. iii. 16, 17.
THE PARTS AND DIVISIONS OF THE TABERNACLE, !II. TYPICAL .STRUCTURES,
The main parts and divisions of the Tabernaclewere- OR durable parts of the furnishing of the Typical Edifices.
1. The Court (Ex. xxvii. 9-19; xxxviii. 9-31), the outer or great . THE ALTARS. There were two altars in the Tabernacle. 1. The
Court, the open space around the Tabernacle proper. We may call first was the Brazen Altar, the Altar of Burnt Offering. It stood within
it the Tabernacle Tent. the Court, the first great object facing the entrance. In passing from
2. The Holy Place (Ex. xxviii. 33, 34), or Sanctuary (Lev. iv. 6). the the beginning to the end of the Tabernacle, the order would be-first,
first or outer chamber of the Tabernacle proper (A), through which the great and only Altar for Atoning Sacrifice; second, the Laver for
was the entrance into- washing; third, the Holy Place with the light of its Golden Candle-
3. The Most Holy Place (Ex. xxviii. 33, 34), the Holiest of all (Heb. stick on one side, the food of its Shew-Bread on the other, the Priest at
Ix. 3), the inner apartment, which, in conjunction with the Holy Place, its Altar of Incense, betweeu, but advanced toward the Veil, then,
formed the Tabern,wle proper, or Tent Tabernacle (8). They were within the Veil, the Type of Heaven itself. The great Altar stood
separated (4) by a veil. under the open heavens, accessible to all. The fire for its sacrifice had
1. The Outer Court or Great Court was the Tabernacle Tent or open fallen direct from God, and was never allowed to go out.
space in front of and at the ~ides of the Tabernacle. It w;is curtained Is there not a system of theology in this order? First, is the Atoning
In, and was open at the top. It contained the Brazen Laver for the Sacrifice of an all-sufficient Saviour, which gives character and efficacy
ablution of the priests and the Brazen Altar for burnt offerings. In to all else. It is open as the heavens, and free to all. God has accepted
lhe permanent shape it took in the Temple it was divided into two it. Its efficacy changes not. In the arrangement of the application
parts separated by- a wall. Within the wall was the Court of the Jews and results of His Sacrifice, we have first the Laver of Holy Baptism
and of the Proselytes. Outside of the dividing wall, was the Court and of Regeneration, the Illumination of the Holy Spirit, aud the nour-
of the Gentiles. 'fhe Gentiles were forbidden under penally of death• ishment with the Flesh of our Lord which is the Bread from Heaven,
to pass within the wall. In the Court within the wall our Lord and and then the Thanksgiving into which all the life of the Cht·istian rises,-
his Apostles taught; it was into this Paul was charged as having nntil at last be enters within the Heavenly Veil, into which the Great
brought the Grneks. Acts xxi. 28. It was from the part outside of Fore-Runner has passed before him.
the wall, the Court of the Gentiles, that our Lord drove the traffickers 2. The Second or Golden Altar, stood in the Holy Place centrally,
and money-changers. Matt. xxl.; John iii. The Court of the Gen- before the Veil, so that at the parting of the Veil it seemed to be com-
tiles typified the vocation of the nation into the Church of our Lord. mon to both the Holy Place and the Most Holy, Heb. ix. 4. No sacri-
They who had beheld expectant, found that in Christ the dividing fices were offered on it. But once in a year, on the Great Day of Atone-
ment, the High Priest sprinkled on the J;iorns of it the blood of the sin- rangements connected with the Golden Candlestick were meant to keep
·offering. Ex. xxx. 10. Every morning and night incense was burned the flame in its pure brightness, to typify the continuous brightness of
on it. the light of Grace which shines upon us, and to remind us to let our
The Great Altar represents Christ in his Atoning Sacrifice, the Golden light "so shine."
Altar represents Him in His Intercessory character. The sweet Incense 5. The Golden Table stood on the north side of the Holy Place. It
which arose in a clond to cover the Mercy-Seat typified the Prayers of was designed for holding the Shew-Bread. It symbolizes the Church
all saints accepted through Him, and the worship which in every place as that Holy Place in which Israel comes before God in the Sacrifice of
is to be offered by Him to Jehovah's name, Mal. i. 11; Rev. viii. 3. Thanksgiving, and receives from God the Sacrament of Blessing.
Christ is at once Priest, Sacrifice and.Altar. '!'here was but one Altar 6. The Ark of the Covenant was in the Holy of Holies, as described,
for the whole Burnt-Offering, as there is but one Propitiatory Sacrifice Ex. xxv., xxxrii. It was prepared under the influence of the Spirit of
for the race through all time. On this Altar were laid the gifts of God, in accordance with the model shown to Moses in the l\Iount. It
God's people. The Altar sanctified their gifts, as Christ sanctifies ours. was constructed of the choicest wood, and covered and lined with gold,
All the vessels of the Altar typified the application and method of re- Inside the Ark was placed the Testimony, or Two Tables of the Law.
ceiving the benefits purchased for us by Christ. The Horns of the Altar The book of the Law, the urn which held the manna, and Aaron's rod
show that it was to be cluug to, as we11 as fled to; the penitent fear is which budded, were placed beside the Ark. 'l'be ceremonial object of
to be followed by the believing trust. the Ark was that it might be a sacramental token of the special pres-
3. The Brazen Laver stood between the Altar of Atonement and the ence of God.
entrance to the Holy Place. Iu its pure waters the Priests were to As a type of Christ, the Ark symbolizes His gracious presence as
wash away their pollutions, under penalty of death for neglect. It typi- God, in the Temple of His Church. Where the Ark went, divine
fied the need of the Washing of Regeneration, the Laver of a trne strength and triumph attended it. It held the tables of the Law, and
Baptism, the Sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit, the purchase and nec- Christ came not to destroy the Law, but to fulfill it. The Law is be.
essary sequence of the Sacrifice of Christ. The La Yer was constructed neath the Gospel, and the Gospel rests on the Law.
of what had been mirrors, Ex. xxxviii. 8. 'l'be mirror conld reflect, 7. The Mercy-Seat, or Propitiatory, was the cover of the Ark of the
and thus make its holder more perfectly aware of the impurities he had Covennnt. It was of pure gold throughout, Ex. xxv. 17. It was con-
contracted on his face and vestments, and thus could prepare him for ceived of as a typical footstool of the throne of God, whence He re-
the more effectual application of the cfeansing. 'l'he Laver, with its vealed His mercy, for we seek mercy at the feet of our God: It was,
burnished surface, may have become one vast mirror, a mirror of mir- with the Cherubim, the crowning glory of the Ark, which represented
rors, which may have helped to point out to him --:-,ho approached any the Law. The Mercy-Seat rested on the Law, and yet was above it.
lack of conformity with the external demands of the law. So he who That it ordinarily was in the thick darkness of the innermost shrine
comes to the cleansing must know himself, and act up' a that knowl- points to the King invisible, bidden impenetrably till the light of His
edge, James i. 23, 25. own mercy reveals Him, at the entrance of the Supreme High-Priest
Though we be Priests of one God, and in His service, we must at into the Holiest of all.
each approach seek a re-application of the blood of cleansing. ••I will God is in glory among the angels, but earth is His footstool, a lower
wash my hands in innocency; so will I compass thine altar, 0 Lord," part, but a true part, of His throne. 'l'be High-Priest himself would
Ps. xxvi. 6. The Christian needs not merely that great forgiveness baYe been smitten to death, had be come unbidden into the Holy Place,
which is once for all, and that washing of the Holy Ghost which is within the veil before the Mercy-Seat, Lev. xvi. 2. When God ap-
once for all, but needs the daily forgiveness of the tresspasses of the peared in the cloud upon the Mercy-Seat, the High-Priest was to ap-
day, the washing of the hauds which are busy in life's work, the wash- proach with the censer, that the cloud of incense might cover the
ing of the feet which are soiled upon the road we traverse, Ex. xxx. 19. Mercy-Seat, that he die not. He was to sprinkle of the blood of the
He that has bad that great bathing of regeneration still needs renewed sin-offerings upon the Mercy-Seat and before it, Lev. xvi. 11-16. II
applications of the spiritual washing, John xiii. 1-10. was of gold, the most precious of metals; pure gold without alloy; no
The Holy Spirit is the applier of the wusbing, for he takes of the mere gilding or plating, but massive gold to the centre-emblem of the
things that are Christ's anrl makes them ours; but Ohrist's riven side precious and pure mercy of God to which we have access through the
is the source of the purifying flood-coming "not by water only, but atoning blood, and the High Priesthood of our Lord. "Then., will I
by water and blood." •·The Spirit and the water and the blood, these meet with thee and commune with thee," v. 22. "Let us therefore
three agree in one," 1 John v. 6, 7. He is the Fountain opened for sin come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy and
and for uncleanness, Zech. xiii. 1. All his loved ones are washed, sanc- find grace to help in time of need," Heb. iv. 16.
tified and justified in his name, 1 Cor. vi. 11. For Christ loved the 8. 'l'he Cherubim (the word is the Hebrew plural of Cherub) were
Church and gave himself for it, that he might sanctify and cleanse two figures of gold, placed at the ends of the Mercy-Seat. Their faces
it with the washing of water-by the washing of regeneration and re- were turned toward it, and their wings were expanded so as to touch
newing of the Holy Ghost by the word, that He might present it \o above it. 'l'bey symbolized the majesty of Jehovah, to whom all tbe
himself a glorious Church, holy and without blemish, Epb. v. 26; Tit. created powers of the Universe, whether angelic, human, or physical,
iii. 5. render homage and service-and all of which are interested, each in its
4. The Golden Candlestick, in the Holy Place on the south side. On own way, the highest the most deeply, in the great mystery of which the
it the lamps were placed. It typifies the Church, dark in itself, but Mercy-Seat is the centre. They are the living things around the Throne.
illumined by the presence and Spirit of Christ. Christ illumines the The Cherubim are not images of angels; they are symbols of angels, in
Church that the Church may enlighten the world. common with the rest of God's creatures, and of angels by pre-eminence,
Its seven parts mark its various functions and the adaptations of its as the highest of God's creatures.
various members to them. Christ is in the midst of them. The light
symbo'.izes Him, at whose coming Zion is to arise and shine. He is the
Glory of the Lord who arises upon her-a light to lighten the Gentiles IV. TYPICAL PERSONS..
-the true light which euligbteneth every man-the Light of the world
-the Light of life. The arrangement was that of a vine-cluster of THE Old Testament presents to us Typical Persons, "for," says
lights, a!Jout a centre. Christ is the central light, but his people are by AUGUSTINE, "the life of these men of c!d, like their tongues, was pro-
His Grace the light of the world. The ornaments of the Candlestick, phetic."
the golden flowers and fruits, adrl to its uses, the beauty of art copying I. ADAM was a type of Christ. 'l'be old writers trace such parallels
nature, for nature and art are in their truest places when hallowed to as these: Adam was the father of the whole race, from whom tbe
the service of Christ. The perfumes of the alabaster box shed upon whole race derives its natural life, as Christ is the source of the re-
the head of our Lord are not wasted. The various instruments and ar- generate, new-born life of the world. 2. Adam was formed of the virgio
124
-
CHRIST AND HIS KINGD01~f IN SHADOWS.
~ s p r a n g from a pure Virgin. 3. Adam was formed in the being by interpretation king of righteousness"-and "righteousness
ear th , f God, Christ is the express image of His person. 4. In Adam shall be the girdle of His loins"-"and this is his name whereby he
flll!lge ~erived from earth and a spirit given from heaven were united, shall be called, THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS." "After that also,
a body_ 1 were personally blended tbe human and divine: "the second the king of Salem, which is, king of peace"-and when He came,
in ChrlS• the Lord from heaven .. '
, o.• A d am was constitute
· d Ior d of the angels sang, "Peace upon earth.'' He is the "Prince of Peace." Mel-
I8
}{anb to Christ all power is given, all things are delivered into His chizedek brings forth not an atoning sacrifice, b:1t bread and wine for
eartd' 6. Adam was the guardian of Eden, Christ is the opener and the nourishment and reviving of his great guest, Abraham, the father
ban s. r of Paradise. 7. Adam was endowed with peculiar gifts of un- and type of believers, as Christ offers to the world the bread of
restore
ing Christ is the possessor of all knowledge. 8. Adam unfallen heaven, the wine of rejoicing, and gives them supremely in giving
dersta nd ' . . · himself,John vi., 55, 56. He was priest uniting in type the regal and
was 8 potless, Christ 1s holy, harmless, undefiled aud separate from
sacerdotal, as does our Lord the priest-king. ·'He shall be a priest upon
sinners. . .
Abel, '!Soah, Melch'.zedek, Abraham, Joseph, Jonah, David and Solo- his throne," Zech. vi. 13. He was priest of the Most High God, tower-
111011 have a1so furnished many suggestions to those who love to trace ing in his majesty in a world utterly lapsed into idolatry. He stands
b substance of the New Testament iu the shadows of the Old. before Abraham and reveals in the promise of his mystic office that in
1
; . In the history of ABEL, many points of association with our Lord which Faith sees as present a far-off day, and rejoices in it. "And he
1
d bis Church have been found. The name Abel itself speaks of the blessed Abram, blessed him that had the promises, and without all
;.~e of mourning, to which the man of sorrows was called. Abel was contradiction the less is blessed of the greater.'' And Abram gave him
1
keeper of sheep, and Christ is the great Shepherd. Abel in his tithes of all, and in Abram the tribe which was afterward exempted
11
fferin"' showed forth the idea of sin felt and forsaken, of Atoning from tithes-paying, and received tithes, pays them to this priest who
~acrifi;e, of God's redeeming love; and these are the great central rises above the Levi ti cal priesthood.
ideas of the dispensation of our Lord. Abel and his offering were Melchizekek was, as priest, ••without father, without mother, without
recrarded with acceptance by Jehovah, as Christ was the object of His descent or pedigree." His priesthood was not determined like the
infinite Jove, and His sacrifice was received with the infinite com- Levitical by natural descent-required and rPsted in no registry in
placence of the Father. Abel was the object of malicious hate on the authentication of parentage, but typified our Lord's as directly given
part of bis brother, as Christ was of His own race and of the unre- from heaven. Christ sprang from a tribe which was as a tr:':>e devoid
generate world. It was the hate which purity excites in the corrupt of all claim to the priesthood, Heb. vii. 14.
heart. "Cain was of that wicked one, a_nd slew his brother. And Melchizedek, as priest, had "neither beginning of days nor end ot
wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his life.'' His term of priesthood was not fixed by his age, beginning its
brother's righteous." Abel also embodied the great New Testament days because his natural days were of this or that number, nor ending
centre of personal salvation-Justification by Faith. "By Faith Abel because his natural days had reached a certain bound. Ordained of
offered unto God a mere excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he God, individually his priesthood beg:!n, in God's purpose, with his very
obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his gifts; and being, and ran on throughout all his life. His priestly life, as such,
by it, he being dead, yet speaketh." had no end. ••Made like unto the Son of God, he abideth a priest con-
Bnt there is contrast as well as parallel. The blood of Abel cried tinually," Heb. vii. 3. "Thou art a priest for ever after the order of
for ,engeance against his murderer. The dying Jesus prayed for His Melchizedek." The priests under the Law "were many priests, because
enemies-"Father, forgive them." The plea of His blood united with they were not suffered to continue by reason of death; but this man be-
tbe intercession of His prayer for them and for us, and "we are cause he continueth for ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood-passing
come to the blood of sprinkling that speaketh better things than that not from one to another. Wherefore he is able also to save to the
~f Abel," Gen. iv. 10; Heb. xii. 24. uttermost-and for evermore-them that come unto God by him, seeing
III. ENOCH in his translation foreshadowed the passing of our Lord be ever liveth to make intercession for them," Heb. vii. 23-25.
bodily into the heavens. So also did ELIJAH, but in both these cases VI. ABRAM was first a "high father," like a mountain standing in its
death was passed by, not overcome. '.rheir life was made secure only grandeur, allll towering in solitude. But he became ABRAHAM, the
by the certainty that Christ would vanquish tbe enemy who, though "father of a multitude.'' He stood no longer alone. The whole assem-
evaded, lingered in unbroken might in the rear. bly of the faithful rose around him. He is the father and exemplar of
IV. NOAH was, as it were, a second Adam, the new father of the all the faithful.
spared race, and a new t_vpe of Christ. The Ark is a type of the VII. ISAAC recalls the offering made by God's love for the salvation
Chnrch. The deluge which at once destroyed and saved is a type of of the World. Abraham was tested; but, at the decisive moment, God
tbat holy Baptism "of water and of the spirit," which in its divine provided a sacrifice which was accepted for Isaac. But that provision
efficacy, rightly received and -used, destroys the old Adam, and raises itself w,as possible, and answere!l, its ends, only because God would not
lbe souls that are saved into newness of life, 1 Peter iii. 20-22. spare himself what He spared Abraham. "God so loved the world that
V. The most wonderful of the personal types of Christ, is MEL- He gave His only-begotten Son;" He spared not His own Son. When
CHIZEDEK, and, next to our Lord himself. the most mysterious person- God's best beloved lay on the Altar, no substitute was found for Him,
age of history. "Bearing a title which Jews in after ages would but He endured the anguish, and died to redeem us.
recognize as designating their own sovereign, bearing gifts which VIII. JOSEPH suggests many parallels. Like Christ "he came unto
recall to Christians the Lord's Supper, this Canaanite crosses for a his own, and his own received him not.'' Rejected, he rose to the
moment the path of Abram, and is unhesitatingly recognized as a per- throne, forgave his brethren, saved them, enriched them, and exalted
son of higher spiritual rank than the 'friend of God.' Disappearing them.
as suddenly as he came in, he is lost to the sacred writings for a In the Mosaic Economy, in connection with the richest typical
lbousand years; and then a few emphatic words for another moment period, the most prominent names are Moses, Aaron and Joshua.
bring him iuto sight as a type of the coming Lord of David. Once IX. MOSES, like Christ, was saved from the death which was
more, after another thousand years, the Hebrew Christians are taught threatened in his infancy by the hatred df a cruel king; like Christ, re-
to see in him a proof that it was the consistent purpose of God to nounced riches and kingly power to suffer humiliation, poverty and sor-
abolish the Levitical priesthood." He was not Enoch, nor Shem, nor row for his people's sake and God's glory; like Christ, led forth Israel
Ham, nor Messiaa the Son of God, nor the Holy Spirit. Conjecture has from bondage, fed them with heavenly bread, refreshed them with
exhausted itself-and we know simply what the Book itself reveals. No living water, guided them to victory, interceded for them, taught them
hand 'lf man or angel can draw the cn.rtain farther away. His charac- God's most holy will, was the mediator of the Covenant confirmed with
ter, personal and official, was not fixed by his human relations, for in blood, re,,red the Tabernacle of the Highest in the world-was Prophet,
the land of the Canaanites he shines in the pure light of a righteous Priest and King. He was the founder and the highest representative
king, a prince of peace, a priest of the Most High. Melchizedek: "first of his race before God, as he was the representative of God to his peo-
125
CHRIST A.ND HIS KINGD021:f IN SHA.DOWS.
r
pie-and Christ is our Advocate with the Father, and the Revealer of and as the flavor of roses in the spring of the year, as lilies by the rivers
the Father to us. of waters, and as the branches of the frankincense tree in the time of
X. AARON'S typical character is so merged in his High-Priesthood summer; as fire and incense in the censer, and as a vessel of beate
as to make a distinct treatment of it unnecessary. The office of Moses gold set with all manner of precious stones; and as a fair olive-tren
was unique and he had no successors. There arose no prophet like budding forth fruit, and as a cypress-tree which groweth up to th:
nnto him-until the Supreme Prophet came, like him, yet as the light clouds. When he put on the robe of honor, and was clothed with th
of noontide is like the light of dawn. The office of Aaron was a gen- perfection of glory, when he went up to the holy altar, he made th:
eral one, and was transmitted-there was an order of Aaron, but no or- garment of holiness honorable," Eccl us. xiv. 7; J. 6-11. The High.
der of Moses. In Moses the office was embodied in the man, in Aaron Priest"s dress consisted of four parts in common with the other Priests
the man was lost in the office, and we shall therefore in its place con- while four parts, (to-wit: the breastplate, the ephod, the ephod rob~
sider it rather than him. and mitre) were peculiar to him.
XI. JOSHUA is typical of Christ in his name, which means "Jehovah The High-Priest, in his exalted office and personal dignity, fore.
Saviour." He was the servant of Moses, as Christ was the minister of shadows the glory of the person and office of our Lord. He sought
the circumcision, Gal. iv. 4. He was full of the spirit of wi£dom (Dent. and announced the will of God by Urim and Thummim; he consecrate1
xxxiv. 9), the spirit which rested without m<'asure ou Christ. He fin- and initiated the Priests and Levites; he presided in the sacred conven.
ished what Moses began, he brought the people of God into the Land of tions and directed in all matters of religion. The High-Priest alone
Promise, by his victories secured it to them, and put them in possession went into the Second Tabernacle, "once every year, not without blood
of its rest. Christ's people in Him find rest for their souls, inherit the which he offered for himself and for the errors of the people; but Chris;
incorruptible, the uu,lefiled and unfading Kingdom of Heaven. being come, an High-Priest of good things to come by a greater and
XII. DAVID was a type of Christ.· He was the great representative more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, neither by the blood of
monarch of I,rael, the victor over its enemies, the establisher of its goatli and calves, but by his own blood, He entered in once into the
kingdom, and, in his true, uncorrupted character, the "man after Holy Pla<'e, having obtained eternal redemption for us," Heb. ix.
God's heart." He is the type of 'Christ, as Christ is related to the The High-Priest was to abstain at the times of deepest sorrow, from
Church militant-the Church in her warfare, both assailing evil and the ordinary manifestations of grief. He was, shadowing Christ, to
assailed by it. show his separateness, even in the sphere of his sympathy. The High.
XIII. As David typifies Christ as the Captain of our Salvation, Priest could marry only a pure virgin and might marry the daughter
coming for a time to bring not peace upon earth, but a sword, so of a king-as Christ takes to himself-His Church, the virgin daughter
SOLOMON typifies our Lord as the Prince of Peace, Head of the Church of the great King. Not till the death of the High-Priest could those
triumphant, its enemies subdued, tranquility and joy in all its bor- who had taken refuge in the appointed cities leave them, and Christ
ders. With Solomon, the Tabernacle, once wandering, is fixed-is trans- died "that through death He might destroy him that had the power
figured into the 'fetilple. This typifies the final glory of Christ's of death, and deliver them who through fea!" of death were all their
Kingdom in the New Jerusalem,where every part shall be so supremely life-time subject to bondage," Heb. ii. 14, 15.
holy that degrees of sanctity shall pass away. There shall be no 2. The Priests (Ex. xix.) typically represent that spiritual priest-
Temple therein, for all shall be Temple. "The Lord God Almighty hood into which all believers are callled by God for His service and
and the Lamb are the temple of it," Rev. xxi. 22. into which they are Introduced by Christ (Ex. xix. 6.; 1 Pet. ii. 5-9;
XIV. But not only were these individuals typical, ISRAEL itself, as Rev. i. 6), to offer up spiritual sacrifices. The tip of the ear, the thumb
a Nation, was a typical race. The old Church foreshadowed the new and the foot of the priests were anointed, as symbols of the total conse-
in its trials, deliverance and glories. These types of the old Israel, cration of the whole priesthood, not alone in soul and spirit, but in body
are bound to the antitypes of the new Israel. Israel was a race of also-in all its senses, activities and powers. The Priest's hands were
kings and priests-and we are, like them, a royal priesthood, an holy to be filled when they approached the altar, as the hand of the believer
nation, a pecnliar people, to show forth the praises of Him who hath brings to God the offerings of gifts and of holy works, of religion and of
called us out of darkness int:> His marvelous light, 1 Pet. ii. 9. charity. The official duties of the Tabernacle, the benediction of the
people, the proclamation of the Festivals, the sounding of the trumpet,
the teaching of the Law, the bearing of the Ark, point to the various
forms of fidelity and usefulness iu all believers, and pre-eminently in
V. TYPICAL OFFICIAL PERSONS. the Ministers of the Gospel. The various peculiar personal duties of the
1. '.!'HE High-Priest was alone in his order. He is not called the Priests set forth the sanctity, sobriety and purity which become all
highest- as if the others were like him, except' in degree-as if they Christians, and especially all Ministers.
-were high, and higher, and he simply highest. He is the High- When the Priests were to be consecrated, their old garments were
Pr est; "the chief" or head priest (Jer. xii. 24), and "chief over the to be laid aside, as we must put off the old, before we can put on the
chief of the Levites," Num. iii. 32. His office endured throngh his new. Their bodies were washed with clean water (Ex. xxix. 4),
entire life. He was supreme in the Church. He was to possess the and we are to "draw near, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil
highest endowments of person, body, mind and character. conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water," Heb. x. 22.
The anointing of the High-Priest, by which he was solemnly conse- "Christ has washed us from our sins, and made us priests unto God,"
crated to bis office, was different from all 'the other anointings. His Rev. i. 5, G. The same precious oil which was poured upon the High•
head, not bis raiment, was anointed, and the anointing was not by Priest, and which was never to be used except for holy things and
sprinkling, but by copious outpouring. "God hath anointed thee with holy persons, was sprinkled upou the Priests-they had the unction
the oil of gladness above thy fellows," Ps. xiv. 7; Heb. i. 9. The High- of the Highest, though in a less degree-a'S every believer receives
Priest is designated as "the priest that is anointed," the Messiah Priest, the anointing of God (I John v. 20, 27), in due measure, from the ful•
Lev. iv.3. "God anointed Jesus with the Holy Ghost and with power," ness of Him, on whom it descends without measure. After the wash•
Acts x. 38. "God giveth not the spirit by measure unto Him," John ing and unction, the vestments were put upon them. They were not,
iii. 34. under penalty of death, to drink wine nor strong drink when they wenl
The garments of the High-Priest were of the richest kind "for glory into the Tabernacle-as we, for love's sake, are to touch nothing which
and for beanty,"Ex.xxviii.2. "He beautified him,"says Sirach, "with may be attended by dishonor to God, and become a cause of stumb-
comely .ornaments, and clothed him with a robe of glory. He put ling to our fellow men. The Priest's person was to be without blem·
upon him perfect glory; and strengthened him with rich garments." ish and his life without spot-and we are to be holy, as He which
The same writer, describing a High-Priest "in his coming forth from hath called us is holy. We are "a chosen-generation, a royal priest•
behind the veif," says: "He was as the morning star in the midst"of a hood, an holy nation, a peculiar people, that we should shew forth
cloud, and as the moon at the full; as the sun shining upon the Temple the praises of Him who hath called us out of darkness into his mar·
of the Most High, and as the rainbow giving light in the bright clouds; velous light," 1 Pet. ii. 9.
126
CHRIST .AND HIS KINGDO;Jf IN SHADUJViS.
~ r e s or Priestly rnce (Ex. vi. 25), typify the same gen- 7. The VeRtments of the Priests shared in tbe glory and beauty of
s. T bs tbat are typified by the Priests, but they show forth more those of the High-Priest, yet were inferior-to symbolize the fact that
era! t~t~\ the great element of willing aid, the harmony of the lesser though His glory is given by Christ to His priestly people, He yet in all
especia_ ~ tbe greater-that, while there are differences of adminis- things has the pre-eminence.
gift ' wit there is one Spirit.
..
8. The Incense, rislng in clouds from the barning coals, is like the
tr8ti ';be Prophets were teachers of the people, expounders and ap- prayers and praises of the saints which soar heavenward from hearts
1·rs of tbe Word of God, reformers of the Church, utterers of pre- kindled by devotion. Most of all, is it like tbe intercessory prayers of
plle_ preachers of the Law ancl Gospel, and performers of mira- the great Mediator, through which all other prayer is acceptable to
dictions, .
In this they typify tlie Great Prophet, the Teacher ot the world God.
cle\ sent forth also His faithful l\linisters, as the Father sent Him. 9. The Colors were of the richest and most expressive nature. Prin-
-" ;be Nazarites (Num. vi. 2-21) typify tbe self-sacrificing separa- cipal among them were Blue, Purple, Scarlet, Crimson, Red, Golden,
5· luntarily mad", in God's service, supremely by Christ, but, after and White.
tiOD VO •
. ost blessed example, by all who are truly His. The Blue was the ,deep, dark blue of the Oriental sky. It was a nat-
II: DIThe Kings, Ex. xv. 18; Deut. vii. 14, 15. Tbe regal office of our ural symbol of heaven and the heavenly, of the habitation of God, and
·d is typified in its true grandeur in the theocracy, when Jehovah of tbe softened revelation of His grace and glory.
I,or temporal King of His people, and in the particular kings of a later 'fhe Purple was associated with the supremest dignity, with exalted
~as i·ts variot1~ features are shown forth--especially in David and position, and therefore symbolized the regal position of God as King of
time
Solomon. Israel. 'l'he clothing of our Lord with the purple robe was uncon-
scious confession and undesigned prophecy, Matt. xxvii. 28; John
xix. 2.
VJ, TYPICAL THINGS, NA.TURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. Scarlet, Crimson, blood-Red, was the symbol of life and energy, of
J. THE Animals which God accepted in sacrifice, were to be clean the abRolute energy and immortal life of God, and of His love which
and therefore proper as food, were gentle and domesticated, or a~so- imparts life and energy.
iated with man and free from imperfections. 'fhese animals were: Josephus considers the four colors, White, Purple, Blue and Scarlet,
c J. The Ox; the Bull; the Bullock, the Heifer and Calf. as symbolizing the four great elemental parts of the Universe-the
2. The Sheep; the Ram, the Lamb: earth, yielding the flax for the white linen; the sea, from which was
3. The Goat; the Kid. taken the costly sbell-fisb of the purple; the blue, air; and the deep-
4. Tbe 'furtle-dove; the Pigeon. red, fire.
These all symbolize the gentleness, meekness and spotlessness of the In a brilliant and ingenius little book, lately published under the
Que True Sacrifice, the Lamb of God, who was led as a sheep to the title "Solar Hieroglyphics," the whole symbolism of light and color ie
slaughter; who wa8 like a lamb dumb before his shearers; whose inno- developed in a very suggestive manner.
cent and precious blood, as of a lamb without blemish or spot, was White was the color of the curtains of the fine-twined linen of the
sbed for men, and whose flesh is given for the life, and is tbe food, of Tabernacle, Ex. xxvi. I, and of the epbod of tbe priests, Ex. xxviii. 5,
the world. 6. It is the color of the apparel in Angelic manifestations, Matt. xxviii.
2. The Oil was to be of the most perfect purity, prepared direct from 3; Mark xvi. 5; J obn xx. 12. To the Bride of Christ is granted thar she
the fruit of the Olive-the tree of peace, the token of pardon. It fed shall be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white; for the fine linen is the
tbe flame-as tbe Holy Ghost supplies all grace. The anointing oil, re- righteousness of saints. The armies in Heaven follow the Word of God
viving and consecrating, typifies the oil of joy, shed in supremest meas- upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, Rev. xix. 8,
ure on Christ, onr High-Priest and King. Healing, it typifies the sav- 14. It is tbe symbol of triumph. When Messiah goes forth conquering
ing application made by the Good Samaritan to the wounds of our sin- and to conquer He sits upon a white horse, Rev. vi. 2; xix. 11. It is the
ful t1at11re. Fragrant, it symbolizes tbe acceptableness of the offering symbol of His Eternal Deity: "His head and His hair was white like
brought by devout hearts-and it is like pure Love, which hallows all wool, as white as snow," Rev. i. 14. When He comes wearing His
it touches. golden crown, and bearing tbe sickle for the earth"s final reaping, He
3. The Vestments, or holy garments of the High-Priest, are the sub- sits upon a white clond, Rev. xiv. 14. Through the Book of Revelation,
ject of very minute directions, Ex. xxviii. Clothing should express white is the :Saviour's color, it belongs alone to Him and to them who
character, personal or official, and be in harmony with it. The glory are His. In the Transfiguration, which was a temporary revelation of
and beauty of the Priestly robes symbolize tbe majesty and loveliness our Lord in "the form of God," His "raiment was white as the light, and
of Christ in bis Person, Office and Wor)i:, whom God hath clothed with glistering," Matt. xvii. 2; Mark ix.3; Luke ix. 29. White is the symbol
the garments of salvation, and hath covered with the robe of rigb teous- of beauty and innocence: of majesty and glory: of eternity, wisdom,
ness, Isa. xi. 10. The most precious materials, the most vivid and sig- righteousness and holiness: of prosperity and gladness. It was a spe-
nificant colors, the most exquisite workmanship, symbolizing the high- cial symbol of the sanctity and majesty of God as the Holy and Glorious
est glories of earth and heaven, combined to give to the garments of One of Israel. It shadowed forth tbe sanctification of God through Is-
the High-Priest a fitness for association with his work-in which he rael, and of Iarael by God; but most of all the attributes of the revealing
typified our Lord, who unites in His Nature, His Person and Character Jehovah, the incarnate Son of God, our Savionr.
all that is fairest in tbe two worlds-who is "chiefest among ten 10. The Perfumes embraced the sweetest principal spices: Stacte,
thousand and altogether lovely." Onycha, Galbanum, Ex. xxx. 34; Myrrh, Frankincense, Cassia, Cinna-
4. The Urim and Tbnmmim, lights and perfections, Manifestation or mon. The preparation of these was of the most careful kincl. They typi-
aevelation and Truth, were preciou~ stones set in the Breastplate which fied the fragrance of holiness, and the attractiveness of the supremely
tlie High-Priest was to put on when he wen~ in before the Lord, Ex. holy Saviour.
:rxviii. 30; Lev. viii. 3; Num. xxvii. 21; Dent. xxiii. 8. They point to II. Tbe Shew-bread figured the Body of our Lord, as the Bread from
Christ as the Manifester of the mind of God, the source of guidance Heaven, John vi., and in its place the presentation of our Lord's as-
and relief in all the perplexities of His Church ancl of His people. cended Body before tbe throne of the Majesty in the Heavens.
5. Tbe •·Plate of Pure Gold," in tbe shape of an open blossom. with 12. The Hyssop, with Cedar-wood and scarlet, was the instrument of
"Holiness to Jehovah," engraved thereon, was to be put on the Mitre purgation, typical of the applying instrumentality of the blood of
of tbe High-Priest. This symbolizes the perfect cousecration of the sprinkling, with which he tbat is purged is truly clean, Ps. Ii. 7.
Great High-Priest. Among the other plunts and fruits wbicb come into the typical world,
6. Tbe Girdle reminds us of Him of whom the Prophet says: ai-e the fruits at large which were given to the Lord: the Almonds of
''Rigbteonsness-shall be the girdle of bis loins, and faithlulness tbe Aaron's budding rod; tbe Pomegranates (images of the fragrance of
girdle of his reins," Isa. xi. 5 truth and the fruitfulness of life) wbicb were wrought on the hem of
127
r
CHRIST .AND HIS KINGDOM IN SHADOWS.
the Ephod, Ex. xxviii. 33, and suggested the form of the knops on the
Golden Candlestick, Ex. xxvi. 31; the Vine, Grapes and Wine.
-
7. The victim was slain before the Lord, by His appointment, in th
way, at the time and place, appointed by Hirn, God looking upon it an:
accepting it. Christ is no self-elected, self-imposed sacrifice, but is th
Lamb ordained and accepted of God. e
Vil. TYPICAL ACTS. S. It was slain at the door of the Tabernacle-brought within the sphere
GOD, as holy King, dwetls in holy places, and is served by holy ver- of the supernatural, and standing in relations not of this world. 1'he
sons. In these places, these persons bring before Him holy things in sacrificial efficacy of Christ's blood is not derived from the ideas and
HOLY ACTS, These holy acts are :-1. The presentation of Sacrifices relations of the world of nature. The sphere in which His sacrifice is
and Offerings. 2. The Sacrificial Feasts and sacrifices and offerings. operative is that of the True Tabernacle which the Lord pitched and not
3. The giving of First-Fruits. 4. The paying of tithes, or tenth-parts. man, a greater and more perfect Tabernacle, not made with hands, the
5. The making of vows. 6. The investitures. 7. The purifications under temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven, Rev. xv. 5.
the law. 9. The blood was taken. This, says our Lord, is my blood of the New
SACRIFICES AS TYPICAL ACTS. Testament-the New Testament in my blood.
1. '.rhe Sacrifices are divided in to seven classes: 10. 'l'he blood was taken, for the Sacrifice was not only to be made
a. The Holocaust, or whole Burnt-Offering. but was to be applied. "Take," says our Lord-"this is my body." Tb;
b. The Sin-Offering, the Sacrifice or Offering for Sin, Heb. x. 6, 8. glorious distinctive work of the Spirit is the work of reception in order
c. Trespass-Offering, Lev. v. 15. to impartation. "Ile shall glorify me; for He shall receive (take) of
d. Thank-Offering, or Peace-Offering, Ex. xx. 24. mine, and shall show it unto you." The Sacrifice made would not avail
e. The First-Born, First-Begotten, Ex. xiii. 2. if it were not a sacrifice taken and applied. '
f. Tithes of Beasts, Lev. xxvii. 32. 11. The blood was applied to the Altar also. Nothing of earth is so
g. The Paschal Lamb, Ex. xii. · pure as not to need the cleansing power of the atoning blood. None of
These have been reduced to three general classes: the SELF-DEDICA- the attendant things, separable from Christ's work, added to its efficacy.
TORY, the EUCHARISTIC and the EXPIATORY. He hallows the Cross, not the Cross Him, and all He sanctifies are things
The order of the ceremonial actions presented many points of typical of association with Him. The Cross is itself the dark and accurged
suggestion: instrument of torture and murder. Yet the blood which has sprinkled
First was the bringing or presentation of the Sacrifice. The hands were has made it a symbol of the world's hope and joy. "God forbid that I
laid upon the bead of the victim, and confession of sin was made, or, in should glory save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the
the '!'hank-Offering, praise was given to God. The victim was slain. world is crucified unto me, and I unto t.he world."
The blood was sprinkled. There was a waving and a heaving of the 12. The blood was applied with the.finger. This symbolizes the divine
parts of the Sacrifice. The parts were laid on the altar; were salted; care, and the solicitous exactness and perfect adaptation in the applica-
were laid upon the fire; certain parts of the Sacrifice were eaten, some tion of the atoning blood. The Bible speaks of the arm of God, the
by the Priests, others by those who brought the victims. The Sacrifice hand of God, and the finger of God, Luke xi. 20. All these express
was cons1•med with fire. power, but the finger is the instrument of power as most minutely and
The fol,owing points may be noticed in the Sacrifices as types: specifically directed; it marks individualizillg power.
1. All Expiatory Sacrifices were types of the One Atoning SaPrifice, 13. A portion of the blood was poured out at the bottom of the Altar,
made for the sins of the whole world, by our Lord, through His most Ex. xxix. 12. The blood of our great Sacrifice was freely poured forth
perfect obedience, His sufferings, and His death on the Cross. for men, and the Altar of the world's redemption has the blood of Christ
2. The system of Sacrifices was ordained for the eleansingof men from on it, and at its base.
sin, and "now once in the end of the world hath Obrist appeared to put 14. The typical Sacrifice was considered in two great aspects: First,
away sin by the-sacrifice of Himself," Heb. ix. 26. as typical of the Saviour's merit-its richest portions, expressive of
3. All the Sacrifices were to be perfect and spotless. "Whatsoever value, were laid upon the Altar and received there of Gud, Ex. xxix. 13.
hath a blemish, that shall ye not offer; for it shall not be acceptable for Secondly, as typical of the odiousness of sin-Christ 11s our represent-
you," Lev. xxii. 19, 20. "'.rbis is the offering, two lambs withput spot," ative was made sin and a curse for us, and representatively bore the
Num. xxviii. 3. Christ offered himself without spot to God, Heb. ix.14. wrath of God, Ex. xxix. 14. "The bodies of those beasts, whose blood
He is a Lamb without blemish and without spot, l Pet. i. 19. is brought into the sanctuary by the High-Priest for sin, are burned
4. The person offering was to confess his sins, Lev. v. 5; and if we without the camp; wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the
confess our sins, God is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to people with His own blood, suffered without the gate," Hebrews, xiii.
cleanse us from all unrighteousness, l John i. 9. 11, 12.
5. He was to put his hand on the head of the Burnt-Offering, Lev. i. 4. 15. The blood was sprinkled. Sprinkling is the act of distribution.
It was a solemn act of transfer, in which, in faith in God's assurance, The efficacy of the Atonement is as broad as it is specific. It is applied
he realized that the penalty of his guilt was to be laid upon a True Sac- to each alone; it is applied to the manyin masses. As the finger marks
rifice, of which the ritual Sacritice was a type. "Surely He both borne the perfection of its adaptation, the sprinkling marks its freeness. Mes-
our griefs and carried our sorrows. He was wounded for our trans- siah is to sprinkle many nations, Isa. !ii. 15. The blood of Christ is thal
gressions; Be was bruised for our iniquities, the chastisement of our blood of sprinkling which speaketh bettertbings than the blood of Abel,
peace was i1pon Him; and with His stripes we are healed .... The Lord Heb. xii. 24; by it we have our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience,
hath laid on Him the iniquity of us all," Isa. !iii. 4--6. Faith is the Heb. x. 22; for we are chosen unto sprinkling of the blood of Jesus, I
hand of the soul, the powP.r by which it lays hold. By it resting on Pet. i. 2.
Christ, we rejoice in the assurance that He has taken our sins on His 16. The blood was to be sprinkled seven times. Seven is the number
sinless head; "that God hath made Him to be sin for us, who knew no symbolic of perfection. The blood of Christ is perfect in its virtue;
sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him," 2 Cor. God uses the means for its perfect application, and it cleanses from all
v. 21. sin.
6. The victim was slain, Ex. xxix, 11. Our Lord was brought as a 17. When the High-Priest entered into the Most Holy Place, he was
Lamb to the slaughter, Isa. !iii. 7; Acts viii. 3:l. In the midst of the to take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon
throne He stands, a Lamb as it had been slain. In the new song, they the Mercy-Seat eastward; and before the Mercy-Seat he w:is to sprinkle
sing "Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by Thy blood. of the blood with his finger seven times. He was then to kill the Goal
Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and of the Sin-Offering, that was for the people, and bring his blood within
wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and blessing." The names the veil, and sprinkle it also upon the Mercy-Seat and before ii, and
of God's children are written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain thus make an atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness
from the foundation of the world. of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their
128
s Lev. xvi. 14-16. These typical acts closely associate the efficacy intense and consuming sorrows and sufferings of the Savi0ur in His
81 passion and bloody death.
: o'hrist's blood with His efficacy as Intercessor, His redemption with
~- character as the ProP.itiation (the Mercy-Seat), for God bas set 21. The Expiatory Sacrifices were always to be accompanied by the
5
IJ:rn forth to be a Propitiation (or Mercy-Seat) through faith in His Eucharistic 1:-\acrifices, to symbolize the duty of showing forth the
bJood, Rom. iii. 25. We approach the Father by approaching Christ. praises of Him who hath redeemed us. The Meat-Offerings, the Peace-
The atoning blood of Christ gives Him the character of the Mercy-Seat. or Thank-Offering, and the other Eucharistic Sacrifices were a ~ign of
Where Christ is, there, says God, "will I meet with thee, and I will thankful services. "The characteristic ceremony in the Peace-Offering
rnrnune with thee from above the Mt'rcy-Seat," Ex. xxv. 14-22. was the eating of the flesh by the sacrificer (after the fat bad been burnt
~hrist is our mighty intercessor in the Heaven of heavens, in which He before the Lord, and breast and shoulder given to the Priests). It be-
ppears, and pleads the merit of His blood. tokened the enjoyment of communion with Go.d 'at the table of the
8
It was to be sprinkled eastward, toward the sun-rising-emblem of Lord' in the gifts which His mercy bad bestowed."
spiritual hope and joy, suggestive of the bright and Morning Star, Rev. 22. "It is clear that the idea of sacrifice is a complex idea, involving
p:ii. 16, and of the rising of the Sun of Righteousness, with healing in the propitiatory, and the dedicatory and the eucharistic elements. Any
ms wings, Mal. iv. 2, and of "the tender mercy of our God; whereby the one of them taken by itself, would lead to error and superstition. The
Day-spring from on high hath visited us, to give light to them that sit propitiatory alone would tend to the idea of atonement by sacrifice
in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide the feet of the perfor sin, or being effectual without any condition or repentance and
plexed into the way of peace," Luke i. 78, 79. The blood of Christ is a faith; the self-dedicatory, taken alone, ignores the barrier of sin
power within the Veil. The type foreshadowed the acceptance In the between man and God, and undermines the whole idea of atonement;
bigbest Heaven of what was done on Earth, aud our hope enters with the eucharistic alone leads to the notion that mere gifts can satisfy
our Forerunner, Christ, into that which is within the Veil, Heb. vi. 19, God's service, :md is easily perverted into the heathenish attempt to
20. The great underlying thought is, that the Atoning blood of Christ •~ribe' God by vows and offerings." ·
touches heaven as well as earth, is to God-ward as well as to Man- The SACRIFICES of the Mosaic Economy open with the PASSOVER,
ward, is not a mere appeal to man, but is a governmental necessity of which is pre-eminently typical of the Paschal Festival of the New Tes-
God, that it is not needed alone to reconcile us to the Father-as much tament, because in the Passover, we have a Sacrifice, which prepares
of the shallow th inking of the hour considers it-but also is needed to the way for a Sacrament, the Passover being both Sacrifice and Sacra-
reconcile the Father to us. The sacrifice of Christ is not merely an at- ment. In a Sacrifice we give to God, in a Sacrament God gives to us; in
one-ment, as the means of bringing about unity, but it is a propitiation. a Sacrifice we impart, in a Sacrament we receive. The typical relation
Christ is the propitiation for our sins, sent by the Father to this great between Christ and the Paschal Lamb may be presented in this-
end, l John ii. 2, iv. 10-that is, there is just wrath to be averted, un-
deserved favor to be conciliated, equity to be harmonized with pity. TABLE OF PARALLELS.
Christ is our absolute need, for we should perish without Him; but He THE PASCHAL LAMB. CHRIST.
is also the relative need of God-that is, God's administration needs 1. Was to be a male of the flock. 1. Was to be true man.
Christ for the voluntary ends of its all-embracing mercy. The Atone- 2. Without spot. 2. Without sin.
3. Slain, and roasted. 3. Suffered and was crucified, "our
ment is not a mere argument from God reconciled in advance of it, and passover is sacrificed [or slain] for us,"
aiming by it at a mere breaking down of our reluctance to be at peace 1 Cor. v. 7.
with Him, but it is the mighty instrument by which God is reconciled; 4. His legs were not to be broken. 4. Not a bone of Him was broken.
by which His holiness can be barmomzed with His pity; by which God 5. Was to IJe slain between the even• 5. Died in the third hour of the after•
might be just, and yet the justifier of bim.,which believeth fo Jesus. ings. noon.
6. The lintel and posts were to be 6. His blood is sprinkled for the sav-
18. One of the most striking acts of the sacrificial ritual was the struck with the IJlood. ing of tbe soul, Heb. xii. 24; 1 Pet. i. 2.
waving and heaving up of the offerings. 'fhey were put on the hands 7. The destroyer was not suffered to 7. 'l'he blood of sprinkling speaketh
of the Priests and waved, shaken to and fro, for a wave-offering before come in where the l>lood was sprinkled. better things than that of Abel.
the Lord, Ex. xxix. 24-27. As the waving was from sidu to sid,~, the 8. The lamb was to be eaten entire. 8. Christ is ours, and is to be t11ken
wholly.
heaving was an upward-motion. The offering was swung to and fro; 9. To be ealen without leaven. 9. "Let us keep the feast with the
and then with the impetus thus given was raised aloft. The sheaf of unleavened bread of sincerity and
first-fruits was'also to be waved before the Lord, to b.e accepted for the truth," 1 Cor. vii. 8.
people, on the morrow after ttie Sabbath, Lev. xxiii. 11, l:!. The lamb 10. To be eaten with bitter herbs. 10. Bitler Is the bondage from which
Christ redeems us.
for the poor man's trespass-offering was to be waved to make an atone- 11. To Le eaten in haste, with the Joins 11. '·Let your loins be girded about,
ment for him, Lev. xiv. 21-24. Waving and heaving formed one of the girded as for a journey. and ye yourselves like unto men who
most striking and common actions of the ritual. wait for their Lord," Luke xii. 35, 36.
The taking of the offerings Into the priestly hands marked them at 12. To be eaten by those only who 12. Christ in the power of His saving
were in the covenant. blood ts received only by those embraced
once as separated from their natural connections. The wave-offering in the new covenant.
was the accompaniment of peace-offerings. 'l'he Rabbis explain the
heaving of the shoulder as an acknowledgment that God has His throne Next to the Paschal Lamb in the uniqueness and richness of sugges-
In Heaven, the waving of the breas\ that He is present in every quarter tion is the Red Heifer, N-um. xix. 2-10. The points that nave been
of the Earth. The one rite testified to his eternal majesty on high, the specially noted in regard to the Red Heifer in the original and the later
other to His being among and with his people. ritual, are these:
19. Every oblation of the Meat-offering was. seasoned with salt. a. The Heifer of pure red color was very rare in Palestine, and of
They were not to suffer the salt crl the covenant of their God to be great price. The Red Heifer of this rite was to be without spot or
lacking. With all their offerings they were to offer salt, Lev. ii. 13. blemish, no yoke was to have come upon her.
Salt is the symbol of resistance to change, hence the symbol of coven- b. The Heifer was to be given the Priest of special dignity, the
ant relation of personal incorruption, of preservation through grace. Sagan or representative of the High-Priest, who at the time of the
20, The consummation of the sacrificial act was by fire: it was burned institution of the rule, was Eleazar, the son of Aaron.
to ashes. Fire is the instrument of divine resumption. It breaks up the c. The Heifer was taken to Mount Olive to be slain there. l'he pile
uses and relations of the object seized by it, and restores them to their of wood on which the body was to be burned faced toward the
elemental conditions. It destroys corruption, it restores purity. By it Temple.
God accepts that which is pleasing- to Hirn, and destroys that which He d. When the Red Helfer bad been slain the Priest took the blood
abhors. Fire is the image of the work of the Spirit; it is also the image with his left hand, dipped into it his finger, and sprinkled of her blood
ot the destruction of the lost. Fire accepts the sacrifice as offered to directly before the tabernacle or temple seven times, with his eyes turned
God; it destroys it as representative of sin and guilt. It images the to its eastern gate.
129
CHRIST .AND HIS KINGDOclI IN SH.ADOWS.
e. The Heifer was' then completely burned in his sight. The skin, 3. The~ ew Moon was the calendar of all infant nations. Tl.le
the flesh, the blood, everythiug was burned. During -the burning, marked the day, the moon the month, and the di\'ision of tbe lusuu
nar
cedar-wood, hyssop, and scarlet wool were cast into the flame. month into quarters gave the weeks. The New llfoons are coustantl
f. The Ashes of the Heifer were carefully gathered, and separated referred to by .llioses as already familiar to the people in sacred conne y
into three parts. One part was kept on Mount Olivet, and was mingled tions. TheN ew Moon called the people to thanksgiving for the tnerct
8
with living water, and used to purify the children of Israel. Another of the month, the mercies which came from the Father of li"'bt :
t, ' lt}
part was taken to the Temple for the purification of the Priests. The whom is no variableness nor shadow of turning. It gave the grea
third part was reserved as a memorial. lesson of finding in all the visible and changing the reminders of ,,,1i/
g. The burning of the Red Heifer was a rite of very rare occurrence. we owe to the invisible God, and to our unchanging and faithfuISaviour'.
The Jewish doctors say that it took place but once in the era of the first 4. The day of the P,issover was Israel's birthday as a distinct and
Temple (including the time of the Tabernacle), and this while Moses chosen nation, and shadowed forth the transition of the New Testameoi
was living. The other eight occasions were during the time of the Israel into the glorious liberty, purchased by Christ's Death and sealed
second Temple. by His Resurrection, Its typology centres in the Paschal Lamb and
There are great writers on 'fypology who consider the Red Heifer the the PascLai Supper.
most complete of the 'l'ypes of CJvist. 5. Pentecost came on the fiftieth day after the second day of the
'I'he red color marks the hue of sin, Isa. i. 18, which Christ bore in Passover. It is called the Feast of Weeks and Feast of the Seventh
its penalty and curse as our representative. The Heifer, though bearing because it followed the seven weeks-the seven sevens-after the Pa~s:
the hue of sin, was to be without spot or blemish, and Christ, though over. It was also called the Feast of Harvest, because by the time of
He was made sin for us, knew no sin, He was without spot or 'blemish, its coming the harvest, which began at the Passover, was ended. It
holy, harmless, undefiled, and separate from sinners, Heb. vii. 26; 2 occurs at tne general time of the giving of the Law on Sina1, and hence
Cor. v. 21. The Heifer was to have known no yoke, and Christ's sub- the Rabbis call it the Day of the Giving of the Law.
mission to the Law was purely spontaneous. He was •·made under the On Pentecost, the fiftieth day after our Lord's Resurrection, the Spirit
law, to redeem them that were under the law." He lay down His life was poured out upon the disciples. It marks the harvest consummation
of Himself. The Red Heifer was slain outside of the camp in the pres- of the great work begun at the Paschal Sacrifice of the Lamb of God.
ence of all the people. ••The bodies of those beasts whose blood is It was to be kept with a tribute of a free-will offering according as the
brought into the sanctuary by the High-Priest for sin, are burned with- Lord had blessed the giver, and thust taught us to honor the Lord with
out the camp. Wherefore Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people our substance, to Jay by us in store as God hath prospered us, knowing
with His own blood, suffered without the gate. Let us go forth there- _that if there be a willing mind it is accepted of God, according to that
fore unto Him without the camp bearing His reproach," Heb. xiii a man hath, Dent. xvi, 9, 10; Prov. iii. 9; 1 Cor. xvi. 2; 2 Cor. viii.12,
11-13. On the Mount of Olives the first blood-shedding of the Atone- 'l'he wave-loaves of fine flour offered at this feast were to be baken
ment took place where our Saviour's blood fell, mingled with His sweat, with leaven, for leaven not only symbolizes change and corruption,
to the ground. Nor is it a mere matter of ,accidental coincidence that but also symbolizes self-diffusing, self-assimilating power, and in this
the chief priestly actor in the Sacrifice of Christ was not Annas, who latter aspect "the Kingdom of Heaven is like leaven, which a woman
was the High-Priest, but Caiaphas, his son-in-law, who was his took and hid in three measures of meal till the whole was leavened,"
Sagan or vicar. The purification by the sprinkling of the ashes of the Lev. xxiii.17; Matt. xiii. 33. And in this way the link of association is
Heifer points to the cleansing efficacy of the sacrifice of Christ: "For made between typical reference of this Festival to the Pentacostal eflu.
If the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling sion of the Spirit and the Parable of the Leaven. The Pentacost points
the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh; how much more out who it is, by whose most blessed work the Gospel is to be spread
shall the blood of Cllrist, who throngb the eternal Spirit offered Him- abroad in all the world, even the Holy Ghost, and the Parable points
self without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to out how and through what the work is done, even the Word of God,
serve the living God?" Hell. ix. 13, 14. with its self-diffusing, all-assimilating, all-leavening power.
The sense of the need of sacrifice has "been deeply rooted in men's Here also, as in all types, by the very nature of the case, there are
hearts, and bas been from the beginning accepted and sanctioned by contrasts as well as likenesses. For as we know of what a shadow is the
Goel, and made by Him one channel of His l'evelation. In virtue of shadow, by its likeness to the thing which casts it-so we also J.now that
that sanction it haR a value partly symbolical, partly, actual, but in ail it is the shadow, and not the thing itself, by its contrast with that thing.
respects derived from the one True Sacrifice of which It was the type. We know the shadow of a man by its conformity, so far as its nature
All its ideas are capable of full explanation only by the light reflected allows, with the man who casts it; but it is so unlike him that we con-
back from the Antitype." trast it even more than we compare it with him. Contrast the giving
of the Old Covenant with the smoking and quaking mountain, the
trembling and appalled people, its thunders and lightnings, its awful
trumpet-peal as if the judgments of a violated law were already bursting
VIII. TYPICAL T1r1Es AND OCCASIONS. on the world-contrast tuese with the gentler, yet no Jess expressive
THE typical times a net occasions may be classified with respect to the tokens of the Christian Pentecost, the rushing mighty wind, emblem of
frequency of occurrence, as, daily, t,he times of daily service; weekly, the Spirit in His world-wide breathings, the cloven tongues of fire,
the Sabbath;-mouthly. the New Moon; annual. the three great Festivals, which told of the divine flames which human tongues taught of God
the Passover, the Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles; the New were to kindle. The Old Pentecost commemorated the giving of a Law
Year or Day of Trumpets, and the Day of Atonement; every fifty years, written on those stones which imaged the hardness of the natural heart,
the Year of Jubilee. the New Pentecost was accompanied by the outpouring of that Sµirit,
1. Every day a \,ullockwas to be offered fora Sin-Offering for Atone- who takes away the heart of stone, and on the tenderer heart, the heart
ment. It was to be day by day continually, Ex. xxix. 36. Two of flesh, which is his own work, writes the New Law of Love, Heb. xii.
lambs were to be offered, one in the morning, the other in the even• 14-24. The offering of the firstlings in the Old speaks of that more
ing. ,Jt was an affecting confession of a need constantly existing and glorious bringing in of the first-fruits of the New Pentecost, the Gentiles
never met-"the Priest offering oftentimes the same sacrifices which and Jews (each in their own way, prepared by Providence for the
can never take away sins." grace of the common Father of men), who were among the redeemed
2. The Sabbath shadowed that rest of soul which is to be found in at the first outpouring, Rom. xvi. 5; Rev. xiv, 4.
Christ, Matt. xi. 28, !li,J ltl"l Sabbatism of that holy and eternal rest 6, 'l'he day of Atonements (the Hebrew word is always in tbe
into which God receives His people when the world's whole work of plural), Lev. xxiii. 27, was one of special solemnity and humiliation,
toil is past for ever, Heb. iii. 3, and they rest from their labors, Rev. The Talmud calls it "the Day." It wns no feast or festival. On thla
xiv.13. day only, the High-Priest was permitted to enter the Holy of Holies.
130
• ., CHRIST AND HIS KINGDOM IN SHADOWS.
rt::" ~ g every precaution ne9essary for the strictest purity, he !l. The Sabbath Year, Lev. xxv. 2, took place every seventh year. It
l j.fter d robed himself-in white, offered cacrifice for himself and for the was a year of Sabbaths. It applied to the year the same general prin-
} bath e ' He burned incense in ·the Most Holy, so that the mercy-seat ciples which held good of the weekly Sabbath and its typology. 'fhe
pe0 P1~dden by clouds of smoke, and sprinkled the blood before the people were to allow the land to be still, and thus were to be taught im-
,vas bi_ 5eat seven times, toward the East. Passing from the Most Holy plicit trust in God. They were to be taught tenderness to the poor, and
111erc{ Holy Place, where none but. he was permitted at this time, he regard even to the beasts of the field. Some Jewish and some Christian
ID 1~; : it by sprinkling blood on the Altar of incense. The rites in- writers have connected with this Festival the idea of a Sabbatic Year of
pori : all the chosen race, beginning with the High-Priest and his the World. The connecting of the Sabbath Year specially with the
volV~ and ending with the entire people. It was kept five days before manumission of servants has arisen from a failure to notice that the
falll~Y st of Tabernacles, in its atoning significance and deep sadness Hebrew servant was to be released after six years, dating from any time
&be e~ng for that great feast of rejoicing. It was the Kyrie before the at which his servitude began, Ex. xxii. 2; Deut. xv. 12.
prep~rin Excelsis. It tells us that the shedding of blood is needed for 10. The Year of Jubilee followed the seven sevens of the seventh
Gl:::sion, and that tse penitent seeking of pardon is the pathway to years, Lev. xxv., xxvii. It was the great year of rest, following on the
Be 8 ssurance of faith. The great central act in the part of the High- seventh Sabbath Year. It was a time of holy gladness, of music, of
:::;s,
lb~ t points to Christ, who "is not entered into holy places made with
which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, no': to
ear in tbe presence of God for us: nor yet that he should offer Him-
family reunion, of restitution and restoration of what had been forfeited
and lost, of release from burdens and slavery, of free forgiveness, and of
bounteous giving. It was meant to symbolize the acceptable year of
:;ft often, as the High-Priest entereth into the holy place every year the Lord, the time of the Advent of Christ, and that ti rue of consumma-
'tb the blood of others; for then must He often have suffer6d since
1
tion when all Sabbaths of the week and year shall find their antitypein
; e foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world the Jubilee of Heaven.
bath He appeared to pnt away sin by the sacrifice of Himself," Heb. 'l'he Feast of Tabernacles shadows heavenly joy in its relation to the
;:x. 24--26. past, the Year of Jubilee shows what it is in itself, eternal rest from all
7. The Day of Preparation for the Day of Atonements was "a me- ill, eternal immunity from all burdens and sorrows, eterual gladness.
orial of blowing of trumpets." On that day in the Tabernacles, and The Year of Jubilee is the Year of Restoration-of Paradise Restored.
:bsequently in the Temple, were blowr:, from early dawn until night, The inheritance once forfeited is resumed for ever. "Blessed are the
not the silver trumpets o! gladness, but the winding trumpets of rams- dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that
horns. It was a sound of sadness they gave forth, and was meant to they may rest from their labors; and their works do follow them."
call men to that penitential preparation which is needed for the Day of "The ransomed of the LORD shall return, and come to Zion with songs,
Expiation. 'l'he Word has Its note of sadness as well as of joy. The and everlasting joy upon their heads; they shall obtain joy and glad-
Word makes tears before it dries them. Only in the heart saddened by ness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away."
8 true repentance, claimed by the fore-rnnning Law, springs up the
joyous assurance of the Gospel flowing from faith in the Atonement.
It was also called the beginning of the year, because it was fixed for the
first day of the month 'fisri, which, though the seventh month ec-
IX. TttE TYPICAL EVENTS; OR, HISTORICAL
clesiastically, was the first month of the civil year. It was related to TYPES.
the great day for which it made men ready as the ministry of John the 1. THAT "history repeats itself," simply means that God acts in unity
Baptist was to the work of our Lord. It prefigured a ministry of prep- and harmony with Himself; that His plans widen, but that there are no
aration, a going before the face of the Lord-a lifting up of the voice breuks in them. The first appearance of a thought of God h;1 history,
like a trumpet to show God's people their transgressions, and the house gives us a type of what will recur in innummerable combinations, but
of Jacob their sins, Luke i. 76; Isa. ]viii. 1. in unchanged essencE: and principle, again and again, till time shall
8. The Feast of Tabernacles is also called the Feast of Ingatbering. be no more. Hence, l·istory, which relatively to the past is prophecy
It commemorates trials and changes past, and toil rewarded by the fulfilled, is relatively to the future prophecy unfulfilled, just as a blossom
gatbering of its fruits. As the Day of 'frumpets immediately preceded· is a bud fulfilled, and a fruit unfulfilled. Moses was the greatest of proph-
and prepared for the Day of Atonements, the Feast of Tabernacles fol- ets, not in the number of his prophecies, in the narrower sense of the
lowed that day of deep and awful significance-as it were the rejoicing word prophecy, but as the giver, beyond all men of the prophetic
in tile results which Faith embraced and made her own. As the Day olden time, of the facts, the principles, the laws and institutions which
of Atonements wa~ the greatest of days iu its sadness, the Fast of fasts, shadow the future. The most prophetic part of the Old Testamen. ,,.
the Day of the Festival of Tabernacles, was the greatest of days in its the Pentateuch, and the most prophetic book of the Pentateuch is
joys, it was the Feast of feasts. Philo calls it "the greatest of Feasts." Genesis-it is the great nursery for the primal plants of all prophecy
It is the Feast, as by pre-eminence sacred and happy. The tabernacles and of all history. All prophecy and all history grow out of the
of the jubilant people were made of fresh, leafy boughs, as remem- Book of Genesis. It is, as its title and place would lead us to ex-
brancers of tbe sole shelter which their fathers could find when they pect, the Book of all beginnings,
were fugitives from Egypt. 'l'he Exodus itself was the fruit of a long 2. The Creation of the World has furnished suggestions almost ample
period of Providential toil and pain. But the Festival commemorated enough in themselves for a System of Christian Divinity. It presents
also the ingathered fruits of the earth, the exodus, the outcome of man's many images of the New Creation in individuals and in the world, o,
loil and pain. · the Regeneration,whether that word means the total work of the New
The Passover is the Festival of the Church's birth, the Pentecost is Dispensation, or the miniature of that work which the Holy Sp,ril
lhe Festival of her adult endowment, the Feast of the Tabernacles traces in each believer. The original Creation has also been used as
points to the great Fectival of her finishad Redemption in Heaven, the a type of the Resurrection of man, both spiritual and bodily.
Redemption which waited on the Day of Atonement for the world. The first Creation was the direct work of God; all the persons of
Tlte wilderness is passed; the changing booth, the hasty tabernacle bas the Trinity were activ,e In it, each after his own distinctive character;
been exchanged for the eternal mansions; the full ripe fruit has been it was followed by order out of chaos, light from darkness, life from
gathered in; the eternal rejoicing has been entered on. •·They that deadness; it moved in beautiful progression, each step preparing for
sow in tears shall reap in joy. He tbat goes forth and weepeth, bear- the next; It ended in the production of man in God's image. It wa,
ing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing attended by God's benediction, and succeeded by His Sabbath res~
his sbeaves with him." "They shall hunger no more, neither thirst on a world with no taint of sin or sorrow on it. All these are image•
any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. For the of the New Creation in its beginnings, advance, and consummation.
Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall 3. The planting of the Garden of Eden, or Paradise, has always beer.
lead them unto living fountains of waters; and God shall wipe away all among the favorite themes of typical suggestions. Augustine makes
tears from their eyes.'·
Vol.1-9 131
Paradise the "indicator of the future of, the Church. Paradise is the In John vi. 32 and the following verses, our Lord contrasts the giVing
r
Church; its four rlvers are the four Gospels; its fruit trees the saints; of Himself as the antitype and verity, with the giving of the Manna as
the fruits are their holy works; the tree of life is the Holy of Holies, the type and shadow. St. Paul, 1 Cor. x. 3, says: "Our fathers did
even Christ; the tree of knowledge of good and evil is the free will of all eat the same spiritual meat." In the l\lanna, which in virtue of its
man." In the Church, as in Paradise, we hear the voice of God and He typical relation is "spiritual meat," they had the type of which Christ
walks with us, we have the purest joys, the sweetest privileges given to is the reality. He is the bread of God "which cometh down fro 111
man on earth. But tbe Cburcb militant is but a prophecy of the Church heaven, and giveth life unto the world." "Manna," says an old divine,
triumphant, and P~_:-adise is a type of the Church in heaven, yet more "tasted like honey. Thus is Christ to them that love Him. honey to
than of the Church on earth. Paradise is an image of the sinless beauty the heart, melody to the lips [me] in corde, in ore melos]." The Manna
and joy of the world of the Redeemed. There are the true Tree of Life, represents the Church as a thing of life, yet of lowliness. The bush
and the river of God, the streams of whose living waters burst forth which burned but was not consumed, imaged the Church of the
from beneath the throne of God, and the Lamb, Rev. ii, 7; xxii.1. past and of the future, which, amid the fire of tribulation, in which God
There the incarnate God reveals His presence for ever among His permits His people to be tested, is not destroyed. Our God is a fire-
saints. consuming to His enemies, purifying and illumining to His children.
4. The building of the Ark presents many points of parallel with the To the good and the bad alike come sorrows; but while the sorrow
Christian Oburch. Like the Ark, the Cburcb is designed to save God's of the world worketh death, the light affliction which is but for a
children from the flood of wrath which sweeps over the world of the moment works a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory for
godless; in the Church the saved form one family; the Church is those who look in faith at the things which are unseen to the natural
planned and constructed by divine guidance, on the model divinely eye, 2 Cor. iv. 17.
prescribed; the storms which destroy all the evil only· ensure the But the mode of God's manifestation in this case was in keeping with
Church's rising higher and resting more securely above all peril-"the His whole manner of self-revelation. The invisible God appears in the
gates of hell shall not prevail against her." Like the Ark, the Church visible, the Creator in the created, the exalted in the lowly; and in this
is sailless and rudderless, yet moves and is guided, ever aright, by God's broader scope of construction the burning bush is a shadow of that
hand of Providence and Grace. The world of the godless which is not whose perfect has also been compared to the Gospel, to the Eucharist,
willing to be saved by the Ark yet often bears a part in building it- and to the joys of Eternal Life, Rev. ii. 17.
they that deride it shall yet seek, too late and in vain, to be saved by it. 10. The Smiting of the Rock, Ex. xvii. "Our fathers did all drink
Wealth and genius and skill have been made tributary to the work of the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spidtual rock that
the Church; but they who possessed them were often led by an over- followed th, 1: and that rock was Christ," 1 Oor. x. 4. Type of the
ruling Providence to use them for the welfare of others, neglecting Smitten Rock of our Salvation, the source of our life, of the water of
their own. which he who drinketb thirsts no more, Jobn vi. 35. He was smitten
5. The appearing of Jehovah in the Burning Bush, Ex. iii. The by the Law--"the law was given by Moses." To the stroke flowed
consummation is in the incarnation of Christ, where the lowly humanity forth responsive the blessings of salvation, "Grace and Truth came by
•hone nnconsumecl, in the glorious brightness of the Deity. · Jesus Christ." ·
6. 'l'be sojourn of Israel in Egypt presents many interesting an- 11. The Budding of Aaron's Rod and its being laid in the Ark, Num.
,i,]ogies to the Church. In distress and oppression Israel was not for- xvii., Heb. ~x. 4, typified Christ in His lowliness, Isa. xi. l, and in His
gotten. All things were ripening for its redemption, and when the rejection, Ps. xxii. 16, and then in the glory of His return to life; His
hour of God's deliverance came, the line was drawn between Egypt, exaltation to eternal triumph, "believed on in the. world;" His perpetual
the rich and proud oppressor, and Israel the lowly. Darkness was appearing in heaven, "received up into glory.''
thick over the one, light in all the dwellings of the other; the angel of 12. The making and Lifting up of the Brazen Serpent, Nam. xxi. 9,
death smote the one, and passed over the other; the first-born of the points first to the nature and source of sin, of the deadly wound inflicted
one died, from the king's palace to the beggar's wayside, in the house by this old Serpent, whose head was to be bruised by the Seed o~ the
of the other the parents and the first-born were rejoicing in the coming woman. The healing Serpent was appointed by God; it bore an external
deliverance. In the Exodus the one stood stricken and trembling, tbe similarity to that which did the harm, as Christ appeared in the "likeness
other went forth with a high hand, singing, the Lord hath triumphed of sinful flesh," and was made sin and a curse for us. 'fhe remedy was
gloriously I simple: It was only look and live. It was meant for all: "Every one
t. The movement of the Pillar of Cloud and of Fire, Ex. xiii., was a that is bitten;" "God so loved the world;" "Our Lord Jesu~ Christ by
type of Christ as God hidden and revealed in humanity, guiding His the grace of God tasted death for every man." Its power was the
Church through the wilderness to the Land of Rest. 'fbe pillar of power of a divine promise offered to every one, and actually received in
cloud and fire was associated with the angel of the divine presence, or its benefits by all who believed-"When he looketh upon it, he shall
the ma·nifested Jehovah. It was cloud by day to temper the glare; it live." "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so musl
was fire by night to relieve the darkness. From it the Lord looked the Son of man be lifted up, that whosoever believeth in Him should
forth to troub;e His enemies, and to comfort His people. It went before not perish, but have eternal life," John iii. 14, 15. The Symbol of
His people as their guide through the wilderness. They went in safety Humiliation became the Standard of Triumph. The Cross of Obrist is
only as they followed it. Like our Lord it presented a union of the the glory of His Church.
natural with .1.1e divine; the Deity dwelt within the cloud of humanity. 13. The construction of Solomon's Temple. While the Temple dif-
God veils and reveals himself in clouds. At the 'I'ransflgnration, a fered in no essential respect from the Tabernacle in its typology, II
cloud was around our Lord and His heavenly visitants. At His Ascen- yet in certain respects presented the same points at a more advanced
siou, a cloud received Him out of their sight, and He shall come again stage. In some measure, the Temple brought forth more perfectly the
in the clouds of heaven, and we shall be caught up into the clouds to idea of the finished structure of Goel, the Church triurlipbant, fixed and
meet our Lord in the air. The luminous cloud is the special token of secure. "In the erection of the Temple," says Gerhard, "no sound
the divine presence. of axe or hammer was heard: and it is by the Word and the Cross
8. The Crossing of the Red Sea, Ex. xiv., was a type of Holy Bap- in this life, the living stones are made ready to be laid in the heavenly
tism, which sunders and consecrates, which separates the Church from Jerusalem"-the sounds that indicate trial and fitting will not be beard
the world. "All our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed there. The preparations of Providence often seem full of agitation;
through the sea; and were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and its consummations are made in calm. Fire, Earthquake and Storm, lbe
in the sea," l Cor. x. 1, 2. It was their baptism out of slavery into bowing of the cedars, the rocking of the mountain, the rending of
national life. the rocks, go before, the still small voice comes after, but God comes
9. The falling of the Manna Is directly connected with Christ as in the voice. God uses the former to prepare the way for the latter.
given for the life of th~ world, both by our Lord Himself and by St. Paul.
182
r xf CHRIST .AND HIS KINGDO:Jf IN SH.A.DOWS.
ttE SECONDARY PUl{POSES OF THE CEREMO- to furnish a shadow of Christ and His kingdom, anu Christ and His
kingdom have come. It was to separate Israel wholly from the iooiatry
. NIAL LAW. of the Pagan religion, and this, its work, has been done for ages.
_ WE bave seen that Obrist is the supreme end of the Ceremonial Israel, once insanely Polytheistic in its tendencies, is now inflexibly
1 Its grand object was to foreshadow Him, and to prepare the way Monotheistic. Whatever of good the Old Dispensation bore in it, is
LaWins work. But the Law bad other objects, subordinate yet real; reproduced far more perfectly in the New. With the passing away
for . ely small yet absolutely great; "not glorious" with respect to of the reason, passes away the Law itself.
relattv . 4. The performance of the Ceremonial Law has long ceased to be
, glory that excelleth," yet with respect to all other glory full of
lbe. possible. The persons, the places, the forms of it are lost. 'l'he Holy
brigbwess. Land is held by the oppressors of the Jews, the 'l'emple is gone, the
_ The ceremon]al Ri~es bound together the_ people of_ God, brought
2 Jewish race is scattered over the world. The tribe of Levi cannot be
m into public assemblies for common worship. and knit them closely
th!etber by the most sacred ties. There is no external bond like that distingnished from other tribes, still less the family of Aaron be sun•
to~ .. dered from the other families as the Ceremonial Law requires. It is
f common re 11g1ous usages.
0
_ They were marks of the profession of one Religion, the confes- true the Jewish race have been driven from the Holy Land before-
3 but their dispersion was but for a limited and stated time-this dis-
lon of one Faith. They distinguished the Mosaic polity from that of
\ other nations. These Ceremonies were a hedge of separation, •·a persion has existed for many centuries. The distinctions were not
1 effaced wliich were necessary, now they have vanished. Is it said tlie
a iddle wall of partition," between Israel and the Gentiles with their
:olatrous rites. "What nation is there so great that hath statutes and Jews are yet to return to their old home to restore the ancient ritual?
judg-ments so righteous as all this law, whieh I set before you this We shall not enter into the question of the unfulfilled prophecies con-
day?" "He hath not dealt so with any nation: and as for his judg- nected with this great and profoundly interesting race, but would ask
ments, they have not known them," Deut. iv. S; Ps. cxlvi. 20; Eph. the thoughtful Jew one question: Is it conceivable that the Jewish
race, if they hall Palestine in possession, would, if they could, restore
ii. }4.
4. They reminded men of sin, and continually and earnestly warned the minutiai of the Levitical ceremonies? Is there one Jew in a thou-
r~em of its verious kinds, its guilt and punishment, Heb. x. 3. The sand so little influenced by the growth of religions ideas, that he
Ceremonial Law was the divine means of profoundly moral ends. could go back to animal sacrifices, and the burdensome details of the
5. They were a solemn and constant test and exercise of obedience Mosaic Ceremonial Law? The cultivated Jewish thought of the world,
toward God. They helped to educate tlrn chosen race in the worship if it does not cobcide with the Christian thought, moves at least in
of God, and in a true, heartfelt service of Him. .parallelism with it. The Jew is nowhere so much at home as he is
6. They were disciplinary, involving a correction of the tendency of in the lands. of Biblical Christianity, and if Palestine were thrown open
the people to fall into the idolatrous habits of the surrounding nations, to the Jews to-day, but with the understanding that they who returned
Deut. xii. 30. They w~re at once as a tire to purify and make the na- to it were to conform strictly to the Levitical Law, Palestine in a little
tion ductile, and as the mould into which the metal was to flow and be time would have fewer Jews in it than it has now.
6. The Old Testament itself teaches that the Ceremonial Law is to
set.
7. They were the means of support to the Ministry, by the portion of be abrogated, Ps. ex. 3, 4. See Heb. vii. 11, 12; Jeremiah xxxi. 32;
the sacrifices, the tithes, and other forms of provi-ion for their needs. Dan. ix. 27.
8. Rightly used, they excited the expectations, quickened the de- 6. The New Testament teaches the same doctrine repeatedly, Gal.
sires, and prepared the heart of the people for the advent of the iv. 1-3; Eph. iv. 14; Col. ii. 14.
••Mighty God, the Father of the era to come, the Prince of Peace." 7. 'l'he New Testament economy is so diverse from the Old, that the
The Law was their Schoolmaster as it is ours, to lead them, as it leads distinctive ,•eremonies of the Old cannot be retained in the New, even
us, to Christ, that they, even as we, might be justified by Faith. by way of memorial.
"Wherefore then serve th the law? It was added because of transo-res- 8. Many of the greatest Jewish diviues have confessed that when
sions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made. Is the Messiah comes he will abrogate the Ceremonial Law.
law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had 9. But while the Ceremonial Law is abrogated as law, it still is rich
been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness in teaching and suggestion. It is still profitable for doctrine. If we
should have been by the law. But..the Scripture hath concluded all cannot use the lock without tbe key, neither can we use the key with-
nuder sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to out the lock. We must -study the New Testament to understand the
them that believe," Gal. iii. 19-22. Old; we must study the Old Testament to understand the New.
10. The ceremonial law, so far as it rests on principles which are
unchanged by time, the broad general principles of all worship, may
furnish useful hints to be employed wisely in the exercise of Christian
liberty, by the people of God through all ages. Its reverence, its care
XI. ABROGATION OF THE CEREMONIAL LAW.
of God's prescription, its humility, its sense of sin, its confession of
I. THE Jew maintains that the Ceremonial Law is still in force-that need of atonement, its self-sacrifice and personal consecration, its or-
the something it shadows has not come to take its place. The whole der, propriety, and richness of significance,-these are lessons, in per-
typical explanation given by the Christinn Church involves that the petual freshness, anll are "written for our learning." If we love it
Ceremonial is fulfilled in Christ, and is therefore abrogated by Him. most for Christ's sake, yet should we love it no little for its own.
2. Tile Ceremonial Law shows by its very nature that it is capable 11. There is a sadness which lingers around fallen glory, though
of change and of abroga,ion. The Moral Law is written in man's that glory, in Its own nature, was destined to a necessary decay. The
nature as a responsible being, and in its essential ch,1racter is unchange- Mosaic Economy is the most majestic, the most wonderful, of superseded
able. It is the L,iw of all time, the Law of heaven as well as of earth things. It was, as the Apostle well styles it, "glorious." 'l'he name of
of angels as well as of men, the Law for God, as well as the Law oi Moses is one of the greatest in the records of the race. He lifted a race
God. It is thar Law the comple e conformity with which is the rev- of slaves to such a freedom as the world had not conceived of: he gave,
elation of God's absolute holiness. It is not imposed on God, but is to .the demoralized victims of lawless tyranny, a law which has been the
the necessary presupposition of His perfection. Ceremonial Laws are wonder of all ages. He so preserved and fixed the result of his grand
but legal means, deriving their authority from the will of the giver, work, that the race which bears the impress of it has shown the in-
requiring changes as circumstances change, and necessarily ceasing tensest moral tenacity in the annals of nations. Every Jew is a living
altogether as soon as the circumstances which originated them cease monument of the amazing power of the Mosaic Statutes. A race which
altogether. at first seemed destined to Jose itself in the morass of the surrounding
3. The circumstances which originateu the Ceremonial Law, and idolatry, now holds its wondP.rful existence. like a stream of fresh wa-
which made it so necessary and useful, have entirely ceased. l1 was ter wmch flows through the Ocean without mingling with its current.
133
r
So completely does Moses prepare the way for his Di,ine succPssor, man, born of the Virgin to our low estate-on him fix the eyes of you 1
that in the actual order of Providence, it is no extravagance to say, No understauding. Gaze on Him till the light of His form briugs you
Moses, no Christ, as it is supremely true, also, that, had there been no within its own tramfiguriug power, till the applying Spirit tran,forrns
Christ in God's plan there would have been no Moses. Moses and you by his light and changes you into the same image from glory to
Christ are correlates in Redemption. Hence, in the New Testament the glory.
name of Moses is one which is treated with profound reverence. In the Ponder with the heart what has been opened to the mind. Christ
Epistle to the Hebrews, the Apostle, as he shows that Christ, as He is justifies a faith which banishes every fear. From Him springs a comfort
above Angels, must be in person God: so he si:Jows that, as He is in which rises above all sorrows. What has grief of pain, what has
office above l\Ioses, He must be in office Messiah. "Wherefore, holy death to appall him who can say, Christ is mine, and I am His? His is
brethren, partakers of the heaveply calling, consider the Apostle a11d a Love "deeper than the Grave in which He Jay, higher than tbe
High-Priest of our profession Jesus Christ, who was faithful to i:Jim Heavens .to which He rose, ancient as Eternity and undying as the Souls
that appointed (him that made him), as also Moses was faithful in all He redeemeu."
his house. For this man was counted worthy of more glory than Point others to Christ. Bring to His feet the sinners whom He has
Moses, inasmuch as be who hath huil.ied the house, hath more honor so tenderly loved. Guide your life by His life. Build on Him, hve bv
than the house; for every house •·, uuilded by some man, but he that Him, live for tlim. Know nothing among men but Jesus Christ .;nd
hath built all things is God And Moses verily was fair.bful in all his Him crucified. For Him the ages waited and ripened. For Him tuev
house, as a servant, for a testimony of those tbinge which were to be have expanded, in the time which has followed His coming. All tb~t
spoken after; but Christ as a SON over his own house; whose house are does not bow before His sceptre will be broken by it. Let it not be in
we, if we hold fast the confidence, and the rejoicing of the hope firm vain for us, that such a Saviour was foreshadowed, that such a Saviour
unto the end." has been given. Woe be to us if, as we stand on the Holy Mount on
"CONSIDER the Apostle and High-Priest of our profession." On that which the Law and the Prophets bow before our Lord Jesus Christ,
matchless One, who blends the glory of the heavenly with the charm we turn a deaf ear to thllt voice which comes from the excellent
of " perfec. human sympathy, who is very God of very God, and very glory-'·THIS IS MY BELOVED SON, IN WHOM I AM WELL PLEA.SEil ,.
134
THE CITIES OF THE BIBLE ----ALSO----
Its nountain.s, Valleys, Rivers, Lakes and Countries,
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED,
----WITH----
PRONUNCIATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EACH NAME
----ANDA----
/f/STORICAL SKETClf OF TlfE SCENES AND EVENTS R.ECORDED BY TlfE INSPIR.ED WRITERS.
- - - - EDITED BY - - - -
REV. JOHN H. MORRIS.
ABll ENE (ab-1-le'ne), a small canton situated among the moun- AMPHIPOLIS (am-flp•o-lls), "around the city," a city of Euro•
1ains of Antitibanus, west of Damascus, of which Lysanias was tetrarch pean 'l'urkey, formerly the capital of Macedonia, situated on the river
ID tbe time of John the Baptist. Abila was the capital. . Strymon, which nearly surrounded it, from whence it took its name. It
ACCAD (ak'kad), "fortress," one of the five cities in the "land of was distant about thirty-three miles from Philippi. It was found-ed
Sbinar," or Babylonia, founded by Nimrod in the beginning of his about 470 years before CHRIST; the Turks call it Emboli. It was called
kingdom; identified by Jer·ome with Nisibis in the north of Mesopo- Popolia in the time of the Byzantine empire. A village of about one
tamia, hundred houses now occupies part of Its site.
ACELDAMA (ak-el'da-ma), ••field of blood," a place just without ANATHOTH (an'a-thotb), "answers"--i. e., to prayer-a city of
the walls of Jerusalem, south of Mount Zion, so called because it was Benjamin, abont three Roman miles north from Jerusalem; was the
bought with the thirty pieces of silver for which CHRIST was betrayed, birth-place of Jeremiah. Now .Anata, a village of fifteen or twenty
previously called the Potters' Field, being a place whence they ob- houses.
tained their clay, Matt. 27 :7. ANTIOCH (an'te-ok), the capital of Syria, on the banks of the
A.CHMETHA (ak-me'thah), the ECBATANA of classical writers, the river Orontes, about thirty miles from where it falls into the Medi•
capital of Media, built by Dejoces or Pbraortes, and surrounded with terranean, and about one hundred and eighty miles north of Sidon, and
.even walls, Ezra 6 :2. Its site is occupied by Hamadan, in Persia. three hundred north of Jerusalem. It was built by Seleucus Nicator,
ACHOR (a'kor), a valley near Jericho. B. o. 301, and was the residence of the Syrian kings, the Seleucidm. U
ADRAMYTTUJM (ad-ra-mit'ti-um), a maritime city of Mysia, in was ranked the third city of the earth. The term Christians Wat first
Asia Minor, opposite the island Lesbos, and about eighty miles north used here. From it Paul started on his missionary journeys. It was
of Smyrna. It was famous for its shipping trade. It ls uow called the scene of the birth and earlier labors of the celebrated Greek Father
.ttdminyt, with about fifteen hundred houses. Chrysostom. It has been besieged and plundered no fewer than fifteen
ADRIA (a'dri-ah), the sea on the east of Italy, called the Adriatic, times, and bas been visited by tour earthquakes, in one of which 25,000
or the Gulf of Venice. In Paul's time U embraced that part of the persons are said to have perished. It ls little else than a heap of ruins.
Mediterranean between Crete and Sicily. ANTIOCH OF PISIDIA, a city of Asia Minor, about twenty-five
ADULLAM (a-dul'lam), a city in the lowlands of Judah, southwest miles northeast of Seleucia, in which Peul and Barnabas preached the
of Jerusalem. It was a small town for four hundred years after Gospel, Acts 13: 14. ·
CHRIST, but even its ruins cannot now be found. The Cave of Adul• APPII-FORUM (ap'pe-i-fo'rum), a town on the western coast of
lam, in which David and bis men concealed themselves from Saul, Italy, on the great road (Via Appia) from Rome to Brundusium, about
eome Identify with the Cave of Khui·eitum, near Bethlehem. forty-three Roman miles sontb of Rome. Here Paul met a band of
ADUMMIM (a-dum'mim), "red or bloody," a mountain and city of Christians from Rome, when he was on his way thither as a prisoner.
Jericho, In the tribe of Benjamin; Infested with robbers, Josh. 15:7; AR (ar), "a city," the capital of Moab, south of the river Arnon, and
l&:17. The parable of the Good Samaritan is founded on it, Luke, on the east of the Dead Sea. 'l'be ruins bear the name of Rabba,
10:30-36. ARABAH (ar'a-bab), "desert," the name given to the whole Jordan
AI (a'i), "ruin," a city near Bethel, about ten miles north of Jerusa- valley down to the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, a distance in ail of
lem, called also Aiath, Isa. 10: 28, and Aija, N eh. 11: 31. Its ruins are about one hundred and fifty miles. The name is found only once in the
still seen on top of a ridge east of Bethel. 2. A city of the country of English Bible, where it ls the name of a district in Benjamin, called
Moab, taken and pillaged by the Cbaldeans, Jer. 49: 3. also Betb-Ara.b"h,
AIN, "a fountain," the great fountain of the Orontes now called ARAD (a'rad), "a wild ass,' a city in the south of Palestine,
din el-Asu, about ten miles southwest of Riblab. A.RAM (a'ram), "high region." See SYRIA.
AKRA.BBIM (ak-rab'bhn), "scorpions," called also Maalen-Akrab- ARARAT (ar'ar-at), the name of a portion of Armenia, on the
bim, Soo,-pion-height, a chain of hills on the southern boraer oi Pales- "mountains" of which the ark rested after the flood. It is nowhere in
tine, close to the valley of the Arabab. Scripture given as the name of a mountain. The "mountaius" of Ar-
ALEXANDRIA (al-ex-an'dre-a), a once famous city in Egypt, arat ls the range which rises in the valley of the Aras, the ancient
near the western branch of the Nile, where it flows into the Medi- Araxes, and is terminated in two peaks, the loftiest of which rises to a
terranean; it Jerived its name from Alexander the Great, who founded height of 17,750 feet above the level of the sea. '.rbe expression, "the
It about 332 B, o. It was one of the most flourishing and celebrated land of Armenia," in 2 Ki. 19: 37 and Isa. 38: 38, ls in the original Ararat.
cities of the world, the metropolis of the kings of Egypt, and long the Jeremiah, 51 :27, speaks of Ararat s.s one of the 'countries of the nortlr-
grand seat of commerce and wealth. The modern Alexandria is built t. e., north of Babylon,
on the ruins of the ancient city, about one hundred and twenty-five ARGOB (ar'gob), "stony" or "stone-heap," a district in the half-
miles north of Cairo. It is the seat of an extensive and increasing tribe of Manasseh in Basban, on the east of the Lake of Galilee, orig-
commerce. Its population, of various nationalities, ls above 40,000. · , in ally ru!ed over by Og, Dent. 4: 4, 13. It extended twenty-two mllea
135
THE CITIES OF THE BIBLE.
r
!
from north to south, and fourteen from east to west. It contained sixty man." Here Paul preached. It was governed by the Romans before
walled towns; "and though a vast IJ,1ajority of them are deserted, they the time of CHRIST; and in the fourth and fifth centuries it wasplllaged
are not rutned." by the Goths. From A. D. 1455, for a number of years, it was under the
ARIMATHEA (ar-e-ma-the'a), "the double heights," a city of sway of the Turks. It suffered dreadfully in the war between the
Judah, the birth-place of Joseph the counselor, in whose sepulchre our Greeks and the Turks, yet it bravely sustained three sieges-twice in the
LoR» was laid. Some have identified it with Ilamleh. year 1822, and finally in 1826; anci now It is free, the capital of the
ARMAGEDDON (ar-ma-ged'don), "the mountain of ll(egiddo," kingdom of Greece. Its popuiatiou l.s about 40,000.
a name used emblematically for a place of great slaughter and mourn- The Acropolis and the Areopagus, or l:lars Hill. The former was
Ing, Rev. 16: 16, allusion being made to that great battle-field, the plain the citadel of Athens, and was remarkable for the number of importan1
of Esdraelon, on the southern border of which stood Megiddo. See edifices that crowded its summit and sides. The latter was a small em.
JEZREEL. inence, a little to the northwest of the Acropolis. It was so ca,led in
ARMENIA (ar-me'nya), •'high-land," a large country of West.em consequence, as it was said, of Mars having been the first person tried
Asia on the north of Mesopotamia, and on the east of Cappadocia. It there, for the murder of Halirrbotbius, son of Neptune. The members
is generallymountainous,andgives rise to the Tigris and the Euphrates. of the Council or Courts were called .Areopagites.
It is four hundred and thirty miles from east to west, and three hundred ATTALIA (at-ta'li-a), a seaport town of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor,
from north to south. It is divided into fifteen provinces, of which Ar- situate about thirty miles southwest of Perga.
arat is the central. It was reduced to a Persian province by Cyrus. The AVEN (a'ven), "iniquity," a city of Egypt eastward of the river
Armenians profess Christianity, but in a very corrupted state, having Nile, elsewhere called On or Heliopolis.-See ON.
departed very far from the purity of the Gospel both in doctrine aud AZOTUS (a-zo'tus), Acts 8: 40, the Greek form of Ashdod (asb'.
worship. Armenia Is now subject to the Turks. In 2 Ki. 19: 37, and dod), one of the five cities of the Philistines, midway between Joppa
Isa. 37: 38, the Hebrew word Ararat ls rendered by the word Armenia. and Gaza. Here was the temple of Dagon in which ttJe Philistines de.
This country is identical with Togarmah. posited the ark. Here Philip was found, after baptizing the eunuch,
ARNON (ar'non), "noisy," a small river east of the Dead Sea, the Acts 8: 40; it is now an insignificant village called E&dud.
boundary between Moab and the .Amorites, rises In the highlands of BABYLON (bab'e-lou), •·confusion, mixture," in Hebrew and
Moab and falls into the Dead Sea. Chald. Babel, the capital of the country called Shinar in Genesis, and
AROER (ar'o-er), "heath," a city on the north bank of the river in the later Scriptures Chaldea. Besides Its application to the city of
Arnon. It is now a ruin called .Arair. 2. A city near Rabbath-Ammon, Babylon, the name (in Heb.) is also used to denote the district of Cbal.
and another in Judah, l Sam. 30: 28. dea lying between the Tigris and the Euphrates, as well as Babylonia,
ARPAD (ar'pad), or ARPHAD, "support," a city of Syria. the province of the Assyrian empire, aud also Persia, Ezra 5: 13. The
ARVAD (ar'vad), "wandering," or Arad.us (a-ra'dus), a-small ls- city of Babylon was the capital of the province of Babylon, and of the
land and city off the north coast of Phoonicla. It is now called Iluad, Chaldean Empire. It was one of the most magnificent cities that ever
and has about 3.000 inhabitants. existed. It was built by Nimrod, the great-grandson of Noah, in the
ASHDOTH·PISGAH (ash'doth-piz'gah), a place near the base of place where the tower of Babel had been. This city was an exact
Mount Pisgah. It is called the Springs of Pisgah, Dent. 4: 49. square, built on a large plain, and was fifty-six miles in circumference,
ASIA (azh'ya), one of the quarters into which geographers have di- fourteen miles on each side. The walls were eighty-seven feet thick,
vided the earth, has been the scene of the most wonderful events In the three hundred and thirty-five in height, with one hundred gates of solid
history of man; here the human race was created, the Jews were brass, twenty-five on each side. It had fifteen streets croesing oue an-
plant.ed, the Sacred Scriptures chiefly Indited, the SON of Goo accom- other at right angles, each one hundred and fifty feet wide; and the
plished our redemption, and from it the Gospel was diffused through whole city contained six hundred and seTenty-sixsquares. The famou1
the world. Asia, mentioned in the New Testament, for the word is not hanging gardens were a succession of terraces, raised on arches. The
found in the Old 'festament, is usually divided Into two parts, Asia Ma- river Euphrates ran through this city. The inhabitants became re-
jor and Asia Minor. Asia Major comprehends by far the most exten- markable for their superstitious, lewd and debauched practices. Dari•
sive eastern parts of the continent: Canaan, Assyria, Syria, Arabia, us, king of Persia, demolished its gates and walls, B. c. 538; Xerxes
:Persia, Mesopotamia, Armenia and Chaldea. Asia Minor, In the form pillaged the t.emple of Bel us in the year 478; Alexander the Great in-
of a peninsula, is bounded on the north by the Euxine Sea, on the south tended to renew It, but he soon died, 323; Seleucus Nicanor, carried
and west by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the east by Armenia, etc. away about 500,000 people to a new city called Seleucia on the Tigris;
It is about nine hundred and sixty miles in length, and four hundred in a few people coutinued till the first century of CHRIST; but in tbe sec-
breadtb; and the chief divisions of It are Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycla, ond it was deserted, and fell Into ruins. The ruins of this once famous
Pamphylla, Pisidla, Galatia, Lycaonla, Pbrygia, Bithynia, Paphlago• city are found near the modern village of Hillah, on the west bank of
nla, Pontus, Cappadocia, Cillcla and the islands of Cyprus and Rhodes. the Euphrates, about fifty miles south of Bagdad. The most remarkable
As used In Acts 2: 9; 6: 9; 19: IO, 22, 26, 27; 2 Tim. I: 15; I Pet. l: I, of all the mounds found In that region is the vast ruin called Birs Nim•
the name applies to Proconsular Asia, comprehending only Phrygla, rud, about six miles southwest of Hillah, and which is supposed by some
Mysia, Caria and Lydia. to represent the tower of Babel. The mound called Babel Is supposed
ASKELON (as'ke-lon), "migration," one of tne "fenced cities" of to represent the temple of Belns; the mound of the Kasr ("palace")
the Philistines, upon the coast of the Mediterranean, between Gaza and the great palace of Nebuchadnezzar; and the mound of .Amram the
AshdoJ. Is now desolate as predicted, Zeeb. 9: 5; Zeph. 2 :4. "hanging gardens." There are many other great masses of ruins on
ASSOS (as'sos , a seaport In Mysia, In the northwest of Asia Minor, both sides of the Euphrates not yet fully explored.
about twenty miles south of Troas. Its ruins are still distinguishable. BASHAW (ba'sban), "fruitful, or light, sandy soil," a district easl
ASSYRIA (as-sir'ya). The country of Assyria and the Assyrian of Jordan reachiug from Gilead to Hermon; high hill of, called the hill
empire are to be distinguished. The empire comprehended Babylon and of Go», Pa. 68: 15; Its fruitfulness and rich pastures are especially
Mesopotamia. In its widest sense the Assyrian empire comprehended noticed repeatedly, the district is now called Hauran. The cities of
all the countries which lay between the Mediterranean and the Indus. Bashan remain almost in the state In which they were In the days of Og.
ATHENS (ath'enz), "City of Athene" [i. e., Minerva], the capital BEEROTH (be'e-roth), "wells," a city of the Glbeonites ten miles
of Attica, Greece, situated about forty-six miles east of Corinth. It north of Jerusalem; near it are the remains of a church built by the
was founded by Cecrops, about 1,556 years before CHRIST, and, there- empress Helena. It is now calied el-Bireh, a village of 700 inhabit•
fore, it is one of the most ancient remaining In the world. It was the ants.
most eminent in population, wealth, magnificence, commerce, liter- BEERSHEBA (be-er'she-ba), "well ot the oath," the name of a
ature, philosophy, oratory, poetry and the fine arts. Its idolatry was city, and also of a well, at tne soutnern extremity of the Holy Landi
notorious; and the number of Athenian gods is reckoned by Hesiod at first mentioned in the n1srory of Abraham. who planted a grove
30,000. Petron1us said it "was easier to fl.,,.:! a god in AtheDS than a there.
136
EREA (be-re'a), "heavy, weighty," a city of Macedonia, lying where Jerome lived and studied, and chapels dedicated to Joseph and
B twenty miles west of Thessalouica. It now bears the name of other saints. The probability of our LORD'S having been born in a
abou~ in Roumelia, and bas a population of about 20,000. cave need not here be discussed. A long current of tradition is in favor
Verr~aSOR (be'sor), "cold," a brook in the south-west corner of of it; and it is possible that the place where Mary took shelter, there
B falling into the Mediterranean a few miles to the south of being "no room in the inn," might be one of the caverns in the lime-
canaao~pposed to be that in which the Ethiopian eunuch was baptized, stone-rock. But certainly the place where the eastnn sages visited the
eaza,s SAVIOUR was a "house," Matt. 2: 11. The traditional scene of the
,Acts 8: 26, etc.
BETHABARA T(b~tb-ab'a-ra), in the be_st MSS. Bethany, a place on angels' appearance to the shepherds is a plain about a mile away, where
e Jordan east of ., ericho where J obn baptized, John 1: 28. is a miserable village, called "Beit-Sahur;" while the traditional Well
th BETHANY (betb'a-ne), "house of dates," a village of some note, of David is half a mile to the north of the town; but, according to Dr,
situated on the east side of the Mount of Olives, a~out fifteen furlongs Robinson, there is '·no well of Jiving water" near.
Roman miles) from Jerusalem, was the residence of Lazarus, 'fhere is little note of Bethlehem in the early Israelitish history; it is
0
~wrtba and Mary, where JESUS was wont to spend His few hours of re- not even numbered in the list of the towns belonging to Judah. But
l :atiou in social conversation with that faithful family. Here our Salma, or Salmon, and Hur, both of the tribe of Judah, are said to have
{oRD performed His marvelous miracle of calling Lazarus back to been each "the father of Betblebem"-tbat is, to have colonized it.
earth after be had been four days dead; here Mary anointed CHRIST; Here was born King David, and here be was anointed king by Samuel,
t om its vicinity CHRIST ascended into heaven. It is now but a small and it was in consequence called "the City of David." Here, too, was
:nd poor village of about twenty families. It is called by the Arabians born JESUS, the CHRIST, Indeed, it was in New 'festament times Beth-
el' Azariyeh. lehem had its highest honor. Thither Joseph and Mary bad to repair,
BETH-AVEN (beth-a'ven), "house of nothingness, or of iniquity," as descendants .of David, to David's city. There, in the adjoining
the same as- fields, the angelic host announced the glad tidings of the SAVIOUR'S
BETHEL (beth'el), "house of GOD," a city twelve miles north of birth; and there was that wonderful event consummated, when the
Jerusalem, originally called Luz; was first called Bethel by Jacob, Gen. child JESUS was born of a mortal mother. Thither also came the
2s: 19; here Jeroboam set up bis idol calf, 1 Ki.12: 28, 29; called for this Eastern sages to present their offerings; and there was the cruel
reason Beth-aven, Hos. 4: 15; 10: 5. It is now a mass of ruins called slaughter of the little ones by Herod, awakening as it were, again, Ra-
Beitin. The name Bet·hel was also applied to a small town in the south chel's lamentation. Its modern name is "Beit-lahm," with about three
of ,Judah, Josh. 12: 16; 1 Sam. 30: 27; caJled also Chesil, Josh. 15: 30; thousand inhabitants.
Bethul, 19: 4; and Bethuel, 1 Chr. 4: 30. BETHPHAGE (betb-fa'ge), "house of figs," a small village situated
BETHESDA (beth-ez'da), •·house of mercy," a pool on the east of on the east side of the Mount of Olives, nearer to Jerusalem than
Jerusalem famed in the time of CHRIST for its healing virtue, John 5: 2, Bethany; JEsus lodged there. No trace of it is seen.
BETH-GAMUL (beth-ga'mul), "house of a camel," a city of Moab, BETHSAIDA (beth-sa'e-da or betb-sa'dab), "house of fishing," a
now called Um el Jem(ll. "This," says Mr. Graham, "is perhaps among city of Galilee, not far from Capernaum, on the western shore of the
the most perfect of the old cities I saw. It is surrounded by a high wall Sea of Galilee.
forming a rectangle, which seems to enclose more space than the modern BEYROOT (ba'root), or BEIRUT (bi'rut), anciently BERYTUS
Jerusalem. The streets are many of them paved. There were some (be-ri'tus), a town nineteen miles north of Sidon, on the coast of Syria.
very large public buildings. The houses were some of them very large, It was known to the Greeks by the name Berytus, and it is supposed to
consisting usnally of three rooms on the ground-flour and two on the be the same as Berothai or Berotbah of Scripture. It was an ancient
first story, the stairs being formed of large stones built into the house- town of the Phoonicians; was captured by the Romans, B. c. 150; rose
walls and leading up outside. The doors were, as usual, of stone; some- to great eminence, and Greek learning was cultivated with great success
limes folding-doors, and some of them highly ornamented. • • • until an earthquake laid the town in rnins, A, D. 511. It changed
Tsking my rifle with me, I wandered about quite alone in the old masters repeatedly during the Crusades, and in 1291 the sultan took the •
slreets of the town, entered one by one the old houses, went up stairs, city and reduced it to ashes. During the present century it bas received
visited the rooms, and, in short, made a careful examination of the afresh impulse, and now bids fair to become the most Important trading
whole place; but so perfect was every street, every house, every room, place on the coast.
that I almost fancied I was in a dream wandering alone in this city of BITHYN"LA (bi-thin'ya), a province of Asia Minor, on the Euxine
lbe dead, seeing all perfect yet bearing not a sound." Sea and Propontis, about two hundred miles in length and one hundred
BETHLEHEM (beth'le-em), "house of bread," is often mentioned and twenty in breadth, and separated from Europe by the narrow straits
in the Old Testament. It was originally called EPHRATH or EPHRATAH, of Bospborus. Paul designed to visit it, but was forbidden by the Holy
Gen. 35: 19; 48: 7, and whence it derived its later name is not known. Spirit, Acts 16: 7; Christian congregations were early formed in it. It
Bethlehem lies a little east of the road from Jerusalem to Hebron, now forms one of the districts of Turkish Anatolia. Its capital is NICE,
about six miles from the former. '.rhere is a Jong lime-stone hill nm- anciently NIC..EA, now called Isnik. The city is renowned in ecclesi-
ning east and west, with deep valleys to the north and south. The east astical annals for the great Nicene Council that convened here in A, D,
end of this bill is bold; on the west it slopes gradually to the valley. 325 at the call of the emperor Constantine to settle the differences that
On the sides of the hill are terraced gardens, with olive trees, fig trees bad arisen in the Church in respect to the doctrines of Arius. It was
and vines; and on the top to the east and north-east lies the village, attended by two hundred and fifty Bishops, besides a large number of
now caUed ."Beit-lahm," with a.population of abont three thousand, In Presbyters, Deacons and others from different parts of the Christian
lhe most easterly part is the celebrated Church of the Nativity, which world. 'l'his Council did not give peace to the Church, as _the contro-
owes its foundation to the empress Helena, mother of Constantine the versy still went on.
Great. It is enclosed within the walls of the convent, which is now par- BOZRAH (boz'rab), "enclosure," a city of Moab in "the land of
celed out among the Greek, Latin and Armenian monks. Two spiral Misbor," Jer. 48: 24. Identified with Busrah, a village about sixty
staircases lead down to the cave or grotto of the nativity twenty feet miles south of Damascus. 2. An ancient city the capital of Edom, in
below the floor of the church; in a small semi-circular niche, the exact Arabia Petrea, about one hundred and fifty miles south-west of the
spot marked by a star inlaid in the marble, corresponding to the point in former.
lbe heavens where the star appeared to the magi, is a Latin inscription ClESAREA (sez-a-re'a), a city on the shore of the Mediterranean,
stating that JESUS was born "here." A row of lamps are always burn- about sixty miles north-west of Jerusalem, was built by Herod the
ing. Opposite is a large irregular cavity, where it is said the manger Great, and named in honor of Cresar Augustus. It bore the names of
stood, a block of white marble being hollowed out in it like a manger. Cresarea Stratonis, Maritime Cres;rea and Cresarea Palestinre, to distin-
Here, too, is the altar of the Magi. And other lamps are suspended. guish it from Cresarea Philippi. Herod made it his residence, and tbua
There are a1so s.:iown the sepulcnre of the Innocents, the grotto or crypt elevated it to the rank of civil and military capital of Judea. During
137
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I
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the Crusades the city was taken in 1101 by King Baldwin, and retaken CILICIA (sil-ish'e-a), the most south-eastern province of Asia
and destroyed in 1187 by Saladin. · Only now extensive ruins, called Minor, the capital of which was Tarsus.
Kaisariyeh. CNIDUS (ni'dus), a city at the extreme south-west end of Asia
ClESAREA PHILIPPI, a city that stood between Sidon and Da- Minor, on a promontory in Caria; its ruins are extensive, from which
mascus, near the source of the Jordan. Its ancient name was Paneas. it is judged to have been a very important city.
It was enlarged and embellished by Philip the tetrurch, who called it CCELE-SYRIA is the name originally given by the Greeks to tteval-
Cresarea in honor of his emperor, Tiberius Cresar, adding Philippi, to ley or hollow between Lebanon and Anti-Iibanns, extending probably one
distinguish it from the Cre-area on the sea-coast. It is now called hundred miles between the two mountain ranges. Ccele-Syria afterward
Baneas, a wretched village of about forty houses. 'l'he ruins cover a included a much wider district, comprising the tracts east of the Jar.
wide space. dan down to the very shores of the Red Sea, and the cities of Heliopolis,
CAIRO (ki'ro), for many years the capital of Egypt, is situated near Abila of Lysanias, Damascus, Gadara, Pella, Philadelphia, etc., and even
the east side of the Nile, twenty miles above the place where the river SC'ythopolis, on the west of the Jordan.
diverges into the streams that make the Delta. It is distant from Alex- COLOSSE (ko-los'se), "punishment," or "correction," an ancient
andria, the great port of Egypt, one hundred and thirty miles, and for city of Phrygia, not far from Laodicea and Hierapolis; an epistle,
several years past these cities have been connected by a railroad which is written probably at Rome during his first imprisonment, Acts 28: 16, 30,
carried over the Nile by an enormous viaduct. Cairo contains upward of was sent by Paul to the church in this city.
400,000 inhabitants, and it occupies the second place for size, population COOS (ko'os), "top," an island of the Mediterranean, one of the Spo.
and importance in the Turkish empire. It was founded A. D. 970. rades, near the coast of Caria, in Asia Minor. Its present name is Stan.
CALAH (ka'lah), "vigorous old age," one of the most ancient of the chio, and its population is about 8000.
cities of Assyria, Gen. 10 :12; probably represented by the modern CORINTH (kor'inth), the capital of Achaia, Greece, situated on the
Nimrud. isthmus or neck of land which 'oins the Morea to Attica on the north.
CALNEH (kal'neh), "fortified dwelling," a city on the weet bank of It was founded about 1514 year~ B. c., and therefore is one of the most
the Tigris, built by Nimrod, supposed to be the same as Galno, Isa: ancient cities in the world. Its commodious haven and advantageous
10: 9, and Ganneh, whose inhabitants traded with the Tyrians, "Ezek. situation gave it a vast commerce and immense wealth. Riches intro-
27: 23; its site is identified by some with the modern Nijfer, fifty miles duced pride, luxury and lewdness to a vast degree. Here the fine arts
south-east of Babylon. were cultivated with the greatest success; and the splendid style of its
CALVARY (kal'va-re), "skull," mentioned but once, in Luke 23, 33, public buildings gave rise to the most elaborate of the four orders of
as the place were CHRIST was crucified. It is a term adopted from the Grecian architecture. At the time of Paul's visit (A. D. 52), Gallio the
Vulgate version, so-called because executions were performed there, Roman pro-consul, a brother of Seneca, resided here; hert Paul
and skulls were probably left lying on tbe ground; or probably because preached, and met with much opposition; en"ouraged in a vision, a
it was a bare round spot like a skull. In John 19: 17 it is called GOL- church was formed, to which he afterward wrv .., two epistles. After a
GOTHA. Tile identity of the site of Calvary is doubtful. long struggle with the Turks, the inhabitants obtained success in 1823,
CANA (ka'na), of Galilee, "reedy," a village about eight miles north and it now belongs to the kingdom of Greece. Its former glory has
of Nazareth, and sixteen from the lake. JESUS wrought his first miracle passed away. The modern village of Gorinto, or Gertha, rises up amid
here. It was the native place of Nathaniel. The true site of Cana is its ruins.
disputed; the probability is in favor of Kana-el Jelil. CRETE (kreet), one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean, to
CAPERNAUM (ka-per'na-um), "city of consolation," a city on the the south-east of the Morea, is about one hundred and forty miles in
north-west shore of the Sea of Galile<', and distant about ninety-six length, and varies from six to thirty-five miles in breadth. It was orig-
miles from Jerusalem. Here CHRIST preached to multitudes, and made inally called the happy island, from its fertility and salubrity. Some
it His chief place of residence after the people of Nazareth bad at- have supposed that it is the Caphtor mentioned in Scripture, Jer. 47: 4;
tempted his life, and hence it is spoken of as "His own city." Our while others think that it was settled by Philistines from Egypt, some
LORD uttered a fearful prophecy against it, on account of the unbeliiif of whom afterward passed over to Palestine, and were called Caph-
of its inhabitants, notwithstanding bis many mighty works performed torim, Gen. 10: 14, and Cherethims, Ezek. 25: 16. It contained a
in their midst. In CHRIST'S day it was a flourishing town, Matt. 11: 23. hundred cities or considerable towns. The present population is esti-
CAPHTOR (kaf'tor), "chaplet," "knop," the original seat of the mated at about 300,000, mostly Greeks. It is now called Candia.
Philistines; called an isle or coast country, Jer. 47: 4. Some say that CYPRUS (si'prus), an island of the Mediterranean, situated be-
it was Cappadocia, others the island of Cyprus, others the coast of the tween Cilicia and Syria; about one hundred and forty miles in length,
Egyptian Delta. Most probably it was Upper Egypt. and varying in breadth from five to fifty miles. Some suppose it to
CAPPADOCIA (kap-pa-do'she-a), the most eastern province of be identical with Chittim, Num. 24: 24; Dan. 11, 30. It is nearly
Asia Minor, extending from Mount Taurus to the Euxine Sea, and was traversed from east to west by two lofty chains of mountains,which,
bounded by Pontus on the north, Lycaonia and part of Armenia on the during winter, are covered with snow. It was celebrated in ancient
south, Galatia on the west, and by the Euphrates on the east. It con- times for its fertility and beanty, for its dense population, and for
tained many rich and populous cities. It became a Roman province A. D. the gayety and licentiousness of its inhabitants. Its fruits, parti-
17. It was subsequently wrested from the Romans by the Turks, under cularly grapes, and its corn are of a superior quality. Its modern
whose dominion it continues. A number of Christians still remain, but name is Kubris.
greatly corrupted. It is now called Amasia. CYRENE (si-re'ne), a city and province of Lybia, in Africa, west-
CARMEL (kar'mel), "park. garden," a city in the mountains of ward of E.gypt. At the present time it belongs to the Turks. Many
Judah, ten miles south-east of Hebron. 2. A celebrated mmintain on Jews resided here.
the coast of the Mediterranean. It is about 1728 feet high. The range DALMANUTHA (dal-ma-noo'tha), a place on the east side of the
extends about twenty-eight miles, and in the south-east is connected Sea of Galilee, mentioned only in Mark 8: 10.
with the mountains of Samaria. For its beauty and luxuriant forests it DALMATIA (dal-rna'she-a), a province of old Illyricum, now a
was compared with Bashan. Carmel is now called Jebel Mar Elyas. province of Austria, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic. The
CENCHREA (sen-kre'a), "millet," the eastern seaport of Corinth, country is two hundred miles in length and forty in breadth. Its popu-
on the Saronic Gulf. It was distant about nine miles from Corinth. lation is about 405,000, mostly Slavi, of whom above 300,000 are
cmos (ke'os), an island in the 1Egean Sea, near to Lesbos, and Roman Catholics.
about twelve miles from the shore of Smyrna. Now called Scio. DAMASCUS (da-mas'kus), one of the most ancient and celebrated
CHORAZIN (ko-ra'zin), one of the cities in which our LORD'S cities of Syria, and now the largest in Asiatic Turkey. It is the oldesl
mighty works were done. It lay on the western coast of the Sea of Gal- existing city in the world, mentioned by Abraham 1910 years before
ilee, near to Capernaum. The modern Korazy probably marks its site. CHRIST, Gen. 14: 15; 15: 2. Since A. D. 1517 it has been under the
138
urkS, It is situated in the midst of an extensive plain, about two called "the great river,'' Deut. 1 : 7: Josh. 1: 4. It bas two sources in
T ured miles south of Antioch, and one hundred and twenty north- the mountains of Armenia. The western, called Kara-su (black
bu~ of Jerusalem, well watered and beautiful and fertile. It has many river), after flowing 270 miles, joins the eastern, called the Murad, at a
eas lets and canals connected with the large river the Abana (modern point about 400 miles from its source. These two tributaries thus
rfvu da) which runs through the city. Its population is now about united form the Euphrates properly so called. After many windings it
Bara ,
; o.o00, of whom nearly 15,000 are of the Greek Church, 6000 Jews, and is united with the Tigris at Kurnah, and at length falls into the Persian
4 Gulf. Its entire course is about ]_500 miles. It is navigable for large
b remainder are Arabs and Tnrks.
1
~ECAPOLIS (de-kap'o-lis), ••ten cities," a district of Palestine, vessels as far up as Bassora. It flowed through ancient Babylon,
It iaied on both sides of Jordan. Josephus says the ten cities were Da- Like the Nile, it overflows its banks at certain seasons of the year,
~;scns, Philadelphia, Raphana, Scytbopolis, Gadara, Hippos, Dion, which renders a great part of the country exceedingly fertile.
fella, Gerasa and Otopos (or Canatha), all OD the east of Jordan except FAffi HAVENS, a harbor on the south side of the island of Crete.
scytbopolis. GADARA (gad'a-ra), one of the ten cities called Decapolis, the me-
DERBE (der'be), "juniper tree," a city of Lycaonia, a province of ~ropolis of Per::ea, about six miles from the Sea of Galilee, where
Asia Minor; Paul and Barnabas retreated to it after having been driven CHRIST permitted the devils He had ejected to destroy a herd of swine.
from Ly~tra. Its ruins are called Um-Keis.
EBAL (e'bal), "stone," a hill of Samaria from which the curses of GALATIA (ga-lii'shya). The Galatians were of Celtic origin.
the law were pronounced, Deut. 27: 14. See Shechem. After various wanderings they crossed over into Asia Minor, and, about
EBENEZER (eb-en-e"zer), "stone of help," the name which Samuel B. c. 280, settled in that part of Phrygia whieb was afterward called
gave a stone, commemorative of GOD'S help to Israel. Galatia, or Gallo-Gr::ecia. About B. c. 26, they were conquered by the
EDOM (e'dom), "red," lbe country of Esau, formerly called Mount Romans, and their country was made a Roman province, and together
Seir, and subsequently Idumea. with Lycaonia placed under a Roman governor. About A, D. 266 it was
EKRON (ek'ron), "eradication," the most northern of the five overrun by the Goths, and afterward became a province of Turkey. It
cities of the Philistines, situated in the plain between Azotus and Jam- is now called Natolia,
uia. Now Akir, five miles southwest of Ramleb. GALILEE (gal'I-le), "circle," "circuit," a large and fertile terri-
ELAH (e'lab), "terebintb or oak," the valley in which David slew tory in the north of Canaan, twenty cities of which Solomon gave to
Goliath; not identified. . Hiram, 1 Kings 9: 11; the upper part was called GALILEE OF THE
ELAM (e'lam), "age," south of Assyria, and east of Persia Proper. GENTILES, from its containing many Gentile inhabitants; their dialect
Its capital was called SUSA. The name Elam was at one time given to was corrnpted, and hence Peter was detected by his speech. Here
the whole of Persia. It was called Susiana by the Greeks and Romans. JEsus dwelt from His youth; from it He came to John the Baptist;
ELATH (e'lath), or ELOTH (e'loth), "trees, terebintbs,' a seaport here He preached and performed miracles; here He met with His
towu on the eastern gulf of the Red Sea near to which the Israelites followers after His resurrection; there were numerous churches in
passed. Galilee, Acts 9: 31.
EMMAUS ( em-mii'us), "hot springs," a village"tbreescore furlongs," GATH, "a wine-press," one of the five cities of the Philistines,
or about seven and a half miles, distant from Jerusalem, memorable for has been identified with Tell es-safieh, a hill ten miles east of Ashdod.
CHRIST'S interview with two of his disciples OD their way thither. GAZA (ga'zah), "strong," the capital and stronghold of the Phil-
ENDOR (en'dor), "fountain of Dor-i. e., of the age," a city four istines, situated toward the southern extremity of Canaan, and about
miles south of Mount Tabor; is now called Endur. sixty miles south-west of Jerusalem, was an important city before the
ENGEDI (en-ge'di), "the fountain of a kid," originally called time of Abraham, Gen. 10. Its modern name is 0huzzeh, containing
Haze.zon-Tamar, 2 Ohr. 20: :!, the name of a city on the east side of the about 1500 inhabitants.
Dead Sea about thirty miles south-east of Jerusalem. Celebrated for the GERGESA (ger'ge-sa), a city on the eastern shore of the Sea of
excellence of its vineyards, Cant. 1: 14. Galilee. The country might thus be called either that of the Gadarenes
~NON (e'non), "fountain," a place near Salim where J oho baptized •. or of the Gergesenes, Matt. 8: 28; Mark 5: 1.
EN-ROGEL (en-ro'gel), "fountain of the secret, or fuller's foun- GERIZIM (ger'e-zim), a mountain of Samaria, on which the Samari-
tain," a spring on the south-east of Jerusalem, in the valley of the tans erected their temple, in opposition to that at Jerusalem.
Kidron, the site of which is occu!}ied oy the "Fountain of the Virgin." GETHSEMANE (geth-sem'a-ne), "oil-press," or "oil-garden," in
EPHESUS (ef'fe-sµs), the capital of l~>nia, and in the time of the John 18: 1 called •·a garden," in Matt. 26: 36 '•a place," was a retired
Romans of the entire province of Asia. It was situated on the south of spot on the west of the Mount of Olives, and in the vicinity of Jerusalem.
the river Cayster about twenty-three miles north of Miletus and forty Here our Saviour, on the night before His crucifixion endured His agony
south of Smyrna. It was chiefly famed for a magnificent temple of and was betrayed and apprehended, Matt. 26: 36; Mark 14.: 32; and
Diana. This is said to have been four hundred and twenty-five feet previous to this, Jesus with His disciples fr@quented this beautiful spot,
long and two hundred and twenty broad. Its roof was supported by John 18: 1, 2. The probable garden consists of a small plot of ground,
one hundred and twenty-seven pillars, sixty feet high, twenty-seven of with a low enelosure of stones. '.rhere stand in it eight venerable-look-
which were curiously carv·ed, and the rest polished. It was burned on ing olive-trees, which seem as if they might have remained from time
the same day Socrates was poisoned, viz., two hundred years before immemorial.
CHRIST. It was rebuilt with more splendor; it was destroyed by an GIBEON.(gib'e-on), "belonging to a bill," one of the four cities of
earthquake nineteen years after CHRIST, but it was soon rebuilt again. the Hivites. A small village rnmains, called el-Jib, about six miles
It had been seven or eight times destroyed before Pliny wrote. The north-west from Jerusalem. The ruins are qnite extensive.
ruins of the tPmple have recently been explored, and several sculp- GIBON (gi'hon), "a stream," originally the name of one of the four
tured pilasters, etc., have been exhumed. The city is now in utter heads of the rivers which watered Eden, Gen. 2: 13; was also subse-
ruiu. A small portion of its site is occupled by the Turkish village quently the appellative of a fountain on the west of Jerusalem, the
.dyasaluk scene of the anointing of Solomon as king.
EPHESUS, the first mentioned of the cities to the churches of GILBOA (gil-bo'ah), "bubbling fountains," a ridge of bills on the
Which the apocalyptic messages were addressed. east of the plain of Esdraelon, which extends ten miles from east to west.
ESHCOL (esh'kol), "a bunch of grapes," a valley near Hebron from GILEAD (gil'e-ad), "the heap or mass of testimony," a range of
Which the spies brought a bunch of grapes which required two men to mountains extending from the south end of the Sea of Galilee to the
carry it. north end of the Dead Sea, a distance of about sixty miles, having an
EUPHRATES (en-frii'teez), the largest and most Important of all average breadth of about twenty miles. This region is sometimes called
the rivers of Western Asia. Its most frequent name in Scripture is "the "Mount Gilead," Gen. 37: 25; sometimes the "land of Gilead," Num.
river," 1 Ki. 4: 21; Ezra 4: 10, 16; Ps. 72: 8; Ex. 23: 31, It is also 32: I. In the· New Testament Gllead is referred to as "Perea," and
139
"beyond Jordan," Matt. 4: 15; John 1: 28. It abounded with trees

which produced a valuable gum, called the balm of Gilead.
IDUMEA (id-u-me'ah), "red," the Greek form of Edom, original!
called ••Mount Seir," a country bordering on the Holy Land, possesse~
r
GILGAL (gil'gal), "a rolling away," a celebrated place on the west by the Edomites or descendants of Esau; was bounded on the north by
of Jordan, where the Israelites were circumcised. · the Dead Sea and llloab, and extended southward to the eastern gulf 01
GOMORRAH (go-mor'rah), "submersion," one of the five cities of the Red Sea.
the plain. It was next to Sodom in importance as well as in wickedness. ILL YRICUM (il-lir'i-knm), a country in Europe lying between
GOSHEN (go'shen), a very fertile province iu Egypt which Joseph Pannonia and the Gulf of Venice, now called Sclavonia, and about four
procured for his father and brethren, and where the Israelites dwelt hundred and eighty miles in length and one hundred and twenty in
during the whole of their sojourn in th.at country. It probably lay to breadth. Dalmatia, which Titus visited, 2 Tim. 4: 10, was the southern
the east of the Nile in Lower Egypt. part of tbis pro,·ince.
GREECE (greess),anextensive country on the south-east of Europe, ITALY, a well-known and highly-celebrated country in the south ot
and including Ionia and Asia Minor. In the Old Testament, Greece and Europe. It is bounded on the north by the Alps, which separate It
Greeks are men tioued under the name of Javan. It was probably peopled from Austria and Switzerland, on the south by the Mediterranean, on
soon after the flood by the descendants of Japheth in the line of Javan. the east by the Gulf of Venice, and on the west by France and the
In the days of Alexander the Greeks were masters of Egypt and Syria, Mediterranean. It is about 700 miles in length, and from 100 to 320 in
the countries beyond Euphrates, and other provinces. Few countries breadth. In 1859 the greater part of the peninsula was erected into the
are more favored by nature as to soil, climate and productions. In the Kingdom of Italy. In 1866 Venetia was added, and in 1870 the incorpora,
arts and sciences Greece attained a great eminence, as also in poetry and tion was completed by the removal of the seat of government to Rome.
eloquence. After a long and grievous oppression (from the fall of the Its climate is generally mild and genial, and the soil is fertile. The
Byzantine empire), the Greeks arose in 1822 against the 'l'urks, and Roman Catholic religion is established, bnt under the new government
ultimately gained their independence. '.rhe modern Kingdom of Greece a great measure of liberty is enjoyed by Protestants.
was established in 1832. In 1863 it was enlarged by the annexation of ITUREA (it-u-re'ah), a small province of Syria, in the north-eastot
the Ionian Islands. Its population is about 1,500,000. The Greeks pro- Palestine, where Philip was tetrarch. It derived its name from Jetur
fess Christianity, but in a corrupted form. (1 Chron. 1: 31), son of Ishmael; now called Jedur.
HADAD-RIMMON (ha'dad-rim'mon), "the name of two Syrian JABBOK (jab'bok), "a pouring ont," a rivulet falling into the Jorda~
idols, Hadad and Rimmon," a place in the valley of Megiddo, near to about thirty miles below the Sea of Galilee. Now called Zurka, or Blne
which the good king Josiah was slain, and his army routed. River.
HARAN (ha'ran), "mountaineer," also called Charran, Acts 7°: 2, 4, JABNEEL (jab'ne-el),"God causeth to be built," probablytbe samt
was a place in Mesopotamia, or more properly in Padan-Aram. It is as Jabneh, called by the Greeks and RomansJamnia. Now called Yebna,
identified with the modern village called Harr(in on the banks of the about eleven miles south of Jaffa. Its population is about 3000.
Belik, which flows into the Euphrates. JACOB'S WELL, a well of water near the city of Shechem, at which
HAURAN (how'ran), "caves, cave-land," a country north-east of CHRIST instructed the woman of Samaria. Still known by the same
Canaan and south of Damascus, embracing a portion of the kingdom of name, about half a mile south-east of Nablus, at the foot of Mounl
Bashan. It is identical with the Greek province of Auranitis. Gerizim.
HAVOTH-JAIR (ha'voth-jii.'r), "villages of Jair"-i. e., those JERICHO Ger'i-ko), "place offragrance," the largest city in the val.
which Jair took from the Ammonites, on the no"rth of Mount Gilead. ley of Jordan, about twenty miles north-east from Jernsalem. First
HEBRON (he'brun), "fellowship," the oldest town in Palestine, mentioned in Num. 22 :1, and repeatedly afterward. Near it CHRIST
and one of the most ancient and renowned cities of the world, called healed two or perhaps three blind men. It is called "the city of palm
Kirjath-Arba, Jud. 1: 10; Mamre, Gen. 33: 19; 35: 37. Its modern trees," Dent. 34: 3; 2 Cbron. 28: 15. It is now a small village called
name is el-Khulil, "the friend," with a population of about one thou- Riha or Erika, with about two hundred inhabitants.
sand, including about sixty Jewish families. JERUSALEM (je-ru'sa-lem). First of the "CITIES OF THE BIBLE"
HERMON (her'mon), or SION (si'on). See LEBANON. in the sacred -associations that cluster around its history. an.d precious
HERMONITES, properly He,·mons, the (three) Bummlts of Hermon. to the Christian, not only in its associations, but more as the Divinely
HESHBON (hesh'bon), '"reason, intelligence," chief city of Sihon, indicated type of the city not made with hands, eternal in tbe heavens.
king of the Amorites, abont twenty miles east of the river Jordan. It It is first mentioned in the Sacred Writings by the nnme JERUSALEII
was famous for its fish-pool, Cant. 7: 4; its ruins are still seen. in Joshua 10: 1, but w:is a city of renown long before. It is distantfrom
filERAPOLIS (hi-er-rap'o-lis), a ••sacred or holy city," a city of the Dead Sea and Jordan valley fifteen miles, and from the Mediterra-
Phrygia, in Asia Minor, in the neighborhood of Colosse; here Chris- nean thirty-one •miles. It was called SALEM, "pPace," in the time of
tianity was early planted, Col.4 :13. Its modern name is Pambuk Kalessi, Abraham, Gen. 14 :8; Heb. 7: 2, when MPlchized<'k was its king. It lsso
about five miles north of Laodicea. called also in Ps. 76: 2; and it was called JEBUS, "habitation" or "found•
BINNOM (hin'nom), "lamentation," a deep and narrow ravine to ation," at the time Israel obtained possession of the Holy Land, Josh. 15:
the south and west of Jerusalem. It is first mentioned in Josh. 15: 8; 8; 18: 28; 1 Chron. 11:14. It seems probable, therefo1·e, that the name
18: 16. From the time of Joshua it became the common cesspool of the Jerusalem is merely a compound of the terms Jebus and Salem. It la
city. It is said that perpetual fires were kept up in it to consume all called ••Zion," 1 Ki. 8: 1; "City of GoD," Ps.46: 4; "City of the Great
that was combustible. It was called the "valley of the son" or "chil- King," Ps.48: 2; "the Holy City," Neh.11:1-18; "City of Solemn!•
dren of Hinnom," Jer. 19: 2. By the later Jews it was called Ge-Hinnom, ties," Isa. 33 : 20.
Gehenna, as a type of the place of eternal punishment. In its most flourishing state it consisted of four parts, built on four
HOR is a conspicuous object in the Edomitish chain, rising just to hi11s; namely, Zion, Akra, Moriah and Bezetha. In fact, the whole found-
the west of the city of Petra, 4800 feet above the sea level. It is en- ation was a high rock, with four heads or hills, and with steep ascents
tirely of sandstone, and bas a donhle top. In the little hollow between on every side, except the north; and surrounded with a deep valley,
the peaks it has been supposed that Aaron died. On the highest, the which was embosomed with hills.
northernmost, is a small building 28 feet by 33 inside. It consists of Jerusalem stands in a central position, but off the great road between
two apartments, one below the other; in the undermost is a recess re- Egypt and Syria. "In several respects," says Dr. Stanley, its situation
garded as Aaron's tomb. This may be ancient; the structure above is "singular amongst the cities of Palestine. Its elevation is remark-
is modern. l\Iount Hor is now called Jebel Neby Harad. able, occasioned, not from its being on the summit of one of the numer-
HOREB (ho'reb). See SINAI. ous hills of Judea, like most of the towns and villnges, but because it Is
ICONIUM (i-ko'nyum), the metropolis of ancient Lycaonia, In Asia on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in the country. H,•bron,
Minor, situated in a beautiful and extensive plain at the foot of Mount indeed, is higher still by some hundred feet; and from the south accord·
Taurus, about fifty miles east of Lystra. Its modern name Is Konieh, ingly (even from Bethlehem) the approach to Jerusalem is by a sllgbl
with a population of about 30,000. descent. But from every other side the ascent is perpetual; and to tilt
140
traveler approaching Jerusalem from the west or eas~ it mnst always did were the ceremonies with which His worship was celebrated by the
ve presented the appearance beyond any other capital of the then- multitudinous priests who ministered in the sanctuary. Well might all
::o,vn world-I may add beyond any important city that has ever ex- nations flow to the "mountain of the Lord's house" "established in the
. ted on the earth-of a mountain-city, breathinl!', as compared with the top of the mountains," Isa. 2: 2.
15
]try plains of the Jordan or of the coast, a mountain-air, enthroned, The history of Jerusalem, from the time when it was taken by the
su compared with Jericho or Damascus, Gaza or Tyre, on a mountain- children of Judah until the time of our Lo1m, is given in all its re-
as
fa.stness.
" . markable details in the Sacred Scriptures-its prosperity; its sins and
From the plain of Esdraelon, southward, runs a broad mountain- Goo's repealed rebukes and warnings; its sad vicissitudes-its up and
idge, forming a precipitous wall to the east, but sinking gradually downs are all depicted by the Iuspired Writers. Its his ton-, sub-
;oward the western sea-coast. This ridge is rocky and uneven, cut np sequently to the Scripture records, may be briefly told: About ~eventy'
by deep ravines, generally running east or west. Some distance south years after CHRIST it was besieged, taken, sacked and burned by Titus.,
of the open plain round Gibeon two such valleys begin; and on the Above one million of the Jews perished, and ninety-seven tllousand
tongue of elevated land between them stands Jerusalem. One valley, were taken prisoners; and our SAVIOUR'S prediction-that it should
to the north-east, runs nearly due south-it is the valley of the Kidron become a heap of ruins-was fully verified. It gradually became set-
or JehOshaphat; the other, to the west-the valley of Hinnom-runs a tled again; but in the year 134 the emperor Adrian banished all the
while south, then, bending to the east, it joins that. of the Kidron, the Jews, prohibiting their return on pain of death. The temple wns de-
further course of which is to the Dead Sea. The city therefore is sep- molished, and the site ploughed up. Several hundred years afler, the
arated on the east, south and western sides by dePp and precipitous city was again rebuilt. In the year 614 the Persians captured it, and,
ravines, as it were the ditches which encircle some great natural fortress. ninety thousand Christians were slain. In 637 the Suracens seized it,
There is another ravine running from the uppPr level, north and south, and kept it till 1079, when the 'furks became its masters. It was taken
through the city itself, dividing it into two unequal portiong. 'fhis, or by the first Crusaders in 1099, and held by the Christians till 1187, when
part of it, was called the 1'yrop0Jon. On the west of this was the upper it was taken by :3aladin. After various changes it was taken by the
city, or Mount Zion, on the east was .Mount Moriah, aim Akra or the sultan Selim I. in 1517. In 1542 its present wails were built by Soliman
lower city, less elevated than the western part. From this central val- the Magnitkent. In 1832 the pasha of Egypt occupied it, but in 1841 it
ley a branch about halfway up extended westward; and there was once more passed under the Turkish sceptre. Under the auspices of
another depression north of Moriah, between it and Bezetha, the new the ''Palestine Exploration Fund" it is now being explored by means
city. It was among the advantages of the position of Jerusalem that, of excavations, which have already brought to light many very interest-
defended as already noted to the east, south and west, by deep ravines, it ing facts regarding the ancient city, over the ruins of which the mod-
bad room for enlargement on the north and north-west. The heights ern one is built. Its present population is about sixteen thousand, of
of different points in aud near the city above the level of the Mediter- whorn four thousand are Moslems, eight thousand Jews, eighteen hun-
ranean are-N or!h-west corner of the city, 2610feet; Mount Zion, 2537; dred Greeks, thirteen hundred Latins and about nine hundred of vari-
:Mount Moriah, 24:!9; bridge over the Kidron, near Gethsemane, 2281; ous nations.
Pool of Siloam, 2114; Bir Eyub, at the confluence of the Hinnom Of the great features of Jerusalem we can recognize enough for satis-
and Kidron, 1996; Mount of Olives, Church of Ascension on summit, faction. Here are the slopes and here the valleys of which S<Jripture
2724. tells; here is the city which sages and monarchs and prophets of old
We may perhaps form some idea of the ancient city from the modern time inhabited. Within the small circuit on which you look, JESUS
aspect of Jerusalem. Many of the great features of the scenery must be taught and suffered and rose again. But when you want to fix exactly
the same. Doubtless there was then life-stirring life-whereas now upon the spot where this or that great event occurred, you are at fault:
there is desolation and death. There were round the city inviting gar- you have the broad outlines of the picture, you cannot discern the
dens and orchards, especially to the north, and in the valley of Hinnom. minuter touches. To reconstruct the ancient city is impossible. But
And there were pleasant slopes, instead of the huge mounds of rubbish as Dr. Thomson reminds us, when contemplating the ruins of the city
from the demolition of buildings, giving a dull monotonous hue to the of David, "there is another Zion, whose towers are still more glorious,
general view, while the houses look dingy and dilapidated. Still, the and shall never be overthrown." "GOD is known in her palaces for a
houses of the ancient city were most probably of the same character as refuge," Ps. 48 :3. And "this GOD is our Goo for ever aud ever."
those at present existing, with flat roofs and few windows; and probably How often is this name synonymous with the Church of the living
the streets were as narrow; and the shops or bazars presented a simi- Gou! and no other spot but one can divide with it the affection of His
lar appearance. And those of one trade congreguted together. 'fhus people; no other name but one can awaken such joyful hopes in the
we read of a •·b11kers' street," Jer. 38: 21. The line of walls and towers Christian's heart. The temporal Zion is now in the dust; but the true
must in some places occupy the former sites, though both to the north, Zion is rising and shaking herself from it, and putting on her beautiful
and in the upper city to the south and south-east, the extent is very garments to welcome her King when He comes to reign over the whole
much contracted, much being now bare that once was covered with earth,
houses. There were anciently m11ny gates, and of course there must Jerusalem is a type of the Jerusalem which is above, the great, the
have been corresponding roads into the country. Solomon is said to Holy City, the heavenly, the City of the Living Goo, the free, the
have Cilrefully paved them with black stone. But probably even then mother of us all, Gal. 4:26; Heb. 12:22; see also Ezek. 48:30-45.
there were not above two or three of what we may call principal roads John describes the New Jerusalem, the name of which should be writ-
lo lbe capital. At the gates, were open spaces, often called streets in ten on the Christian Conqueror, Rev. 3: 12, as of unequaled magnifi-
our version (e.g. 2 Chron. 29: 4; 32: 6; Ezra 10: 9; Neb. 8: 1, 3, 16), cence, "descending out of heaven from Goo," with twelve foundations
Where large assemblies could gather. For the supplyof water there of precious stones, and twelve gates of pearl, her streets of rich gold,
were pools, conduits, etc. We also find burial-places mentioned. Those the whole glowing with clear light, resplendent, not with sun or moon,
of lhe kings were in the City of David (2 Chron. 12: 16;-14: 1 and else- but with the glory of Goo and of the Lamb. The !!'ates stand ever
where). But some of the sovereigns were not buried in the royal sepul- open, and ample are the dimensions, Rev. 21: 10-27. The city is called
chre (28: 27). Many tombs were in the valley of Hinnom, or that of "the bride, the Lamb's wife,'' the abode of such as are redeemed from
the Kidron, hewn in the rock. among men.
D0~1btless Jerusalem, as it stood in its entirety, with its hills around, JEZREEL (jez're-el), "what Goo planteth," aptly called "the
Wilh its cisterns and springs, with its gardens and its sumptuous build- Versailles of Israel," a city of great celebrity situated in the midst of a
ings, was a noble city, and it might have continued the "joy of the beautiful and extensive plain of the same name, on the west of Jordan.
earth" bad its people been faithful to the covenant of their Goo. From It ls represented by the modern Ze,·in, a village of about twenty houses,
1 hill-fortress it had grown into a metropolis. It was wealthy and situated at the western point of Mount Gilboa, and the plain is called
i>OPulous; it was peaceful, for the Goo of Israel dwelt there, and splen- ESDRAELON.
141
THE CITIES OF TI-IE BIBLE.
JOPPA (jop'pah), ••beautiful," called Japho, Joshua 19:46, a sea- LYDIA (lid'e-a), a maritime provmce in the west of Asia Minor
r
port town, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, about thirty-seven That mentioned in Ezek. 30: ii was Lud, a place on the continent oi
miles north-west from Jerusalem, is repeatedly mentioned in Scripture. Africa, compare Isa. 66: 19; Ezek. 27: 10.
The modern name is Jafa or Jaffa, and it has about 5000 inhabitants of LYSTRA (lis'tra), a city of Lycaonia, in Asia Minor, about forty
whom one hundred and fifty are Jews, six hundred nominal Christians, miles west of Iconium.
and the rest Moslems. •·Among its population are fugitives and vaga- MACEDONIA (mas-se-do'ni-a), a large country north-east of
bonds from all countries." Greece, peopled by the descendents of Javan. In the tim!l of the Romana
JORDAN Gor'dan), •·falling down," called "the river," Gen. 31 : 21, the whole country between Toouarus (Cape Matapan) and the vaIJey of
the chief river of the H'.lly Land, tha uppermost spring of which is the the Danube was divided into three districts, viz., lllyricum, Achaia and
Hasbany. After a course of about three miles through a beautiful valley, Macedonia (which included Thessaly, and formed with it one province),
it enters a dark defile of six or seven miles, issuing from which it enters Its metropolis was Thessalonica. It was a famous monarchy under
into a marsh of about ten miles extent, the termination of which is the Philip and his son Alexander the Great.
Lake Merom (Huleb.). Leaving this lake, it flows rapidly with increas- MACHPELAH (mak-pe'lah), "portion, lot, double cave," thQ narne
ing volume for twelve miles, when it enters the Sea of Galilee. Flowing of the burying-place of the patriarchs, which Abraham bought from
from the south-west end of this sea, it descends with great spead till it Ephron the Hittite for a burying-place for Sarah; Abraham himself wa 1
is lost in the Dead Sea. Its whole course is in a direct line about one buried there; also Isaac, Rebekah and Jacob. Over this spot the ce],
hundred and twenty miles, and in its windings about two hundred. and ebrated Mosque El Haran stands.
is almost throughout below the level of the Mediterranean. Its Arab MAGDALA (mag'da-la), "a tower," a town on the west of the Sei
name is Esh-Sheriah. "the watering place." of Galilee, either tbe same with Dalmanutha or near it, Matt. 15: 39
KIDRON, or CEDRON (ke'dron), "turbid," a brook which ran compare with Mark 8: 10. Now a small village, called Mejdel, abou;
through the Valley of Jehoshaphat, on the east side of Jerusalem, three miles north of Tiberias, containing about twenty wretched hovels
between the city and the Mouut of Olives. CHRIST passed it in His MAHANAIM (ma-ha-na'im), "camps," a town east of Jordan, 01
way to Gethsemane, John 18: I. The Convent of Mar Saba occupies a the north bank of the Jabbok.
considerable portion of the rocky sides of this gorge. This remarkable
convent consists of a large number of caves in the sides of lofty preci- MARCH OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO THE PROMISED LANL
pices, enlarged in some cases. anc! fashioned into houses or cells by the The history of this great march is full of interest for the Bible student,
aid of walls closing apertures aud connecting jutting strata. It has and equally full of warnings, and of important lessons to the devou 1
been aptly called a "beehive." Christian as he wanders in this world'.s wilderness on hiR way to the
KIR, "a wall," the country between the Black Sea and the Caspian, Land of Promise beyond the Jordan of death. We present here but the
to which the l:lyrians, and part of the Hebrews, were carried captive briefest ontline of this history with such references as will enable the
by the Assyrians. reader to fill in the details.
KIR-HARE-SHETH (kir-har'e-sheth), "brick fortress," a princi- The forty-sixth C'hapter of Genesis tells us of Israel's journey to
pal city of the Moabites, called also Kir-Haresh, Isa. 16: 11; Kir-Har- Egypt, and from that to the second of Exodus details the subsequent
aseth, 2 Ki. 3: 25; and Kir-Heres, Jer. 48: 31, 36. It stands on the history to the birth of Moses.
southern frontier of Moab, ten miles from the son th-east corner of the The Israelites sojourn in Egypt 430 years, from Abraham, B, c. 1913,
Dead Sea. to B. c. 1491, Gen. 15: 13; Ex. 12: 40, 41; Acts 7: 6; Gal. 3: 17-idol-
KISHON (ki'shon), "tortuous, winding, stream," an "ancient atry of, in, Ezek. 20: 6-9; Ezek. 23: 8-multiply in Egypt, Ex. I: 7-20;
river," a brook in tbe Holy Land, which rises- in Mount Tabor, and Ps. 105: 24; Acts 7: !'/-Pharaoh's cruelty and oppression, Ex. 1; 8-22;
flows nearly westward into the Mediterranean, near the northern base 2: 11, 5; Acts 7: 18-21-God promises deliverance, Ex. 2: 23-25. Moses
of Mount Carmel. Its modern name is Nahr Mukutt:.. sent to them, Ps. 78; 105-107; 136; Acts 7-murmur against Moses, Ex.
LAODICEA (la-o-di-se'ah). There were six cities so callad in 5: 20, 21; 14: 10-12-exempt from the plagues of Egypt, Ex. 8: 22, 23;
Asia; that mentioned in Scripture was in Southern Phrygia, about 9: 4-6, 26; 10: 23; 11: 7; 12: 13-keep tbe first Passov.er, Ex.12: 1-21\
forty miles east of Ephesus. It was originully called Diospol!s, and 50-obtain jewels from the Egyptians, Ex. 11: 2, 3; 12: 35, 36; Ps. 105:
afterward Rboas. It was destroyed by an earthquake in A. D. 63, but 37-depart from Rameses, Ex. 12: 31-42; 13: 3, 4; 14-number of, Ex.
was soon rebuilt. It became a Christian city of eminence. It was de- 12: 37-none feeble, Ps. 105: 37-accompanied by a mixed multitude,·
stroyed by the Mohammedans, and is now a scene of utter desolation. Ex. 12: 38; Num. 11: 4-their herds and flocks, Ex. 10: !J, 24; 12: 38;
LEBANON (leb'a-non), "whiteness," always with the article the 34: 3; Num. 11: 22. Led by the angel of the LORD, Ex. 23: 20-23; 32:
ln prose. It is so called either because the whole range is composed 34; 3:l: 2, 14; Ps. 78: 51-54; Isa. 63: 11-14-order of m:1rching and en-
of whitish limestone rock; or more probably because snow cov ... rs its camping, Num. 2; 10: 14-2S. March from Rameses to Succoth,
summits during most of the year. It consists of two distinct ranges, Etham, Pi-hahiroth, Ex. 12: 37; 13: 20; 14: 2; Nnm. 33: 5-7. Pas-
which rnn parallel for about one hundred miles. The eastern range sage of the Red Sea-destruction of Pharaoh, Ex. 14; Deut.11: 4;
ls designated Antilibanus, the southern peak of which is Hermon, or Ps.78; 105-107; 136-songofMosesandMiriam,Ex.15: 1-20. March
Sion. The average height of the Lebanon is about 7000 feet; that of three days through the Wilderness of Shur to Marah, Ex. 15: 23;
the Anti-Lebanon, about 5000, the Hermon being 10,000 feet high. Nnm. 33: 8-murmur at the bitter water-it is sweetened, Ex. 15: 24, •
LIBYA 1_lib'ya), Heb. Phut, a genernal name for Africa, but properly 25. March to Elim, Ex. 15: 27; Num. 33: 9. To the Red Sea, Num.
that part of it which Jay on the south coast of the Mediterranean west- 33: 10. To Desert of Sin, Ex. rn: 1; Num. 33: 11-murmur for bread,
ward of Egypt; its inhabitants were a warlike race. Ex.16: 2, 3-manna sent, Ex. 16: 4-36-quails sent, Ex. !fl: 13. Mnrch
LYCAONIA (ly-ka-o'ni-a), a province of Asia Minor, bounded by to Dophkah, Alush, Num. 33: 12, 14; Ex. 17: 1. To Rephidim-·
Cappadocia on the east, Galatia on the north, Phrygia and Pisidia on murmur for water, Ex.17: 2, 3-waterbrought from the rock at Massah
the west, and by Cilicia on the south. Its chief cities were Iconium, or Meribah, Ex. 17: 5-7-Amalekites defeated, Ex. 17: 8; Dent. 25; 17,
Derbe and Lystra. 18. March to Desert of Sinai in the third month, Num. 33: 15; Ex.18:
LYCIA (Jish'ya), a province in the south-west of Asia Minor, 5; 19: I-have judges and captains appointed, Ex. 18: 25; Dent. I:
bounded on the north by Phrygia, on the south by the Mediterranean, 9-17-receive the Law at Sinai-terror at the giving of the Law. Ex. 19:
on the east by Pamphylia, and on the west by Caria. It contained about 16, 17; Num.17: 12, 13; Heb. 12: 18-21-elders go up the mount,EX,
twenty-three cities, chief of which were Patara and Myra. A few 24: 1, 9-11-covenant with the LORD, Ex. 19: 3-9; 24: 3-8-make a
Greek Christians are in this province, but the Mohammedans prevail. golden calf, Ex. 32; Dent. 9: 7-21-three thousand slain by the Leviles,
LYDDA (lid'dah), the Gi:eek form of Lod, called Diospolis, "city of Ex. 32: 28-plague on account of the calf, Ex. 32: 35-mourn on GOD
Jupiter," a few miles east of Joppa, on the road to Jerusalem. It is refusing to lead them, Ex.33: 4-6-Tabernacle of Moses pitched witboul
now a poor village called Ludd. the camp, Ex. 33: 9, IO-contributions for the Tabernacle, Ex. 35; 21-29;
142
:;;.-Num. 7-make the Tabernacle, Ex. 35: 3~5; e. 36-40- stood on the coast; but now, by reason of the silting up of the Meander,
116· d passover kept, Num. 9: 1-5'..-numbering of the people, Num. 1: it is ten miles inland. The ruins of the city bear the name of Melas
8 ~~~ Ex, 38: 25, 26. March to Taberah-murmuring punished by fire, among the •.rurks.
1 '11•1-3; Deut.9: 22; March to Kibroth-hattaavah,Num. 11: MITYLENE (mit-i-le'ne), the chief city of the island of Lesbos, in
J!IUlll• '
• 33 , 16-seventy elders appointed, Nuw. 11: 16, 17, 24-30-murmur- the 2Egean Sea. 'l'he modern town is called Mitylen .
S4, for flesh, Num. 11: 4-9; Ps. 78: JS-quails sent, Num.11: 18-23, 31, MIZRAIM (miz-ra'im), "distress," "straitness," the name by which
In~ ps. 78: 26-29-punished by plague, Num. 11: 33, 34; Ps. 78: 30, 31. Egypt is generally designated in the Hebrew Scriptures. It is a word
::rch to Hazer~th,Num. 11: 35; 33: 17. To Kadesh, in the Des~rt in the dual number signifying the two Miser-i. e., the Upper and the
f pa.ran, or Zm, N um. 12: 16; 13: 26; 33: 36; Deut. 1 : 2, 19-spies Lower Miser, the name by which Egypt is still spoken of by the Arabs.
o I to Canaan, Nnm. 13; 32: 8; Deut. 1: 22, 25; Josh, 14: 7-Discour- In Isa. 11: 11 the name denotes Lower Egypt as distinguished from
send and rebel at their report, Num. 14; Deut. l: 26-35; 9:23-spies Pathros or Upper Egypt.
a"e
die of plague, Nnm. 14: 37-Israel defeated by Amalek at Hormah, MORIAH (mo-ri'ah), "the appearance of JEHOVAH," a mountain
J!lum- 14: 40-45; Daut. 1: 41-44-dwell at Kadesh, Deut. 1: 46. within the walls of the east part of Jerusalem. The great Mosque of
They turn back from _Kadesh and wander for thirty-eight years by Omar is now on its summit.
the Red Sea, Num. 14: 25-34; Dent, 1: 40; 2: 14-stations visited by MOSQUE OF OM.AR. This Mohammedan temple stands in the
tbelll, Ritbmah to Ezion-Geber, Num. 33: 18-36-all but two die from Haram-es-Sherif, which certainly occupies the area of Solomen's Tem-
twenty years old, Num.14: 28-30; Deut. 2: 14. Return to Kadesh, ple. "The RUCK UNDER THE DOME, with its interesting CAVE-CHAPEL,
Num, 20: l; 33: 36; Jud. 11: 16, 17-Sabbath-breaker stoned, Num. 15: is supposed to indicate the spot where Abraham's altar stood on which
g:)-36-rebellion of Korab, Num. 16; Deut.11: 6-fourteen thousand die he was ready to offer Isaac.
of plague, Num. 16: 41-50-Miriam's death, Num. 20: I-murmur for MOUNTAINS. Palestine is very mountainous. The expression
water at Meribah-refused a passage by Edom, Num.20: 14-21, March "mountain of Israel," Ezek. 36: 1, denotes the entire country. 'I'he
from Kadesh to Beeroth and Mount Hor, or Mosera-Aaron's most celebrated were Carmel, near the Mediterranean, Josh. 19: 26; Eba!,
oeath, Num. 20: 22, 29; 33: 37; Dent. 10: 6-defeat King Arad, Num. in Samaria, 8 :30; Eugedi, near the Dead Sea, 15: 62; Gaash, in Eph-
21. March to Zalmonah and Punon, Num. 33: 41, 42; 21: 6; Dent. raim, 24:30; Gilboa, south of the valley of Jezreel, 2 Sam. 1:21:
~: s-mnrmnr-bitten by serpents-healed on looking to the brazen Gilead, beyond JorcJ.an, Gen. 31: 21; Gerizim, in Samaria, Judg. 9: 7;
perpent, Num. 21: 4-9. · March to Oboth to the mountains of Abarim Hermon, beyond Jordan, Josh. 11: 3; Hor, in Idumea, Num. 20: 25;
or Pisgah, Num. 21: 10-20; 33 :43-47; Dent. 2: 13-24-defeat theAm- Horeb, probably the same as, or the range of which Sinai was a part,
or:tes, Nnm. 21: 21-31; Dent. 2: 26-37. March by Bashan to the plains Deut. 1: 2; Lebanon, or Libanus, which separates Canaan on the north
of Moab, opposite Jericho, Num. 21: 33; 22: 1; 33: 48, 49-defeat from Syria, 3: 25; Moriah, on which the temple was built, 2 Chr. 3: 1;
Og, king of Bashan, Num. 21: 33-35; Deut, 3: 1-17-Balak sends for Nebo, a peak of Pisgah, Num. 32: 3; Olivet, on the east of Jerusalem,
Balaam to curse them, Num. 22: 2-t; Dent. 23: 3, 4-corrupted by the Matt.21:l; Paran,in Arabia, Gen. 14:6; Dent. 1:1; Peor, in Moab,
Moabites, Num. 25-the plague stayed by Phinehas, Nnm. 25: 5-18- Num. 23:28; Pisgah, in the country of Moab, :N"um. 21:20; Sier, in
conquestof Midian. Num. 31-numbering of the people, Num. 26-cov- Idumea, Gen. 14:6; Sinai, in Arabia, Ex. 19:2; Deut 33:2; Sion, or
enant with the LORD, Dent. 29-death of Moses-mourning for him, Zion, in Jerusalem, 2 Sam. 5: 7; 2 Ki. 19: 21; Tabor, in Lower Galilee,
Deut. 34. Their provision in the wilderness, Deut. 8: 4; 29: 5, 6; Neb. to the north of the great plain, Judg. 4: 6.
£: 21-circumcision omitted, Josh. 5: 5, 7-piety of those who entered MOUNT OF OLIVES (ol'ivz), or OLIVET (ol'i-vet), called
Canaan,Josh. 23: 8; Jer. 2: 2, 3; Judg. 2: 7-10. also Mount of Corruption, 2 Ki. 23: 13, a hill on the east side of Jerusa-
Joshua appointed to succeed Moses, Num. 27: 18-23; Deut. 31: 23. lem, from which it was separated by the Kidron Valley. It derived its
MEDIA (me'di-a), "the middle land," the country of the Medes, name from the olive trees which abounded on its sides, some of which
bounded on the north by part of the Caspian Sea; on the.south by still remain. David went up it wh_en he fled from Absalom. It was a
Persia, Susiana and Assyria; on the east by Parthia and Hyrcania; and favorite resort of Jesus. By way of, he entered JerusHlem, Matt. 21: 1;
on the west by Armenia Major. It was partly Into this country that. Mark 11: 1; at night he abode in, Luke 21: 37; John 8: 1; retired to,
Shalmaneser carried the ten tribes captive. The Medes and Persians, after the Passover, Luke 21 :39; Matt. 26 :30; ascended to Heaven from,
who were bo'h branches of the great Aryan family of nations, were Acts 1: 12. The ridge extends about a mile from north to south, and is
• united under Cyrus into one monarchy, B, c. 558. It is now included about two hundred and twenty feet above the site of the temple. It has
under the dominion of the shah of Persia. three summits with distinct names .
.MEDITERRANEAN SEA. This name is not found in Scripture, MYRA (mi'rah), a city ot Lycia, near the Mediterranean Sea, and
but the sea is frequently referred to. It is spoken of as the "great sea," forty miles east of Patara; here Paul embarked for Rome. Now called
Num. 34: 6, 7; Josh. ·1: 4; Ezek. 47: 10, 15, 20; "sea of the Philistines," Dembra.
Ex. 23:31; "sea of Joppa," Ezra 3:7; "the sea," Josh. 15:4, 46; MYSIA (mis'i-a), the north-west province of Asia Minor on the
"hinder sea," Zech. 14: 8; "utmost sea," Deut. 11 : 24. 2Egean Sea •
.MEGIDDO (me-gid'do), "place of troops," an ancient royal Ca- NAIN (na'inJ, "beauty," a town of Galilee, about two miles soutt
naanitish city at the north-east base of Mount Carmel. The plain on the of Mount Tabor, memorable as the place where CHRIST restored to life
southern border of which it stood is called the "valley of Megiddo," 1 the son of a widow. The place exists under the name of Nein.
Chr.35:22; Meghldon,Zech.12:11. NAZARETH (naz'a-retli), "separated," "sanctified," a small city
.MELITA (me-le'tah), now called Malta (maul'ta), an island in the of mixed race, in Lower Galilee, about seventy miles north of Jeru-
Mediterranean Sea, twenty miles long and twelve broad, on the coast salem, six west of Mount Tabor and twenty-four south-east of Ptolemais.
of which Paul was shipwrecked. Since 1814 it has been a British It is not mentioned in the Old Testament. It was noted for the wick-
dependency. Its population is about 120,000, for the most part Roman edness of its inhabitants, so much so that Nicodemus' first query, on
Catholics excessively ignorant. hearing the LORD called "JESUS of Nazareth," was, "Can any good
MESOPOTAMIA (mes-o-po-ta'mi-a), "middle of rivers," Heb. come out of Nazareth?" Here JESUS dwelt from his childhood till He
Aram-naharaim, "A ram of the two rivers," a province situated between commenced His public ministry; here He preached, and an attempt
the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, called by the Hebrews Padan-aram, was made to put Him to death. After this He made Capernanm His
This region, Syria or Aram, "between the two rivers," is nearly seven chief place of residence, "His own City." It still exist" under the
hundred miles long, and from fifty to two hundred and fifty broad. name of en-Ndzirah, having about four hundred inhabitants.
Here Abraham, Nabor, Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, Rachel and all the chil- NEAPOLIS (ne-ap'o-lis), "new city," a seaport city ou the east of
dren of Jacob save Benjamin, were born. It is now under Persian rule. Macedonia, a few miles south of Philippi. The site is occupied by the
MILETUS (mi-le'tus), or Miletum (mi-le'tum), a seaport city in Turkish village of Kavalla, with about 6,000 inhabitants, nine-tenths of
Asia Minor, and about forty miles south of Ephesus. It originally whom are Mohammedans, the rest Greeks.
143
NICOPOLIS (nhkop'o-Iis), "a city of victory," the name of several PATARA (pat'a-rah), a seaport town of Lycia, in Asia Minor, \Vit)i
f
..ncient cities. 'l'lrnt to which Paul refers was probably in Epirus. It a large harbor on the east side of the river Xanthus, and about fort
was founded by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium.
NILE, a celebrated river of Egypt which flows from south to north.
miles west of Myra. The site of the city is now a desert. Ruins :i
great extent are seen rising above the mounds of sand which cover the
It begins to swell at the middle of June, attains its greatest height in place.
September, and subsides to its usual level about the end of October, PATMOS (pat'mos), one of the Sporades, "the scattered isles," a
and, on the northern part of Egypt, it spreads about twenty miles on rocky and bare island in the JEgean Sea, situated about forty-five miles
each side. When the waters subside, the inhabitants sow their seed, westward of Miletus. It is about thirty Roman or twenty-eight English
which settles into the mud, and without further trouble produces a rich miles in circumference. It has a safe aud large harbor. It is no\V
crop. It is called Sihor, ''the black river," Josh. 13: 3; Jer. 2: 18; and called Patino, with a population of about 4,000. It was the place of
the river of Egypt, Heb. Nahar Mitzraim, Gen. 15: 18. John's exile, where he wrote the REVELATIONS.
NINEVEH (nin'e-veh), •·habitation of Ninus," the ancient capital PEOR (pe'or), "the cleft," a mountain in Moab, near to Pisgah.
of Assyria. Its fo1,mder, according to Assyrian mythology, was the son PERGAH (per'gah), a city of Pamphylia, on the Oestrus, about
of Nimrod. It is said to have been sixty miles in circumference, and forty miles north from the Mediterranean shore.
in the time of Jonah its population must have been 600,000. It OJI- PERGAMOS (per'ga-mos), "height, elevation," a city of Mysia, in
stripped even Babylon itself in its dimensions. Its walls were sixty miles Asia Minor, situated about twenty miles from the sea on the river Cai.
in compass, one hundred feet in height, and so thick that three chariots cus, "in one of the most lovely and fertile valleys of the world." Under
abreast could be driven along their top; and they were defended by the Romans it became the capital of a province called Asia Propria, It
1,500 towers, each 200 feet high. In the year 601 B. c. it was completely was famous for its immense library, collected in rivalry of that of Alex.
destroyed by fire, and soon after the time of CHRIST not a trace of it andria, From it our "parchment" (pergamenum) derives its name. It
could be found. By recent excavations on tbe site many remarkable was the headquarters of the opposition to CHRIST and His Gospel in
sculptured monuments have been discovered, which from their struc- that region, Rev. 2: 13. 'l'he modern city, called Bergamo, abounds in
ture and inscriptions, illustrate certain notable features of that ancient ruins of great extent. Its population is estimated at from 14,000 to
city, and confirm notices of it in the histories of ancient authors. 30,000, of whom 3,000 are Greeks, 300 Armenians and the rest Turks.
NO, "place," "portion," a once populous city of Egypt, generally PERSIA (per'zhya, Heb. Pharas), an ancient kingdom of Asia. In
thought to be Thebes orDiospolis. In N ah. 3: 8 it is called "populous the height of its glory it was 2,800 miles long aud 2,000 broad, and in.
No," in the Heb. No-Amon-i. e., No of Amon, meaning the place or cluded parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. From the south of the Cas-
possessions or chief seat of the Egyptian god Amon. It originally stood pian Sea to Hin<lostan, a con tinned chain of deserts extends; and in the
on both sides of the river Nile, about five hundred miles from i1s mouth. southern provinces the plains, as well as the mountains, are sterile and
In the time of its splendor it extended on both sides as far as the mount- bare. 'l'he northern districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their
ains; it had one hundred gates, and on an emergency could send into beauty and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and small; and in-
the field hy each of these gates twenty thousand fighting men and two stead of falling into the sea, most of them flow into lakes in the interior,
hundred chariots. .About 81 B. c., after a siege of three years, it was The es~ablished religion is the l\lohammedan, but there are still some
finally destroyed by Ptolmy X. Extensive ruins still mark its site. lt who adhere to the ancient worship ofji,re.
is impossible to wander awong these scenes and behold these hoary yet PHENICE (fe-ni'se), "palm," a seaport town, more properly
magnificent ruins without emotions of astonishment and deep solemnity. Phcenix, now Lutro, on the south-west shore of the island of Crete.
Everything around testifies of vastness and of utter desola1lon. All is PHILADELPHIA (fil-a-del'fi-a), "brother love," a city of the
gloomy, awful, grand. The w,11ls of all the temples are cove1·ed with province of Lydia, in Asia Minor, about twenty-five miles south-east of
hieroglyphics. Many of these afford happy illustrations of Egyptian Sardis, and about seventy north-east of Smyrna. Its modern name is
history. Alla Shehr. The population is about 15,000, most· of whom are Turks.
NOB (nob), "a high place," a small town built on a conical rocky It contains the ruins of some twenty-five churches.
tell about two miles north of Jerusalem. PHILIPPI (fil-lip'pi), "warlike men," "lovers of horses," one of
NOPH noff), a city of Egypt, the ancient Memphis, capital of the the chief cities of Macedonia, lying on the borders of Thrace, and on
country in the time of the patriarchs. the banks of the river Gangitis (now Angista), a deep and rapid stream
ON, "light," ·•the sun," rendered in the Septuagint version Heliopo- about seventy miles north-east from Tbessalonica. It was repaired and
lis, "city of the sun," one of the oldest cities in the world. In Jer. 43: 13 named by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. The city is now
It is called Beth-Shemesh, in Ezek. 30: 17 Aven. It was situate;, in wholly in ruins.
the land of Goshen, in Egypt, about twenty miles from Memphis. The PHILISTIA (fil-lis'ch'a), "land of strangers," or the "land of the
site of the city is now occupied by low moundA, the only remains of Philistiues," embraced the coast plain on the south-west of Pa.1estiae,
its famous temple being a granite obP!isk about sixty-eight feet high. extending for about forty miles from Joppa to the valley of Gerar on
OPHIR (o'fir), "abundance," a country which abounded in gold and the south,and with a breadth of from ten to twenty miles. The Philis-
precious stones. Its locality has not been identified; some place it on tines probably emigrated originally from Crete either directly or
the east coast of Africa, and some in Iudia. through Egypt Into Palestine.
PALESTINE (pal'es-teen), "land of strangers or emigrants," called PHCENICIA (fe-nish'i-a) or PHCENICE (fe-ni'se), a siµall coun•
Canaan, Num. 33: 5; Land of Promise, Gen. 13: 15; Land of Jehovah, try on the coa,t of Syria, stretching from the promontory of Carmel
Hos. 9: 3; Land of Israel, 1 Sam. 13: 19; Immanuel's Land, Isa. 8: 8; about one hundred and twenty miles north, with an average breadth of
the Holy Land, Zech. 2: U. The Hebrew word Pelesheth, usually ren- twenty miles. The name is probably derived from the Greek phrenix (a
·dered Palestine, is also sometimes rendered Philistia, Ps. 60:8; 87:4; palm tree); it does not occur in the Old Testament. Tyre and Sidon
98: 9, and Palestina, Ex. 15: 14; Isa. 14: 29, 30. The name Palestine were the principal cities of Phamicia.
•originally meant only "the land of the Philistines." Its boundaries are PHRYGIA (frij'ya), "dry, barren," an inland province of Asia
described by Moses, Num. 34: 1-12. Modern Palestine ls divided Into Minor. Its boundaries are not clearly defined. Its priuclpal cities were
two pashalics-Sidon, iuclnding Western Palestine, and Damascus, Laodicea, Hierapolls and Colosse.
comprehending all east of Jordan. Palestine ls now "a land of ruins." PHUT, ••afflicted," a country of Africa which some have identified
Everywhere are seen the remains of cities and villages. with Nubia, others have supposed that it was west of Lybia on the north
PA.MPHYLIA (pam-fil'e-a), "a nation made up of every tribe," a coast of Africa; but more generally it has been identified with Lybia.
province of .Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Cilicia, on the west by PISGAH (piz'gah), "the heights, an isolated peak," the name of the
Lycia, on the north by Plsidia, and on the south by the Mediterranean. range of hills of which Nebo was one of the peaks. Moses is some-
PAPHOS (pa'fos), a famous city of Cyprus, situated on the western times said to have viewed Canaan from Nebo, and sometimes from
coast of the island. Its modern name is Baffa, where ruins are found. Pisgah.
144
-----
j.sia Minor,
(pi-sid'e-a), "a pitch tree," a mountainous province of
r1sIDIA having Phrygia on the north and Pamphylia on the
aou thi_,rrus (pon'tus), "the sea," a province of Asia Minor, bounded

SALIM (sa'lim), "peace," an ancient city, about six miles north•
east of Jerusalem, near the river Jordan.
SALMONE (sal-mo'ne), the eastern promontory of the island of Crete.
SALT SEA, the name of that lake at the south-east of the Holy
:fO north by the Pontus Euxinus (Euxine Sea), whence it took its Land which separated it from the country of the Moabites, Gen. 14: 3;
on th \n the south by Cappadocia, on the east by Colchis, and on the Dent. 3: 17; it is called also the Sea of the Plain, Dent. 4: 49; the Sea,
oallle,bY papblagonia and. Galatia. Under Nero it became a Roman Ezek. 47: 8; the East Sea, Joel 2: 20; the Asphaltic Lake. The Arabs
westvince along w1"th C appa d ~cia.
. _ called it the Dead Sea and the Sea of Lot (Bahr Lut). It is about forty-
pro OLEMAIS (tol-e-ma'1s), a Beaport town of Canaan, on the shore six miles long, and a little more than ten miles broad, although these
I;' Mediterranean, about twenty-seven miles south of Tyre. It was dimensions vary according to the season of the year. Its greatest depth
oft_ eportant city, well fortified, in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, is about thirteen hundred feet. Its surface is twelve hundred and
1
an ~ing of Egypt, who greatly enlarged and beautified it. On his eighty-nine feet below the level of the Mediterranean. Its waters con-
th tain twenty-six and a quarter per cent. of saline particles, while those
~ d missionary journey Paul visited it, and "saluted the brethren and
lbll"de with them one day;" it was formerly called Accho, Ju. 1: 31; is of the ocean contain only four per cent. Its specific gravity is 1.172, so
abo called ,Alcka or St. Jean d' Acre. Its population at present is about that a traveler floated in it "easily in an upright position, with head
now
and shoulders above the water." The land around it is gloomy and
6•fUTEOLI, a seaport of Campania in Italy, in the Bay of Naples, barren, and an awful silence hangs over the whole scene.
B re the apostle stayed a few weeks on his way to Rome, Acts 28: 13, SAMARIA (sa-ma'ria), a "watch-height," in Heb. Shomeron, cor-
~ Tbe present city is called Pozzuoli. rupted by the Greeks into Samaria, was the capital city of the Ephraim-
14
QUICKSANDS, or SYRTES, sand-banks on the coast of Africa ites, situated about forty-two miles north from Jerusalem, and called
over agidnst Sicily, fatal to ships, Acts 27: 17. after the name of the original owner (Shemer) of the hill on which it
RA]3BAH (rab'bah), "a great city," the capital city of the Ammon- was built, about B. c. 925, by Omri the sixth king of Israel. For two
ites, stood near the source of the river Jabbok; called Rabbath-beni- centuries it was the capital of the kingdom of Israel, till the carrying
Ammon, Dent. 3: 11; Rabbath of the Ammomtes, Ezek. 21: 20. Its away of the ten tribes by Shalmaneser, B. c. 720. The site of the city
mo<lern name is Amman. Its ruins lie twenty-two miles east of Jordan. is now covered with terraced vineyards and corn-fields, amid which are
RAMAH (ra'mah), "a high place," a city of Benjamin, near to groups and long ranges of columns. On oue section of it stands the
Gibeab; here the Jewish prisoners were disposed of after their capital small village of Sebustieh, a corruption of thi, Greek Sebaste. The
was taken, which occasioned the mourning of Rachel's daughters, Jer. name is also applied to the country of the Ephraimites; in the New
4o: J; 31: 15. It has been.identified with Er-Ram, a small Arab village Testament, it always means the country between Judea and Galilee.
about five miles north of Jerusalem. 2. A city on the frontiers of Asher. west of Jordan, which belonged to the tribes of Epllraim and Manasseh.
Identified with Ranieh, about seventeen miles south-east of Tyre. 3, Christians were scattered through this ·region by persecution; Philip
One of the fortified places of Naphtali. preached CHRIST to its inhabitants, and they received the Word.
RAMESES (ra-me'ses), oue of Pharaoh's treasure cities of Lower SAMOS (sa'mos), an island in the east of the l\lediterranean, about
Egypt, in the land of Goshen, was built by the Israelites. The site some nine miles from the coast of Asia Minor, south of Ephesus. It is about
suppose is to be sought in the ruins of Aboo-Kesheyd, north-east of seventy-two miles. in circumference, and contains about 12,000 inhabit-
Heliopolis. ants.
RHEGIUM (re'ji-um), "breach," a city on the south-west coast of SAMOTHRACIA (sam-o-thra'shya), a small island in the north-
Italy, opposite Messina, in Sicily. Paul landed on his way to Rome, east part of the .lEgean Sea, about thirty miles distant from tbe eoast of
Acts 2S: 13. Its modern name is Reggio, the capital of Calabria, with a Thracia. It is seventeen miles in circumference, is now called Samo-
population of about 10,000. thraki, and contains only a single village.
RHODES, an island of the Mediterranean, about seventy-five miles SARDIS (sar'dis), capital of tbe ancient kingdom-of Lydia, in Asia
east of Crete, and about one hundred and twenty miles in circumference. Minor, situated at the foot of Mount Tmolus, in the plain watered by
The city of Rhodes was celebrated for the Colossus, a brazen statue o{ the river Pactolus. Its modern name is Bart Kale,si, consisting of
Apollo, one hundred and five feet high, which was erected over the only a few miserable dwellings amid the ruins of former grandeur.
entr~nce of the harbor. The population of the island is about 20,000. SAREPTA (sa-rep'tah),Luke 4: 26, a Phrenician town on the shores
ROME (rome), the capital of Italy, on the river Tiber, about fifteen of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. The Old '.restament
miles from its mouth, long the mistress of the world; was founded about name is Zarephath (zar'e-fath).
748 B, c., and increased to such an extent that it covered seven hills, SEA. '.rhe Hebrew word (ydm) rendered "sea" is applied to the
whence it was called urb_s septicolis,"cityof the seven hills." In Nero's ocean, Gen. I: 2, 10; lakes, Job 14: 11; great rivers, as the Nile, Nah.
reign (A. D. 64), about two-thirds of it was destroyed by fire, but it was 3: 8: Isa. 19: 5; Amos 8: 8; the Euphrates, Jer. 51: 36; the sea of
rebuilt with great splendor. In the reigns of Vespasian and Trajan the Gennesareth or Galilee, Matt. 4: 18; the Sea of Jazer, beyond Jordan,
population was about 2,000,000. Rome is not mentioned in the Old Tes- near the city of Jazer, Jer. 48: 32; the Dead or Salt Sea, Gen. 14: 3;
I tament; but the empire of Rome is referred to by Daniel, under the

name of the "fourth kingdom," Dan. 2:40; 7:7, 17, 19; 11:39, 40. The
population of the Roman Empire in the time of CHRIST is estimated at
85,000,000. Strangers from Rome were among those at Jerusalem on the
day of Pentecost; from it Claudius commanded all Jews to depart; Paul
the Red Sea (called the Egyptian Sea, Isa 11: 15), Ex. 10: 19, and
twenty-five other passages; the Great Sea (called also the "hinder"-
i. e., the western-sea, Dan. 11 : 24; Joel 2: 20); the Mediterranean,
which washes the whole western shore of Canaan, Ps. 104: 25; the
molten lava in the temple, 1 Ki. 7: 23; 2 Ohr. 4: 2; the whole mighty
was carried to it a prisoner, and remained there two years preaching. ocean which shall give up its dead, Rev. 20: 13.
He sent an epistle to the saints there, written from Corinth, A. D. 57 or The SEA or LAKE OF GALILEE (gal'i-le), a lake in the Holy
58. It is called ''that great city whi•·h reigneth over the kings of the Land about fourteen miles long and seven broad in the widest part.
earth," Rev. 17: 18. For centuries this great city was the capital of the Its surface is six hundred and fifty-three feet below the level of the
"States of the Church," where the Pope had sway asa temporal prince. Mediterranean. It is called by Moses the SEA OF CHINNERETH, Num.
In the month of September, 1870, the troops of Victor Emanuel entered 34: 11; the New Testament writers call it the SEA OF GALILEF., Matt. 4:
Rome, and in a few days the "States of the Church" ceased to exist. 18; 15: 29; Mark 1: 16; the SEA OF TIBERIAS, John l.i: 1, 23; and the
The Pope was deprived of his temporal power, and permitted to reside SEA OF GENNES.ARETH, Luke 5.
In Rome only as the spiritual overseer of the Church which owns his On this lake our LORd calmed the storm, and here His disciples were
authority. accustomed to fl.sh.
BALAMIS (sal'a-mis), "shaken, beaten," a city in the island of SEIR (se'lr), "rough, bristly," the mountain district Qn the east of
Cyprus, on its south-east coast. Arabah; was afterward the possession of Esau and his posterity. Hence
145
Se;r is often put for Edom or the Edomites, Ezek. 25: 8. It extended north of Ephesus. It is now called Ismir by the Turks. Its population
from the Dead Sea to the Elanitic Gulf. 2. A mountain named as one is estimated at about 130,000.
of tbe landmarks on the north boundary of Judah, Josh. Hi: 10. SODOM (sod'om;, '·burning," a city in the "plain of Jordan," near
SELA, or SELAH (se'lah), "a rock," the capirnl of Idumea, by, or on tbe ground now covered witb the Dead or Salt Sea; on ac.
situated near the base of Mount Hor in the Wady Mousa. Is usually count of the extreme wickedness of its inhabitants, it was consumed
known by the name Petra, which is the Greek equivalent of Sela. It with fire from heaven, and swallowed up by an earthquake. 'l'he name
consisted of dwellings cut out of the rock. It is now a lonely, deserted is used metaphorically, Rev. 11: 8. Sodoma is the Greek form, Rom,
ruin, according to the words of the prophets. 9: 29.
SELEUCIA (se-leu'shi-a), a city of Syria, situated on the shores of SYENE (si-e'ne), "opening or key." an ancient city in the southern
the Mediterranean, about five miles north of the river Orontes, and frontiers of Egypt, on the east of the Nile, and about five hundred
about sixteen miles west of Antioch. miles south of Alexandria. The modern city of Aswan stands near its
SEPHARVAIM (sef-ar-va'im), "the twoSipparas,"a city of Meso- ruins.
potamia whence colonists were brought to Samaria. It stood on the SYRACUSE (sir'a-kuse), a noted city on the south-east coast of the
Euphrates above Babylon, on both sides of the river. island of Sicily. In the modern town, which is a place of some im.
SHEBA (she'bah), "covenant," or Seba. The country or kingdom portance, are to be found some ruins of the ancient city.
of this name comprehended the greater part of Arabia Felix, the Saba SYRIA (sir'e-a), an ancient kingdom, situated on the north frontiers
of profane history. of Canaan, and of which Damascus for a long time, and afterward An.
SHECHEM (she'kem), "shoulder, ridge," a town of the Canaan- tioch, was the capital. It was known to the Hebrews under the name
ites, called also Sichem, Gen. 12: 6; Sychem, Acts 7: 16; and Sy char, of Aram.
John 4: 5. It was situated in the valley between Mounts Eba! and TABOR (ta'bor), "mound, quarry," a celebrated mountain in Pales.
Gerizim, about thirty-four miles north of Jerusalem and seven south of tine, six miles east of Nazareth, on the northern side of the plain of
Samaria. It was called Neapolis by the Romans, a name which is still Esdraelon, with a graceful, rounded summit. Its height above the sea
preserved in its Arabic name Nablus; it became the capital of Samaria. is 1,865 feet. It is supposed, but not proven, to be that on which CHRIST
It bas about 8,000 inhabitants, but only some fifteen or twenty Samar- was transfigured, and which is called by Peter the holy mount. 2. A
itan families. city at the foot of the mountain, also called Chisloth-Tabor. 3. Au
SillLOH (shi'lo), "peace," a name of the M;ESSIAH, Gen. 49: 10; oak or grove of oaks in Benjamin, 1 Sam. 10: 3.
comp. Mic. 5: 2, 5, with Matt. 2: 6, was also applied to a city of the TADMOR (tad'mor), "palm tree," a city once in great renown
tribe of Ephraim, among the hills half-way between Bethel and built by Solomon in the midst of a desert, about hallway betwee~
Shechem. The modern name of Shiloh is Seilun. Damascus and the Euphrates, at the foot of a range of chalky hills. It
SHUR (shur), •·a wall," a city on the confines of Egypt, somewhere retained this name till the conquest of Alexander the Great, when it
near the modern Suez, and which gave name to the adjacent part of the was changed to Palmyra. Its ruins exhibit innumerable and most mag.
desert. nificent specimens of architecture, covering several miles.
SHUSHAN (shu'shan), "a lily," called Susa by the Greeks, the TABAPANES (ta-hap'a-nes), an ancient city of Lower Egypt, called
capilal of the province of Elam, a fortress of the ancient Susiana or Tehaphnehes, Ezek. 30: 18; Tahpanhes, Jer. 43: 7; 44: 1; 46: 14, and
Cissia. It stood on the banks of the Choaspes. It is now a mass of Hanes, Isa. 30: 4.
ruins called Sus, lying between the Shapur and the Dizful. TARSHISH (tar'shish), "hard," an old celebrated, opulent, culti,
SIDDIM (sid'dim), "open fields, plains," the broad plain in which vated, commercial city, which carried on trade in the Mediterranean
Sodom and Gomorrah lay. It was "full of slime pits," Gen. 14: 10. and with the seaports of Syria. This was probably the city of Tartessus,
SIDON (si'don), the Greek form of Zidon, •·a fishery," the capital in Spain, then a Phamician colony.
of Phrenicia, situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, about twenty TARSUS (tar'sus), the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, on the banks
miles north of Tyre, and about twenty south of Beirut; it was founded of the river Cydnus, the native place of Paul, A,•ts 21 : 39. As a seat of
by Zidon, the eldest son of Canaan; judgments against it, on account Greek philosophy and literature it ranked with Athens and Alexandria.
of the great wickedness of its inhabitants, were foretold by Ezekiel, TEKOA or TEKOAH (te-ko'ah), "a pitching of tents," a city six
28: 10, and it is frequently mentioned in the Gospel history, Matt. miles south of Bethlehem, the ruins of which bear the name Teku'a.
11:21, 22; 15:21; Mark 3:8; 7:24, 31; Luke 4:26; 6:17; 10:13, 14. THEBEZ (the'bez), "brightness," or Thebes, not the celebrated
Paul, in his voyage to Rome, touched at: and found Christians there, Egyptian city (see No), but a city of the tribe of Ephraim, situated
Acts 2i: 3. It is now called Saida, a poor town, with a population of near to Shechem and thirteen miles south-west of Bethshan. It is
about 7,000 Moslems and 500 Jews. represented by the modern village of Tub{ls.
SILOAM (si-lo'am), "sent, sending," a fountain of water rising in THE HOLY LAND was bounded by Arabia on the east; on the
the southern part of the Tyropreon valley, between the upper and the south by the wilderness of Paran, ldumea and Egypt; on the west by
lower city of Jerusalem, whence it flowed past Zion and Moriah. It is the Mediterranean; and on the north by the mountains of Lebanon.
called a "pool," Neb. 3: 15; John 9 :7-11; spoken of as running Canaan proper was about one hundred and fifty-eight miles long, and
"waters," Isa. 8: 6. There were probably two pools, the upper, Isa. on an average about forty broad. As occupied by all the tribes, in•
7: 3 (called also the King's Pool, Neh. 2: 14), and the lower pool, Isa. eluding those on th" east of Jordan, it consisted of about 19,000 square
22: 9. · miles. But as extended by conquest in the time of David and Solomon
SINAI (si'ni), "bush of the LORD," a mountain in the desert of the kingdom reached to the Euphrates, and to the remotest confines of
Arabia, situated in the peninsula formed by the two gulfs of the Red Edom and Moab, 1 Ki. 4: 21. It has been distinguished by various
Sea. The area of the peninsula is about 11,500 square miles. It is one names, such as Canaan, the Land of Promise, Judea, Palestine
of the most mountainous and intricate regions on the face of the earth. and the Holy Land. It is described as "a land flowing with milk
It is a desert of rocks, gravel and boulders; of gaunt mountain gorges and honey." It was well watered, very fruitful, abounding with rich
and arid valleys and plateaus. Horeb was probably the name of the pastures and flowers, and much diversified with hills and valleys.
mountain group of which Sinai formed a peak. There is much differ- From its position its climate was very hot during eight months in the
ence of opinion as to which of these peaks was Sinai; the Jebel Mousa year. It is described in reference to many of its natural advantages,
answers most fully to the descriptions of Moses, and is in all prob- Deut. 8: 7-9; 11: 10-12; promised to Abraham, Gen. 12: 7; its boundary,
ability the true •• Mount of the Law .. , In the library of the famous Ex. 23: 31; Num. 34: 1; Josh. 1: 3; conquered by Joshua, 11: 16; 118
·•Convent of Mount Sinai," Tischendorf found the Codex Sinaiticus, kings enumerated, 12 :9; the names of those who were to divide it, Num.
whi<-h is the oldest and the only complete uncial MS. of the New Testa- 34: 16; how to be divided, 26: 52; divided by Jot, Josh. 14: 1, etc.; l18
ment hitherto discovered. borders not conquered, 13: 1; Jndg. 2: 3; its ruined cities to be rebuilt
SMYRNA (smer'nah), "myrrh," a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, on after the return of the Israelites from their dispersion, Isa. 49: 19; 61 :3;
ine east shore of the Archipelago, or 1Egean Sea, and about fifty miles 52: 9; 64: 3; 61: 4; Ezek. 36: 33; what portion of it will be for 1be
146
~ 45: 1, etc.; for the city, 6; for the prince, 7; its boundary, TYRE (tire), "rock," an ancient and flourishing city of Phamicia,
sanctu_a~t; division by Jot, 48: 1. At the time of CHRIST it was divided on the coast of the .Mediterranean Sea. There were two cilies of the
47: 1!~e provinces, Judea, Samaria, Galilee, Perea and Idumea. This same name; one, the most ancient, was situated on the mainland, and
1° 10e beautiful )and has been constantly suffering under the horrors of was destroyed by Alexander the Great; the other stood upon a small
one. de and frequent wars. After the destruction of Jerusalem, A. D. island, about two hundred yards from the coast. It is called the
servi~u land remained almost desolate till about the fourth century, daughter of Zidon, Isa. 23: 12, aud is frequently noticed in the Scrip-
1
7l, e il"rims began to resort to it. In the beginning of the seventh tures. 'fbe "coasts of Tyre" were once visited by CHRIST; the Gospel
when~ i~ was occnpied by the Saracens, who held it tiil it was taken was received there. The predictions against Tyre have been so fully
cen:~: crusaders in the twelfth. For about eighty years after that it verified that it is now a miserable ruin, unoccupied except by a few
bY tbe scene of constant wars between the Christians and the Saracens. fishermen as "a place to spread nets upon," Ezek. 26: 14. Its modern
wa;er passing through various revolutions it was finally absorbed in the name is Sur.
~ kisb empire in 1317. Its once noble cities are now poor villages, UR, "fire, light," an ancient city of Chaldea, the native place of
~ n,ost of the former villages are utterly extinct. Its barren, pov- Terah and Abrabam,has been identified by some withMugheir, some des-
anty-stricken and altogether ruinous condition affords a remarkable olate mounds situated about six miles west of tbe Euphrates, and mid-
er mple of the fulfillment of the divine threatening, "He turneth rivers way between the ruins of Babylon and the Persian Gulf. But possibly
t:O a wilderness, and the water-springs into dry ground; a fruitful Edessa, the modern Orfah or Urfeh, occupies the site of "Ur of th<"
J~nd into barrenness, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein," Chaldees."
ps. 107: 33, 34. UZ, "sandy, soft soil," a country in Arabia, where Job resided; its
TIIESSALONICA (thes-a-lo-ne'ka), the capital city of Macedonia, situation is uncertain, but probably it adjoined Bashan on the east; it
situated on the 'l'bermaic Gulf (Gulf of Saloniki). It- was anciently is fir~t mentioned in Gen. 10: 23.
called Therma. Here Paul, Silas and Timothy planted a church, and to
the Christians here Paul sent two epistles. Its modern name is Saloniki, VALLEY, low ground lying between hills, as of Siddim, where stood
and it bas a population of about 70,000. Sodom and Gomorrah, Gen. 14: 3; of Shaveb, or the King's Dale, 17;
THE THREE TAVERNS, a place on the Appian Way, about Esbcol, Num. 32:9; Jezreel (ESDRAELON), Hos. 1:5; Bocbim, Jud.
thirty-three Roman miles south of Rome. 2 :5; Gad, 2 Sam. 24: 5 (margin); Jericho, Deut. 34: 3; Lebanon, Josh.
THYATIRA (thi-a-ti'rab), a city of Lydia, in Asia Minor, about 11 :17; the Passengers, or Hamon-gog, Ezek. 39: 11; Achor, Josh. 7: 24;
twenty-seven miles north of Sardis, and 'ifty-six n01·th-east of Smyrna. Isa. 65:10; Hos. 2:15; Ajalon, Josh. 10:12; Sorek, Jud. 16:4; Ela,
Its modern name is .Ak Hissar, with a population of about 15,000, be- 1 Saia. 21: 9; Reph aim, or giants, Josh. 15: 8; 18: 16; 2 Sam. 5: 18; Isa.
tween 300 B nd 400 of whom are nominal Christians. 17:5; Berachah, 2 Chr. 20:26; Hinnom or Tophet, Josh. 18:16; 2 Ki.
TIBEREAS (ti-be'ryu.s), a city on the western shore of the Sea of 23:10; Jer. 7:32; Megiddo, 2 Chr. 35:22; Zech. 12:11; Salt,2 Sam.
Galilee. It was built by Herod An~ipas, the murderer of John the Bap- 8:13; Succoth,Ps. 110:6; 108:7; Baca, Ps. 84:6; Gibeon, Isa. 28:21;
tist, in honor of the emperor Tiberius, and during the Roman supremacy Jehoshaphat, or D cision, Joel 3: 2, 14; Sbittim, 18; Moab, Deut.
was tbe metropolis of Galilee. It was noted for several centuries after 34:6; ~ephatbah, 2 Chr. 14:10; Zeboim, 1 Sam. 13:18; Gerar, Gen.
the destruction of Jerusalem for its rabbinical academy. He•·e the Jew- 26: 17; Hebron, 37: 14.
ish )'uisbna was com ileted. The modern city is called Tubarieh. In WILDERNESS. The Heb. word midbar, usually translated "wil-
1837 it was nearly destroyed by an eartbuuake, six hundred of the in- derness," is derived from a root which signifies "to lead to pasture;"
1:abltants perishing in the ruins. It con. ains about two thousand in- and means a pastoral country or district as distinguished from an agri-
habitants, of whom a few are Christians, dght hundred Jews, and the cultural. The midbar of Syria and .Arabia was inhabited for the most
resl Mohammedans. It is oae of the four holy cities of the Jews (the part by nomads, who lived in tents. Mention is made of thewildernese
others being Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed), in which prayers are of-. of Arabia, Shur, Paran, Jericho, Judah, Engedi, Ziph, Maen.
fered for the world twice every day. Beersheba, etc., Ex. 14:3; 15:22; Num. 10:12; 13:3; 14:2, 29;
TOPHET (to'fet), or more correctly TOPHETH, 2 Kl. 23: 10, a place· Deut. 1: 19; 32: 10; Luke 8: 29; the Hebrews thus named tbe common
on tbe south-east of Jerusalem, in the "valley of the son of Hinnom" ground near cities and villages, which remained uncultivated, and was
by "the entry of the east gate." It became in later times the scene of destined for feeding their cattle, 1 Ki. 19:15; Isa. 40:3; Matt. 3:1;
sacrifices to Baal. It received its name from toph, a drum, which was 15:33; Lukel5.
beaten to drown the cries of the victims. ZIKLAG (zik'lag), "pressed," a city on the south of Judea; was
TRACHONITIS (trak-o-ni'ti~), "rugged region," .a small rocky given by Acbish, king of Gath, to David for an asylum from the rage
district east of Jordan, of which Philip was tetrarch. Identified with of Saul.
lhe modP-rn Lejah, south of Damascus, and in the centre of the kingdom ZION (zi'on), "dry, sunny mount," called SION in the New Testa-
of Basban. Its Hebrew name was .Argob. ment, the highest point in Jerusalem, being 2,539 feet above the level of
TROAS (tro'as), a seaport town near to the Hellespont, between the the Mediterranean. See JERUSALEM.
promontories Lectum and Sigeun:., south of the site of ancient 'froy;
ZOAN (zo'an), "low," a very ancient city of Egypt (built sever,
sometimes considered as belonging to the Lesser Mysia. It must, if we
years after Hebron), not far from the Mediterranean, near the mouth of
may judge by the ruins, have been of considerable extent. Indeed, it
the Tanitic branch of the Nile, and long of great note. It was called
was of importa·rne as the point of arrival and departure for those jour-
TANIS by the Greeks; now Sdn, an insignificant village.
neying between Macedonia and certain Asiatic districts. It was here
that Paul had the· heavenly vision which led him to cross over into ZOAR (zo'ar), "smallness," originally called Bela, one of the five
Europe with the Gospel message. It is now called Eski Stamboul. cities which rebelled against Cbedorlaomer. It seems to have stood
TROUYLLTC"M (tro-gil'le-um), a cape and town on the Ionian near the base of tile mountain riinge at the south-east corner of the
coast. between Ephesus and the mouth of the Meander at the foot of Dead Sea.
Mount .M.ycale over against Samos.
Vol. 1-10 14'J
r
A
COMPLETE INDEX AND CONCISE DICTIONARY

OF THE
HOLY BIBLE·
L• WHICH THE VARIOUS PERSONS, PLACES, AND SUBJECTS MENTIONED IN IT ARE ACCURATELY REFERRED TO; AND EVERY
DIFFICULT WORD BRIEFLY EXPLAINED.
DF.SIGNED TO FACILITATE TH¥ CONSULTATION AND STUDY OF THIS SACRED VOLUMIL
Aaron, a'ron [en!igbtener?], was of Moses died, lying along the north- subsequent, it was destroyed, 2 Ki. Abi-Ezer, 3.b-i-C'zer [father of help], - dies, 54·. - (4) Interch_anged for
the family of the Kohathites and of east shore of the Dead Sea, Nu. 27. 15.29. It is now represented by the {1) One of the three sons of Hammo- AcHISH, kmg of Gath (m title of
the tribe of Levi, Ex.6. 16-oo. He 12; 33.47,48; De. 32. ,w. See NEBO, village of Abil-el-Kameh. leketh, I Ch.7.18;-calledalsoJeezer, Ps. xxxiv.)-(5) Son of Abiathar a
was the son of Amram and J ochebed, PEoR, and P1sGAH. Abel-Mehola, a'bei-me-hO'la [mea- Nu. 26. 30. - (2) One of David's high-priest in the time of Da~d
and elder brother of Moses; - was Abaae, to lower, or bring into con- dow of dancing], a city west of J or• thirty chief warriors, 2 Sa. 23. 27; 1 Ch. I Ch.18.16. I
called by God to be the high-priest tempt, Job40. n: ls.31.4; Da.4.37; dan, about 12 miles south of Beth- n.28. Abinadab, ab-in'a-dab1 [father of
of the Israelites;-was born in the Mat.23.12; 2 Co.n.7; Phi.4.12. shan, in the tribe of Manasseh, I Ki. Abi-Ezrite, ab-i-ez'rite, the descend- nobleness or willinghood], (r) The
year of the world 2430, 77 4 after the Abasing, humbling, 2Co.n.7. 4.12. It was the birth-place and ant of Abiezer, Ju.6.n,24. second of the eight sons ~f Jesse.
flood, and 1574 before Christ ;-ap- Ab&te, to grow lower or less, Ge.8. residence of Elisha, 19. 16. Near this Abigail, ab'i-gale or ib'i-g3.l [father 1 Sa. 16.8;17.13.-(2) The third of the
pointed to assist Moses, and to be 3; Le.27.18; De.34.7. · city Gideon defeated the Midianites, of joy1 (1) The wife of N abal ;-her four sons of Sau!, I Ch.8.33; I Sa.31,2;
specially useful as an excellent speak- Abba, ab'bah,a Syriac word; the em- Ju.7.~3. behaviour to David, I Sa.25.14, &c.; 1Ch.10.2.-(3) Solomon's son-in-law
er, Ex.4. 1-4,-16;-meets him in the phatic form of the Heb. Ab, signi- Abel.Mizraim, a.'bel-miz-ray-im -married to him, 39;-tak.en captive, I Ki. 4. I 1.-(4) A Levite in wh~
wilderness, 4. 27 ;-goes with him to fying Father, Mar. 14. 36; Ro. 8. 15; [mourning of the Egyptians], a place 30.5;-rescued, 18.-(2} Daughter of house the ark of the covenant was
Pharaoh, 5. 1, &c. :-married Elishe- Ga.4.6. As the Greek word rendered near Hebron, so called from the great N~h or Jesse, David's sister, and deposited, I Sa. 7. I ; - it remained
~ the daughter of Amminadab, and Father is always joined with it, this mournings of the Egyptians and He- wife of )ether, an Ishmaelite, I Ch. there for 7oyears, 2Sa.6.3,4.
had four sons, 6.23:-along with may express the greater ardency of brews ; t the funeral of Jacob, Ge. 2.16,17; 2Sa.22.25. .Abinoam, ab•· in' no• am [father of
Hur, stayed the hands of Moses affection and filial confidence in the 50. I I. Abihail, 3.b'i-hale [the father 0£. grace], the father of Baiak the judc~
while the Hebrews fought with Am- nse of the phrase. Abel-Shittim, a'bel-shit tim [meadow strength], (1) The second wife of Re- Ju.4.6,n; 5.1,12.
alek., 17.10-12:-he and his sons set Abda, ib'dah [the servant, t'.e. of ofacacias],acityabout II mileseast hoboam, and the 'daughter' (=de- Abi:tam, a- bi'ram, (1J With his bro-
apart for the priest's office, 28. 1, &c.; God], (1) The father of Adoniram, of Jordan, in the plains of Moab. •cendant) of Eliah, 2 Ch. 11. 18.-(2) ther Dathan, and Koral,, conspired
40. 13 ;-solemnly consecrated, Le. 1 Ki.4.6.-{2) The son of r·hammua, The scene of the last encampment of The father of Zuriel, Nu. 3. 35.-(3) against Moses and Aaro1, for which
8. r, &c. ;--commanded to bum in- Ne.:n.17(=0badiah, 1Ch:1.16). Israel on that side of Jordan. Here The wife of Abishur, I Ch. ~. 29.- God caused the earth to swallow them
cense before the Lord every morning Abdeel [servant of God], the father 24,0t o Israelites were cut off in one (4) The son of Hnri, 1 Ch.5.14.-(5) alive, Nu.16.1; Ps.1o6.i:7. See Ko.
and evening, Ex. 30. 7, 8; to make of Shelemaiah, Je.36.26. day £Or idolatry and uncleanness, Nu. The father of Esther, and uncle of RAH.-(2) The eldest son of Hi,\,
atonement with the blood of the sin- Abdi, ab'de [my servant], {1) A Le- 25. 1-18; 33.49. Mordecai, Es.2.15; 9.29; cf.2.7. the Bethelite, 1 Ki. 16. 34.
offering once every year, ro;-makes vite in the time of David, 1 Ch.6.44. Abez, a'bez [lustre, tin], a city in .he Abihu, a-bi'hu [my father, He), se- Abi.ahal'., ab'bi-shag or a· bi' shq
the golden calf, 32. 1; Ac. 7. 40;- -{2) An Israelite of the 'sons' of tribe of lssachar, Jos.19.20. cond son of Aaron, Ex.6.33;-is con- [father of (i.e. given to) error], a
Moses prays for him, De. 9. 20 ; - Elam, Ezr. 10. 26.-(3) A Levite, the Abhor, to detest, or reject, De. 32. secrated priest, 28. 1;-offers strange woman of Shunem, who cherishes
offers for himself and the people, Le. father of Kish, 2Ch.29.12. 19; Job 42.6; Ps.22.24;89.38; n9.163; fire, and perishes Le. 10, 1, 2. See David in his old age, I Ki. I.,t :-asked
9.1, &c. :-resignedly held his peace Abdiel, ab'di-el [servant of God], Ro.2.22; 12.9. NADAB. of Solomon for a wife to Adonijah,
when his two sons were consumed for son ofGuni, 1Ch.5.15. Abia,a-bi'a,andABIAH. See ABIJAH. Abihud, a-bi'hud Ifather of praise], 2.21.
offering strange fire, 10. 3 ;-solemnly Abdon, ab'don [servile], (1) One of Abi-Albon, a-bi-il'bon [father of the son of Bela, and grandson of Abiabai, ab-bi-sha'i [fathei (i.,. de-
blesses the people, 9. 22, 23; - in- the judges of Israel, who left forty strength], one of David's thirty Benjamin, 1 Ch. 8. 3 ; -called Ahi- siro~) of a gift], son of David's sis~,
structed how to bless the people, Nu. sons and thirty grandsons, Ju.12.13, mighty men, 2 Sa. 23- 31; - called hud, 7. Zeruia.h, I Ch.2. 16;-a noted wamor;
6. 23-26;-he and Miriam unjustly 14;-probably same as BEDAN, 1Sa. Abiel, 1 Ch.u.32. Abijah, ABtAH, or Ae1A, a-bi'jah -asked liberty to kill Saul, but hin-
complainofMoses, 12.1,&c.;-stayed 12.u.-(2) The son of Micah, 2Ch. Abi-Aaaph,a-bi'a-saf[fatherofgath• [father (i.e. possessor) of Jehovah], dered by David, 1Sa.26.7;--desired
the plague, after Korah's rebellion, 34.20;-he is also called Achbor, son ering], the youngest of the three sons (1) A son of Becher, I Ch.7.8; there to kill Shimei when he cursed David,
by going between the living and the of Michaiah, 2Ki.22.12.-{3) A son of Korab, Ex.6.24. in the form Abiak.-(2) A daughter 2 Sa. 16. 9; -pursues and slays Ab-
dead, 16. 48 ; - his rod buds, 17. 8 ; of Shashak, 1 Ch. 8. 25.-(4) The Abiatbar,a-br'a-thar [father ofabnn- of Machir, 1Ch.2. 24. -(3) Second ner, 2 Sa. 3. 24-30;-slays a mighty
He.9.4 ;-sins at Meribah, for which first - bom of Gibeon, I Ch. 8. 30.- dance], the thirteenth high~priest;- son of Samuel, I Sa. 8. 2; I Ch. 6.12. giant, 21. 17 ;-with his spear cut ol
he is not allowed to enter Canaan, (5) A Levitical town of the Gershon- son of the high-priest Ahimelech;- -(4} One of the descendants of Elea- 300 men, 23. 18 ;--one of the thrtt
::ao. 7-13; -dies in Mount Hor, 20. ites, Jos.21.30. escapes from Saul and joins David zar, and chief of the eighth of the who fetch water for David from tbe
28; cf. De. 10.6 ;-aged 123 years, 33. Abednego, a-bed'ne-go [servant of and his party in the cave of Adul- 24 courses of the priests, t Ch. 24. IO. well of Bethlehem, 1Ch.11.15-20.
39; -in his office as high-priest was N ego], the Chaldean name given to lam, 1 Sa.22.20;-sent back to Jeru- To this course belonged Zacharias, Abiahalom, ib-bi-sha'lom, a fuller
a type of Jesus Christ, He. 5. 4, 5; he .Azariah, oneofDaniel'sthrec friends, salem with the ark, when David fled the father of John the Baptist, Lu. form of the name Absalom, I Ki. 15-
) is called 'the saint of the Lord,' Ps. Da.1.7;2.49;3.12,&c. from Absalom, 2 Sa. 15. 29;-joint 1. 5. - (5) The second king of the 2; 2 Ki. n. 21.
1o6.16. . / Abel, B.'bel [vanity], the second son high-priest with Zadok, 2 Sa.8.17; separate kingdo111S of Judah, 1 Ch. AbW.ua, ib-bi-shn'ah, (1) A son ol
Aaronitea, i' ron • ites, the offspring of Adam :-a keeper of sheep, Ge.4. 15.35;-conspires to make Adonijah 3-10;-reigned 3 years, 2Ch. 12, 16; Bela and grandson of Benjamm,
of Aaron, 1 Ch.12.27; 27.17;-werc so 2;-his sacrifice more acceptable to kinginsucccssiontoDavidhisfather, 13.1,2;-his character, I Ki. 15. 3 ;- 1 Ch.8-4--(2) The son of Phinelw.
numerous as to have assigned for God than Cain's offering, 4;He.11.4; 1Ki.1.7;-on this account, is thrust his wives and children, 2Ch.1").20-22: and father of Bukki, being the fourth
them thirteen cities, Jos. :n. 13-19; -a worshipper of God by faith in out from the priest's office by Solo- -he is alc;o called AIHJAM, i Ki. 14. Jewish high-priest, 1 Ch 6.4,S,So-
-Eleazar, Aaron's son, was their the Messiah, and killed by his bro- mon, 2.26. 31;15,1,7,8.-(6) The only pious son Abishur, ib'i-shur [fatherofthcwall].
chief, N u.4. i:6. ther Cain ;-the cause of this attri- Abib, a'bib (green ears], or N1SAN, of Jeroboam, died in early youth, 1Ch.2.28.
Ab, the Chaldee name of the eleventh buted to Cain's hatred of Abel's as it was called after the captivity, I Ki. 14. 1-18. -(7) Daughter of Ze- Abital, ab'i-tal [father ofdew],David'•
month of the Jewish civil year, and righteousness; 1Jn.3.12. He was the \"~e first month of the sacred, and chariah, and mother of King Heze- fifth wife, 2Sa.3.4; 1 Ch.3.3-
the fifth of their sacred; correspond- first martyr for Christ;-his blood t'l::e seventh of the ciTil year; - it kiah, 2 Ch. 29. 1 ;-she is also called Abitub, ab'i-tub [father of goodness].
ing to part of our July and August; mentioned, Mat,23.35;Lu.n.51;-his bc&"-tn with the new moon in April, ABt, 2 Ki. 18. 2. - (8) One of those 1Ch.8.n.
-was not used till after the return more excellent sacrifice, He. II. 4:- Ex.1? 2; 13.4; 23.15. who affixed their signatures to the Abiud, ib'i-ud or a-bi'ud, the Greek
from Babylon. It does not occur in his blood, or rather the blood of his Abidah, a-ht' dah [father of know- covenant made by Nehemiah (Io. 7), form of the name ABIHUD, MaL1.JJ,
the 0. T. This month is always men- sacrifice, alluded to as speaking, He. ledge], th:• son of Midian, and grand- probably the same as in Neh.12.4. Abject.a, low base men, Ps.35.15.
tioned as the 'fifth,' Zee. 7. 5; 8. 19. 12. 24. son of Ab:~ham by Keturah, Ge. Abilene, ib-bi-lC'ne, a small canton Abner, ab'ner [father of light], SOD
Abad.don, a-bad'don, aud APOLLYON Abel, a'bel, GREAT STONE OF, was 25.4. situatedamong the mountains of An- of Ner, capuin of Saul's host, 1Sa.
(the destroyer], the former the He- in tM field of'Joslum, near Bethshe- Abidan, ab'i-da., [father ofjudgment], tilibanus, west of Damascus, ofwhich I 7. 55 ; - makes lshbosheth king;-
brew, and the latter the Greek name mesh, where the ark of the Lord the son of Gide,;ni, and captain of Lysanias was tetrarch in the time of his men and those of David 6.ghl,
of the angel of the lx-ttox:, 1~c:c: pit, rested when it was brought back by the tribe of BenJ 'Ullin at the time John the Baptist. AbTia was the 2Sa.2.12 ;-kills Asahel, the brothef
the king of the Apocalyp.;c i'CUS"', •1-.~ Philistin~ to Kiriath-iearim. oftheexodn,. Nu.,,,:1;2.22;10.24. capital, Lu.3.1, of Joab, 23 ;-revolts to David, pa:;
Re.9.n- -..Sa.b...&,Mj,. ln -:.3...~1~,,e ABtt1., ~ Amde, ~ ..ft.a.y 01 !,i...;nd, Ge. 19. 2; Ability, power or skill, Le.27.8; Da. -killed by Joab, 27;-D.,.id mOllflll
Abagtha. a-big'thab, one of tht.. ,;;even stands for Abel-Beth-Maachah. 24.55; Ps.15.1;61.-4-; Mat.10. 11;Jn.15. 1.4; Mat.25.15:Ac.n.29; 1Pe.4.n. for, 2Sa.3.31-39.
chamberlains in the oalaa nf ,., ha- Abel-Maim, a'bel-ma'im [meadow or 4; 1Co.3.14; 7.8,20. To love Christ Measure of wealth, Ezr.2.6g. Aboard, on board a ship, Ac. 21.s.
suerus, EL ~- plain of the waters], Ju. n. 33; 2 Ch. and keep his commandments, is to Abimael, .'ib-bi-ma.'el, one of the sons Abolish, to repeal or make ,-oid, ls.L
Abana, ib'a-nah \~- ;hr.>.~, 16. 4;-or ABEL-BETH-MAACHAH, I abide in Christ, Jn.15.6,10. of Joktan in Arabia, Ge. 10. 28; 1 Ch. 18; 51.6; 2Co. 3.1 3; Ep. 2. 15; 2TLL
now BrHrUia), one of the two rivers Ki.15.:20; a city of the tribe of Naph- Abiel, a'.b'i-el or a-br'el [father of I,22. IO.
of Damascus, 2 Ki. 5. 12. It rises in tali, at the west base of Hermon. strength], {1) The father of Ner (1 Abimelech, ab-im'me-lek [father of Abomination of Desolation, MIL
the centre of the A nti-Lebanon range, From its importance called 'a mother Sa.14.51), who was the grandfather the king], (1} King of Gerar, takes 24.15; Da.9.27 ;-thought by some to
~ through the dty, and falls into in Israel,' 2 Sa.20.19. It belonged to of Saul, I Ch. 8. 33. In I Sa.9.1 he Abraham's wife, Ge. 20. 2.-(2) An- refer to the Roman army, 50 called
a lake about twenty miles to the east. the region of Maachah. Here Sheba is called the father of Kish, meaning other king of Gerar:-gives reproof on account of its ensigns~d i ~
Abarim.,ib'a-rim [the passages], Je. was beheaded, 2Sa.20.i:4-18;....:....cighty grandfather.-(2) An Arbathite, one concerning Isaac's, 26. 9 ;-makes a which the soldiers worshipped, U111
• · 20; Dc.32.49, a range of high and years after, it was ravaged by Ben- of David's warriors, t Ch. I I . 32 ;- treaty with him, 31.-(3) A bastard approach of which would be • ..,..
.-uaed kill, 011 one of which (Nebo) hadad, 1 Ki. 15. 20;-:and 20Q y..:an called also Abi-Albon, 2 Sa.23.31 • son of Gideon, his history, Ju.~.1; in~ of the desolation of tbe dQII
17'Z
•
ABYSS ACHIBH ADAMANT ADONIRAM ADRIEL
ore correctly render the ex- Accad, 3.k'kad [fortress], one of the his court David withdrew from Saul's to, Eze. 3. 9 ;-wicked men's hearts, collecting tribute for Rehoboam, z Ki.
oth~0:\n Daniel 'the abor:nination five cities in the 'land of Shinar,' or persecution, 1 Sa.21.10 ;-before him Zec.7.12;-used to conv~y an idea of 12. 18; 4. 6, 14: 2 Sa. 20. 24;-a.liea
~ desolator,' and refer 1t .to the Babylonia, founded by Nimrod in the Da,·id feigned himself mad, 13; - extreme hardness or obduracy. AD0RAM, 1 .Ki.12.18; alsoHAnORAM.,
of t tion of the temple by. Ant10chus beginning of his kingdom, Ge. 10. 10; some years after, gave David Ziklag Adami, ."id'da-mi [red earth], a city 2Ch.10.18.
Po1!uh es in erecting an idol altar -identified by Jerome with Nisibis to reside in, 27.5,6.-(2) Another king near the border of Naphtali, Jos. 19. Adoni-Zedek, a-don'i:-ze'dek [lord of
t
EP1 anltar of burnt-offering. in the north of Mesopotamia.
Accept, to reCeive favourably, Mal. 1,
of Gath, to whom the two servants of
Shimei fled, 1 Ki.~.39,40.
32;-called also ADAMAH, 36.
Adar, 3.d'ar [large], (r) The name of
justice], king of Jerusalem, thea call ..
ed Zedek;-enters into alliance with
on ~:S,tions, things hateful, Ge.
.6-~ ; _ ;-si.ns in general, TI_s.66.3: 10, 13;-to esteem highly, Ac. 24. 3;- Achmetha, ak-mC'thah, the Ee BAT A- the twelfth month of the Jewish five other kings to opposo Joshua,
46 34
-43 32 ·-idols so called, I Kt. 11. 7, God accepts men's persons and ser- NA of classical writers, the capital sacred year, and the sixth of their Jos. 10. 3-5 ;-the sun stood still a
JK,f:24;. 13: Js, 6U. 3 ;-sacrifices ~nd vices only through Christ, Ep. 1. 6;
1 Pe.2.5.
of Media, built by Dejoces or Phra-
ortes: and surrounded with seven
civil, agreeing to our February, Ezr. whole day till Joshua discomfited
2
ra;ers of the wicked are abomma- 6. 15. - l2) A contracted form (Jos. them, 12-r 4.
~on to God, Pr.15.8; 21.27; 28.9. Acceptable, agree::i.ble, kindly re- walls, Ezr.6.2. Its site is occupied 15.3) of the name of the place else- Adoption •,NATt:RAL), an act by
A.bOUDd, to have great pl~nty~ P~.28. ceived, Ps.19. 14; 6g. 13; Is. 49. 8; Lu. by the modem city of Hamadan, in where called HAZAR-AnnAR, N u.34. which one takes another into his fa-
,o; Mat. 24 . 1 2; Ro. 5. 20, 6.1, 2Co. 1. 4. 19; Ro. 12. 1,2; Ep.5. ro. Persia. 4. mily, and treats him as his own child;
. 8 7 . Pe.r.8. Access, free admission to God only Achor, ak'or [trouble], a valley near AdbeeI, :"i<l-be'el [miracle of God], the -thus Phar.1oh's daughter adopted
1~, 2
a'bra-ham [father of a through Christ, Jn. 14. 6; Ro. 5. r, 2;
Ep. 2. 18; 3. 1:2; He. 7. 25; 1 Pe. 3. 18.
Jericho, Jos. 7. 26; Ho.2.15. It re-
ceived this name from the trouble
third of the twelve sons of Ishmael,
Ge.25.13; 1 Ch.1.29.
Moses, Ex.2.10; Mordecai adopted
Esther, Es.2.7;-adoption was con-
multitude], son of Terah, Ge.11.~6,
,_bom 8 .c. 1996 ;-was a native Access by the agency of the Spirit, Achan's trespass brought on Israel. Add, to join, De.4.2; Ac.2.41; 2Pe.1.5; fined to sons.
2
~ 'Chaldea, and descended through Ep. 2. 18;-by the instrumentality of Achsah, iik'sah [anklet], daughter of -to increase, Pr. 16. 23;-to bestow, ----(NATIONAL),bywhichGod
Heber, in the ninth generation, from faith, Ro.5.2; Ep.3.12; He.u.6;-by Caleb, Jos.15.16; 1 Ch.2.49, Achsa. Ge.30.24;-to proceed to utter, De.5. takes a whole people to be his visible
Sheill, the son of Noa~;-ca_lled at 75 prayer in seeking mercy, He.4.16;- Achshaph, ak' shaf {fa~cination], a 22. church, and to enjoy many privileges,
years of a~e to leave his ~atwe coun- freedom to exercise it, Ep.3.12; He. royal city of the Canaanites;-Joshua Addar, ad'dar, a son of Bela, and Ro.9+
and kmdred, Ge.12.1 ,-God pro-- 10. 19, 22; - earnestly desired by smote the king of it, and gave it to grandson of Benjamin, r Ch. 8. 3;- - - - - (SPIRITUAL), consists in
tr~ to make him the father of a saints, Ps. 27. 4; 42.1,2; 63. 1 i 84. 2 ; - the tribe of Asher, Jos. 12. 20. It elsewhere called A Rn, Ge.46. 24. God's receiving sinners into his family
m t nation, and of the 1\1 essiah, blessedness of it, Ps. 16. n; 36. 8,9; was not far from Accho, Jos.19.25. Adder, a venomous serpent, brought of grace, and constituting them his
~-he departs w!th Sarai his w_ife, 65.4; 73.28. Examples, Ge.18.23,33; Achzib, iik'zib [falsehood], (1) A city forth alive, and not hatched from an sons, 2 Co.6.18 ;-preceded by the
and Lot his brother sson, 4,5;-bu1lds Ex.24.2; 34.4-7. of the tribe of Asher, on the shore of egg. It is smaller and shorter than new birth, Jn.1.12,13;-is of God's
altarS in Canaan, and calls on . the Acebo, ak'ko, now called Acre or Ac- the Mediterranean Sea, about 12 the snake, and has black spots on grace, Eze.16.6; 36.26-28; Ep.1.5,6;
ame of the Lord, 7,8 ;-goes mto ea, also St. Jean d'Acre, and Ptole- miles north of Acebo, Jos. 19. 29.- its back. It, and all serpents in -faith instrumental in it, Ga.3.7,26;
[gypt on account of a famine, ;to; mais, a seaport of Canaan, about 30 (2) A town in the plain of Judah, Jos. general, are charmed by music. The -bestowed through Christ, Jn.1.12;
-from fear of the king denies his miles southofTyre,Ju.1.31. It was 15. 44. It is probably the same as deaf adder mentioned, probably Ga. 4. 4, 5; Ep. 1. 5.-Jlfarks of adop-
wife, 14-20:-retums to Canaan, 13. an important city, well fortified, in CHEZIB, Ge.38.5. means one so full of venom as to be tion: renunciation of all former mas-
the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Acknowledge, to confess or approve, insensible to sweet sounds, Ps.58.4; ters, Is. 26. 13;-Jove to God, 1 Jn.4.
1;-separates .~r:om Lot; dwells at De. 21. 17; Ps. 32. 5; Pr. 3. 6; Is. 33. 13;
Hebron, Ge.xm.; 14. 13; 35· 27 ; - the king of Egypt, who greatly en- -the name adderis used as the trans- 7 ;-the spirit and practii;:e of prayer,
God renews his promise to him, 14, larged and beautified that place. Its rCo.14.37; 16.18; 2Co.1.13. lation of four different Heb. words. Ga.4.6 ;-the Holy Spirit witnessing
&c.:-rescues Lo~, 14. 14, &c.;-is population at present is about 50CX). Acquaint, to inform or make known, In Ge.49.7 it denotes the cerastes, a of it, Ro. 8. 16; 2Co. 1. 22 ;-looking
blessed by Melch1zedec, 18, &c. ;-a Accompanied, joinc'd, Ac. 10. 23; u. Job 22.21; Ps.139.3; Ec.2.3; Is.53.3. serpent of the viper tribe. In Ps. 58. daily up to God for instruction, Ps.
son promised to him, 1?.4;_-Sarai 12; 20.4,38. Acquaintance, familiarity, or a per- 4, and 91. 13, it probably denotes an 25.-4-,5 ;-obedience to his will, Mat.
Jives him Hagar to be his wife, 16.3; Accomplish, to perform or fulfil, Le. son with whom we are acquainted, asp. 7.2:1. ;-longing for the heavenly in-
-who bears him Ishmael, 15 :-God 22.21; Job 14.6; Ps.64.6; Is.55.11; Da. Jobr9.13; Ps.31.11; Lu.2 ..44; 23.49. Addi, iid'di, the father of Melchi (= heritance, Ro.2.7; 2Co.4.18.-Privi-
renews his promise and covenant 9.2: Lu.9. 31. Acre, a portion of land, in English l\Iaaseiah, 2Ch.34.8) in the maternal leges of the adopted: God is their
with him and his seed, on which Accord, to unite or agree with, Jos.9. measure, 484osquare yards; in Scrip- ancestry of Christ, Lu.3.28. Father, 2Co. 6. 18 ;-made heirs of
occasion his name is changed from 2; Ac.1.14; 2.1,46; Phi.2.2;-of its or ture the translation of the Heb. Addon, ."id'don [lord], a city of the God, Ro.8.17; Ga.4.7; Re.21.7; Mat.
Abram to Abraham, 17. 1-14 ;-cir- his own accord, freely, without pains tse'med, which means a yoke, i.e. as Babylonish empire, Ne.7.61. 25.40: Jn.20.17; 1 Co. 9. 5;-Christ is
cumcises all the males of his house- or constraint, Le.25.5; 2Co.8.17. much as one yoke of oxen can plough Adiel, ad'i."-el [ornament of God], (1) their brother, He. 2. II ;-the Spirit
hold, 23, &c.; en~ertains three angels, Account, to esteem or judge, Ps. 144. in a day, 1Sa.14.14; Is.5.10. One of the posterity of the patriarch is their leader, Ro.8.14:-God gives
18. 1 &c. ;-promlSC of a son by Sarah 3; Mat. 18. 23;-to give account, or Activity, the quality of being active; Simeon, t Ch.4. 36.-(2) The father them a new name, Is.56.5; Re.2.17;
rcn:wed to him, which she hearing, have conduct tried, Mat. 12. 36; Ro. also the habit of diligent pursuit of of Azmaveth, I Ch. 27. 25. - (3) A 3.12;14.1;-a new spirit, Ro.8.15;-
laughed, 12 :-intercedes for Sodom, 14. 12; He. 13.17; I Pe. 4. 5;-God giv- business, Ge.47.6. priest, the father of .Maasiai, t: Ch. instruction, Ps.32.8;-protection, Ps.
,3, &c.;-sojoums in Gerar, 20. 1:- eth no account of his doings, is not Acts OF THE APOSTLES, one of the 9.12. xxxiv.;-provision, Is.33.16; Pr.10.3;
a second time denies his wife, 2 : - responsible, Job 33.13. sacred books of the New Testament, Adin, ad'din, the head of one of the -guidance, Is. 58. II ; - correction,
enters into a treaty with Abimelech, Accursed, or CURSED, devoted to written by Luke (comp. Lu. r. 1-4 with Israelitish families, Ezr.:1.1c;;. De.8.5; 2Sa.7.14; Pr.3.11,12; He.12.
:,r, 22, &c.;-Isaac is bom to him, destructivn, as were the idolatrous Ac.1.1), and which contains the his- Adithaim., ad-i-tha'im, a to~n in the 6-u;-access in prayer, Ps.34.15,17;
21.1, &c. ;-casts out Hagar and her nations of Canaan, Nu. 21. 2, 3: De.7. tory of the infant church for about plain of Judah, Jos.15.36. -a guard of angels, He.1.14;-aglo-
son, 9, &c.;-called to offer Isaac, 2,26 ;-separated from the church, or thirty years after Christ's death. Adjure, to bind by an oath, under the rious inheritance, Mat. 13. 43; Ro. 8.
a2. 2, &c.;-purchases a burying- excommunicated, Ro. 9. 3; - con- Acta, deeds, exploits, or achieve- penalty of a curse, Jos. 6. 26; Mar. 17; Ga.3.29;4.7; Ep.3.6.-Duties of
place for Sarah, 23. 1, &c. ;-sends his signed to eternal misery, 1 Co. 16. ments, De. 11.3,7; Ju.5.n; 2Sa.23. 5. 7;-to charge solemnly, Mat.26.63; the adopted: they are bound to love
servant for a wife to Isaac, 24. 1, &c.; 22; Ga.1.8,9. 20; 1Ki.u.41; Ps.103.7; 145.4. Ac.19.13. their heavenly Father, De. 6. 5 ;-to
-his sons by Keturah, 25.1,&c.;- Accusations, false charges brought Ada,ADAH,3.'dah [ornament], (1) One Adlai, ad.-la'i or id1a-i, the father of venerate and honour him, Mal.1.6;
M age and burial, 7 ;-his faith and against, Lu. 19. 8; 1 Ti.5. 19 ;-instan- of the two wives of Lamech, and Shaphat, who was herdsman under -to obey him, Je.7.23; I Pe.1.14;-
character, Ge.18.19; 22.12; Ne.9.7,8; ces of, Ge.31. 30; 3.9.1:3;-rash. See mother of Jabal and Jubal, Ge.4.19, David, I Ch.27.29. to fi]ial and confident reliance on
Ps. 105. 6; He. n. 8-19 ;-called the SLANDER. 20,23.-(2) The daughter of Elon the Admah, Ad'mah, one of the five cities him, Mat 6. 26, 32; - to love their
friend of God, 2Ch.20.7; Is.4t.8; Ja. Aceldama,a-cel'da-ma[fieldofblood], Hittite, and the first of the three wives in the vale of Siddim, Ge.10.19. See brethren, 1 J n.4. 7:-to seek after ho-
s.,3 :-Christ's discourse concerning a place just without the walls of Jc. of Esau, Ge.36.2,4,10. Son0M and SALT SEA. liness, 2 Co.6.17,18; Phi.2.15; 1Jn.3.
his seed, J n.8. 37-58 ;-justified before rusalem, south of Mount Zion, so Adadah, a town in Judah, Jos.15.22. Admatba,3.d'ma-tha, the third-named 2,3.
God, not by works, but by faith, Ro. called because it was bought with Adah, one of the wives of Esau, Ge. of the seven princes or courtiers of - - - - (GLORIOUS), in which the
4- 1-22;-he and his believing seed the thirty pieces of silver for which 36.2,4, 10; called BASHEMATH, Ge. Xerxes, Es. I. 14. saints, being raised from the dead,
the true church, Ga.3.7;4.22;-justi- Christ was betrayed, Mat.27.8; Ac. '26.34; 28.9. Administration, those to whom the are, at the last day, solemnly owned
ied before men, or proved to be a be- 1, 19;-previously called the Potters' Ada.ia.h, ad-a-T'ah [adorned by Jeho- care of public affairs is committed, to be the children of God, and enter
liever, by works, Ja. 2. 21 ;-rever- Field, being a place whence they vah], (1) The father of Jedidah, 2Ki. r Co.12.5; 2 Co.9. 12. into heaven, Ro.8.23.
enced by the Jews, Mat.3.9; Lu.13. obtained their clay, Mat.27.7. 22. 1. - (2) The son of Ethni, and Admiration, high esteem, Jude 16; Adoraim., ad-o-ra'im, a town in the
16,18; Jn.8.33-40. Achaia, a-ka'yah, under the Romans father of Zerah, I Ch. 6. 4 ; - appar- Re.i:7.6. south-West of Judah, 2Ch.11.9.
.lbram, i'bram [high father, father Greece was divided into two pro- ently the same as Iddo, 2t.-(3) The Admonish, to warn a brother of a Adoram, a-do'ram, David's tribute-
of elevation). The original name of vinces-Macedonia andAchaia. The father of Maaseiah, 2 Ch. 23. 1; - fault; our duty, Le.19.17; Mat.18.15; gatherer, 2 Sa.20.24; elsewhere called
Abraham, and uniformly given to latter province occupied the north. apparently the same as Juda, Lu.3. Lu.17.3,-4-; 2 Th.3.15; He.3.13;-how AD0NIRAM,
him up to Gc.17.4,5;-also so named west portion of the Peloponnesus, 30.-{4) The father of Hazaiah, of to act when admonition is neglected, Adoration, the holy and reverent as-
in 1Ch.1.27, and Ne.9.7. and included Corinth as its capital. the tribe of Judah, Ne. 11. 5.-(5) A Mat.18.16,17, cription of di vine honours to God,
.&baalom, ib'sa-lom [father of peace], Churches in, visited by Paul, Ac. 18 . priest,son of J eroham, 1 Ch.9.12; Ne. Adnah, Ad'nah, (r) A chiliarch of the Ps.104.1~; 102.25-27; ls.6.1-3; -4-0.22;
the third son of David, and his only 1-12; 2Co. 1. 1; 11. 10;-contribute to 11.12.-(6) A son of Bani,an Israelite, tribe of Manasseh, xCh.12.20.-(2) A Re.4.11; 5.12; 19.1~. .
one by Maacah, the daughter of the saints at Jerusalem, Ro. 15. 26. Ezr.10.29, also Ezr.10.39. general under Jehoshaphat, 2Ch.17. Adorn, to deck or beautify, Is.6I.ro;
Talmai, king of Geshur, 2 Sa. 3. 3; See GREECK- Adalia, 3.d-a-l'i'ah, one of the ten sons 14• Je.31.-4-; Lu.2I.5; 1Ti.2.9; 1 Pe.3.3,5;
1Ch.3.2 ;-kills his brother Amnon, Achaicus, a-ka'i-kus, a Christian of of Haman, Es.9.8. Ado, trouble, bustle, Mar.5.39. Re.21.2.
aSa.13-23 :-Rees to Talmai, kirig of Corinth who visits Paul at Rome, Adam, :"id'am [red, hence the earth], Adonibezek, a-don'i-be'zek [lord of Adrammelech, il.d-n\m'me-lek [glory
Geshur, 37;-recalled, 14. 21;-his 1 Co.16.17. the first man, created in the image of Bezek], took seventy kings capt.ive, of the king], (1) Son of Sennacherib,
beauty, &c., 25; - brought to his Achan, a'kan, or AcHAR, a'kar [trou- God, Ge. r. 27 ;-put into the garden and cut off their thumbs and great king of Assyria ;-he and his brother
father, 33;-rebels, 15. 1, &c.;-de-- bler], the son of Carmi, stoned to of Eden, 2.15 ;-gives names to all toes, and fed them with crumbs from murder their father, 2 Ki. 19. 37.-(2)
feated and slain, 18.9;-David's la- death in the valley of Achor for cov- terrestrial creatures, 19; - obtains a his table, Ju.1.7;-fted from the ar- An idol of this name worshipped by
ment for, 2 Sa. r8. 39: 19.4. ABSAV eting and concealing the accursed help-meet, 22 ;-prohibited from eat- mies of Israel, but was caught and the inhabitants of Sepharvaim, 2 Ki.
0M's PILLAR in the King's Dale, spoil at the taking of Jericho, Jos. 7. ing of the fruit of the tree of know- disabled by having llis thumbs and 17.31.
2Sa.18.18. 22: 22.20; 1Ch.2.7. ledge of good and evil, 17 ;-violates great toes cutoff, 1.6;-diedatJerusa- Ad.ramyttium, Ad-ra-mit' ti-um. a
Abaent, not present, Ge.31.49: 1 Co. Achaz, a 'kaz, Mat. 1. 9; elsewhere the divine law, and is banished from lem,7. maritime cityofMysia,in Asia Minor,
5.3: 2Co.5.6,8,9; Phi.r.27; Col.2.5. AHAZ. paradise, 3.6,24 ;-his age and death, Adonijah, il.d-o-nl'jah [my Lord is Je- opposite the island Lesbos, and about
Abatain, to keep from, Ac. 15. 20, 29; Achbor, ak'hor, (1) The son of Me- 5.5;-all dead in him, as involved in hovah], (1) David's fourth son, born 8o miles north of Smyna, Ac.27.2.
I Th.-4.3; 5.22; 1 Ti.4.3; i: Pe.2. n. chaiah; was sent by Josiah to Huldah his transgression, Ro. 5. 12-19; 1 Co. whi1'° his father reigned over Judah It was famous for its shipping trade.
Abstinence, to refrain from food, Ac. to inquire regarding the newly-dis- 15. 21, 22; - a type of Christ, the only, 2 Sa.3.4;-claims the kingdom, It is now called Adramyt, with about
27.21. See F ASTJNG and TEMPER- covered book of the law, 2 Ki.22.12, second Adam, 45. The name given, 1 Ki.1.5;-put to death, 2.13-25.-(2) I 500 houses.
ANCE, 14:-called also ABDON, 2Ch. 34.20. in one instance, to both of our first One of the Levites sent to assist in kdria, a'dri-ah, the sea on the easl
Abuadance, in great plenty, De. 28. -(2) An Idumean, father of Baal- parents, Ge.5.2. teaching the law, 2 Ch.17.8.-(3) A of Italy, called the Adriatic, or the
I Sa.1,16; 1 Ki.ro.10,:t7; 2Ch.9.9;
-47: hanan, one of the Edomitish kings, Adam, 3d' am, a city which was situ- chief Israelite after the captivity, Ne. Gulf of Venice, Ac. 27. 27. In St.
Mat.12.34: 13.12; Ro.5.17. Ge.36.38; 1Ch., .•9. ated in the valley of the Jordan, 36 10. 16; elsewhere called Adoniram, Paul's time it embraced that part of
Abuae, to impose on, or ill use, Ju. Achim, a' kim, son of Sadoc, and miles north of Jericho, Jos.3.16; 1 Ki. Ezr.2.13; 8.13. the Mediterranean between Crete
lt;~,Spirit0;\5~:~. t;;~t~~?·~~
the
1
of God
1
:w9hf:h
moved, Ge.1.2:-
father of Eleazar, among the pater-
nal ancestors of Oirist, Mat. 1. 14.
Achiah, a'kish, (1) Elsewhere called
7.46.
stone which we call a diamond, Ex.

Adonikam., Ad-o-n"i'kam, Ne.7.18.
Adamant, the same hard and precious Adoniram, Ad - o - ni' ram (lord of
height], the receiver-general of the
and Sicily.
Adrlel, ~'dri-el [ftock of God], the
son of Barzillai, married Merab, the
the place ot" the dead, Ro.10.7 ;-also Ae1MELECH'., Ps. 3+ title, king o{ 28.18;-translated diamon<l, Je.r7.1; imports in the time of David, Solo- daughter of Saul, after she was pro.
fieli., Lu.S.jI~ Re.9.1; 11.7; :10.3. Gath, a city of the Philistines ;-co -the prophet's forehead cempared mon, and Rehoboam;-stoned when miscd to David, 1 Sa.18.19;-·ha.d fiv•
149
A.FFECTIONS AFORE AHAVA AIR
sons by her, who were slain, in re- {ections, Ro. 1. 26; - they who are Afraid, fearful, terrified, Le.26.6; Job sembled their second company under Ahira,a-hr'rah, Nu.1.15:2.29;7.78 83,
venge for the cruelty of their grand- Christ's have crucified such, Ro.6.6; 11.19; Ps.56.3; Mar.5.15. Ezra before setting out for Jerusa- Ahiram, a-hT'ram, a son of Bela ;nd
father, by the Gibconites, 2 Sa.21.8,9. Ga.5.24- , Agabus, 8.g'a-bus, came with others lem, and where a solemn fast was grandson of Benjamin, Nu. 26. 3s ;-
Adu.liam, a-dul'lam, a city in the low- Affinity, agreement, connection with, from Judea to Antioch while Paul observed, Ezr.8.15-21. the same with AHARAH, 1 Ch.8, 1,
lands of Judah, south-west of Jeru- 2Ch.18.1:-relation by marriage, in and Barnabas were there, and an- Ahaz, .l'haz (possessor], the eleventh AHER, 1Ch.7.12; EHI, Ge.46.21. '
salem, Jos.15.35 ;-Joshua killed the contradistinction from consanguinity, nounced an approaching famine, Ac. king of Judah, succeeds his father Ahli,amach, a-his'a-miik, father ol
king of, 12. 15 ;-rebuilt by Reho- relation by blood or birth ;-Solo- 11.28 ;-and the sufferings of Paul at J otham, 2 Ki. 16. 1; 2 Ch. 28. 1 :-dis- Aholiab the Dan\tc, Ex.35.34; 38.23.
boam, 2Ch.11.7;-to be taken and mon made affinity with Pharaoh by Jerusalem, 21.10. tressed by the Syrians and the king Ahishahar, a-h'i-sha'har or a-hi'sha~
plundered, Mi.1 15. It was a small espousing his daughter, 1 Ki.3.1 ; - Agag, a'gag, (,) A king of Amalek, of Israel, 5 ;-encouraged by Isaiah, har, son of Bilhan, 1 Ch.7.10.
town for four hundred years after not to be formed between believers spared by Saul, 1 Sa.15. 9 ;-put to Is. 7. 1, &c.;-applies to the king of Ahisbar, a-hI'shar, the officer who
Christ, but eveu its ruins are not and heathen infidels, 2 Co. 6. 14, 15; death by Samuel, 32.-(2) The king Assyria, 2 Ki. 16. 7; 2 Ch. 28. 16 ; - wa: 'over the household' of Solomon,
found. Eze.9.14. of one of the hostile neighbouring makes an altar like to one he saw at 1K1+6.
- - - , THE CAVE OF, in which Affliction, calamity, misery, or sorrow natious at the time of the exodus, Damascus, 2 Ki. 16.ro ;-Isaiah, Ho- Ahithophel, a-hit'o-fel [brother of
David and his men concealed them- -the natural inheritance of sinful Nu.24.7. sea, and Micah prophesied in his foolishness], a native of Giloh, famed
selves from Saul, 1 S::t. 22. 1, 2; 2 Sa. man, Job 5.6,7; 14.1;-under the ap- Agagite, the name of the nation to reign ;-his death B.C. 726, after a for his wisdom, 2Sa.15.12 ;-he was
23. 13. Some identify it with the pointmentof God, 2Ki.6.33;Job2.10; which Haman belonged, Es. 3. 1, 10; reign of sixteen years, 20; 2 Ch. 28. of the council of David, 1 Ch.27.33;-
Cave of Khureitlln, near Bethle- 5.17,18; Is. 45. 7; Ps. 66. u; Am. 3. 6; 8.3,5. 27 ; was refused a burial in the royal his counsel .._rejected, 2 Sa. 17. 1 :-
hem. Mi.6.9 ;-the righteous consequence Agape, the church of the first ages sepulchre, 2Ch.xxviii.; Is.vii. hangs himself, 23 :-his son Eliam
.Adultery, uncleanness between a man and punishment of sin, Ge.3.17;18. was accustomed to connect the love Ahaziah, a-ha-zi' ah Uehovah sus- one of David's body-guard, 2 Sa.
and woman, one or both married,- 25; Job4.7; ls.59.2; Je.5.25; La.3.33, fei:ist, called by the Greeks agape~ tains], '.1) The sixth king of Judah, 23.34.
forbidden, Ex.20.14; Le.18.20; De.5, 39;-its degree not proportioned in with the celebration of the Lord's succeeds his father J ehoram, 2 Ki.8. Ahitub, a-hi'tub [brother of goad.
18;-punishable with death, Le. 20, this life to men's guilt, Ec.9.2;Lu. 13, supper in commemoration of the last 24; 2 Ch. 22. 1;-called JEHOAHAZ, ness), (1) The son of Phinehas, and
YO; De.2e.2:.1;-Will be punished by r, &c.;-sometimes the immediate meal Christ partook of with his dis- 2Ch.21.17, and AzARIAH, 2Ch.22.6; grandson of Eli, succeeds his father
God, Mal.3.5; 1Co.6.9;He.13.4;- and visible punishment of sin, 2 Sa. ciples before the institution of that -joins Joram king of Israel in his in the office of the high-priesthood
not to be committed in !.hought, Mat. 12.14; ls.57.17; Da.4.3<:r-33; 5.30; Ac. ordinance-Ac. 2. 46; 1 Co. n. 20-22; wars with the Syrians, 5 ;-slain by 1 Sa.14.3; 22.9.-(2) A descendant oi
5.28;-the temporal evils of it, &c., 12. 23; 13. 10, n; 1 Co. II. 30;-some- Jude 12; 2 Pet.2.13, are supposed to Jehu, 2Ch.22.9.-(2) The eighth king Amariah, of the line of Ithamar, 1 Ch.
Pr.6.26,32;-motives to avoid it, 5. 15; times suffered in consequence of the refer to. After the close of the fourth of Israel, succeeds his father Ahab, 6.7; 8.52.
6.32;-idolatry so called, Je. 3. 2; 13. discharge of duty, Ge.39.20; Ps.69.5, century this feast was gradually 1 Ki. 22. 40 ;-consults Baalzebub, 2 Ahlab, ah'Iab, a city belonging to the
27; Eze.23.37; and also unbelief and 7; l\Iat.10.17,18,22; 24.9;-nota mark given up. Ki. 1. 2 ;-reproved by Elijah, 4 ; - tribe of Ashur, Ju.1.3I.
irreligion, ~fat. I2.39; I6.4; 1\Iar.8.38; of God's anger to his people, but of Agar, a~gar, the Greek form of the sends a force to seize him, 9 ;-his Ahlai., ah'lai, daughter of Sheshan
-of David with Bathsheba, 2 Sa. his love, Pr.3.12; Ps.n9.75; 1Co. n. name HAGAR, used allegorically to death, 17. 1 Ch. 2.31,34,35. ,
Ir. 2, &c.;-at one period held by 32;He.r:z.6-11; Re.3.19:-for the im- illustrate the dispensation given from Ahban, ah1ban, one of the two sons Ahoah, a-ho'ah, one of the son5 of
heathens as a great sin, Ge.20.9;- provement of virtue and the trial of Mount Sinai, Ga.4.24. of Abishur, 1 Ch.2.29. Bela, the son of Benjamin, 1 Ch.8.
God appointed certain means for de- faith, De. 8. 5;Job5. 17; Ps.66.10: 78. Agate, or Rusv, a precious stone, Aher, a.'her, a descendant of Ben- 4; called also AHIAH, 7;-his de.
tecting it in suspected persons among 34: 94.12; n9.67,71,75; Pr.3.n; Ec.7. almost transparent, sometimes beauti- jamin, 1Ch.7.12;-the same person scendants called AHOHITES, 2 Sa. 23.
the Jews, Nu.5.12-31. There is no 3; Is. z6.9,16; 48.10; Je.2.30; Zep.3.7; ful, representing trees, rivers, clouds, as Aharah, 1 Ch 8. 1. 9,28.
instance on record of the actual ap-- Ro. 5. 3; He. 12. 5, 10; 1 Pe. r. 6;-is &c., Ex. 28. 19; Is. 54. 12; Eze. 27. 16, Ahl, a'hI, son of Shamer, 1Ch.7.34; Aholah, a-ht">'lah [a tent], and AHo-
plication of the means. sometimes the means of bringing set in the high-priest's breast-plate, -also a son of Abdiel, 1 Ch.5. 15. LIBAH, a-hol'ib-ah [my tent in her1
A.dummim, a-dum'mim [red or transgressors to a sense of duty, De. Ex.28.19. Ahiah, a-hT'ah [brother of the Lord), two symbolical names given to Judah
bloody], a mountain and city of Jeri- 8.5,6; 2 Ch.33. n;Job5. 17; 36.8; Ps.78. Age, the whole of man's life, Ge. 47. another form of Am JAH, supposed and Samaria, under the figure of an
cho, in the tribe of Benjamin;-in- 34: 94.12; n9.67,71,75; Pr.3.n; Ec.7. 28; times past, present, and to come, by some to be same as Ahimelech, idolatrous harlot, Eze.23.4,36.
fested with robbers, Jos.15.7;18.17:- 3; ls.26.9,16; Je.2.30; Zep.3.7: Ro.5, Ep.2.7;3.5; great respect paid to the 1 Sa.14.3; t Ki.4.3; 1 Sa.22.9,u,20, Aholiab, a-ho'l'i-ab, one of th,e two
parable of the good Samaritan found- 3;He.12.5;-oft terminate in bringing aged, Le.19.32; Job 32.4. See OLD Ahiam, a-hi:'am, one of David's thirty artificers in the precious metals at
ed on it, Lu.Io.30-36. present good, Ge. 50. 20; Ex.1.11, 12; AGE. heroes, 2Sa.23.33. the erection of the tabernacle, Ex.35.
Advantage, gain, benefit, Job 35. 3; J e. 24. 5,6;-to be borne with patience, Agee, ag'e-e [fugitive1 a Hagarite, Ahiezer, a-hr-e'zer, (r) Chief of the 34; 36.1,2.
Ro.3.1; 1Co.r5.32. Pr.24.10; 2 Ti. 2. 3; 4. 5;-instances of 2 Sa.23.n. tribe of Dan at the exodus, Nu.1.12. Aholibamah, a-ho-li-ba'mah [tent of
Advent of Christ, or his second com- such behaviour, 1 Sa.3.18; Job r. 21, Ages, past times, Col. 1. 26 ;-future -(2) Chief of the Benjamite warriors the height], the grand-daughter of
ing, predictions of, Mat.I6.27; 25.31: 22; Ac.5.41; 16.25; 2Co. 7. 4; He. 10. times, Ep.2.7; 3.5,21. that repaired to David at Ziklag, 1 Zibeon, and wife of Esau, Ge.36.2,
26.64; ~lar.8.38; 14.fo; Jn.1:4.3; Ac.I. 34;-less than we deserve, Ezr.9.13; Ago, a long time since, I Sa.9.20; Is. Ch.12.3. 25. She is also called JUDITH, which
n; ITh.4.I6;-calledhis appearing, Ps.103.10; 130. 3;-affi.ictions of per• 22.n; Mat.n.21; Ac.10.30, Ahihud, a-hr'ud, 1 Ch.8.7 ;-also an- probably was her proper personal
1Ti.6.I4; 2Ti.4.I; I Pe.1.7:-his day, sons better than we have been,greater Agony, the awful and mysterious con- other, Nu.34.27. name, Ge.26.34.
1 Co. 1. 8; Phi. 1. 6, 10; - when he than ours, 1 Co.4.9; 2 Co.4.n; Ja.5. flict eudured by Christ, Lu.2 2,44" Ahijah, a-hi'jah [brother of Jehovah], Ahumai, a-hU'ma-i [brother of water,
comes, it is to j ud;;e the world, Mat. 10; 1Pe. 5. 9;-especially those of Agreement, a compact, a bargain, (1) The prophet of Shiloh, 1 Ki. 14. £.e. dwelling near it], a descendant
16. 27; 25. 31, 32; Ac. 17. 31; 2Ti. 4. 1; Jesus Christ, Ro.8.17; 2 Co.4. 10; 2Ti. 2Ki. 18. 31; Is.28. 15; Da. n.6; 2Co. 2;-addresses Jeroboam, 11.29;-proof Judah, 1 Ch.4.2.
Jude 14, 15; Re.20.u. The coming 2.12; He.12.3; t Pe.2.21; 4.13;-God 6.16. phesies concerning his son, 14.5.- Abuzam, a-hU'zam [their possession1
of Christ refers, in some instances, supports the righteous under them, Agrippa, a-grip'pah, son and succes- (2) Son of Bela, , Ch.8.7.-(3) Son of one of the sons of Ashur, 1 Ch.4.6.
to the destruction he brought on J e- Ps.9.9; 34.19; 37.24:41.3; 55.22:Pr.24. sor of Herod III. who is mentioned Jerahmeel, I Ch. 2. 25. - (4) High- Ahuzzath, a- huz' zath [possessionl
ru.-.alem and the Jewish nation by 16; La.3.31, &c.; 1 Co.10.13; 2Co.r2. in Ac.12.1;-was king of several of priest in time of Saul, 1 Sa. 14. 3, 18. the 'king's friend' of Abimelech, Ge.
the Romans, and which had been 8; 2Ti. 3. n; 2 Pe. 2. 9;-useful, in the eastern provinces of the Roman -(5} One of David's heroes, 1Ch.n. 26.26.
predicted as a punishment of their trying our faith and obedience, Ge. empire; - hears Paul plead, Ac. 26. 36.-(6) A Levite, , Ch. 06. 20.-(7) Ai, a'i [ruin], {1) A city near Bethel,
inveterate unbelief, Mat. 24. 29, 30; 22.1,2; Ex. 15.23-25; De.8.2,16; 1 Pe. t, &c.;-declares himself almost a One of Solomon's secretaries, 1 Ki. and about ten miles north of Jeru-
Mar.-13.24-31; Lu.21.25-38. 1.7:Re.2.10;-in teaching us the will Christian, 2,8. See HEROD. 4.3. salem ;-the Israelites defeated be-
Adventure, hazard, De.28.56; Ju.9. of God, Ps.119.71;Is.26.9;Mi.6.9;- Ague, a periodical disease, consisting Ahikam, a-hi'kam, son of Shaphan fore it, Jos. 7. 5 ; - taken and de-
17: Ac.19.31. in preventing departures from God, of alternate fits of shivering cold and and father of Gedaliah, 2 Ki. 25. 22; stroyed, 8.3-27 ;-called also Aiatfr,
Adversary, an enemy or opposer, Job 3-1-.31,32; Is.10. 20; Eze.14.10,n; buh:ting heat, Le.26.16. Je.40.5-16;-sent by Josiah to c,:m- Is. "IO. 28; and A ija, Ne. tt. 31. Its
Ex.23.22; Is.50.8 ;-to be appeased, -in leading to seek God in prayer, Agnr, a'gur, his confession, Pr.30.1; sult the prophetess Huldah concern- ruins still seen on top of a ridge east
l\f3.t.5.25;Lu.12.58;-Satan so called, Ju.4.3; 2Ch.T4.u;Je.31.18; La.2.q- -his prayer, 8,9. ing the newly discovered book of the of Bethel.-(2) A city of the country
1 Pe.5.8. 19; Ho.5.15; Jonah 2.1;-in leading Ahab, a'hab [father's brother],(,) The law, 2 Ki.22.12: 2Ch.34.20. of Moab, taken and pillaged by the
Adversity, distress, 2 Sa.4.9;Ps.31.7; to confess sin, Nu. 21. 7; Ps. 32. 4, 5; seventh king of Israel, succeeds his Ahilnd, a-hr'lud, 2 Sa.8. r6. Chaldeans, Je.49.3.
-how to behave under. See AFFLIC• 51.3-5;-in humbling, De. 8. 3, 16: father Omri, 1 Ki. 16. 29; -marries Ahimaaz, a-him'a-az [brother of an- Aijalon or AJALON, ad'ja.}on [deer,
TIONS. 2Ch.7.13,14; La.3.19,20;-in purify- Jezebel, 31;-defeats Benhadad, 20. ger], (1) The son and successor of or of oaks], ( 1} A city of the tribe of
Advertise, inform, Nu.24. r4; Ru.4.4. ing, Ex. 7. 2, 3; Is. I. 25,26; Je.9.6,7; 20, 29 ; - takes him prisoner and dis- Zadok the high-priest; -performed Dan, near Bethshemesh, Jos.19.42;
Advice, counsel, to be asked in cases l\lal.3.2,3;-an abundant recompense misses him, 33;-reproved for it, 35; important services for David during 21. 24; Ju. I. 35:-being on the very
of difficulty, Pr.11.14; 13.10;15.22;20. will be made for them, 1'-Iat.5.1o;Lu. -takes the vineyards of Na both, 21. his son's rebellion, 2 Sa. 15. 27,36; 17. frontiers of the two kingdoms it is
18;-the advantages of it, 27.5;-to 6.22; Ro.8.18; 2 Co.4.17;Ja.1.12; I Pe. 15;-repents, 27;-his death, 22.37.- 17 ;-runs swiftly, and reports the spoken of sometimes as in Ephraim,
be given by a friend, Ps. 55. 14; Pr. 1. 7; 2. 19;3.14;4.13; Re.2.10;7.13-17;- (2) A false prophet who deceived the victory, 18.27,28.-(2) Father of Ahi- 1 Ch.8.69, and sometimes as in Judah
27. 9. See Am,w:-.rTION. we may ask in prayer to know the Jews at Babylon;-his death foretold, noam, wife of king Saul, 1 Sa. 14. and Benjamin, 2Ch. n. 10;-also a
Advocate, one who pleads the cause cause, Job6.24; 10.2; 13.23,24; Ps.44. Je.29-21,22. 50. valley near that town, Jos.10.12, now
of another ;-Christ is our advocate 24; 88.1-1-;-we may desire, and pray Aharah, a-har'ah, the third son of Ahlman, a-hT'man, one of the three llferf Jbn 'Omeir, Ju. 1. 35.-(2) A
with the Father, Ro.8.34; He.7.25;9. for deliverance out of them, 2 Ki.20. Benjamin, t Ch. 8. 1; - elsewhere famous giants of the race of Anak, city in the tribe of Zebulun, Ju.12.12.
24; 1Jn.2.1; Jn.xvii. The word ren- 1; 2Ch.33.12; Ps.6.1;7.1; 18.3; 25.17, ca11ed EHr, Ge.46.21; AHIRAM, Nu. Nu.13.22 .. Ailed, in pain or sickness, Ge.21.17;
dered 'Comforter' inJn.14.16; 15.26; 22; 39. 10; Is.64.g-12; Je. 17. 1:4; l\fat. 26. 38; and AHER, 1 Ch. 7. 7. Ahimelech, a- him'e-lek [brother of Ju.18.23; Ps.n4.5.
16.7, is the same as that elsewhere 26. 39; 2Co. 12. 8; Ja. 5. 13;-encour- Ahasai., a-h:ls'a-i,aformof Ahaz, Ne. the king], great-grandson of Eli, and Ain [a fountain], (1) A city in the
rendered 'Advocate.' See INTER- agements to saints under affliction, II.13. brother of Ahia, whom he succeeds tribe of Judah, Jos.15.32; afterward
CESSION. Ps.27.5,6; 34.19,20; Pr. 12.13; Is.25.4; Aha.sbai, a-hits'ha•i, father of one of as the twelfth high-priest ;-supplies of Simeon, 19.7;21.16.-(2) The great
}Eneas, e-ne'as, a paralytic of Lyd- 43.2; 49.13;Je.3r.13; 39.17,18; 2Co.1. David's warriors, 2 Sa. 23. 34; called David with food, when he fled from fountain of the Orantes, now called
da, healed by Peter, Ac.9.33,34. 3,4; 7.6; Re.3.10.-Duties resulting UR in the parallel passage, 1 Ch. 11. Saul, 1 Sa.21.1-6;-gives him the Ain el-Asy, about 10 miles south·
}Enon, e'non [fountain], a place near from : submission, 1 Sa. 3. 18; 2 Ki. 20. 35, . sword of Goliath, 9 ;-is accused by west of Riblah, Nu.34.2.
S.1lim where John baptized, Jn.3.23. 19; Job 1. 21; Ja. I. 4; -imitation of Ahasuerus, a.hl'Ls-u-e'rus, the He- Doeg, 22.9 ; - brought before Saul, Air, an elastic fluid surrounding the
A.ffairs, concerns, Ps.n2.5; Ep.6.21 1 Christ, He.12.1-3; 1:Pe.2.21-23; ac- brew form of Xerxes, {1) Astyages II ;-he and other eighty-five per- earth to the height of about forty-five
22; 2Ti.2.4. knowledge the fustice ef, Ne.9.33;Job of profane history, father of Darius sons in the priest's office slain by miles. It has a considerable weight
Affection, love, zeal, 1 Ch.29.3; Ro. 2.10; Is.64.5,6;Mi.7.9;-howto be- the Mede, Da.9.1.-(2) CAMBYSES, Doeg, 18. at the surface of the sea, and gradu-
1. 31; Cul.3.2. have to those who suffer them, 2 Ki. son and successor of Cyrus {B.C. 529;, Ahimoth, a'hi-moth or a- hi' moth, ally diminishes in the higher regions.
- - - - , warm attachment;-re- 8.29; Job2.n;6.1:4; 16.5; 30.25; Ps.35. king of Persia, during whose reign 1Ch.6.25. Its weight is equal to a column ?'
m:uk::i.ble expressions of, Ge. 37. 35; 13; Is.58.7,&c.; Mat.25.35; Ro.12.15; the b:iilding of the temple was su,;- .Ahinadab, a-hin'a-dab, one of the quicksilver about thirty inches in
,p.38:Ex.32.32; 2 Sa.18.33; 19.9; 2Co. 2Ti. 1. 16-18; He.13. 3; Ja. 1. 27.- pended, Ezr.4.6,7.-(3) Probably the twelve purveyors for Solomon's house- height, or a column of water thirty-
12.15;Pi1i.2.17; 1Th-.2.8;-ofthe Affiicted saints: Joseplz, Ge. 39. 20- famous XERXES, the second son of hold, 1 Ki.4.14. three feet high. Air is necessary for
wicked oft unnatural, Ro.r .31;2 Ti.3. 23; .ftfoses, He.n.25; Eli: 1 Sa.3.18; Darius Hystaspes, whom he suc- Ahinoam, a - hin 'o- am [brother of man's existence, and of all animals
3. See LmrE and CHARITY. }telzcmialt, Ne.1.4; Job,Job 1.2~22; ~eeded on the throne ;-his feast, Es. grace], (1) The daughter of Ahimaaz, and plants. In it clouds and vapours
Affections, to be set on heavenly David, 2 Sa. 12. 15-23; Pa1tl, Ac. 1. 1, &c.;-dismisses Vashti, 13:- and wife of king Saul, 1 Sa.14.50.- float; and air in motion ·is wind, to
things, Col. 3. 2 :-should be set on 20'. 22-24; apostles, 1 Co. '4-· 13; 2 Co. marries Esther, 2. 17;-makes a de- (2) A Jezreelitess, the first wife of keep it pure, 2 Sa. 21. 10; Job 41. 16;
the commandments of God, Ps. 19.8- 6.4-10. cree against the Jews, 3.n;-allows David, 1 Sa.25.43;27.3 ;-she was the Ac.22.23; 1Co.9.26; 14.9. ,
10:119.97,167;-on the house of God, Afoot, on foot, in action, Mar. 6. 33; them to defend themselves, 8. 7; his mother of his eldest son Amnon, 2 Air, 'Prince of the power of the,
1 Ch. 29. 3: Ps. 26. 8; 84. 1,, ;-on the Ac.20.13. greatness, 10. 1, &c. Sa.3.2. Satan, so designated as ruling o'f!!'
people of God, Ps. 16. 3; 1 Th. 2. 8 ; - Afore, sooner in time, before, Ro.1.2; Ahava, a-ha'vah. a small river of Ahio, a-ht'o. son of Abinadab, 2 Sa. the spirits that dwell and rule ID the
God &ives up wicked men to vile af- 9.23; Ep.3.3- Mesopotamia. where the Jews as,. 6.3- atmosphere, Ep. •· a.
150
Ir
. "/':.~-
'
ALLEGORY
Ak'kub, the contracted f~rm
ALPHA
ielf; every parable is a kind of alle-
AMAZ!AH
last letters of the Greek alphabet,
AMMO:-!ITES
succeeds his father J ehoash, 2 Ki. 12.

ANAMMELECH
descended from Ben-Ammi, the son
~ub, -(r) One of the Levites gory. Paul applies the history of applied to Christ to signify his eter- 21; 2 Ch. 25. 1;-defeats the Edomites, of Lot, who possessed the country on
of 7acob, h gate of the temple, Hagar and Sarah spiritually, and in nal existence, and that he is the All 2 Ki. 14. 7 ;-defeated by Jehoash, the east of the Jordan, and to the
who kep~E~r\, 42 . - (2 ) H~a? of one doing so, says, 'which things are and in all in the scheme of grace, king of Israel, 12 :-murdered, 19; 2 north-east of Moab;-the conquest of
JCh•9·;7~iliesofthe Nethm1m, E~r. allegorized,' i.e. are allegorically ap- Re.r.8,n; 21.6; 22.13. Ch.25.27.-(2) lhe idolatrous priest them forbidden to the Israelites, De.
of the a ) A descendant of David, plied, Ga.4.24-3:x. Alpheus, al -fe'us, the Greek name, to the golden calves of Bethei, com- 2. 19;-not to be received into the con-
,.. 5.-13 Allelujah, or HALLELUJAH [praise CLEOPHAS or CLEOPAS the Hebrew plained of, Am.7.10;-God's judg- gregation of Israel, 23. 3 ;-oppress
1 Ch-3•~•· iik-rAb'bim [scorpions], ye the Lord], to be met with at the or Syrian name of the same person ments upon him, 17. - (3) A Levite, the Israelites, Ju. IO. 7 ;-conquered
.lkJ'&bb~, Maaleh-Akrabbim, sc?r- beginning or end of several psalms, (comp. Jn.19.25; Lu.24.10). -(1) The , Ch,6.45, by Jephthah, n.32;-byDavid, 2Sa.
ca!led al~ot Jos. 1 5_3, a chain of ~ills particularly in the 145th, and those father of James the Less, l\Iat.w.3; Ambassador, a person sent to a 10. 14; 12. 26;-by Jotham, 2 Ch.27.5:
jldl'.htz!uthem border of Palestine, which follow;-and in Re.19.1-6. Mar.3.18, and husband of Mary, the foreign court as the representative -the final conquest of them foretolQ
on the 5 h alley of the Arabah. Alliance, any union or connection of sister-in-law of our Lord's mother, of his king, 2Ch.32.31;Pr.13.17; Is. Eze. 21. 28; 25.1; Je.49. 1 ;-to be re-
dose t~r,ec:lled gypsum or s~tljhate interests between persons, families, Jn.19.25; he was one of Christ's apos- 18.2;30.4; 33.7;Je.49. 14;- Paul styles stored, 6;-God's judgments upon
J.la~as a substance from which pots states, or corporations. Such alli- tles, l\Iat. ro. 3; Lu. 6. 15. - (2) The himself and his fellow-apostles am- them, Am.1.13; Zep.2.8.
of tu:e,~els for holding perfumes were ances are occasionally referred to in father of Levi or Matthew, Mar. 2.14. bassadors of Christ, 2Co.5.20. Am.non, Am'non [faithful], (1) The
and Alabastron, in Egypt, hence Scripture by the term covenant, and Already, now, at this time, Ex.1.5; Ambassage, a public mission, Lu.14. eldest son of David by Ahinoam of
made at Is were called by the Greeks were forbidden to exist between the Mal.2.2; Mat. 17. 12; Jn. 3. 18; Phi. 3. 32, Jezreel, 1 Ch.3.1; debauches his half~
the v;;;:.O,is. At length, ho~ever, Jews and their heathen neighbours,
and, by consequence, believers are
16; Re.2.25. Amber, Hebrew chasmil, Eze. 1.4; 8. sister Tamar, 2 Sa. 13. 14;-slain by
a/ab h t contained ·odonfer9us Altar, structure built for offering 2. In these passages the reference is Absalom, 25. - (2) The first of the
a!l bo::::e~ called alabasterbo.xes, still prohibited from entering into thereon sacrifices to God, Ex. 20. 24; merely to the colour of amber, a beau- four sons of Shimon, I Ch 4.20.
01ntm h they were not made of the them, Ex.23.32,33; 34.12,15; De.7.2, -efburnt-(!/fering, or brazen-altar, tiful bituminous resin, mostly of a Amok, .l'mok, the father of Eber, and
althou~Jed alabaster. The expres- 3; Ju.2.2; Ezr.9.12: Is. 8. 11, 12; 30. 2; made of shittim-wood, and overlaid yellow or orange colour; or as others, chief among the priests t1Jat returned
s~one .:;ed by Mark, 14. 3, 'she brake Ho.4.17;12.1 ;-believers not to con- with plates of brass, Ex. 27. r, &c.; with more probability, suppose, the from Babylon, Ne.12.7,20.
~oen~~,' me_ans only that she opened tract such marriage alliances, 2 Co. 38. 1;-Christ compared to it, He.13. reference is to a metal composed of Anion, a'mon [artificer], (r) The fif-
6. 14-17; 2Ch. 19. 2: De. 7. 3, 4; Ezr. 10;-of incense, or the golden altar, gold and copper, or silver, of a pe- teenth king of Judah, succeeds Man-
or unse:i~~-a-13.m'me-1ek, a city on 9. 2 ;-all avoidable alliances to be stood within the holy place; that of culiarly dazzling brightness. asseh, 2 Ki.21.19; 2Ch. 33. 20:-mur-
~ d e r of the tribe of Asher. Jos. shunned, .Nu. 16. 26; Ezr. 10. n; Je. the tabernacle was made of shittim- Ambition, desireofhonour, reproved, dered, 24; 2 Ki. 21. 23.-(2) Governor
51.45; 1Co.5.9-n; 2Th.3.6; 1Ti.6.5; wood, overlaid with plates of gold; Mat. 18.1; 20. 20: Lu.22. 24;-vanity of the city of Samaria in the time of
1 26 2 Ti. 3. 5 ;-evil results of, De. 3:1. i:6, Ahab, 1 Ki. 22. 26.-(3) The head of
9· · sudden terror or danger, Nu. that of Solomon's temple of cedar- of, Job 20. 5-g; Ps. 39. 5: 49. u-20 ; -
~;,g: ~ Ch. 13. 12; Je. 4. 19; 49· 2; 17; Jos.23.12,13; Ju.2.1,3; 3.5,7; 2 Pe. wood, :x Ki.6.20; 7.48; Ex.30.1; 37.25; punishment of, Pr. 17. r9; Is. 14. 12- one of the families of the N ethinim,
2. i:8, 19; Re. 18. 4. Examples:- Le. 16. 18, 19;-the offerings of the 15; Eze.31.10,11; Ob.3,4. Examples Ne.7.59;-called AMI, Ezr.2.57.
Zep,u6, , 1h h Abraham, Ge. 14. 13; Isaac, 26. 28; ~orites, am'o-rit~s, a tribe of the
Albeit, notwithstanding, at oug , princes at its dedication, Nu.7.10;- of:Ge.11.4:Nu.12.1,2;2 Sa.15.4;:x Ki.
Eze. 13 . 7; Phile.19. Gibeonites, Jos. ix.; Solomon and ef brass, in the temple of Solomon, 1.5; Is.22.15,16; 3Jn.9. idolatrous Canaamtes, sprung from
A.Iemeth, Al'e-meth, (1) The last of the Hiram, :x Ki. 5. 12; Jehushaphat and 2 Ch.4.1;...:.set up after the captivity, Ambush, or AMBUSHMENT, soldiers Emor, the fourth son of Canaan, Ge.
nine sons of Becher, called ALAM- Ahazi!Lh, 2 Ch. 20. 35; Zedekiah, Je. Ezr.3. 1, &c. or assassins secretly placed to assail 10.16: described as 'those who dwell
ETH, 1 Ch. 7. 8.-{2) The first of the 37.7; Eze.17:15-17; &c. Altars, how to be made, Ex. 20. 24; their enemyunexpectedl y ,Jos. 8. 2 ;J e. in the mountains,' Nu. 13. 29, in con-
two sons of Jehoa~ah, 1 Ch. 8._ 36.- Allied, to be connected or tied, Ne. De. 27. 5;-how to be anointed or 5:1.12; 2 Ch.:13.13. trast to the Canaanites or lowlanders;
{ ) A sacerdotal city of the tnbe of 1 3·4· dedicated, Ex.40.10; Le.8.10,n;-of- Amen, a•Hebrew word, which signi- -many of them were of gigantic
Jenjamin, three miles north of Jeru- Allon, al1on [an oak], (,) The son of ferings at the dedication of, Nu.7. rn; fies.firm, and metaphorically faith- height, Am. 2. 9:-their iniquity not
salem, and near Anathoth, 1 Ch.6.6o; Jedaiah, 1 Ch-4,37.-(2) A town on -erected for the worship of the true ful. Our Saviour often uses it to ex- full in the time of Abraham,Ge. 15. 16;
-elsewhere called ALMON, J os.21. 18; the border of Naphtali. Jos-.19.33. God, Ge. 8. 20; 12.7; 13.4; 22.9; 26.25; ~ress the truth of what he says; -to be utterly destroyed, De. 20. 17 ; -
nowAlmit. Allon-Bachuth, al 'lon-bak'uth [oak 33.20;35.1, &c.; Ex.17. 15;-foridola- Amen, amen, I say unto you,' ren- not wholly so in the time of the judges,
,Alexander, 81-ex-lln'der [helper of of weeping1, a place near Bethel, so trous purposes to be destroyed, Ex. dered in ourtranslation, verily, verily, Ju.1.34.
men], \I) A Jew,addresses the people called from a tree under which Jacob 34.i:3;De.7.5; 12.2,3;-of Noah, Ge.8. Jn.3.3,5,-all the promises of God are Amos, a'moz or a'mos [borne, a bur.
at Ephesus, Ac.19.33.-(2) A convert encamped, and where Deborah, Re- 20;-Abraham, 12.7,8;-lsaac, 26.25; amen in Christ, that is, infallibly true den], One of the twelve minor pro-
who apostatized, i:Ti.1.20; 2Ti.4.:14. bekah's nurse, was buried, Ge.35.8. -Jacob, 33. 20;- Eaalam, Nu. 23. 1, and certain, 2 Co.1.20;-Christ him- phets, contemporary with Hosea and
-'.J) The son of Simon, theCyrenian, Allow, to yield or grant, Lu. n. 48; 14,29 ;-Joshua, De.27.4-7 ;-of Reu- self,. ti~e true and faithful prophet, is Isaiah, and who lived about 780 years
Mar.15.2r.-(4) A Jew who took part Ac.24.15; Rp.7-15. benites, Jos.22.10;-Gideon, Ju.6.26, called the A nten, Re.3. 14 ; -Jehovah before Christ ;-the son of Nahum (or
against Peter and John, Ac.4.6. Allowance, a pension, 2 Ki.25.30. 27:-Samuel, 1Sa.7.17;-Saul, 14.35; is denominated the God of truth, (He- Johanan), Lu.3.25.
A}exandtia, :ll-ex-iln1drY-a, a once All-to, Ju,9,53, an old English word, -David, 2 Sa. 24. 18;-Elijah, 1 Ki. brew) the God Amen, Is.65. 16. At Am.oz [strong), the father of Isaiah,
famous city in Egypt, near the west- meaning ' thoroughly' or I com- 18.31. the end of prayer it is used to signify ls.1.1; 2 Ki.19.2,20; 20.1.
ern branch of the Nile, where it flows pletely.' Alter, to change, exchange, Le.27.10; our earnest desire and assurance to Amphipolis, Am-fip'o-lis [around the
into the Mediterranean; it derived Allure, to entice by means, Ho.2.14; Ezr.6.n,12; Ps.89.34; Lu.9.29. be heard;-am-:n, so be it, so it shall city], a city of European Turkey, for-
its name from Alex::i.nder the Great, 2Pe.2.18. Although, notwithstanding, Ex. 13. be, Nu.5.22:De.27.15;1 Ki.1.36;:xCh. merly the capital of Macedonia, situ-
its founder, about 332 B.C. It was Almighty, omnipotent, able to do all 17; Job 2.3; Je.31.32; Mar.14.29. 16.36; Ps.72.:19; 89.52; Mat.6.13; Re. ated on the river Strymon, which
one of the most flourishing and cele- things;-applied to God, Ge. :17. 1; Altogether, completely,N u. i:6. 13;Ps. 22.20. nearly surrounded it, from whence it
brated cities of the world, the metro- 35.u; 43.14, &c.;-applied to Christ, 1-4,.3; Jn.9.34; :x Co.5.10. Amerce, to punish; a fine or penalty, took its name. It was distant about
polis of the kings of Egypt_ and long Re.1.8. Alu.sh, a'lush, a station in the desert, De.22.19. 33 miles from Philippi. It was founded
the grand seat of commerce and Al.mod.ad, al-m~'dad, the first named Nu.33.,3. ~etbyst, a gem of purple colour, set about 470 years before Christ;-Paul
wealth ;-Jews from it persecuted of the thirteen sons of Joktan, Ge.:xo. .Ama.d, a'miid [people of duration], a tn the breast-plate of the high-priest, and Silas passed through it, Ac. 17.
Stephen, Ac. 6. 9;-Apollos a native 26; 1Ch.1.20. town near the border of Asher, Jos. Ex.28.19;-in the foundation of the 1;-theTurks call it Emboli. It was
of it, 13.24 ;-in a ship belonging to Almon, lll'mon. See ALEMETH. 19.26. new Jerusalem, Re.21.20. called Papalia in the time of the By-
it. Paul sailed for Rome, 27.6. The Almon-Diblathaim, .ll'mon-dib•la- Amalek, A.ni'a-lek [dweller in a val- Ami, one of Solomon's servants, Ezr. zantine empire. A village of about
modem Alexandria is built on the tha'im1 the 51st station of the Israel- ley), or AMALEKITES, a powerful 2
·57· :xoo houses now occupies part of its
ruins of the ancient city, about 125 ites in the wilderness, N u.33.46; pro- people of Arabia Petrea, called c the Amiable, lovely, or pleasing, Ps.84. 1. site.
miles north of Cairo. It is the seat bably same as BETH-DtBLATHAIM, first of all the nations," Nu.24.20;- Amiss, wrong, criminally, 2 Ch. 6.37; Amplias, iim'pfi-as, a Christian at
of an extensive and increasing com- Ge.48.22. supposed by some writers to be de• Da.3.29; Lu.23.41; Ja.4.3. Rome, beloved by Paul, Ro. 16.8.
merce. Its population, of various Almond-tree, resembling the peach- scended from Ham, the son of Noah; Amittai, a-mit'ta or a-mit-ta'i, the fa- Amram, 8.m'ram, (1) The son of Ko-
nationalities, is above 40,000. tree in its leaves and blossoms;- -defeated in the wilderness, Ex.17. ther of Jonah, Jonah 1. 1; 2 Ki.14.25. hath, and the father of Aaron, Moses,
Ale:xa.ndria.n.s, Jews from Alexandria, Jacob sent its fruit to Joseph, Ge.43. 8;-to be destroyed, 14; De.25.17;- Ammah, t\nlmah, a hill to the east of and Miriam, Ex.6.20; I Ch.6.3;-died
Ac.6.9. ' 11 ;-the hoary locks of the aged com- plunder Ziklag, i:Sa.30.1;-defeated Gibe0n, where Abner was defeated, in Egypt aged 137 years, Ex.6.20.-
Algn.m-trees, 2Ch.2.8. SeeAu,wa. pared to its white blossoms, Ec.12.5: by Saul, 14.48; 15.7;-at last utterly 2 Sa.2.24. (2) One of the 'sons'ofBani, Ezr.to.
Allah, a-li'ah, or ALVAH, the second -Aaron's rod of, Nu.17.8. destroyed, I Ch.4.41-43. Ammi, ilm'mr [my people], a figura- 34.-(3) A descendant of Esau, I Ch.
named of the Edomitish chieftains Almost persuaded to be a Christian1 Amam, a'mam [gathering], a city in tive name given to the people of Is- :x.41.
descended from Esau, Ge. 36. 40 ; but not saved, Ac.26.28. the south of Judah, Jos. r5.26. rael, Ho.2.1. Amraphel, iim'ra-fel [keeper of the
l Ch.1.51. Alms-giving, recommended, De. 15. Amana, a-ma'nah or am'a-nah [a cov- Ammie!, ~m'mr-el [people of God], (1) gods], the king of Shinar, one of the
Allan, a-1.i'an, or ALVAN, the first 7; Job 22.7;31.16; Eze.-16.49; Lu.3.n; enant], a peak of one of the moun- One of the twelve spies sent by Mo- confederated monarchs who made
named of the five sons of Shobal, Ge. n. 41; Ep.4.28; 1Ti.6.18: He.13.16; tains of Lebanon, mentioned in Ca. ses to explore the land of Canaan, war against the kings of Sodom, and
36.23; l Ch.1.40. rJn. 3. 17 ;-must be accompanied 4,8. Nu.13.12.-(2) Father of Machir, 2 captured Lot, Ge.14. 1,&c. ;-conquer.
Alia.nt, an alien1 a stranger, Job 19. with prayer, Is. 58. 7,9; Ac.10.2,4;- Amariah, am-a-rl'ah, (1) One of the Sa.9.4,5; :17.27.-(3) Father of Bath- ed by Abraham, 15.
15: Ps.6g.8. will be rewarded, Ps. 41. :x; n2.9; Pr. descendants of Aaron, 1 Ch. 6. 7, 52. sheba, 1 Ch.3.5 (called also Eliam, 2 Amzi, Am'zi[strong), (1)A Levite,son
Alien, a stranger or foreigner, one 14. 21;19. 17; 22.9; 28.27:Mat. 25. 35;Lu. -(2) A Levite, I Ch. 23.19.-{3) A Sa. 11. 3).-(4) Sixth son of Obed. of Bani, 1 Ch.6.46.-(2) A priest, Ne.
not having the rights and privileges 6.38; 14.14; rTi. 6. 18,19; He.6.1:0;- 'chief-priest,' 2 Ch. 19. n. - (4) An- Edom, I Ch.26.5. 11.12.
of the citizens of the country in which the neglect of it will be punished, other high-priest, 1Ch.6.11; Ezr.7.3. Ammihud, Am'mi-hud, (1) The father Anab, A.'nab, one of the cities in the
he lives, Ex.18.3; De.14.21; Is.61.5; Job20.19; Pr.21.13:Eze. 18. 12:Mat. -(5) A Levite, 2Ch.3u5.-(6) The of Elishama, Nu.1.10; 2.18.-(2) Fa- mountains of Judah, Jos.n.21.
La.5.2; Ep.2.12; He.11.34. 25. 4:1-46;-to be given chiefly to the son of Hizkiah, Zep.:x.1.-(7) The son ther of Shemuel, Nu. 34. 20. - {3) Anah, A'nah, (1) The fourth of the
Alienate, estranged, Eze. 23. 17, 18, pious and deserving, Ro.12.13; 2 Co. of Shephatiah, Ne. 11.4.-(8) One of Father of Talmai, king of Geshur, 2 sons of Seir, Ge. 36. 20, 29; 1 Ch.1.38.
22: Ep.4.18; Col.1.21. 9.1; Ga.6.10;-not to the idle, 2Th.3. the priests who returned with Zerub- Sa.13.37.-(4) Son ofOmri,1 Ch.9.4. -( 2) Tf.e second of the two sons of
Alive, naturally, Ge. 7. 23; 12. 12: 50. 10;-according to men's ability, Mar. babel from Babylon, Ne.10.3. Amminadab, am-min'a-dab, (1) The Zibeon, Ge.36.r8,24.
20;-spiritually, Lu. 15. 24, 32; Ro. 6. :12.43;Ac.u.29; 1Co.16.2; 2Co.8.12; Amasa, a-ml'sah or A.m'a-sah [bur- father of Aaron's wife, Elisheba, Ex. Anaharath, An-a-hU.'rath,acityon the
n,13. 1Pe-4-n;-cheerfully and speedily, den), the son of lthra, and of Abigail, 6. 23;-mentioned among the progeni- border of Issachar, Jos.19.19.
All, every creature or person, Ge. ,42. Pr.3.27; Ro.12.8;2 Co. 8. n; 9.7;-not David's sister, 1 Ch. 2. 1 7;-commands tors of Christ, Mat.1.4.-(2) The son Anaiah, ii.n-a-I'ah, one of the assist-
u; Job 34. 19; Ps. 14. 3, &c.;-fre- from ostentation, Pr.20.6; Mat. 6. 1; the army of Absalom, 2 Sa.17.25;- of Kohath, 1 Ch.6.22. ants of Ezra in reading the law, Ne.
quemly means only a great number, -proper to attend fasting, Is.58.7. slain by Joab, 20.4. Amminadib [attendants of the 8-4,
as Ex.9.6,19;Mat.3.5;Lu.15.1;Ac.2.5. Almug, or ALMUG-TRRE, which Solo- Amasai, 8.m-a-liiii'i or a-mAs'a-i, (1) prince], a person whose chariots were Anak, li.'nak [long-necked, i.~- a
All in All, Christ is, Ep. :x.23; Col. mon ordered from Tyre for the build- The son of Elkanah, 1 Ch.6.25.-(2) proverbial for their swiftness. Ca. 6. giant], the father of the Anakims, a
3. n;-Christ is all in his people's ing of the temple; supposed to have Chief of the captains who joined Da- 12. race of giants:-had three sons, Jos.
righteousness, Ro. 3. 25;-sanctifica- been the cypress, but more probably vid while he was in the wilderness, Ammishaddai, am-nti•shad'da-i [peo- 15.14:-their descendants, from their
tio1t, :x Co. 1. 30;- instruction, 1 J n. it was the sandal-wood, 1 Ki. 10.11, 12. evading Saul, 12.18.-(3) On,'! of the ple of the Almighty), father of Ahi- gigantic appearance, inspired with
2.27;-g-uidance, Ps. 73. 24;-in suj,- Aloes, an odoriferous tree which grows priests appointed to precede the ark ezer, who was chief of the Danites at terror the spies who were sent to
P&ing-their wants, Phi.:x.19;-in his about two feet high, and gives a very on its remPval from the house of the exodus, Nu.1.12. search and report on the land of
SAjrenu esteem, Ro. 8. 35. bitter gum;-employed in perfuming, Obed-Edom, 1 Ch.:15.24. Ammon, 8.m' mon, another form of the Canaan, Nu.14. 33:-the whole raco
Alledging, maintaining, Ac.17.3. Ps.45.8; Pr.7.17;-and in embalming Amazement, great wonder or per. name BEN-AM MI, the son of Lot, and cut off by Joshua, n.21.
A.llegory, a figurative mode of speech, the bodies of the dead, Jn.19.39. plexity, Ac.3.10; 1 Pe.3.6. the father of the Ammonites, Ge. 19. Anammelech, a-m\m'me-lek, an idol
eonsisting of metaphor,;; analogous to Aloof, at a distance, Ps.38.n. A.maziah, Am-a-zi'ah [strength of Je- 38. worshipped by the people of Sephar-
a £ubjcct, instead of the subject it-- Alpha and OMEGA, the first and the J.ovah], (I) The eighth kini. of Judah, Ammonites, A.m' mon-ites, a people vaim, 2 Ki.17.31.
151
ANGEIS ANTS APOSTLES ARABIA
Ana.n., a'nan [cloud], one of the chief 42;28.2:Jn.5.4; Re.5.2;-are of differ- fearful expressions resenred {or the my, and prudent foresight, a.nd from power of working miracles, Mat.io.1,
;-.rae-lites that sealed the sacred cov- ent ranks, Da. 10. :r3;J ude9:-are sub- future, Mat.25.41 ;Ro.2.5,8;2 Th.1.7, which a lesson of industry may be 3; Mar. 16. 20; Lu.9.1,2; Ac. 2, ; .6:
43
enant on the return from Babylon, ject to Christ, 1 Pe.3. 22; He. 1. 6;- 8; Re.6.17; u.18; 19.15. learned, Pr.6.6; 30.25. 19.11,12;-to do greater works th3 '
Ne.10.26. not to be worshipped, Ju. 13. 16;Col. Angle, to fish with a rod, line, and Anub, a'nllb, one of the sons of Coz, even Jesus had done,Jn.r4.12;-th:{1
Anania.h, (1) The father of Maaseiah, 2.18; Re.19.10;22.8,9;-worship God, hook, Is. 19.8; Hab. 1.15;-the word of the tribe of Judah, 1 Ch.4.8. words were the words of God, Mat_ 1 r
Ne.3.23.-(2) A town in the tribe of Ne.9.6; Ps.148.2; Js.6.3; Lu.2.13,14; rendered I angle ' in these passages Anvil, the iron block on which the 20,40; 2Co.5.20; 1Th.2.13; 4.s, 0 ·
Benjamin,N e.11.32, Re. 5. n, 12; 7. u, 12;-rejoice when is rendered 'hook,' Job41.1,2. smith lays his metal to be forged, Is. witnesses of Christ's resunection A,-
Ananias. An-a-ni'as, the Greek form sinners are converted, Lu. 15. 10:- Anguish, inward pain, Ge.42.21; 2 Sa. 4 1 -7- 1.22; 4.33; 10. 40, 4 1;-witnessed t~
of the name ANANIAH, (1) A high- conduct souls to paradise, Lu.16.22; 1.9;Ps. 119. 143:J n. 16.21; Ro. 2.9; 2 Co. .A.nxiety, perplexity abou ► worldly ascension of Christ, Lu. 24.50,5 1; Ac.
priest ofthejews, unjustly commands -will be the future companions of 2.4. things, to be avoided, J\lat.6.25; 13. 1.2,9;-hated by the world, Mat. io.
tho<:e who stood by to smite Paul, the heirs of salvation, He.12.22,23; Aniam, a-nr'am [sighing of the peo- 22; Lu.12.22; Jn.6.27; 1 Co.7.32; Phi. 22; 24:9; Lu. 21. 17; Jn. 15. 18:~their
Ac.23.1-5;-went to Ccesarea to pro- Re.5.u,12. ple], the last-named of the four sons 4. 6; I Ti. 6. 8; - trust in God frees suffenngs, r Co.4.9;-false ones co
secute the apostle, 24.1.-(2) A dis- Angels, messengers of God, entertain-
ciple of Christ who resided at Damas-- ed .by Abraham, Ge.18.1, &c.;-sent
of Shemidah, :r Ch.7.19.
Anim, a'nim (fountains], a city of Ju-
from, Je.17.7,8; Da.3.16;-vanity of,
Ps.39.6; Ec-4-8.
plained of, 2Co.n.13. The namt·
used once in the_ N ~w Test_ament, a:
cus,-the Lord.Jesus appeared to him to Sodom, w.1;-to Manoah, Ju.13. dah, Jos.15.50. Apace, quickly, speedily, Ps.68.1:2. 3. 1, as a descnpt1ve designation f
in a vision, and directed him to go to 3,9;-to David,2Sa.24. 17;-toElijah, Anise, a species of parsley with large Apart, separately, privately, Ex. 13. Christ, as emphatically the se,it ~
Saul of Tarsus for his instruction, Ac. 1 Ki.:r9.5;-smite the Assyrians, 2 Ki. sweet-scented seeds, familiarly known 12; Le.18. 19; Ps.4.3;1\Iat.14. 13; Ja. 1. God.
g. 10;-he objects the previous charac- 19. 35;-rescue Jacob, Ge. 48. 16;- by the name of dill;-the Pharisees 21. Apostleship, the office of the apostles
ter of Saul, 13;-is again commanded, speak to him, 31. II ;-appear to Eze- paid tithes of it, Mat.23.23. Apelles, a- peI 'les, a Christian at Ac.1.25; Ro.1.5; :r Co.9.2; Ga.2.8. 1
and obeys. 15-20.-(3) and Sapphira kiel, Eze. 1.9,10;-to Daniel, Da.6.22; Anna, an'na,-Greek form of the name Rome, 'approved. in Christ,' Ro. 16. Apothecary, one who compounds or
struck dead for endeavouring to im- 10. 5-10, 16, 18; 12. 5...7;-Zechariah, Hannah, an aged widow, daughter IO. prepares drugs or perfumes, Ex. 30.
pose upon the apostles, Ac.5.1,&c. Zec.2.3;3. 1,2 ;4.:r ;-Joseph, Mat. 1.20; of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher:- Apes, or monkeys, brought in Solo- 25,35; Ec.10.1.
Anath, U.'nath [an answer, i.e. to 2.13,19;-to Zacharias, Lu.r. 19;-to her character and prophecy, Lu. 2. mon's fleet from Ophir, 1 Ki. 10. 22; Appaim, ap 1pa....im [the nostrils], the
prayer], father of Shamgar, Ju.3.31. Mary, 26;-deliver Peter from pri- 36,37. second of the two sons of Nadab 1
Anathema, strictly means something
1et apart or sej)arated;-separation
son, Ac. 12. 7;-smite Herod, 23;-
ministering spirits, He.1.14; I Ki.19.
Annas, an'nas, high-priest of the Jews,
along witk Caiaphas, at the time of
;1h~·:s Jc1~i:!~~!/}t~!;-kites
A'ARSATHCHITEs,
1
or
the name of one of
AP- Ch.2.30,31.
Apparel, clothing, garments, 2 Sa. 12.
'
from the church, and from Christ, 5;Ps. 104.4; Lu. 16.22;Ac. 12. 7 ;27.25 ;- Christ's death;-continued, accord- the nations whom the Assyrian King 20~ Ac. 20. 33~-appearance, Is. 63. 1;
ANATHEMA MARANATHA,accursed, have communicated the DiYine will ing to custom, to retain the title, planted in Samaria, Ezr.5.6; 6.6; 4.9. Ac.1.10. See CLOTHES.
our Lord cometlt, 1 Co.16.22;-Paul, to man, Da.8. 16,17; 9.21,22; Mat.2. though not actually in office ;-before -APHARSITES, name of another tribe Apparently, visibly, openly,Nu. 12.s.
while a Pharisee, wished himself ana- 13; Lu.1.19; Ac.5. 19,20;8.6;-encamp him Christ was brought, Jn.18.13;- removed to Samaria by the king of Appeal, to refer to another as judge
thematized, Ro. 9. 3 ;-blasphemers persecutes the apostles, Ac.4.6. Assyria, Ezr. 4.9. as of Paul to C~~r, Ac.25.21; 26. 32':
about them that fear God, Ps. 34. 7; -
call Christ anathema, or accursed, sing gJory to God and good-will to Anointed, the word first used in Ge. Aphek, A'fek lcitadelJ, the name of 28. 19. The pnnc1ple of, recognized
t Co.12.3. men, Lu.2.14. 31:13, with reference to the pouring several towns, but none of them of in the Mosaic law, De. 17.8,9.
Anathoth, iin'a-thoth [answers, i.e. - - , attend Christ on earth after of oil on the stone which Jacob set great note, Jos. :r9. 30; :r3.4;-called Appear, to be seen, Ge. I. 9; Ps. 42,
to prayer], (r) A city of Benjamin, his temptation, Mat. 4. 1I :-in his up for a pillar, Ge.28.18;-of kings: APHIK, Ju.1.31; 1 Sa.4.1; 29.1; 1 Ki. 2;-toseem, Mat.6.16; 23.28.
about three Roman miles north from agony, Lu.22.43;-roll the stone from Saul, 1 Sa.9.16;-David, 1 Sa.16.3,12; 20.26. Appease, to remove anger, Ge.32. 20 ;
J erusalem;-given to the priests, rCh. his sepulchre, Mat.28.2;-announce -Solomon, 1 Ki.1.39, &c. ;-priests, Aphekah, a town in Judah,Jos.15.53. Es.2.1; Pr.15.18; Ac.19.35.
6. 00·-here Abiathar the priest was his birth, Lu. 2. 9 ;-at his resurrection, Ex.29.29; 30.30;-and prophets: Eli- Aphiah, af-fy'ah, great-grandfather Appertain, to belong to, Le.6.5; Nu.
confined after he was deposed, :r Ki. 24,.4:-at his ascension, Ac. 1. :ro:- sha, :r Ki. 19. 16 ;-ingredients of the of Kish, :r Sa. 9. 1. 16.30; Je.10.7; Ro.4.1.
2.26;-the birthplace ofJeremiah, J e. will be sent to gather the wicked at ointment described, Ex.30.23-33. Aphra.h, a townintheplainof Judah, Appetite, a desire for food or world~
:i.:r;-its inhabitants threatened, n. the day of judgment, Mat.:r3. 41;- Mi.:r.10. Jy things, Job 38.39; Pr.23.2; Ec.6.7i
- - - - , Christ, the ANOINTED, the
21;-now Anata, a miserable vil- and the elect, 24.31;-to accompany MESSIAH of God, Lu.4.18:Ac.:ro.38. Aphses, the head of the eighteenth Is.29.8.
lage of fifteen or twenty houses.-(2) Jesus at his second coming, 16.27. - - - - , Christ was anointed by a of the twenty - four courses of the Apphia; ap-fr'a, Greek form of Lat
The eighth of the nine sons of Becher, - - , sometimes Christ appeared as priests, 1 Ch.24. 15. name Appia, a Christian female at
woman, a sinner, Lu.7.37;-byMary,
1 Ch. 7. 8.-(3) One of the chief Is- the sister of Lazarus, Jn. 12. 3;-by Apiece, to each one's share, separ- Colosse, supposed to have been the
one; to Abraham, Ge.18.:17; 22.15;-
raelites after the return from Baby• to Jacob, 32.28;-to Moses, Ex.3.2, another woman, Mat. 26. 6. The ately, Nu.3.47; Lu.9.3; Jn.2.6. wife of Philemon, Phile. 2.
Ion, Ne.10.19. &c.;-to the Israelites, Ju.2.:r, &c.; terms anoint, anointed, used to illus- Apocrypha[hidden, secret1 the word Appii-Forum, ap'pe-i-fi'l'rum, a town
Ancestors, forefathers, predecessors, -to Gideon, 6. n. The ~ ANGEL OF trate the sanctifying influence of di- is used in its ordinary sense in Mar. on the western coast of Italy, on the
Le.26.45. 4. 22. About "1.e end of the second great road ( Via A j.,/Ji"a) from Romo
HIS PRESENCE,' Is.63.9, is supposed vine grace, 2Co.1.21;1Jn.2.20-27;
Anchor, an instrument for fastening to refer to the Incarnate Word. An- century the word began to bear the to Brundusium,about 43 Roman miles
Re.J.I8. signification 'spurious.' The name is
or stopping the course of a ship at sea; gel ef the Lord is one of the titles A.non, soon, quickly, Mat. 13.2o;Mar. south of Rome. Here Paul met a
-cast from the ship in which Paul of the pre-incarnate Messiah, Ge.16. first found in the writings of Cle- band of Christians from Rome, whe1r
1.30. mens Alexandrinus (died about A.D.
was, Ac.27.30,-ltofa is the anchor of 7,:r3; 18.2,22;22.n,:12; 31.11,13;32.24, Answer, a reply to a ·question, Ge. he was on his way thither as a pri•
the soul, He.6 19. 215) to denote a number of books saner, Ac.28.:15.
30; Ex.3.2,4,6,14. 41.16; Job32.3; Lu. 20. 26;-answen-
Ancient, of old time, De. 33. 15: Job - - , some so called that sinned, 2 sometimes placed between the Old Apple-tree, a species of fruit, proha•
to be deliberately made, Pr. 18.:13; Jn. and New Testaments. It was not
12.12; ANCIENTS, elders, Ps.n9.100; Pe. 2. 4 ;-that fell from their first 7.51. bly the citron, large and fragrant,Ca.
-ANCIENT OF DAYS, a name given to admitted by ancient Christians into 2. 3; 8.5; Joel I, 12. The proper ap,
est.ate, Jude 6. Anti-Christ. a ferson, or jx,'wer, or the canon of Scripture. It was never
Christ because of his eternal deity, - - , the presiding ministers or over- system of error, opposed to Christ; pie-tree is very rare in the East
Da.7.9,13. received by the Jews, nor by Philo Apple of the Eye, peculiarly tender,
seers of the church, Re. 2.1,8,:12,18; -his coming foretold, 2 Th.2.3; 1 Ti. nor Josephus. ThOugh forming no
Ancles, or A~KLES, joints of the feet 3.r,7,:14.. They are so called because 4.1, &c.;-is said to be come, :rJn.2. God's care of his people, Ps.17.S;Pr.
or legs. Ac.3.7; Eze.47.3. part of the sacred canon, some parts
they are messengers or ambassadors 18; 4.3. . 7.2;Zec.2.8. lnLa.2.18theexpres-,
Andrew [manly], son of Jonas, and of it are of historical value, as the sion is used figuratively for tears.
of God: and as the term angel sig-' Antioch, An'ti-ok, (,) The capital of Books of the Maccabees.
brother of Simon Peter, an apostle, nifies messenger, it is employed to Syria, on the banks of the river Oran- Appoint, to settle or determine, Ge.
attends Jesus, Jn.1.40;-called, Mat. Apollonia, 3.p -poI-lo'nl-a, a city of
denote, in special instances, not a tes, about 30 miles from where it falls Macedonia, situated on the north of 30.28;Le.26.16; ls.26.:r; l\lat.24.51.
+ 18;-his answer about the loaves, nature but an office. into the Mediterranean, and about 18o Apprehend, to seize on or under-
Jn.6.8;-brings Greeks to Jesus, :r2. Anger, resentment ;-general advice Amphipolis, and in which was a tem-
miles north of Sidon, and 300 north of ple of Apollo;-Paul passed through stand, 2 Co. :r1. 32; Ac. 12.4; Phi.3 ..12,
22:-asks him about the signs of the to repress it, Ps.37.8; Pr.16.32; 17.14; Jerusalem. It was built by Seleucus 13.
times, Mar. 13.3;-is with the disci- it on his way to Thessalonica, Ac.
Ep.4. 26,31 ;Col. 3. 8 ;J a. I. 19 ;-exposes Nicator, e.c. 3ar, and was the resid• 17.1.
Approach, drawing near, De. 31. 1+;
ples in the upper room, Ac.:r.13. a man, and makes him incapable of ence of the Syrian kings, the Seleu- Ps.65.4; :rTi.6.16.
f\,ndronic11B, an-dro-ni' kus or an- Apollos, a-po11os, a Jew of Alex-
friendship, Pr. 22. 24 ;25. 8, 28 ;-a mark cidre. It was ranked the third city andria, one of John's disciples, an el o- Approve, to like or commend, Ps.--1-9,
dron'-i-kus [man-conquering], a Jew- of folly or madness, Job 5.2; Pr. 12. of the earth. Luke and Tlteoj.,hilus 13; :r Co.16.3; Phi.1.10.
ish Christian, kinsman of Paul, and quent preacher of the gospel ;-taught
:r6; 14. 29; 19. II: 27. 3; 29. 20;-may were born in this place. Here Paul assiduously while he knew only the Apron, a cloth hung before, Ge.3.7;
his fellow-prisoner, Ro.16.7. bring a man to destruction, Job 5.2; and Barnabas preached, and had Ac.19.12.
~em, A'nem, a Levitical city of Issa.- baptism ofJohn, Ac.18.24;-instruct-
Pr.:r9. :r9; Mat. 5. 22;-stirred up by many Christian converts, Ac. II. 20; ed by Aquila,&c.,26;-a party at Cor- Aquila, ak'we'-la [an eagle], a Jew ol
char, near Bethel, I Ch.6.73: Jos.15. grievous words, Pr.15.1 ~Ju. :r2.4;2Sa. -the term Christian was first used Fontus, in Asia Minor, who, with his
34;-iscalled EN-GANNIM, Jos. 19.21; inth attached to him, :r Co. :r. :r2; 3.4,
19. 43 ;-persons given to it to be avoid- here, 26;-Paul reproves Peter at, &c. wife Priscilla, had been driven from
21.29. ed, Pr. 22. 24; Ge. 49. 6;-one of the Ga.2. n-15. From it Paul started on Rome by the decree of the emperor
~er, a'ncr, (1) A city of the half tribe works of the flesh, Ga.5.20;--comes Apollyon, a-pol'yon, Re.9.u. The
his missionary journeys. It was the Greek equivalent of the Heb. title Claudius. Paul findsthematCorinth,
of Manasseh, on the west of Jordan, from pride, Pr.:13.10; 21. 24;-its ef- scene of the birth and earlier labours ABADDON. on his first visit to that city, Ac.18.
at)d appears to be the same with fects on others, Pr.15.1,18; 17.14;26. of the celebrated Greek father Chry- 2; they go with Paul to Syria, 18.
Tannach, 1 Ch. 6.70; Jos.21.25; Ju.I. Apostasy, a departure from a re-
21; 29. 22; 30.33;-may be innocent, sostom. It has been besieged and ligious profession :-the causes and Ar, 3.r [a city], the capital of Moab,
27.-(2) A Canaanitish chief, Ge. :14- Ne.5.6; Ep.4.26; Mar.3.5; Le.10. 16; plundered no fewer than fifteen times, south of the river Amon, and on the
danger of it, Mat.12.43; :r3.21;Jn.6.
13,24- Nu.16.:15;-how pacified, Pr.15.1;16. and has been visited by four earth- 6o-66; I Ti. 4. 1; He. 6. 4; 10. 26,38; 2 east of the Dead Sea;-it was bumed
Angels [messengers], celestial spirits, 24;21.14; 25.15; Ec.10.4; Mat.5.25. ~ quakes, in one- of which 25,000 per- bytheAmmonites, Nu.21.28;-cf.Is.
Pe.2.20;-of man, Ge.3.6;6.1-6;--of
said to be wise, good, and immortal, - - , examples ofit, in Cain to Abel, sons are said to have perished. It is 15. 1. The ruins bear the name of
many of the disciples of Jesus, J n. 6.
2 Sa.14-17,20: Ps. 103. 20; Mat.25.31; Ge.4. 5;-Potiphar's wife to Joseph, little else than a heap of ruins.-(2) 66;--<Jf some early Christians, 1 Ti. Rabba.
Lu.20.36; 1 Ti.5.21;-arecreated and 39. 13:-Simeon and Levi to the She- of Pisidia, a city of Asia Minor, about 4. 1;-of the last days, Da.7.25,26; 2 Arab, A'rab [ambush], a town in the
imperf!".ct beings, Job 4- :r8; Mat. 24. chemites, 34. 27; 49. 6 ;-of Balaam to 25 miles north.east of Seleucia, in Th.2.3-10; :r Ti.4.1-3. mountains of Judah, Jos.15.52.
36;:r Pe. 1.:r2;-are appointed as guar- f his ass, Nu.22.27;-Balak,24. :ro, n ;- which Paul and Barnabas preached Apostles [sent forth, messengers]. Arabah., ar'ra-bah [desert], the name
dians of men, Ps.34.1; 91.u; Ec.5.6: 1 Ephraimites, Ju.8.:r; 2Ch.25.10;-of the gospel, Ac. :r3. 14:-Jews from, The twelve disciples to whom our given to the whole Jordan valley,
Mat. 18. 10; Ac. 12. :r5; He. :r. :r4;-1 ·Moses, Nu.20.10;Ps.1o6.33;-of Saul persecute Paul at Lystra, :14.:19. Lord intrusted the organization of down to eastern gulf of the Red Sea,
charged w\th folly, Job 4.18;-ignor- to Jonathan, 1 Sa.20.30;-of Jonah, Antipas, t\.n'ti-pas, a 'faithful martyr,• his church. The characteristic fea- a distance in all of about 150 miles.
ant of the day of judgment, Mat.24,. • Jonah -4. 1 :-of the Jews against J e- Re.2.13. tures of their office were, (1j That The name is found only once in the
36 ;-desire to know what the apos- sus, Lu.4.28;-oftheclder son in the Antipatris, An-tI-pn.'tris or 11.n-tip'a- they should have seen the Lord, aud English Bible, Jos.18.18, where it is
tles knew, 1 Pe. 1. 12;--are in great parable of the prodigal, 15. 28. tri.s, a town in Palestine, built by been car and eye witnesses of what the name of a district in Benjamin,
numbers, De 33.2:Ps.68.17; Da.7. 10; - - , examples of reasonable anger, Herod the Great, in honour of his they testified, Jn. 15. 27. -(2) They called also Beth-Arabah, Jos.15.61.
Mat.26.53: Lu.2.13; He.12.22. Jude of Jacob with Laban, Ge. ·u.36;-of father, 15 miles from Joppa, and 40 must have been immediately called Arabia, a-rJ.'bC-a [wild desert1 an ex•
14: Re. 5. u :-are of great strength, Moses with Pharaoh, Ex.11.8;-with from Jerusalem, situated in the plain and chosen by Christ himself, Lu.6. tensive country of Asia: is about 16oo
Ps.103. 20; 2 Pe. 2. I 1;-of inconceiv- the Israelites, 32. 19:-the sons of of Sharon, on the road from J erusa- 13.-(3) They were inspired, Jn. 16. miles in length, and 1000 in breadth.
able activity, Ju. 13. 20; Is.6. 2-6:Mat. Aaron, Le.10. 16;-at the rebellion of lem to Cresarea, Ac.23.31. 13; I Co. 2. 10. (4) They had the It is bounded by the Indian Ocean
13- 49; 26.53·-hav. appeared in the Korab, &c., Nu. 16. 15;-afterthe bat- Antiquity, long ago, Is.23.7. · power of working miracles, Mar. 16. on the south, the Red Sea and the
form of man, Ge.18.1,2; 19. 1-5; Ju. tle with the Midianites, 3:r. 14;-of Antothijah, an-to-thi 'jah [1>.nswers 20; Ac. 2. 43. Their names, Mat.10. Isthmus of Suez on the west, Canaan
13-6,9-11: Lu.24-4;-are in the im- Je.,,ns with the Pharisees, Mar.3.5;- from Jehovah], a descendant of Ben- 1-5;-Christ's charge when he sent and part of Syria on the north-west
mediate presence of God, Mat.18.10; of God for sin, Ge.6.7; 30.1,2; Ex.4. jamin, 1 Ch.8.2-4. them forth, Mat. 10. 5-42 : - their and north,and the mountains ofChal·
Lu. 1.19:-execute the purposes of 1,i :-his aneer to be dreaded, Ps. 2, An ta, or emmets, small insects, re- power of binding and loosing, Mat. dea and the Persian Gulf on the easl
God, Nu. 22.22;Ps.103.21 ;Mat.4.39; 2.1;23.7;90.11;Mat.10.28;-its most markable for their diligence, ccono- 18. 18; 16.19; Jo, 20, 23; J Co,5. -1,5;- It is divided by .the Greek , . _
152
,·
.
"
.
~1::~1 J.REOPAGUB ARK ARROW ABHDOD .(Sp
into Ar&bia Petrea, or the was cited before this cou1t, ~·:,//.1') ::,u.6; l.J'u.7.Sg;-ofthelaw, Ex.25.22; 2;64. 3;-lightnings spoken of as the nuch, Ac.8.,t.c;-it is now aI1 insignl..
phefS the north-west, compre- -32. --ofGod,1Sa.3.3;--ofthe Lord, Nu. arrows of Jehovah, Hab.3. 4; Ps. 18. ficant village called Esdud.
B,~Y, ':hat was formerly the land Aretas, a're-tas [graver], the king of ro. 33; 2 Sa.6. 2 ;- referred to as the 14;-calamities, Job 6. 4; Ps. 91. 5:- Ashdoth-Pisgah, ash'doth-piz'gah, a
bend~!n. A rahia Deserta, or the Syria, father-in-law to Herod Anti- glory of Israel, 1 Sa. 4. 21, 22. It was human injuries, as of a lying tongue, place near the base of Mount Pisgah,
of M• ' the east of .Canaan, t_he pas, at the time the governor of Da- eminently symbolical of the presence are arrows, Ps.r20.4; 64.3. De.3.17; Jos.13.20. It is elsewher•
00
l)esert, f the Ishmaehtes, now m• mascus sought to apprehend Paul, of the Lord, and before it the mind Artaxerxes, ar. tax - erks'es [great called the Sfrings of Pisgah, De. •·
~b;;lir,;y
eou~trr the Bedouins; and A r11- Ac.9.23,24; 2Co.11.42,33. of the Lord was consulted, Jos. 7.6- king], (1) A Persian king, his decree 49.
or the Happy, on the-~uth. Argob, ar'gob [stony or stone-heap], 9; Ju.20.27; 1 Ch.13.3. to prevent the building of the walls Asher, ash'er [blessedness], the son of
luJ, ntains vast sandy dese~ .m the a district in the half-tribe of Manas. Ark of the Testament, seen in vision of Jerusalem, Ezr.4.17,&c.-(2) LoN- Jacob, his inheritance on the shore of
~\:or, but 00 the coasts. 1t ts fer- sch in Bashan, on the east of the Lake by John, Re.n.19. GIMANUs, reigned 4e years, and died the Mediterranean, from Carmel to
~ d beautiful. Its earliest name of Galilee,originally ruled over by Og, Arkites, a branch of the family of 425 B.C. In the seventh year of his Zidon, Jos. 19. 24;-his descendants,
~e ri ture is the • east country,' Ge. De. 4.4,r3. It extended 22 miles from Canaan which settled in Phcenicia, reign he issued his gracious com- 1 Ch.7.30; 12.36.
u> 5 :_Pand its inhabitants were called north to south, and I 4 from east to Ge. 10.17; 1Ch.1.15. Their capital, mand to Ezra respecting Jerusalem, Ashes, the remains of burned fuel,Le.
~~~idren of the east/ Ju. 6. 3; 7.1~. west. It contained sixty walled towns, Arka, still exists as a small village on Ezr.7.n-26, and fourteen years after- 6.10,11;-used in token of humilia--
From it Solomon rece1ved_gold, I K1. •and though a vast majority of them the north-west slope of Lebanon. wards permitted Nehemiah to return tion and extreme grief, 2 Sa 13. 19:
·-the burden or punishment of, are deserted tltey are not ruined,' Arm,metaphoricallyused forstreng-tlt, and build Jerusalem. Es.4.1; Job42.6; Jonah 3.6; Mat.II.
1
;~ ;'. , : Je. 25 . 24 ;-Paul went into
De.3.4,14; 1Ki.4.13. 1Sa.2.31; Is.51.9. Artemas, ar'te-mas, a Christian dis- 21;-to feed on ashes, Is.44.20.
3 3 Arguments, controversies, Job 23.4 Arm of God, his almighty agency,Je. ciple who helped Paul, Tit.3.12. Aehima, ash'i"-mA, an idol of Hamath
i~ Ga.1,17. h l Aridai, a-rid'da-i, one of Haman's 27.5; 32.17; Is.52.10; 53.1; 63.12. Artificer, one skilful in hamly-works, introduced into Samaria, 2 Ki.17.30.
.lr3bian8, descendants of Is mae ,
Ge, 25 _13 , 14 ;-brought flocks to Je- sons, Es.9.8. Armageddon, ar- ma-ged 'don [the Ge.4.22; 1 Ch.29.5; 2 Ch.34.11 ;Is.3.3. Ashkelon, ash'ke-Ion, or AsKELON
Aridatha,a-rid'a-thah,oneofHaman's mountain of Megiddo], a name used Artillery, weapons of war, 1 Sa. 20. [migration], ofle of the 'fenced cities'
hoshaphat, ~Ch.17.11;-God hel~d
Uuiah agamst them, ~ Ch. 26. 7 , - sons, Es. 9. 8. emblematically for a place of great 40. of the Philistines, upon the coast of
s0me of them present m Jerusalem Ariel, ll're-el [the lion of God), (,) The slaughter and mourning, Re. 16. 16, Arts, magical, &c., Ac. 19.19, the Mediterranean,between Gaza and
when the apostles pre_ached, Ac.2. u; name of one of Ezra's chief men, Ezr. when allusion is made to that great Aruboth, ar'ub-both [windows], a dis- Ashdod;-was taken by the tribe of
-prophecies cen.;ernmg,Is.21. 11-17; 8.16.-(2) A name given to J erusa1em, battle-field, the plain of Esdraelon, trict on the sea-shore of Judah, men- Judah, Ju. 1. 18: 14. 1g-exploits of
Is.29.1,2,7,and in Eze.43.15,16 to the on the southern border of which stood tioned only in I Ki.4. 10. Samson at, Ju.14.19;-it is now deso-
~ u· 6o.7; Je.25.23,24.
~ 'n.'rad [a wild ass], a <;anaanitish altar of burnt-offerings. Megiddo, Ju. iv.; 5. 19; 6. 33; vii.; 2 Aro.mah, a-roo'mah [exalted], a town late;-its desolation was predicted,
city in the south of Palestme, Nu.21. Arimathea, ar-e-mii-tbe'a [the double Ch. 35. 20-24. near Shechem, where Abimelech Zec.9.5; Zep.2.4.
heights], a city of Judah, the birth- Armenia., ar-mC'ne-a [high-land], a dwelt, Ju.9.41. Ashkenaz, ash'ke-naz, one of the sons
1 . See HoRMAH. place of Joseph the counsellor, in large country of Western Asia, on the Arvad., ar'vad [wandering], a small of Gomer, Ge. 10. 3 ; - called also
Arab. D.'rah, Ezr.2.5. whose sepulchre our Lord was laid, north of Mesopotamia, and on the island and city off the north coast of Aschenaz, 1 Ch.1.6; Je.51.27.
~ . A'ram [high region1 the high.
land couotry,2000 feet above the level Mat.27.57;Jn.19.38. Somehaveiden- east of Cappadocia. It is generally Phrenicia, Ge.10.18; Eze.27.8,11. It Ash.nab, name of two cities whose
of the sea, between the Tigris and tified it with Ramah, Samuel's birth• mountainous, and gives rise to the has about 30()0 inhabitants; now called site has not been identified, Jos.15.
Mediterranean, peopled by descend• place (1 Sa.1. I, 19), but on insuffi• Tigris and the Euphrates. It is 430 Ruad. 33,43.
ants of Shem, Ge. 10. 22,23; 22. 21; 1. den~ grounds. miles from east to west, and 3()0 from Arvadites, the people of Arvad, Ge. Ashpenaz, ash'pe-naz, the governor
Arioch, a're-ok [lion-like], (,) King of north to south. It is divided into 15 10.18: Eze.27.8-11. of Nebuchadnezzar's eunuchs, who
Ch.1.17. Ellasar, Ge.1,t..1,9.-(2) The captain provinces, of which Ararat is the cen- Asa, A.'sah [physician], a good king of changed the name of Daniel and his
,Ararat, ar'ar-at, the name of a coun•
uy, most probably a portion of Ar- of the royal guard, into whose care tral. It was reduced to a Persian Judah, succeeded his father Abijam, three companions, Da.1.3-17.
Daniel and his companions were com- province of Cyrus. The Armenians 1 Ki.15.8; 2 Ch.14.1;-defeats Zerah Ashtaroth, ash'tA-roth, or AsHTOR·
pienia, on the 'mountains' of which
mitted, Da.2.24. prdfess Christianity, but in a very the Ethiopian, 12;-makes a solemn ETH, ash'to-rcth, (t} A famed god-
the ark rested after the flood, Ge. 8. dess of the Zidonians, and also of the
4- It is nowhere m Scripture given Arisai, a-riss'a-i, a son of Haman, corrupted state,having departed very covenant with God, 15.12;-degrades
Es.9.9. far from the purity of the gospel, his mother for idolatry, 16;-joins Philistines (1 Ki. JI. 5: 1 Sa. 31. 10),
as the name of a mountain. The probably meant by the 'queen ofhea•
'mountains' of Ararat are now iden- Arise, to rise up, Ac.20.30;-torepent, both in doctrine and worship. They the king of Syria, 16.2;-hiswarwith
Ep.5.14;--comforted, Am.7.2. form a distinct religious community, Baasha, king of Israel, 1 Ki.15.16;- ven,' Je.7.18;-served by Israel, Ju.
tified with that range which rises in
Aristarch118, ar. is - tar' kus [best known by the name of the Armenian his death, after reigning forty•one 2.13; 10.6;-Samuel chargeth to put
the valley of the Aras, the ancient away, 1 Sa.7.3,4--(2) A ~ity on the
prince], a Thessalonian who accom- Church, which is governed by four years, 23; 2Ch.16.13.
Araxes, and is terminated in two east of Jordan, in Bashan, in the kinc-
panied Paul to Ephesus and shared patriarchs, by arch bishops, doctors, Asahel, as'a-hel [creature of God],
peaks, the loftiest of which rises to dom ofOg, Ju.12.4; 13.12; 9.10.
his labours, Ac.19.29; :zo.4; 27.:z; Col. secular priests, and monks. Armenia son of David's sister Zeruiah, and
a height of 17,750 feet above the
4.10. is now subject to the Turks. In 2 Ki. brotherof Joab, slain by Abner, 2 Sa. Ashtaroth-Karn&im, ash'ta-roth-
level of the sea. The expression, 'the car'nD.-im [Ashtoreth of the two
land of Armenia,' in 2 Ki.19.37, and Ariatobulus, ar .. is-tob'il-Ius, the 19. 37; Is. 37. 38, the Hebrew word 2.18-24.
household of, mentioned Ro. 16. 10, Ararat is rendered by the word Ar- Asai.ah, as-a-i'ah, an officer of Josiah, horns], a city of the half-tribe of Man-
Is. 38. 38, is in the original Ararat. meni'a, This country is identical with asseh, east of Jordan, famed for the
Jeremiah (5x.27) speaks of Ararat as Ark, of Noah, Ge. 6. 14;-it was from I Ch.4.36; 6.30;. Ch.34.20.
HX>(comp. Ge.5.32; 7.36) to 12oyears Togarmah, Ge.10.3; Eze.27.14; 38.6. Asaph, B.'saf [convener], aLevite, son worship of Astarte or Ashtoreth, the
one of the countries of the north, Arm.our, a weapon of war, 1 Sa.17.54; goddess of the Zidonians, Ge. x+ 5;
i'.e. north of Babylon. in building (comp.Ge.6.3; t Pe,3.20). of Barachias, and a celebrated musi-
According to the usual calculation it -the Christian, Ro. 13.12; 2Co.6.7; cian in the time of David, 1 Ch.6.39; De.1.4.
Araunah, ar-aw'nah, or ORNAN, a Ep.6. 13, &c. Ashur, ash'ur [happy, prosperous],
was 450 feet long, 75 wide, and 45 25.2,9;-his name affixed to Ps.l. and
Jebusite who sells his threshing-floor Arm.our~bearer, or Abimelech, Ju. (1) The son of Shem, founded Nine-
deep; divided into three stories. lxxiii.-lxxxiii.;-sons of, I Ch.25.1,2;
to David for 6oo shekels of gold, 1 Ch. 9, 54;-Jonathan, 1 Sa. 14.6,7;-Saul, veh, Ge. 10. n.-(2) A posthumous
21.25: 2 Sa.2,t..24. Ark of Bulrushes, in which Moses 2Ch.20.14; 29. 13; Ezr.2.-4-1: 3.10,11.
was exposed among the tlaJs of the 16.21;-Goliath, 17.7;-Joab,:z Sa.18. Ascend, to climb up, Jos.6.5; Ps.24.3; son of Hezron, I Ch. 2. 24;-his de•
Archangel, the chief angel, 1 Th. ~- Nile, Ex. 2. 3. z5. -up to heaven, Ep.4-8,9; Re.8.,4.; 11. scendants, 4, 5.
16; Jude 9. Armoury, an arsenal, or repository of Asia, a'she-a, one of the quarters
Archelaua, 3.r-ke-la'us [prince of the Ark of the Covenant (Jos.3.6; He. 12.
9. 4), a small chest, made of acacia arms, Ca.,4..4; Je.50.25, .Ascension, the rising of Christ into into which geographers have divided
people], son of Herod the Great;- Army, a host, or a vast number of the earth ;-has been the scene of the
or shittim-wood, overlaid with gold. heaven, Ac. 1.9-12 ;-predictions re-
succeeds his father, who died the same warriors. The armies of Israel con- most wonderful events in the history
It was about four feet and a half specting, Ps.2,4..7-10;47.5,6; 68.17,r8;
year our Saviour was born, and reigns long, two feet and nine inches broad, sisted of the whole male adult popula• of man;-here the human race were
in Judea, Mat.2.22. Da.7.13, 14: Mi.2.13;-forctold by
and as much in height. Within it tion, and could easily be mustered Christ himself, Jn.6.62;7.33;1,4..::t8;r6. created,-the Jews were planted,-
Archers, persons who shot with the were deposited the two tables of the when required, Nu.1.2,3; 26. 2; 1 Sa. the Sacred Scriptures chiefly indited,
bow, in hunting or in battle ;-Ish- 5; 20. r7;-Mount Olivet the scene
moral law, De.31,26, a golden pot of 11. 6-8. Each soldier had to arm and Of, Ac. 1. 12;-took place forty days -the Son of God accomplished our
mael was an archer, Ge. 21. 20;-see the manna, Ex. 16. 33, and Aarop's support himself. Large armies, 2 Ch. redemption,-and from it the gospel
after his resurrection, Ac. 1. 3 ;-rui'-
1 Sa.31.3; 1 Ch.10.3;Job 16. 13; Is.22. rc,d that budded, Nu.17.10; and the 13.3; 1,4..9; 17.1,t.-18. dences: by his disciples, Ac. 1.9, 10;- was diffused through the world. Asia
3;Je.51.3- top of the chest was covered with two Arno~. ar'non [noisy], a small river bytwo angels, 11;-seen by Stephen, mentioned in the N. T., for the word
Arches, buildings in the form of a golden cherubim. Here the lid is east of the Dead Sea, the boundary is not found in the 0. T., is usually
Paul, andJqhn, 7.55,56;9.3; Re.,.12
bow, such as are used in bridges, win- called the mercy-seat, over which between Moab and theAmorites,rises -18 ;-his promised descent of the divided into two parts, Asia Major
dows, vaults, &c., Eze.4<'.16. the SWinak hovered like a visible in the highlands of lfoab, and falls Holy Ghost, Jo. 16. 7,14:Ac. 2. 33;- and Asia Minor.. Asia Major com•
Archi, U.r'ki, a town or district on the cloud, the emblem of Jehovah's pres- into the Dead Sea, Nu.21.14; 22. 36; the terrible judgments he foretold, prehends by far the most extensive
border of Ephraim, near Bethel, Jos. ence. The ark was lost when the De.2.2,4.,36. Mat.26.64:Jn.8.21;-the time of it, eastern parts of the continen• -
16.2;-celebrated as the birth-place temple was destroyed. Though a A.rodi, a'rod-i, son of Gad the pa- Ac. I. 3 ;-the plac~ of it, 12;-the Canaan, Assyria, Syria, Arabia, Per-
of Hushai, one of those who adhered similar ark was made after the Jews triarch, Ge.46.16. effects of it in fulfilling his predic- sia,Mesopotamia,Armenia, and Chal-
to David during the rebellion of Ab- returned from Babylon, yet it never Aroer, ar'0-er [heath], (1) A city of tions, Jn.16.7,1,t.;-in bestowing inir- dea, Asia Minor, in the form of a
salom, 2 Sa.r5.32;16.1.6. regained its sacred contents;-its di- Reuben, situated on the north bank aculous gifts, Ac.:z.33. See ExALT• peninsula, is bounded on the north by
ArchippllB, a.r •kip' pus [master of mensions, Ex.25.10;-made by Beza- of the river Amon, De. 4. 48; Ju. 11. ATION of Christ, the Euxine Sea, on the south and
the horse], a pastor of the church of leel, 37. 1 ;-placed in the holy of 26; 2 Ki.10.33; Jos.13.i:6;-Jephthah Ascribe, to impute to, De.32.3; Job west by the Mediterranean Sea, and
Colosse, exhorted by Paul, Col.-4-r7; holies, Ex.26.33; He.9.3,4;-carried defeated the Ammonites,] u. 11. 26-33. 36.3; Ps.68.34- on the east by Armenia, &c. It is
-Paul salutes him by Philemon as to the hver Jordan, which is divided It is now a ruin called Arair.-(2) A Asenath, as'e-nath, the daughter of about g6o miles in length, and -4-00
his 'fellow-soldier,' Phile.2. at its approach, Jos. 3. 15;-carried city of Gad, situated near Rabbath- Potipherah, and the wife of Joseph, in breadth; and the chief divisions of
Arcturus, ark-tu'rus [bear-keeper], around Jericho, and said to have Ammon, Jos.13.25.-(3) Another in Ge.41.45,50. it are, Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia,.
the name given by the ancients to 'compassed the city' when its walls Judah, 1 Sa 30. 28. .A.ah, tree, some species of the pine,ls. Pamphylia, Pisidia, Galatia, Lycao-
the brightest star in the constellation fell down. a:t the time of its destruc• A.rpad, ar'pad, or ARPKAD [support], 44.14. nia, Phrygia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia,
Bo5tes, and sometimes to the whole tion, Jos.6.6-20;-taken by the Phil- a city of Syria, near Hamath, con- Ashamed of Christ, the portion of Pontus, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and the
constellation. The older interpreters istines, 1 Sa.,t.. 11 ;-Dagon falls before quered by the Assyrians, 2 Ki. 18. those who are, Mar.8.38; Lu.9.26. islands of Cyprus and Rhodes. As
understand by it the constellation it,5.3;-returned, 6.10; received by 34: rs. 10.9; 36.19; 37.13. Asha.n, a Levitical city, about 20 used in Ac.2.9;6.9: 19.10,22,26,27; :z
Ursa Major, which is most proba- Abinadab, at Kirjath-jearim, where Arphaxad, ar~fax'ad, the third son of miles south•west of Jerusalem, Jos. Ti.1.15; r Pe.I. 1, it means Procon ..
bly the correct reference, Job 9. 9; it remained 20 years, 7.1 ;-brought Shem, ham about two years after the 15.42; 19.7. sular Asia,comprehendingonly Phry•
38.32. from thence in a new carriage, when flood, Ge.u.10-12;-died aged 438 Ashdod, ash'dod, one of the five cities gia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia.
Ardon, ar'd~n [descendant], the last- Uzzah was smitten for laying his years, 13. of the Philistines, Jos. 13. 3;-mid- .Aaleep, to take rest, Jonah 1.5; Mat.
named of the three sons of Caleb, r hands on it, 2 Sa.6.1, &c.;-received Airay, to put on apparel, Ge.41.42; way between Joppa and Gaza, called 8. 24;-to die, Ac.7.6o; 2 Pe.3.4;-a
Ch.2.18. by Obed-Edom, 10;-brought to J eru- Es.6.9; Ac.12.:n; Re.7.3;-to put an by the Greeks AzoTus, Ac. 8. 40 ;- term only applicable, in denoting
Areli, a-rC'li [heroic], a son of the pa- salem, 15;-takeowithhim by David army ready to fight, 2 Sa.10.9;Lu.23. assigned to the tribe of Judah, Jos. death, to the death of the righteous,
triarch Gad, Ge.,t.6.16. when he fled from Absalom, but sent 11. 15.47 :-poss;essed by the Philistines, 1 1 Co.r5.18; 1 Th.,t..I3,15.
Areopagite, the title of the judges of back again, 15. 2,t.;-brouglJ,,t to the Arrived, reached, Lu.8.26; Ac.20.15•. Sa 5. 1-7 ;-here was the tempJe of A.snapper, as-nap'per, an Assyrian
the supreme court of Athens, the temple of Solomon, 2 Ch. 5. 2;-the Arrogancy, proud contempt, 1 Sa. 2, Dagon in which the Philistines de- prince, Ezr,4.10.
Areopagus. glory of God covers it, and fills the 3; Pr.8.13; Is.13.11; Je.48.29. posited the ark ;-U zziah demolished Asp, a small poisonous serpent, which
Areopagus, l!.r-e-op'a-gus [the hill of temple,13;-apsalm composed on the Arrow, a pointed weapon shot from a its walls, 2 Ch. 26. 6;-it fell into the kills within a few hours, De.32.33;
Mars], a place where the magistrates removal of it, Ps. lxviii. ;-called the bow, 1 Sa.20. 36; 2 Ki. 9. 24;-inward. hands of Tartan, the Assyrian gen. Job20.14,16; Is.n.8; Ro.3.13- Tho
of Athens held their supreme coun-
dl,, and also the council itself;-Paul
ark of God's strength, 2Ch.6.,t.1: Ps.
132.8;-andarkofthetestimooy, Ex.
terror, or judgments ofGod,Job6.,4.;
Ps. 38. 2 ;-wicked intentions, Ps. I 1.
eral, Is.:io. 1 ;-the place where Philip
was found, after baptizing the eu• Isame word is rendered tukwr In Ps.
58.5; 91,13-
153
ASSYRIA.NS
A.sriel, as'rC-el {the help of God], a
500 of Gilead, also of Manasseh the
patriarch,1 Ch.7.14.
ATO:\'EMENT
mnch light on the hi:itory of the As
syrian empire.
A.stonied, or ASTONISHED it gener-
AWE
26; 7.27; 1 Pe.2.24; 3.18; 1Jn. 1.7; 2.2;
4.rn; Re. 1.5: 5.9;-the great theme of
apostolic preaching, 1 Co. 1. 23;-ne-
BAAL-HAZOR
Awl, a servant bored with it in his ear,
to represent hi5 voluntary perpetual
servitude, Ex.21.6; De.15.17.
BABES
lage], a place near Ephraim, betwe:e
Bethel and Jericho, where Abs.a.lo:
had a s~eep-farm, and where he rnur.
r
Aas The as!. constituted a considera- ally means filled with perplexity, fear, cessary for the expiation of sin, Is. Axe, a carpenter's tool of iron, De. dered his brothe1 Amnon, 2 Sa.1 3. 23
ble part of the wealth of ancient times, or wonder, Ezr. 9. 3,4; J:;.52.r4; Da. 59. 16; Lu.24.26,45; Ac. 17.3; He.2. 10; r9.5; 1 Sa.I3.20,21; 2 Sa.12.31;-Eli- Baal-Hermon [lord of Hr.::rmon), prO:
Ge. 12. 16; 30. 43; Job r. 3:-Saul 3.24; 4.19; Mat.7.28; 22.33; Lu.2.47; 9.22;-made once and finished, He. sha causes to swim, 2 Ki.6.5,6;-hu- bably one of the peaks of .Mount
searches for, 1 Sa.9.3;-rode upon by 5.9; Ac.9.6. 7.2/ ;9.26,10. ro-14; r Pe.3. 18;--effects man instrument, the king of Assyria, Hermon, Ju.3.3~ 1 Ch.5.71.
great men: Abraham,Ge.22.3;-Jair's Astonishment, surprise, amazement, reconciliation with God, Ro. 5. 10; 2 Is. 10. 15;-God'sjudgment, Mat.3. IO. Baali, ba'a-lT [my lord], ho.2.16.
thirty sons.] u. IO. 3,4:-Abdon's forty De. 28.28,37: 2 Ch.7.21; Ps.6o.3; Je. Co.5.18-20; Ep.2.13-r6; Col.1.20-22; Azaliah, az-a-lI'ah, the father of Sha- Baalim, bU'a-lim [masters], Ju.2, 11 .
sons, 12 13,14;-Christ, Mat.21.5. 8.21; 42. 18; Eze.4. 16: 23.33. He. 2. 17;-was voluntary, Ps.40.6-8; phan, 2 Ki.22.3; 2 Ch.34.8. 8.33; Je.2.23. '
- OF BALAAM, speak..:.;, Nu.22.28. Astray, out of the right way, Ps. n9. Jn. 10. u,15,17,18; Ga.1.4; Ep.5.2;- A.zaniah, az-a-n1'ah, Ne.10.9. Baal.is, bJ..'a-lis [son of exultation]
.. - , wild, described, Job 39. 5; Is.32. 176; Pr.5.23; 1 Pe.2.25. faith or trust in it necessary for bene- A.zareel, a.za're-el [helped by GodJ, king of the Ammonites at time 0 f
14: Ho.8.9;-the natural man likened Astrologers, m-:n who, by observing fit, Ro. 3. 25; 1 Pe. 2. 7 ;-typified in (1) A Benjamite slinger, 1 Ch.12.6.- Babyloni.sh captivity, Je.40.14.
to, Job II.12;-Ishmael is likened to, tbe motion of the heavenly bodies, the sacrifices of the Levitical law; in (2) A musician of the temple,1 Ch.25. Baal-Meon, bJ..'al-me'on, or BETH-
Ge.16.12. pretend to foretell future events, Is. Isaac, Ge. 22. 2; in the passover, Ex. 18.-{3) Son of Jeroboam, 27. 22.- BAAL-~1EON [lord of dw~llingJ, a
Assault, a violent attack, Es.8.n. 47.13: Da.r.20; 2.27; 4.7; 5.7. 12.2, &c. {4) Ezr.10.41.-,:5) Son of Ahasai,Ne. town given to the Reubemtes, Nu.
Assay, to try or examine, De. 4. 34; A.suppim, one of the apartments of Attain, to reach or obtain, Ps.139.6; II.13. 32. 38;- the .Moabites recovered it
Ac.9.26; He.n.29. the temple, probably where the stores Pr. 1. 5; Eze.46.7; Ho. 8.5; Ac.27.12; Azariah, az-a-ri' ah [helped of Jeho- and at Jast was destroyed by th;
Assemblies, meetings of Christians, were kept, I Ch.26. 15,17, Phi.3.12. vah]. There are 16 persons of this Chaldeans, Eze.25.9.
n0t to be forsaken, He.10.25;-mas- Asyncritus, a-sin'kre-tus, a Chri!tian Attalla, at-ta'Ir-a, a seaport town of name mentioned in the 0. T. (1) The Baal-Peor, ba'al-pe'or [lord of Pear]
ters of, Ee. 12. :n. at Rome, Ro. 16.14. Pamphylia, in Asia l\Iinor, situate most distinguished, also called U z- an idol of the 1\Ioabites, which th~
Auembly a company met, Ex. 12. Atad, a'tad [a thorn], a place where about thirty miles south-west of Per- ziah, succeeded his father Amaziah Israelites joined them in serving,Nu.
6; Ps.89 1; Ac. 19.32. solemn mourning for seven days was ga;-Paul and Barnabas visited it on on the throne of Judah, 2 Ki.14.21;- 25. 3; 31. I6; Jos. 22.17;-twenty-four
Asserit, to agree to in judgment, Ac. made for Jacob, Ge. 50.10,u. From their return to Antioch from the in- becomes a leper for officiating as i thousand of them punished with
24.9. this circumstance it was afterwards land part of Asia l\Iinor, Ac.14.25. priest, 15.5;-dies, 7.-(2) The son of death, 9. .
Asshur, llsh'ur [a step], the second son called AeEL-MizRAIM. Attendance, the act of waiting on Oded, prophesies in the time of Asa, Baal-Perazim, ba'al-per'a-zim dord
of Shem, Ge.10.22, who gave name Ataroth, at'tiir-oth [crowns], (1) A another, I Ki. 10. 5; 1 Ti. 4.13; He. 7. 2 Ch.xv. of breaches], a place in the valley of
to Assyria, Ho.14.3; 5.13; 12.1. town east of Jordan, Nu. 32. 3.-(2) 13. Azekah, az-e'kah [broken up], a city Rephaim, about three miles south.
Asshurim (steps], an Arab tribe des- A town on the border of Ephraim, Atte.nt, heedful, intent, 2 Ch.6.40; 7. of J udah,situated about 12 miles west west of Jerusalem, where David
cended from Dedan, Ge.25.3; =Ash- Jos.16.2,7. -(3) A place in the tribe 15. of Jerusalem;-famed for the destruc- routed the Philistines, 2 Sa. 5. 2o;-
urites, 2 Sa.2.9. of Judah, t Ch.2.54. Attentively, carefully, Ne. 1. 6; 8.3: tion of five kings by Joshua,Jos.10. called l\.IovNT PERAZIM, Is.28, 21 ,
Assist, to help, Ro. 16. 2. Atha.ch, ath'ak [Iodging-place],a town Job 37.2. 10; 15.35;-in it the Philistines were Baal-Shalisha, ba'al-shal'e-shah [lord
Assistance. divine help, necessary in in the extreme south of Judah, 1 Sa. Attire, dress, ornaments, Le.16.4; Pr. routed when David killed Goliath, I of Shalisha], a place in Ephraim
all our undertakings, Je.10.23;Jn.I5. 30.30. 7.1:0; Je.2.32; Eze.23.15. Sa. 17. 32-53. It is now called Tel whence a man came with provisions
5; 1 Co.15.10; 2Co.3.5; Phi.2.13: 1Ti. Athaiah, 8.th-a-T'ah, a son of Uzziah, Audience, an assemblage of persons to Zakaria. for Elisha, 2 Ki.4.38,42.
the son of Zechariah, Ne.1r.4. hear, Ge. 23. I3; Ex.24.7; I Sa.25.24; Azem, a'zem [a bone], a city first Baal-Tamar, ba'al-ta'mar [lord of
- - - - , promised upon proper Athaliah, ath-a-lT'ah [remembered of · Ne.13.I;Lu.7.1; Ac.I3.x6; 22.22. given to Judah and then to Simeon, palm-trees], a place near Gibeah
application, Ps.37.4,5; Is.58.9;Je.29. Jehovah], (1) Daughter of Ahab and Augment, to increase, Nu. 32.14. Jos. 15. 29; 19.3;-called Ezem, 1 Ch. where the other tribes destroyed th~
12,13; Mat.7.n; 21.22;Lu.u.9;Ja.1. Jezebel; she was the wife of Joram Augustus, aw-gus'tus [venerable], the 4.29. Benjamites, Ju.20.33.
5; 1Jn5.14. . king of Judah, and mother of Aha- successor of Julius Cesar, and ,em- Azgad, az'gad, Ne.ro.15. Baal-Zebub, ba.'al-ze'bub [lord of
- - - - , instances and acknow- ziah. She destroys the seed-:oyal, 2 peror of Rome at the time of Christ's Azmaveth, az- ma'veth [strong as flies], the god of the Philistines, at
ledgment of such, Ge. 24 12; I Sa. 1. Ki. n. 1; 2Ch. 22. 10;-her death, 2 birth, Lu.2.1. He reigned 41 years, death], (1) 2 Sa. 23. 31; 1 Ch. 12. 3.- Ekron, consulted by Ahaziah, 2 Ki.
10· 2 Ki.19.20; 20.5; 2 Ch.33.13; Job Ki.n.2; 2Ch.21.6; 22.10-I2,23.-(2) and dying A.D. I4, was succeeded by (2) A village in Benjamin, Ezr.2.24. 1.2,3,6.
42. 10; Ps.3.4; I 18.5; 120. x. One of the sons of J eroham, I Ch.8. Tiberius Cresar, Lu.3. I. The general A.zmon, az1mon [strong], a place in Baal-Zephon, ba'al-ze'fon [lord of
Associate, to join together, Is.8.9. 26.-(3) The father of Jeshaiah, Ezr. title of the Roman emperors. In Ac. the south of Palestine, Nu.34.4,5. the north, or place ofTyphon],a town
A.ssos, as'sos, a seaport in M ysia, in 8.7. 25. 2I, 25 it is Nero who is referred Aznoth-Tabor, az'noth-ta'bor [the belonging to Egypt on the borcier of
the north-Weit of Asia Minor, about Atheists, the proper designation of to. ears of Tabor], a city of Naphtali, the Red Sea, not far from Suez, Ex.
20 miles south ofTroas, Ac.20.13,1:4; those who deny the being of God, Ps. Aunt, a father or mother's sister, Le. Jos.19.34. 14.2,9.
-its ruins are still found. 14.1; 53.1; Pr.30.9;-deny his provi~ I8.14. Azotus, a-z0'tus, Ac.8.40, the Greek Ba.ana, bU/a-nah [son of affiictionJ, (1)
Assuage, to ease or abate, Ge. 8. I ; Job dence, Job 21.15; 22.I3; 34.9; Ps.ro. Austere, harsh or severe, Lu.19.21. fonn of AsHOOD. Son of Ahilud, 1 Ki. 4. 12.-(2) Son
I6.5,6. n; 73.n; 78.19; 94.7;-deny him in Author, the beginner of a thing, I Co. Azzah, az 'za, a form of the name of H ushai,4. I6.-(3 ', Father of Zadok,
A.uurance, (I) or understanding, their works, Ex. 5. 2; Job 3r.28; Tit. 14.33; He.5.9; 12.2. Gaza, De.2.23; 1 Ki.4.24, Ne. 3. 4.-(4) One of those who re-
i.e. perfect knowledge and entire per- 1.I6. Authority, legal power,rule,Es.9.29; turned from Babylon, Ezr.2.2.
suasion of the doctrine of Christ, Col. Ath~ns, Ath'ens [city of MinervaJ, a Pr. 29. 2; .Mat. 7. 29; 8.9; 20.25; Ac.8. Baanah, b.l'a-nah [son of affiictionJ,
2. 2.-(2) Of faitk, a firm belief in city of Greece, the capital of Attica, 27; 9.14; ICo.15.24; Tit.2.15. another form of Baana, (1) One of the
Christ, entire trust in his sacrifice and situated about 46 miles east of Cor- Ava, a'vah [ruin], a place from which sons of Rimmon. In company with
priestly office, He. Io.22. (3) Of hope,
a firm conviction that God will grant
inth. It was founded by Cecrops
about 1556 years before Christ, and
colonists were brought to Samaria,
2 Ki. 17.24;18.34. Probably the same
B. his brother Rechab, entered Ishbosh-
eth's house and cut off his head, :i
what he has promised, He.6.11. This therefore it is one of the most ancient asAhava, Ezr.S.15,21,31;and Ivah, 2 Sa. 4. 5-8; - David punished their
word is commonly used to denote a remaining in the world. It was the Ki-.I8.34; 19;13. Baal, M':l.l (lord,ruler], (1)Thenameof guilt, 9-12.-(2} One of the chiefs
firm persuasion of our being in a state most eminent in population, wealth, Availeth, profiteth, Es.5.13; Ga.5.6; chief male divinity of the Phcenicians, of the Jews who returned from Ba-
of salvation. But this assurance does magnificence, commerce, literature, Ja.5-16. BEL being the Babylonian name of bylon, Ezr.2.2.
not belong to the essence of faith. It philosophy, oratory, poetry, and the Aven, A.'ven [iniquity], {1) A city of this god ...:...The worship of, a besetting Baara, ba'a-ra, one of the wives of
is a result or consequence of faith, fine arts. Idolatry in it was notorious; Egypt, eastward of the river Nile, sin of the Jews -prevailed also in Shaharaim, x Ch.8.8.
posterior to it in the order pf nature, and the number of their gods is reck- elsewhere called On or Heliopolis, anci!=nt Scandinavia; Balak brought Baasha, ba'a-sha, the third king of
and frequently so also in the order oned by Hesiod at 30,QOC). Petronius Eze.30.17.-(2) A plain in Syria. It Balaam to the high-places of, Nu.22, Israel, and the son of Ahijah, suc-
of time. ;fhis grace of assurance has said it 'was easier to find a god in seems to be the great plain or valley 4I ;-the Israelites worshipped, Ju. ceeds Nadab, I Ki. 15. 28 ;-Jehu
been attained by saints,] ob 19.25; Ps. Athens than a man.' It produced efLebanon (the modern El-Buka'a), 2. 13 :-God commanded Gideon to prophesies against him, 16. 1;-his
17- 15; 23. 4: 73. 24; Ro. 8. 38, 39; 2 Ti. Solon, Socrates_, Demosthenes, &c., Am. 1. 5; Jos. u. 17, in which stood throw down the altar of, 6.25;-his death,6.
t.n; -4,. 18; 1Jn.2.5;3.I4;4.I3;-we are besides many renowned generals;- Baalbec. It lies between Lebanon prophets slain by order of Elijah,after Babbler, a prattler, or senseless talk·
exhorted to seek after it, 2Co. 13. 5; here Paul preached, Ac.17.16-22. It and Anti-libanus, about 30 miles from his victory over them at Mount Car- er,Ec.10.n; Ac.17.18; 1 Ti.6.20; 2 Ti.
He. 6. n; I Th.5.21; 2Pe.1.Io;-peo,. was governed by the Romans before Damascus.-(3) The contracted fonn mel, r Ki. I8. 40;-by Jehu, 2 Ki. 10, 2.16.
pie of God sometimes deprived of it, the time of Christ; and in the fourth of Beth-Aven or Bethel, Ho.10.5,8. 18.-(2) The fourth son of Jehiel, a Babel, ba'bel [confusion, mixture],
Job 13. 24; 23.9; 29.3; Ps.44.24; 77.7; and fifth centuries it was pillaged by Avenge, to punish for a crime or in- Benjamite, 1 Ch. 8. 30.-(3) Name of TowER OF, mentioned only once in
88.1-4,; Is.50.10. the Goths. Since 1455 it was under jury, Le.I9.18; 26. 25; De.32.43; ls.I. a Reubenite, I Ch. 5. 5.-(4) A city Scripture, built in the plain of Shinar,
Assyria, as--syr'e-a, the country of the slavery of the Turks. It suffered 24; Lu.18.3; Ro.12.19; Re.6.10. of Simeon, J. Ch.4. 33, same as Baal- 102 years after the flood. l\Iaterials
Assyria and the Assyrian empire are dreadfully in the war between the Avengerofffiood,Jos.20.3;Nu.35.12, ath-Beer, Jos.19.8. of brick were prepared three years,
to be distinguished. The empire com- Greeks and Turks, yet it bravelysus- pursued the murderer or manslayer Baa.lab, ba'al-ah [mistress, one that is and the building was carried on
prehended Babylonia and Mesopota- tained three sieges; twice in the year to avenge the blood of the slain. governed], (I) A city of the tribe of twenty-two years. It was of pro-
mia. In it.s widest sense the Assy- 1822, and fitially in 18:26; and now it Averse, not favourable to, contrary to, Judah,J os.I5.29;-same as Balah, I9. digious extent and height. About
rian empire comprehended all the is free, the capital of the kingdom l\:li.2.8. 3;-assigned to Simeon, t Ch.4.29.- I700 years after its erection, Hero-
countries which lay between the Me- of Greece. Its ~opulation is above Avim., A;vim [ruins], a city of Ben• (2) A name for Kirjath-Jearim, Jos. dotus saw a structure at Babylo~
diterranean and the Indus, Ge.2.14; 40,0CX>. jamin, Jos.I8.23. 15. 9, 10; I Ch.13.6.-(3) A mountain consisting of eight towers, raised o~e
2 Ki. 15, 29· 17.6; Is. n.u; 19. 23, 24, Athint, thirsty, dry, Ju. 15. 18; Ru. Avites, a'vites, a tribe of early set- on the north-west boundary ofJudah, above another, and each 75 feet, m
25; Zep.2.13, &c. ;-many of the pro- 2. 9; Mat.25.44;-a desire for happi- tlers in Palestine, who came from Jos.r5.n. whole 6oo; and above the highest was
phecies of Nahum and Zephaniah ness, Re.21.6; 22.17. Avah, or lvah, on the north-west of Baalath, bA'al-ath [mistress], a city of built the temple of Belus. Strabo
were fulfilled in its overthrow. Atonement, the AT-ONE-MENT, the Chaldea;-were destroyed by Senna- Dan, about 12 miles north-west from says it was 600 feet in height. The
A.sayrians, the people of Assyria pro- setting AT-ONE of two parties who cherib, king of Assyria, Is. 36. 1-12: Jerusalem, Jos.19.44. top of the tower was reached by an
per, of which Nineveh was the capital. were at enmity, The word is used 37. 13;-they worshipped the idols Baalath-Beer [having a well], a city easy sloping ascent on the outside of
Their country lay on the Tigris, 3.nd to signify reconciliation or expiation. Nibhaz and lartak, 2 Ki.17.31, of Simeon, Jos.19.8. the building, which went round it in
was bounded on the north by the It is found only once (Ro.5.u) in the A vith, a'vith, a city of the Edomites, Baal-Berith, b:1.'al-be'rith [lord of the a spiral fonn. In different portions
mountains of Armenia, in the south New Testament, but frequently in Ge.J6.35. covenant1, an idol worshipped by the were large rooms, with arched roofs,
by Susiana and Babylonia, on the the Old. The Hebrew word so ren- Avoid, to shun, Pr.4.15; Ro.r6.17; I men of Shechem, J u.8.33. supported by pillars. The temple of
east by apart of Media and the moun- dered means a covering, Ps.32.I. It Co.7.2; 1 Ti.6.:w; 2Ti.2.23; Tit.3.9. Baa.le, bi'a-ley', ofJudah, a city in the Bel us was supposed to be the ancient
tain range of Zagros or mountains of is translated reconciliation, Le.6.30: Avouched, De.26.17,18, on the part tribe of Judah, from which the ark tower, but it is probable that it was
Kurdistan, and on the west by the 8. I 5; Eze. 45. I 5; Da.9. 24. -The great of Israel a solemn and deliberate was brought to Jerusalem, 2 Sa.6.2; a much more recent building. The
Tigris and Mesopotamia. Its modem annual day of, among the Jews, Le. choice ofGod,and on the part of God -called Kirjath-Jearim, 1 Ch.13.6. building of Babel~ and the confusion
name is Kurdistan. In extent it is 23.26;-sacrifices on it, Nu.29.7,8;- a solemn promise to succour and bless Baal-Gad, M'al-gad [lord of fortune], of tongues there, Ge. II. 1-g. The
about the size of Great Britain. Their manner in which they were to be ofhis people. a city in the valley of Lebanon, situ- name Babel (in Heb.) was afterward.,
conquest of Syria foretold, Is. 8. 4, fered, Le. 16. 1-34. Awake, to be ready or lively, Ju. 5. ated at the north-west foot of l\lount applied to the city Babylon, Ge. 10,
&c.; 10. 5, &c. ;-to be punished, 10. Atonement of Christ, his covering, 12; Job 8.6; 14.12; Ps.7.6; I7.15; Mar. Hermon, Jos. I I . 17; 12. 7; probably 10,and to the whole province of which
12,26; I4.24; 30.31:31.8;-their glory or expiating the sins of men by suffer- 4.38;Lu.9.32; Ro.I3.u; Ep.5.14. same as BAAL-HERMON, I Ch.5.23. it was the capital, Eze. 23. 17, mar-
and destruction, Eze. 31. 3;-to be ing as th~ir substitute or surety, Is. Aware, attentive, vigilant, Ca. 6. 12; Baal-Hamon, ba.'al-ham'on [lord of gin.
wasted, Mi. 5. 6· Zep. 2. 13. The re- 53.5-7,12; Mat.20.28; 26.28; Jn.6.51; Je.50.24; Lu.n.44, multitude], a place where Solomon Babes, infants, Ex. 2.6; Lu.1.41,-44; 2.
cent discoveries that have been made Ro. 3. 25; 5.6-9; 2 Co.5.21; Ga. 1.4; 3. Awe, a reverential fear, Ps.4.4; 33.8; had a vineyard, Ca.8.n. ~ 12, 16;-weak, or foolish, Is.z.-4; He.
among the ruins o! Nineveh t.hJ.IOw 13; Ep.1.7; 1TL2,6; Tit.2.14; He.9, 119,161. Baal-Razor, ba'al-ha'zor [lord of a,.. 5.13;-humbleand teachable person&,
154
BACA BARN BASONS BEAST
Cod reveals divine truth to them, 84.6;-the plur. of this word is ren• 16.26;-a company,Ac.10.1 ;-a shep- 2 Ki. 6. 27, signifies rather a thrash- Bastard, one born out of wedlocit,
dered 'mulberry-trees' in 2Sa. 5, 23, herd's staff so called in prophecy, ing-fioor. De.23.2; Zcc.9.6; He.12.8.
25 . Lu.10.21. 24; I Ch.14.15. Zec.u.7;-a band of Roman soldiers, Barnabas, bar'na-bas[sonofcomfort], Bat, an animal of the order oi the
Ma\JI. 'bab'e-lon [confusion, mix-
Dl,bY o_n, Hebrew and Chald. Babel, Back Parts of God, denote the less Ac.21.31, consisted of the tenth of a a Levite of the island of Cyprus, a Ch.eiroptera,or hand-winged. It com-
cure], ~tal of the country called .S~i- glory of his.presence, Ex.33.23. legion;-in Ps. 84. 4 the word means disciple of Christ, sells his possession, prises a great number of genera, spe-
the ~'Genesis, and i~ the ~aterSc~1p- Backbiting, censuring or reproach- the fear of death. Ac.4.36;-sent from Jerusalem to An- cies, and varieties, from the s~ze of
11,ar c1,aldea. Besides its apphca- ing the absent, condemned;-in Pr. Bani, ba'ni (built], (1) A Levite, 1 Ch. tioch about the proselytism of the the smallest mouse to that of the vam-
t?resto the city of Babylon, the name 25.23 the word so rendered denotes 6.46.-(2) One ofDavid's37 warriors, Gentiles, 1 r. 22;-' a good man and pire, which is as large as a .squin-cl.
~on b ) is also used to denote the secncy in tale-bearing; -in Ps. 15. 3 2 Sa. 23. 36.-(3) Ezr. 2. 10; ro.29,34; full of the Holy Ghost an<l of faith,' They are common in the East. The
(~t~;t ~f Chaldea lying betwe~n the to run about tattlin~;-in Ro. 1. 30 called also Brn~v1, N e.7.15. 11.24; 15.26;-goes to Tarsus to find bats mentioned in Scripture were the
~ . and the Euphrates (2 K1.24.1; an evil-speaker;- 2 Co. 12. 20, evil- Banishm.ent, exile, transported, 2 Sa. Paul, 25;-accompanies him in his true Vespertilionid.e, the insect-cat-
Tign,5 as weil as Babylonia, the pro- sjeakiug. 14.14; Ezr.7.26; La.2.14;Ac.r8.2; Re. first progress, 13.2;-separates from ing bat similar to the European. The
2?'27"0 f the Assyrian empire (2 Ch. Backslide, to draw back from God, or 1.9. him, 15. 39;-led into an error by word in Hebrew meansf.yiugin tlte
~~c;; _u), and also Persia, Ezr.5. apostatize from the truth, r Ki. JI.9; Bank, the side of a river, Ge.41.17;- Peter, Ga.2.13.-'He bore such are- dark,Le.11.19:Is.2.20.
33
3 3 The city of Babylon was the Ga.3.1-3; 5.4; Re.2.4; Ex.32.7,8;N e. a heap of earth raised, 2 Sa.20.15;-a lation to Paul as !1-Ielancthon did to Bath, a measure for 1:quids, the same
r3.. al of the province of Babylon, 9.26;-the guilt and danger of those public stock of money, Lu. 19. 23. Luther-that of a gentle, confiding, with the ephah, each containing the
ca~i~f the Chaldean empire. It .v.:as who do so, Pr. 14. 14; Je.2.19; Lu.9. Banner, E:,;sicx, STANDARD, set up earnest, but subordinate co-opera- tenth-part of a homer. Its capacity
:e of the most magnificent _c1t1es 6:2; He.ro.38;-pardoned if repented for war,Je.4.21; 50.2;-displayed for tor.' was 8 galls. 3 qts. The word is ren-
ha ver existed. It was bmlt by of, 2 Ch. 7. r4; Je.3. r2;36.3;-such per- truth, Ps.60.4. The several tribes of Barrel (a pitcher\ a vessel for keeping dered measure in Lu. 16. 6; Is.5.10:
ki!r:d~ the great-grandson ofN oah, sons invited to return,Je. 3.12, 14;Ho.
14. 4;-God threatens to forsake and
Israel had their respective banners or
standards, and they were directed to
flour, 1 Ki.17.12; 18.33;-for carrying
water, Ge.24.r4.
Eze.45. 10,11,14.
:Bathe, to wash in a bath, Le. 15. 5, 8,
in the place whe~ th~ tower of Babel
was erected. This city was a_n exact punish backsliders, N u.14.43; De.II. keep by these in their encampments Barrenness, unfruitfulness, Ps. 107. n, &c. ;-judgments from God, Is.
square, built 0:1 a _large plam, and 28;Ju.3.7,8; Is.17.10,n; Je.15.6; and marches, Nu.1.52;2.2,ro,r7,18, 34 ;-with no child, mentioned as a 34.5.
s6 miles m circumference, 14 Ho. 7. 13 ;-causes of backsliding: 34. reproach, Ge.30.1; I Sa.1.6;-remov- Bath-rabbim, bath-rclb'bim [<laugh-
~son each sid:, T?e walls were 'cares of the world; improper con- Banquet, a sumptuous feast, Es.5.4, ed in a miraculous manner from Sa- ter of many], a gate of the city of
feet thick, 335 m height, and _100 nections; inattention to closet duties; 6; Job41.6; Am.6.7; Da.5.10. rah,Ge. r8.10; 21.2;-from Rebekah, Heshbon, Ca.7.4.
87 self~conceit; indulgence; parleying Baptism, washing by sprinkling, affu- 25.21;-from Rachel, 30.22;-thewife Bathsheba, bath'she-bah [daughtero(
gates of solid brass, 25 on ea;h side,
It had fifteer. streets crossmg one with temptation;'-e.xamples of: sion, or dipping, 1\Iar.7.4; 1Co.1o.2; of Manoah,Ju.13.2;-from Hannah, the oath, or of seven], the daughter
other at right angles, each 15ofeet Saul, 1 Sa. 15. u; David,2Sa. 12. 14; He.9.ro; Re.19.13;Ac.ro.44,45, com- the mother of Samuel, 1 Sa. 1.19;- of Eliam, 2 Sa.11.3, or Ammie!, 1 Ch.
:de; and the whole city contain_ed Solomon, rKi.11.4-40; Asa, 2Ch. pared with 11.15,16. from Elizabeth,the wife of Zacharias, 3.5, and wife of Uriah;-David com~
16.7; disciples, Mat. 26. 56; Jn. 6. 66; - - - of John, l\Iat.3.5,&c.; hlar. Lu.1.7. mits adultery with her, 2 Sa. u.4,5;-
676 squares. The famous hangmg
rardens, as they are terme?, were churches of Asia, Re.2.4,14; 3.2, 1.4,&c.; Lu.3.3,&c.; Jn. r. 25, &c.; 3. Bars, to fasten doors or gates, Ex. the child born in adultery died, 2 Sa.
a succession of .terraces, raised on Backward, unwilling, to the back,Ge. 23 ;-Jesus questions the Pharisees 26. 26; Ne.3. 3,6;-rocks in the sea, 12.15-18;-she is married to David,
arches. The river Euphrates .. 1.n 9.23; 1 Sa.4.18; Job 23.8; Ps.40.q; 70. concerning it, l\Iat. 2r.25; Mar.u.29; Jonah 2.6;-the boundary of the sea, 11.27;-becomes the mother of Solo~
through this city. Nebuchadnezz 2; Is.1.4; 59.14; Jn.18.6, Lu.20.4. Job 38.10. mon, 12.24; 1 Ki. 1. JI;-presents the
king of Babylon, in 1648 years afle. Badger, the animal known by this - - - - , Christian,appointed, Mat. Bars.ahas, b3.r'sa•bas [son of Saba], (r) request of Adonijah to marry Abi-
Nimrod, and 588 before Christ, burn- name was not found in south em Asia. 28.29;-to be administered to all who Surnamed Justus, highly honoured / shag the Shunami~e, 1Ki. 2. 13;-is
ed the temple of Jerusalem, and car- It has not yet been noticed out of believe, Mar.16.16; Ac.2.4r; 8.r2,37; as a candidate for the office of apos- called Bathshua,r Ch.3.5.
ried many of the Jews to it, 2 Ki.25. Europe. Most probably some animai 18.8;-repentance necessary, Lu.3.3; tleship, Ac.1.23.-(2) The patrony- Batter, to beat down, 2 Sa.20.15.
8, g; J e. 52. 12-30;-the ~nhabitan:s of the seal species is intended when Ac.2.38;-administered to the house- mic of Judas, Ac. 15.22. , Battering-rams, engines used to beat
were remarkable for their supersti- mention is made of the 'badgers' holdorfamilyofbelievers: the family Bartholomew, bfu--thol'o-mew [son of I down the wails besieged, Eze.4.2; 2r.
tious, lewd, and debauched prac~ices, skins;'otherssupposethatitmayhave of Lydia, Ac. 16. 15;-of the jailer, Tolmai], one of the twelve apostles, .I 22.
and in consequence, severe Judg- been an animal of the antelope tribe, 33 ;-of Stephanas, I Co. 1. 16 ; - to Mat.10.3; Ac. r.13;-was a witness of Battle, an exhortation of the priest to
me~ts were specially threatened Ex. 25. 5; 26. 14; 35.7; Nu.4.10; Eze. both men and women, Ac.8.12:-to the ascension, Ac. 1.4, 12, 13;-sup- precede it, De. 20. 1;-who shall be
against them, Is. 13. 1-22; 14. 22, 23; r6.ro. , Simon,13;-the eunuch,38;-Saul of posed to be the same person who in dismissed before it, 5;-not always
47 _10--15;-its destruction foretold, Eahurim, ba.~hU'rim [low grounds], a ; _Tarsus, 9. 17, 18;-Comelius and his John's Gospel is called Nathaniel,Jn. to the strong, Ec.9.11.
Is.13.1, &c.; 14.4;47.1;-by thC :village of the Benjamites, about two ' friends, 10.47,48;-called the circum- 1.45-49. Battle-axe, a heavy axe to cut trees.
Medes and Persians, 21, 2;-their miles north-east of Jerusalem, 2 Sa. cision of Christ, Col.2.u, 12;-believ~ Barlimeus, bar-te-me'us [son of Ti- houses, &c., in the way of victory,
idols cannot save them, 46.1; Je.25. 3. 16; 16.5;-Shimei was a native of, ers baptized into one body, 1Co.r2. meus], one of the two blind beggars Je.51.20.
12;50.9,18,35; 51.1,&c.;-Daniel.was 2 Sa.17.nS; 1 Ki.2.8. 13;-into Christ's death, Ro. 6. 3;- of Jericho who sat by the wayside Battle-bow, either a bow to shoot in
a captive in it, Da.1.r,2;-the king Bajith, baJith [the house], a temple buried and raised with him in hap- begging, cured of blindness, Mat.20. war, or an army of archers, Zec.9.10;
built a great golden image, 3.r-7;- or city in the country of Moab, Is. tism, or dead to sin and raised to ho. 30; Mar.ro.46 10.4.
was besieged by Cyrus (B.C. 538),and 15.2. liness, 4;-compared to the saving of Baruch, 00/ruk [blessed], a Jewish Battlement, a parapet wall or balus-
che king, Belshazzar, was slain, 5.17- Bakbuk, bak'buk [a bottle], the head Noah by water, 1Pe.3.21;-with the prince, who,fromattachmenttoJere- trade surrounding the top of the flat~
31;-Cyrus liberated the Jews, and of one of the families of Nethinims, Spirit, Mat.3.u;Mar.1.8;Lu.3.r6;Jn. miah,actedashissecretaryorscribe; roofed houses of the Jew:;, to pre-.
sent them to rebuild the temple, 2 Ezr.2.51. 1.33; Ac.1.5;-re~eneration, th"! in- -charged to take care of the writ- vent persons from faIIing off, De.32.
Ch. 36. 22 ;-Darius, king of Persia, Balaam, bd.1am [devourer of the peo- ward and spiritual graca, signified by ingsof Jeremiah's purchase,Je.32.r3, 8;-also used to denote the fortifica-
demolished its gates and walls, B.C. pie], a son of Beor or Bosor, a noted it, Jn.3.5; Ro.6.3,4,u; Tit.3.5,6;-re- 14;-writes the prophecies of Jere- tion ofa city, Je.5.ro.
538;-Xerxes pillaged the temple of prophetordivmer;-dwelt in Pethon, mission of sins signified by, Ac.2. 38; miah, 36. 4; -which are burned by Bay, the colour of one of the t:ean'is or
Belus in the year 478 ;-Alexander a village of Mesopotamia, De.23.4;- / 22. 16;-only one baptism, Ep.4.5;- the king, 23;-writes them anew,32; horses in Zechariah's vision, Zee. 6.
the Great intended to renew it, b!it applied to by Balak, king of Moab, j 'baptized for the dead,' 1 Co. 15. 29; --comforted by Jeremiah, 45.r. 3,7.
he soon died, 323;-Seleucus Nicanor to curse Israel; Nu.22.5;-his ass l -'baptizedwithfire,'Mat.3.1r. Barzillai, bar-zil1a-i [made of iron], Bay-tree, only occurs in P:;. 37. 35:
carried away about 500,000 people to speaks, 28;-his prophecies concern- - - - - , overwhelming trials, or (r) A Meholathite, 2 Sa. 2r. 8. -(2) A some suppose it to be the laurel, and
a new city called Seleucia on the ing the future happy state of Israel, 1 bloody sufferings, Mat. 20, 22; Mar. Gileadite of Rogelim;-his kindness others the cedar of Lebanon.
Tigris;-a few people continllt:d till 23. 18, &c.; xxiv. ;-he counselled 10.39; Lu.12.50. to David when he fled fromAbsalom, Bazlith, baz'lith [nakedness], the head
the first century of Christ; but, in the Moab to seduce Israel to sin, 31.16; Barabbas, ba-rab'bas [son of Abba], a 2 Sa. r7. 27;-refuses David's kind ofoneofthefamiliesoftheNethinixn.
second, it wa,s.tleserted, and fell into -wishes to die with the righteous,23. I robber guilty of sedition and murder, offers, 19. 34;-David oharges Solo- Ezr.2.52; Ne.7.54.
ruins. The ruins of this once famous 10;-was slain, 31.8; Jos. 13.22;-his liar.15.7;-released by Pilate rather mon to show kindness to his family, Bdellium, a gum or rosin resembling
city are found near the modern vii. doctrine mentioned by Christ, Re.2. than Jesus, Mat.27.r6; Lu.23.18;Jn. 1 Ki.2.7. myrrh, used as a perfume, Ge.2.1:2;
lagc of H illah, on the west bank of 14. 18.~ Base, the foundation of a pillar, I Ki. -like mann~ in colour, Nu. u. 7;-
the Euphrates, about 50 miles south Baladan, bal'la-dan [valiant and Barachel, bli'ra-kel, the father of Eli- 7. 27; Ezr.3.3;-mean, vile, Job 30.8; others regard the word as meaning
of Bagdad. The most remarkable of wealthy], {r) Thefatherofl\forodach- hu, Job 32.2,6. Is. 3.5. pearls or precious stones. The LXX.
all the mounds found m that region baladan, king of Babylon, 2 Ki. 20. Ba.rach.iaa, bar-a-ki'as, the father of Bashan, ba. 'shan [fruitful, or light, render the word in one place car...
is the vast ruin called Bin Nimrud, 12.-{2) A surname of that king, Is. Zechariah,Zec.r.r,7; Mat.23.35. sandy soil], a district east of Jordan buncle, and in another crystal.
about 6 miles south-west of Hillak, 39.1. Barak, ba'rak [lightning], the son of reaching from Gilead to Hermon: its Beacon, a signal or mark on conspicu-
.rid which is supposed by some, Bala.h, ba'la [a contraction of Baalah, Abinoam, chosen to liberate the He- early inhabitants were Amorites, De. ous places to warn of danger, or to.
though on insufficient gro·unds, to or Bilhah], a city in the tribe of Sim- brews from the Canaanites, Ju.4.6-g; 3.n-13~ 447;-its king opposed the give direction, ls.30.r7.
represent the tower of Babel. The eon, Jos.19.3.-The same as Bilhah, -provesyictorious, 15;-his, and the Israelites, Nu.2r.33;-Moses gave it Bealiah, be-a-li'ah, one of David's
mound called Babel is supposed to 1 Ch.4.29, or Baalah, Jo'.-i.15.29. prophetess Deburah's song,5.1, &c.; to the half-tribe of Manasseh, 32.33: Benjamite heroes, 1 Ch.12.5.
represent the temple of Belus; the Balak, bJ.'lak [empty], a king of the -his faith commeilded, He.u.32. -high hill of, called the hill of God, ' Beaioth (the plur, of Baal), (1) A town
mound of the Kasr ('palace') the Moabites, Nu.22.2,15. Barbarian, literally, a _foreigner, a Ps.68. 15;-bulls of, 22. 12;-oaks of, in the extreme south of Judah,Jos.15.
great palace of Nebuchadnezzar; and Balances, a pair of, a symbol of jus- term used by the Greeks, Romans, Is.2.13; Eze.27.6;Zec.u.2;-itsfruit- 24.-(2) A di.strict of Asher, rendered
the mound of A mram the 'hang- tice,Job3r.6;Ps.62.9;Pr.u.r;-when and Jews, Ac. 28. li?,4; Ro.1.r4; 1Co. fulness and rich pastures, Je. 50. 1:9; in 1 K.i.4.16 incorrectly• in Aloth.'
ing gardens.' There are many other used to weigh cori;l symbol of scar• 14.11; Col.3.r1. Mi. 7. 14: Is. 33. 9; Na.r.4;-it is now Beam, a plank of wood, a thorn. or
great masses of ruins on both sides city, Re.6.5; Le.20.26; Eze.4.16,17. Barbed,jagged withhooks,Job41.7, called Hauran. splinter, Ju.16.14; Mat.7.3-5.
of the Euphrates not yet fully ex- Bald, the head without hair;-some Barber, Eze.5. 1. Bashan-Havoth..Jair, name given to Beans, 2 Sa.17.28; E2e.4.9.
plored. children in Bethel showed contempt Bare, naked, Le. 13. 4S,55;-pure, the region of Argob in Bashan, con- Bear, a fierce beast of prey;-killed
Babylon the Great, said also to be for Elisha as a prophet of the Lord mere, 1 Co.15.37.-BARE-FOOT, indi- quered by Jair, De. 3. 14; Nu. 32. by David, 1 Sa.17.34:-killed forty..
'the mother of harlots, and abomina- by crying after him, 'Go up, thou cation of distress, Is.20.2-4; 2 Sa.15. 41. two children who mocked Elisha, 2
tions of the earth,' is a symbolical bald-head,' and forty-two were tom 20. Bashemath, bash'e-math [fragrant], Ki.2. 23, 24;-its fierceness illustrat-
title of Papal Rome, or the antichris- in pieces, 2 Ki.2.23. Bar-Jesus [son of Joshua], the pa- a daughter of Ishmael, and one of the ing judgments of God, La.3.10; Ho.
tian power,represented by the Popish Baldness, when voluntary, a sign of tronymic of Elymas (the Turkish three wives of Esau, Ge.26.34; 36.3, 13.8;-symbolical:Da.7.5;-ofafero-,.
church, Re.17.5:-its fall predicted, mourning, Is.22.r2; Je.47.5. Ulemah), asorcerer,Ac.13.6;-with- 4, 13. When first mentioned she is cious enemy, Pr.17.12; ls.n.7; Re..
14- 8; 18. 2 ;-description of certain Balm, a precious gum, extracted from stood Paul,8;-solemnly rebuked and called MAHALATH, Ge.28.9. 13.2.
of its features, 18.1-14.-The BA- the balsam-tree, more particularly struck with blindness, g--u. Baskets, vessels made of twigs, &c., Beard, tearing, or n'eglecting to trim,
IYLON mentioned in 1 Pe.5.13 is sup- ascribed to Gilead,Ge.37.25;Je.8.22; Bar-jona, har-jo'nah [the son ofJona], for holding bread, Ge.,40.16; Ex.29. a token of deep sorrow, Ezr.9.3; Is.
posed by some to have been a place 46.n; 51.8; Eze.27.17. the patronymic of the apostle Peter, 3,23;-ior gathering grapes, Je.6.9;- 15.2;Je.4r.5;-insult offered to Da-
lD Egypt, and by others the enigma- Bamoth, bJ.'moth [heights] (in the Mat.16.17; Jn.r.42; 21.17. first-fruitsofthe harvest preserved in, vid'sambassadors by cutting off, 2 Sa.
heal title of Rome (Re. 17. 5); but singular BA MAH, Ex.20. 29), a place Bark, to make a noise as a dog, Is.56. De. 26. 2,4 ;-Paul escapes from Da• 10.4,5;-Jews for hidden to cut off or
most probably it refers simply to the on the borders of Moab, east of Jor- 10;-to peel the barl4 Joel 1.7. mascusin,2Co.n.23;-fragmentsga- mar, for the dead, Le.19.27; 2r.5.
C~ldean Babylon, where that epistle dan, which was conquered from Si- Barley, a well-known grain, Ex.9.31; thered in, Mat.14.20: Mar.6.43; Lu. Bearers, carriers of burdens, 70,'X>O
'Was Composed, and where it is known hon,Nu.21.19, 20.-Thesame as Ba~ Le.27.16;Nu.5.15; De.8.8; 2Ch.2.10; 9. 17. for building the temple, 2 Ch.2.18.
a large 11umber of Jews resided. moth-Baal, Jos.13.17. In Nu.21.4r it Is.28.25; Ho.3.2; 2 Sa.14.30. Baeons, vessels to hold water, four dif- Bearing with the weaknesses and in..
Baca.,b~'kah [weeping], name of some is translated 'the high- places of Barn, a repository for grain, 2 Ki.6. ferent Hebrewwordsareso rendered. firmities of others, a duty, Ro.14.t:t
tallcy, ased by the psalmist as the Baal.' 27; Lu. 12. 24;-heaven, Mat. 13. 30, That used in Ex. 24. 6 is rendered 15.r; I Co.13.7; Ga.6.1,~...
emblem of devotion and sorrow~ Ps. Band, a chain or cord, Lu. £.29; Ac. The word rendered barn inJob 39. 12; 'goblet,' Ca.7.2; and 'cup,' ls.22.a+, Bea.asts, all animals as distini,!"Uishc<:.
155
BEEBSHEBA
&om man, Ps.36.6;-named by Adam,
Gc.2.30;-Solomon's knowledge of,
BELSHAZZAR
planted a grove there, Ge.21.33;-
madealeaguewithAbimelechat,26.
BEREA BETH-AZMAVETH
the secret or treasure], the last king : west of Thessalonica;-here Paul
of the Chaldees, under whom. Baby- preached with success, Ac.17.10;-
BETH-BORON
(howeof Azmaveth], a village ore.,,.
jamin, Ne. 7. 28.
r
1 Ki. 4. 33;-not to be cruelly used., 33:-givcn to Simeon, Jos.19.2;-Eli~ lon was taken by Cyrus;-his impious its inhabitants commended for search- Beth-Aven, beth-A'ven [hoUse of no.
Pr. i:2. 10;-to rest on the Sabbath
to the same fate with men, Ec.3.rB,
jah fled to, 1 K.i.19.3-
Astarte], a city on the east of Jor-

feast, Da.5.1, &c.;-sees a hand-writ-
Ex. 20. 10; 23. 12; De. 5. 1.4;-subject Beeahtemh., be-esh'te-rah [house of ing on the wall, 5;-Daniel's inter-
pretation of it, 25;-his death, 30.
ing the Scriptures, II. It now bears
the name of Vern'a in Roumelia, and
has a population of about 20,000.
thingness, or of iniquity1 sainc •
Bethel, Ho.,0.5; 4.15; Jos.7,2.
wilderness ot, Jos.18.12.
n:
&c.;-in Re.4.6,8,,; 5.6,14; 6.1; 7.n; dan, Jos.21.27;~led Ashtaroth, 1 Belteshazzar, bel-te-shaz' zar [Bel's Bereave, deprive or take away, Ee. Beth-Baal-Meon, beth-bii'ai-me'o
1-4-.3; 19.4, the literal rendering living Ch.6.71. prince, i.e. whom Bel favours], the 4.8; Je 15.7; Eze.5.17; Ho.13.8. [house of Baal•Mcon], a;placc in Re n
one or living creature would be more Beetle, an insect of the locust family, Chaldee name given to Daniel, Da. Bered, be'red [hailJ, a place in the hen, Jos.13.17. See BAAL-MEoN u-
appropriate;-in prophetic language, altogether different from that so call- 1.7; 2.26. ! south of Palestine, Gc.16.14. Beth-Barah, beth-ba'ra [ho115e'
1
heathen kingdoms or powers, Da.7.4- ed by us. The word occurs only in Bemoan, to mourn over, Je.15.5; 16. Berl.ah, be-ri'ah [in evil], (1) Ephraim's crossingt a ford or place on the J0;
8,11,12;8.4;-the papalantichrist, Re. Le.u.22. 5; 22.10; 31.18; Na.3.7. sons had been slain (rCh. 7. 21-23), dan named in Ju. 7.24- -
13.1,&c. ;-Paul describes some of his ·Beeves, the old plur. of beef, used in Benaiah., ben-ay'ah [made by Jeho- and he called his next son Beriah, Beth-Birei, beth-bir' C-i, a city of
furious opponents as 'wild•beasts,' the 0. T. for cattle, Le.a2. 19,21; Nu. vah], (1) Son of Jehoiada the chief 'because it went evil with his house,' Simeon, 1 Ch. 4- 31 ;- probably the
1 Co.15.32;-a similar figure in Ps.22. 31.28,38. priest, 1 Ch.27.5, one of David's vali- -(2) A son of Asher, Ge.46.17.-(3) same as Beth-Lebaoth, J os.19.6,
12,16; Ec.3.18. Befallen, happen, Le.10.19; Nu. 20, ant men, 2 Sa.23.20;-succeeds Joab A Benjamite, 1 Ch.8.13. Beth-Car, beth'k.ar, a place to which.
Beat, to smite, De. 25. 3;-to over. 14; Es.6.13; Mat.8.33. in the command of the army, 1 Ki.2. Berith, be'rith [covenant], the idol of the Hebrews, under Samuel, Pursued
come, 2 Ki. 13. 25: Ps. 89~ 23;-to de• Beforehand, previously, Mar.13.11; 35; 4. 4.-(2) A Pirathonite, one of the Shechemites, Ju.9.46. See BAAL· the Philistines: the site of the stone
molish, Ju.8.17; 9.45. · 2 Co.9.5; 1 Pe.1.11. David's thirty mighty men, 2 Sa.23. BERITH. Ebenezer, 1Sa.7.u.
Beautify, to render comely, Ezr.7.27: Beget, to generate or produce, Ge. 30.-(3) A Levite, 1 Ch. 15. 18.-(4 ) Bernice, ber-ni'se, the eldest daugh- Beth-Dagon, beth-d~'gon [the hoUSt
Ps.149.4 · Is.6o. 13. 17.20; De.4.25; Je.29.6. A priest, 1 Ch. 15. 24.-(5) A Lcvite ter of Agrippa the Great, and sister of Dagon1 (1) A town of Judah,Jos.
Beautiful Gate OF THE T&~PLE, Ac. Beggar, one who begs for alms, 1 Sa. in the time of Hezekiah, 2 Ch.31,13. of the younger Agrippa, king of the 15.41,-(2) A place on the border or
3.2. 1.8; Ps.109.10;-Lazarus, Lu.16.20- Forothersofthesamenamesee1Ch. Jews-whom she accompanies on a Asher, Jos. 19.27.
Beauty, the vanity and danger of it, 22;-thc blindman,Jn.9.8;-thelame 4.36; Eze.u.1,13; Ezr.10.25,30,35,43. visit to Felix,Ac.25.13. Her first bus- Beth-Diblathaim, beth-dib-la-tha'un
Ps. 39, II; Pr. 6, 25; 31, 30;-a shep- man, Ac.3.2-5. Ben-Am.mi, bi:n-am'mi [son of my band was her uncle-she was a wo- [house of Diblathaim], a city of Moat,,
herd's staff so called in prophecy, Beginning, that which is first, Ge. 1. people1 father of the Ammonites, Ge. man of an abandoned character. Je. 48, 22;-called also Almon-Dib,
Zee.11. 7;-persons reffiarkable for it: 1; Jn.2.n; He.3.14;-from eternity, 19.38. Berodach-Baladan, be-ro'dak-bal'a- lathaim, Nu. 33.48.
Sarah, Gil. u. u;-Rebekah, 24-16: before any creature was made, Jn.I. Benches, seatsforrowersinships,Eze. dan, a king of Babylon, 2 Ki.20.12; Bethel, beth'el [house of God1 (1) A
-Rathel, •9• 17;-Joseph, 39. 6;- 1; 2 Tb.2.13; Re.I.8. 27.6. -called also l\Ierodach-Baladan, Is. city 12 miles north of Jerusalem \Vas
Moses, Ex. 2. 2; H'!, n. 23;-David, Begotten, naturally,Ju.8.30;-super• Beneath, under, below, Ex.20.4;Job 39.1. originally called Luz;-first C:.Ued
1 Sa. 16. 12, 18;-Bathsheba, 2 Sa. n. naturally, He. 11. 17;-spiritually, 1 18.16; Is.14.9; 51.6; Jn.8.23. Berothai, ber'o-thay [my wells], a city Bethel by Jacob, Ge.28.19;-built an
2;-Tamar, the daughter of David,,• Co.4.15. Bene..Berak, ben-eb'e-rak [sons of of Syria, north of Damascus, 2 Sa.8. altar at, many years afte1, 35.1,6 7'-..
13. 1;-Absalom, 14. 25;-Abishag, Beguile, to cheat, or impose on, Col. lightning], Jos.19,45; a city in the 8; the same as Chun, 1Ch.18.8. Pro- visited yearly by Samuel, 1 sa.;,;6.
1 Ki. 1. 4;-Vashti, the wife of Aha· 2.4, 18; 2 Pe.2. 1-4- tribe of Dan. bably also the same as Berothah, -h~rc Jeroboam set up his _idol ~
suerus, Es.1.n;-Esther, 2.7. I
Behalf, to do or speak in one's favour, Benediction, form o( priestly, N u.6. Eze.47.16. 1 K1.12.28,29; called for th1S reason
lileba.i, belfa-I [father1 the head of Ro.16:19; 1Co.1.4; 1 Pe.4.16. Beth-aven, Ho.4-15; 10.5. It is now
one of the families that returned from Behaviour, conduct, course of life,
Babylon, Ezr.2.11. 1 Sa.21.13; 1 Ti.3.2; Tit.2.3-
.
I 23-26;-by Melchizcdec, He.7.1-7;- Beryl, a transparent gem, probably
David 2Sa.6.18 20.
Bene~tore,pen:onswhoconfer bene•
the topaz. It was the tenth stone in
the high-priest's breast-plate, Ex.28.
a mass of ruins called Beilln,-J, 2 )
A town in the south of Judah, Jos.
Becher, be'k.er [first•born], the second Beheaded., cut off the head, 2Sa.,4.7;
son of Benjamin, Ge.46,21; 1 Ch.7.6. Mat.14.10; Re.20.4.
I fits, or do good to others, Lu.22.25. 20; Eze.1.16; 10.9; Da.10.6; Re.19.20.
I Bene:ft.ts, gifts of God, 2 Ch. 32. 25; Beseech, to entreat or implore, Ex.
12.16; 1 Sa.30.27;-called alsoChesiJ,
Jos.15.30; Bethul, 19.4; and Bethuel,
Bechorath, be -ko 'rath [first-born], Beheld, looked upon, Nu.21.9; 23-r.u: Ps.68.19;-todogood,Je.18.10;-saJ.. 33.18; Ps.8o.14; Ro.12.1; Ga.4.12. 1Ch,4,30-
great-grandfather of Ner, the grand- Ps. ng.158; Mar.15.47; Re.5.6. vation, 1Ti.6.2. Beset, to harass or perplex, Ps.22.12; Beth-Emek, beth-e'mek [howe of
father of Saul, 1 Sa.9.1. Behemoth, behe-moth, an animal Bene-Jaakan ben-e-ja'l!..kan [the 139.5; Ho.7.2; He.12.1. the valley], a border town of Asher,
Beckoned, gave a sign With the hand, described in Job 40. 15, &c. The sons of Ja.a.kai'i] used as an abbrevia- Besiege, to surround a city to take it, Jos.19.27.
Lu.1.22; 5.7; Jn.13.24; Ac. 19.33; :n. word f:s~
is translated has~, Job 35- tion for Becroth-(the wells of the) De.28.52; 1 Ki 8.37. . • Bether, be'th [mountain of division,
40; 24.10. 11 ;Ps. 7-,;z2. cattle, Ps.5?. 10,-gcncr- Bene-Jaakan, an encampment of the Besom, to sweep with destruction, or of perfume], probably denoting
Bed, mattresses and skins laid on the ally sup]lbsed to be the hippopotamus, Israelites, N u.33.31,32. occurs only in Is.14.23. those tracts of country that were the
floor, used as beds, Mat.9.6;-elcvated the river-horse of Egypt, an anint:tl Benevolence, good-will, 1 Co.7.3. Besor, be'sor [cold1 a brook in the favourite re of the hart and the
cushioned benches so used, 2 KL 1. of great streng~ and bulk. It IS Ben.had.ad, ben-ha'dad (son of Ha- , south-west corner of Canaan, and roe, Ca.4.6,8; 8.14,
4; 20. 2;-were sometimes movable, frequently met with above 16 ft. long dad], (1) The king of Syria, came to 1 falling into the Mediterranean a few Bethesda, th-cc'da [house of mertyl
Ex. 8. 3; 2 Sa.4.5-'7;-BEDSTEAD of and 7 ft. in height. 'Heeatethgrass assist Asa,king of Judah, 1 Ki.15.18. miles to the south of G~ 1Sa.30.9; apool 1 •',eeastofJcrusalem,famed
Og, king of Bashan, Dc.3.11;-the like an ox.' -(2) Son of the former,_besicges Sa- -supposed to be that in which the in the tim of Christ for its hcalioc
grave, ls.57.2, Behind, after, 2Sa.3.16;-inferior to, ma~ 1 Ki20.1, &c.;-dCfeated, 20; Ethiopian eunuch was baptized, Ac. virtue,Jn._:.~. Identified by Dr. Ro-
1ledad, be' dad [separation], Ge. 36, 2 Co.u.5;-1_1ear to, ~s.30.21. • -again, 29;-taken prisoner, but dis• 8.26, &c. binson with the •Fountain of the Vir.
35; 1 Ch.1.46. ~h~Id This ~ord 1s ~ot an mter- missed, 33.-(3) The son of Haza.el, Besought,pa.rl of beseech, Gc.<4-2.21; gin' in the valley of the Kedron, a
Bedan, he'da.ll, 1 Sa.12.n; probably Ject1on, but the 1mpcrat1vo mood, ex- I who succeeded his father in Syria, Ex.32.u; Je.26.19; Mat.8.31. short distance above the I Pool of
the same as the judge Abdon. pressing command or exhortation. I 2 Ki. 13. 24:-defea.ted Jchoash in Bestead, an obsolete word, to treat, Siloam.'
Bedeiah, bed-e-i'ah [servant of Jeho- It i~ a call to fix the attention on a I three engagements, 25. accommodate. In ls.8.21 the phra- Beth-Gp··1ul, heth-ga'mul [house of a
vah], Ezr.10.35. subJcct, Is.7.14; 42.1; Mar.16.6;Jn. tBen-Hail, ben-ha'il [the son of 'hardlybestead'meansoppns·-' camel], a city of . · , e.48.23. ~
Bee, common in Palestine;-dcposited 1.29; Re.~.20; 16.15; 22.7. f strength], one of the 'princes• of lpc Bes~ty, f~rbidden, L::. 18. :::;,;- is · called U • Jnn,JJ. 'This;
their honey in clefts of the rock, &c., Behoved, it was fit, Lu.24.46; He.o.
Ps. 81. 16; Ju. 14. 8~-honey a com-
I people sent by Jehoshaphat to m• punishable with death, 20.15; Ex.22. says Mr. Graham, 'is perhaps am.one
the most perfect -,f the old cities I
17• struct the Jews, 2 Ch.17.7. 19-
mon article of food in Canaan, I Ki. Bel, beY [vain, nothing1 an idol of I Ben-Hanall, ben-ha'nan [the son of Bestir, to hasten, • Sa.5.24- saw. It is su~oundrd by a hie-h wall
14.3; Ca.5., ;-symbol of the Assyrian the Chaldcans, the same as Baal, Is. I grace1of the posterity ofJudah, 1 Ch. Bestow, to confer upon, De.1-t-.26;Lu. forming a rectangle, which seems to
king, Is.7.18. 46.1; Je.50.2; 51.44- See BAAL. 4. 20• 12.17,18; 1 Co.12.2 : c:--3- inclose more space than the modern
Beeliada, bc-cl-I'a•dah, a son of Da- Bela, be1ah [a thing swallowed], (1) Benjamin, ben'jl!..min [son of my Beta.h, be'tah [trust, sec,,rity], a city J erusalcm. The st, ets are many ol
vid, 1 Ch.14-7; the same as Elia.da, 2 Oneofthefivecitiesoftheplain,Ge. right hand], the youngest son of Ja- in Syria. which .· took from thr .... pavcd.-Th were some very
Sa.5.16. 14.2;-afterwards called Zoar, 19.20, cob and Rachel, born, Ge.35,18; with Hadadezer, 2Sa. ~- , 1( 18.8;-it is large public uildings. -The houses
Beelzebub, bc-el'ze-bub, or BELZ&• 30.-{2)AkingofEdom,sonofBeor, her dying breath his mother called called Tibhath, 1Ch.18.8. were some c.. tl- very large, con-
BUB [the god of flies1 the chief idol Ge.36,32, 33; 1 Ch. 1. 43.-(3) Son of him Benoni [son of my sorrow], but Beten, be'ten [belly], a place on the sisting usually tl rooms on the
god of the Ekronites, 2 Ki.1.3, and Azaz, a Reubenite, I Ch.5.8, his father called him Benjamin;- border of the town of Asher, Jos.19, ground-floor an t ., on the first
hence the chief of the devils, Satan, Belah, be'lah, eldest son or ·Benja- goes into Egypt, 43.15,-his descen- 25. story, the stairs being fenncd of large
is so called in the N cw Testament, min,, Ch.7.6. dants, 1 Ch-7-6;-his sons and chief Bethabara, beth-ab'a-ra [house of, stones built :nto the house-walls and
Mat.10.25; 12.24; Lu. II, 15-19. See Belch, to throw out mali~ Ps.59.7. men, 8.1. ford or passage1 in the best MSS. leading up outside. The doors were,
BAALZ&BUB, Belial, bC'll-al [worthless], a name Benjamitee, theirinheritance,Jos.18. .Bethany, a place on the Jordan east as usual, of stone; sometimes foldin1•
Beer, he'er [a well], (1) A town in given to Satan, 2 Co.6.15;-wicked n;-almost extirpated by the other of Jericho, where John baptizer-1 Jn. doors, and some of them highly oma•
Benjamin, probably same as Beeroth, men called sons of, De.13.13; Ju.19- tribes, Ju. 20. 26, &c.;-allowed to 1.28. mcnte-l. • • • Taking my rifle
Ju.9.21.-(2) A halting-place of the 22; 1 Sa.1.16; 2.12; 10.27, &c. seize wives, 21.16. Beth-Anath, beth'4-nath [house of with me, I wandered aboutquitealon1
Israelites, Nu.21.16-18. Believe, to give credit or assent, Ge. Ben-Zoheth, ben-z0'heth [son of Zo- response], r • , of Naphtali, nine in the old streets of the town, entered
Beer..EJim., be-Cr-E'lim [well of he- 45.26;Ac.8.13;-torcceive or depend beth], 1 Ch.4.:w. or ten miles north-west from the Sea one by one the old houses, went up-
roes], a place on the border of Moab, on, Jn.1.12; 3.15,16. Sn FAITH, Beon, bc'on, a pasture-ground east of of r..alilf'e, Jc-·•.1..,,38; 1.,33. stairs, visited the rooms, and in short,
ls.15.8. Bellows, an instrument to blow the Jordan, Nu.32.3; probablyacontrac• Bethany,beth'a-ne [house of dates]. a made a careful examination of the
Beer-lahai-roi, be'er-la-hii'e-roy [the fire, Je.6.29. tion for Beth-Meon, Je.47.23. town of IOmC note, situated on the whole place; but so perfect was every
well of him who lives and sees me], a Bella, on the lower borders o( the Beo~ bc'or [a torch], {1) The father of eatt side of the Mount of Olives, street, every house, every room, that
fountain near which the angel of the high priest's robe, that he might be Balaam,Nu,22,5.-{2)FatherofBela, about fifteen furlone:s hwo Roman I almost fancied I was ina dream wan.
Lord found Hagar, Ge. 16. 7, 14 ; - heard as he went in and out of the Ge.36.32. ,. miles) from Jerusalem, the residence dering alone in this city of the dead,
Isaac dwelt near, Ge.24-62; 25.n. holy place, Ex.28.33 ;-horse bells, Bera., be'ra [a well], king of Sodom, of Laza1u1, Martha, and Mary, Jo. seeing all perfect yet not bearing a
Beeri, bc'ry [illustrious1 (1) The fa. or bridles, inscribed Iloliness ttJ tlu was assisted by Abraham, Ge.1,t..2. n. 1;-bere Mary anointed Christ. sound' {Blaikic's Bible Hist017, P.
ther of Judith, Ge.26.34.-(2) Father Lord, t'.e. a spirit of religion shall Bera.ch.ah, bcr'a-kah [blessing1 (1) A Matt.2.6. 6, 7;-f1om itavidnity Christ 124, n.) These cities of BashaD z-.
of the prophet Hosea, Ho.1.1. pervade all the pursuits and occu- valley half way between Jerusalem ucended into heaven, Lu. 14. so;- main to this day almost in the state
Jleeroth, be-e'roth [wells1 a city of pations of men, Zec.1,t..20. and Hebron, where Jehoshaphat now but a amall and poor villae:e of in which they were in the daysofOg.
the Gibeonites, given to the tribe of Belly, the bowels, Mat. 15.17;-carna] gained a victory over the Moabitcs about 2.0 families. It ia called by the Beth-Haccerem, beth-hAk'ker-im
Benjamin, ten miles north of J eru- pleasures, Ro.16.18;-sometimes put and Ammonites, 2Ch.ao.26.-(2) One Arabians el' Azarly,k_ [house of the vineyard1 a city of Jo-
salem, Jos.9.17; 2 Sa.4.2; near it are for the mind or heart, Jn.7.38;Job15- ofthethirtyBenjamitewarriors, 1 Ch. Beth,Arab:i'l. beth-ar'ra-bah [house dah, about 8 miles south-east from
:he remains of an old church, built 35; 20.15; Pr.20. 27 1 30;-the inhabi- 12.3- of the desert], a city of Benjamin, at Jerusalem, Je.6.1; Nc.3.14-
by the empress Hclena;-now called tan ts of Crete called shw Delius, or Berachie.b., or BERECHIAH, ber-a-ki'- the north end of the Dead Sea, Jos. Beth-Hoglah. beth-hog'lah [magpie-
el-Bink, a village of 700 inhabitants. given to slotk and gluttony, Tit. 1. ah, or berae-ki'ah [blessed by Jeho- 18 22. placc1 a city in Benjamin, no•,. Har-
Beeroth, be-i!:'roth [of the children of u;-the 'belly of hell,' Jonah 2. 2, vah], (1) The father of Asaph, 1 Ch. Beth-Aram, beth'ar-an1 [house of /alt., betweenJerichoandJonlan,JOL
jAAKAN), a group of wells in the wi]. signifiesthegraveortheunderworld. 6.39- For others of the same name height], one of the towns of Gad on
derness, De. 10.6, called Bene- ( =ckit- Belong, appertains to, Ge.-40-S;Lc.37. see 3 Ch.28.12; 1 Ch.3-20; 9.16; Zee. the cast of Jordan, Jos.13.27;-the ~Ji~ii:~'ron, beth-ho'ron [house of
dnn ef) Jaakan, Nu.33.31,32. 24; Ps.47.9; Mar.9.41. 1.1,7: Ne.3 . .._. same as Beth-Haran, Nu.32.36. The Lhe hollow1 two towns of Ephraim.
Beenheba, be-er'she-ba [well of the Beloved, much valued and delighted Beraiah., be•ra-i'ah [the cho06ing of ruins are called Bet't-Ramak. about 3 miles distant from each other,
oath], the name of a city, and also in, Dc.21.15; Ne. 13.26; Ac. 15- 25;- the Lord], of the posterity of Bcnja- Beth-Arbel, beth-ar'bel [house of the 'Upper,• Jos.16.5; 21.22: and the
of a well, at the southern extremity the new Jerusalem, Re.20.9;-Christ min, r: Ch.8.21. God's court1 a place mentioned only 'Nether,' 16.3; 18.13;1Ch.7.2-4-;sCh.
c,f the Holy Land:-first mentioned is, Mat.3.17; Mar.1.u. Berea, bc-rE'a[heavy, weighty), a city in Ho.10.14- 8.5, about u miles north-west of J.,
In the history of Abraham, who Belshazza.r. ltel-shAz'zar tmaster of of Macedonia, lying about 20 miles Beth•.Azmaveth, beth-az-ma'veth rusalem;-Solomon repaired ud fa,
156 178
BETH-ZUR BIBLE BITHYNIA ELIND BOHAl'I
• ed the Jower, 1 Ki.9.11 .. The sites Betimes, early, Ge. 26. 31:-season- purpose of facilitating reference, and Bitter Herbe, the passover eaten with, cially, Ps.6g.23; Is.29.10; -4+181 Mat.
tifi towns are occup1od by the ably, Pr.13.24;-continually, Job 8.5. not for distinguishing the several sub. Ex. 12.8, to rl".mind of the bondage of 13.13-15; Jn.12.40.
of th::b villages Seit-Ur el-Folea Betray, to deliver up treacherously, jects, the divisions are not always thct Egypt;-bittemess, the symbol of Blindfolded, the eyes covered, Lu,
most fortunate, The division into affliction and misery, Ex. I. 14; Ru. 1. 22.64.
~ Feit-Ur ,I-Takta. . 1 Ch.12.17; Mat.24.10; 26.16.
:i~w. to recollect, 1 K1.8.47; 2 Ch. Betroth, or ESPOUSE, to promise or
contract marriage, Ge.24.57-59~ Ex.
chapters, as they now stand in the Old
and New Testaments, is generally
20.
Bittern, a fowl about the size of a
Blindnesa, inflicted on the Sodomites,
Ge.19.u;-on the Syrians, 2Ki.6.18:
6.37"_Jes)rlnloth, beth - jesh 'C-moth 22. 16;De..28. 30;-Mary was espoused ascribed to the schoolmen who, with heron, retired into the wilds and fens; -onPaul,Ac.9.8;-on Elymas, 13.J.1•
Beth of desolations], a city of the to Joseph, Mat.1.18 ;-believers are Cardinal Hugo of St. Cher, prepared -Isaiah foretold that Babylon should -cured, Mat.12.22; 9.27; 20.30; Mar
[hoU: ites in the valley of Arabah, betrothed or espoused to Christ, Ho. in A.D. 1240 a concordance for the be a place for, Is.14.23;-Zephaniah 8.22; 10.46; Jn.9.1; Ac.9.18,
Re~of]ordan, at the north en? of the 2.19,20; 2Co.n.2. Vulgate translation. The Latin Bible, predicted the same of Nineveh, Zep. - - - - , SPIRITUAL, is want of a
~ad Sea, Nu.33.49;-was seized by Beulah, bii Iah [married], a symboli-
1
with ,Postils or brief notes, published 2. 14. These predictions denote the proper discernment ofspiritual things,
the Moabites, and at last destroyed cal name applied to the land of Is- by this cardinal, was the first that utmost solitude and desolation. Ep.4. 18; 1 Jn. 2. u;-produced and
by the Chaldeans, Jos. 13. 20; Eze. rael, or to the Jewish church, Is.62.4. contained chapters. The verses into Bitterness, a bitter taste, Ex.15.23;- maintained by love of sin, J n. 3. 19,
Bewail, to mourn over, Le. 10,6; Re. which the New Testament is divided deep sorrow, Job 7. 11;Pr.14.ro;-ma• 20; Ro.1.21;-promoted by the devil,
25Ji.ehem, beth'Ie-hem [house_ of 18.9. were introduced by Henry Stephen lice, 2 Sa. 2. 116. r Ki.22.22; 2 Co.4.4;-voluntary and
in 1551, and in this he followed the Bizjothjah, biz-joth]ah [contempt of wilful, Ps.82.5; Eze.12. 2; Ac. 28. 27;
~readJ, a town of Judah about 6 !°Iles Bewitched, charmed with deceit, Ac.
uth of Jerusalem, often menu~ned 8.9: Ga.3.1. plan which had been applied by the Jehovah], a town in the south of Ju- Ro.1.19-21; 2Pe.3.5:-inflicted as a
10
. the Old Testament, Ge.35.19, Ju. Bewray, to expose, discover, Js.16.3; Masorites to the Hebrew Scriptures. dah, Jos. 15. 28;-identical with Baal- judgment, 1 Ki.22.23; Is.6.9,10;29.10;
: a· Ru.1.19; I Sa.16. 4; 2 Sa.23. 15, Mat.26.73. Bichrl, bik'ri [first-bom,or first-fruits], ah and Balah, 19.2,3; also Baalath- 44.18; Mat. 13.14,15; Jn.12.40; Ro.11.
&;. ' it was called Ej,hrath or Ej,'!- Beyond Jordan, usually signifies, in
the writings of Moses, the western
the father of Sheba, 1 Sa.20.1,2,6,22.
Bidkar, bid'kar, Jehu's 'captain,' 2
Beer, 19.8; and Bilhah, 1 Ch.4.29.
Biztha, biz1tha, the second of the seven
10;-can be removed only by divine
power, Is.42.7; Lu.4. 18; Jn. 1.9; 8.12;
,.,tal, Ge. 35 . 19; 48. 7;-kmg David
1
1,om here, 1 Sa. 16. 12; 20. 6, and side of the river, as he wrote on the Ki.9.25. chamberlains of Ah3.iuerus (Xerxes), 9.39; 2Co.p6,17.
inted by Samuel, 16. 1-13;--'hence eastern, Ge.50.10,11 ;De.1.1,5 ;3.8,20; Bier, that on which something is Es.1.10. Blood, not to be eaten, Ge.9.4; Le.3.
:~ed •city of D~vid,' Lu.2.4;-~e 4.46, but in the writings of Joshua borne, a frame to carry the dead upon, Blackness, terror, or judgments, Joel 17; 7.26; 17.10,14; 19. 26; Eze. 33. 25;
b'rthplace of Chnst, Mat.2.1;-chil• (5. 1; 12.7; 22.7) it means the eastern Lu.7. 14;-to the rich, very splendid, 2.6; Is.50.3; Na.2.10:-hell, Jude 13. Ac.15. 29;-of sacrifices, how disposed
d~n of, slain by _Herod, 16.. Its mo- side. 2 Sa.3.31. Blains, blisters, pustules, or putrid of, Ex.23.18; Lc.4.7,18; 5.9: 17.14;-
dem name. is Belt-Lakm, with about Bezaleel, bez-a-le'el [the shadow of Bigtha.n,big'than, or B1GTHANA, big'• sores, the sixth plague on the Egyp- avenger of, he who avenged the death
JOOo inhabitants. God], a famous artificer; he and Aho- tha-na (garden], one of Ahasuerus' tians, Ex.9.9. of his relatives, Nu.35.24,27;-meta..
J!eth-:Ma.rcaboth, beth-mar'ka-both liab divinely instructed to make the chamberlains, who, with Teresh, con- Blameless, innocent, Ge. 44- 10; Ju. phorically: race, Ar. 17. 26;-slaugh-
(house of the chariots], a city of Si- tabernacle, Ex.31.2; 35.30. spired aliainst the kinfs life, Es.2. 15.3; Mat.12.5; Lu.1.6. ter, Is. 34. 3; Eze. 14. 19;-premature
meon Jos,1'9.5: 1Ch.4.31. Bezek, be'zek [lightning], (1) A city 21; 6.2. Blasphemy, speaking reproachfully death, Eze.32.6; 39.18.
Beth-N°imrah, beth-nim'rah [house of of Judah, the residence of Adoni-- Bigvai, big'va-1 [husbandman], head or irreverently of God, or of his Word, - - of Christ, hi"s ri"gliteousness,
limpid water], a town in the valley Bezek, about two miles from Beth- of one of the families of Israelites, Ps.74.18; ls.52.5; Ro.2.24; Re. 13. 6; including the whole of his obedience
miles cast of.Jordan, Jos.13.27;- Zur, aewestward of Bethlehem, Ju. Ne.7.7; 10.16. 16.11,21;-punishablewithdeath,Le. and sufferings, of which the shedding
1
called Nimrah m Nu.32.3. 1.4.-(2/Aplacewhere Saul review .. d Bildad, bil'dad [son of contention], 24. 15,16, 23;-blasphemer exocuted, . of his blood was the completion;-
.aeth-Peor, beth-pc' or [house of Peor1 his troops, within a day's march of one of Job's three friends, probably 23;-ofSennacherib, 2 Ki.19.8-19,37; called precious, 1Pc.1.19;-blood of
a cityof Moab,east ofJ ordan,De.4.46; Jabesh, on the west of Jordan, 1 Sa. descended from Shuah, the son of 2 Ch.32.9; Is.36.1, &c.;-of the Pha- the covenant, Zec.9.n; He.13.20;-
Abraham and Keturah. His answers risees in ascribing the miracles of blood of sprinkling, 12.24;-redemp-
Je~;~. n.8.
beth-ia'ge [house of figs], Bezer, be'zer, a town of Reuben, one
a small village situated on the east of the cities of refuge east of Jordan,
to Job in justification of God's deal•
ings, Jobviii.xviii.xxv.
Christ to Beelzebub, Mat.9.34; 12,
24; Mar.3.22; Lu.n.15; Jn.10. 20;-
tion through it, Ep.1.7;Co!.1.14;1 Pe.
1. 18; Re.5.9;-sanctification through
side of the Mount of Olives, nearer De.4.43; Jos.20.8. Bileam, bil'C-am [foreign], a place in against the Holy Spirit-the ac;crib- it,He.10.27;-clcansesfrom sin, 1Jn.
lO Jerusalem than Bethany, Mat.21. Bible, the name used since a.bout the the plain of Esdraelon allotted to the ing of the cure of blind and dumb 1.7; Re.1.5;-the wine in the cucha..
; Mar,n.1;Lu.19.29;-Jesus lo~ge_d fourth century to denote the volume Levites, I Ch. 6. 70;-identical with men to the agency of Satan-not to be rist, or Lord's supper, so called, MaL
1
there, Mat21.17~-no trace of 1t is of sacred writings. It is from the Ibleam, Jos. 17. 171 and Gath-Rim.. forgiven, Mat.12.31; Mar. 3. 28; Lu. 26.28; Mar.14.24; Lu.22.20; 1 Co. u.
C:.~eek word. biblos, signifying book. mon, Jos.21.25. 12. 10; - idolatry reckoned bias•
i:°J::Rapha, beth'ra-fa [house of The different parts of this sacred Bilhah, bil'hah [faltering or bashful- phemy, Is. 65. 7; Eze. 20. 27, 28;-in- Jll~o~ a Bower that grows on a
Rapha, or giant], one of the posterity volume were composed at different ness], (1) A town of Simeon, I Ch.4- consistent conduct of believers leads plant, Ge.40.10; Is.5.24: 27.6; 35.1,2.
of Judah, 1 Ch.4. u. periods, during a space of about 16oo 29:-identical with Balah, Jos.19.3. others into it, 2 Sa.12.14: Eze. 36. 22, Blot, a scorn or reproach, Job 31. 7;
Beth-Rehob, beth-re'hob [house of years from the time of Moses down.. -(2) Handmaid of Rachel, Ge. 29. 23; I Ti 5. 1. _In the original Greek Pr.9.7;-cut, or obliterate, as sin, Ex.
Rehab), a place near which was the ward. The books constitut!ng the 29. the word often occurs when applied 32.32; Ps.51.1; ls.44.22.. ·
valley in which was Laish or Dan, 0. T. (thirty-nine in number) were Bill of Divorce, De.24.1,3: ls.50.1; to reproaches or calumny not aimed Blue, azure, or sky colour, was ~
Ju.18.28;-<:alled Rehob, Nu.13.21; collected in the time of Ezra and Je.3.8; Mat.19.7; Mar.10+ See D1- against God, but a prophet, an angel, ciently considered as a rich and ma&"1
2 Sa.10.8. Nehemiah, after the return from Ba- voRcE. a good man, &c. : and is rendered nificent colour, Ex.25.4: 28.31; 39.3:
Bethsaida, beth-sa'e-da or beth-sa'- bylon. The collection of the books Billows, rolling waves, Jonah 2.3;Ps. rail, revile, speak evil, &c.; as in Nu.15.38;2Ch.2.7;Es.1.6;8.15; Eze.
dah [house of fishing], (1) A city of of the N. T. (twenty-seven in num-- 4 2 •7• Mat.12.31; 27.39; Mar.1.3.29; Lu. 23. 23-6.
Galilee, not far from Capemaum, on ber) was gradually formed during the Binnui, bin'nu-i [building], (1) Head 39; Ro.3.8; 14. 16; I Co. 4. 13; 10. 30: "'Boanerges, bo-a-ner'ges [sons ofthun•
the western shore of the Sea of Ga- second century. The first complete of one of the families of Israelites, Ep.4.31; I TL 6.4; Tit.3.2; I Pe. 4. 41 der], a surname given by our Lord to
lilee, Mat.n.21;Lu.10.13;-the birth- translation of the Bible into English Ne.7.15.-(2) A Levite who returned. 14; aPe.2.10,n; Jude9,10. See SIN James and John, on account of their
place of Philip, and the City of An• was completed by W yckliffe, in 1384, from Babylon with Zerubbabel, Ne. AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST. earnest impetuous spirit, Mar.3. 17.
drew and Peter, Jn.1.44;-a woe de-: about sixty years before the disco- 12.8; 10.9. Blaat, to parch, Hag.2.17;-storm of Boar, a male swine, Ps.8.13;-in all
nounced against it by Christ, Mat. . very of the art of printing. The Birds, not to be taken with their young, wind, Ge.41.6; 1 K.i.8.37;-God's another instances the word is renc!ered
n.21.-(2) A city on the east bank of N. T. was first printed by Tyndale De. 22. 6; - usually caught with a ger, Ex. 15.8: 2 Sa.22.16. 'swine,' Le.n.7; De.14-8; Pr.II. 22;
the Jordan, also called Julias, Lu.9. at Worms in 1525, and the Penta- snare, Ps.124.7; Pr.7.23; Am.3.5. BlastUB, bias' tus, chamberhrin of Is.65.4; 66.3,17.
...10;-a blind man cured at, Mar.8. teuch in 1530. Till his death, in 1536,
he was engaged in sending forth dif-
Beth-Shan, or BETH-SHEAN, beth'- ferent editions o{ the N. T., and of
Binha, bir'sha [in evil], a king of Go-
morrah, Ge. 14. 2.
Birth, pangs of, Ex.1.19;-treatment
Herod Agrippa, Ac.12.20.
Blaze, to publish about, Mar.1.45 •
Bleating, the crying of a sheep, Ju.
Boaaters, proud of speech, Ro.1.30:
2Ti3.2; Ja.3.5; 4.16.
Boasting, with haughty speech, cen..
shan, or beth-she'an [house of quiet1 portions of the 0. T. Coverdale's of the infant when born, Eze. 16.4; 5.16; 1 Sa15.14. sured, Ps.52.1; Pr.lilo.14; 25.14; I Co.
a city of the Manassites, on the west translation was published in 1535, Lu.2.7-11;-premature, Ps.58.8. Blemish, imperfection or deformity, 4.7; 2 Co.10.12,15.
ofJordan, 6o miles north-east of J eru• and was the first complete English Birth-day, celebrated with great reno beast having any to be sacrificed, - - - , examples of: in Senna..
salem, and at the east of the plain BiblC printed; it was dedicated to joicings, Job1.4; Ge.40. 20; Mat.14. Le.22.19; De.15.21; 17.1; Mal. 1.8,14. cherib, 2 Ki. 18.19;-in N ebuchadnc:Z•
ofJezrcel,Jos.17.n;-after the battle Henry VIII. Tyndale's version was 6;-kept by Herod, Mar.6.21. Blees, God blesses us, by bestowing zar, Da.3.15;4-29;-in Hcrod,Ac.u,.
of Gilboa the Philistines fastened the completed by Matthew,and printed in Birthright, or primogeniture, the right benefits on us, Ge.12.2,3; Ex.20.24; 20.
dead body of Saul to its walls,1 Sa.31. 1537. In 1539, Coverdalc's Bible, re- of the first-born or eldest son, Ge. 25. Job42.12;Ps.45.2; Ep.1.3;-we hies$ Boaz, bo'az [strength], or Booz, (1) A
10. It is now a village of about 6o or vised under the sanction of Cranmer, 31 :-he was consecrated to the Lord, God, by our ascribing to him the descendant of Judah, a man of rank
70 Arab families. Extensive ruins was published. It was printed in large Ex.22.29;-had a double portion of praise and glory which are his due, and wealth, kinsman to Elimelech the
still remain. folio, and called the Great Bible. In the inheritance, De.21.17;-had do- Ps.36. 12: 34.1; 96. 2::103. 1,2 ;104- 1; 145. husband of Naomi, Ru.2. 1 ;--showed
Bethshemesh, beth-she'mesh [house 1540 another edition of it was printed minion over his brethren, Gc.27.29; 1-3;-men bless their fellowmen (1) kindness to Ruth, who gleaned in
of the sun], (1) A sacerdotal city on 'by authority,' with a preface by -of Esau sold, 25.31;-of Manasseh when they expressed good wishes to- his fields, 8-17 ;-married her, 4. 13;-
the corthern border of the tribe of Cranmer, and hence was called Cran- transferred to Ephraim, 48. 17;-of ward them, Ge.14.19; He.7.1,6,7; (2) mentioned in the genealogy, Mat.1.5.
Judah, about fourteen miles west of meYs Bible. During the brief reign Reuben forfeited, 49.3; I Ch.5.1. when in spirit of prophecy they pre- -{ 2) The name of the left-hand brazen
Jerusalem, Jos.21.16;-many of its of Edward VI. eleven editions were Bishops [overseers or inspectors], the dicted blessings to come upon the~ pillar erected by Solomon in the court
inhabitants struck dead for looking printed. During Mary's persecution, same persons who are called j>rr.st,y. Ge.49.1-28; He.n.21; De.23.1-29. of his temple, I Ki.7.21; 2 Ch.3.17.
into the ark, 1 Sa.6.19;-same as Ir.. Whittingham, Knox, &c., in their ters ore/den, comp. Ac.20.17,18 with Blessed, happy, enjoying the favour Bocaeru,bok'e-ru [the first-born is he],
Shemesh, Jos.15.10; 19.,p,43: I Ki.+ exile, made a new translation in 20.28, and 1 Pe~5. 1,2 with 5. 17;-their of God. Persons who arc, Ps.65.4; one of the six sons of Azel, a de..
9. It is identified with the modem Geneva. The N. T. was printed in qualifications, Ac.20.28; I Ti.3. 1; 5. 1; 89. 15: 32.1,2; 144.15; Is.30.18; Je.17. scendant of Saul, I Ch.8.38; 9.44-
ArabvillageAm-Shems.-(2)Atown 1557, the Old in 156o. It was called 2 Ti. 4. r; Tit. 1. 5; I Pe. 5. 1;-Christ 7; Lu.u.28;12.37; Re.16.15; 22.14;1+ Bochim, bo'kim [the weepings1 a
of lssachar, Jos.19.22.43) A town the Geneva Bible. Archbishop Parker, the bishop of souls, 1 Pe.2.25. 13;-in possession of cenain graces, place near to Gil~al where the h-
of Naphtali, Jos.19.38;Ju.1.33.-(4) with the sanction of Queen Eliza- Bithiah, bith-i'ah [daughter of the Mat.5.3-12. raelitcs wept when reproached by the
Used in Jc. 43. 13 for Helioj>oli.r or beth, and aided by various bishops, lord], a daughter of Pharaoh, 1 Ch+ BlesBl.Jli, or BENEDICTION, the form angel, Ju.2.1,5.
011, an idolatrous temple in Egypt. revised the existing translations, and 18. of it in the wilderness, Nu. 6. 22;- &dy, to be kept pure, Ro. 12. I; 1 Co.
Beth-Shittah, beth-shit'ta [house of published an edition in t 568, which Bithron, bith'ron [the divided place], the patriarchal blessing of sons: Isaac 6. 13; 1 Th.4-4;-not to be disfi£Ured,
the acacia}, a place to which the was called the Bishofa' Bible. This a defile in the Jordan valley, 2 Sa. 2. t:..;:ssing Jacob and Esau, Ge.xxvii; Le.19.28;21.5:De.14-1;-changcd at
liid1anites fled, Ju.7.22. continued to be in common use in 29. -Jacob his twelve sons, Ge.xlix.;- the resurrection, Mat.22.30: 1 Co.15.
~h-Tappuah,beth-tap'pu-ah [house the churches, as reprinted in 1572, Bithynia, bi-thin'i-a, a province of Moses the twelve tribes, De.xxxiii.: 42,51; Phi.3.21.
of applesj, a city of Judah, near He- under the name of Mat thew ParRer'.t Asia Minor, on the Euxine Sea and -at the removal of the ark, Nu. 10. 33; - - of Christ, his church so ca.lJed,
bron, Jos.15. 53. Bible, for a.bout forty yea.rs. King Propontis, about 200 miles in length -and curses to be pronounced at Ro.12. 5: I Co.12. 27; Ep. 1. 22, 23; 4-
Bethuel, be-thew'el [man of God] James resolved to publish a revised and 120 in breadth, and separated ?tfountGerizimand Ebal,Jos.8.33;- 12; Col1.18; 2.19;-the bread in the
(I) Father of Rebekah, Ge.22.22,23; translatio.1, and for this purpose ap- from Europe by the narrow straits apostolic, 2 Co. 13. 14. Cup o/, I Co. Lord's supper figuratively so called,
:.14.24.-(2) A town of Simeon, 1 Ch. pointed 54 learned men, 47 of whom of Bosphorus. Paul designed to visit 10.16. Mat 26. 26 ;Mar.14. 22: Lu. 22. 19; 1 Co.
4.30. only undertook the work, which was it, but was forbidden by the Holy Blind, naturally, not to be misled, 11.24;-'of sin,' Rc.6.6, called also
Bet~-Zur, beth'zur [house of a rock], completed and published in 16n, and Spirit, Ac. 16.7;-Christian congrega.. Le.19.14;-cursed is he that does it, 'of this deatli,' Ro. 7. 2.4-, means the
a city of Judah, about twenty miles has ever since been our Authorized tion was early formed in it, 1 Pe.I. 1. De.27.18;-cured (see MIRACLE:S);- system and habit of si.n, the sinful na..
soutt, or Jen1sa1em;-it was fortified English Version. The di vision of the It now forms one of the districts of morally, ignorant, l!1' 6. IO; 42. 18, 19; ture viewed as a loathsome burden.
by Re11oboam, Jos.15.58, 2 Ch. =i. 7. Scnptures into chapters and verses Turkish Anatolia. In Nice, its capi.. Mat. 15. 14; Ro. 2. 19;-spiritually, Boha.n, bo'Ilan [a thumb], a memorial
J\f... w known as Beit-Sar, four miles is comparativelyamo6em invention; tal, the famous Christian council was not enlightened by God, Re.3.r7; r stone set up in the valley of ..._chor,
~nh of Hebron. and, havinK been resorted to for the held in 325. Jn,2.n;-men may be made so judi-- Jos.15.6; 18.17.
157
,
BOSOR
8oil, an inflammatory swelling, Ex.
9.9;-rendered 'botch' in De.28.27,
35;-thedisease of Job, 2.7.
BREAD
Boss, the exterior convex part of a
buckler, Job 15. 26.
Bottles, anciently made ef leather,
BROOKS
137.2;-oftears, Ps.80,5;--ofwicked-
ness, Pr.4. 17;-of deceit, 20. 17.
Bread, twelve loaves presented every
BURIAL
bok, Kidron, Sorek, &c., whiEh arise
from subterranean springs-also win-
te11 torrents, which are dried up in
CAIN
&c. :-hotly ,.f deceased washed and
laid out for,Ac.9 37;-ofLazarus,Jn.
11 44;-of Jesus, l\iat.27.57.
r
:Boisterous, stormy, Mat.14.30. or the. skins of animals;-used for Sabbath before the Lord at the golden summer (Job 6. 15, 19,•, as the River Burn, to inflame with anger, La. 2. .
Bold. See COURAGE. milk, Ju.4.19;-for wine, Jos.9.4,14; table; hence the name sit.ow-bread, 3
of Egypt, Nu.34.5; Jos.15.4,47, and -violent lusts., 1Co.7.9;-holy zeal,~
Boldness, signifies in certain passages .1Sa. 16. 20; .l\Iat.9.17; Mar.2.n: Lu. i.e. bread ef.face, or bread o.f setting most of the torrents of Palestine. Co.11.29.
confident trust, Ep.3.12; He. 10. 19; 5.37,38;-for water, Ge.21.14, 15, 19·, Pifore, Ex.25.30~ Le.24.5,6. Broth, soup, Ju. 6. 19, 20;-,-in ls. 65.4 Burning Bush, the Lord appeared in
Phi.1.20;-in prayer, He.4.16. -strong drink, Ho. 2. 15 ;-those of Breadth, the measure from side to the word means pieces of bread over to Moses, at the foot of Mount Horeb'
Bolled, an old word, once only in the the Gibeonites rent and bound up, side, Ge.6.15; 13.17; Ex.27.18; Ep.3. which broth is poured. Ex.3.2. '
Bible, and which means podded,full Jos. 9. 4;-the psalmist like a bottle 18; Re.21.16. Brother. Brothers are properly male Burnished, polished, Eze.1.7.
and ri'pe, Ex.9.31. in the smoke, old, dry, and shrivelled, Break, to dash to pieces, Ex.34.13:- children of the same parents (Ge.4.2), Burnt-offerings, daily, Ex.29.38-42 .
&ndage, slavery or captivity, Ex. Ps. u9.83;-new wine not to be put to weaken, Ps.10.15;-to shine, Ca. but used of more remote kindred, Ge. Nu.28.,3-8;-on the great festivals~
1. 14; Ezr.9.8;-spiritual subjection, into old, Mat.9.17, 2.17. 13.8; Es.10.3; Ac.7.25,28,-used to Le.23.37; Nu.28.n-27; 29.2-22; Le'.
He.2.:15;-servile fear, Ro.8.15. Bottomless, deep beyond conception; Breastplate, (1) Of the high-priest, a denote spiritual relationship, Mat. 12. 16.3;-on Sabb..1.th, Nu.28.8-10;-of.
Bondmen, not to be ill-treated, Le. • -pit, hell, or endless ~r perpetual piece of embroidery of about ten 46,47; i\.far.3.31; Lu.8.19;-a peni- fered at other times, Ex.29.15; Le.1 2.
2 5·39· punishment, Re.9.1,2,n; n.7; 17. 8; inches square, and gf very rich work: tent, to be forgiven and restored, Ga. 6,8; 14.19; 15.15,30.
Bones, of the paschal lamb not to be 20.1,2. it was made double, so as to form a 6. I ;-offended, hard to be won, Pr. Burst, to break asunder, Pr.3.1o;Je.
broken, Ex.12.46; Nu.9.12;-of Jesus Bountifulness, simplicity, sincerity, bag or pouch, in which the U rim and 18.19;-brothers of our Lord, :Mat.13. :2.20; Mar.2.21; Ac. r.18.
not broken, Jn.19.36; Ps.34.20. 2 Co.9.n. Thummim were deposited. It con- 55. See BRETHREN. Bushel, a corn measure, the Roman
- - , DRY, their revival represents Bounty, a free gift, 1 Ki.10,13: 2 Co. tained twelve precious gems, set in Brotherhood, society, union, Zee. n. nzodius = 2 gallons= ¾ of an English
the restoration of the Jews, E2e.37. 9.5. gold, each representing a tribe of Is- 14; 1 Pe.2.17. bushel, Mat.5.15; Mar.4.21.
r,&c. Bow, for shooting arrows, Ge.27.3;- rael. It was called the memorial, Brotherly, like brothers, Am. 1.9; Ro. Bushy, full of small branches, Ca. 5.1 1.
Bonnet, a simple head-dress or turban, symbol of conflict and victory, Re.6. Ex.28.12,29; the breastplate of.Judg- 12.w; 1Th.4.9; He.13.1; 2 Pe.1.7. Business, diligence in, commanded
consisting of a piece of cloth folded 2~-of deceit •(because apt to turn ment, 28.15. Se,UR1M.-(2) An ar- Brothers,examples of enmity between Ro.12.n; 1Th.4.u; 2Th.3.12;-al
about the head, worn by females, Is. aside),Ho.g.16;Je.9.3;-the rainbow, ticle of ancient armour, Is.59. 17; Ep. them: of Cain to Abel, Ge.4.8;-Esau vantages of, Pr.22.29; Ep.4.28;-the
3.20;-by priests, Ex. 29. 28; Eze. 44. Ge.9.13,14;-its permanency, ver.15, 6.14; Re.9.9; translated coat ef mail, and Jacob, 27.1, &c.;-the brethren neglect of, to be punished, Pr.19.1 5;
18. In Ex.28.40; 29.9; 39.2,8; Le.8. 16. I Sa. 17. 5, 38; ha~ergeon, 2 Ch. 26. of Joseph, 37.1, &c.;-Amnon and 2Th.3. IO.
13, a different word is used in the - down the head, or the knee, to q; Ne.4.16. Absalom, 2 Sa.13.28;-Jehoram and Busy-bodies, officious per5ons, who
Hebrew original, denoting the sacred give homage to men, Ge. 24. 26; 27. Breath, air for the lungs, Job 9.18;- his brethren, 2Ch.21.4;-twothat ap- meddle with other people's concerns
cap or turban of the common priests 29; 43.28;-to worship God, Ps.95.6; the life, Ps.146.4; Da.5.23. plied to Jesus to divide their inherit- censured, Pr.20.3; 26.17; 1Th.4.u;;
as distinguished from the high-priest's Ro.q.n; Ep.3.14. Breathe, to infuse the soul, Ge.2.7; ance, Lu.12.13. Th.3.n; 1Ti.5.13; 1Pe.4.15.
mitre. Bowels, use.d in a figurative sense for -the gifts of the Holy Ghost,Jn.20. Bruise, heel of Christ bruised by Sa- Butler [bottlerJ, a servant employed
Book. Books in their modern form affections or emotions of the heart, 22. tan, Ge.3.15;-Christ bruises Satan's in furnishing the table, Ge.40. 1,9,21 ;
\Vere unknown to the ancient Jews. 2 Co. 6. 12; Phile. 7 ;-pity or compas- Brethren, one of the common appel- head, Ro. 16.20;-Christ bruised for 41.9; Is.7.15; Ne.1.n.
The earliest writing is inscription on sion, Is.63.15; Je.31.20;-for the seat lations of Christians;-to forgive each our iniquities, Is.53.5;-bruised reeds Butter, aS used in Scripture, sour or
a rock. The works of .desiod were of wisdom or understanding, Job 3lit other, .l\Iat.5.23,24;18.21,22;-to bear Christ will not break, Is.42.3; Lu.4. ceagulated milk, which, mixed with
written on sheets of lead; the laws 36; Ps.51.10; ls.16.n. one another's burdens, and admonish 18. water, makes a refreshing beverage,
of Solon on wooden planes; the de- Box-tree, a shrub evergreen, but in each other, Ga.6.2; 2 Th.3.13-15; to Bruit, a word of French origin, mean- Ge. 18. 8; De. 32. 14. Job 29. 6, 1 I
calogue on tables of stone. Tablets the East, its native country, it attains confess their faults, and pray for each ing report, rumour, or noise, J e. 10. washed my steps with butter,' de.
covered with wax in common use, the size of a forest-tree, and the wood other, Ja.5.16;-to love each other, 22; Na.3.19. notes abundance.
De. 27. 2, 3; Lu. 1. 63. Such tablets is of considerable use, ls.41. 19; 60. i-3. Ro.12.10; 1Th.4.9: He.13. 9;-how Brutish, resembling a beast, Ps.92. Buttocks, the thickest part of the
were used in Europe during the mid- Bozrah, boz'rah [inclosure], (1) A city to prevent anger and hatred between, 6; Pr.12.1; Is.19.n; Jude 10; 2Pe.2. thigh, 2Sa.10.4; Is.20.4.
dle a~es, and were called codices, of Moab in 'the land of Mishar,' Je. Mat. 18. 15. See BROTHER and BRO- II. Buy, the truth, Pr.23.23:-the bless-
Leaves and bark of trees were also 48.24- Identified with Busrak, a vil- THERS. Bucket, a vessel to draw up water in, ings of salvation without meney, Is.
used, especially the inner bark, called lage of about 15 families, about 6o - - - of Christ, his kinsmen, or Nu. 24. 7; Is.40. 15. 55. 1 ;-Christ bought his people, Ac.
by the Greeks hiblos, whence book. miles south of Damascus. -(2) An relations, Mat.12.46; 13.55; Mar.6.3; Buckler, SHIELD, TARGET, a piece of 20.28; I Co.6.20; 1 Pe.1.18.
Parchment (so named from Perga- ancient city of Edom, in Arabia Pe- Lu.8.19. defensive armour, to ward off arrows, Buz [contemptJ, the son of Nabor, by
mus, where its manufacture was car- trea, the capital of the land of Edom, Bribery, the crime of giving or tak- or the blows of a sword or spear, 1 .l\Iilcah, and ancestor of Elihu, the
ried on) was the principal writing and about 150 miles south-west of ing rewards for baC: practices,-cen- Ch.5.18; I2.34; 1.K.i.10.16; 1Sa.17.6,7; companion of Job1 Ge.22.21; Job 3~.
material for many ages, Is.8.1; Je. the former;-Jo bah, king of Edom, sured, Ex.23.8; De.16. 19; Job 15. 34; Pr.2.7; Ps.18.2. 2; Je.25.23.
36.2,6; Eze.2.9,10; Zec.5.1; Is.29.n. was a native of it, Ge.36.33;-it was Pr. 17. 23; 29.4; Ec.7.7; Is.5.23; Eze. Buffeted, beaten or harassed, Mat. 26. Buzi, bn'zi, a priest, the father of the
The papyrus, or paper-reed of the ravaged by the Assyrians, and after- 13. 19; Am.2.6. 67; 1Co.4.n;2Co.12.7; 1Pe.2.20. prophet Ezekiel. Eze.:1.i.
Nile, w:i.sused till about thC nth cen- wards by the Ch~Ideans, Is. 34.6; 63. - - - , examples: of the lords of Builders, faithful ministers, 1Co.3.10;
tury. The five books of Moses, called t; Je.49.22; Am.1.12; Mi.2.12. the Philistines to Delilah, Ju.16.5:- -the church a building, 1Co. 3.9-17.
the Pentateuch, are the most an- Bracelets, ornamental chains of silver, of the sons of Samuel, 1 Sa.8.3;-of Bukki, buk 'ki [waster], the fifth from
cient, being written between fifteen gold, &c., about the wrist, Ge.24.30; Asa to Benhadad, I Ki. r5. 19;-of Aaron in the lme of high-priests, fa ..
and sixteen hundred years before Ex.35.22. Judas Iscariot, Mat. 26. 14;-of the ther of Uzzi, 1 Ch.6.5,51. C.
Christ. Bramble, properly thorns, Ju. 9. 14, soldiers who guarded the sepulchre BukkiaJi, buk-ki'ah [wasted by Je-
- -1 SEALED, exhibited to John, 15;-a man of base and evil condi- of Jesus, 28.12;-of Simon the sor- hovah], a Kohathite Levite, one of
Re.5.1;-open, 10.2;-to eat a book tion, Lu. 6. 44. cerer offered to Peter, Ac. 8. 18 ; - the temple musicians, 1Ch. 25.4, 13. Cab, a measure coptaining one-third
is to consider its contents carefully, Branch, genuine believers, so called expected of Paul's friends by Felix, Bui [rain], the eighth month of the of an omer, or an eighteenth part of
Je.15.16; Eze.2. 8-10; 3.1-3, 14: Re. with reference to their union,- to 24.26. . Jewish sacred year, and the second an ephah, about 3¼ pints wine-mea-
10.9;-book of judgment, Da.7.10;- Christ, Jn. 15. 5;-children, or pos- Brick, clay kneaded, and baked, or of their civil, corresponding to part sure;-during the siege of Samaria,
of life, Phi.4.3. terity, Job8.16; 15.32,33;-a symbol hardened, usually by the heat of the of our October, 1 Ki.6.38. the fourth-part ofa cab ofdoves' dung,
Books, either included in Scripture of kings descended from royal an.. sun, also in kilns, 2 Sa. 12. 31; Je.4]. Bulls, symbol of powerful and insolent or ratherchzCk-pea.re, was sold for five
under other names, or not preserved, cestors,Eze.17.3,10:Da.11.7;-asym.. g; Na.3.14;-tower of Babel built of, persecutors, Ps.22. 12;63.30; 68.30; Is. pieces of silver, 2 Ki.6.25.
because not inspired:-of the wars bol of the Messiah, Is.n.1; Je.23.15; Ge.n.3;-the Hebrews compelled to 34.7. Cabbon, kiib'bon [cake], a place in the
of God, Nu.21.q;-of ]asher, Jos. Zec.3.8; 6.12. make, in Egypt, Ex.1.14; 5.7. Bullock, a young bull, never cast- plain of Judah-a city in the tribe ol
10.13; 2 Sa.1. 18 ;-of Samuel concern- Brandish, to shake a glittering sword, Bride, figuratively, the saints and the rated by the Jews., Ex.29.3,n; Lc.4- Judah, Jos.15.40.
ing the kingdom, I Sa, 10. 25;- of Eze.32.10. church, Re.18.23; 21.2,9; 22.17. 4;-used in the plough, 1Sa.14.14;- Cabin, small cells for the separate con•
Solomon, t: Ki.4.32,33 ;-the chroni- Brass, a compound metal, formed of Bridegroom, a man betrothed or for treading out corn, De.25.4;-in finement of prisoners, Je.37.16.
cles of David, 1 Ch.27.24;-the acts Copper and zinc, which \fas first made newly married, Jn.2.9:-Christ com- waggons, Nu. 7.3;-forburdens, 1Ch. Cabul, ka'bul [bound, boundary, as
of Solomon, 1Ki.11.41;-ofNathan, in Germany in the 13th century. The pared to, Mat.9.15; Mar.2.19; Lu.5. 12.40. Illustrative, Ps.22.12; 68.30; nothing], (r) A city on the frontier ot
Samuel, and Gad, t Ch.29.29; 2 Ch. Hebrew word rendered brass means 34; Jn.3.29. De.33.17. the lot of Asher, Jos. 10.27: probably
9. 29~-of Ahijah the Shilonite, 29:- copper, or rather bronze, a native pro- Bridle, figuratively, the restraints of Bulrush, a shrub growing in fens, and the modem l(abtU, 8 miles east of
the visions of Iddo,29;-of Shemaiah duction found in the hills of Pales- God's providence, 2 Ki.19.28; Is.30. easily bowed by the wind. .From the Accho.-(2) A district of 'twenty
the prophet, 12.15;-of Jehu, 20.34;- tine, De.8.9;-used for armour, I Sa. 28;-prudential and pious watchful- inside bark of this vegetable the cities,' that Solomon gave to Hiram,
the sayings of the seers, 33. 19. 17.5,6 ;-musical instruments, I Ch. ness, Ps.39.1; Ja. 1.26; 3.2. papyrus of the Egyptians was de- king of Tyre, 1Ki.Q.I0-13.
Booths, tents formed of branches of 15.19:-symbol of baseness and ob- Briefly, in few words, Ro.13.9; 1 Pe. rived. It was used for writing (see Cresar. See CESAR.
trees, made by Jacob for his cattle, duracy, Eze.22. 18;-a brow of, signi- 5. 12.~ PAPER), when prepared in one way, Cage, for birds, or wild beasts, Je.5.27;
Ge.33. 17 ;-Israelites lodge in, during fying boldness and impudence in sin, Briers, figuratively, an enemy, the and for food when prepared in an. same word rendered 'basket,' Am.8.
the feast of tabernacles, Le.23.42,43; Is.48.4; Je.6.28;-the Grecian mon- Assyrian army, Is.10.17;-mischiev- other, Je.15.16; Eze. 3. 1, 3; Re.10.8- r;-in Re.18.2 used in sense ofprison.
Ne.8.14;-a remarkable one, Jonah archy, under Alexander the Great, ous persons, Eze.28.24; Mi.7.4;-sias 10. Baskets and even boats were Caiaphas, kiiy'A-fas, a high-priest at
4.5. oaUed a kingdom of brass, Da. 2. 39. and lusts, He.6.8. made of the bulrush1 Ex.2.3; Is.18-2; the time Christ was put to death: the
Booty, the spoil or pillage, Nu. 31. Bravery, finery, 'of their tinkling Brigandine, a coat of,mail or haber- 35.7. effice was formerly for life, but at this
32; Je.49.32; Hab.2.7. ornament,' Is.3.18. geon, composed of iron rings, J e.46. Bulwarks, towers erected on the wa11s time the Romans appointed t(.'I the
Borders of garments enlarged by the Brawling, speaking loud, or quarrel- 4: 51.3. of cities, usually at the corners, 2Ch. office and removed from it at their
Pharisees, Mat. 23. 5. See PHYLAC- ling, Pr.25.24. Brigh\ness, light, Is.59.9;-fonn of 26.15;Zep.1.16: Ps.48.13; ls.26.1;- pleasure;-his advice to put Jesus to
TERIES. Bray, to cry harsh for thirst, Job 6. beauty, Da.4.36;-glory and splen- also mounds erected by the Oesiegers, death, Jn.n.49; r8.r4;- Jesus exam•
Born Ag--...in. See REGENERATION. 5; 30.7;- to bruise or pound, Pr.27, dour, Eze.28.7; Da.12.3; He.1.3. De.20.20. ined before him, Mat.26.57; Mar.14-
Borrow, the Hebrews from the Egyp- 22. Brimstone (i.e. burning stone), and Bunah, bO.'na [discretion], one of Ju- 53; Lu. 22. 54; J n. 18. 14 ;-he Le-
tians, or rather, Heb., nsk or demand, Brazen Sea, Ex.30.18; 38.8; 1 Ki.7. fire, rained on Sodom, Ge. 19. 24;- dah's posterity, 1Ch.2.25. longed to the sect of the Sadducees,
Ex.3.22:-lawrespecting,22.14;-the 23-26: 2 Ch. 4. 2--5, the great laver shall be rained on the ungodly, Ps. Burden, predictions sometimes, Ac. 5. 17, Annas was probably his
wicked borrow and pay not, Ps.37. placed in the priests' court of the n.6:Job 18.15:Is.34.9, in allusion to though not exclusively, of heavy vicar or deputy.
21;-the inconvenience of it, Pr.22. 7. temple. the destruction of the cities of the judgments thus called :-of Babylon, Cain, kain [possession, lance], (r) The
Boscath, bos'kath, in 2 Ki. 22. 1 for Brazen Serpent, erected by Moses plain;-corrupt and infernal doctrine Is.13.1;-of Moab, 15.1;-of Egypt, eldest son of Adam;-his mother, too
Bozkath [strong region1 a city of in the camp of Israel, Nu.21.9. compared to, Re. 9. 17;-symbol of 19. 1 ;-ofTyre,23.1, &c. ;-the weight sanguine in her hopes, seems to have
Judah, Jos. 15. 39. Breach, a gap in a wall, Eze. 26. 10: torment, Ps.9.6: Re.14.10. of sin and trouble, Ps.38.4; 55.22; imagined that he was the promised
Bosom, the breast of the arms, Nu. -not to perform a promise, Nu.14. Broidered, wrought with various co- He.12.1;-ofinfirmity, Ga.6.2. seed, when she called him a man, tM
n. 12:-the heart, or the best affec- 34;-punishment, 2 Sa. 6. 8;-an in.. lours of needle-work, Ex.~8.4; Eze. Burdensome, gnevous, troublesome, Lord, Ge. 4. 1 :-a tiller of the ground,
tion, Ru.4.16;-Christ in the bosom jury or hurt, Le.24.20, 16.ro,13;---on plaited hair, 1 Ti. 2. 9; Zec.12. : 2Co.n.9; 12.13,14. 2 ;--offered fruit, 3 ·-was angry, and
of the Father, Jn.1. 18;-Christ car- Bread, the manna in the wilderness, comp. 1 Pe.3.3. Burial, the Jews did, to their dead reproved by the Lord, i:;-7;-kills his
ries his lambs in his, Is.40.n. Ex,16.4, &c.; Jn.6.32;-Christ,33;- Broiled, roasted on the fire, Lu.24.42. enemies, 1Ki..n.r5;-the want of it a brother Abel, 8:-alluded to with
Bosor, bo'sor, the Aramaic form of the believers called one, 1Co.10.17;-the Broken, destroyed, shi"!'lered, Ge.17. calamity, De.28.~6. Ps.79.2; Ec.6.3, censure, 1 Jn.3.12; Jude n.-(a) A
.trame Beor, the father of Balaam, gospel, Pr.9.5; Mat.15.26:-of wheat i4; Le.15.12; Mat.15.37; Jn.19.36• Is.14.19; Je.7.33; 16.4,6;25.33;34.20; city in the lowlands of iudah. JOS.
aPc.2.r.3. or barley, b.aS.28;-of sorrow, Ps. Brooks, rivulets, such as Arnon, Jab- -a pompous one of Jacob, C.c.50.7, 15.57.
158
.r •
CAMEL
k§,y'nan [possession], the son
(la,iIUID, and father of Mahalaleel,
of Enos; In Lu. 3. 36 he is called
CANAAN'
carry a h.eavy burden, and travel long
without drink, during intense heat.
The Bactrian camel has two humps
CAPPADOCIA
pied by the Saracens, who held it till
it was taken by the Crusaders in the
12th. For about So years after that
l CARRIAGE
on the east. It contained many rich
and populous cities ;-pen,ons from it
present in Jerusalem, when the apos-
CENSER
-'they took up their car:iagcs'-
packed up their baggage, Ac.21.4.
Carry, to bear, protect, or drive, Ge.
Ge.S!,; tr Arphaxad, but probably on its back, while that generally men
tioned in Scripture has only one.
4 it was the scene of constant wars be- 1 tles preached, Ac. 2. 9;-Peter ad-
tween the Christians and Saracens. dresses the strangers in, 1 Pe. I.I. It
37.25; 42.19; Ex.33.15; Is.23.7; Mar.
6. 55; Ep. 4. 14.
th~ was another of the same name.
this bread of fine flour, Ex.12.39: Abraham had many, Ge.12.r6;-Job After passing through various revolu- berame a Roman province A.D.17. It Carshena, kar-she'na, an officer of
~~~z: 24 , 5; Nu.15.~o; J_u.7.13;~ had three thousand, Job 1.3;-coarse tions it was finally absorbed in the was wrested from the Romans by the Ahasuerus, Es.r.r4.
the 7,cake not turned =mixture of raiment made of their hair, John, Turkish empire in r 317. I ts once noble Turks, under whose dominion it con- Cart, a carriage for luggage, 1 Sa6.7:
h nd error, Ho.7.8. Mat. 3. 4; 2 Ki. 1. 8; Zee. 13. 4. The cities are now poor villages, and most tinues. A number of Christians still 2Sa. 6. 3; Is. 28.28;-Lhe same word
~ aka,lah [ vigorous old ag:1, one dromedary is a smaller and nimbler of the former villages are utterly ex- remain, but greatly corrupted. It is rendered 'waggon,' Ge. 45.19,20,27;
th~ most ancient of the c1t1es of species of the camel, Is.66.2o;Je.2.23. tinct. Its barren, poverty-stricken, now called A masia. Nu. 7. 3,6, 7, 8;-'chariot,' Ps.46.9;-
c.f ria, Ge.io.12; probably repre- Camon, ka'mon [full of stalks], the and altogether ruinous condition af- Captain, a military officer, Jos.ro.24; ' litter,' Is. 66. 20.
}.ssY d by the modern NimrUd. burial-place of Jair the Gileadite,Ju. fords a remarkable example of the Ju. 11. '1, 11; Is. 22. 3;-the pnetorian Carving, cutting figures or images.
sente 'ties. See AFFLICTIONS. 10.5. fulfilment of the divine threatening, prefect, Ac.28.16;-the superintend- Ex.31.5;Ju. 18.18; I Ki.6.I8; 2 Ch.33.
= u s , an aromatic plant, an in- Camp, the order of tents for the He- 'He turneth rivers into a wilderness, ent of the priests who kept watch in 7; Ps.74.6;Pr.7.16.
-Ajent in the sacred_ pe:fume, Ex. brews in the desert ; forty-one en- and the water springs into dry ground; the temple by night, Ac.4.1;5.24;- Casement, a window or grate with
5 '".... Ca. . 14;-an article m the trade campments in the journey through a fruitful land into barrenness, for the Christ, captain of salvation, He.2.10. hinges, Pr.7.6;-translated lattice in
4
:r·¥yte, Eze.z;. 19;-called S\YEET the wilderness are mentioned, Nu. wickedness of them that dwell there- Captive,one taken prisoner, Ge.14.14;
Ex.12.29; Ps. 106.46; r37.3;Je.r3. r.7,
Ju.5.28.
Casiphia, ka-sifI-a [silver], a place
CAN'&. ls.43.24; Je.6.20. xxxiii. The form of encamping de- in,' Ps. 107. 33, 34. Its cities, moun-
Ca,lcol, kal'kol, one of the five sons ~f scribed, Nu. 2. 2, 3;-the tabernacle tains, rivers, brooks, and valleys are .19; Da.n.8. supposed to have been near Babylon,
Mahal, who were famous for thetr was placed in the midst, and Moses, mentioned each apart. Captives,female, how to be treated, where Levites had settled during the
wisdom, 1 Ch. 2 .6;-called Chalcol, 1 Aaron, and their families had their Canaan, Language of, Is.rg.18, the De.21.10. captivity, Ezr.8. 17.
tents on the east of it; and the angel language of the Jews in Palestine, Captivity, slavery, or bondage, of the Casluhim, kas-lU'im [hopes of life], a
J;i~~- a large cooking vessel, 1Sa. of the Lord went before the camp,
Ex.14-19;-an army in the open air,
the Hebrew.
Canaanites, idolatrous, to be extir-
ten tribes forming the kingdom of
Israel, by the Assyrian Shalmanezer,
people descended from a son of Miz-
raim, Ge.10.14; 1 Ch.1.r2.
_ ;-~n emblem of the destruction
2 14 z Sa-4-6. pated,Ex.23.31; 34. t2; Nu.33.50; De. B. c. 720, 2 Ki. 15. 29; r7. 3-5; 1 Ch.5. Cassia, a sweet aromatic spice, an in-
of Jerusalem, Eze.n.3,II. .
Caleb kl'leb fa dog, or the valiant Camphire, a plant of great beauty 20. r.6;-not wholly conquered by 26;-of the two tribes, the kingdom ferior kind of cinnamon, used in mak-
hero]: (i) The son of Jephunneh, was and fragrance found in Egypt and the Joshua, 16.10; 17.12:Ju,I.27, &c.:2. of Judah, by the Chaldeans, 2 Ki. ing the sacred oil, andotherperfumes,
e of the twelve who were sent by East, callea al-henna and kho.freh. 20; 3. r, &c. ;-six nations of, Ex.3.8, xxiv.; 2 Ch. xxxvi.; Je. xxv. xxvi. Ex.30.24; Ps.45.8;-was an article of
;~oses to spy the Iand;-givesa good by the N ubians. From it~ leaves an r.7; 23.23: 33.2. xxix. xxxii.xxxiv. li.; Eze.xii.; Da.1. Tyrian trade, Eze.27. 19.
account of the land of Cana_an, Nu. orange dye is made, Ca.1.14; 4.13. Candace, kan-d.a'se, a queen of Ethio- 1 ;-the sufferings of the captivity, Cast-away, a lost person, 1 Co.9.27.
JJ. 30 ; 14 .6; De.t.36;-obtams He- Cana, ka'nah, OF GALILEE [reedy], pia,that region in Upper Nubia called Ps.137. r-5;Je.4. rg-3I.-' He led cap- Caat-0ut, to excommunicate, Jn.9.22,
bron, Jos.14.6; I5.13.-(2) The son of (1) A village about eight miles north by the Greeks Meroe;-her high trea• tivity captive,'=led captive all his 34.
Hur, his descendants, I Ch. 2.50.- of Nazareth, and sixteen from the surer converted by the preaching of foes, Ep.4.8;-' children of the capti- Castles, places fortified, Ge.25.16; 1
(3) A district about Carmel, of Judah, lake~-} esus' first miracle here, Jn.2. Philip the evangelist, Ac.8.27. vity,' Ezr. 4. r ;-psalm of praise on Ch. 6. 54; 2 Ch. 27.4 ;-the castles of the
~lotted to Caleb, 1Sa.30.r4; Jos.14, 1, &c. It was the native place of Na... Candle, light originally with oil-lamps, their return from it, Ps. cxxxvi.; Is. sons of Ishmael were watch-towers,
thanael, 21.2. TRe true site of Cana Job r8.6;-thesoul, Pr.20.27;-minis- xxvi. Ge.25.16.
JJt, made JJy ~aron, i1;1 imitation of is disputed. The probability is that ters, Mat.5.15.
Candlestick, for the tabernacle, form-
Carbuncle (flashing as lightning], a
very elegant gem, of a deep red col-
Ca.stor and Po11u.x, kas'tor and pol'..
lux, called the Dio.rcurot" in the ori-
the Egyptian 1dol Ajns, Ex.32.4;- Kana-el-Jelil is the true site.-(2) A
Jeroboam made two g-olden calves, town of the tribe of Asher, near Si- ed of gold, with six branches, and with our, mingled with scarlet. It was the ginal, Ac. 28. n. In the Greek and
and set the one in Bethel and the don, Jos.19.28. oil, Ex. 25. 31: 37. 17;-stood in the third in the first row of the high- Roman mythology they were reckon-
other in Dan, 1 Ki.12.28;-the calves Canaan, kU.'nan [low or lowland], (r) holy place, on thi: south side, i.e. on priest's breastplate, Ex.28.17; Is.54. ed the twin-sons of Jupiter; they
were a snare to the people till the The fourth son of Ham, who sported the left of the person entering, and r2; Eze.28.13. Under this name are w~re the tutelary deities of sailors;
time of the captivity;-a fatted, the with his father's shame, Ge. 9. 22;- opposite the table of show.bread, Ex. comprehended several brilliant stones their images, therefore, were affixed
choicest animal food, 1 Sa. 28. 24; Am. was cursed, 25; -his posterity was 26. 35 ;-shown in vision to Zechariah, of the same family, as the ruby and to the heads of ships.
6. 4; Lu.15.23. numerous and was subjugated by the Zec.4.:r;-the seven churches, Re.1. the garnet. Caterpillars, insects which prey oo
C.alken, carpenters, who build and Israelites, the descendants of Shem, 20. In Mat.5. 15, a lamp-stand. Carcase, a dead body of man or beast, leaves and fruits, r Ki. 8. 37:-often
repair ships, Eze.27.9,27. thus fulfilling Noah's prophecy, 2 Candour, fair, open, and impartial Le.5.2; Is.14.t9; l\.lat.24.28. employed in execution of God's judg-
Call, God's invitation in the gospel, Ch.8. 7~. His eldest son Zidon was dealing, commended and exemplified, Carchemish, kar'ke-mish [fortress of ments, Ps. 78.46; 105.34;-representa
addressed to all men, Pr.8.4; Is.45. founder of the city of the same name. 2 Sa. 12.7;Ps.15.2,3; lfat. 7. 1,12: 2Co. Chemosh], a town of the Assyrians, great multitude, Is.33.4;Je.51.14,27.
:22; 55.r; l\Iar.16.t5; Jn.7.37; Re.22. -(2) THE LAND OF, so named from r.12. on the banks of the Euphrates. It Cattle, to be watered, or freed from
I7;-rejected by many, l\Iat. 20.16;22. Canaan, the son of Ham, bounded Cane, a tall sedgy plant with a hollow commanded the passage of the river, danger, on the Sabbath-day, Mat.
r,4; Jn.5.40;-awful doom of those by Arabia on the east; on the south stem, I Ki.14.I5; Job 40.21; Is.19.6; and was therefore the battle-field of 12.11: Lu.r3.15; 14.5.
who refuse, Pr.r.24, &c.; Je.26.4-6; by the wilderness of Paran, Idumea, 35. 7 ;-common in Arabia and Syria: Egypt and Assyria, Is.ro. 9;J e. 66.2; Caul, (1) A net-work that covers the
35.17:Ac.13.46; 18.6; He.12.25; 1\Iat. and Egypt; on the west by the Medi- -used in writing. The Hebrew word -taken by the Egyptians, 2 Ch. 35. heart of some animals, Ex.29. 13; Le.
22.n: Re.2.5. terranean; and on the north by the is usually rendered reed, except in 20 ;-retaken by Nebuchadnezzar,J e. 3.4.-(2) A cap of a net-work worn by
- , effectual, when men yield to_. mountains of Lebanon. Canaan pro- Is.43.24 and Je.6.20, where it is ren- 46.r-r2. females, Is. 3. 18.
the Spirit and come to Christ ;-it is a per was about 158 miles long, and on dered cane. Sweet cane [reed of fra- Careah, ka-re'ah, 1 Ki.25.23; Je.40.8. Causeless, without reason.1 Sa. 25.31;
call from death to life, Jn.5.24,25;- an average about 40 broad. As occu.. grance1 enumerated among other aro- Carefulness, great care, vigilance, Pr.26.2.
from darkness to light, Ac. 26. 18; 1 pied by all the tribes, including those matic substances,Ca.4.14; Eze.27.17. Eze.12.rS; 1Co.7.32; 2Co.7.n. Causeway, a paved way, 1 Ch.26.16;
Pe.2.9;-from bondage to liberty, Ga. on the east of Jordan. it consisted of See CALAMUS. Careless Persons, or those who are 2 Ch.9.4. The same word is render-
5.13;-from fellowship with the world about 19,CX>O square miles. But as Canneh, kan'nay [a plant], Eze.27.23; secure and unconcerned, called to ed 'ways,' Ps. 84. 5.
to the fellowship of Christ, 1 Co.r.9; extended by conquest in the time of same as Calneb or Calno. serious thoughtfulness, Is.32.g-rr. Caves, places of habitation, Ge.19.30;
-from enmity to peace, 1 Ce.7.r5; David and Solomon the kingdom Canker [gangrene],an eating sore end- Cares, anxious. See ANXIETY. -of concealment, Jos.10. 16; Ju.6.2:
Col.3-15;-from sin to holiness,"r.Th. reached to the Euphrates, and to the ing in mortification, 2Ti.2.r7;Ja.5.3. Carmel, kar'mel [park, garden], {1) A 1 Sa. 13.6; 22.r,2; 24.3; 2 Sa.23. r3;-
4-7;-from misery to happiness, 1Co. remotest confines of Edom and Moab, Canker-worm, one that preys upon city in the mountains of Judah, ten places for burial, Ge.23.17,19; 49.29,
7.15;-made effectual, Ps.no.3; Ac. 1 Ki.4.2r. It has since been distin- the fruits, and is much like to the lo- miles sou th-east of H ebron,J os. 15.55; Jn.rr.38;-of Adullam, rSa.22.r;-
13.48; 2.47. In its nature it is o.f' guished by other names, such as the custs, Joel 1. 4; Na. 3. rs, 16;-else- -here Saul erected a monument, r Makeddah, Jos. ro. 16;-m the wilder-
p-ace, G3..1.r5;-a holy calling, 2Ti. Land of Promise, the Holy Land, where called the caterpillar,] e. 51. 27:· Sa. 15.12 ;-here Nabal dwelt, 25.5. ness of Engedi, 1 Sa.24.3.
1.9;-a higlt. caJling, Phi. 3. r4;-a Judea, and Palestine. It is described Ps. 105.34. -(2) A celebrated mountain on the Cease, to leave off, 1 Sa.7.8;-to be
Mavmly calling, He. 3. I ;-when men a'i 'a land flowing with milk and Canticles, kan'ti-kels [song],the Latin coast of the Mediterranean. It is forgotten,De.32.26;-to be removed,
repent they are accepted, Ro. honey.• It was weU watered, very name given to the Song of Solomon. about 1728 feet in height. This range La 5. r4;-to abstain from, Ps.37.8;
Jr.29;-to the eternal glory of Christ, fruitful, abounding with rich pastures Capernaum, ka-per'n-~•um [city of extends about twenty-eight miles,and Is.r.16.
2Th.2.14; r.Pe.5.10. and flowers, and much diversified comfort], a city on the north-west in the south-east is connected with Cedar, the noblest of trees. It rises
calm, repose, rest, Ps.107.29; Jonah with hills and valleys, resembling the shore of the Sea of Galilee, and dis.. the mountains of Samaria. For its to the height of 70 or So feet; its
r.u,12; Mat.8.26. southern counties of Scotland. From tant about ninety-six miles from} eru- beauty and luxuriant forests it was branches spread out almost horizon-
Ca.lneh, kal'ne [fortified dwelling], a its position its climate was very hot salem, Mat. 4. r3, r4;-here Christ compared with Bashan, Ca.7.5; Is.33. tally to a distance sometimes of uo
city on the west bank of the Tigris, during eight monthi in the year;- preached to multitudes, and perform- 9; 35.2; Jc.46.18. Here Elijah offered feet; is always green, and affords a
built by Nimrod,Gc. 10. r.o; supposed described in reference to many of its ed manymlghty works, Mat.8.5; Lu. his sacrifice, which was consumed by delightful shade, 2Ki. 19.23; Ca.5. 15;
to be the same as Calno, Is.10.9, and natural advantages, De.8.7-g; JI.IO 7.r;l\iat.8. r4;Lu.4.38; Mat.9. 1; Mar. fire from heaven, r Ki. 18.2t-38 ;-here 2 Sa.7.2; I Ki. 4. 33; Ps. Bo.ro; 92. 12;
Cantult, whose inhabitants traded -12;-promised to Abraham, Ge.12. 2. 1; 1. 33; Lu.4. 33. Christ uttered a 450 prophets of Baal were slain, 40. Am.2.9;-the temple of Solomon
wi.th the Tyrians, Eze.27.23;-its site 7 ;-its boundary, Ex.23.3I; Nu.34. fearful prophecy against, Mat.u.23; Carntel is now called 7e6el Mar built with it, 1 Ki. 6. 15 ;-he applies
identified by some with the modem 1; Jos. r.3;-conquered by Joshua,rr. Lu.ro.15. In Christ's day it was a Elyas. to Hiram for it, 5. 6;-he wrote of it,
Nijfn-, 50 miles south-east of Baby- 16;-its kings enumerated, 12.9;-the flourishing town, l\Iat.1:r.23;-Jesus Carmelite, kar'mel-ite, a designation 4.33;-an emblem of the future pros-
lon. names of tho~e who were to divide it, very frequently visited this city, it of Nabal, 1 Sa. 27. 2; 30.5;-of Abi- perous state of Israel, Eze. 17.22.
CalTary, kal'va-re [skull], mentioned Nu.34.I6:-how to be divided, 26.52; was called 'his own city,· Lu.4.16-31. gail,2 Sa.3.3;-of one of David's war- Cedron, Jn.r8.t. See KmRON.
but once, in Lu. 23. 33 (in the Greek -divided by lot, Jos.14.r, &c. ;-its The site of this city is still matter of riors, 23.35. Ceiling, of aroom,Hag.1.4;-ofcedar
Cranion, a skull\ as the place where borders not conquered, 13. r; Ju. 2. dispute. Carmi, kar'mi, one of the sons of Reu- or fir, r Ki.6.r5; 2Ch.3.5; Je.22.14.
Christ was crucified. It is a term 3;-its ruined cities to be rebuilt,after Caphtor, kaf'tor [chaplet, knop], the ben, Ge.47.9; Ex.6.14. Celebrate, to praise, Le.23.32,41; I~
adopted from the Vulgate version, so the return of the Israelites from their original seat of the Philistines, De.2. Carmites, kar'mites, a family of Reu- 38.18.
called because executions were per- _dispersion, Is.49.19; 51. 3; 52.9; 54.3: 23; Am.9.7;-it is called an 'isle' or ben, Nu.26.6. Celestial, heavenly, 1 Co. 15.40.
fonncd there, and skulls were pro- 61.4; Eze. 36. 33 ;-what portion of it coast country, Je.47.4. Some say that Carnal, fleshly, sensual, sinful, Ro.7. Celibacy, or abstinence from mar-
bably left lying on the ground; or pro- will be for the sanctuary, 45. r, &c.; it was Cappadocia, others the island 14; 8. 9; 15. 27; 1 Co.3. 1,3; 9. n; 2Co. riage, commended under certain cir...
bably bec.:m ..e it was a bare round -for the city, 6;-for the prince, 7; of Cyprus, others the coasts of the Io. 4; He. 7. r6; 9. 10;-mind, its en- cumstances, l\.f4t.19.r2; 1 Co.7.r-35:
spot like a skull. In Jn. 19.17 it is -its boundary,4 7. r 3 ;-its division by Egyptian Delta. Most probably it mity against God, Ro.8.7;-the cere- -forbidding to marry is a character
called G11!goth.a. The identity of the Jot, 4~- x. At the time of Christ it was was Upper Egypt. monial parts of the Mosaic dispensa• of the apostasy, 1 Ti.•. 3.
present site of Ca.lvary1.s doubtful. divided into five provinces, Judea, Caphtorim, kilftor-im,the Philistines, tion were, He.7. 16; 9. 10;-weapons of Cellars, stores for wine, &c., 1Ch.27.
Ca.Ive, to bring forth young, Job 2r. Samaria, Galilee, Perea, and Idumea. De.2.21;-the descendants of Miz- Christian warfare are not, 2 Co. 10.4. 28 ;- the same word applied to the
Io; 39.1; Ps.29.9: Je.r4.5. This once beautiful land has been raim, Ge. ro. r4. Carpenter, Christ reproached as the treasury of the temple, 1 Ki.7.51, and
Calves, young cows, Ps.68.30; Ho. 10. constantly suffering under the horrors Cappadocia, kap-pa-do'she'-a, the most son of, Mat. 13.55;-himself so called, of the king, 14. 26.
s: 13.2; He.9. I2,19;-of the lips, fig- of servitude and frequent wars. After eastern province of Asia Minor, ex- Mar.6.3. Cencbrea, ken-kre'a [millet], the east..
uratively represents praise to God, the destruction of Jerusalem, A.O. 71, tending from Mount Taurus to the Carpt18, kar'pus [fruit, or fruitful], a ern seaport of Corinth, on the Sar-
Ho.14.2; He.13.15. the land remained almost desolate till Euxine Sea, and was bounded by convert of Paul, who dwelt at Troas, onicGulf. Itwasdistant about9mile1
<:ant.el [carrier], a large quadruped, about the 4th century, when pilgrims Fontus on the north, Lycaonia and 2Ti.4.13. from Corinth. Paul sailed thence for
with a 1on_g- and slender neck, long began to resort to it. In the begin- part of Armenia on the south, Gala- Ca.rria.ge, a load for man or beast,J u. Ephesu·s,Ac.r8.r8; Ro.I6.r.
legs, and short ears; and which can ning of the 7th century it was occu-- tJ.a on the west, and by the Euphrates 18.:u;1 Sa. 17.22;-baggage, Is.10.28; Censer. a vessel in the form of a cup.
159
CHALDEA
tar tbe purpose o( carrying the fire in
lm.ich incense was burned, Le.16.12;
-of Korah, &c., to be applied to the
covering of the altar. Nu. 16 6,37,38.
That used on the great day of atone-
ment made of pure gold, 1 Ki. 7.50;
CHA.RIOT&
...,'haldea.na, or CHALDEEs [Heb. Ka,-
dim], dellotes until the captivity the
inhabitants o( Chaldea (Shinar), the
capital of which was Babylon, 2 Ki.
xxv.. ls.13.19, 23. 13; 45.14:Je.21. 4.
But in the book of Daniel the Chai.
C!IERUB
Israel with thiny thousand, 1 Sa.13.5;
-Solomon had a thousand and four
hundred, 1 Ki. IO. 26;- Jabin, king
of Canaan, had nine hundred of iron,
Ju.4.3. The 'chariot in Ca,3.9,10
was probably a palanquin;-' of the
CHINNEROTH
An order of spiritual intelligences.
The word CHERUBIM first occurs in
Ge.3.24;-figures of, for the ark, Ex.
25.18-20; 37.6;-between them God
dwelt, or manifested his presence,
1 Sa.4.4; Ps.80.1: Is. 37. 16;-for the
CHRIST
Chios, ki'os. an isl. in the iEgean S
near to Lesbos, and about 1 2
from the shore of Smyrna, Ac. 20 1
Now called SciO.
mU::
· 5,
Chisleu, kis'lu, the :iinth month of th
sa?red yea: o~ _the Jews, and th:
r
He. 9. 4- It is spoken of under the deans are mentioned in connection cherubims' (1 Ch.28.18,1, the frame temple, 2 Ch. 3. 11 ;-seen in vision by third of their civil, commencing With
designation of a •spoon,' Nu. 7. 14, and with the magicians and astronomers on which the cherubim rested ;- Ezekiel, Eze.1.4; 10.8; u.22. the new moon of our December, Ne
a 'vial,' Rc.5.8. as a distinct priestly class. The Chai- horses, 2 Ki.7.14:-man, 2Ch.18:33; Chesed, kc' sed, the fourth of the eight I.l. '
Centurion, a Roman officer having deans were one of the original Cush- -of the sun, 2 Ki.23.11. sons of N ahor, Ge. 22. 22. Chisloth-Tabor, kis'loth-tii'bor[ltank
the command of a hundred soldiers; ite tribes that inhabited'the plains of Charity, or LovE, and general bene• Chesil, ke'sil. a town in the south of of Tabor], a place on the bordet ~
-one of them came to Christ, and Chaldea. They gradually gained the valence, recommended, Ex.23.4; Le. Judah, Jos. 15.30; probably the same Zebulun, Jos. 1?· 12. Also called
begged him to heal his servant, Mat. ascendency over the other tribes, and 19.18; De.15.7; 22. 1; Job 31. 16, &c.; as Bethul, J as. 19.4. Chesulloth. It 1s the modern fks41.
8.5;-another confessed the Messiah- gave name to the whole country. Pr.24. 17; 25.21 ;Ee. 11. I; Mat.7.12;22, Chestnut-tree, probably the tree now Chittim., kit'tim [those that bruiSe]
ship and meocence of Christ at his The language of this old Cushite tribe 39; t Co. xiii.; Ja. 2. 8. See AFFEC• known as the plane-tree, Ge.30.37: a branch of the descendants of 1a.:
I crucifixion, Mat. 27. 54; Lu. 23. 47;- was the learned language for scien- TION and Lov&. Eze.31.8. van, ~he s~n of Japheth, Ge. Io, 4;_
, Cornelius the first Gentile convert to tific and religious literature, and all Charm, as enchanter, used of ser• Chesulloth, ke-sul1oth [the hopes], a mentioned m the prophecy ofBalaarn
Christianity one of them, Ac.10. 1. who became acquainted with that pent-charming, Ps.58.5; Je.8.17; Ee. city in the tribe of lssachar (Jos. r9. Nu. 24. 24; and in Is.23.1 1 12; Da. 1 ~
Cephas, sC'fas [a rock, or stone], the 'learning' (Da. 1. 4) were called Chai- IO.II. 18), on the border of Zebulun, at the 30. The name is supposed by snmc
Syriac surname of Peter, Jn. I. 42. deans. They were the learned class, Cha.rran, kar'ran, Ac.7.2,4. See HA· foot of Mount Tabor, and hence to be equivalent to Hittites.
Ceremonies, rites, Nu.9.3, or ordin- which comprehended the priests, ma- RAN. called Chisloth.Tabor, Jos. 19. II. ChiuD:, ke'u~, the Heb. fo"?- of the
anccs,He.9. 1,used in the Jewish wor- gicians, and astronomers. Chas.ten, to correct in love, Ps. 118. Now lksdl. Probably same as Tabor Ara b1c K azvan, an Egyptian idol
ship. See TvP&s. Chalk-stones, a soft mineral like lime- 18; Re. 3. 19;-to punish, Le. 26. 28; of, Ch.6.77. thought by some to be Saturn, ~
Certain, sure, some, Nu. 16.2; De. 13. stone, ls.27.9. Pr.19.18;-to humble, Da.10.12. Cheweth, grindeth with the teeth, Le. 5.26.
13: Mat. 20. 20; Ga. 2. 12. Chamber, the private apartments of a Chastisement, correction, Job 34.31; 11.4,7; De.14.6,8. Chlo~, klo'e [verdur~], a woman at
wrtainty, that which is real and fix• house called chambers, 2 Sa. 18, 33; He.12.8;-o/ our j>eace, on Christ, Chickens, the young brood of hens, Conn th noted for piety, I Co. 1. II·
ed., Jos. 23- 13; Pr.22. 21; Da.2.8; Lu. Ps. 19. s; Da. 6. 10;-guest-chamher, the punishment by bearing which he Mat.23.37. Ro.16.10,n. '
1.4,; Ac.21.34; 22.30. Mat. 14. 14;-inner,2 Ki. 9. 2;-little, reconciled us to God, ls.53.5. See Chide, to reprove or blame, Ex. 17. Ch.ode, quarrelled, Ge.31,36;Nu.20. 3
Certify, to give sure information, 2 2 Ki.4. rn;-upper, Ac. 9. 37;-of im- AFFLICTION. 2; Ju.8. 1; Ps.103.9. Choler, irascibility, great anger, D~
Sa.15.28; Ezr.,..16; Ga.1.11; agery, Eze.8.7-12;-the clouds, Ps. Chastity, enjoined, 2 Co.6.4,6; Ga.5. Chidon, chC'don [a dart], 1 Ch. 13.9:- 8.7; JI.II,
Cesar, or C.AtSAR, se'zar, the regal title 104.13. 19-n; 1 Co. 7. 5; Phi. 4. 8; 1 Ti.4,. 12; called the threshing-floor of Nachon, Choose, to select, Ex.17.9; Nu.16. 7;
ol the Roman emperors, as Augustus, Chambering, riot or debauchery, Ro. Tit.1.8;2.5:i Th.4.3;-an example of 2Sa.6.6. Ps.25.12; Lu.6.13. See ELECTION.
UL 2. 1;-Tiberius, Mat. 22. 21 ; - 13.13. it in Joseph, Ge. 39. 7;-in Job, Job Chief, the principal, dearest, or great• Chorazin, ko-rJ.'zin, one of the cities
Nero, Ac. 25. n;-Claudius, 11. 28, Cham.berlain, Es.1.10, 12, 14; 2.3,14, 31.1. est, Ge.40.9,21,22; Nu.3.32; Ps.78.51; in which our Lord's mighty works
who banished (A.D.50) the Jews from 15, 21; 4. 4, 5;-generally elsewhere Chatter, to make nolse like birds, Is. Mat.20.27; Ep.2.20;-of Asia, Ac.19. were done. It lay on the western
Rome, 18.2. more correctly rendered eunuclt, Da. 38.14. 31 ;-' among the captains,' 2 Sa.23.8. coast of the Sea of Galilee, near to
Ceaarea, se.zar.f'a,acityontheshore 1.3,7; Is. 56. 3, 4. &c. ;-an officer in Chawa, jaws, Eze.29.,c.; 38.4. Chiefest, the best, 1 Sa. 9. 22; 2 Ch. Capernaum, Mat. 11. ~I; Lu. 10. t,3.
of the Mediterranean, about 6o miles eastern courts;-in Ro. 16.:13, the city Chebar, kC1 bar [strength or power], 32.33; Ca.5.10; Mar.10.44; 2Co.11.5. The modernKeraze/z. probably marks
north.west of Jerusalem, and was treasurer. a river in Chaldea, where Ezekiel Childbirth, the purification after it, its site.
built by Herod the Great, in honour Chameleon, a little animal of the saw several of his visions, Eze. 1. I; Le.12. 1, &c. ;-exemplified by Mary, Chozeba, ko-ze'ba [lying], a city of
of Augustus :-was the residence of lizard kind, which has tbe power of 3.15; 10.15,20. Commonly supposed the mother of Jesus, Lu.2.22-24. Judah, 1 Ch. 4. 22. It is probably
Philip, Ac. 8. 4,0;-and of Cornelius, changing the colour of its skin, Le. 11. to be the Chaboras of the Greeks, now Childhood, infancy, 1 Sa,12.2; Ec.11. identical with Achzib, Ge.28.5, and
10.1,24;--scene of Herod Agrippa's 30. called Kltabour, falling into the Eu• 10. Chezib, Jos.15.44.
death, 12.19;-Paul was brought to, Chamois, a species of goat, De. 14.5. phrates at Circesium; by others sup- Childish, puerile, trivial, 1 Co. 13. II. Christ, the Greek word correspond-
alter his conversion, 9. 30;-Cornelius Champaign, a plain, open country, posed to be the Euphrates, but most Childless, having no children, Ge.15, ing to the Hebrew Messiali, both
sent messengers from, to Peter, n. De.n.30. probably it was the Royal Canal, 2: I Sa.15.33. See BARREN, meaning anoi'nted, so called in allu.
n ; - Paul was sent to, to be tried Champion, a 'mighty man,' 1 Sa. 17. the Nakr Malclta, of N ebuchadnez• - - - , to be so, a curse to the sion to the anointing with oil of those
before Felix, 23. 23. It bore the names 51;-in 17.4,23, it is used of Goliath, zar. wicked, Le. 20. 20; 2 Sa. 6. ~3; Jc. 22, who were set apart to a sacred office,
of Cesarea Stratonis, Maritime Ces- as a man betuMen tlte two, who stood Checker-work, flowers, images, &c., 30; Ho.9.14;-promises to good men Ex.28.4,1; 29.7; 1 Sa. 9. 16; 15. 1; per-
area, and Cesarca Palestinz, to dis- between the armies of the Hebrews l Ki.7.17. who are so, Ps.68.6; 113.9; Is.56.4,. sons so anointed were consecrated to
tinguish it from Cesarea Philippi. and the Philistines. Chedorlaomer, ked-or-lli'o-mer[bind- Children, to be instructed, Ge.18.19; God, 1 Sa. 24. 6; 2 Sa. 19.2r; 1 Ch. 16.
Herod made it his residence, and Chance, unforeseen, a thing unex. ing of a sheaf], a king of Elam, takes De-4-9; 6.6; 11.19; Ps.78.5; Ep.6.4. 22. The anointing was a1so an em-
thus elevated it to the rank of civil pected or unlooked for, 1 Sa.6.9;- Sodom, Ge. 14.11 ;-defeated by Abra- - - - , their duty, to regard the blem of the effusion of the Holy
and military capital o( Judea. During accident, 2 Sa. 1.9:-excluded by Di- ham, 15. directions of their parents, Le. 19.3; Spirit, Mat.3. 16, 17; Jn.3.34; 1Jn.2.
the Crusades the city was taken in vine Providence, Ps.91.3,&c.: Pr.16, Cheerful, gay, merry, frank, Pr. 15. Pr. 1.8; 6.20; 13. 1: 15. 5; 23. 22; Lu.2. 20,27. Thus, Jesus, the saviour, is
1101 by king Baldwin, and retaken 33; Mat. 6. 26; 10.29: Lu.12.6. 13;Zec.8.19; 2Co.9.7. 51; Ep.6.1; Col.3. 20;-not to grieve the anointed, Is.61.2; Da.9.25; Ps.ii.
and destroyed in 1187 by Saladin. Chancellor, a high officer of the Per• Cheerfulness, liveliness, recommend• their parents, Pr.19,26;-not to rob The name Chri'st was originally used
Only now extensive ruins, called Kai". sian court, Ezr.4.8,9. ed, Pr.12.25: 15.13,15; 17.22. their parents, 28. 24 ;-not to despise as descriptive of character or office,
,ariy~k. Chanceth, happcneth, De.23.10. Cheese, slices of curdled milk, t Sa. 17. them, De.27.16;Pr.15.5,20;23.~2; 30. Mat.26.63; Mar. 8.29; 14.61; Jn. 1.20,
i:leaarea Philippi, a city that stood be- Changeable, fickle, Is.3.22. 18;-coagulated milk, Job 10.10;2Sa. 17; Eze.22.7:-to honour and main· 25, &c. Jesus, the personal name of
tween Sidon and Damascus,near the Changes. alterations, Ge. 45.22; 2 Ki. 17.29. In each of these passages the tain them, Ex.20.12: De.5.16; Ep.6. our Lord, gradually came to be ab-
sources of the Jordan, Mar.8.27, Its 5.5: Job 10.17; Ps.55.19. original term so rendered is different. 2, 3;-the smiting of their parents sorbed in his official name Christ.
ancient name was Paneas. It was Chanaan, ka'nan, Ac. 7. n, another Chelubai, ke-liYby, a son of Hezron, punishable with death, Ex. 21. 15; He is described by various r.ames
enlarged and embellished by Philip form of Canaan. 1 Ch.2.9;--called Ca1eb, 18,19. Le.20.9: De.21.18, &c.;-not to bear and titles : -Advocate, I J n. 2. I ; -
the tt-trarch, who called it Cesar.ca, in Channel, the bed of a stream, Ps. 18. Chems.rims, kCm'a-rims, the name of malice, but to love one another, Jn. alpha and omega, Re. 1. 8; 2:i.13;-
honour of his emperor Tiberius Cesar, :5.: Is.~- 7 ;27.12;-elsewhere I stream,' Baal's priests, Zep. •·•· The same 13. 34,; 15.12, 17; Ro.12.9, 10; He.13. amen, 3. 14 ;-apostle, He. 3. 1 ;-be--
adding Pl,ilip/n~ to distinguish it from nver, &c. word rendered • idolatrous priests,' 2 :r; 1Jn.2.9,10; 3.23; 4,.7,11,20. ginning of the creation of God, Re.
the Cesarea on the sea.coast. It is Chant, to sing, occurs only in Am. 6. 5. Ki.23.5; I:fo.10.5. - - - , the duty of parents to chas• 3.14;-branch, Zec.3.8; 6. 12;-com-
now called Baneds, a wretched vii• Chapel, a lwly j>lau, a place of wor- Chemoah, ke' mosh [subduer or fire- tise them for their faults, Pr.13- 24; mander, Is. 55 .• ;--corner•stone, I Pe.
lage of about forty houses. The ruins ship, Am.7.13;-elsewhere rendered godl, the national god of the Moab- 19.18. 22. 15: 23.13,14; 29. 15,17;-this 2.6;-livingstone, 2.4 :-David,Je.30-
cover a wide space. sanctuary, Ex.:i5.8; Le.12.4; 2i:.12; ites, Nu.21.29; 1 Ki. 11. 7; Je.4,8. 13. duty neglected by David toAbsalom, 9; Eze. 34. 23; 37. 24; Ho. 3. 5;--day•
Qhafed, highly provoked, 2Sa.17.8.- 2Ch.22.19, &c. See BAAL•Ps:oR. I KL 1.6;-by Eli to his sons, 1 Sa.2. spring, Lu.1.78;-deliverer, Ac. 7.35;
0ha.1r, the husk of com, Ps. 1.4; 35.5; Chapitera, ornaments on the tops of Chen.aanah, ke-na'a-nah. h) A warrior 22-25; 3. 13, Ro. n. 26;-Emanuel, Js.7.14; Mat.
-false doctrine, Je.23.28;-ungodly, pillars, &c., called in modem archi• in the time of David, 1fi. 7. 10.-(2) - - - to suffer for the sins of their 1. 23;-first-begotten from the dead,
vile, worthless persons, Zep.2.2: Job lecture capitals, the uppermost parts The father of the false prophet Zede- parents to the third and fourth gene. Re. 1. 5;-first and last, 1.17;--God
21.18; Mat.3-12. of column&, Ex.36.38; 38. 17; I Ki.7. kiah, 2 Ch.18.10,23- ration, Ex.20.5; De.5.9;-this to be blessed for ever, Ro.9.5;-govemor, ·
Chain, a series of links, Ge.4,1.4,2; Ex. ,6. Chenaniah, ken-a-ni'ah [God's good- reversed, Eze.18.1, &c. Mat.2.6;-holy one, Lu.4. 34; Ac. 3-
28.14;-bondage, La. 3. 7;-prisoner, Ch&pmen [travellers], i.e. for purposes ness], a Levite of the family of the - - - , good, a blessing to their 14; Re. 3. 7:-hom of salvation, Lu.
Ac.12.7;-heli, Jude 6. of traffic, 2Ch. 9. 14,;-called spice Izharites, and a chief musician ef the parents, Pr.10.1; 15.20; 23.24: 27.11; 1.69;-image of God, 2 Co.4 .• ;-just
- - , of gold, with which Joseph merchants, I Ki.10.5. temple, 1 Ch.15.22,27. 29.3;-God's heritage, Ps.127.3, one, Ac.3.14; 7.52;22.14,;-king- ever-
was honoured, Ge. 41. ,c.2;-on the Ch.apt, rent with drought, Je.1,._,._ Chephirah, kef-l'rah [the village], one - - - , wicked, and undutiful, a dis- lasting, Lu. 1. 33 :-king of Israel, Jn.
camels of the Midianites, J u.8.26;- Charge, an order, injunction, or com- of the Gibeonite towns of Benjamin, grace an.d a curse, Pr.10.1; 17.21,25; 1.4,9;-king of the Jews, Mat.2.2:-
on Daniel, Da. 5. 29 ;-an emblem of mand;-of God to Adam, Ge.2.16;- Jos. 9. 17; Ne. 7. 29; Ezr. 2. 25; now 19.r3; 28.7; 29.15, king of kings, Re.17.14;19.16;-lamb
the fate of Israel, Eze. 7. 23. ofMosestoJoshua,De.31.7; -ofGod Kef'ir, about 11 miles west from J eru- - - - of God. s~e ADOPTION. ofGod,Jn.1.29,36;-lambwhoopened
Chalcedony, kaYse.do-ne, a precious to Joshua, Jos.1.2;-of Joshua to the salem. Chileab, kil1e-ab [protected by the the sealed book, Re.5.6;-Jamb slain
stone, a species of quartz of very people, 22.1: 23.2;-of David to Solo- Cherethims, kCr'eth-ims, probably father], the second son of David by from the foundation of the werld,
many shades of colour, Re.21.19. mon, 1 Ki.2.1;1Ch.22.6;-of Jeho- Cretans, Eze. 25. 16: the word ren- Abigail, 2 Sa. 3. 3;-also called Daniel, 13. 8:•-leader, Is. 55. 4;-light, true,
:lhaldea, kal-de'a [Heb. Kasdim), a shaphat to the judges, 2 Ch.19.6,9:-- dered • Cherethims' is in Zep. 2. 5 l Ch.3.1. Jn.1.8,9; 3.19; 8. 12; 9.5; 12. 35,46;-
country in Asia, which lay eastward of Jesus to the apostles, Mat. 10, 1, rendered • Cherethites.' Chilion, kil'Ie-on [pining], theyounger Lord, Mat. 3. 3; Mar. 11. 3;-lord of
of Syria. It was situated on the banks &c. :-to the seventy, Lu. 10. 1 ;-to Cherethites, found alone only in 1 Sa. son of Elimelech and Naomi, Ru. 1. 2. glory, I Co.2.8;-lord of Jords, Re.
of the Tigris and the Euphrates, ex• Peter, Jn.21.15;-to the apostles be. 30. :r4 and Zep. 2. 5. Elsewhere 'Chere• Chilmad,kil'm.ad,a place mentioned in 17.14; 19. 16;-lion of the tribe of ju.
tending southward to the Persian fore his ascension, Mat.28. 19,20;Mar, thites' are named along with the • Pe- Eze.27,23. dah, 5.5;-makerand preserver of all
Gulf. It is first mentioned in Ge.11. 16. 16;-of Paul to the elders of Ephe• lethites,' These two classes consti- Chim.ham, kim'ham [pining], the son things, Jn.1.3,10; 1 Co.8.6; Col.i.16;
26. Its soil was very fertile. It was SUS, Ac.20. 17, &c. tuted David's body-guard, 2 Sa.8. 18; of Barzillai the nileadite, for whose He.1.2, IO; Re.4.u;-mediator, 1 Ti
well watered by the annual inunda• Chargeable, costly, 2 Sa.13.25; Ne. 15.18: i Ki.1.38,44. sake David honoured him ; and 2.5;-mediator of the new eovenant,
tions of the Tigris and the.Euphrates, 5.15: 2 Co.n.9; t Th.2.9. CheriBh, to nurse up and comfort, 1 whenae, it appears, he built a town, He. 12. 24:-Nazarene, Mat. 2. 23;-
Je. 50. 10; 51.24,35; Eie.16.29; 23.16. Charger, a shallow basin or . bowl, Ki.1.2,4; Ep.5.29: 1Th.2.7. 2 Sa.19.37,38; Je.41.17. high-priest, He. 3. 1;-prince, Ac. S-
The two names Chaldea and Baby. now called a sallHr, Nu.7.13,19,&c.; Cherith, ke'rith [sepw-ation], a brook Chimney, a passage for smoke, an 31 ;-prince of life, 3. 15;-prince of
Ionia were often applied to the same Ezr.1.9; Mat.14.8; Mar.6. 25;-else. of which Elijah drank till it was dry, opening covered with lattice-work, peace, Is. 9. 6;-princc of the kings
country, Jc. 2,._ 5; 25. 12; 50. 8; Eze. where rendered dish, Ex.25.29;36.16; I Ki. 17. 3, 4. It was probably the Ho,13.3;-in the houses in the East of the earth, Re. 1.5;-prophet, De.
12. 13, By the conquest of neigh- Nu.4.7. valley of Achor, nowcaUed the Wady the smoke escapes through the win• 18. 1.5, 18; Lu. 2•. 19;-redeemer, Joi,
bouring tribes and nations the Chai- Chariots, frequently used in ancient Kelt, 'between Jerusalem and the <lows, Is.44.16; 47.14. 19. 25; Is. 59. 20;-our righteousness,
deans founded the ,·ast empire, which, times in war, drawn by two or more Jordan. Chinneroth, kin' ner-oth, De. 3. 17; Je.23.6; 33.16;-root of David, Re.
from them,was ca1led Chaldea. From horses, and carrying two men. Phar- Cherub, tshe'r'ub [a.s a master], (:r) A 5, S :-root and offspring of David,
:{Li\~~~n under the dominion aoh pursued Isrnel with six hundred, place mentioned in Ezr.2.59: Ne.7. ~~;:~Jg~~:~ ~a~~~:;r:k~~d and bright and rooming star, 22. 16:-
Ex. 14,. 7:-Philistines fight against 61, supposed to be in Babylonia.,-(2) Sea ofGcnncsaret. See CINNBRBTH. rulcr, Mi.5.2;-savi.Jur. Lu.. a.n; Ac.
160
\
l
CHURNING CLEAN COLLEGE COMPASSION
CHRIST
--shepherd in the Jand, Zee u. 2. r ;-and in preparing mansions for Chushan-riehathaim, ku'shan-riSh- Cleave, to adhere to with affection Collops, slices or thick pi~ces of flesh,
J,JI, dshepherd,Jn.10. 11~-great them, Jn.14.2. a-thiVim, a king of Mesopotamia who and constancy, as a man to his wife, Job 15.27.
16:-gd, of the sheep, He.13.20;- Christ will come again to judge the oppressed Israel for ei~ht years, Ju. Ge. 2. 24; Mat. 19. 5;-Israel to the Colony, a province occupied by Ro-
,heP:t~he highest, Lu.1.32;-sonof world, Ac.1.n; 1 Th.4.16; 2Ti.4.1.
JOD Mat.3.17;8.29: Lu.1.35;---only - - was expected by the Jews at the
3.8-10.
Chuza, tsO'za or kU'za [possession],
Lord, De.4.4;Jos.23.8;-to the Lord
Christ, Ac. u.23.
man citizens, a designation given to
Philippi, Ac.16.12.
God, son Jn. 1.14,18; 3.16, 18;- time of his coming, Mar.15 43; Lu.2. the steward of Herod Antipas, Lu. Clemency, mercy, humanity, Ac.24.4. Colosse, ko-los'se [punishment or cor-
t,egot}e~an, Mat.S.20; Jn. r.51 ;-son 25, 38; 3.15; jn.1.25,45; 4. 25; IO. 24; 8.3. Clement, klem'ent (mild], a noted rection], an ancient city of Phrygia,
son o "d Mat.9.27; 21.9;-star and 11.27. Cieled. See CEILING. Christian preacher, Phi.4.3. not far from Laodicea and Hiera-
of ~:;1 Nu. 24 . 17 ;-bright and morn- - - is the pattern that we ought to Cilicia, sil-ish' e-a, the most south- Cleopas, kle' o-pas, the form CLEO- polis, Col. 2. 1 ;-an epistle, written
~p ta:, Re.22.16;-tf1:e, 3. 7;_19.u; follow, Mat.11.29; Jn.13.15; Phi.2.5;
1 Pe.1.15;2.21; rJn.2.6.
eastern province of Asia Minor, the
capital of which was Tarsus, the birth-
PHAS occurs, Jn.19. 25:-one of the
two with whom Jesus walked to Em-
probably at Rome during his first
imprisonment (Ac.28.16,30), was sent
~~tness, Is. 55 . 4 ;-faithful w1tne;s,
place of Paul ;-men from, disputed maus, Lu.24.1:8;-not the same per- by Paul to the church in, Col. 1.2.
Re,1,5·3.14;19.11;-word, Jn.1.1,- - - was trusted in by Abraham
and the patriarchs,Jn.8.56; He.11.1, with Stephen, Ac. 6. 9;-Paul and son as the CLEOPAS (properly Clo- Colours, coat of many, Ge.37.3.
,.-ord of God, Re.19.13~ .
. t was above Moses, He. 3- 5 ,- &c. Silas went through, confirming the .Pas\ who was also called Alph.eus Colt, a young ass, Mat.21.2,7; ?.Iar.
~all the Levitical pri;sts, He.7. - - to be the object of our faith, churches, 15.41. (l\.Iat. 10. 3), mentioned in Jn.19.25. u.5; Lu.19.35.
Jn.14.1; Ac. 16. 31:-all who believe Cinnamon-tree, a species of the He was the husband of Mary, the Comely, decent, graceful, 1 Sa.16.18;
:u; · 8:-:s·
11
co-eternal with the Fa- in him shall be saved, Jn.3.14-16,36;
6.40;-they who believe not in him
laurel. The aromatic called cinna-
mon, made from its inner bark, was
sister of the mother of our Lord.
Clerk, one very wise in Ephesus, Ac.
1 Co.7.35; n.13: 12.24.
Comfort, joy, ease, assistance, Job
-;;;'Jn. 1 _ 1 , 3 ; 17. ?; Col. 1. 17: He.
8--co-equal with the Fathe:, shall perish, Jn.8.24; 3.36; 1Jn.5.10- one of the ingredients of the holy 19·35· 6.10;Ps.119.50; Ac.9.31; Ro.15.4;Phi.
~~t-~S.iS: Jn.5.23; 16.15; 17.10; Phi. 12. oil, Ex.30.23; and an article of com- Climbed, ascended, Je.4.29; Lu.19.4. 2.19.
• Col.I- i6: 2 .9;--of one substance - - to be the object of our love, 1 merce, Re.18.13. Cloak, (1) A large outward covering, Comfortable, giving comfort, pleas-
6
~th the Father, Jn.10.3~,38; _12:45; Co.16.22; Ep.6.24; r Pe.i:.8.
- - not to be denied, hiaL 10. 33;
Cinnereth, sin'ne-reth, or CHINNER-
OTH [lyre], a city of the tribe ofN aph-
},fat.5.40;-worn by the high-priest
under the ephod, Ex.28.31;-by per-
ing, 2Sa.14.17; Zec.1.13.
Comforter, one of the titles of the
_ JI, 22 ; 14 ,f-though, m his nu-
17
·ty infenor to the Father, 14. Mar. 8. 38; Lu. 9. 26; 12. 9; Ro. 1. 16; tali, on the wesl of the Sea of Gen- sons of rank, 1 Sa.15.27; Job 1.20;- Holy Spint, whose office it is to com-
~King of kings, Lord of !ords, 2 Ti.2.12; 1Jn.2.23. nesareth, Jos. II. 2; 12.3; 19.35; 1 Ki. by women, 2 Sa.13.18;-the 'cloak' fort the saints, Jn.14.16,26; 15.26; 16.
d God of gods, Ro. 14. 9; Phi. 2. 9; - - , excellencies of his character: 15.20. mentione~ in 2 Ti.4. 13 was a thick 7. The word in the original is Para-
clete, and means one who stands by
C:,1.:no, 15; 1 Pe. 3. 22; Re.17.14; 19. lwli'ness, Ac.4.27; He. 7. 26; Re. 3. 7; Circuit, a route, 1 Sa. 7.16;-of the upper garment called pa:nula, worn
Ac.3.14;-riChteousness, ls.53,11;32. sun, Ps. 19-6. by the Romans as a protection from another to help him. In 1 Jn.2.1, it is
16 ;-has a name above every name, 1; 11.4; He.1.9;-faitlifulness, ls.n. Circumcision, the cutting of the fore- the weather.-(2) A fair pretence, or rendered advocate, and is applied to
9 5; 1Th.5.24; 2Th.3.4;-guileless, Is. skin of males on the eighth day after concealment, Jn.15.22;1 Th.2.5;1Pe. the Saviour.
~: ~ perfect man, Mat.4.2; 8.
s.4; :i6. 38; ]n. 1° 14; 4.6; II, 35; 12._27; 53.9; 1 Pe. 2. 22;-spotless, I Pe.1.19;, their birth, instituted, Ge. 17. IO;- 2. 16. Commandments, the ten delivered by
.:iS; Phi, 2.7; He. 2. 14;-was with- Jn. 8. 46; 2 Co. 5. 21;-zeal, Jn. 2. z7, of the Shechemites, 34. 24;-of the Close, to shut up, Ge.2.21;-to cover, God from Mount Sinai, Ex.20.1, &c.;
19 with Ps. 6g. 9: Lu. 2.49 ;-meekness, Is. sons of Moses, Ex.4.25;-of the Is- Je.22.15. De.5.6,&c. ;-written by God himself,
out sin, though tempted as other
men, Jn.8.46; 2 Co. 5. 21; He.4.15; 7. 53. 7, with Mat. 26. 63; 27. 1:2; Zee. 9. raelites in Gilgal, Jos.5.2;-a dissen- Clothes, garments, vestments. The Ex.24.12; 31.18; 34.1: De.5.22; 9.10;
,6· 1 Pe.2.22: I Jn.3.5. 9; l\Iat.11.29;-compassion, Is.40.11; sion about it,Ac.15. 1, &c. ;-the apos- Hebrews wore a sort of shirt or tunic, -not abrogated by Christ, Mat.5.17;
~ was perfect God, as appears Mat.14,14: 20.34; Lu.19.41:; Ja.5. 11; tles consulted, 6;-their decree con- of linen, reaching to the calf, gener- !far. 10. 17; Lu. 18. 18;-summed up
from the NAMES and TITLES of God -filial ohedienc1, Ps.40.8;Jn.4-34; cerning it, 29;-when it profiteth, Ro. ally with sleeves, but sometimes hav- by Christ, Mat. 22. 37-40; Mar. 12.
eivcn him;-God, Jn.1._1;-the great Lu.2.51. 2. 25;-of the heart, 29; De. 10. 16; ing only arm-holes. A girdle con- 29-31.
G«f, Tit2.13;-the mt~hty God, Is. - - , predictions respecting. See 30.6;-the true, among Christians, fined it to their waist. Over this Commission, a trust, Ezr. 8. 36; Ac.
9-6;-tM true God, 1Jn.5.20;-God PROPHECY. Phi.3.3; Col. 2. u;-not to be sub- various garments were worn, accord- 26.12.
IVe1' all, hlusedfor ever, Ro.9.5;- - - , events of his life. See JESUS. mitted to by the Gentile converts, ing to the quality of the person. All Commodious, convenient, Ac.27.12.
Loao, oras it is in H~brew, 7elun,alt, - - , his miracles. See MIRACLES. Ga.5:2;-the gospel of, committed classes wore something in the form Common, ordinary or usual, Nu. r6.
Is.6.r, compared with Jn.t2.41; Is. - - , his parables. See PARABLES. to Peter, 2. 7;-Abraham justified of a large shawl, called a cloak, or 29; Ee. 6. 1 ;-ceremonially unclean,
- - , his example. See EXAMPLE. without, Ro.4.10. The rite still prac- uj,fer rarment, reaching to the an- Ac.10.14; n.8;-all things common,
40.3, compared with Jn. 1. 23;-the
ATTRIBUTES of God are ascribed to Christians, the term first used at An- tised by the modern Jews. kles, Mat.21.8. When a person had 2 •44,45·
him; such as eternity, Jn.1.1; 8.58; tioch, Ac.II.26. Circumapect, watchful, Ex.23.13. nothing on but the tunic he is said Commotion, a tumul", Lu.21.9.
Col. 1. 17; Re. I. 10-18; Mi.5.2, com- - - - - , the salt of the earth, Mat. Circumapection, looking around with to be naked, Jn.21.7. In this manner Commune, to converse or talk to-
pattd with Mat.2. 6;-omni'potence, 5. 13;-the light of the world, 14;- cautious and careful conduct, recom- the person condemned was stoned to gether ;-Abraham communed with
Phi. 3.21; Col.2.9,10; Re.I. 8 ;--omni- their privileges, 1 Pe. 2. 5, &c.; He. mended, Ex.23.13;Mat.24.42;Ro.12. death, Ac.7.58. Rending of, an ex- the children of Heth, Ge. 23. 8 ; -
scin,ce, Jn.21.17;2.24,25; Re. 2. 23;- 12.22;-the sons of God, 1Jn.3.1,2; 17; 2 Co.8.21: Ep.5.15;Phi-4-8; ,Th. pression of the highest grief, Ge.37. Hamor with Jacob, 34. 6, &c.;-to
,_,,i)nsnice, Mat.18.20; 28. 20; Jn. Ro. 8. 14, &c. ;-one with Christ and 4.12;5.6; 1 Pe.2.12; 3.16. 29; 2 Sa.13.31; Jos.7.6; 2 Ki. 19-1. converse with our own hearts, Ps.4.
3- 13; Ep. + 10;-immutahility, He. the Father, Jn. 17. 11, 21;-all one Cistern, a large vessel, or a reser- Cloud, a pillar of, was the Shekinah. 4; 77.6.
13-8 ;-the WORKS of God are ascribed body,Ep.4-15,16;--thetempleofGod, voir, to retain water. Cisterns were or symbol of God's presence with Colil.munion, a sharing something in
to him; such as, the creating- of all 1Co.3.16. very necessary in Canaan, where his people;-conducts the Israelites common with another, Jn.15.1-7; 17.
things, Jn.1.3; Col.1. 16;-upl,.olding- Chronicles, annals, state-papers, re- fountains were scarce, 2 Ki. 18. 31; Pr. through the Red Sea, Ex. 14- 19;- 10,20-26; Ro.12.4,5; 2Co.13.14; Ep.
allthings, He.1.3;Col.1.17:-rov1rn- cords of history, 1 Ki.14.19; 1 Ch.27. 5. 15 :-these cisterns or pits when ~hrou~h the !""ildemess, N u.9. 15;- 4.16; 1Jn.1.3,6,7;-the Lord's Sup-
i,,g' all things, Ep.1.22; Mat. 28. 18; 24; Es.6.1. In the Hebrew Bible the empty were used as places of punish- of w1tnesses, He.12.1; per socalled,1 Co.10.16. Sa LoRn's
-Jorp'vi,irsi,u, Mat.9.2,6; Lu.5.20; Books of Chronicles are placed last. ment, Je.38.6; Ps.40.2;-the left ven- Clouds, multitudes, armies, Je.4.13: SUPPER.
-giving eternal life, Jn. 10. 28;- Ezra was probably tlieir author. They tricle of the heart, Ec.12.6. ls.44.22; 6o.8;-the chariot of God, - - - - - with God, or the com-
j,wnisi',ir and smding- tM Holy appear to be supplementary to the Cities of Refuge, six of the sacer- Ps.104.3. munication of divine graces from him,
Gl,ost, Jn.14.26; 15.26; Ac.1.5;2.4;- two Books of Kings. They contain dotal cities so set apart, Nu.35.g--34. Clouted, old and patched, Jos.9.5. and the return of devout aftCctions to
,.initr l,,z·mse!/from tM dead, Jn. 2. an epitome of all the sacred history See REFUGE and LEVITICAL. ClUBter, a bunch, like grapes, raisins, him, enjoyed by believers, 1 Jn. 1. 3;
19:10.17,18;-rai.ring- all tlu dead, down to the year of the return from Citizen, one born in a city, Ac.21.39; &c., Ge.40.1o;Nu.13.23; Mi.7.1; Re. - experienced by those only who are
Jn.pB;-judg-ing- tk world, 5. 22; Babylon-3500 years. -one who has the freedom and pri- 14.1:8. . reconciled to him, Am.3.3; 2 Co.6.15;
Ac. 17. 31; - sentencinr both the Clu-yaolite, kry'se-lyte [gold stone], vileges of a city, 22. 28. Cnidu, nt'dus, a city at the extreme -and who love and obey him, Ps.73.
righteous and the wicked to their a precious stone of a golden or yel- City, a walled town, 2 Ki. ro.2; ls.36. south-west end of Asia Minor, on a 25; Jn.14.23;-vain for men to make
everlasting portions, Mat. 25. 31-46; low colour, probably the topaz of the 1; De. 3. 5;-of David, 1 Ch.11.5;- promontory in Caria, Ac. 27. 7 ;-its pretensions to it, who are living in
-RKLIGJOUS WORSHIP is g-iven to moderns, Re.21.20. Bethlehem also called E:ity of David, ruins are seen, from which it is judged sin, 1 Jn. 1.6;-to ohtain it, we must
lu111, equally with the Father, 28.19; ChrysoprasUB, kry-so-pra' sus [gold Lu. 2.11 ;-of God=Jerusalem, Ps.46. to have been a very important city. study to know his will, Jn. 5. 39:-be
Ac. 7. 59, 6o; 2 Co.13.14 ;-anrels are leek], a precious jewel of a green 4;-holy, Ne.II. 1;-the church on Coe.la, seldom used to warm men, ex- often in prayer, Lu. 8. 1 :-embrace
e,,n11tmukd to "W(Jf"S/iip l,,i,n, He. 1. colour mingled with yellow♦ Re. 21. earth, Re.11.2;-heaven, He. 11. 10, cept in the nights of winter, Jn. 18. 18: opportunities of retirement, Ps.4.4;-
6;-IM redeemed in M/,,ven worslti'p 20. The word is elsewhere rendered 16. -faggots of wood or bushes chiefly frequently meditate on his perfec-
Ai111, Re. 5. 8-14 ;-all men an to beryl. . Civility, or kindness and politeness used for foci, Ps.58.9;Ec.7.6;Jn.15. tions, providences, love,and promises.
lu,nor,,-1,.im, ruen as tluy ltonour the Chub, kub, an Ethiopian province, to others, recommended, Lu. 14. 10; 6 ;-of juniper, terrible, and of long 104.34;-watch against vain thoughts,
Fatlrn-, Jn.5.23. Eze.30.5. Ro. 12. 10; 13.7; t Pe.2.17. continuance, Ps. 120. 4;-of fire, the 119.113;-and be found in the use of
- - , was the Messiah spoken of by Chun, kiln, a Syrian city, 1 Ch.18.8; Clamorous, loud, noisy, Pr.9.13. lightnings proceeding from God, 18. all the means of grace, 27.4;-its nd-
the prophets, Lu. 24. 27: J n. 1. 45: 4. called Berothai, 2 Sa. 8. 8. C1auda, klaw'da, a small island, about 8,12,13; 140.10. vantag-es are, humility and hatred of
25; 5.39, 46; 11. 27; Ac. 26. 22:-came Church, a number of persons, organ- 7 miles long and 3 broad, near the Cock, apprised Peter's denial ofChrist, sin, Job 42. 5, 6; - deadness to the
down from heaven, Jn.3.13,31; 6. 38, ized as a body, who meet to worship south-west coast of Crete, passed by Mar.14.68,72. world, l'hi. 3. 8: Ga. 6.14;-patience
50; 16.28;-for our sakes, Mat.18.II; the Lord, and to observe the ordin- Paul in his voyage to Rome, Ac. Cock-crowing, denotes the time from under trouble, Ro. 8. 18; 2 Co. 4. 17;-
Lu. 19.10; Jn.3. 17; IO. IO; 12. 47;- ances of Christ, Jn.10.16; Ro.12.5; 27.16. midnight to daybreak, Mar.13.35. fortitude in danger, Ro.8.31;-grati-
lVaS incarnate of the Virgin Mary, 1 Co. 10. 17; 12. 13; Ga. 3. 28; He. II. Claudia, klaw'di-a, a pious Roman Cock.a.trice, a species of serpent or tude for mercies received, Ps.103.I;
Mat.1.18; Lu.1.35. 40; 12. 23; - sometimes means the lady, 2 Ti.4.21. viper, ls.u.8; 14.29; 59.5; Je.8.17. -direction under difficulties, Pr.3-5,
- - , died for our sins, Js.53.8; Da. whole body of professing believers, ClaudiUB Cmsar, klaw'di-us se'zar, Cockle, a weed that grows among 6;-happ;ness in death, Ps.23.4; 1 Co.
9.26; MaL 20. 28; Ro.4.25; 5.6; 1 Co. Mat.16.18;Ac.2.47;Ep.3.10,21:;Col.1. the fifth of the Roman emperors, the corn, but more probably a species of 15.55;-and panting desires for hea4
15.3; Ga.1.4; Ep.5.2; He.9.28;-abol- 24;-sometimes a single, local, or pri- successor of Caligula (A.D.41); great nightshade or aconite,Job 31.40. The ven, 2 Ti.4.7,8.
ished death, 2 Ti. I. IO. vate congregation, Ac. 1+ 27; 18. 22: dearth foretold to take place during plural of this word is rendered 'wild Compact, closely and firmly united,
- - rose again the third day, Lu. ! Ro.16. 5; 1 Co. 14. 23; 3Jn. 9;-some- the reign of, Ac. 11. 28 ;-banishes the grapes,' Is.5.2. knit together, Ps.122.3; Ep.4.16.
::a+ 1, 46, 47; Ac. 2. 24; 3. 15; 4. 10; 5. times the governors of the church, Jews from Rome, 18.2. Coff'er, a chest, 1 Sa.6.8,II,15. Companion, associate, partner,Ex.32,
30; 10. 40; 17. 31; Ro.10. 9; 1 Co. 6. Mat.18.17; Ac.14.27;-sometimes, as Claudiua Lysiaa, klaw'di-us ]ys'i-us, Coffins, were not used by the ancient 27; Ps.u9.63; Pr.13.20; 28.7; Re.1.9.
14; 15. 3, 4; 1 Th. 1. 10; He. 13. 20; I some think, the place of worship, 1Co. , the Roman tribune who commanded Jews, except for persons of distinc- Company, bad, to be avoided, Ps.1.1:
Pe.3.18. 11. 18; 14.19, 34- The phrase 'catholic the guard at Jerusalem, rescued Paul, tion, Ge.50.26. 26.-1,; Pr.I.IO; 2.12; 4.14,15; 12.11; 13.
- - ascended up to heaven, Mar. church' is only rightly applied to the Ac. ..:u. 33;-commanded him to be Cogitations, thoughts or meditations, 20; 14.7; 19.27; 22.24; 28.7,1'1; 29.24;
16.19; Lu.24. 51; Ac.1.2,9; Ep.4.8; 1 church universal, including all true scourged, 22. 24 : - sent him under Da.7.28. Ro.1.32; 1 Co.5.9; 15.33; 2 Co.6.14;
Ti.3.16. believers. a guard, with a letter, to Felix, 23. Col-Hozeh, koJ-hc,'zeh [every seer], Ep. 5. 7; of the wise and good, bene-
- - sitteth on the right hand of Churches, reverence to be observed 26. , a descendant of Judah, Ne.3.15. ficial, Pr.13.20; MaI.3.16,17.
God, Mar. 16. 19; Ac.7.56; Ep. 1:. 20; in them, Le. 26. 2; Ps. 93. 5; Ee. 5. r; Clawa, the distinctive mark of a clean Collar, the opening of a garment that ----maybe necessary, and do
Col.3.1; He.1.3;8.I; 1:0.12; 12.2; 1 Pe. Je.7.30; Eze.5.11; 1 Co.II.I, &c.; 14. beast, De.14.6;-ofa beast or bird of closes around the neck, Job 30.18;- good,Mat.9.10; n.19; Mar.2.15; Lu.
3-22. 23, &c. prey, Da.4.33: Zec.u.16. among the spoils of the Midianites, 15.2: 1 Co.5.IO: 1 Th.5.14.
- - is the alone head of the church, - - - , instances of a profanation Clay, the bodies of men likened te, a kind of ear-drop, Ju.8.26. Companies (TRAVELLING), Is. 21. 13;
Ep.1.22; 4.15; 5.23: Col.1.18. of them censured, 2 Ki.21.4; 2 Ch.33. Job 4. 19; 13.12; 33.6; Is.64.8; Je. 18. Collection, for the poor Christians at Ge.37.25.
- is the only foundation of the 7; Mat.21.12; Jn.2.13. 6;-worldlyriches compared to, Hab. Jerusalem, Ac.11.29; 1 Co.16.1; 2Co. Comparison, the art of comparing, Ju.
church, Is. 28. 16; Mat. 16. 18; 2r.42; Churl, a rude, surly, ill-bred man; 2.6. 8.1; 9.1, &c.; Ro.15.26. 8.2; Hag.2.3; Mar.4.30.
I Co.3.u; Ep.2.20: 1 Pe.2.4-7. also a miser, a niggard, ls.32.5,7; Clean, ceremoniaUy pure, Le.xi-xv.; College, the residence of the pro- Compassion, pity, sympathy, Mat.9-
- . is employed as the advocate comp. 1 Sa.25.3,10,II,17. Nu. xix. :-free from sin, Ps. 51. 7;- phetess Huldah, 11 Ki. n. ,,4; a Ch.34. 36 ;-recommended, Pr. 19. 17; Zee. 7.
of his people, Ro.8.34; Hc.7.25; 1 Jn. Churning, making butter, Pr. 30. 33• empty, Pr. 14. ,. 22. 9; Lu.I0.33,37; Ga.6.:z; 1 Pe.3.8.
161
•
CONGREGATION CONTRADICTION COPPERSMITH CORRUPTION
by words, reproaches, or attempts to I Copy, a manuscri~t or trans;ript, De.
I
Compel, to force, Lc.25.39;-to urge Hebrew parliament; the daughters 'j Ac. 13. 34, 35; P.,_ 4.9· Q;-to sinful
by reasonable motives, Lu.1+23. of Zelophehad a, pealed to it, 27.2-3; defeat, :T".7.7; I:.!.3. · :17.LB; Jos.8.32; .Ezr.4.II; E!,.3.14. courses, zPe.1.4: 2.r2,19.
Competency, sufficiency, what it con- -an ·assembly, a church, Le. to. 17; Contrary, ...:isagreeing, opposite, Le. 'Cor, HoMER, a measure, consisting Cosam, ku'sam [div1uer], one of 0
sists in,Ge.28.20; Pr. .Jo.8; He.r3.5; I 16.33; Nu.:10.7; Jos.9.27; Ps.:i.5; 22. 26.21; 1\lat.14.24 :Ac.17.7; 18.13; ko. of 10 baths or ephahs, Eze.45.14. Saviour's ancestors, Lu.3.-.:8. l:I/r
Ti.6.8. 22;-found only once in N. T., Ac, 11.24; Ga.5.17; Tit.2.8. Coral, formerly supposed to be a plant, not mentioned 111 the 0. T. l!!
Complaint, accusation, Ac. 25. 7 ;- 13.43, to denote the assembled wor~ Contribution, joint giving money for but now known to be a congeries of Costly, dear, expensive, I Ki. 5• 17 .
lamentation, 1 Sa. 1. 16 ;-Psalm5 of: shippers in a synagogue. the poor, Ro. 15.26, small marine animals; or, properly, 9; Jn.12.3; t Ti.2.9, '7
iii vi vii. x. xii.-xiv. xvii. xxii. xxxii. Coniah, ko-n'i'ah, Je.22.24,28; 37.1;- Contrite, CoNTRITIOM, forsin;aheart the shells they form gathered into [ Cotes, huts or shelters, 2 Ch. 32 , 2g_
xx.xv. xxxvi. xxxviii. xxxix. xli.-xliv. called J ehoiachin, 2 Ki. 24. 8 ;-J eco- broken, brui"sed, or deeply affected large solid masses, and oft forming Cottage, a hut formed of boughs
1
li.liii.lv.-lvii, lix. lx. lxxiv.lxxvii.lxxix. niah, I Ch.3.17;-Jeconias, Mat.1.12. with grief for sin:-promises to such, rocks in the sea. It is very common 'booth,' as the word is F!}sewhere .-~
lxxx. lxxx1ii. Ixxxviii.xciv-.cii.cix.cxx. He succeeded his father J ehoiakim Ps.34-18;51.17; ls.57.15;61.1:;66.2;- in the Re~ Sea, th_e Persian Gulf, t.iered, Is.:i.8;-a hanging be-d su~~
cxxix.cxxx.cxl.cxlii.cxliii. as king of Judah. examples of it: in David, 2 Sa.12.1.3; &c.; and 1s exceedmgly dangerous pended between trees so callea 2
Complete, full, perfect, Le. 23. i: s; Col. Cononiah, kon-o-ll"i'ah, a Levite in the Ps.51.3,4;~Peter, Mat.26.75. to ships. An article of Tyrian mer- 20; the same word being rend~re~
:;i.10; 4.12. reign of Hezel-:ah, who had the charge - - - , evidences of. See RE- chandise, Eze.27.16;Job28.18. 'lodge,' 1.8. In Zep.2.6 th~ word
Complia.E.ces, submissions, in impor- of' the offerings, and the tithes, and PENT ANCE. Corban, a H,. ·Jrew word meaning a 'cottages ' is more correctly rea-
tant things da.n,;;erous, De. IJ. 3; Pr. the dedicated things,' 2 Ch.31.12,13. Controversies, disputes, vain and gift consecr; .ted to God or to his ser- de red ' cisterns' for holding water,
1:.10; Da.3.16: 6.ro: Ga.2,5,u;-in Conquerors, those who subdue their profitless ones to be avoided, 1: Ti. 1. vice-occurs only once in N. T., Mar. Couches, beds, Ge.49.4; Ps.6.6· Lu.s.
thi.ngs ind:tforent advised, 1 Co.9. 20. enemies, Ro.8.37; Re.6.2. 4; 6.4,20; 2 Ti.2.16; Tit.3.9. 7. n,12. 19,24~ Ac.5.15.
Comprehend, to conceive, Job 37. 5; Conscience, that in every human breast Controversy, a dispute, De.17.8; Ho. Cords, small ropes, Ex.35.:18;-silver Coulter, a ploughshare, I Sa. t3. 20 21
Ep.3.18. which judges of the moral character 4.1; 12.2; 1 Ti.3.16. cord, spinal marrow, Ee. 12. 6;-of Council, a consultation, Mat.1 2. 1~;_:
Conceal, to hide, Ge.37.26; Pr.n.13; of our actions, Pr.20.27; Ro.2.1-4-,15; Convenient, fit or proper, Pr. 30. 8; love, Ho.n.4:-of sin, the power of counsellors, Ac.25.12;-a throng or
12.23. -a weak one to be respected, Ro. 14. Je.40.4; .Mar.6.21; Ro.:i. 28; 1 Co. 16. sinful habit, Pr.5.22. company of persons, Ps. 68. 27;-thc
Concealment, hiding of crimes, the 2; 1 Co.8. 12. · 12; Ep.5. 4; Phile.8. Coriander, a plant with a hot seed, Sanhedrim, or supre_me council ofth•
guilt of it, Ps.50.18; Pr.28.13; 29.24; - - - - , the happiness of a good Conversant, familiar, Jos.8. 35; 1 Sa. Ex.16.31. Jews, Mat.5.22;-tnbunals subordin-
2Jn.n. one, Job 27.6; Pr. 14. 14; 28.1; 29. 6; 25. 15. Corinth, kor'inth, the capital of.Acha- ate to the Sanhedrim, .l\lat. :io, 1 7"
Conceit, pride, censured, Pr. 3. 7; 14. Ro. 14. 22; 2 Co.1.12; Ga.6.4; 1 Ti. 1. Conversation, familiar discourse, but ia, situated on the isthmus or neck .l\Iar.13.9. •
16; 26.12; Is.5.21; Ro.12.16. 19; i:Jn.3.19,21; Ac.23.r; 24.16-;1Co. in Scripture it means generally the of land which joins the Morea to Counsel,advice, Pr.20.18;-God'spur.
Conception, a conceiving in the womb, 4.4; 2Ti.:i.3; He.13.18. whole outward course of a man's life, Attica on the north. It was founded pose, Ac. 4. 28; Ep. 1. rr;-his cou 11•
Ge.3.16; Ru.4. 13. - - - - , . the terror of an evil one, his conduct, behaviour, Ps.37.14; 50. about 1514 years B.c., and therefore sels are unchangeable, Ps.33.n; Job
Concision, used by Paul to cast con- Ge.42.21; 2Sa.24.to; Ps.38.3; 40.12; 23; ~ Co.1.12; Ga.1.. 13; Ep.2.3; 4.22; is one of the most ancient cities in 23.13; Pr.19.~r; Ro.9.n: He.6.1 7, 1g:
tempt on the ordinance which the ?r.14.14; 18.q; 28.1; 29.6;Jn.8.9; He.13.7; Ja.3.13; 1 Pe.2.12; 3.1,2,16; the world. Its commodious haven -are sovereign, Da.4.35; Ps. ITS,);
Jews valued so highly. By this term Mat.27.3; Ac.24.25; Tit.1.15. 2 Pe. 3. rr ;-religious and edifying, and advantageous situation gave it a 135.6;-shall be performed, Is.14.2i;
he designates the zealots for circum- - - - - , , purified only by the blood recommended, De. 6'. 7; :11. 19; Ps.35. vast commerce and immense wealth. 46. II.
cision, Phi. 3. 2. When circumcision of Christ, He.9.14; ro.2,w,22. 28; 37.30; 40.10; 71.2·.!: 77. :12; :105. 2; Riches introduced pride, luxury, and Counsellor, an adviser, Pr.u.14; IS,
ceased to be a sacred ordinance by Consecrate, to make sacred, or de- Pr. 10. 31: Mal. 3. 16; Mat. 12. 35; Ep.
•••
lewdness, to a vast degree. Here the 22; Ro.r I. 34;-a sta.te counsellor ft
divine appointment, its performance vote to the service of the Lord, as 4 . 29;CoI. 3 . 16; 4 .6; 1Th. 4 .18; 5 . rr.- fine arts were cultivated with the Sa.15.12; Ezr.7.28;-a chief man'or
might well be called a concision, or were all the :first-born, both of man In Phi.3.20 the word rendered 'con- greate~t s•Jccess; and the splendid the government, Job3.14; 12.17;--a
mere cutting of the flesh, for its spirit-
ual significancy was gone.
and beast, Ex.13.2;-the tribe of Levi
consecrated, Nu. 3.6-w;-the whole
versation,' however, means 'citizen•
ship;' in He. :13. 5 it means 'disposi-
style of its public buildings gave rise
to the most elaborate of the four
member of the Sanhedrim, Mar. IS,
43; Lu.23.50;-the .Messiah, Is.9.6, •
Conclude, to infer, as from premises, nation of the Jews, Ex. :19. 6 ;-all tion.' orders of Grecian architecture. At Countenance, the face of man, 1 Sa. 1,
Ro.3.28;-to decide, to make a final genuine believers, 1 Pe.2.9. - - - - - , with the profligate the time of Paul's visit (A.D. 52), Gal- 18;-discovers his mind, Pr.15.13;Ge.
judgment, Ro. n. 32; Ga. 3. 22;-re- Consent, to be of the same mind, Ge. and idle to be avoided, Mat. :12. 36; lio the Roman pro-consul, a brother 31.5; Da.5.6.
solution, Ac.21.25. 34.23; Ac.8.r; Ro.7.16. Ep.4.29; 5.3; Col.3.8; 2 Pe.2.7. of Seneca, resided in ;-here Paul - - - - - , , of God shining on hi,
Concubines, wives of the second rank, Consideration, serious thoughts, re- Conversion, the turning of a sinner, preached, and met with.much orpo- people, his dealing kindly with them
and subordinate to the mistress of the commended, De.4.39; 32.29; Ps.77.6; in heart and practice, from what is sition, Ac. 18. 1, 6;-encouraged in a Ps.4.6; 11.7; 21. 6; Nu.6.26;-the rC:
house, Ge.25.6; 2 Sa.5.13; T Ki.n.3, n9.59; Pr.15.28; 22.3; Is.1.3; Eze. forbidden to what is commanded, 2 visien, 9;-a church was formed, to buke of God's countenance, Ps.Bo.16.
&c. In the N. T. concubinage is rank- 18.28; Hag.1.5,7; Lu.14.28; 1 Ti.4.15; Ki.17. 13; Ac.26.18; Ps.51.:13; ls.6.10; which he afterwards wrote two epis- Countervail, to make up the Joss, Es.
ed with fornication and adultery,Mat. 2Ti.2.7. -spoken of as being' renewed,' Ep. tles, which bear the name of this 7.4.
19.5; I Co.7.2. Consolation, comfort, Je. i:6. 7; Lu.2. 4.23,24;-restored to sight, :i.r8; Re. place. After a long struggle with the Country, native, the love of it ex.
Concupiscence, ino ..dinate affection, 25; Ro.:15.5; 2 Co.1.5; Phi.2.r; He.6. 3. 18;-raised from the dead, Jn. 5. Turks, the inhabitants obtained suc• pressed, Ne. 2. 3;-as distinguished
evil desire, censured, Ex. 20. 1:7; Ga. 18;-Christ is called, Lu.2.25. 21-24; Ep.2.1;-earnest calls to it, Is. cess in 1823, and it now belongs to from the city, the field, Mar. 15.:21.
5.16; 1 Th.4.5; 1 Pe.2.n;-translated Consorted, associated, Ac.17.4. 55.7; Eze.33.n; Ac.3.19;-those who the kingdom of Greece. Its former - - - , heaven, called a better tha.n
lust, Jn. 8. 44; desire, Lu.22.15; Phi. Conspiracy, a conjunct plot, 2 Sa.15, do turn shall be saved, Eze. 18. 27 ; glory has passed away. The modern Canaan, in respect of its society,p,-,·.
1.23. :12, 31; 2 Ki. 12. 20 ;-a rejection of Is. 55. 7;-those who do not, must village of Gert/to rises up amid its vileges, employments, andjJle,isurez,
Condemnation, all men under, as sin- God's authority, Je.11.9; Eze.r2.25. perish, Mat.18. 3 ;-benefidal to those ruins. He.n.i:6; 12.22; Re.7.17; 21.4.
ners, Ro. 5. 16, 18; Jn. 3. i:8;-neces- Constancy, or steadiness, required of who promote it, Da.12.3; 1 Ti.4.16; Corinthians, two epistles written by Countryman, one of the same coun-
sary consequence of sin, Ro.6. 23; Pr. us, in our devot/on.s, Lu.18.1; :i Th.5. Ja.5.1g;-accomplished by the grace Paul to the Christians in Corinth- try, 2Co.n.26, 1Th.2.14.
n.5; 12.2; :13.6;-all freed from, who :r7,18;-under our stdferings, 1'-fat.5. of God, 1 Ki. 18. 37; Jn. 6. 44; Ac. 3. the first probably from Ephesus be- Couple, a pair, 2 Sa.13.6; 26.1;Is.21.7.
are in Christ, Ro.8.1. n,12; I Pe.4.12,13;-in our .Prefes- 26; ;n.21,23; 16.14; Ro.15.18;-pro- tween 56 and _59, and the second Courage,the foundationofit,Jobu.
Conduit, a water-course, or trenclt si'on, He.10.23;-in our ben,ficena, mises connected with, Ne. 1. 9; Je. shortly after the first, from some 13-15; Ps. 3. 6; 27. z; 46. 1; 56. ,t., u;
for water to flow in, 1 Ki.18.32,35;- Ga. 6. 9;-in our .friendships, Pr. 27. 3.14; Eze.18.27; Ho. 6. :i-3;-subject place in Macedonia. n2.7; n8.6; Pr.28.1; He.13.6.
the aqueduct made by Hezekiah, IO;-in our obedience, Ps.n9.33. of prayer,._Ps.80.7; 85.4;Je.31.:18; La. Cormorant, in Le.n.17; De. 14.17, is - - - , mental, Ps. n9. -46; Mar.I.
which conveyed water from the pool Constellations, an assemblage of 5.21: associated with the 'gull' as an un- 38; 2Ti.:i.8; 1Pe.4.i:6.
of Gihon, or upper pool, into the city stars, ls.:13.10. - - - - - , the Cvidences of, are, clean bird. In ls.34.n andZep.2.14 - - - , examples of: in Jonathan,
on the west side, 2Ki.i:8.17; Is.7.3; Constrained, compelled, Mat. 14. 22; lr.at~d of sin, Ps. l"OI. 3; u9. 104;- a different Hebrew word is used (else- z Sa. :14. 6;-David, 17. 32;-Shad-
36.2. Lu.24.29; Ac.:16.15; 2 Co.5.14. love to God, 73.25;-delight in his where rendered 'pelican,' Ps. 102.6); rach and his companions, Da. 3. 18;
Coney, is believed to be the wubar, Consulted, took counsel with, or to. people, J n. 13. 35 ;-attendance on and and the cormorant is mentioned as an -Daniel, 6. 10 ;-Peter and John,
known by natural historians as the gether, :i Ki.12.6; :i Ch.:13.1:; Ps.83 3; love to his ordinances, Ps. 27. 4;- emblem of ruin and desolation. Ac.4.19;-Peter and the other apos-
Hyrax syriacu.s, a gregarious animal Da.6.7 ;Hab.2. IO; Mat.26.4;Jn. 12. 10. trust in his word and mercy, 9.10;- Corn, the general Scripture name for tles, 5. 29;-Paul, 20. 24: 2:i. 13;-the
generallyinhabitingthecleftsofrocks. Consume, to waste,destroy, or spend, obedience to his will, Mat.7.20. all kinds of grain, Jos.5.n; 1 Sa. :17. Christians in general, Ro.8.38.
The Hebrew name isshaphan, Ps.104- Ge.41.30; Ex.33.3; Job20.26; Ps.39. Convert, change, Ps.5:1.13; Mat. i:8. 17; Mar.4.28; Jn.22.24. Courageous, brave, noble, Jos.2,7;
18; Pr.30.26. n; Is.w.i:8; 2 Th.2.8; Ja.4.3. 3; Jn.:12.40; Ja.5.:19. Cornelius, kor-ne'Ii-us, a centurion, 2 Sa.13.28; Am.2.16.
Confederacy, a league or alliance, Is. Consummation, completion, Da.9.27. Convey, to carry, 1 Ki.5.9; Ne.2.7; the first Gentile convert, Ac.ro.1, &c. Court, an area in connection with I
8.12; Ob.7. Consumption, a waste, Le.26. 16; De. Jn.5.13. Corner-stone, one at an angle, Job house, inclosed by walls, oft called a
Confession of Christ,anecessaryduty, 28.22; ls.10.22,23; 28.22. Conviction, a detection of sin, some- 38.6;-Christ higiself, Ps.nS.22; Ac. court-yard, 2 Sa.17.:18;-the taberna•
Mat. 10.32; Mar.8.38; Lu.9.26; i:2,8; Contain, to comprise, hold, I Ki.8.27; times the fruit of natural conscience, 4.n; ls.28.:16; comp. 1 Pe.2.6; Ep.2. de for God's worship, Ex.27.9;-the
Ro.10.9; 2Ti.2.:12; 1Jn.2.23;4.15. Jn.21.25; x Co.7.9. Jn. 8. 9;- produced by the Holy 20. courts,oruncovered spaces connected
- - - - t o God, Ju.10.10,I5; Ezr. Contemn, to scorn, Ps.:10.13; 15.4; Is. Spirit, 16. 8;-guilt and danger of Cornet, an instrument Jike a flute with the temple were three, 2 Ki. 21.
9.5; Ne.1.6; Ps.32.5; 38. 18; 41.4: 51.3; 16. 14; Eze.:=!1.10, 13. stifling, Ps.29.1; He.3.7,8. made of ram's horn, used by the 5; 2 Ch.28.6.
u9.67,176; Pr.28.13; Je.3.13; Da. Contemptible, base, Da.12.2; Mal.2. Convince, to make sensible by plain priests for sounding in war or at reli- Courteous, kind, affable. I Pe.3.8.
9.5,20; l ]n.1.8,9, 7,12; 2 Co.ro.:io. proofs, Job 32.i:2;Jn.8.46; Tit.:i.9; Ja. gious solemnities, :1 Ch.15.28; Ps.98. Cousin, Lu. I. 36,58, a blood relative
- - - - to one another, Le. 5. 5; Contemptuously, scornfully, Ps. 31. 2.9; Jude :15. 6; Je.4.5,19; comp. Job 39. 25; Da.3. or 'kinsman,' as the word is else-
Nu.5.7; Mat.3.6; Mar.r.5; Ac.19.:18; 18. Convocation, the usembling of mul- 5; Ho.5.8. where rendered, :14. :12; 21. 26; 2.44;
Ja.5.16. Contend, to strive, contest, De. 2. 9; titudes for the worship of God, Ex. Correct, punish, Ps.39.u; 94-. 10; Pr. Ro.9.3.
Conftdence, trust, reliance, assurance, Job 9.3; Is. 49· 25 ;-to reprove, Ne. 12.16; Le.23.27; Nu.28.26. 29. 17; Je.2. 19; 10.24. Covenant,acontract oragreementbe-
Ps.65.5; nB.8; Ga.5.10; Ep.3.12. 13.u;-to punish, Am.7.4. Coos, ko'os [top], an island of the Correction, amendment, punishment, tween two parties. The word is rcn-
Con.fl.rm, to strengthen, :c Ch. 1:-4. 2;•- Content, satisfied, Ge.37.27; Mar.:15, Mediterranean, one of the Sporades, Job 37.:13; Pr.3.n; 7.22; Je.2.30: 5.3; dered 'league,' J as. 9. 6, 7, u, 15:-
to fulfil, Da.9.12,27. 15; Lu.3.14; He.13.5. near the coast of Carola in Asia Minor, Hab.:i.i:2; 2Ti.3.16. 'confederacy,' Ob. 7. The Hebre,r
Confiscation, the act of transferring Contention, strife or dispute, Pr. 13. Ac.21.1. St. Paul passed a night in CQrrupt, to defile, taint, or bribe, Ge. word is derived from a root mean•
forfeited property to puCli-: use, Ezr. w; Phi.:i.16; I Th.2.2. it on his voyage from Miletus to 6.n; De.4.16; Ps.:14.z; 73. 8; Eze.20. ing 'to cut,' because when a cov~
7.26. Contentious, quarrelsome, perverse, Rhodes. I ts present name is Stan- 44; Da.2.9; Mat.7.:17,:18; Ep.4.22; Re. nant was ratified, the animals sacn-
Conflict, combat or sfr•1p,gle, Phi. r. Pr.21.19; 26.21; 27.15; Ro.2.8; 1 Co. cltz'o. Its population is about 8ooo. 19.2. ficed were divided into two, and the
30; Col.2.1. II,I6. Copied, transferred from some other Corruptible, that which may be cor- persons contracting passed betwCCD
Conformable, ,.uitabl~, Phi.3.10. Contentment, satisfaction, recom- book, or transcribed, as from an ori- rupt, Ro.r.23; :i Co.9.25; 1 Pe.1.18. the parts, Ge.15.9,10,:17,18;23.3, &c.:
Confounded, baffied, Ac. 9. 22 ; - mended, Pr.30.8,9; He.13.5; 1Ti.6.6; ginal, Pr.25.1. Corruption, or depravity, of human Je.34,15,18,19. ThecovenantofGod
ashamed, Job 6. 20; Je. 3:i. 19 ;-de- I Co. 7. 20 ;--of Esau, Ge. 33. 9 ;-of Copper, a hard, heavy, and ductile nature universal, Job 14. 4; Ps. 51:.5; with Noah, Ge.9.:12;-with Abrahai:n,
stroyed, Je.1.17;-amazed, Ac.2.6. Barzillai, 2 Sa. 19. 35 ;-of the Shunam- metal, next to silver, Ezr.8.27 ;-the Jn. 3. 6; Ro. 3. 23; Ga. 5. :17; Ep. 2. i:, 17.4,10;-of Abraham with the !fit•
Confusion, perplexity, disorder, Le. mite, 2 Ki.4.:13;-of Paul,Phi.4.11;- word so rendered here is generally &c.; Col.2.13. tites, 23.3,&c.;-oflsaacandAbm:1e-
18.23; :i Co.14.33; Ja.3.16. it is opposed to envy, Ja.3.16;-ava- elsewhere rendered brt:1-ss. Palestine - - - - , ealled the flesh, Jn.3.6; lech, 26. 3x;-of Jacob and Laban,
Congealed~ freezed, Ex.15.8. rice, He. 13. 5;-pride, Pr. :13. :io;- abounded in, De.8.9, and it was used Ro. 8.5; Ga.5. 17;-the natural man, 31. 44;--of Joshua and the pe~ple,
Congratulation, to express joy for anxiety, MaL 6. 25, 34 ;-repining, 1 for many purposes ;-the word is 1 CC).2.14;-the old man, Ro.6.6:Col. Jos.24.25;-made by Josiah, 2 Ki.23-
happinesc;, I Ch. 18, ro. Co.10.10. translated steel, 2Sa.2:z.35; Ps.18.34; 3. 9:-the vanity of the mind, Ep.4. 3 ;-of the Jews after their return from
Congregation, the entire community Continual, lasting, incessant, Ex. 29. Job 20. 24; Je. :15. 12; -vessels of, :17;-evil concupiscence, Col. 3. 5; I Babylon, Ne.10.1, &:c.;-a new oDt
of the circumcised, Nu. 15. 25 ; - 42; Nu.4.7; Pr.15.15; Is.14.6; Lu.18. brought to Tyre, Eze.27.13. Th.-4.5;-the carnal mind, Ro.8.7. to succeed the Mosaic, Jc. 31. 31; P.
gathered together by the blowing of 5: Ro.9.2. Coppersmith, Alexander, an adver~ - - - - , applied to the grave, or 37; He. 8. 6; IO. I6;-Chrlst the media-
~Iver trumpets. :i:o. :1-3;-this was the Contradiction, opposition, whether sary of Paul so ca.lied, 2 Ti. -4, •4• putrefaction of the body, Ps. 16. :10-: tor of it, He. a. 6. 9. ss; :12. 24;-ful-
162
CRETE CURSE DABERATH DANGER D.!.VID.
§lied in him, Lu. 1. 68-79;-ratified:by mostly Greeks. It is now called Ge.3.14;-ofCain, 4.11;-ofCanaan, identical with the modern Dehuriek, amples of deliverance from it to lie
. blood, He. 9· 14-24. J_n Ro.9.4 Candia. Paul sailed close by, Ac. 9. 25 ;-of the Israelites if disobedient, at the western base of Tabor. sought by lawful means: in the case
~ venants • mean the promises made 27. 12,13;-left Titus there, Tit,1,5; Le.26.14; De.28.15, &c.;-to be pro- Dagger, a short sword, Ju.3.16,21,22. of Jacob, Ge.32.6;-of Joseph, 4-0.1-1-:
coAb ham ·-the word denotes the -its inhabitants infamous for false- nounced from Mount Eba!, 27. 13;- Dagon, QJ.'gon, meaning according to -of David by Michal, 1Sa.19.12.
!:,o di~nsa~ions, che Jewish and the hood, &c., 12. not to curse the deaf, Le. 19. 14 ;-to somB corn, hence supposed to be the Danger, of Elijah from Jezebel, 1 Ki.
19.2;-of Jesus before being carried
Christian, He.8.7-13; comp. Ex.xx.- Cretians, krC'shi-ans, the inhabitants bless, and not to curse, Ps.62.4; Ro. god of agriculture; according to
. --sign of a covenant, Ge. 9.12; of the island of Crete, Tit. tt'I2. 12.14;Ja.3.10:-remarkable instances others, more correctly, fish. The to Egypt, Mat.2.13;-of Jesus from
1 Crimes, many of them accounted ca- the Pharisees, 12. 15;-of the apos-
:;. :·;; Ex. 31 . 16, 17. Covenant of of cursing, 2Ki. 2. 23; Ps.rog.6,&c.; national god of the Philistines at
It Nu. 18. 19: 2 Ch. 13. 5; salt the pital among the Jews, and to be pun- Je.17.18; l\.Ial.2.2. Gaza and Ashdod, Ju.16.21-30; 1 Sa. tles, Ac.8. 1 ;-of Paul, 9.23;-of Paul
:b'iem of incorruption used in the ished with death. See DEATH. Cursing 1_PROFANE). See SWEARING. 5 5, 6;-falls before the ark of God, and Barnabas, 14. 5, &c.
ratification of a jer_/)etuai cvven.~1d. Crimson, a very deep red colour ol:9- Curtains, curiously made for the ta- r Sa.5.3. - - - , deliverance from, to be prayed
eovert, a retreat, I S~- ~5- 20,-a tained from an insect called by the bernacle, Ex.26.1-13: 36. 8-17;~used Dainty, nice or delicate, Ps. 141, 4; for, Ge.32.n; 1 Sa.26.24; Ps. 7. 1; 55.
thicket, Job 3s. "!-o;-a h1dmg-place, Arabians kermes, 2 Ch. 2.7; 3. 14; Is. as a synonym for the tabernacle, 2 Sa. Re.18.14. 16; 59.1; 71,12, &c.; Jn.12.27.
Ki.r6.i8;-Chnst, ls.32.2. 1.18; Je.4.30. 7.2; I Ch.17.r. Dale (THE K1NG's;, a valley, appar- - - - , incurred heedlessly by Dinah,
2
C vet to desire what is good, r Co.12. Crisping-pin, Is.3.22; a female orna- Cush, kU.sh [blackness], the eldest son ently near the Dead Sea, Ge.14.17; Gc.34. 1 ;-by Peter going on the wa-
; ;_;0 desire what is sinful, Ex. 20. ment, probably a reti~ule or small of Ham, and father of Kimrod, Ge. 2Sa.r8.18. ter, Mat.14. 28;-of Paul's compan-
1
17" l\fi.2.2. ornamented bag. It is rendered 'bag' 10 6,7;-the Cushites principally in- Dalmanutha, d.'i.l-ma.-nu'tha, a place ions on the voyage, Ac.27.9.
eo;etousness, or immoderate desire in 2 Ki. 5. 23. habited the south of Egypt called on the east side of the Sea of Tiben- Daniel, dii.n'i-el [judge of GodJ, (1)
of earthly things, forbidden, Ex. 20. Crispu.s, kris'pus, the chief ruler of Ethiopia, Eze.29. 10. Egypt and Cush as, mentioned only in Mar.8.10. David's son by Abigail, 1 Ch. 3. 1;
; De.5. _21; Ro.7,9; 13. 9;-absorbs the Jewish synagogue at Corinth, are generally associated, Ps. 68. 31; Dalmatia, d.:il-ma'shii-a, a province of called Chileab, 2 Sa.3.3.-(2) A dis-
17
the affeQt10ns, Eze.33.31; 2 Pe.2. 14; converted and baptized by Paul, Ac. ls.18.1; Je.46.9. See ETHIOPIA. old 1Ilyricum, now a province of Aus- tinguished Jew who was carried cap-
-boundless, Ec.5.10~ Hab.2.5;-cen- 18.8; 1 Co.1.14. Cushan, kU'shan, a name found in tria, on the eastern shore of the Adri&- tive to Babylon. One half of his book
sured, Pr.23.7; Lu.1~.-15; 1 Co. 6. IO; Crocodile. See LEVIATHAN. Hab. 3. 7; supposed to be identical tic. The country is 2oomiles in length (ch.i.-vi.) is a historical narrative fill-
Ep. 5. 5; Col.3.5; :i: 11. 6. 9; He.:i:3.5; Cross, a sort of gibbet consisting of with Cush. and 40 in breadth. Its population is ing out the sketch given in 2Ch. 36. 20.
I]n. 2 .15;-threatenings against, Jo? two pieces of wood placed across Cushi, kll'shi, i.e. the Cushite, the about 405,001J, mostly Slavi, of whom His deportation to Babylon, Da.r.6~
20 1 5; Is. 5. 8; 57.17; Je.6.12,:i:3; M1.
+
each other in the form of or X, but Ethiopian. (1) A meesenger sent to above 300,0CX) are Roman Catholics. -refuses the king's provisions, 8;-
2, 1, 2; Hab.2.9,u; Ro.1.1_8,_29. that of our Saviour is said to have David to inform him of Absalom's Titus preached in it, 2 Ti.4.10. interprets N ebuchadnez:zar's dreams,
- - • examples ot: m Achan, been of the former 1.:.ind. Christ was death, 2 Sa. 18. 21:.-\2) Zephaniah's Damages, to be made good, Ex. 21. 2. 1, &c.; 4. 1;-the writing on the
Jos. 7. 21:-Eli's sons, 1 Sa. 2:12-1~; put to death on, Mat.27.32. The word father, Zep. 1. r. 28, 35; 22. 5; Le. 6. 2; 24.18; Nu. 5. 7; wall, 5. 25 :-made chief of the pre-
-Samuel's sons, 8. 3:-Gehaz1, 2 K1. is used figuratively for cr-ucifixion it- Custody, charge or security, Nu.3.36. Eze.33. 15; Lu.19.8. sidents by Darius,6.1;-cast into the
5. 20 ;-Balaam, Nu. 22. 17, 21; ~~- 8;
self, Ep. 2. 16; He.12.2; 1 Co.r. 17,18; Custom, ordinary practice, Ge.31.35; Damaris, dUm' a - ris, a woman of den of lions, 16;-his vision of the
2
Pe.2.15; Jude II ;-Ahab, I K.1.21. Ga.5.u; 6. 12,14; Phi. 3. 18;-also for Lu.4. r6;-a tax, Ro.13.7. Athens, converted to the gospel by four beasts, 7.1, &c. ;--of the ram and
22 ;-young ruler, Mat. 19. 22;-~u-
any severe suffering; the .self-denial Cuth, kllth, CVTHAH, kfith'ah, a re- the apostle Paul, Ac. 17.34. he-goat, 8. 1, &c. ;-terrified with a
das Iscariot, Mat. 26. 14 ;-Ana.mas and sufferings of the Christian life, gion of Asia, whence Shalmanezer Dama.scenes, dJ.m' a-seens, inhabi- vision, IO. 5;-his prophecy of the
and Sapphira, Ac. 5. 1, &c. ;-Deme- l\!at. 10. 38; 16. 24; Mar. 8. 34; 10. 21; king of Assyria brought colonists to tants of Damascus, 2 Co.11.32. seventy weeks, 9.24:-of the kings of
trius, 19.24;-Felix, 24.26;-the folly Lu.9.23; 14.27. Samaria, 2 Ki.17.24,30. Damascus, da-mas'kus, one of the the north and south, n. 1, &c. ;-to
ofit, Ec-4-8; 5.rn. Crouch, to stoop low, 1 Sa.2.36; Ps. Cymbals, hoilow vessels of "brass, most ancient and celebrated cities of have his part in the resurrection, 12.
Cowardice, want of courage, the cause IO.IO. which, being struck against each Syria, and still the largest city in 13;-the testimony of God in his fa-
of it, Le.26.17,36; Ps.53.5; Pr.28.1 ; - Crown, a diadem or head-band, a rib- other, make a sharp sound, 2 Sa.6.5; Asiatic Turkey. It is the oldest exist- vour, Eze.14. 14; 28.3.-(3) One of the
of Adam and Eve, Ge.3.8;-ofSarahJ bon surrounding the head, Eze. :i:6. 1 Ch. 15. 16; 16. 5, -42; Ps.150.5; I Co. ing city in the world-mentioned by chiefs who accompanied Ezra from
1 8. 15;-of the disciples of Jesus in the :i:2;-worn bynewlymarried persons, 13.1. Abraham :i:910 years before Christ, Babylon, Ezr.8.2.
ship, Mat. 14. 26;-of Peter, 30;-of Ca.3.n; Eze.16.12;...:......usµally a mark Cypress, a tree, evergreen, with dark Ge. 14. 15; 15. 2. Since A.D. 1517 it Danites, dful 1ites, descendants of Dan;
all the disciples when he was appre- of royalty, 1 Ch.20.2; Es.:i:.n;-worn and gloomy foliage, tall, and strong; has been under the Turks. It is -go in quest of more country, Ju.
hended, 26. 56. by the Jewish high-priest, Ex. 29. 6; used by the Romans in funeral cere- situated in the midst of an exten- 18.1;-rob Micah, 14, &c.;-their in~
Cozbi, koibi, with a number of her 39. 30; Le.8.9;-the glorious reward monies, Is,44. 14 ;-rendered.fir-tree, sive plain, about 200 miles south of heritance,Jos. 19.40;-conquer Laish,
countrywomen (1\-Iidianites), came of the redeemed called a crown of 2 Sa.6.5; 1 Ki.5.8. Antioch, and 120 north-east of Jeru- Ju.18.27;-set up an idol there, 30.
into the camp of the Israelites, to life, Re.2. 10; 3. 1:i:-of righteousness, Cyprus, sy'prus, an island of the Me- salem, well- watered, and beautiful Dannah, dan'nah [lowly], a city
5educe them to uncleanness, Nu. 25. 2Ti.4.8;-of glory, 1Pe.5.4;-incor- diterranean, situated between Cilicia and fertile. It has many rivulets among the mountains of Judah, Jos.
6-18. ruptible, 1 Co.9.25. and Syria; about 14omiles in length, and canals connected with the large T5.49,
Cra,cknels, a sort of hard, thin cakes, Crucify, the Roman custom, to nail a and varying in breadth from 5 to river the Abana (modern Barada), Darda, dar'da [pearl of knowledge],
punctured with holes, 1 Ki.14. 3. slave to a cross, Mat. 20. 19; 27.31; 50 miles. Some suppose it to be iden- which runs through the city. Its one of the four wise men mentioned
Craft, deceit or guile, Da.8.25; Mar. He.6.6. tical with Chittim, Nu.24.24; Da.n. population is now about 140,000, of in 1 Ki.4.31;-called Dara, 1 Ch.2.6.
1 ,p;-a trade or occupation, Ac. 18. Cruelty, a want of feeling, forbidden, 30. It is nearly traversed from east whom nearly Y 5,000 are of the Greek Darius, da-ri'us [ruler1 (1} Tltt
3; 19.25,27. Ge.49.5, &c.; De.25.3; Pr.n.17;. 12. to west by two lofty chains of moun- church, 6ooo Jews, and the remainder lJ-Iede, reigns in Babylon, Da. 5. 31;
Crane, the original word so rendered 10; Eze. 18. 18;-examples: of Simeon tains, which, during winter, are co- are Arabs and Turks. An altar was -his decree in honour of the God
means /raper. with reference to the and Levi, Ge.34.25: 49.5;-of Phar- vered with snow. It was celebrated seen there by Ahaz, and one like it set of Daniel, 6. 26;-was probably As•
swiftness of the bird, Is. 38. 14; Je. aoh, Ex. r. 14;-of Adoni-bezek, Ju. in ancient times for its fertility and up in the temple, 2Ki.16.10;-threat- tyages, the last king of the Medians.
8.7. Some interpreters translate the 1. 7;-of Menahem, 2 Ki. 15. 16;-of beauty, for its dense population, and ened with being conquered, Je.49.23; -(2) King-of Persia, son of Hyst:c---
word 'swallow;' Luther prefers the J ehoram, 2 Ch. 21. 4;-of Herod the for the gaiety and licentiousness of -and destroyed, Is.17.1;-Saul pro- pes, renews the decree of Cyrus W
rendering 'heron.' Great, Mat. 2. 16. its inhabitants. Its fruits, particu- ceeded to, on his persecuting errand, favour of the Jews, Ezr.6.r ;-was de~
Crave, to ask earnestly, Mar.15.43. Crumbs, for dogs, the Gentiles so larly grapes, are pre-eminent; and its Ac.9.2. feated by the Greeks in the famoUJ
Creation, ascribed to God, Ge.1.1; Ps. called, Mat.15.27; Lu.16.21. corn is of a superior quality. Its mo- Dammesek, d3.m'mes-ek [activity], 2 battle of Marathon (B.c. 490).
124- 8; 146. 6; Ne. 9. 6; Ac. 14. 15; 17. Crystal, a transparent stone, the finest dern name is Kubris.~Joses, sur- Ki. 16.9; the Hebrew for Damascus. Darkness, in Egypt, Ex.10. 21 ;-af
24;-was wrought by the second per- species of quartz ;-was anciently named Barnabas, and an old disci- Damnation, the awful punishment of the crucifixion of Jesus, Lu.23.-44.
son in the Godhead, Jesus Christ, supposed to be pure water congealed ple, l\fnason, were natives of it, Ac. the wicked in hell, l\fat.23.33; 25.41- - - - - of the sun, moon, and rtar1,
Jn.1,3,to: 1Co.8.6; Ep.3.9; Col.1.16; by length of time into hard ice, and 4. 36; 21. 16;-the gospel carried to it 46; l\far.16.16; Jn. 5. 28, 29; 2 Pe.2.3; in prophetic language, .signifies th•
He.1.2; Re. 4. n;-the whole crea• hence the Greek word for it, which by some who fled from persecution, -sometimes, Judgment, condemna- gloom or horror which hangs over
tion groaneth, Ro.8.22. properly signifies i"ce, Job 28. 17; Re. II. 19:-saints in, confirmed by Paul tion, or punishment in this life, 1 Co. governments;-the destruction of Ba-
Creator to be remembered in youth, 4.6; 21.II; 22.I+ and Barnabas, 13.4, &c.; :i:5.39. n.29;Ro.13-2. In Ro. 1-4.23 the word bylon thus predicted, ls.13.1,10:-0(
Ec.12.1. Cubit, the measure from the point of Cyrene, sy-re 1ne, a city and province damned means self-condemned. Tyre, 24.23;-ldumea, 34.-4. See also
Creature, new, spirituallyrenewed, the elbow to the point of the middle of Lybia in Africa, westward of Damsel, a young maid, Ge. 24. 55; Eze.32.7; Joel 2.10,31; 3.15.
2Co.5.17;-the wholecreation, Ro.8. finger, commonly reckoned half a Egypt. At the present time it be- Mat.14.n; 26.69; Ac.12.13; 16.16. Darling, one beloved, Ps.22.20;35.17
39:Col.1.15;-the whole human race, yard. By some the cubit of Scripture longs to the Turks. Many Jews re- Dan, dan [judge], (,) The fif1h son of Dart, a weapon thrown by the hand.
Ro.8.20,21. has been reckonc=_d at nineteen, by sided here, Mar. 15. 21; Lu. 23. 26;- Jacob, and the first of Bilhah, Ra- 2 Sa. 18. 14; Job4:i:.26; Ep. 6. 16; He.
Creditors, they to whom a debt is others at nearly twenty-two inches, Simon the Cyrenian was compelled to chel's handmaid; he was the father of I2.20.
ewed, their duty, De. 15. 2;-certain Ge.6.16; De.3.n; 1\.lat.6.27. bear the Saviour's cross, Mat.27.32; the tribe called by his name:-his Dathan, da' than, joined Korah UII
rules prescribed to them, Ex.22.26, Cuckoo, a solitary bird, well known -Jews from, were numerous in J eru- birth, Ge. 30. 6;-prophetic blessing revolt against Moses and Aaron, Nu.
27; De.24.6,w,u; 23.20; Le.25.35,36; by its peculiar cry, Le.n.16. salem, Ac.2.10; 6.9. of bis father concerning him, 49. 16, 16.1; 26.9; Ps.1o6.17. Su KoRAH.
Mat.18.23. Cucumber, a plant, the fruit of which Cyrenius, sy-re I ne-us, in its Latin 17;-one of the most numerous of the Daub, to besmear or plaster, Ex.2.1·
Credulity, too great easiness in be- is fleshy like an apple, Nu. II, s; Is. form Quirin-US, the Roman deputy or tribes of Israel, Nu. 1. 39; 26. 42, 43. Eze.13.10-12,14.
lieving men; caution against, Pr. 14, 1.8. proconsul of Syria; he held this office, Samson was of this tribe, Ju. xiii.- Daughter, the church of Christ, P,
15; Je. 29. 8; Mat.24.-1-,23; Mar. 13. 5; Cum.min, a plant somewhat like fen- as is now proved, twice-first, four (2) Or LAisH, a city at the chief 45. 10;-the inheritance of her fathe"
Lu.21.8; 1 Jn.-1-,1. nel, which the Jews sowed in their years before and at the time of our source of Jordan, south of Mount to pass to, Nu.27.7; 36.2.
Creek., a small bay or inlet from the fields, producing aromatic seeds, Is. Lord's birth, and again about eight Hermon, and the northern extremity David, da'vid [beloved, dear]. the
sea, Ac.27.39. 28.25,27;-the scribes and Pharisees or ten years after, Lu.2.1,2. of Canaan. Near to it Abraham eighth and youngest son of Jesse, and
Crescens, kres'sens, one of Paul's paid tithes of it, Mat. 23. 23. Cyrus the Great, Sy'rus, the founder routed the Canaanitish kings, Ge.1-4. descendant of Judah, Ru.-1-.22; Mat.
helpers, supposed to have been one Cup, a drinking vessel, Ge. 40. n: - of the Persian empire, mentioned by 14;-here Jeroboam set up one of his 1.6;-anointed by Samuel, 1 Sa. 16.
of the seventy disciples of Christ, 2 sufferings from God, Is. 51. 17;-a name, long before his time, as the idols, 1 Ki.12.29;-Iaid waste by Ben- 12;-the Spirit of the Lord comes
Ti.4.10. symbol of God's blessing, Ps. 23. 5; deliverer of Israel, Is. 44. 28; 45. 1; hadad, 1 Ki.15.20;2Ch.:r6.4;-traded upon him, 18 ;-attends Saul, 19 ;-
Crete, kreet, one of the largest islands n6. 13;-of judgment, Ps. 75. 8; Re. -his decree in favour of the Jews, with Tyre, Eze.27.19. kills Goliath, 17. 38, &c. ;-marries
in tbe Mediterranean, to the south- 14. 10;-sufferings of our Saviour, 2 Ch. 36. 22; Ezr. 1. 1;-restores the Dancing, on solemn occasions, and Michal, the daughter of Saul, 18. 22,
east of the Morea, is about 140 miles Mat. 20. 22; 26.39. Cup of blessing-, vess;els of the temple, Ezi-. 1. 7. in religious worship, Ex.15.20; 32.19; &c. ;-concealed by her, 19. T2;-goes
in length, and varies from 6 to 35 1 Co.10.16. 2 Sa.6. 1,1-; Ps.149.3; 150.4. to Samuel, 18;-takes leave of Jona-
miles in breadth. It was originally Cup-bearer, 1 Ki.10.5:-Rabshakeh, Dancing. an expression of joy, Ju. than, 20. 42; - takes the hallowed
called the lutppy island, from its fer- of Sennacherib; Nehemiah, of Ar- n.34; t Sa. 18. 6; 29.5; Je.31.4; Mat. bread, 21.1, &c.;-feigns madness at
tility and salubrity. Some have sup- taxerxes; - cup-bearers among the 14. 6. No instances are recorded in Gath, 13;-at Adullam, 22. 1 ;-sends
posed that it is the Caphtor men- attendants @f Solomon, 1 Ki. 10. 5; 2 D. Scripture in which both sexes united his parents to the king of Moab, 3;
tioned in Scripture, Je. 47. 4: while Ch.9.4. in this exercise, either in worship or _,.escues Keilah, 23. 1, &c. ;-favour-
others think that it was settled by Curiosity, an inquisitiveness, to be amusement. It was performed only ed by an invasion of the Philistines,
Philistines from Egypt, some of whom wise above what is written, condemn- Dabbasheth, dAb'bash-eth [hump of by one .sex. 23. 25 ;-dwells at Engedi, 29;-cuts
· afterwards pa'ised over to Palestine ed, De.29.29: Ac.1.6,7;-in vain spe- a camel], a city of Zebulun, Jos. 19. Dandled, a fondled,child, Is.66. 12. off the skirt of Saul, 24.1, &c. ;-
and were called Caphtorim, Ge. 10. culations censured, 1 Ti.1.4; Tit.3.9. n; 1 Ch.6.72. Danger, peril, hazard, Mat. 5. 21, 22; sends to Nabal, 25. 2, &c. ;-marries
q; and Cherethims, Eze. 25. 16. It Curious, made with art, Ex.28,S;Ac. Daberath, diib 'e-rath, a Levitical Mar.3.29; Ac.19.27,-1-0. Abigail, 39;-spares Saul at Hachilah,
contained a hundred cities or con- 19.19. town near the foot of Mount Tabor, - - - , from persecution, to be avoid- 26. 4;-at Gath, 27. 3;-dismissed by
s.iderable towns. The present popu- Current, good money, Ge.23.16. Jos. 19. 12; 1 Ch. 6. 72. Incorrectly ed by prudence, Mat. -4. 12; 10. 16,23; Acbish, 29.6;-rescues plunder from
lation is estimated at about 300,000, Curse, of the earth, &c., after the fall, called Dabareh, Jos.2r.28; probably 12. 15; Jn. 7. 1; Ac. 14. 6; 17.1-4;-ex- some Amalekites, 30- 18:- laments
Vol. 1-11 163
J.iEACONB DEATH DEDAN DELUGE DESOLATION
over Saul and Jonathan, 2 Sa. 1. 17;- Dead, spiritually, mankind are all Mat.26.38; 27.46;-ignominious, He. grandson of Abraham, Ge. 25, 3:-his by means of Noah. They repented,
made king at Hebron, 2. 1; 1Ch.11.1; naturally in this state, Ep.z.1,5; Col. 12.2;-accursed, Ga.3.13. descendant5 inhabit Dedan, a district not at the warning, at last the fioad
-sons born to him there, 2 Sa.3.2:- 2.13; 1Ti.5.6. Death of saints, compared to sleep, in Arabia Petraea, Je.25.23; 49.8. came and swept them all away. 1'he
moums for Abner, 3.31;-those that - - , corponally and literally, those 1 Co. 15. 18; 1 Th. 4. 14;-precious in Dedanim, de'dan-im, the people of history of this is given in Ge. vi. vii.
joined him at Ziklag, r Ch. 12. r ;-at who are so cannot praise God, Ps. 115. God's sight, Ps. n6. 15;-is attended Dedan, Is. 21. 13; called Dodanim, viii. The deluge lasted for 12 lunar
Hebron, 23;-made king of all Is- 17;-God not the God of the dead, by the divine presence, Ps.23.4; 2Co. Ge.10.4. months and 10 days. Noah and his
rael, 2Sa.5.1;-takes Zion from the but of the living, Mar. 12. 27; Lu. 20. 5.8; Phi.1.23;-full of blessing, Re. Dedicate, to inscribe', to devote to, family were 37odays in the ark. Re.
Jebusites, 6;-sons born to him at 28 ;-ignorant of what passes in this 14.13; Is. 57. 2; Pr. 14. 32; Phi.1.21; 2 De.20.5; 2 Sa.8.n; 2 Ki.12.18; I Ch. ferred to in N. T., Mat.24.37; Lu.1 7.
Jerusalem, 13;-defeats the Philis- world, Job14.21; Ps.146.4; Ec.9.5;- Ti-4-8; Re.3.21. 26. 20; 2 Ch.2.4. 26; 2 Pe.2.5.
tines, 5.:17,22; 8.1; 1Ch.14.8; 18. 1;- undergo no saving change, Ee. 9. 10; - - of the wicked, unexpected, Job Dedicated Things, or things set Delusions, threatened under the reign
brings the ark from Kirjath-jearim, ~shall hear the voice of the Son of 21.13; Ps.37.2,20; Pr. 29.1; Lu.12.20; apart to the service of God, to be re• of antichrist, :a Th.2.II.
2Sa.6.1 ;1 Ch.13.1;-proposes to build God, Jn. 5. 28;-that die in Christ -without hope, Job 8. 13,14; Pr.11.7; garded, Le.27.28; Nu.16.38; Mar.II. Demas, de'mas [of the people], an
a temple, 2 Sa.7.2; t Ch.17.1;-God's blessed, Re. 14. 13 ;-shall stand be- -like the death of beasts, Ps. 49. 12, 17;-profaned, Da.5.2. early professor of Christianity, who
prom!se to him on account of it, u; fore God for judgment, 20. 12. 20;-God has no pleasure in their Dedication, of the tabernacle, Ex.40. from Jove of the world, forsook Paul'
2 Sa. 7. u, &c.;-his prayer and - - , raised, the widow of Zare- death or destruction, Eze.18.23,32; 9,34;-ofthe temple, I Ki.8.x, &c.;- Col.4.14; 2Ti.4.10. '
thanksgiving, 1 Ch.17. 16;-conquers phath's son, 1 Ki. 17. 22;-the Shu- 33.n; 2 Pe.3.9. ofthc wall of Jerusalem, Ne.12.27. Demetrius, de-me'tri-us [belonging
the Moabites, 2 Sa. 8. 2;-the Syri- nammite's son, 2 Ki. 4. 35;-a man, Debase, to degrade, Is.57.9. Dedication (FEAST oF), instituted, to Ceres, or to corn), (1) A silver.
ans, 9; 10.6,16;1 Ch.18.3,6;-the Ed· by the bones of Elisha, :13. 21;-the Debate, to dispute, Pr.25.9; Is.27.8. B. c. 164, in commemoration of the smith of Ephesus, who made silver
omites, 2 Sa. 8. t:4; t Ch. 18. 13;-the widow's son at Nain, by Jesus Lu.7. Debir, de'ber[sanctuary], (1) Astl"ong• purification of the teffiple after its 'shrines,' or models of the temple of
Ammonites, 2 Sa. 10. 6; 12. 26; 1 Ch. 15:-the daughter of J airus, Mat.9. hold of the sons of Anak assigned to desecration by Epiphanes, Jn.rn.22. Diana; raises a tumult, Ac. 19.2 4.-
20. 1 :-takes Rab bah by Joab, 20. 1 ; - 25; Mar. 5. 42; Lu. 8. 55:-Lazarus, the tribe of Judah, its earlier name - - - - (SELF-), to the Lord, ex- (2) T/1e Elder, his good report, 3 Jn.
1,ends for Mcphibosheth, 2Sa.9.1;- Jn.11.44;-Tabitha, by Peter, Ac.9. was Kirjath-sepher (city of books), or amples of, Ps. 116. 16; Is. 44. 5; 2 Co. ,2.
sends ambassadors to Hamm, 1 Ch. 40;-Eutychus, by Paul, 20.12. Kirjath-sannah (city of doctrine), 8.5. Demoniacs, persons possessed by
19. 2;-the friendship of Hiram for Dead Sea, a name which began to be Jos. 15. 15, 49; Ju. 1. n;-taken by Deemed, judged, Ac.27.27. devils, were numerous iri the time of
him, 14. 1;-his wives and children, in use in the second century, to de- Joshua, Jos. II. 2r;-given to the Deep, from surface to the bottom, Christ, l\Iat.8. 16; Lu.4.41;-that they
3;-brings the ark from the house of note the 'Salt Sea,' from its supposed priests, 21. 15.-(2) Another city of Eze.32.14;-thesea, J?b 41.31;-hell, were really possessed, and not simply
Obed-edom, and is despised by Mi- dead_ly properties. See SALT SEA the tribe of Gad, probably the same Lu.8.31. under diseases, appears from the
chal, 15.25,29;-agreatfestival on this and SODOM. as Lodebar, east of Jordan, Jos. 13. Defamed, slandered, I Co.4.13. devils knowing Christ, and address-.
occasion, 16. 1 ;-appoints ministers to Deaf, not to be cursed, Le. 19. 14;- z6; 2 Sa. 9. 4; :17. 27.-(3) A place on Defeat, frustration, overthrow, 2 Sa. ing him by his name, Mat.8.28, 2g•
attend it, 37;-his adulterywith Bath- healed, Mar.7.32; 9. 25 ;-wilfully so, the north boundary of Judah between r5.34. l\Iar. 1.24;-supplicating Christ, Ma(
sheba, 2 Sa.11.4;-marries her, 11.26; censured, De. 30. 17; Ps. 58.4; Pr.21. Jericho and Jerusalem, Jos.15.7. Defence, a guard or vindication; the 8. 31; Mar. 5. 7;-obtaining permis-
-repents, 12. 13;-flees from Absa- 13; Is. 30. 9; 42. 18; 43. 8; Je. 5. 21; 22. Deborah, deb'o-rah [bee], (,) Re- Lord is to his people a sure, Job 22. sion from CQrist, llat. 8. 32;-Christ
lom, 15.13;-mourns his death, 18. 21; Eze. 12. 2; Mat. 13. 15; Ac. 3. 23: bekah's nurse, dies, Ge. 35. 8.-(2) 25; Ps. 7. xo; 59. 16; 62. 2; 89. 18; 94. addressed them as devils, Mar.5.8•
33;-cursed by Shimei, 16. 5;-par- 7.51. 'The prophetess, 'wife of Lapidoth,' 22. Lu. 4.35;-such cases are clearly dis~
dons him, 19.18;-his officers, 20.23; Dearth, scarcity and high price of encourages Barak to fight the Ca- Defer, to delay, put off, Ec.5.4; Is. tinguished from diseases, 1.34; Lu.
1 Ch. 18. 14;-more wars with the Phil- provisions;-in the days of Jacob, naanites, Ju.4.4;-her song, 5.1, &c. 48.9; Da.9.19. 9. x. Moreover, it could not be, ac-
istines, 2Sa. 21. 15, 18,&c. ;-his valiant Ge.41. 54; 42. x;-ofthe prophet Eli- Debts, to be punctually paid, Ps. 37. De.file, to pollute, 1norally, by for- cording to the theories of infidelity
men, 23.8;-his psalm of thanksgiv- sha, 2 Ki.4.38;-of Jeremiah, Je.:14. 21; Pr. 3. 27, 28;-the contracting of bidden intercourse, Ge. 34. 2, 5 ;-to a mere supposition on the part C'f tl-i;
ing at removing the ark, rCh.16.7, 1 ;-Agabus foretold there should be them to be avoided, Ro.13.8;-to be be guilty of idolatry, Le.20.3; Eze. demoniacs that they were possessed
&c. ;-after his victories, 2 Sa. 22. 1, a great, Ac. II. 28. See also 2 Ch. forgiven to those who are not able to 43. 7, 8;-to indulge in any sin, Job ebe the 2000 swine mentioned, Mar:
&c. ;-numbers the people, 24. 1 ;1 Ch. 6.28; Ne.5.3; Ac.7.II. pay, Mat. 18. 27, 35;-our sins so :15.16; Js.6.5. 5. 13, must have supposed themselves
21. 1; - buys Araunah's thre-shing- Death, how it came into the world, called, 6.12. Defraud, to rob or cheat, forbidden, possessed likewise ! !
floor, 2Sa.24.18; 1Ch.21.18;-his pre- Ge. 3. 17,19; I Co. 15. 22;-the wages Decapolis, de-cap'o-lis [ten cities], a Le.19.13; Mar.10.19; 1Co.6.8; 1Th. l)emons, or, as they are called in our
parations for the building of the tem- cf sin, Ro.5.12; 6.23;-certain to all, district of Palestine, situated partly 4.6. translation, devils; the spirits of dead
ple, 22. 1-5;-cherished by Abishag Job 14. 5; 21.13; Ps.49.19; 89. 48; Ee. on both sides of Jordan, Mat. 4. 25; Defy, to boast against one, Nu.23.7,8; men deified, which were worshipped
in his old age, 1 Ki.1.3,&c. ;-gives a 8. 8; 9. 5; II. 8; He. 9. 27:-levels all b-lar. 5. 20; 7. 31. The population of I Sa.17.10,25,26. by the heathen, under the similitude
charge to Solomon, 2.1; 1 Ch.22.6; 28. men, Job1.21;3.17,&c.;Ec.5. :15;-to these cities are mostly heathen, Lu. Degenerate, base, become worse than of idols, De. 32. 17; Ps. :106. 36, 37;-
,, 20;-makcs Solomon king, 23. x: - be frequently thought of, Ps. 39. 4; 8. 26, 27, 39. Josephus says the ten they were originally ;-the Jews were, joining in sacrifices to them forbidden,
appoints the services of the Levites, go. 12:-sometimes desirable, Job 3. cities were Damascus, Philadelphia, Je.2.21. I Co. 10.20,21.
24;--of the porters, 26.1:-the trea• 21: 6. 8; 7. 15, 16; 10.1; Phi. I. 23;- Raphana, Scythopolis, Gadara, Hip- Degrees (SONGS OF), the title given to Demonstration, a sure proof, 1 Co.
surers, 20;--officers and judges, 29; Christians have hope in it, 2 Co. 5. 1, pos, Dion, Pella, Gerasa, and Otopos fifteen psalms (the 120th to the 134th 2.4.
-his last words, 2 Sa. 23. x;-appoints &c. ;-their death full of peace, Ge. (or Canatha), all on the east of Jor- inclusive), either because of their pe- Denial (SELF·). See SELF.
twelve captains, one for each month, 15. 15; 2 Ki. 22. 20; Ps. 37. 37; Is.57.2; dan except Scythopolis. culiar excellence, or their being in• Denounce, to inform against, De. 30.
1Ch.27.1;-his death at the age of Lu.2.29;-is precious in God's sight, Decay, to decline, or consume away, tended to be sung by the Jews in the I8.
seventy years (B.c. 1013), 29.28; 2 Sa. Ps. 72. 14; n6. 15;-the wicked are Le. 25.35; Ne.4.10; Ee. xo. 18; He. 8. several stages of their journey, when Dens, the caves where wild beasu
5.4;-' was buried in the city of Da.. driven away in their guilt, Pr.14.32; 13. they came up to Jerusalem to wor- lodge, Job 37.8; 38.40; Ps.10.9; Da.6.
vid,' t Ki. 2. rn;-his descendants, 2 -we ought speedily to prepare for Decease, death, Lu.9.31: 2Pe.1.15. ship, or with reference to the melody 16 ;-the retreats of the persecuted,
Sa.3.2-5; xCh.3.1-7;-the psalm in it, Ec.9.10;-all whoa~ in Christ are Deceit, fraud, or pretence, censured, in which they were to be chanted. He.n.38.
which he asserts his integrity, Ps. blessed at, Re.14.:13;-conquered by Le.19.u; 25.14; Ps.5.6; 55.23; Pr.20. Dehavites, de-ha'vites [villagers], Denying Christ, manner of doine
xxvi ;-his vow of upright conduct, Christ, ls.25.8; Ro. 6. 9; I <::o. 15. 55- 17; Je.22.13; 1 Co.6.8. people of Havah or Ava, brought by this, Mat. 25. 41-43; Lu.10.16; Phi.3.
ci. ;--enumerates the promises of God 57; 2 Ti. 1. rn; Re. x. 18;-he delivers - - - , of others, to be guarded the king _of Assyria to Samaria, Ezr. 18,19; 2 Pe.2. 1; 2 Jn. 7;-punishmcnt
to him, li. lxxxix. ci. cxxxii. The name from the fear of it, He.2.15. against, Pr. 14. 15;-in matters of re- 4.10. of, Mat. 10. 33; Mar. 8. 38; Lu. 9. 26;
Da'Wid applied to Messiah, Eze. 34- - - , by the Jewish law, the punish- ligion, Je.29:8; Mat.24.4; Ep.5.6; 2 Delaiah, dCI-a-t'ah [whom the Lord Jude 4.
a3, 24 ;Ho. 3. 5 ;-lwuse of, his posterity, ment for murder, Ge.9.6; Ex.2:1.12; Th.2.3. has freed], .c Ch. 24. 18 (called Dalaiah, Departure, a going away, Ezc.26.18;
ls.7.2,13; Je.21.12;-son of, applied Le.24-17;-for man-stealing, Ex. 21. - - - (S&LF•), Is.30.10; Ja.1.22,26. 3.24), the head of one of the courses 2Ti.4.6.
to Jesus as the title of the ·Messiah, 16; De. 24. 7;-for cursing a parent, Deceivers, men who lead into errors, of priests in the tinie of David. Depose, to put out of office, Da.5.20.
Mat. 1. 1; 9. 27; 12. 23; 1:5. 22, &c. ; - Ex. 21. 17; Le. 20. 9; Mat. :15. 4;-for or teach false doctrines in the last Delays, in business often dangerous, Deposit, or pledge, the law relatine
rw,t o/, used also of the Messiah, Re. witchcraft, Ex. 22. 18; Le.2e. 27;-for times, 2Jn.7; Jude 4. Pr. 27.1; Ec.9.10; Jn.9.4;..--especially to it, Ex.22.7.
5. 5;22. 16; Is.u.1,10;-king-dom of, bestiality, Ex. 22. :19; Le.20. 15;-for Decision, prompt and steady deter• in spiritual matters, Ee. 12. 1; Is. 55. Depravity. See CORRUPTION.
the reign of Messiah, Mar.u.10:- sacrificing to a strange god, Ex. 22. 20; mination in religious matters, com. 6; Mat. 25. 10; Lu. II. 6; Jn. 1:2. 35; 2 Deputy, one who acts for another, z
MJ' ef, regal authority, Re.3.7;-cii)' -for enticing to idolatry, De. :r3. 6, manded, and the want of it cenSured, Co.6.2; He.3.13; Ja.4.13. Ki.22.47: Ac.13.7; 18.12; 19.38.
-.I', the castle and palace of Zion, I Ch. &c. ;-for breaking the Sabbath, Ex. Jos. 24.14,15; 2 Ch.15.12,13; :r Ki. 18. Delectable, delightful, ls.44.9. Derbe, der'be [juniper• tree], a city of
11.7; 1Ki.8.1;-Bethlehem also so 31.14; 35.2: Nu.15.35;-forsacrificing :n; Mat. 6. 24; Ja. 1. 8; 4-8;-advan- Deliberation, careful thought, recom- Lycaonia, a province of Asia Minor;
called, Lu. 2. 4, u, as David's birth- children to Moloch, Le. 20. 2;-for tages and reward of, I Co.15.58; He. mended, Pr.15.28; 29.20. Paul and Barnabas retreated to it,
place. incest, 20.n,12,14,17,19-21;-for the 3. 14;-examples of, Ex. 32. 26; Nu. Delicate, fine, nice, De. 28. 54; ML after having been driven from Lystra_
Dawning, the breaking of the day, fornication of the daughter of a 13.30; Jos.24.15; 2Ch.15.8; Ac.21.13. 1.16. Ac. 14. 6;-the native place of Gaius,
Jos.6.15; Ju.19. 26; Ps.119.147; Mat. priest, 21. 9;-for sodomy, 20. :r3;- V alky o/, i.e. the valley in which Delicately, finely or nicely,thedanger 20.4.
28.1; 2 Pe.1.19. for adultery, 10; De.22.22;-for defil- .Zion's enemies will meet their deter- of thus treating servants, fr. 29. 21. Deride, to laugh at or mock, Hab. 1.
Day, the natural, was reckoned by ing a betrothed damsel, De. 22.23;- mined doom, a poetical name for the Deliciously, in luxury, pleasure, Re. 10;-the Pharisees and the rulers
the Jews from one evening to the next, for approaching a woman in her se• valley of Jehoshaphat, Joel 3.:14. 18.7. derided Christ, Lu.16.14; 23.35.
Le. 23. 32: in Europe and America, paration, and the woman who suffers Decked, dressed, Pr.7.16; ~e.17.4. Delight, to satisfy or please, Ps.37.4: Derision, mockery, reproach, Ps.44
and generally among civilized na• it, Le. 20. 18;-for blasphemy, 24.:14; Declaration, affirmation, Es. 10. 2; Mal.3.1; Ro.7.22. 13; 5q.8; Je.20.7; La.3.14; Ho.7.16.
tions, the day begins at midnight. 1 Ki.21.10;-for any person, except Lu.1.1; 2Co.8.19. Delilah, de-li'lah [languishing], a wo- Descend, to come down, Mar.15.321
The word used to denote an indefinite a priest or a Levite, touching the Declare, to tell, Ps. 9. n ;-to explain, man in the valley of Sorek, loved by Ro.10.7; Ep.4.10.
time, Ge. 2. 4; Is. 22. 5; Ac. 17. 31;- tabernacle, Nu.1.51; 3.10,38; 18. 22: Ge.41.24; Is.53.8. Samson, Ju. 16. 4;-her treachery to Descended, Christ, into the lower
a man"s .life, Jn.9.4~-the time of -for false prophecy, De. 13.5: 18.20; Decline, to turn aside from the path him, and victory over him, 6-20. parts of the earth; or came from
Christ's incarnation, 8.56. -for false witness in a penal case, of duty, cautions against, Ex. 23. 2; Deliverance, God works for his peo- heaven to our world, and lay in the
Daya (THE LAST), means the end of 19. 16, 21 ;-for disobeying the sen• De.17.u; Pr.4.5; 7.25. ple, from their troubles, Job 5.19; Ps. grave, Jn.3.13; Ep.4.9,10.
the world. J n. 6. 39, 44, 54; n. 24; 12. tence of a judge, Nu.15.30; De. 17.12; Decree, royal enactment, Da 2.9, 13, 50.15. Descnbe, to represent by words, Jos.
48; J a. 5. 3 ;-the time of the gospel -for the owner of an ox that kills ,5. - - - - , remarkable instances of: 18.4,8; Ro.4.6; 10.5.
dispensation, Is.2.2; Mi.4. 1; Ac.2.17; any person, if the ox had been used Decrees of God, are his eternal and Shadrach and his companions, Da. Descry, to spy out or discover, Ju.1.
He.1.2; 9. 26; 2 Pe. 3. 3;-the corrupt to do mischief, Ex. 21. 29;-for all fixed purposes respectin~ whatever 3.22, &c.;-ofDaniel, 6.22~-of Peter 23.
age of the church, 2 Ti.3. 1; 2 Pe.3.3. kinds of idolatry, De. 17.5. comes to pass, Da. 4. 24; Ac. 15. 18; and John, Ac.5.19;--ofPeter, 12.7;- Desert, or wilderness; as of Sinai,
t>aysman, an umpire or arbitrator, Death, eternal, results from sin, Ro. Ep. 1. 4;-they are infinitely wise, of Paul and Silas, 16.26;-of Paul at Ex.19.2;-of Zin, Nu.20.1, &c. Su
Job 9.33. 6. 16, 21; 8. 13; Ja. 1. 15;-referred to Ro. II. 33;-immuta!,le, Mal.3.6;- Rome, 2Ti.4.17. WILDERNESS.
Day-spring, the first dawRing of under different figures, Ro. 6. 23; 2 universal, Ep. I. u;-secret, till he Deluge, the universal flood of the Desire, inordinate, forbidden, Ex.20.
light, used of Christ, Lu. 1. 78;-the Th.1.9: 2Pe.2.17; Re.~.II; 19.20; be pleased to reveal them, De.29.29; earth {n.c. 2516). When the race of 17:De.5.21.
light which exposes the wicked, Job 21.8; Mar.9.44; Mat.25.41. Mat.24.36:-shall all be accomplish- man had greatly increased on the Desire of all Nations, }fag. 2. 7;
38.12. - - of Christ, was appointed by ed, Is.46.10; Da.4.35. earth, wickedness in every form be- generally referred to the Messiah,
Day-star, the promised Messiah, or God, Is. 53. 10; Ac. 2. 23; 4. 27, 28;- Dedan, de'dan, (x)ThesonofRaamat'l., gan to abound, every imagination of but may denote the richest treasures
the light of joyful hope and expecta• was voluntary, Jn. 10. II, 18; Ga.I. 4; and grandson of Cush, Ge. 10. 7; I the thought of the human heart was of the Gentiles as devoted to Christ, ,
tion which shines on a believer'i. soul, 2. 20; Ep. 5. 2; Tit. 2. 14;-s;ubstitu- Ch.1.9;-his descendants inhabit a only evil continually. But in the comp. Is.6o.3-7.
2 Pe 1.19. tionary, or in the room of sinners, country of the same name on the midst of the world of crime and guilt Desolate, ]aid waste, solitary, Ps. 40.
Deacons [servant<;], sevm, appointed Mat.20.28; Tit.2.14: 1 Pe.3.18; Ga.3. Persian Gulf, and trade with Tyre 'Noah wa, a just man and walked 15;6g.2.c;; Mat.23.38; 1Ti.5.5.
9y Lhe apostles, Ac.6.5;-their quali- 18;-a proper sacrifice for our sins, t in iYory, &c., Eze.25. 13; 27.15--20; 38. with God.' For 120 years God Desolation {ABOMINATION oF), MaL
fications, 1 Ti.3.8,12. Co.5.7; He.9.26;-peculiarly painful, 13.-(2) The son of J okshan, and warnedmankindofthecomingdeluge 24.15; Mar.13.14.
164 179
DEVILll DIOTBEPHES DISTRACTION DRAGON DURA
l)elplllr, bopeleS>. Ec.,.20;-to be Devils, knew J csus to be the Son of Direct, to ord'!r, Ge 46. 28, Ps.5.3; Pr. Distreas. See AFFLICTION. I 9~-used figuratively to represent a
guarded ~•inst, Ps. 34. 19; 37. 24; God, M.at.8 29; Mar.3.n; 5.7; Lu.4. 3.6; 11.5: 1 Th.3.n; 2Th.3 5. Distribut.e, to divide among many, iestructive tyrant, Je.51.34; Eze.29.
34,41,-arereserved to farther punish- Disa.nnal. to alter or abolish, Job 40. J:,s.13.32, 2Ch.31.14: Lu.18,22. ?,·-the Roman empire in its neathen
11 3. 7; .14,0.12, 1-45.14; Pr. 24. 14; Lu.
1s.,~2Co.4.8;Ga.6.9; 2TlL3.13, ment, 2Pe.2.4; Jude C, Re.20.3;-ex- 8; Is.14.27· 28.18· Ga.3.17. Distrust, of God's promises blamable, st~te, Re.12.3;-Satan, 20.2.
He. 12. 3. Examples of despair: Ca.in, pectand fearthe1rfinal sentence,Mat. Discern, to observe and know, Ge. Ge.18.12; 2Ki.7.2; Lu.1.20; 12.29, 1 Dra~1 ght, a eaten of fishes, Lu.5.4,g;
Ge.4. 13, 14: Ah1thophel, 2Sa. 17. 23; 8. 29; Mar. 1. 24; Ja. 2. 19:-sacrifices 31.'.!2; Mat.16.3;-to have a spiritual Ti.2.8. -pat!: of the beI,y, Mat. 15. 17;-a
J.Jdas, Ma,.27.5. not ro be offered to them, Le.17.7; knowledge of, 1Cu.11.29. Diverse, different, Le.19. 19; Ps.78.45; place ror the reception of filth, 2 Ki.
Despite, envy, or mahce, Eze. 25. 6; De.3217;2Ch.11.15; 1Co.10.20. Discerning of Spirits, a miraculous Mat.4.24; He.1.1; Ja.1.2. 10.27
He ,o :119. Devoted, set apart to the Lord, Le. power of perceiving men's ecretmind Divination, pretending to foretell Dreadfn.l, frightful, terrible,Ge.28.17:
J}estitute, those in want to be supplied 27. 21, 28 ;-to helong to the priests, and conduct,and of distrnguishing the future and hidden events, used only Job I5.21; Mal. r. 14.
by their brethren, Mat.26.u; Lu.3 Nu.18 14. true from the false, 1 Co.12.10: 1 Jn. of false prophets of all kinds, forbid- Dreams, commonly insi'gni.ficant, Ee.
u; Ja.2.15; 1Jn.3.17. See ALMS._ Devotion, religious observances, Ac. 4.1. den, Le. 19. 26, 31; De. 18. 10 ;-prac~ 5.3,7;-sufernatural, to Abimeleclt,
Destroy, to pull down, cut off, kill, 1.7•.23. Disciples [scholars], of Christ, twelYe tised by the Israelites, 2 Ki. x7. 17;- Ga. 20.3;-Jacob, 28. 12; 31. i:o;-La-
Gc.18.23; Ex.15.9;-tocast into hell, Devour, to cat up, Ge.37.20:-riot~ whom he named apostles,Mat. 10. 1-4; by Nebuchadnezzar, Eze.21.21;-dis- ban,31.24;-Joseph, 37.5,9;-Gideon,
Mar.1.24; Lu.4. 34;-to hurt a weak ously. Lu. 15.30;-cruelly, 1 Pe.5.8;- -three thousand became so at the suasives from it, Je.27.9. Ju. vii. ;-Solomon, 1 Ki. 3. 5 ; -Joseph,
Christian, ko.14. 15. to kiII, 2Sa.2.26. discourse of Peter, Ac. 2. 41 ;-increas- Divine, heavenly, godlike, Ge.44.15; the husband of Mary, Mat. 1.20; 2. 13,
l)estruction, temporal death, Ps.go. Devout, pious, godly, as was Simeon, ed to five thousand men, 4.4;-many Eze. 13.9; Mi.3.6. 19;-the wise men from the east, 2. u;
3 ;-the mortification o~ sin, 1 Co.5.5; Lu.2.25,-those who carried Stephen thousands in Jerusalem, 21.20. Divorces, the law respecting them, -the wife of Pilate, 27. 19 ;-Peter,
Ro.6.6;-thc final pumshment of the to his burial,Ac.8.2;-Comelius, 10.2; - - - (CHARACTER OF); they learn De.24.1; Mat. 5. 32; 19. 9;-forbidden Ac. 10. 10;-Paul, 16. 9; 18. 9; 27. 23;
wicked, Phi.3.19, 2Pe.2.1; 2Th.1.9. -Ananias, 22. 12. of Christ and imbibe his spirit, Mat. by Christ, Mat.5.32; Lu.16.18;-not -proj>lietical, interpreted of Pha-
Determinate, or fixed, the counsel of Dew, gentle moisture which falls on n.29;-bow to his authority alone in justified by difference of religion, 1 raoh's butler and baker, Ge. 40. 5;-
God is, Ac.2.23. the earth during night, often copious- matters of faith and duty. 23.8-10;- Co.7.10-14. of Pharaoh, 41. I ;-of a Midianite, Ju.
Detestable, hateful, Je.16.18; Eze.5. ly, Ju.6.37-40; 2 Sa.17.12: Job 29. 19; obey his commandments, 7.21 ;-love Doctors, teachers of the MD£aic law, 7• 13;-of Nebuchadnezzar, Da. 2. i:,
u; 7.20; u.18. Ca. 5. 2 ;-an emblem of spiritual bless- their brethren, Jn. 13. 35;-steadfastly Lu.2.46; 5.i:7; Ac.5.34; Jn.3.10. &c.; 4.1;-ofDaniel, 7.1,15; 8.1.
Deuel, de.fi'el [invocation of GodJ, ings, De.32.2; Ho.14.5-7;-a symbol persevere in his service, 8.31. Doctrines, precepts, false, not to be DreBS, of men and women to be dis-
one of the princes of the children of of prosperity, Job 29.19;~an army, 2 Discipline, correction, instruction,] ob received, Mat.16.6: Ga.1.8; 1Jn.4.1; tinguished, De.22. 5;-extravagance
Gad, Nu.1.14; 7.42,47; 10.20;-called Sa.17.12. 36.10. 1 Th.5.21;-sound ones, not endured in it censured, ls.3. 16, &c.; I Ti.2.9;
Reuel, 2. 14. Diadem, a croWn, Job 29.14; ls.28.5; Discipline in the Church, appointed, by some, 2 Ti.4.3. 1 Pe.3.3.
Deuteronomy, deu-ter-on'o-mC [the 62.3; Eze.28.13. Mat.16.19; 18.15-19; Tit.1.5;-deals Dodai, dod'ai [amatory], an Ahohite, Drink, STRONG (Heb. shekar), the
repetition of the law], the name given Dial, of Ahaz, 'an erection for the pur- with offenders, 1 Co.5.4,5,13; I Ti.5. one of David's officers, 1 Ch. 27. 4;- priests prohibited from, when they
by the Greek translators to the last pose ~f determining the apparent pro- 20; 2 Ti.4. 2 ;-obediencetoit required. probably the same as DlHill, 2 Sa. went into the tabernacle, Le. 10.9;-
of the five bookf of Moses. It was gress of the sun by his shadow, 2 Ki. He.13.17. 2 3·9• Nazarites to abstain from, Nu.6.3;-
written, except the last chapter, by 20.n; Is.38.8. Disclose, to tell or reveal, Is. 26. 21. Docianim, dod'A-nim Oeaders], a tribe use of, to excess not uncommon among
Moses, De.1.5; 34.1;2 Ch.25. 4;-was Diamond, the hardest and most vaJu. Discomfit, to rout or conquer, Ex.:17. descended from the fourth son of Ja~ the Jews, Ps.107.27; ls.24.20; 49.:16;
to be read before all Israel every able of precious stones,Ex.28. 18; Eze. 13; 1Sa.7.10. van, Ge.10.4; 1Ch.1.7. 51.17-22.
seven years in the year of release, 28.13;-the word used, Je. 17. 1, de- Discomfiture, defeat, 1 Sa.14. 20. Dodavah, dod'a~vah (beloved of Jc• Drink - otferings, rules concernin&"
De.31.9--13. notes a deep and permanent record Discord, or strife, promoters of it cen- hovahJ, father of the prophet Eliezer, them, Nu.15.5.
Devices, crafty plots, of Satan, many of the sins of Judah. sured, Pr.6.14,19: 16. 28; 17. 9; 18. 8; 2Ch.20.37. Dromedary [swift runner], probably
of them known, 2Co.2.11. -Diana, di-a'na, a celebrated goddess 26.20; Ro.1.29; 2Co.12.20. Doeg, dO'eg [fearful], an Edomite, an the African or Arabian species of
Devil, this name is derived from the of the heathen, Ac. 19. 24, &c. The Discreet, prudent, modest, and cau- enemy of David, I Sa.21.7;-kiUs the camel, having one hump on its bade,
I, .
, Greek diabolos, an accuser, and cor- Diana of Asia Minor was altogether tious; aged women ought to teach 1 priests, 22. 17 ;-psalms occasioned by as distinguished from the Bactrian►
responds with the Hebrew word different from the Diana oftheGreeks. the young to be so, Tit.2.5. .:.i.:, ,nalice, Ps.lii. and cxx. ;-a prayer which has two; but it is swifter, and
Satan. His names and characters; Diblaim, dib-la'im, a symbolic pro. Discretion, a good man guides his to be delivered from him, cxl. can carry a man a hundred miles in
Abaddon, i.e. a destroyer, Re. 9. 11; phetic surname ofa harlot, Ho.1.3. affairs with, Ps.n2.5;-preserves the Dog, an unclean animal according to a day, 1 Ki.4-28; Es.8.w· ls.6o.6;Jc,
accuser of the brethren, 12. 10;--ad- Diblath, dib'lath, Eze.6.14; probably
yersa.ry, 1 Pe.5.8;-angel of the bot-
tomless pit, Re.9. II ;-Apollyon, i.e.
a corruption for Riblah, a city in the
extreme north border of Palestine.
young, Pr.1.4; 2.u; 3.21; 5.2·.-de-
ferreth anger, 19. II ;-God instructs
man to, Is.28.26.
Ithe law of Moses, and regarded with
~~.3x; De.23.18; I Sa.17.43; 24.14; 2

2.23.
oec11liar contemp( by the Jews, Ex. Dropsy, a collection of water in tho
body, cured by Jesus, Lu.14.2.
a destroyer, 9. 11 ;-the beast, 19. 19, Diblathaim,dib-lath-a'im[twocakes], Disdai.n,to scorn, t Sa.r7.42;Job30.I. Sa.9.8;-symbol of undeanness and Dross, the scum of metals separated
20;-Beelzebub, Mat. 12. 24; Mar. 3. a city of Moab and station of the Is- Disease, distemper, malady, 2 Ki.1.2; aposta!y, Pr.26.zr· Phi.~.2; Re.22. 15; by ti, e process ot melting, Ps.119. n9;
22, &c.:-deceiver, Re. 12. 9; 13. 14; raelites, Nu.33.46; Je.48.22. 8.8: Ps.38.7; 41.8; Mat.4.23: Jn.5.4. -of the Gen~es, Mai 7.27;-of un- P-:-.25.4;-the impure metal itself be.
20. 3;-great dragon, 12. 7, 9; 20. 2;- Dibon, di'bon [piningl,(1) A city about Disfigure the Face, the Pharisees did holy me11r .!.\'-4.~ 7.6. fore being smelted, Is.1.22,25· Eze.
cvil one, J n. i: 7. 15 ;-god of this world, 3 miles north of the river Arnon, which so when they fasted, by assuming a Doleful, c;,n,wful, Mi.2.4;-'doleful :12.18; 19-
2 Co.4.4;-liar and murderer, Jn.8. ·Moses gave to the tribe of Gad, Nu. dejected and rueful look, Mat.6.16. creatures' (.~ e.:.. ?Ckim), a general Drougbt, dry weather of long con-
,...;-prince of this world, 12.31; 14. 32,3,33,34;-afterwards yielded up~ Disruise, to conceal, 1 Sa. 28. 8; 1 Ki. name for SCl.-eech-owls, Is. 13. 21. tinuance. I Ki17.1 ;-promise in time
30; 16. u;-prince of the power of the the tribe of Reuben, Jos.13.9,17;-it 14.2;20.38; 2Ch.35.22. Door, Chri&t is the, by whose ..J.H- of, Is. .,S.tz. .
air, Ep.2.2;-Satan, 1Ch.21.1;Job was destroyed by the Chaldeans, J e. Dishonesty, deceit, fraud, 2Co.4.2. thority teachers must enter into the DrowsiJUlsa, in the won;hin of God
1.6; Mat.4.10; Re.12.9;-old serpent, 48.18. In Nu.33.45 itis called Dibon- Dishonour, disgrace, reproach, Ezr. chu~ch, Jn. 10. 1;-and through whom punished, Ac. 20. 9:-it: !ffccts on
Ge. 3. 4, 13; 2 Co. n. 3; Re. 12. 9:-
sinner, I Jn. 3. 8;-tempter, 1 Th.3.5;
-wicked one, Mat.q.19,38; I Jn. 2.
Gad, and is the same as Dimon, Is.
15. 9.-(2) A town -in the south of
Judah, Ne. 11. 25;-the same as Di-
4-14; Ps.35.,6; 6g.19; Ro.9.21; 2Ti.
2.ZO.
Disinherit, to deprive of the inheri.
Iall men who enter shall be save<l, 9- worldly busmess, Pr.23.21.
Dophka.b, doff'kah [a ;rnockin~J, the Drunkenness, censured, Pr.20. r; 23.
eii'hth encampment of Israel, Nu.33- 31; Is.5.22;Lu.21.34;Ro.r3.13; 1 Co.
13;-he that had the power of death, monah, Jos.15.22. ta.nee, Nu.14.12. 12. 5.u, Ep.5.18; I Th..r-7; 1 Pe.4-3.
He. 2. 14;-the spirit that now work- Didym11B, dld'e-mus [a twin], the sur- Dismayed, terrified, De.31.8; ls.21:.3; Dor [dwelling], an ancient city oi the - - - - - -~ leads to ()ther vices,
eth in the children of disobedience, name of the apostle Thomas. Jn. II. 41.w; Je.8.9; Ob.9. Caaaanites on the shore of the Medi- Pr.:i'j.31-33; is.5. 1,, &c.; 28. 7; Ho.
Ep.2.2. 16. Se, THOMAS. Disobedience, a breach of duty,curses terranean, Ju. z. 27; 1 Ki. 4. n. It is 4. n; Hab. 2. 5;-to poverty, Pr. 23.
- - , appears in the divine presence, Diet, a portion of daily food. Je.52.34; attending it, Le.26.14; De.28.i:5. now represented by the little village 21;-destroys hea!th, 23. 29, 30;-de-
Job 1.6; 2.1;-earnestly labours after -the same word rendered ' allow- Dispatch, to kill or put an end to, of Tantt2ra (or TortUra), about 9 basing, Is.28.8; J, 25.27; 48.26;-the
man's destruction, Job 1.7; 2.2; Mat. ~~,' 2 ~i.25.30: 'victuals,' Je.40-5; Eze.23 47. miles north of Cresarea. cause of quarrel~, Pr. 23. 29, 30 ;-ex•
13-19; I Pe.5.8;-may be conquered, dmner, Pr.15.17. Dispensation, a plan or system of Dorcas, dork.as [antelope], the Greek eludes from the ki11gdom of heaven,
if properly resisted, Ep. 4. 27; 6. zo; Difference, disagreement, Ex. n. 7; principles divinely revealed, an eco- name of Tabitha, distinguished for Mat.2-f..-49; Lu.12. ..,5: 1Co.6.10; GL
a Tt.2.26; Ja.4-7; 1 Pe.5.9; x Jn.2.13; Ac. 15.9; Ro.3.22; Jude 22. nomy, 1Co.9.17; Ep.i:.10; 3.2; Col.1. her benefactions, Ac.9.~;-dicd, and 5.21.
-his suggestions to be carefully Difficulties, distresses, in the Chris. 25 ;-rendered 'stewardship' in Lu. was much bewailed, 39 ;-raised to -----.,xamfosefit: Noah,
guarded against, Mat.i:3.19; 2Co.u. tian warfare, Mat.7.1-4; Lu.13.24; Ro. 16.2-4. life by Peter, -40. Ge.9. 21:-Lot, IQ. 33, 35;-Nabal. J
3; Ep. 6. 11 ;-inspires evil thoughts, 8.13; Ga.5.17; Ep.6.16; 1 Pe.-4.18. Dispene, to scatter, 1 Sa.14.34; Pr.15. Dote, to growsilly,Je.50.36; I Ta6.4; Sa. 25. J6; Elah. , Ki. 16. 9 ;-Ben
and draws men into sin, Gc.3.1; 1Ch. Diggefi., made a pit or trench, Ge.21. 7; Eze. 12. 15;-the Jews were scatter- -to love extremely, Eze.23.5,71 9,16, hadad, 20.16.
az.1; Lu. 22. 3; Jn. 13. 2, 27; Ac. 5. 3; 30; Ps.7.15; Mat.2:r.33; Ro.u.3. ed abroad, Is.n.12; Je.25.34; I Pe.1. Drusilla, dru - sil 'la, the third -
I Co.7.5; 2 Co.2.n;-misquotes and Dignities, persons in high office, not "°·
1; hence were called the 'dispersion,' Dotha.n, do'than [two cisterns], a place youngest daughter of Herod Agrip-
perverts Scripture, Mat.4.6, with Ps. to be calumniated, 2 Pe.2 10; Jude 8. or diasj)ora. among the hills near the southern pa, Ac. 12. :r-4, 20-23;-left her bus--
91. II, 12;-takes the guise of an angel Dik.lah, dik'lah [palm-tree], a Joktan- Display, to spread wide, Ps.6o.-4. border of the plain of Esdraelon:- band Azizus, and lived with Felix,
' of light, 2 Co. 1x. 1-4;-his suggestions itc tribe, Ge.10.27. Displeasure, anger c,r offence, De.9. here J oscph was sold by his brethren, and was with him at Cesarea, 2-4.24,.
arc always contrary to the Word of Dilean, dil' e-an [gourd-field], a city 19; Ju.15.3; Ps.2.5; 6.1. Ge. 37. 17;-the residence of Elisha, Dukes, heads of tribes or nations, Ge.
God, or to faith, or to charity, Mat. in the tribe of Judah, J os.15.38. Diapoaaeas, to deprive of, Nu.33.53; and the scene of the vision of the 36. 15,21; Ex..15.15; Jos. 13.21.
4.2,6,9; Ep.6.16; 1 Jn.3.8,10;-can do Diligence, industry, recommended, De.7.17; Ju.n.23. horses and chariots of fire, 2 Ki. 6. Dulcimer (Yul. symj,lwnia), a douhk
aothing without God's permission, Pr.6.6; 10.4; 12.24; 13.'1; 22.29; 27 23; Diaputing, wrangling about trifles, to 13-19. pipe with a sack, bagpipe, a musical
Ju.9.23; I Ki.22.22; Job 1.r2; 2.6; 12. Ro.12.n; 2Th.3.u. be avoided, 1 Ti.1.4; 4.7; 6.20; 2 TL Double, twice as much. Gc.43. 12;- instrument in use among the Jews.
16; Eze.14.9; Mat.8.3x; 2 Th.2. n;- - - - - , in spiritual concerns, De. 2.14,23; Tit.3.9. abundance, ls.,c.o.2;-deceitful, 1 Ti. Luther renders the word lute, Da. 3-
is sometimes permitted t,e afflict men 6.17; u.13; Pr.4.23; ls.55.2; Jn.6.27; Disquiet, uneasiness, Je.50.34. 3.8; Ja.r.S. 5, 10, r 5.
and disappoint their desires, Job 1. Ac.24.16; i: Co.15.58; Ga.6.9; Phi.3. Dissemble, to play the hypocrite, Jos. Dough, unbaked paste, Ex.12.34,39; Du.mah, dii'mah [silence], a country
12; 2.6; Lu.13.16; 2Co.12. 7; 1 Th. 2. 14; 2Th.3.:.:3; He.6.12;2 Pe.3.:14. ;. n; Je.42.20; Ga.2.13. Je.7.18;-the first of it to be given to somewhere near or in Arabia Petrea.
18; Re. 2. 10;--had. power granted him Diminish, to make less, Is.21.17; Je. Dissension, or disagreement; Paul the priests, Nu.15.17. so called from a son of Ishmael. IL
of working miracles, Ex.7.tt,22; 8.7; 26.2; Ro.n.12. and Barnabas had, with thejudaizing Doves, the emblem of simplicity and 21.n; Ge.25.14.
Mat.24.2.4; 2Th.2 9; Re.z3.z3: 16.14; Dimness, dulness of sight, Is. 8. 22; teachers, Ac. 15. 2;-between them- innocence, Mat. 10. 16 ;-offered Dy Dumb persons, cured, Mat. 9. 32; 1:&.
:19. 20 ;-and also to possess human 9.1. selves, 39:-in Christian churches to those who were poor, and unable to 22; Mar.7.32; Lu.n.14.
bodies, 1 Sa. 16. 14, 23: 18. 10; 19. 9; Dinah, di'nah [juei.ged, vindicated], he avoided, r Co.1. 10; 3.3. afford a lamb, as in the case of Mary, - - , fic-uratively, those profeued
Mat. 4. 24; 8. 16; -was formerly in only daughter of Jacob and Leah, Diasimulation, false appearance and Lu. 2. 24 ;....:this arrangement prescrib. teachers who either cannot, Ot" will
heaven, but cast out for his disobedi- born, Ge.3~.21;-debauched by She- pretence, censured, Pr. ro. 18; Ga. 2. ed in Le. 12. 6-8. In a wild state, not, make known the will of Ged to
ence, Jn. 8. 44; 2 Pe. 2. -4; Jude 6 :- chem, 34.2. II. dwell in holes in the rocks, Ca.2.14; men, Is.56. 10.
Jud,s so called, Jn. 6. 70;-and also Dinhabah, din-ha'bah [robbet's den], Dissolve, to melt, separate, Ps.75.3; Je. -48. 28;-as a dove the Spirit de. Dung, used for fuel, Ex. 4. 12-15;-
Peter,Mat.16.23; Mar.8.33;-Christ's a city of Idumea, the capital of King Is.14.31; 2 Co.5.1; 2 Pe.3.n,11:;-to scended on Christ, Mat.3.16; Mar.1. the dung-gate, Ne. 2. 13;-dunghiU.
triumph over him, Ge.3.15; Ps.68.18; Bela, Ge. 36. 32. solve or explain, Da.5.12,16. 10; Lu.3.22;-Ephraim compared to, Da.2.5; 3.29;-grovelling on a dung•
Lu.13 32: 1Jn.3 8; Col.2.15; He.2.14. Dionysius, dy-o-nish'i-us [a votary of Dista.:tt, an instrument to spin with, Pr. Ho.7.n;-cmblem of spring, Ca.a.2. hill, mark of extreme sorrow, I Sa.
Devilish, infernally wicked, Ja.3.15. Bacchus], the Areopagite, a judge of 3r.x9. Dowry, a portion given by a husband 2.8.
Devils, more properly rendered d,- the court of Areopagus, was a con- Distracted, perplexed or rendered for his wife, Ge.34. 12; 1 Sa.18.25. Dura, dG.'ra rcircle], a plain in the
mons, are many, and appear to be of vert at Athens, Ac.17.34. frantic; the terrors of God make men, Drag, a fishing-net, ls.19.8; Hab. 1. 15, ~outh-eastof Babylon near the mound
different ranks,acting under the direc~ Diotrepbes, di-ot'rc.fez (nourished by Ps.88.15. - 16. now called DUair, or according to
tionof one, Mat.9.34; 12.24; Mar.5.9; Jupiter), an ambitious man, did not Distraction, or confusion, we ought to Dragon, Is. 27. 1;-translated whale in others the great plain in which Haby..
ks.,7; Ep.6.12; Re. 12. 7,9. receive the riisciples, 3Jn.9. wait on God without, 1 Co.7.35. Ge.1.a1; Job7.12;-.rr,fr,st in Ex.7. Jon itself was situated, Da.3.1.
16.5
EBONY EGYPT ELDERS ELIEZEB ELKA.'<AH
r
Durable, the riches and honow-s of Ebronah, eb-rO'n.ih rpassage over], or burying-places of the Egyptian Elders, or PRESBYTERS, in the l'-iew Zic:hri, commanded four hundrea. ano
divine wisdom are, Pr. 8. 18 ; - the a station of the Israelites near Ezion- kings. A prophecy to Abraham that Testament church, a title assumed twenty thousand men, 1 Ch :n. 16,
friendship of God is, 18. 24. Gaber, Nu.33.34,35. his posterity should be slaves there, by the apostles, 1 Pe. 5. 1; 2 Jn. z- 3 -(4) The son of Dodavah, ..1. pro.,
Duat, sitting in, a token of humiliation, Ecclesiastes, ek - kle - ze-3.S' tes Ithe Ge.15.13,-its ten plagues: the river Jn. r ;-given to the pastors, teachers, phet, foretold the destruction of jeho-
La..3.29;--casting of, on the head, of preacher], an inspired book written turned into blood, Ex. 7. 19;-frogs and rulers of Christian churches, shaphat's fleet, 2Ch.20.37.
mourning, Jos. 7.6;-to shakeoff,from by Solomon in his old age. come on the land, 8.5;-the dust be- their qualifications and duty, Ac. 11. Elihu, el-i'hii [my God is Jehovah1,
the feet, ~lat.10.14; Mar.6.n;Ac.13. Edar, e'dar [flock], tower of, Jacob's comes lice, 16:-swarms of flies, 20; 30; 14. 23; 15. 4, 6; 16.4; 20. 17; 1 Ti.3. one of Job's friends who visited t:im
s• ,-.fig-urativ~ly, the grave, Ge.3.9; first halting-place between Bethlehem -murrain of the cattle, 9.1;-boils, r; 5. 1, 19; Tit.r. 5; l Pe.5.1;-sym- in his distress; his speeches, Job :rxxii
-a great multitude, 13. 16. and Hebron, Ce.35.21. 8;-hail, '3: - locusts, 10. 3;-dark- bolical, Re. 4. 4, 10; 5.5-8,14; 7.11,I3; -xxxvii.
Duties, some more important, and to Eden, e'den [paradise), (1) The earthly ness, 12,-death of the first-born, I2, u.16. Elijah, el-i:'jah [my God is Jehovah],
be preferred to others, 1 Sa. 15. 22; paradise where man in innocence was 29:-destruction of the whole army Elealeh, el-e'a-leh [whither God has 'the Tishbite, a nat;ve of Gilead, a
Ho.6.6; Mat.9.13; 12.7; 23.23; Lu.n. placed. The Sept., following the of, 14. 28;-a hymn on the departure ascended], an Amorite city east of prophet of great renown, foretells a
42. Chaldee, called it' paradise,' Ge.2.15; of the Israelites from it, Ex.xv.; Ps. Jordan;-.Moses gave it to the tribe drought, I Ki.17.1;-fed by ravens,
Duty of Man, in 6Cneral, De. 10. 12; -Adam driven from, 3. 23.-·\2) A cxiv.; -- Ham's posterity in, men- of Reuben, Nu. 32. 37;-was ravaged 6;-visits a widow at Zarephath, 9:-
Jos.22.5; P-..1.r, &c.; Eze.18.!;: Ho. region subdued by the Assyrians, 2 tioned, Ps.78.51; 105.23,27;-its ruin by the Assyrians and the Chaldeans, raises her son to life, 22 ;-sent to
12.6; l\li.6.8, Zec.7.9; 8.16; Mat.19. Ki. I9- I2; Is. 37. 12. It lay some- foretold, Is.19.1. &c.;-favour .to be Is.15.4;Je.48 34;-now El-Al, two meet Ahab, I8. 1 ;-his contest with
16; 22.37; 1Ti.6.n; 2Ti.2.22; Tit.2. where m the north-west of Mesopo- shown to it in the latter days, 18, &c.; miles north of Heshbon. the prophets of Baal, 21:-brings
11, &c.; Ja.1.27. tamia. -to be conquered by the Assyrians, Eleazar, e"l-e-a'zar [God the helper], rain, 45;~threatened by Jezebel, he
Dwarf, a person far below the ordi- Edification, building up in knowledge 20. 1 ;-the Israelites threatened for (1) Son of Aaron, and his successor goes to Horeb, 19.9;-sends to anoint
nary size of men, Le.21.20. and piety, mutual, to be consulted, their confidence in it, 30. 1; 3I. 1;- in the office of high-priest, Nu.20.26; Jehu, 16 ; - calls Elisha, 19:-de-
Dying Saints, comfortable texts for, Ro. 14. 19; IS, 2; 1 Co. 14. 12, 26; Ep. its ruin again foretold, Je. 44. 30, 46. -he and Joshua divided the land, nounces judgments against Ahub and
Ge.49.18; 2 Sa.23.5; Job 5.19; 8.6,7; 4.12; 1 Th.5.1I;•He.rn.24;-theword I;-its desolation for forty years, 34. 17;-died, Jos. 24. 33. -(2) The Jezebel for taking the vineyard of
19.25-27; Ps.23.4; 31.5; 48.14~ 73.24, of God a chief instrument in edifying, Eze.29.8;-given to Nebuchadnezzar 5on of Dodo the Ahohite, and the Naboth, 21. 17;-reproves Ahaziah
25; Lu. 2. 29; Jn. 14. 2; Ro. 8. 38; I Co. Ac.20.32;-foolish questions adverse as a reward for his services at Tyrus, second of the three most eminent of for sending to consult Baalzebub, 2
15. 55; 2 Co. 5. I; Phi. 1.21. to, 1Ti.r.4. 17; 32. u;-its desolation, 30.1; 31.I, David's thirty-seven heroes, 2 Sa.23. Ki.1.4;-brings fire from heaven on
Edom, C'dom [red], (1! Esau the elder I8;-a lamentation over it, 32. r, &c.; 9: I Ch. n. 12. his soldiers, 10.12;-divides the river
twin.brother of Jacob, so called from -how to be punished if the inhabi- Elect, is spoken of Christ, Is. 42. t; Jordan, 2. 8 ;-goes to heaven in a
his red hair, Ge.25.25, or from the tan ts do not send to worship at J eru- Mat. 12. 18 ;-of good angels, I Ti. 5. chariot of fire, I 1;-promised t<J re~
colour of the pottage for which he turn before the great day of God,
E. sold his birthright, 30..-(2'. The coun-
salem, Zee. 14. 18;-the holy family's
flight into, Mat.2. 13-20. It is now
2I ;-of the Israelites as a nation, De.
7.6;-ofindividualstoworldlyadvan- l\Ial.4.5;~this referring to John the
try afterwards give·n to Esau, Ge. a fief under viceroys of the Turkish tages, I Sa.10.24; Ro.9.n;-of such Baptist, as seen, lHat. 11.14; Mar. 9. n;
36. 6; Nu. 33. 37;-prcviously called empire. The whole land is crowded as have faith in Christ to eternal and the reason of the designation U1us
llagle, one of the largest and most Mount Seir, Ge. 32. 3; 36. 8;--duk.es with relics of antiquity. The popu- life, Tit. x. :r ;-• the elect,• Mat. given to John assigned, Lu.I.17;-
powerful of the birds of prey, Nu.24. of, 36.15-19;-kings of, 31. lation is about 3½ millions; a con- 24. 22;-' his elect,' Mar. 2:3,, 27; J ohn the Baptist so called, M~t. 17.
21; Job 39. 27-30; Je. 49. 16;-its ten- Edomitee, e' dom,-ites, the descen- siderable portion of them are Chris-1-'his own elect,' Lu.18.7;-'God's 12,13.
derness toward its young, Ex. 19. 4; dants of Edom, refuse the Israelites tians and Jews. The: Christians are elect,' Ro.8.33; Col.3.12. Elim, e'Iim [trees], the second station
De. 32. II ;-its destructiveness, Is. a passage through their country, Nu. called Coj,ts. Election, God's purpose of mercy1 ~Y of the Israelites after crossing the
-46. 11; Ho.8.1 ;-kings of Babylon and 20.14; De.2.4;-when to be admitted Egypt, RIVER OF, (I) Tiu Nile, as in I which he chose all who have wth Red Sea., Ex.15.27.
Egypt compared to, Eze. 17. 3, 7;- into the congregation, De. 23.8;-con- Ge. 15. 18, where the Hebrew word is In Christ to everlasting Iife;-it Elimelech, el-i"m'e-lek [my God kingJ,
quickness of its flight emblem of short- quered by David, 2 Sa. 8. 14 ;-revolt nahar •river• The Nile was thus ls eternal, Ep. 1. 4; 3. 11; 2 Th. 2. :r3; a Bethlehemite, the husband of Na-
ness of life, Job9.26; Pr.23.5. from Jehoram, 2 Ki.8. 20; 2 Ch.21.8; the so~thern b.order of the land given -blessed, Ep. t. 6, 11; 2 Ti. 1. 9;- omi, driven by famine into the land
l:ar, bored, of a servant who would -to be conquered, Je.49. 7; Eze 25. in covenant promise to Abraham.- personal, Mat. 20. 23; 25. 34; Ac. 22, Lf,; of l\Ioab, Ru. 1. r.
not go free, Ex. 21.5,6;-heavy ears, 13; 35. 1, &c. ;-judgm_ents upon them, {2) Wady el•Arish, as in Nu. 34. 5; 2 Ti. 2. :r9;-conditional' on their Eliphalet, e-lifa-let [God is hi., de-
Is. 6. 10;-uncircumcised ears, Je. 6. Am.1.u: Ob.I, &c. Jos. 15.4; 2 Ch.7.8, where the Hebrew pan, 2Ti.I.9; Ro.8. 28; 9.u; u. 5,6; liverance~, (1) One of David's sons
10;-itching ears, 2 Ti-4-3. Edrei, ed're-1 [strength], (I) One of is nakhal, 'a torrent-bed;' this was -immutable, and certain of accom- born in Jerusalem, 2 Sa.5.16; 1 Ch.
Earing, an old word for ,Ploug-hing-, the chief towns of the kingdom of the southern border of the land pos- plishment to every one who believes, 3.6;-called Elpalet, 1 Ch.14.7.-(2)
Ge.45.6; Ex. 34. 21;-to ear, to culti• Bashan, east of Jordan, Jos. :12. 4, 5; sessed by the twelve tribes. Ro.8.29,30;-it is in Christ, Ep.1.4; Son of Ahasbai, one of David's mighty
vate, De.21.4; 1 Sa.8.12; Is.30.24. r3. I2; De. 3. Io. Here Og was de- Egyptians, Pharaoh sends them to -it is to holiness as the m<.ans, and men, :z Sa. 23. 34.
Early, thoo;e who seek Christ, encour• feated by the Israelites, Nu.2I.33-35. Joseph for food, Ge. 41. 55;-ac- salvation as the end, Ro.8.29; Ep.1. Eliphaz, el'i'-faz [strength of my God],
aged, Pr.8.17. In the early ages of Christianity it counted it an abomination to eat with 4; 2.10; 5.27; I Th.5.9. See PREDES- a Temanite, one of Job's friends,
Earnestly, eagerly, warmly, zealous- was the seat of a bishop. It has been the Hebrews, 43. 32;-pursued the TINATION. whose speeches were against him,
ly, Nu.22.37; Job 7.2; Ja.5.17. generally identified with Dera.-(2) faraelites, Ex.I 4. 9;-drowned in the El-Elohe-Israel, el-el-o'ha-is'ra-el Job 4. 1; v. xv.xx ii.
Barne■t of the Spirit, those graces A town of Naphtali near Kedesh, Red Sea, 27;-when to be received [God, the God of Israel], tha name ElisaQeth, el-is'a-beth [the oath of
which arc the pledge and the foretaste Jos.I9.37. into the congregation, De. 23. 8;- given by Jacob to the altar he built GodJ, the wife of Zacharias and the
of heaven, 2 Co.1.22; 5.5~ Ep.1.14. Education, the Israelites commanded Jews forbidden to form an alliance near Shechem, Ge.33.18-20. mother of John the Baptist, her
Ear-rings, ornaments of gold or silver to give a relig-ious one to their chil• with, Is.30.2; 31.1; 36.6. Elements, simple bodies of the ma- character, Lu. I. 5;-her song when
hung in the ears, both by men and dren, De.6.7;-the happy effects da Ehud, C'hud [union], a Benjamite, terial universe; and applied in 2 Pe. saluted by Mary, 42, &c.
women, in eastern countries, Ge. 35. good one, Ge. 18. 19; Pr. 22. 6; 29. I7; one of the judges of Israel, delivers 3. Io, to denote the component parts Elisha, el-i'sha [God's salvation], the
-4; Ex.32.2; 35.22: Ho.2.I3. 2 Ti.3. 15;-fatal effects of a bad one, from the oppression of the Moabites, of which this material world is formed. son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah~ the
Earth, creation of, Ge. I. I, &c. ;-to Pr.29.15. _ Ju.3.15. Used in Ga. 4.3,9 as a designation of disciple and successor of Elijah in
be destroyed by fire, 2 Pe. 3. Io;-a Effectual, fervent or inwrought pray- Ekron, ek'ron [eradication], the most the ceremonial law, and spoken of as the prophetic office, follows Elijah,
new one to be made, Re.21. 1; 2 Pe. er, Ja.5. 16. northern of the five cities of the elements ef tM world, because tem- 1 Ki. 19. 19;-sees him ascend to hea•
3.13- Effeminate, a catamitc1 one addicted Philistines, situaied in the pljWl be- porary, and destined to pass away; ven, 2 Ki. 2. n;-divides the river
Earthquak.e, shaking and heaving of to strange lust, t: Co.6.9. tween Azotus and Jamnia, Jos. t:3.3; -the alphabet of the letters, or first Jordan, 14;-restores the unwhole-
the earth. Earthquakes evidently Eghim, eg-18.'im or Cg'la.-im [two -taken by the tribe of Judah, Ju. :r. principles of knowledge, Col. 4. 8 some water at Jericho, 21 ;-mocked
arise from certain powers operatmg ponds], a city of Moab, Is. 15.8;- 18;-its inhabitants, afraid of the ark (margin) ;-rendered 'rudiments,' by young men, who are destroyed by
within the circumference or crust of probab!y the same as En-Eglaim. of God, send it away, I Sa. 5. t:o;- Col.2.8,20. bears, 24;-procures water for the
the earth; and seem to proceed from Eglon,eg'Ion [heifer], (1) King of the Baalzebub the god of, 2 Ki. 1. 2;-its Elephant, the largest of all land ani- army of Jehoshaphat, 3.20;-multi-
the same causes as volcanoes, acting Moabites, ~pressed Israel for eigh- ruin foretold, Zep.:-::.4. Now Aktr, 5 mals, supposed by some to be referred plies the widow's oil, -4.1 ;-procures
differently, according to the differ- teen years,Ju. 3.14;-assassiaated by miles south-west of Ramleh. to in I Ki. 1:0. 22; 2 Ch. 9. 21; where a son for the good Shunamm1te, 14;
ence of situation, or different nature
of the surface on which they operate.
An earthquake when Elijah was at
Joshua;-(2) A city of the Amorites,
about 34 miles south-west of Jerusa-
lem, Jos. to. 3, 2,3-25;-was afterwards
Elab., e'Jah [ terebinth or oakj, (1) The
king of Israel, succeeds Baasha, I
'ivory,' i.e. elephant's tooth, is men-
tioncd.
Ki16.6;-murdered by Zimri, :ro.- Elhanan, Cl-ha'nan [God-favoured],
de:li;5 =getoa:i~11::r-;t~~:
an hundred men with twenty Joaves,
Mount Sinai, the first recorded as given to Judah, 15.39. . The modem (2) The valley in which David slew a distinguished warrior, the brother .42;-cures N aaman ·of leprosy, 5.1,4.;
having happened in Palestine (s.c. A ijlan occupies its site. Goliath, I Sa. 17. 2, 19; 21.9. of Goliath, 2 Sa. 21. 19. -transfers it to Gehazi, 27 ;-makes
9051, 1 ~i. 19. n ;-in the time of Egypt, C'jipt, a much renowned king- lllam, C1am [ageJ, (1) The eldest son Eli, e'li [exalted], high-priest of the iron to swim, 6.6;--discloses these-
U zziah, Am. 1: t ; Zee. 14. 5 ;-at the dom of antiquity, situated in the of Shem, and father of the Elamites, Jews when the ark was in Shiloh, cret counsels of the King of Syria, 8;
aucifixion of Jesus, Mat. 27. 54;-at north-east of Africa; and extending Ge. IO. 22;-his descendants to be 1 Sa. 1. 3, 9;-he succeeded Samson -an army sent to seize him smitten
the resurrection of Jesus, 28.2;-men• about 530 miles in length and 250 in conquered, Je.49.34;-to be restored, also as judge in Israel, which office with blindness, 13:-proi;nises plenty
tioned among the calamities to pre- breadth. It was called by the rle- 39.-(2) A country south of Assyria, he held for forty years, 4. 18;-he in a siege of Samaria, .1. 1; -pro•
cede the destruction of Jerusalem, brews 'the land of M izrairn, · the fonn and east of Persia proper, peopled reproves Hannah, who was praying phesies to Hauelat Damascus, 8.7 ;-
24- 7;-symbol of revolution in the of the word being duat to denote the by the descendants of Shem, Ge. to. for a child, 1.1.2;-the sins of his sons, .sends to &noint Jehu king of Israel,
political world, He. I2.26. two divisions of Upper and Lower 22. Its capital was called Susa. 2 , 12;-a prophecy against his house, 9. 1;-foretells J cash's three victories,
Ea.at, the rising of the sun, Ge.3.24: Egypt. The Coptic name is K eme, The name Elam was at one time 27 ;-his sons slain, '4.n;-his death, 13.:i:4~-writes to Jehoram, 2 Ch. 21.
12.8; 13. n; 29. 1;-indefinitely, Ps. meaning blacll, so called from its ·given to the whole of Persia. It was 18. 12;-a dead man comes to life on
103. 12; Da. 8. 9;-country:,, Arabia, dark alluvial soil. In Is.u.n it is called Susiana by the Greeks and Eli, C1i [my God], Mat. 27. 46. Su being put into his sepulchre, 2 Ki. ?1-
Ge. 25. 6;-sea, the Dead Sea, Nu. called Pathros~ in Ps. 87. 4, Rahab; Romans. ELOI. 21 ;-died at the age of go years, dur•
34.3; Eze.47.18; Joel 2.20. in Ps.rn5.23,27, 'the land of Ham.' Elath, or ELOTH, c!'lath [trees, tere- Eliakim, e-lr'a-kim [whom God raising 6o of which he prophesied, 20.
Baater, preperly the passover, and is The Arabs call it Mizr [red mud]. binthsJ, a seaport town on theeac;tern. eth up], (1) The son of Hilkiah, sent Elisha.ma, cl-fsh' a-ma [ whom God
so rendered in every passage except The arts and sciences were very early gulf of the Red Sea,' near to which by Hel:ekiah to the prophet Isaiah, has heard], the name of several per.-
Ac.12.4. cultivated here, and maintained a the Israelites passed, De.2.8 ;-taken 2 Ki. 19. 2;-a prediction of his great- sons, Nu.I.IO; 2Sa.5.16;Je.36.12.
Ebal, e'bal [stone], a hill near She. greater degree of perfection for some by David, and held in the days of ness, Is. 22. 20-23.-(2) The son and Elishaphat, el-ish'a-fat [myGodjudg•
chem, from which the curses of the ages than was found in any other Solomon ·as a place of commerce, 2 successor of J~siah, king of Judah, 2 eth1 one ofJ ehoiada's captains, 2 Ch.
law were pronounced, De. 27. I4. nation. In its ancient glory it is said Ch.8.17;-after being retaken by the Ch.36.4;-called Jehoiakim, 2 Ki.23. 23.1.
Shechem '.the modern ~VablfJs) lies in to have sustained about eight millions Edomites, it was again taken and 34; 2 Ch.36.4. Elisheba, el-ish'e-ba [God is her oath].
the valley between E bal and Gerizim. of inhabitants, and was the granary built by Azariah, 2 Ki.14.22. Eliasaph, e-li'a..saf [whom the Lord the daughter of Amminadab, Nu. 1l.
Ebedmelech, e'bed-me'lek [servant of the world. The river Nile runs Eldad, el'dad [favoured of God], and has added], the son of Deuel or 3, and wife of Aaroo, Ex.6.23.
of the kingJ, an Ethiopian servant of through it northward to the Medi- MEDAD, two of the seventy elders Reuel, prince of the tribe of Gad, '.filiza.phan, el-iz, a-fan [whom Goel
Zedekiah, Jc.38.7-12. terranean, and waters it by its wide of Israel, being divinely endued with Nu. 10.20. has protected], the son ofUzzicl. ,nd
Ebenezer, t!b-cn-C'zer [stone of help], inundations, which spread fertility .a spirit of prophecy, Nu.n.26. Eliezer, el-i-e'zer [help o{ God], (1) chief of the house of the Koh.3th•~ .
the name which Samuel gave a stone, over its whole extent. The pyramids Elders, aged men, seventy chosen by 'Of Damascus,' the pious steward of Nt,. 3. 30;-hc and his brother carrv
commemorative of God's help to of Egypt are above 3000 years old, Moses as his assistants, Nu. u. 16;- Abraham's household, Ge. 15.2;-sent the dead bodies of N adab and .Ab,hu
!.snel, 1 Sa.7.12. and stand south-west of Grand Cairo. the magistrates, heads of the people, to Mesopotamia for a wife to Isaac, to their graves, Le. Io.-4,.
Rbouy, [stony, i, e. stone-wood], the Tht largest, that of Cheops, is 474 and rulers, so called among the Jews, 24. 2;-his godly conduct and suc- Elkanah, el-ka'nah [God posses,esJ,
~rt-wood of the date-tree. Eze. feet high, and covers a space of about Ge.50. 7; 1 Sa.:i:6.,4.; 2 Ki.6.3"2; Eze.8. cess, 12-67.-{2) The son of Moses, father of Samuel, 1 Sa.1.1 - his pe-
7/• is. 13 acres. They were the mausoleum,; s,-n.bbis or teachers, Mar 7. 3-5. Ex.18.,4.; 1 Ch.23.I5.-(3) The son of culiar regard for his wife Haanab, s-
166
ENCOUNTERED ENTAPP'OAH EPHOD ESH-BAAL ETHIOPIA
oeh, el'kosh [God my bow], the Encourage, to animate, De. 1. 38; 2 Tappua_~, or of an apple], a place in for the ordinary priests, t Sa. 22. 18; 8.33; 9. 39. The same as /slwo,JutJ,.
l!llkb,~hplaCC of the prophet Nahum, Ch.31.4; Ps.645. the tribe of Manasseh, Jos,17.7. 2 Sa. 6. 14; and that of the high- 1 Sa.31.2; comp. 2 Sa.2.8.
u~ Endor, en'dor [fountain of Dor, t".e. Enterprise, an undertaking, Job 5. 12. priest, which was richly embroidered, Eshcol, esh'kol [a bunch of grapes],
Na. 1-1• el'a•sar [the oak of ~ssyria~, of the age]. a city in the tribe of Entertain, to be hospitable, He.13.2. -it is described, Ex.28.6; 39. 2;-its (1) A chief of the Amorites, one of
~dom in Asia, whose kmg An- Manasseh, 4 miles south of Mount Entice, to allure or attract, Ex.20.16; robe, 22. Abraham's allies, Ge. 14. 24.-(2) A
C:Ch1:..s onf" of the allies of Chcdor- Tabor;-memorable for the account De. 13.6; Ju.14.15; 2 Ch.18.19,20; Pr. Ephphatha, Cf'fa-thah., a Syro-Chal- valley near Hebron from which the
laomer Ge. 14.1,9. given of the witch of, 1 Sa. 28. 7;-it 1. 10; Ja.1. q. daic word, meaning be ofened, Mar. spies brought a bunch of grapes,
,.;,1-on Ho, -4 13 ; elsewhere rendered is now called Endt2r. Enticers to Vice to be avoided, Pr. 7.34. which required two men to carry,
.ru,.u,a,, EndoW, or ENDUE, to give a dowry 1.10. Ephraim, erra-im or e'fra-im [double Nu.13.24: 32.9; De.1.24.
,,u.th.S,n eI-na'than[God'sgift], was or portion, Ex.22.16;Ge.,30.2o;Lu.24. Entiie, whole, undivided, Ja.1.4. fruitfulness], (1) Younger son of Jo- Eshtaol, esh'ta-ol [narrow pass1 a city
~ t o bringtheprophetUrijah from 49;Ja.3.13, Entrance, a passztge, inYi.tation,Ju. seph, born, Ge.-41.52;-preferred to in the low country of Judah, Jos.15
Egypt Je. 2 6. 22 ;-oppose~ the burn- Endure, to undergo, Ge. 33. 14; Mat. r. 24,25; Ps. u9.130; I Th.2. 1; 2 Pe. 1. Manasseh, 48. 19;-his descendants, 33 ;-near to it Samson was born an4
ing of Jeremiah's prophecies, 36. 12: 24.13; He.12.7. 11. 1 Ch.7. 20, 28;-his sons defeated by buried, Ju.13.2: 16.31.
ElOI, e'loy [my God], a Syro-Chaldaic Eneglaim, en-eg-ta'im [the fountain Entry, the act of entrance, or place the men of Gath, 21. -(2) A city Eshtemoa, or EsHTEMOH, esh-te'm'
word Mar. 15.34. of calves], a well or town on the by which persons enter, 2 Ki.16.16; about ten miles north of Jerusalem, o-ah [obedience], a town in themoua
Elon 'c'Ion [oak], (1) A judge of Is- Dead S~, opposite to Engedi, men- .1Ch.9.19; 2 Ch.4.22; Je. 38. 14; 43. 9; Jn.u.54. tains ofJudah; a~signed to the priestt
rael; Ju. 12 . JI.-(2) A city of Dan, tioned only in Eze. 47. 10; probably Pr.8.3. - - - (GATE OF), one of the gates Jos. 15. 50: 21. 14;-a present of tht
spoils taken from the Amalekites SCDl
Jos. 19 _ 4-,, probably t?e same as the sam1F as Eglaim in Is. 15.8. Sup- Environ, to surround, Jos.7.9. of Jerusalem, 2 Ki. 14. 13; 2 Ch. 25.
Elon-Beth-Hanan, 1 K1.4.9. posed by some to be identical with Envy, vexationatanother'sexcellence 23;-the wood of, the forest in the by David to the inhabitants of. 1 Sa.
Eloquent, fluent and elegant speech, Ain:-Ajlah at the north end of the or success, condemned, Job 5. 2; Ps. east of Jordan in which Absalom was 30.28.
Ex . .J. 10 - Is.3.3; Ac. 18.24. Dead Sea. 37. 1; Pr.3.31; 14.30; 23.17; 24. 19; 27. killed, 2 Sa. 18.6. Esli, e's'Ii, mentioned in the genea-
El-Paran, el-pii.'ran [the oak of Paran], Enemies, their cattle to be brought to 4; Ro. 13. 13; 1 Co.3.3; Ga.5.21; Ja.3. Ephraimites, e'fra-mites, their pos- logy of Christ, Lu. 3. 25;-probably
a tree m the wilderness of Paran, Ge. them if found astray, Ex. 23. 4;- 14; 5.9; I Pe.2. 1;-lead5 to every evil sessions were in the very centre of identical with Elioenai, I Ch.3.23,24-
their misfor'"!.lnes not to be rejoiced work, Ja.3.16. Palestine, extending from the Medi- Espousals, a contract to enter into
6
E1tk.eh, el-te'keh [God its fear], a at, Job 31. 29; Ps. 35.13; Pr. 24.17;- - - , examples of: Cain, Ge.4.5;-1 terranean to the Jordan, Jos. 16. 1, marriage, Ca.3.u; Je.2.2.
city of Dan, Jos. :i:9.44; 21.23. theiI" death not to be wished for. 1 the Phihstmes. 26. 14;-Rachel, 30. &c.: 17. 14; 1 Ch. 7. 28;-defeated by Espouse. See BETROTH.
Elui,e'Iul,thesixthmont!.ot the Jew- 1 Ki.3.u;-mourn, and be concerned 1;-Joseph's brethren, 37. 4, n ; - the Gileadites, Ju.12.5;-threatened Espy, to discover unexpectedly, Ge.
ish ecclesiastical, and twelfth of the for them, Ps. 35. 13;-trust in God Korab, &c., Nu. 16. 1, &c. ;-Saul, 1 for their pride, Is.28. 1, &c. 42.27;-to inspect narrowly, Jos.14-
civil year, beginning with the new for deliverance from, Ezr.8.31;Ps.18. Sa. 18. 8;-Haman, Es.5. 9;-princes Ephratah, erra-tah (fruit, posterity], 7;-to contemplate, Je.48.19-
moon of September, Ne.6.15. Pro- 48;-Christ prayed for, Lu. 23. 34;- • of Babylon, Da.6.3,4;-chiefpriests, (1) A city of Judah (Ru. 4. u; Ps. Esrom, Cs'rom, Greek form of Htf-
bably derived from a root which good to be done for their evil, 25. 21; l\far. 15.10. , 132.6), elsewhere calledEphrath and zeron (walled in], (1 Ch,2.5), Mat.1.3,
means 'to glean/ "to cut off, the Mat.5.44; Lu.6.27,35; Ro.12.14,20. Epaphras, ep'a-fras, a no.tive of Co- Bethlehem,Ge.48.7;35.16,19. l\Ii.5.1. Lu.3.33.
latest grapes. Engaged, promised, Je.30.21. losse, and a faithful preacher there, -(2) The wife of Caleb, 1 Ch.2, 19, Establish, to fix, 1 Ki. 9.5;-to con.
Eluza.i, e-lU'za-i [God i~ my strength1 Engedi, en-ge' di [the fountam of a Col. 1.7; 4.12:-Paul's fellow-prisoner 50;4.4. firm, Nu.30.13;-to appoint, P.s.uJ.
an officer of king David, 1 Ch.12.5. kid], originally called Hazazon-Ta- at Rome, Phile.23. Ephron, t':i'fron [fawn-like], {1)Arange 38;-to ratify, He.10.9.
FJyma.s, el' e-mas [a wise man],. a mar, 2 Ch. 20. 2 ;-the name of a city Epaphroditus, e-pllf-ro-di 'tus [be- of hills on the northern boundary of Estate, condition, Ge. -43. 7;-placc.
name applied to a Jew called Bar- on the east side of the Dead Sea_ longing to Aphrodite or Venus], a Judah, Jos. 15. 9.-(2) A Hittite who Da. n. 7, 20;-applied to persons of
Jesus, Ac.13.6-u. See BAR-JESUS. about 30 miles south-east of Jerusa- disciple of Philippi, sent to Paul at generously offered Abraham a field power and wealth, Mar.6.21.
Elza,bad, cl 'zil-bad [the dov.rry of lem,given to the tribe of Judah, Jos. Rome, Phi.2.25; 4. 18. for a burying-place, Ge.23.8. Esteem, to value or judge, Job 36. 19;
God], an officer of king David, 1 Ch. 15. 62 ;-here David was an exile, EpenetUB, e-pe-n8'tus [laudable], one Epicureans, ep-e-kG.'re-ans, a sect of Ps.119.128; Is.53.4; Phi. 2. 3; x Th. 5-
12. 12. I Sa. 24. r;- here the allied army, of those who first embraced the gos- Gentilephilosophers,followersofEpi- 13.
Embalming or dead bodies much which came against Jehoshaphat, en- pel in Achaia, Ro. 16.5. curus, an Athenian philosopher (died Esther, es'ter [star1 called also H,r,i-
practised by the Egyptians. I_t was camped, 2 Ch. 20. 2. Celebrated for Ephah, e'fah [gloom}, (r) The eldest B.C. 271\ who maintained that the assak [mynle], (Es.2.7), the daugh
practised also by the Hebrews m the the excellence of its vineyards, Ca. r. of the five sons of Midian, Ge. 25. 4. world was made, not by God, but by ter of Abihail, the uncle of Morde-.
case of Jacob, Ge.50.2; and Joseph, 14. -12) A place called by his name, the fortuitous concourse of atoms., cai, obtains favour, Es.2.15;-made
26. Asa's grave was 'filled with Engines, warlike instruments for , which abounded with camels and that God interferes not in its govern- queen, 17;-appoints a fast, 4.15;-
sweet odours and divers kinds of throwing stones, 2 Ch.26.15;Eze.26.9. I dromedaries, Is.60.6. ment, that the soul dies with the favourabJy received by the king, 5.:r;
spices,' 2 Ch. 16. 14. The body of Engrave, letters or figures cut on : Ephah, ri'fah [measure], (in the ori- body, that there are no angels, and -invites Haman the Agai:'l-te to a
Christ also was embalmed, Jn.19.39, stone, Ex.28.u; Zec.3.9; 2 Co.3.7. ginal a different word from the pre- that pleasure is the chief good, Ac. feast, 5. 8 ;-asks her own life and
40; the 5ipices, &c., were, however, Enhakkore, en-hil.k'ko-re Ithe faun- ceding\ameasureforgrain, contain- 7.18. ' that of her people, 7.3;-accuses Ha-
only applied to his body externally, tain of the crier], the spring of Lehi, ing 10 omers= 1 l'fi English bushel, Epistles, or letters, written by the man, 5.
as was oft done to the dead, instead where Samson was miraculously sup- equivalent in capacity to the bath apostles to the churches, or to par- - - {BooK OF), author not k.no~
of regular embalming. plied with water, Ju. 15. 19. for liquids, Ex. 16.36; I Sa.17.17. ticular individuals, are twenty-one in contains account of events in the hli--
Em.bassies,orpublicmessengerssent, Enjoy, to feel with pleasure, Jos. 1. Ephes-Dammim, e-fes-dam'im [end number, beginning with Romans and tory of the Jews in Persia in the time
from Jacob to Esau, Ge.32.3:-from 15;-to have in abundance, He.u. of blood], the place where the Philis- ending with Jude, Ro.16.22: 1 Co.5. of Ahasuerus, the Xerxe5 of Greek
Moses to the king of Edom, Nu.20. 25. tines were encamped when Goliath 9; Col.4.16, &c.; 14 were written by history, the son and successor of
14;-from Jephth3. to the Ammon- / Enlarge, to increase or render more was slain, 1 Sa. 17. r;-called Pas- Paul, I by James, 2 by Peter, 3 by Darius.
ites, Ju. u. 12;-from David to Ha- ! wide, Ge.9.27; Ps.u9.32; Mat.23.5. Dammim in I Ch.u.13. John, and I by Jude. Estimate, to put a value or price oa
nun, 2 Sa. 10. 2;-from Sennacherib Enlighten, to give light or instruct, Ephesians, e-ie' zhi'-ans, inhabitants Equal, like another, uniform, just, Ps. a thing, Le. 27. 14;-estimation, the
to Hezekiah, Is.36.2. Ps.18.28; 19.8; Ep.1.18; He.6.,1-. of Ephesus, Ac.19.28,34,35;-epistle 17. 2; 55. 13; Mat.20.12; Col.4-1; Re. valuing or the price, Le.5. 15; 27.2,31
Embolden, bold or daring, Job 16. 3; Enmishpat, en-mish'pat [fountain of to the, written by Paul about the 21. 16. Nu.r8.i6.
1 Co.8. 10. judgment], the same as Kadesh, Ge. commencement of his imprisonment Equity, or justice, the great rule of it. Estranged, alienated, or turned away-
1
Embrace, to hold fondly in the arms, 14.7. at Rome, at' the same time as that to Le.19_. 18; Mat. 7. 12; 22.39; Ro.13.8; as strangers; the wicked are, from
Ge.29.13; 33.4; Ac.20.1; He.n.13. Enmity, bitter and deep-rooted ha- the Colossians, about A.D. 62. Ja2.8. God, Jobr9.13; Ps.58.3; Eze.1~.5.
Embroidered, decorated with needle- tred, put between the seed of the Ephesus, ef' fe-sus, the capital of Er [watchful], the eldest son of Judah Etam, 6'tam [eyrie], (1) A town in the
work, Ex.28.39; 35.35; 38.23. woman and the serpent, Ge. 3. 15;- Ionia, and in the time of the Romans by Bath-Shuah, a Canaanitess, Ge. tribe of Judah probably not far from
Emerald, a precious stone of a green . the carnal, or fleshly and unrenewed of the entire province of Asia. It was 38.37; 46.12. Bethlehem, was fortified by Reho-
colour, of the species of beryl, and mind is, against God, Ro. 8. 7;-the situated on the south of the river Erastus, e-nls'tus [beloved], 'the boam, 2 Ch. u. 6.-(2) A place i.a
· m'hardness next to the ruby, Ex.28. friendship of the world is, Ja. 4. 4;- Cayster, about 23 miles north of Mi- chamberlain of the city' of Corinth. Simeon, I Ch.4.32;-rockof, to which
18: Eze.27.16; Re.4.3; 21.19. applied to the ceremonial law, as a Ictus, and 40 south of Smyrna. It converted by Paul, Ac.19.22; Ro.16. Samson retired after the N.uchter al
Emerods, a disease, the older form of cause of enmity between Jews and was chiefly famed for a magnificent 23. the Philistines, Ju.,5.8,u.
thewordhemorrlwidsorj>iks, threat- Gentiles, and said to be 5Jain by temple of Diana. This is said to Erech, C'rek [length], a city of Chal- Eter~ EVERLASTING, sometimes
cned to the disobedient Jews, De.28. Christ, Ep.2.14-16. have been 425 feet long and 220 dea, built by Nimrod. east of the denotes a long but limited time ;-con-
27:-inflicted on the men of Ashdod, Enoch, t1nok [dedicated], (r) A son of broad. Its roof was supported by Tigris, Ge. 10.10. It was probably tinuance of the ce1-emonial law, Le.
I Sa5.6,9,12. Cain, Ge.4.17.-{2) Tbe son of Jared, 127 pillars, 6o feet high, 27 of which the city of the Archevites, Ezr.,1-.9. 16.34;-the promise of Cana.an for a
Em:ims, emims [tenors], a warlike and father of Methuselah, Ge. 5. 18 ;- were curiously carved, and the rest Erect, to build or rear, Ge.33.20. possession, Ge. 17. 8;-when applied
people, and of gigantic stature, who walked with God, 22 ;-God took polished. It was burned on the same Errand, a message, Ge.24-33; Ju. 3. to God, it means always duration
Ul.habited the east borders of Ca- him, 24;-was translated to heaven day Socrates was poisoned, viz. 200 19; 2 Ki.9.5. without beginning- or end, Ge.21.33;
naan; smitten by Chedorlaomer, Ge. withoutdying,He.u.5;-prophesied, years before Christ. It was rebuilt Error, a mistake, Ec.5.6;-false doc- De. 33. 27 ;Is.40. 28 ;-the never~ndinc
14. 5;- the Moabite5 dispossessed Jude 14.-(3) A city built by Cain, with more splendour; it was destroy- trines, 1 Jn.-4. 6;-sins, Ps. 19.12; He. bliss of heaven, and the torments ef
them, De.2.10,n. Ge.4. 17,18. ed by an earthquake nineteen years 9.7. hell, Mat.25.46; Mar. 10.30: a Th.1.9:
Eminent, high, above others, Eze.16. Enos, ~'nos [man, multitude], the son after Christ, but it wac; soon rebuilt Esar-Haddon, ~sar-had'don [gift of -life, Da. 12. 2; Mat.19.16; J11.3- 15.
24,39: 17.22. of Seth, Ge,4.26;-the father of Cai- again. It had been seven or eight fire], king of Assyria, the son andsuc- &c.
Emmanuel. em'man-0~ Mat. 1. 23. nan, or Canaan, 5.9. times destroyed before Pliny wrote. cessor of Sennacherib, 2 Ki.19.37; Is. Etham, i!'tham [boundary of the se'll,
Su IMMANUEL Enquire, to search or ask, Ge.25.22: The ruins of the temple have re- 37.38. the second station of the Israelites on
Emmaus, em-mA.'us [hot springs], a Ps.27.4; Is.21.12; Mat.10.u;Ac.9. II. cently been explored, and several Esau, ~'saw [hairy], the son of Isaac, leaving Egypt, Ex.13.20.
village 'threescore furlongs,' or about Enrich, to make rich, 1 Sa. 17.25; Eze. sculptured pilasters, &c., from it have and brother of Jacob, born, Ge. 25. Ethan, Cth'an [perpetuity], the Ez..
7½ miles distant from Jerusalem, 27.33; 1 Co.1.5; 2 Co.9.u. been deposited in the British Mu- 25;-sells his birthright for red pot- rahite (Ps.Sg. title), one of the wisest
memorable for Christ's jnterview Enrogel, en-r6'ge1 [fountain of the seum. First visited by Paul when tage, whence he is called Edom {red), men of his age, except Solomon, 1
with two of his disciples on their way secret, or fuller's fountain], a spring on his second missionary journey, Ac. 30. 32;-meets Jacob, 33. 1, &c. ;-his Ki4-31;-several psalms were written
thither. Lu.2-4.13- on the south-e3.3t of Jerusalem, in 18.18-28. He came a second time to, wives and descendants, 36.1, &c.; 1 by him, and. among the res~ the
Emmor, em'mor, the same as Ha- the vaJley of the Kidron, Jos.15. 7; 19. r;-here he preached three years, Ch.1.35. eighty-ninth;-he was one of the prin-
mor, father of Shechem, Ac.7.16. 18. 16;-Adonijah'scoronationat,1Ki 20.31;-magical books burned on the Escape, to get out of danger, Ps.56. cipal masters of the temple musi~
Empire, a large dominion, Es.1.20. 1.9. reception of the gospel, 19. 19;-tu- 7; Mat.23.33;Ro.2.3;-those who n~ I Ch.15.17.
Empty, void, not full, Ge.31.42; 41. Ensample, an example, 1 Co.10. n; mult raised here against him by De- glect Christ's great salvation cannot, Ethanim, Cth ' a - nim [perennial
21,Na.2.10; Mat.12.44; Mar.12.3. Phi.3.17:2Th.3.9; 2 Pe.2.6. metriu'?, 19. 23;-fought with beasts He.2.3: 12.25. streams], one of the months of the
li:mu.Iation, striving to excel in what Eru.b.emesh, Cn-she'mesh [the well of at, or was opposed by brutal men, Eschew, to shun, as Job did, evil, Job Jewish calendar, so called because
is good, Ro.n.14;-in what is evil, the sun] the name of a fountain, be- I Co.15.32;-the angel or minister of 1. 1;-and as all must do who love the btcoks wetre then full from the
Ga.5.20. tween Jerusalem and Jericho, Jos. the church at, addressed, Re. 2. 1, life, and desire to see good, Ps.34- autumnal rains, 1 Ki. 8. 2;-callecl
Enam, e'nam [the double spring], a 15.7; 18.17, &c. The city is now in utter ruin. 12,13; 37.27,28; Is.1.16,17; 1 Pe.3.10, Ti.sri after the captivity.
city in the lowlands of Judah, Jos.15. Ensign, Ps. 74. 4; Is. 5. 26; Zec.9. 16. Its site is occupied by the Turkish 11. Ethbaal, eth-bA'al [with Baal1 a ~
34- See BANNER. village Aya.raluk. Esek. a'sek [contention], the name of Sidon and father ofJezebel, .Ahab'&
Encamp. to form a camp, Ex. :r,1-. 2; Ensnare, to bringintosinorbondage, Ephod., e'fod [something girt1 a sa- ofa well dug by Isaac's herdsmen in wife. 1 Ki.16.31.
Nu.1.50; Ps.27.3; Zec.9.S. Job 34.30. cred vestment in the form of an upper the valley of Gerar, Ge.26.20. Ethiopia, e-the-ii'pr-a [blackness. ie-
Encountered. pn.wokcd te dispute, Enaue, to follow, 1Pe.3.u. garment,worn bythepricsts. There Esh-Ba.al, Csh'biJ.-al [man of Baal], gion of burned faces], an extcasift
Ac. l7. z:8. Entappuah, en-tap'pii-ah (sprins of were two kinds, that of plain linen, the fourth son of Kini:' Saul, 1 Ch. counlly of Africa, oouthwud 9'
167
EVENING EXCOMMUNICAT!Off EZION-GEBER FAITH FAN
~JPt ; comprehending Northern !he ~hrase 'betwee? the. t1:"'o even.- Excuses for neglecting dutie6, the the Hebrews were brought for their Faith, examples of ,trong and tri
Aoyssinia, Nubia, Sennaar, and mgs, Ex.12.6; 30.8 1margin 1• foliy of them, 2 Ki. 5. 13; Mat. 22. 5; sins, after they had touched the bor- umj,ha.nt: Caleb, Nu. 13. 30;-Job,
Kor,tofan. It is bounded by the Ever. For ever frequently means Lu.12.47; 14.18; Ro.i:.20; Ja.4.17. ders of the promised land, Nu.33.35; Job19.25;-Shadrach, &c., Da.3.17;
Red Sea on the east, the Lybian De- only a stated time, Ge.49.26; Ex. 12. Execration, a curse, Je.42.18; 44. 12. -here Solomon equipped his fleet -Daniel, Da,6.23;-David, I Sa.17.
sen on the west, and the highlands 24; 1 Ki. 8. 13; 2 Ki. 21. 7; 2 Ch.7. 16; Execute, to perform, to put to death, for Ophir, 1 Ki.9.26. 32; 30.6; 1 Ch.27.23;-Israelitcs, Ex.
of Abyssinia on the south. It was Ps,49.II; Ec.1.4;Je.17.25; Phile.15. Ex. 12. 12; Nu. 5. 30; Ps. 119. 84; Jn. Ezra, ez'rah [help J, t'1e son of Sera- 4. 31; 1 Ch. 5. 20;-widow of Zare.
known to the Hebrews by the name Everlasting, without end, Ge.21.33, 5.27; Ro.13.4. iah, a priest and ready scribe in the phath, 1 Ki.17. 13-15;-Hezekiah, 2
of Cush, and is generally so called in Ex. 40.15; Ps.24.7; 112. 6; Is. 9. 6; 6o. Exempted, free from, 1 Ki. 15.22. law of God, goes to Jerusalem, Ezr. Ki. 18.5 ;-Zacharias, Lu. 1.64;-Abel,
Scripture, Ge. 16. 6-8; r Ch. 1. 8-10; 19; Mat.18.8; 25.46. Exercise, employ, exert, Ps. 131. 1; 7. 1 ;-his companions from Babylon, He. 11. 4;-Enoch, 5;-Noah, 7;-
Is. 11. II ;-complexion of its people, Evermore, eternally, De.28.29; 2Sa. Mat.20.25; Ac.24.16. 8.1;-keeps a fast, 21; Ke. 9. 1;-his Abraham, 8. 9, 17;-Isaac, 20;-Ja-
Je.13.23:-merchandise of, Is.45.14; 22.51;Ps.16.11;8~.28;Jn.6.34; He.7. Exhort, to incite to a good action, prayer and conft:s~ion, Ezr. 9. 5;-re- cob, 21;-Joseph, 22;-Moses, 23,?4,
-Moses found a wife of, Nu.12.1;- 28. Ac.2.40, 27.n; 2 Co.9.5;Tit.1.9;2.6,9, forms the illegal marriages, 10. 1, &c. 27;-Rahab, 31, &c.
Zerah, king of, 2 Ch 14.9--15;-Can- Evidence, witness or testimony, Je. 15; 1 Pe.5.1. Book of, contains a continuation of - - in Christ, guilt and danger of
dace, queen of, her treasurer bap- 32.10,11,14,26; He.11.1. Exhortation, an incitement to what the history of the Jews, from the close those who are without, Mar. 16. 16;
tized, Ac. 8. 27-29:- Ebed-Melech Evident, plain, fully proved, Job 6. is good; the duty of it, Ac. 13. 15; of the Book of Chronicles, and em- Jn.3. 18,36; 8.24; 2Co.4.4; 1Jn.5.
the Ethiopian befriended Jeremiah, 28; Ga.3.11; Phi.1.28; He.7.14,15. Ep.5.11; 1 Th.4.18; 2 Th.3.15; He. 3. braces a period of about eighty years. IO.
Je. 38. 7-r3; 39. 15-18 ;-its conversion Evil-Merodach, e'viJ.me-r0'dak 13: w.24,25. From ch.4.8 to 6. 19, and from the 1st - - i n Chri'st, brief summaries .aid
to God foretold, Ps.68.31; 87.4; Is. [prince of Merodach], the son and Exile, one banished from his country, to 27th verse of 7th chapter, it is writ• confessions of, by Peter, Mat. 16.
45.14. successor(B.C. 561) ofNebuchadnez. 2Sa.15.19; Is.51.14. ten in the Chaldee language. 16;-by l\Iartha, Jn. II. 27; -by tho
Eubulus, eO-bii'lus [good in counsel], zar, liberated Jehoiachim, king of Exodus, ex'o•dus [the departure], the Ezrahite, ez~ra.hite', a designation Ethiopianeunuch,Ac.8.37 ;-by Paul,
,t: Christi~n at Rome, a convert of Judah, after a confinement of thirty- second book of .Moses, which relates given to Ethan, 1 Ki.4.31: Ps.lxxxix. I Ti.r.15;-by John, 1 Jn.4.9,10.
Paul, 2 T1.4.21. • seven years, 2 Ki.25.27. the departure (B.C. 1658) of Israel (inscrip.);-to Heman, Ps- lxxxviii - - , an empty prefess-ion of, made
Eucharist, a ~criptural name in the Ewes, female sheep, Ge.21.28,29; Le. from Egypt. It embraces the history (inscrip.) by unreneweJ. men, and therefore
original Greek ,Lu.22.19; 1 Co.II.24); 14.10; 2Sa.12.3; Ps.78.71. of the Israelites, from the death of soon relinquished, Jn.6.66; Ac. 8.1 3,
meaning the giving of tka.nks. See Exaction, a demanding more than is Joseph to the erection of the taber.. 21; I Jn.2.19.
LoR n's SuPPER. due, censured, Ne. 5. 7: 10. 31; Eze. nacle in the wilderness, a period of - - , devil<; have, in the exiitence of
Eunice, eU'ne•se [good victory], the
mother of Timothy, distinguished for
22.12; 45. 9; Mat. 18.28; Lu.3. 13. about 145 years. Ps. lxxviii. and cv. F. God, and tremble, Ja.2.19.
- - o f miracles, extraordinary, and
Ex.actor, a prince, Is. 6o. 17;-ren- are a devotional commentary on this
her faith, 2 Ti. 1. 5;-by birth a Jew- de red ' task.master,' Ex. 3. 7 ;-oppres.. book. peculiar to the first age of the gospe~
ess, Out married to a Gentile, Ac. sor, Job3.18;-fraiser' of taxes, Da. Exorcists, persons who cast out evil Fables, idle and groundless stories, l\'Iat.17.20; 21.21; Mar. II 23; Lu..17.
16.1. II.20. spirits; Jews at Ephesus, Ac.19.13. whether heathen or Jewish, not to 6; 1 Co.12.9; 13.2.
Eunuchs, God prohibited such from Exalt, to lift up or extol, Ex.15.2; 1 Expedient, fit, profitable, Jn.u.50; be regarded, 1Ti.1.4; 4.7; 6.20; 2Ti. Faithful, God is to his promises, Nu.
his congregation, De. 23. I ;-a pre-
mise to those who keep his Sabbaths,
Is.56.4;-different kinds mentioned,
Sa. 2. w; Ps. 34. 3; 99. 5; Mat. 23. u;
2 Co.n.20; 1 Pe.5.6.
Exaltation of Christ, his elevation
16.7; 18.14; 2Co.8.10; 12.1. 2.14; Tit.1.14.
Experience, to try the benefit of it, Face, God talked with men face t(J
Ec.1. 16; 2. 1, &c.;-approval as the face, or in a familiar manner, and
I 23. 19: De.7.9; He.10.23; II. n;-tht
gospel testimony is, 1 Ti. 1. 15 ;-genu-
ine believers in Christ are, Ep.1.1;
Mat. 19. 12 ;-conversion of one from intoheaven;-intothethroneofglory, result of trial, Ro.5.4. amid visible displays of his glory, Col. 1. 2.
Ethiopia, Ac.8.27, &c.
Euodias, eu.o'di•as [a good journey],
Ac.2.33;5.31;-shall sit in rest at the Experiment, or proof, 2 Co.9.13. Nu. u. 14; De. 5. 4; 34. 10:-0./ God, I
Faithfulness, as applied to God, a
right hand of God the Father, Ps. Expert, skilful, dexterous, 1 Ch. 12. his favour, Ps.31.16; 80.7; Da.9.17;- divine attribute, assuring of the truth
a female disciple at Philippi, Phi+ 2. 110.5;-angels, principalities, power, 33,35: Je.50.9; Ac.26.3. his omnipresence, I Sa. 26. 20;-the and certain accomplishment E>f all he
Euphrates, eu.fra'tes, the largest and and dominion, put in subjection to Expiation, the act of atoning for a displays of his glory which are not en- has promised, Ps.89. I; 33.34; N u.23,,
most important of all the rivers of him, Ep. 1. 20,21;-all are commanded crime. See ATONEMENT. joyed in this world, Ex.33.20; 1Ti. 19;He.rn.23;asappliedtoman,fidel.
WesternAsia. Itsmostfrequentname to worship him, Phi.2.9;-shall come Exploits,greatactions,achievements, 6. 16;-his wrath, Ps. 34. 16;-of ity, firm adherence to duty, Mat.24
in Scripture is 'the river,' I Ki. 4. 21; to judge the world, Ac. 17.21. Da.n.28,32: Christ, his person, 2 Co.4.6;-glori- 45; Lu.12.42; I Co.4-1,2; 1TL1. u;-
Ezr.4.10, 16; Ps. 72. 8; Ex. 23. 31. It Examination, a trial or proof, Ac.25. Expound, to explain, Ju.14.14; Mar. ous appearance, Re.20.n. demanded in the use of gifts or
is aiso called 'the great river,' De. 26;-seif-, commanded, Ps.4.4; La.3. 4. 34:~xemplified, Ne. 8. 8; Ac. 18. Fade, to wither or decay, 2 Sa.22.46; talents, Mat. 25. 19-23; Lu. 19. 15-19;
1.7; Jos.1.4. It has two sources in 40; Mat.7.3,5; 1 Co.11.28;2 Co. 13. 5; 26: Lu.24.27. Is.64.6;Je.8.13; I Pe.1.4;5.4;Ja.1.II. I Pe.4.rn;-inministeringin the word
the mountains of Armenia. The west- Ga. 6. 4;-prayer for assistance in, Extinct, extinguished or put out, as Fail, to decay, die, Ge.47.16; De. 31. of God, Je.23.28; I Co.4.2; 2 Co.2.17:
ern, called Kara-su (black river), Ps.26.2; 139.23,24;-examples of, Ps. the light of a candle, Job 17.1; Is.43. 6; Ps.69.3; 77.8; Lu.16.9,17; I Co.13. 2Ti.2.2;-exemplifiedby Joseph,Ge.
after flowing 270 miles, joins the 77-6; ."9-59- 17. 8; He.t.12;12.15. 39. 22, 23;-1\foses, Nu.12.7; He.3.2,
eastern, called the Murad, at a point Example, good, to be followed, Lu. Extol, to praise, Ps. 30. 1; 68. 4; 145. Fainteth, the soul does for God, when 5;-David, I Sa.22.14;-Daniel, Da.
about 4oomiles from its source. These 10.37; Jn. 8. 39; I Co.4. 16; II.I; Phi 1; Da.4.37. its desires after him are ardent and 6.4;-Paul, Ac.20. 20,27;-Antipas,
two tributaries thus united form the 3. 17; 4. 9; 1 Th. I. 7; 2 Th.3.9; He.6. Extortion, unjust exaction of money, overpowering, Ps.8-4.2 Re.2.13.
Euphrates, properly so caJled.. After 12; Ja.5.10. Eze. 22. 12; Mat. 23. 25;-Christians Fair, comely, beautiful, Ge.6.2:12.n; Fall of Man, Adam's transgression
1
many windings it is united with the - - - , evil, to be avoided, 1 Co. commanded to have no willing fel- Pr.II.22; Mat.16.2;Ac. 7. 20; Ro.16. of the positive law of God, Ge.2.16,
Tigris at Kurnalt, and at length falls 10.6; 2 Pe.2.6; Jude 7. lowship with those who practise it, 18; Ga.6.12. 17; 3.6;-by which he lost the image
into the Persian Gulf. Its entire Example of Christ, to be studied and I Co. 5. n;-intercours.e with them Fair Havens, a harbour on the south of God, after which he was created;
course is about 1500 miles. It is na- imitated by all his followers, Mat.II. sometimes unavoidable, 10. side of the island of Crete, Ac. 27. 8- and subjected himself and his pos..
vigable for large vessels as far up as 29; Jn. 13. 15, 34; Ro. 15. 5; Phi. 2. 5; Extravagance, or superfluous and 10,21. terity to the penalty of that law, ~.
Bassora. It flowed through ancient He.3.1; 12. 2; I Pe. 2. 21; 1 Jn. 2. 6;- wasteful expense, censured, Pr.18.9; Fairs, fixed meetings for merchandise, 17; 3.19; Ro.5.12-19; 1 Co.r5.21,22.
Babylon. Like the Nile it overflows in respect of.filial duty, Lu.2.51; Jn. 21.20; 22.16. mentioned only in Eze. 27. 12, 14, 16, Fallow.deer, among the beasts used
its banks at certain seasons of the 19.26,27;-obediencetoGod,Jn.4.34; Extremity, utmost distress, Job 35. 19,22,27. for food, De.14.5; 1 Ki.+ 23. It is
year, which renders a great part of 9.4;-zeal for his glory, 2.17; 8.49.50; 15. Faith, CREDIT, or BELIEF, in God smaller than the stag (Cervus ek.
the country exceedingly fertile: - 17.4;-fervent devotion, Lu.6.12; 9. Eyes to be guarded, on account of necessary to please him, Ge.15.6;Ex. ;Mus), having its horns, which are
flows in the garden of Eden, Ge.2. 29; 22.44 ;-resignation to his Father's temptation, Job 31. I; Ps. n9.37; Pr. 4-31; 14. 31; Nu. 20. 12: De. 32.20; 2 Ch. shed annually, serrated on the inside.
14 ;-a boundary of the country pos- will, Jn.6.38; 18,II; Lu. 22. 42;-self- 4.25; 23.31; Mat.5.29; 18.9; Mar.9.47. 20.20; Ne.9.8; Ps.78.22; 1o6.12; ls.7. It is the Cervus dama of naturalists.
sessed by the Israelites, 15.18:De.II. denial, 2 Co. 8. 9;-humility, Phi 2. An 'evil eye' the symbol of an en- 9; 43. Io; Da.6.23: Jonah 3.5; Hab.2. Others are of opinion that the fallow-
2-4;Jos. 1.4; 2 Sa.8.3;-a symbol of the 7, 8;-condescension, Mat. 8. 3, 7;- vi~us dispo~iti~n, Pr.23.6; ~at.~1s; 4; Jn.14.1; Ro.4.3: 5.1; He.II.6. deer does not exist in Asia, and refer
Assyrian power, Is. 8. 7;-a girdle meekness, n. 29;--compassion, Lu. - eye•service, Ep. 6. 6;- eyehds, - - , the want of it a cause of sin, the word so rendered to the Oryx.
hidden near it a type of the captivity, 19.41; Mat.9.36;-firmness in resist- adorning of, 2 Ki. 9.30; Je.4.30: Eze. Nu. 14- u; De.1.32: 2 Ki 17. I4; Ps. leucoryx, or white antelope
Je.13. 1 ;-four angels loosed from it, ing temptation, 4. I-II; 22. 17;-ove~ 23.48;-' eyelids of the morning,' Job 1o6.13; Ro.n.23; He.3.19. Fallow.ground, a field uncultivated,
Re.9. 14;-the sixth angel pours his comingtheworld,Jn.16.33, with 1Jn. 41.18. --z"nChrirt,orthebeliefofGod's Je.4. 3; Ho. IO. 12;-every seventh
vial into it, 16. I2. 5.4,5:-forgiveness and love of ene- Eye..salve, Christ's Word and Spirit, testimony concerning him, connected year the land rested fallow, Lc.25. 1-
.Euroclydon, eii•rok'Ie'-don [south-east mies, Lu.23.34; Col.3.13. Re.3.18. with and necessary to salvation, Jn. 7; De.15.1-10.
billow], a wind prevalent in the Me- Exceed, to surpass or go beyond, De. Ezbai, ez'ba-I, the father of Naarai, 3. 15, 16, 36; Ro. 3. 25, 26; I Co. 1. 21; False, not true, deceiving, Ex.23 c
diterranean Sea. and dangerous to 25.3; 1 Sa.20.41; Mat.5.20: 2 Co.3.9. who was one of David's thirty heroes, He.10.39;--commanded as our duty, Ps. 119. 104; Mat. 24. 2.f.; 2 Co. 11. 1;,
ships, from its partaking of the quali- Excel, to surpass, to be eminent, Ge. I Ch. n.37. I Jn.3.23; Ac.16.31;-is a fruit of the 26; Ga.2.4; 2Pe.2.1.
ties ofa whirlwind, A,::,27.14- 49.4; Ps. 103.20; Is. 10. 10; 1 Co. 14. 12. Ezekiel, e-re'ki-el [God my strength], Spirit, and the gift of God, Ro.12.3; Falsehood.. Su LYING.
EutychllS, eii-te'kus [of good fortune], Excess in eating and drinking con- the son of Buzi. He was both a pro- Ga.5.22; Ep.2.8; 6.23; Phi.1.29;-the Fame, renown or honour from men,
a young man ofTroas who from sleep- demned, Ep.5.18; I Pe.4.3,4- phet and a priest, was carried into righteousness of God apprehended the vanity of it, Ps. -49. II; Ec.x.n;
ing while Paul preached, falls down Exchange, to give one thing for an- captivity along with Jehoiachin, king and appropriated by faith, Ro. 3.22; 2. 16;-not to be preferred to the
dead, and is restored to life, Ac. 20. 5- other, Ge.47.17;Le.27.Io;Mat.16.26. of Judah, and was settled with other 4. 13; 9. 30: 10. 6; Phi. 3. 9;-excludes praise of God, Jn. 12.-43: 1 Th.2.6.
12. Exchangers of Money, a kind of exiles on the banks of the river Che- boasting or self.righteousness, Ro.3. Familiar, affable, well acquainted
Evangelists [gospellcrs, publishers of bankers, Mat.25.27. bar. He continued to exercise the 27; Ga.2. 16; 5.4; Ep.2.8,9. with,Job19. 14; Ps.-41.9;-sjnrits, Le..
glad tidings), an order in the Chris- Exclude, to shut out, Ga.4-17; Ro. 3. prophetical office for about twenty.. - - , when genuine, it is from the 19. 31; 20.6; De. 18. u: 1Sa.28. 3,9: 2
tian church, next in order to the 27. two years, i.~. to the twenty-seventh heart~ Ac. 8. 37; Ro.10.9,10;-works Ki.21.6; Is.8.19; 19.3;-also the h·
apostles ; such as Philip the deacon, Excommunication, the judicial ex.. year of the captivity. He was con- by love to Christ and his people, Ga. tit.on, Ac.16.16, or divining spirit, by
Timothy, Mark, Titus, Silas,&c.,Ac. clusion, or cutting off from the church, temporary with Jeremiah and Daniel. 5. 6;-purifies the heart, Ac. 15. 9;- the aid of which necromancers were
21.8;-appointed by Christ, Ep.4.II; practised among the Israelites for ne- His first vision, Eze. 1. 1, &c. ;-his overcomes the snares and temptations supposed to conjure, Le. ~ 27; 1 Sa.
-their duty, 12; 2Ti4.5;-the au- glecting circumcision, Ge. 17.14 ;-for commission, 2. 1;-cats a r0II present- of the world, I Jn.5.4;-is productive 28.7,8.
thors of the canonical Gospels so neglecting the passover, Ex. 12. 15, ed. to him by an angel, 3.1, &c. ;-en- of good works, Ja.2.14,18;-abiding~ Family, thewholechurcht,iGod, Ep.
called. 19; Nu. 9. 13;-eating of sacrifice in couraged, 4;-foretells the taking of Co;. 2. 7;-whatsoever is not of it is 3. 15.
Eve, eve [life or living], the name a state of uncleanness, Le.7.20; 22.3; Jerusalem, 4. 1:--carried to Jerusa- sin, Ro. 1-4 23. Famine, when Abraham went into
-neglecting the ritec; of purification, lem in a vision, 8. 1 ;-brought back - - , necessarily connected with n- Egypt, Ge.12.10;-in the time of Jo-
{!;e:,itl, ~~a~:o p!~e:I:~rw~f:~ Nu. 19. 13,20;-keeping the meat of again, II. 24,-removes his dwelling missum of sin, Ac.10.43: Ro.3.25:- s,;ph, -41.56;-when Elimelech went
human family,Ge.3.20;4.1 ;-hercrea• sacrifices beyond the time prescribed, as a type of the approaching cap- Justification, Ac.13.39; Ro. 5. 1;. Ga. into the land of Moab, Ru. 1. 1;-of
tion, 2.21,22;-gi.ven to Adam for a Le.19. 8,-sacrificing in other places tivity, 12.1;-directed not to mourn 2. 16;-sanctijication, Ac.15.9; 26. 18: three years. onaccountofSaul'streat·
help meet, 23,-deceived by the ser- than that of the national worship, 17. for the death of his wife, 2-4.15;-his -spiritual life, Jn. 20. 31: Ga. 2. 20: ment of the Gibeonites, 2 Sa. 21. 1,
pent, 3 1-6;-her punishment, 16;- 9;-eating blood or the fat of sacri- duty as a watchman, 33.1, &c. ;-not -preservation, 1 Pe. 1. s:-gift of tlte &c. :-in the time of Elijah, 1 Ki 17
receives her name, 20;- mentioned fice!-, 7.25; 17. 10, 14;-neglecting the respected by the people, 30. Spirit, Ga.3.14: Ep.1.13;-adopti"on, 1:-in Samaria, in the time of Elisha.
by an apostle, 2 Co.11.3; 1 Ti.2. 13. day of atonement, 2~,.:;,9;-imitating Ezel, e'zelfdeparture], (SToNEOF), the Jn.1.12~ Ga.3.26. 2 Ki.6.25;-in Jerusalem, and a mes•
E, 3ning, the period following sunset tht:" ho1)' oil or incenst:", Ex.30.33,38. scene of the parting of Jonathan and - - , Christians are justified by, Ro. sage from God concerning it, Jc.1-4
with which the Jewish day began, - - - - - - - , Cltrutian, insti- David, 1Sa.20.19. ' 3. 28; S· 1.-sanctified by. Ac. 15. 9: 1;-of the word of God, Am.8 :tL
Ge.1.5. Mar.13. 35:-the Jews reck- tuted by our Lord, Mat 18.15,18:- IE.zion-Geber, e'zi..o,n.ge'ber [the 26. 18,-live ht, Ga.2.20: 3.11:-Hab. Famiah, to starve, Ge.41.55· Pr.10.J;
oned two evenings-the first begin.. practised and commanded by the giant's backbone], a city of ldumea, 2.4; He.10.18:-walk by, 2Co.5-7;- Is.5.x3; Zep.2.11
ning at sunset, and the second be- apostles, I Co 5. n: 16. 22; :i Co.2.2; on the east branch of the Red Sea, conquer by, I Jn.5.4;-hanaccessto Fan. a winnowing sh~], by which
CUUWIII with the darkness;-hcncc e Th.3.14; I Ti.1.10: Tit.3.10. and not f.ar from E1ath; thus far back God by, E.p.3.1:1. pain was thrown up against tbt. winll
168
FEAR FETCH FIRST-FRUITS FOLLOW FORGIVENESS
it might be cleansed of chaff, Is, Fear of God, or a holy awe of his ma- ward or to a person, 2 Sa. 9. 5; n.27; at the presentation of them, Nu.28. -obedience to his commands, r5.14;
that. Mat.J, 12 ; Lu.3.17. jesty, and care not to offend him, re- 1 Ki.7.13; 9.28; 2Ki.u.4;2Ch.i:2.n; 26;-the confession to Be made at the -imitation of his example, I Jn.2.6;
~~ell, adieu, the parting com~li- commended, De.6.13: 10.12; Jos. 24. Je.26.23; Ac.28.13. time, De. 26. 1, &c. -renunciation of or mortification to
Fment, Lu.g.6r; Ac.15.29; 18.21; 2Co. 14; r Sa. 12. 24; 1 Ch. 16. 25; Ps. 2. n; Fetters, shackles or chains, for bind- Fir- tree, very tall, straight, ever- th~ world, Lu. 18. 22;-willingness to
33. 8; Pr.3.7; 23.17; Ec.12.13; Mal.1. ing prisoners and madmen, Ju. 16. green, of dense foliage, and abound• bear affliction for the sake of Christ,
r ~ land occupied by a farmer, 6; He.12.28; 1 Pe.2.17. 21; 2 Ki.25.7; l\fa.r.5.4. ing with a gum called rosin, Ps. 104. Mat. 10. 38; 16. 24 ;-reliance on his
F - - - - - , promises to them who Fever, a disease attended with heat, 17; Is.41.19; 55.13; Ho.14.8. blood and Spirit, Ro. 3. 25,26; 8.1,4,
Ma~~- a piece of brass money, cherishit,2Ki.17.39;Ps.25.r2,q;31. thirst, and quick pulse; of Peter's Fishers, most of the apostles were, 14;-perseverance to the end of Jife,
F:d by 'the Romans, an~ of which· 19; 33.18; 34.7, 9; 103. u, 13, 17; 145. wife's mother cured by Jesus, Mat. l\Iat. 4. 18; Mar. 1. 16 ;-wisdom of God Mat.10.22; Re.2.10.
there are two di~erent kinds. The 19; Is.50.10; Mal.3.16;4.2; Lu.1.50. 8.14; Mar.r.31; Lu.4.38;-of the fa- in employing such instruments, 1 Co. Fo1ly, want of knowledge or under•
was theassarms' Mat.10.29; Lu. Fear of man, the bounds of it, De.7. therof Publius at Malta by Paul,Ac. 1.26-29. standing, Pr.12. 16; 18.2; Ec.5.3.
~!.e6 ) in the time of our Lord, t~e 17,&c.;Ps.56.4;n8.6;Pr,29.25;Is.8. 28.8. Fishes, created, Ge. 1. 20;-one swal- - - , vice, Ps. 5. 5; Pr.I. 7,22; 3. 35;
e uivalent of the as, a copper com 12; 51.7; .Mat.10.26; He.13.6; 1 Pe. 3. Fide]ity, or strict honesty, required lows Jonah, Jonah 1. r7;-a miracu- 10.18; 13.19; 19.1; 26.11; 28.26;Je.4.
~ual to the tenth of ade~1arius ?r 14. of servants, Tit.2.10, lous draught of them at the call of 22; 5.4; Mar.7.22; Tit.3.3.
drachma, which was a silver. com Fear of punishment, a motive to Field, a piece of ground from which Peter, Lu. 5. 6;-one caught to pay Food given for the use of man, Ge.1.
equal to about 6½d.; the other ts the obedience, Job 31.23; Lu.12.5; 2 Co. the trees have been 'felled,' cleared the tribute for Jesus and Peter, Mat. 29;9.3.
f""drans, thll f~urth ofan as, equal 5.n. -an open tract, Ge.23.n,20; 31. 4; 17.27;-draught of, when Jesus ap- - - promised to the people o( God.
to 2 lepta or m1tes, I\Iat.5.26; l\lar. Feasts, by Abraham on the wean- Mat.13.24; 27.7. peared in Galilee after his resurr1;C• Ps.34.9,10; 37.3; 1n.5; :132.15; ls.33.
ing of Isaac, Ge. 21. 8;-by Isaac to Fierce, furious, cruel, Ge.49.7; Mat. tion, Jn.21.6. Fish-market in Jeru- 15, 16; 65.13; Mat.6.33.
F~~n, form, cust?m, Ge.6.15: Mar. entertain Abimelech, 26.30;-by La• 8.28; 2 Ti.3.3; Ja.3.4. salem, Eze.47.10; Ne.3.3. Fish-gate, Fool, a person void of uederstanding,
2, 12; 1 Co. 7.31; Ph1.2.8; Ja.1 .11. ban on the marriage of his daughters, Fiery Serpents, sent among the Jews, Zec.14.10. Fish-hooks, Am.4.2; Job Pr.10.8; 12.23 ;-used to signify one
Fasting, abstinen~e ~rom food,_~cc?m- 29.22;-by Pharaoh on his birth.day, Nu. 21. 6;-trials sometimes the lot 41. 1,2. Fish-pools of Heshbon, Ca. who is a reprobate wrdch, Mat.5.22;
panied with rehg1ous hum1hat1on, .(;;i.20;-on the marriage of Samson, of God's people, 1 Pe.4.12. 7.4. -often means a wicked or atheistical
mentioned as a gene.ral duty of all Ju.14.10;-by Nabal on his sheep• Fightingsandwarscomefrommen's Fitches, vetches, or the .:i1ick-pea, Is. person, Ps. 14. 1; 53.1; Pr.10.23; 26. 10;
Christians at some times, Mat.9.14, shearing, 1Sa.25. 2,36;-by David lusts,Ja.4.r. 25.27. In Eze.4.9 it is the render- -some of the characteristics of a fool:
is: Mar. 2 .20; Lu. 5. 35; 2 Co. 6. 5;- for Abner, 2 Sa. 3. 20;-by Solomon Figs, applied to Hezekiah's boil, 2 Ki. ing of a different Hebrew word; in disregard of instruction, Pr.1.7; 15.5;
aceompanymg solemn prayer, ~s.3?· on his sacrificing at Gibeon, 1 Ki. 3. 20. 7; Is. 38. 21 ;-Abigail gives 200 the margin correctly translated 'spelt,' -self-confidence, q. 16; 22. 3;-self-
13 : Da.9.3; 1 Co. 7. 5;-what kmd 1s 15;-at the dedication of the temple, cakesof,toDavid, 1Sa.25.18;-early, and in Ex.9.22, and Is.28.2~; ~cor- snfficiency, 12.15;-love of mischief,
acceptable to God, ls.58.3, &c.; J~el 8.65;-by Jeroboam,12.32;-Belshaz• Ca.2.13; Mi.7.1; Is.28.4; Ho.9.10. rectly translated 'rye.' 10. 23;-officious, or meddling, 20. 3:
:u:J, Zee. 7. 9; Mat.6.17;~to be ~ro. zar, Da.5.1;-by Ahasuerus, Es.1.3; Fig-tree. very common in Palestine. Flagons, vessels for carrying wine, Is. -contentious, 18.6;-incorrigible, 26.
claimed in a time of pubhc calamity, -for Esther, 2.18:-by Herod on his It becomes large, divided into many 22.24. In 2 Sa.6.19, Ca.2.5, and Ho. II; 27.22.
Joel 1 1_.; 2. 15;2 Sa. 1. 12. During the birth-day, Mar.6.21 ;-at a marriage branches, which are furnished with 3.1, the word means cakes made of Foolishness, the gospel, which pub-
captivity four fasts we~e s~tedly ob- at Cana, Jn.2.1 ;-by Matthew to en- leaves shaped like those of the mul• grapes. lishes eternal life th rough a cruci-
served by the Jews: (1), In the 4th tertain Jesus, Mat.9.9; Lu.5.29. berry. Oneofitspeculiaritiesisthat Flags, a kind of rushes, or water plants fied Saviour, thus accounted by the
month, in commemoration of the cap- Feasts, or RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS, its fruit shoots forth bt:Jore the lea.ves, with broad leaves; Moses was laid Greeks, 1 Co. 1. 18, 21, 23;-spiritual
ture of Jerusalem, Je. 51. 27; (2) m among the Jews, besides the weekly and hence a tree with leaves and among them, Ex.2.3,5. Translated things appear so to unrenewed men,
the sth month, for the burning of the Sabbath, were the new moons, 1 Sa. without fruit may be known to be 'meadow,' Ge.41.2,18. 2. 14;-the wisdom of the world is thu,
temple, 52.13; {3) in the 7th month, 20. 5; Ps 81 3; Nu.28. n;-the pass• barren, Mat. 21. 19; Mar. n. 13. It Flak.es, of flesh; the loose hanging accounted by God, 3. 19.
for death of Gedaliah, 41.2~ (4'. in the over or• feast of unleavened bread,' affords a friendly shade;-parable of, parts, or the veins ofit, Job 41.23. Footstool, one of gold made for Solo
10th month, for beginning of attack Ex., 12 3, &c.; - the pentecost, or Mat.24.32. Flattery, false praise, to be guarded mon's throne, 2 Ch. 9. 18;-the cart•
on Jerusalem, 52.4:-the institution 'feast of weeks' ta week of weeks Figures, to represent God not to be against, Job 17.5; 32.21; Ps.12.3; Pr. is God's, Js.66.1; Mat.5.35;-the arl'
of several annual ones, Zec.7.3, &c.; fromtheseventhd~yofthepassover), • made, De 4.15,16;-of any kind not 24.24; 26. 28; 28.23; 29. 5; Is.5.20; 1 1 Ch.28.2; Ps.99.5.
s. 19 ;-of Moses, forty days, Ex. 24. lasted only one day, Ac 2 1; 20.16;-- II to be worshipped, Ex.20.4,5. Th. 2. 5; Da.n.21,32,34. Examples Forbearance, patiently bearing pl'<I
18; De.9.9;-a second t~me, 18;-of of trumpets, Le 23.24,-of expiation - - - , types, or resemblances; of: woman of Tekoah, 2 Sa.14.17;- vocation or offence, recommended
Daniel, Da.:0.2;-of Esther, Es.4. or atonement, 27;-of tabernacles, I Adam was one of Christ, Ro.5.14; Absalom, 15.5 ;-Job's friends, Job 29. l\Iat.18.26; 1 Co.13.4,7; Ep.4.2; Col
15 ;-by the Ninevites, Jonah 3. 5:-:- lasted eight days, called also the I -the holy of holies, in the Jewish 5,25;-Herodians, Lu. 20. 21;-Tyri- 3. 12; I Th.5. 14.
of Jesus, Mat.4.2; Lu.4.2. Exemph- 'feast of ingathering,' Ex.23.16; Le. temple, was one of heaven, He.9.9, ans, Ac.12.22. - - - - - of God to men, Ps.50'
fied: David, 2 Sa. 12. 16; Ps.109.24;- 23.34,39-44;--of the seventh year, or 24. Flax, a well known plant, of the fibre 21; Ec.8.n; Ro.2.-4;2Pe.3.9,15.
Nehemiah, Ne. 1. •;-Esther, Es. 4. year of nlea.se, 25.3, 4;-of the ju• Fillet, a band for the hair, an astra. of which linen is made, Ex.9.31; Jos. Forbidding, hinc!ering by word 01
16;-Anna, Lu. 2. 37. Some of the bilee, celebrated at the end of every gal, or architectural ornament, Ex. 2.6; Pr.31.13. deed, Lu.23.2; Ac.28.31; 1 Th.2.16.
Pharisees fasted 'twice in the week,' seven times seven years, 8-13;-of ~7.10,u; 36.38; Je.52.21. Fleece, the wool shorn off from a Forced, compelled, violated, Ju.1.34:
though the law enjoined only one dedication, in remembrance of the Filthy, poiluted, man as a sinner is, sheep;-the dry and wet fleece a sign 20.5; 2 Sa.13.14,22.
fa.-.t on the great day of atonement. new dedication of the temple after it Job 15. 16; Ps.14.3;-our very right~ to Gideon, Ju. 6. 36. Ford, passage, of Jordan, Jos. 2. 7;-
f'at, signifying riches, or prosperity, had been profaned by Antiochus Epi• eousness is, ls.64.6. Flesh, granted to man for food after Jabbok, Ge. 32. 22;-Arnon. Is. 16. 2:
De.31.20; 32.15; Ps.22.29; Je.5.28. phanes, Jn.10.22;-of Purim, in co,n~ Finally, in conclusion, 2 Co. 13. n; the flood, Ge.9.3. -Euphrates, Je.51.32.
fatherless (THE), promises of God memoration of the deliverance of the Ep.6.10; Phi.3.'.I; 4.8. - - , a term used to denote the Forecast, to calculate or plan before-
toward, Ex. 22. 23; De. 10. 18; Ps. io. Jews from the malice of Haman, Es. Finer, a worker in gold and silver, corruption of human nature, Ro.7. hand, Da. 11.24,25.
1-4,18;68.5;-threateningsagainstthe 3.6,7:9.24,32. Pr.25. .f. In Ju. 17.4 the word is 25; Ga.5.17;-the motions of it tend- Forehead, the upper part of the face,
oppressors of, Ex.22.23,24;Is.10.1-3; Feathers, the plumes of birds, Le. 1. rendered 'founder,' and in Is. 4:1. 7 ing to sin, Ro.7.5;-not to walk after Ex.28.38; Le.13.4r; Re.1-4.9; 17.5.
Je.5.28,29; Mal. 3. 5;-duties to be 16;Job39.13;Ps.68.13;91.-t:Da.4.33. 'goldsmith.' it, but after the Spirit, 8.9,12; 13.14; Foreigner, one born in, and who has
performed toward, De.14.29; Ps. 82. Feeble, weak, Ge. 30. 42; Ps. 38. 8; :1 Finger of God, the visible effect ofhis -the works of it, Ga. 5. 19;-to be come from another country, Ex. 12.
3; Is.1.17; Ja.1.27;-wrongs against, Co.12.22; 1Th.5.•4; He.12.12. power, Ex.8.19; 31.18; De.9-10; Lu. abstained from, 1 Pe.2.11; 2 Pe.2.i:o. -45; De.15.3; Ob.u; Ep.2.19.
to be avoided, De. 24. 17; Pr. 23.10; Feign, to dissemble, 2 Sa.14-2; i: Ki n.20. ' ~es, swarms of, sent on the Egyp· Foreknowledge of God, or his eter•
Zee. 7. 10; Je. 22. 3;-blessedness of
taking care of, De.14.29; Job 29.12,
13; Je.7.6,7.
1-4.5; Lu.20.20; 2 Pe.2.3.
( Felix, fe'lix [happy], deputy•gover-
nor of Judea (A.D. 53). He enticed
.Fining.pot, melting.pot or crucible,
Pr.'.17.3; 27.21.
Finish, to complete or end, Lu.14.28;
I t1ans, Ex.8.21; Ps.78.45.
Flint, or hard rock, water miracu-
lously brought from, Nu. 20. 1 r: De.
nal acquaintance with all things, as-
sened, Ge.18.18; 1 Ki.22.22; Ac.2.23;
4. 28; Ro.8.29; 2 Ti.1.9; 1 Pe.1.2,20.
Fathers, founders or patriarchs of a Drusilla to divorce Azizus, king of 9.30; Jn.4.34; 5.36;Ac.20.24; Ro.9.28. 8.15; Ps.114.8:-a face or foreMad Foreordain, to fix or appoint before-
tribe, De.1.11; 1 Ki8.34;Mat.3.9;23. Emesa, and then took her as his own Fire from Heaven, destroys Sodom, like, meaning undaunted boldness hand, 1 Pe.1.20.
30; Mar. II.Io; Lu.1.32,73; 6.23,26;- wi'fe;-receives Paul as a prisoner, &c., Ge. 19. 24;---consumes the sa.cri• and courage, Is. 50. 7; Eze. 3. f. Forerunner, a harbinger, one sent~
a title of respect to kings, prophets, Ac.23.33;-hears him plead, 24.10;- fice of Abraham, 15. 17;- the victims Floats, large pieces of timber fastened fore; Christ is so called, He.6.20.
and priests, Ju.17.10; 18.:19; 1 Sa.10. trembles when he hears him preach, offered for Aaron and the people, together to convey goods with the Foreskin, cut off in circumcision, Ge.
u; 2 K.i.2.12; 5. 13; 6. 21 ;-protectors 25;-leaves him to Festus, 27. Le. 9. 2-4~-mingled with hail in the stream, I Ki.5.9; 2 Ch.2.16. r7.11,14; Ex.4.25. Hill of. a place
or guardians, Job 29.16: Ps. 68.5: De. Felloes, the pieces that form the cir- plagues of Egypt, Ex.9. 23 ;-destroys Flock, a company, or drove of sheep near Gilgal where the Israelites were
32. 6;-authors or beginners of any- cumference of a wheel, 1 Ki.7.33. many of the Israelites at Taberah, or goats,distinguished from the herds, circumcised before entering Canaan,
thing called fathers, Ge.+ 21, 22; Fellow, used occasionaUyasanappel- Nu.n.1,&c.;-twohundredand fifty which consisted of oxen ;-attended Jos.5.3.
comp. Job 38.28; Jn.8.-44; Ro.4-12;- lation of contempt, Ge.19.9; Mat.12. in the rebellion of Korab, 16.35;-of by Rachel, Ge. 29. 2, 9;-watched by Forest, a woody and uncultivated traci
the son not to be punished for the 24; 26.fu:; Ac.18.13; 22.22;-associate Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, Jacob, 30. 36;-though cut off from of ground: Solomon built the house
father's transgression, De.24.16:Eze. or equal, Zec.13.7;-companion, Da. Le. :ro. 2;---consumes the sacrifice of the fold, Hab.3.x7. of the, 1 Ki.7.2;-Asaph keeper of the
18.20;-power of, Ex.22.i:7; Nu.30.3, 2.13. Gideon, Ju.6.21;- )f Manoah, 13.19; Flood, Ge. 7. 8:-not to return again, king's, Ne.2.8;-ofthe south, an em•
5: 12.1-4; De.21.18,21. Fellowship of the Saints, with God, --of Elijah at Mount Carmel, 1 Ki. 8.20,21; l.s.54.9. See DELUGE. blem of the state of Israel, Eze.20.45;
fathom, the space one may cover by 1Jn.1.3; 1 Co.i..9;-with one another, 18.38;-of Solomon at the dedication Flourish, to bud, spring forth, appear -of cedars on Lebanon, 2 Ki. 19.23;
stretching both arms laterally, about 1 Jn. 1.7. See COMMUNION. of the temple, 2 Ch. 7. 1;-destroys beautiful, Ps.72.7,16; 92.7,12; Pr.n. Ho. 14.5,6;-of Carmel, Is.31,24:-in
six feet, Ac.27.28. Fenced, protected, Job 10. n; 19. 8; those who were sent to take Elijah, 2 28; Is.17.u. Arabia, 21. 13.
lault, an 0ffence, committed by a Is.5. 2; Je. 15. 20; ize. 36. 35;-cities, Ki.I. 10,12;---coals of fire an emblem Flowers, were in great variety and Forfeited, lost or alienated 1-y fault
brother, should be told to him, Mat. 2 Ch. n. 10, 23; 12. 4; Nu. 32. 17, 36; of the fate of Israel, Eze.10.1;-the abundance in Palestine, yet seldom or crime, Ezr.10.8.
18. 15;-thosewhoareovertaken with, Jos.10.20; 19. 35; 2 Ki.3. 19. world at last to be destroyed by, 2 spoken of except in the analogy they Forgetfulness of God and our Duty.
to be tenderly treated, Ga.6. 1;-to Fens, miry places, Job40.21. Pe.3.7. afford to the transitory life of man, dangerous, De.4.9; 6.12; 8.u; 2 Ki.
be mutually confessed by Christians, Ferret, the animal usually known by Firkin, the amj,ltora, a liquid mea- Job 14.2; Ps.103.15; Is.28.1;Ja.1.10; 17.38; Ps ..f4.17,20; Pr.3.1; Ja.1.25;-
Ja. 5. 16 this name is of the weasel family, sureequaltoabath,containingabout ·1 Pe.1.24. punishment of, De. 8. 19; 1 Sa. 12. 9:
Favour, kindness, good-will, Ge.39. but that mentioned in Le. n. 30 is 9 gallons, Jn.2.6. Flute, a musica1 pipe well known, Ps.9.17; Je.18.15-17; Ho.8.14-
:JI; Ps.5.12. 30.5,7~ 44.3;89.I7; Lu.2. supposed to have been of the lizard j Firmament [the expansion), the visi- Da. 3. 5, 7, 10, 1s;- 'minstrels,' M at.9. Forgetfulness of FavoUJ:B, censured,
52; Ac.7. 10. species ca1led the gecko. ! bl11 heavens, Ge. 1.17,20; Ps.19.1; Da. 23,24, were players on. Ec.9.,5;-of Pharaoh's butler to Jo-
Fear. motives to it, De. 32. 39; 1 Sa. Ferry-boat, a boat for passage, 2 Sa. 1 12.3. Fluttering,brooding like young birds, seph, Ge.-40.23; .fI.9.
2.6; 2 Ki. 17.36; Job 13.11; 28.28; Ps.
76.7. u:1. 10; 130. 4: Pr. 1.7; 14. 26; Je.
19. 18.
Fervency, heat or ardour of spirit, re•
I Fint-bom, not to be disinherited, De.
21.15;-of the Israelites claimed by
De.32.11.
Flux, a dysentery, Ac.28.8.
Forgiveness, examples of: in Christ
to his crucifiers, Lu. 23. 34;-in Ste-,
5.n; 10.6,7. Mat.to.28: Lu.12.5. .quired in serving God, Ro.12.11;- God, as a memorial of the destruc• Flying, moving with wings, Le.11.21, phen to his murderers, Ac. 7. 6o;-in
- - , opposed to presumptio~ Pr. in Christian charity or love, 1 Pe. .f.8. tion of those of the Egyptians, EX. 23; Ps. 148.10; Re.4.7. · Joseph to his brethren, Ge.50.20,21:
28.1-4; Ro u.20; 1Co,10.12; Phi2.12; Fervent, ardent, Ro.12. 11;Ja.$- 16; 13.2;-and alsoof theireattle, n; De. Foaming, casting froth as a raging -in David, 1 Sa.24.7; 2 Sa.19.18-23;
Ho.4-1; 12.28~ 1 Pe.1.17. 1 Pe-4,8; 2 Pe.3.10. 15.19;-to be ransomed, Ex.34.20;- sea, Mar.9.20; Jude '.13;-'foam upon -in Paul, 2 Ti.•· 16.
- - , happy effects of it, Ps. 25. 12; Festus, fes 1tus [joyful], the governor of the poor, the most miserable of the the water,· Ho.i:0.7. Forgiveness of Sin, a blessing which
n2 1; Pr.9- '.lo: 16.6; i:9.23; 22. 4; Ee. of Judea who succeeded Felix (A. o. poor, Is. 14.30;-of death, Job 18. 13; Fod~er, 1!3Y, s~w,Job 6.5; -render- God only can bestow, Is.43.25; 55.7;
8.12, 6o); hears Paul plead, Ac.25.7;--his -Christ the 'First-born of every 0
ed corn, 24.6, provender, ls.30.24. Da.9.9: Mi.p8,x9: Mar.•· 1, Lu.5.
- , marks of i~ Pr.8. 13. 1:+2,16, account ofhim to Agrippa, 1-4;-hears creature,' Col.1.15;-a name of hon• Folds, pens for sheep, Nu.32.24; Ps. 21;-given through Christ, Ac.5.3r:
16.ti. him again in the presence of Agrippa, our, Ex.4.22; Je.31.9; Ps.89.27. 50.9; Je.23.3; Zep.2.6. '.13, 38; 2 Co.5.19; Ep. '.I. 7: 4. 32:-in-
- , the effecto(guilt, Gc.3 8: ,4.14; 26.1. &c. First-fruits, the law relating to them, Follow Christ, to do so includes at• cludes all sin, even the most ~
3a. nAc..16.38; 24-25 Ja. 2 .19- , Fetch, tC? bring, or aea? a thing to- Ex.u.29; 23.19; 3-4.26;-theofferings tendancc on hi& doctrines, Jn.10.27; Tated, Je.33.8; Is.I.JS; Ezc.18.2:1; 'D
169
FOX FURLONG GALATIA GARNISH GENEROSITY
.ti; Mat. 12. 31; Mar. 3. 28; Col.2.13; is j'ackal, an animal very common or about one-ninth of an English onia placed under a Roman gover- Garrison, a place of defence, r Sa. 11
-is freely conferred on the sinner, in Pa!estine and Asia Minor. mile, Lu.24.13; Jn.6.19; n.18. nor. Here Paul preached the gospel 23;-a band of soldiers, 2 Co.u.32, ·
Js. 43. 25; Re. 22. 17 ;-is complete. Fragments, broken pieces of meat, Furnace, sharp and grievous affiic• and planted churches (about A.D. 53), Gate, the entrance into a city, ~ou.se.
Ro.8.1,33,34; -is promised to aU who not to be lost, Mat.14.20; Jn.6.12. tions, Eze. 22. 18, 20, 22;-a place Ac.16.6; 18.23;-to these churches he &c., Ju.16.3;-t.o heaven strau, and
repent, and believe on Christ, Ex. 34. Frail, easy to be broken or destroyed; where a vehemen: fire may be ex- wrote his epistle to the Galatians, that of destruct10n broad, Mat. 7. 13:
6; 2 Ch.7.14; Ps. 32. 1; 103. 3; 130.4; man is, Ps.39.4. cited, Da. 3. 6, n, 15, 19;-hell, 1Iat. Ga.r.2. About A.D. 266 it was over- --of a city, a place of judicial Pro-
Pr.28.r3; Is.r.r8; 55.7; Je.31.34; Da. Frame, form, construction, Ps.103.14; 13.42,50. run by the Goths, and afterwards be- ceedings, De. 17.5; Am.5. 10; 12.15.
~.9,24; Mar.I. 4; Lu.1.77; 3.3; 24.47; Eze.40.2. Furnish, to supply, De.15.14; Ps.78. came a province of Turkey. It is Gath [a wine-press], one of the five
Ac.2.38; 5.31; 8.22: 10.43; 13.38; Ro. Frankincense, a sweet-smelling gum, 19; Is.65.n; Je.46.19. now called A"atolia. cities of the Philistines, the birthplace
3.25; Col.1.14;He.8.12;Ja.5.15; 1 anciently burned in temples, now Furrows, a long opening of the ground Galbanum, a resinous gum, an in- of Goliath, 1 Sa. 17. 4;-David con.
Jn.2. 12;-procured alone by Christ's sometimes used in medicine, Ex. 30. with a plough, Job 31. 38; Ps. 65. 10; gredient in the sacred incense, Ex. quered it, 2 Sa. 8. 1;-Uzziah brake
blood or sacrifice, Mat.26.28; Ep. 1.7; 34;Le.2.1:Mat.2.11. Called 'irank,' 129.3; Eze.17.7,10: Ho.10.4,10. 3o.34. down its walls, 2 Ch.26.6;-Anakims
TIL~.14; He.9.14,22; 1Jn.1. 7; Re.I. because of the freeness with which it Further, to a greater distance, any Galeed, g.ll'e-ed [heap of witness], a were the ancient inhabitants of, Jos.
5;-to be sought with the whole heart, burns and emits its odours. more, Nu. 22. 26; De.20.8; Job 38.n; place so called by Jacob, Ge. 31. 47, 11. 22. It has been identified with
De.4. 29; 1 Ch.28.9; Ps.119.2; Je.29. Fraud. ,See DECEIT. 40.5; Mat.26.39,65. 48. Tell es-sllfieh, a hill 10 miles east of
13; t Th.5. 17. Fray, frighten, De. 28. 26; J e. 7. 33; Zee. Fury, rage, Ge. 27.44; Da. 3.15;-the Galileans, Lu.13.1, a sect among the Ashdod.
~rgiveness of Injuries, command- 1.21. judgments of God, Job 20.23; Is.59. Jews, related to the Pharisees in Gather, to collect, Ge.31.46; 41.35;
ed, Pr.19.n; Mat.6.15; 18.21; Mar. Freckled, full of spots, Le.13.39. r8; Je.36.7. theirreligious views, but differingfrom :Mat.3.12; 6, 26; Jn. 6. 12;-used also
u.25: Lu.6.36; 17.4; Ep.4.32; Col.3. Freedom, true, Jn. 8. 36; Ro. 6. 16; 2 Future State mentioned, or alluded them in their political opinions. The t~ denote man's death or burial, Ju.
13; Ja.2.13. Pe.2.19. to, in the Old Testament, Job 21.30; party was originated by Judas of Ga- 2.10; 2 h.i.22.20· Ge.49.29,33.
Forms and Patterns of prayer and Fret, to vex, I Sa. 1.6; Ps.37.1; Is.8.21. 19.25; Ps.9.17; 16.n; 17.15; Pr.14.32; lilee, who in 'the days of the taxing' Gath-hepher, g.ith-he'fer (the lVine~
thanksgiving appointed, Ex.15.1,20; Friend, Christ is a sincere, Jn. 15.9; Ec.3.17; 11.9; Da.12. 13. taught that all foreign domination press of the wellj, a city of Galilee
Nu.6.22; 10.35; De.21.8; 26.3,5,13, -constant, 13. r ;-disinterested, Ro. - - - - - , no marriages in it, Lu. was unscriptural. The Pharisees at- the ~irthplace of the prophet Jonah:
15; 31.19; Ne.12.46; Mat.6.9~ Lu.u. 5. 6-8;-honourable, Phi. 2. 9;-al. 20. 34 ;-our bodies changed in it, r tempted to identify our Lord and his J os.19.13; 2.Ki.14.25;-called Gittah~
:r,2. mighty, 3. 21 ;---everywhere present, Co. 15. 42, 51, &c. ;-the happiness of disciples with this sect, applying this hepher, Jos. :19.13.
Fornication, forbidden to the Israel- Mat.28.20;---everlasting, He.13.8. it, Re.7.15,21. See HEAVEN, name to them as a term of reproach, Gath.Rimmon, giith-rim'mon [the
ites, Le.19.29; De.23.17;-a law con- Friends, the value of them, Pr. 17. Jn. 7.41,52; Mat.26.69;Mar. 14. 70; Lu. wine·press of the pomegranate1 (1}
cerning it, De. 22. 28 ;-censured in 17; 18. 24; 27. 9, 17;-how separated, 22.59. A city in Dan, Jos. 1v. 45.-(2) An.
general, Pr. 2. 16; 5. 3; 6. 25; 7. 6; 22. 17. 9;-danger from unfaithful ones, Galilee, gal'e'-lee [a circle, circuit], a other in the half-tribe of .Manasseh,
14; 23. 27; 29. 3: 31.3; Ec.7.26; Ho. 4.
:n; Mat.15. 1..9; Mar.7.2i;Ac.15.20;
Ps. 55. 12; Pr. 25. 19;- examples of
such: of Jael to Sisera, Ju.4.18;-of G. large and fertile territory in the north Jos.21.25;-called Bileam, r Ch.6.70.
of Canaan, twenty cities of which Gaza, gJ.'zah [strong], the capital and
Ro. 1. 29: 1 Co. 5. 9; 6. 9, 13, 15; 2 Co. Delilah to Samson, 16. 4, &c. :-of Solomon gave to Hiram, 1 Ki.9. n; stronghold of the Philistines, situated
12. 21; Ga. 5.19; Ep.5.3,5; 1 Th.4.3; 1 Ruth to Naomi, Ru. 1. 16, 17;-of -the upper part was called Galilee towards the southern extremity of
Ti.1.10; He.12.16; 13. 4; Re. 2.14, 20; JoabtoAbner, 2Sa.3.27;-t0Amasa, Gaal, ga'al [contempt], the son of <if the Gentiles, from its containing Canaan, and about sixty miles south•
21.8; 22.15. See WHOREDOM. 20.9;-of the friends of David; Ps. 38. Ebed, conspires against Abimelech, many Gentile inhabitants: their dia- west of Jerusalem; was an important
Fornication, motives to avoid it, Pr. n:41.9;-of Judas to Jesus, Mat.26. Ju.9.22;-defeated by him, 34. lect was corrupted, and hence Peter city before the time of Abraham, Ge.
·2.16; 5.3; 6.24; 7.5; 9.18; 29.3; Ho.4. 48. Ga.a.sh, ga'ash [a tumult], a hiIJ of was detected by his speech, Mar. 14. x.;-wasinhabited bytheAvims, De.
ro; r Co. 6. 18; Ep. 5.5; Col. 3. 5; He. - - - , examples of sincere and Ephraim: here Joshua was buried, 70;-here Christ dwelt from his youth, 2.23, and Anakims, Jos. 11.22;-taken
13.4; Jude 7; Re.21.8; 22. 15. steadfast: Jonathan and David, 2 Sa. Jos.24.30;-mention is made of the Mat. 2. 22, 23;-from it he came to by the tribe of Judah, J u.1.18 ;-Sam.
- - - - - , . laws relating to it, Ex. 1.26;-Barzillai and David, 17.27; 19. 'brooks of Gaash,' 2 Sa. 23. 30; i.e. John the Baptist, 3. 13;-here he son carried away the gates of, 16.1,
22.16; Le.19.20;-the price of it not 32; 1 Ki. 2. 7;-Paul and Titus, 2 Co. valleys or water~courses. preached and performed miracles, 4. 3 ;-here he was confined, 21 ;-Philip
to be given to the sanctuary, De.23. 2.13;-Paul and Timothy, 2 Ti. 1.2. Gabbatha, gab'ba-tha [high, el1,- 23, 24;-here he met with his fol- the evangelist goes towards it, Ac.
18. Fringes, hems or borders on gar. vated], the Hebrew name of the judg- lowers after his resurrection, 28. 7; 8. 26. I ts modern name is Ghuzzeh,
- - - - - of Judah, Gc.38.2,15;- ments, Mat. 9. 20; 14. 36;-laws con- ment-seat in Pilate's palace, whence Mar.16.7;-churches in, Ac.9.31. containi11g about 1500 inhabitants.
of Zimri and Cozbi, Nu. 25. 6;-of cerning them, Nu.15.37; De.22.12. he pronounced sentence of death on - - - (SEA OF), l\Iat. 4. r8; 15. 29; Gazing, looking earnestly, Na. 3.6; Ac.
Samson, Ju. :i:6. 1, &c. Frogs, one of the plagues inflicted on Christ, Jn.19.13;-called in Greek by Mar.1.16. See GENNESARETH. r.n; He.10.33.
- - - - , signifying wl:oredom of Egypt, Ex. 8. 2;-mentioned in the a word rendered 'pavement.' Gall, a bitter herb or root, perhaps Geba, ge'bah [a hill], a city of the tribe
married persons, Mat.5.32; 19.9. visions of John, Re. 16. 13. Gabriel,gil.1 brr-el (God is my strength], hemlock, De. 29. :i:8; 32.32; Ho. 10. 4; of Benjamin, given to the priests, Jos.
- - - - - , the sin of idolatry, 2 Frontlets. This word occurs only in an archangel, appears to Daniel, Da. .Mat.27.34;-anything bitter, pernici- 21.17. Identified with the village of
Ch.21.u; Ere.16.29. Ex. 13. 16; De. 6. 8; n. 18; and the 8.16; 9.21;-to Zacharias, Lu.1.19;- ous, or distressing, Je.8.14; La. 3.·5, Jeba, about six miles north of Jerusa-
Fona.k.e, God will not, his own people, meaning of the injunction there is, to the Virgin Mary, 26. 19;-an unrenewed state, Ac.8.23;- lem.
Ps.94.14; He. 13.5;-when he does, in that they should keep the statutes Gad [a troop], (1) The seventh of also an animal fluid secreted by the Gebal, ge'bal [mountain], a city or dis-
appearance, it is only fora short time, of God distinctly in view. But soon jacob's sons, the first-born of Zilpah, liver, Ps.69.21; Job 16.13; 20.14,25. trict on the north of Canaan, within
Is.54.7,8; 49.14-16; Ne.9.31. after the return from Babylon the Ge. 30. II ;-had seven sons, 46. 16 ;- Gallant, brave, Is.33.21:. the territories of Phcenicia, where the
Foraakingtheassembliesofthesaints, Jews gave these commands as to his descendants, 1 Ch. 5. n;-his in- Galleries, upper rooms, or passages Giblitesdwelt,famousasstone-hcwers
condemned, He. 10. 25. •frontlets' a literal interpretation, and heritance, Jos. 13. 24;-Moses' bless- and seats above stairs, Eze. 41. 15; and ~hip•calkers, Eze.27.9; Jos.13.5;
Forsaking God, involved in forsaking had portions of the law written on ing on, De.33.22.-(2) A prophet who 4 2 ·3· r Ki.5.18. Now called Jeb,il.
his ordinances, 2 Ch. 29. 6;-in for- pieces of parchment, and worn as adhered to David under the perse- Galle)', a ship rowed with oars, ls.33. Gebim., ge'bim [thl! ditchesJ, a place
saking his covenant, De.29.25; 1 Ki. badges about their persons. The cutions of Saul, I Sa. 22. 5;--sent by 2I, near Jerusalem, mentioned only in ls.
19. ro; Je. 22. 9;-in trusting in man, passages thus written were these four: God to David, to propound to him Gallim, gal'lim [heaps], a little vil- 10.31.
Je.:17.5;-prosperity a temptation to, Ex. 13. 2-:10, n-21; De. 6. 4~; u. 18- the choice of one of three plagues, lage of Benjamin, about 4 miles north Gedaliah, ged-a-li'ah [made great by
De.32. 15; Pr.30.8,9; N e.9.25,26; Ho. 21. These strips of parchment were for proudly numbering the people, 2 of Jerusalem, 1 Sa.25.44; Is.10.30. Jehovah], son of Ahikam, made go.
13. 6;- entails severe punishment, ro!Jed up and put into a small case, Sa. 24. r r ;-wrote a history of David"s Gallio, gal'li•o, the J>roco1_1sul ofAchaia vernor of the Jews who were left by
De.28.20; 29.24,25; Ps.89.30-32; ls.1. which they bound to the centre of life, 1 Ch. 29. 29. (A.D. 53), and brother of Seneca, the Nebuchadnezzar, Je. 40. 7;-murder-
28; Je.2.19; Ho.4.6. their foreheads. See PHYLACTERIES. Gadara, gH.d'a•ra, one of the ten cities celebrated moralist. the Roman go- ed, .p.2.
Forswear, to break an oath or vow, Frost,notwithstandingtheheatofthe called Decapolis, the metropolis of vernor at Corinth, Ac. 18. :12;-did not Oeder, ge'der, or GEZER [a wa11], one
forbidden, Mat.5.33. day in the Holy Land, is often severe Peraea, about six miles from the Sea concern himself with the controver- of the thirty-one ancient royal towns
Forthwith, speedily, without delay, at night, Ge.31.40; Job37.10; Ps.:.:47. of Tiberias, where Christ permitted sies between the religious parties ex- of the Canaanites whose kings were
Ezr.6.8; Mat.13.5; Mar. 1.29;Ac.9.18. 16. the devils he had ejected to destroy isting around him, 17. defeated by Joshua, Jos.12.13;-may
Fortress, a stronghold, or place of Frugality, thrift or careful sparing, a herd of swine, Lu. 8. 26-37. Its Gallows, a gibbet, for executing a be identified with Gedor, 15.58;-and
protection; the Lord is to his chil- recommended, Pr. 18.9; Jn.6.12. ruins are called Um-Keis. malefactor, Es.6.4; 7.10; 9. 13. In Ge. Beth.Geder, r Ch.2.57.
dren, Ps.18.2; 31.3; 71..3; 91.2; 1.4-4-2;, I Fruits, of the Spirit, or gracious habits Gadarenes, gid-a.reens', inhabitants 40.19 and De.21.22,23, the word is Gederah, ge-de'rah [the sheepfoldl, a
Je.16.19. pruduced in believers, mentioned, of Gadara, Mar.5. r; Lu.8.26,37. rendered 'tree.• city of Judah, Jos.15.36.
Fortunatus. for-tu-nll'tus [prosper- Ga. 5. 22, 23;-meet for repentance, Gaddest, ramblest about, Je.2.36. Gamaliel, ga.ma'Je'.el [recompense of Gederoth, ged•e'roth [sheepfolds]. a
ous], a disciple of Corinth, a friend Mat.3.8;-ofrighteousness, Phi.I.II. Gad.di, gad'dy (my army], one of the God], a celebrated Pharisee, and town in the ',·alley' of Judah,Jos.15.
of Paul, 1 Co.16.17. Frustrate, to defeat or make void; men sent by Moses to spy the land of rabbi or doctor of the law; his advice 41 ;-taken by the Philistines, 2 Ch.
Forwardness, alacrity, the utmost men hired to, Ezr. 4. 5;-the apostle Canaan, Nu.13.n. respecting the apostles, Ac. 5. 34;- 28.18.
willingness, 2 Co.9.2. Paul did not, the grace of God, Ga. Gaddie!, gad'dl•el [fortune sent by Paul's tutor, 22.3. <khazi, ge-ha'zi fvalley of vision], the
Found, what is so to be restored, Le. 2. 21. God], of the tribe of Zebulon, which Gamm.adi.ms, gAm'm&.-dims [cubit• servant of the prophet Elisha, made,
6. 3. Fuel, aliment for fire, ls.9.5,19; Eze. ?e _rcp~es_ented as one of the twelve high men, pigmies; others render the a leper for his falsehood and deceit,
Foundation, Christ is, on which we 1 15.4; 21.32. spies, Nu. :13. Io. word, short-swords men, watchmen], 2 Ki.5.27.
are required to build our faith, and j Fugitive, a runaway or deserter, Ge. Gadites, gad' ites, descendants of soldiers placed in the towers of Tyre, Geliloth, gCl'Y-loth [circles, circuits],a
hopes of salvation, Is.28.16; 1 Co.3. 4.12: Ju.12.4. Gad the patriarch, De.3.12; Jos.22.1. Ezc.27.n. city of Benjamin, Jos. 18. 17;-called
u; Mat. 16. 18; Ac. 4. :12;-'the faun- Fnlfil]ed., the Old Testament pro-- Gain, unjust, will not profit, Pr.10.2; Gamul, ga'mul [weaned], one of the Gilgal, 15.7.
dation of the apostles and prophets,' 1 phecies concerning Christ were, Mat. 28.8. priesthood in David's reign, I Ch. Gemariah, ge'm.a-ri'ah [whom Jeho..
1
Ep. 2. 20, refers to the doctrines they 1. 22; 2. 15; 8. 17; 12. 17; 13. 35; 21. 4; Gainsaying, contradicting, speaking 24.17. vah has made perfect], (1) Son of Hil•
taught, and these rest on Jesus, 'the 27.35. See PROPHECY. against, Lu. 21. 15; Ac.10.29; Ro. ro. Gaped, stared, Job 16.10; Ps.22.1.3. kiah, sent by Zedekiah to Babylon
chief corner•stone;'-the everlasting Fuller, one who cleanses and dresses 21; Tit.1.9. Garden, Ge.21.33; Nu.24.6; ls.1.8;- with tribute•money for. Nebuchad-
will of God, 2 Ti. 2. 19. cloth, 2 Ki.18.17; ls.7.3; 36.2; Mal.3. Gaius, ga'yus [earthly], (t) A noted church likened to, Ca. •· 12; Is. 58. nezzar;-took charge of Jeremiah's
Founder, one who casts figures of 2; Mar.9.3. Christian at Corinth, in whose house II. letter, Je.29.3.-(2) Son of Shaphan,
melted metal, by pouring it into Fulness of Christ, the abundance of the disciples were wont to assemble; Garlands, a kind of crowns, placed a scribe in the time of J ehoiakim, Jc.
moulds, Ju. 17.4; Je.6.29; 10.9,14. grace with which he was filled, Jn. 1. was baptized by Paul, Ro. 16. 23; 1 on the head of animals to be sacri- 36. 11-20.
Fountain, spring of water, Ge.16.7; 16:-the church is also called the Co. 1. 14.-(2) A Macedonian who ficed, Ac.14.13. Gender, to get, or breed with young,
-perpetual, valued greatly, Ps.36.7, /ulness ef Christ, because it makes accompanied Paul to Ephesus, Ac. Garlick, a well•known plant, m~ch Le.19.19;-to produce or give rise to,
9: Is.<4-9.10; Je.2.13;-used to denote him a complete or perfect Head. He 10. 29.-(3) A Christian to whom John used in Egypt, N u.11. 5;-now known 2 Ti.2.23; Job 38.29; Ga.4.24.
chil~ren, De.33.28; Pr.5.16;-opened is not a l\Iediator full and complete addressed his third epistle (A.D. 92). by the name of shalot or eschalot Genealogies, lists or records of ances-
for sm, Zec.13.x. . without his mystical body, Ep.r.23. Galatia, ga-18.'shi-a. The Galatians (A Ilium escalonium). tors;-preserved with extraordinary
Fowler, one who catches fowls, Ps. Fulness of the Godhead bodily, were of Celtic origin. After various Garment, any covering for the body, care, Ezr. 2. 62; He. 7. 3;-origin of
91. 3: Pr.6.5; Ho.9.8. substantially, orfulnessofperfections wanderings they crossed over into Ge.9. 23;25.25;Ps.6g.n; 102.26:Mat. that of Israel aud Judah, 1 Ch. 9. 1,
Fowls, when created, Gc.1.20. essential to God, Col.2.9. Asia Minor, and (about n.c. 28o) set• 9. 16,20; Re.1. 13. See CLOTHES. &c. ;-of David, Ru.4.18;-of Jesus,
Fox, a wild animal of the dog kind,
remarkable for its cunning, Ju. 15. "4-:
La. 5. 18: Eze. 13. <4-; Mat. 8. 20;-
I Fulness of Time, the period fixed {or
Christ's advent, Ga.<4-.4; Ep . r. ro.
Furbished, burnished or polished,
tied in that part of Phrygia which Garner, the old form of the word
was afterwards called Galatia, or
Gallo-Graecia. About n. c. 26 they
grannry, a storehouse or barn for
com, Ps.144.13; Joel 1.17; Mat.3.12;
Mat. r. 1,&c.; Lu. 3. 23,&c. ;-cautions
to guard against foolish quCitiom
about, r Ti.1.<4-; Tit.3.9.
Herod, the tetrarch of Galilee, so Eze.21.9,n,28. were conquered by the Romans, and Lu.3.17. General, common, He.12.23:--a com•
called, on account of his craftines&, Furlong, a Greek measure of dis- their country was made a Roman Garnish, to adorn, 2 Ch.3.6; Job a6, mander, I Ch. 27. 34.
~- 13 ,-. Some thiak that this word ta.nee, a stadi,m,.., equal to 6o6¾ feet, province, and together with Lyca... 13; MaLu.44; Re.21.z9. Ge11ero1i\y, or liberality recomm.cad-
/ . 170
a.ETHSEMANE GIBBETHON GILOH GNOSTICS GOD
. Pr.u. 24 : 18.16; 19.6; 21. with a lo\V inclosure of ~ones. There town of the Philistines, which with Gilomte, gJ'lon-ite, an inhabita1it of Goad, a stio, or pole about 8 feet
ed,Dcc:5·7•7 .-of Israel to the cap. stand in it c:ight venerable-looking its 'suburbs' was assigned to the Ko- Giloh, the designation of Ahithophe1, long, armed with a sharp piece of
s6; • il~d;h, 2 Ch. 28. 15;--0f Jo- olives, which seem as if they might ha,thites, Jos. 21. 23; retaken by the
Philistines, 1 Ki.15.27; 16.15.
2 Sa.15.12; 23.34.
Gin, an old English word for trap, a
iron, to drive oxen with, Ju.3.31; 1
Sa.13.2r; Ec.12.u.
have remained from time immemo-
ban:.
- t Gedaliah, Je.40.13.
[beginning], th~ first book of
Gell ol Scriptures, mcludmg the
rial.
Gezer, ge'zer [a place, a precipice],
Gibeah, or G1B:EATH, gib'e-ah, or gib'-
e-ath [a hill], (1) Of Judah, Jos. 15.
snare, Ps.140.5; 141.9.
Girding, or tucking up and binding
Goats, used in the sin-offerings, Le.
3.12; 4.24;-sins of the people con-
thC Ii ~ the world from the crea- a Canaanitish royal city, the king 57.-(2) bf Saul, also called 'Gibeah around them, their loose and flowing fessed on the head of the scapegoat,
~istory ~he death of Joseph! during of which was slain by Joshua, J as. of Benjamin,' Ju.xix.-xxi. ;-was the garments, necessary to fit the Jews and then it was suffered to escape, or
non to enty _four generauons, or 10.33:-taken by Pharaoh, and given native place of Saul, 1 Sa.10.26;-its for a journey, or for laborious exer- let loose into the wilderness, 16.21,22;
abOut tw
2369 :::::th, ge-nes'a-reth (SEA OF),
QeJ1D - the Holy Land, about 14
to Solomon, I Ki. 9. 16;-probably
identical with the modern U m-R u.sk
on the Jaffa road.
inhabitants abuse the wife of a Le-
vite, which occasions a war with the
tribe of Benj2.min, Ju.19.22;-the in-
tion, and therefore often mentioned,
zKi.18.46; 2Ki.4.29; Jn.13.4;.figu-
ratively, being prepared for action,
-figurative of princes, &c., Je.50.8;
Zec.10.3; Da.8.5,8:-wild, called the
ibex, or mountai11 goat, described,Job
a.Jak~ Ill and
7 broad in the widest Ghost (HoLY), or HOLY SPIRIT, his habitants fled from it, Is. 10.29. 1Pe.1.13. 39. I ;-represent the wicked at the
JDiles ~~urface is 653 feet below the names and characters: Spirit of God, Gibeon, gib'e-on [belonging to a hill], Girgashites, gir'gash-ites, a tribe of day of judgmenr, Mat.25. 33.
~ ( the Mediterranean. Called Ge.1.2: Mat.3.16;-Spirit of the Fa- one of the four cities of the Hivites; the ancient Canaanite.., Ge.10.15,16; Gob [cistern, a pit], a place on the
IeveM°oses the Sea '2( Chz'nneret~, ther, Mat.10.20;-Spirit of Christ, x its inhabitants artfully deceive] oshua -their country promised to Abra- border of the Philistines, where they
by ·-the New 'l estament wnt- Pe.:r.u;-Spirit of '{race, He.10. 29; and the Israelites, Jos. 9. 3 ; - con .. ham's seed, 15. 18-21;-subdued by were signally defeated by David's
Nu.~/~; the Sea of Galilee, M:at ..4,' -Spirit of holiness~ Ro. 1. 3 ;-Spirit demned. to servitude for thei,· impos- Joshua, Jos.24.n. warriors, 2 Sa. 21. 18, 19 ;-probably
ePS . Mar. 1 . 1 6;-the Sea of Tl- of truth, Jn. 14. 17;-the Comforter, ture, 27 ;-near it the Lord destroyed Gitta.im, git-ta'im [two wine-presses], the same as Gezer, 1 Ch. 20. 4.
2
iS;?;; )~:6.
1 , 23 ;-and the ~ea of 14.26; 15.26. the Canaanites by hail and thunder, a city of the Benjamites, to which the Goblet, a bowl or large cup, Ca.7.2.
~IU'~artlk, Lu. 5. 1 ;-on this lake - - - - , his personality in the 10.10, u ;-over it the sun and moon Beerothites fled, 2 Sa. 4. 3 :-was re- God, his unity, Ex.20.3; De.4.35,39;
Godhead appears, from his being stood still a whole day, 12, n:-a built after the captivity, Ne.11.33. 5.7; 6.4; 32.39: Ps 86.10; Is 37.16;43.
?t;~4
.t!med the storm, l\13:t. 8. 26;
_.;; Lu.a. 24 ;-here his dtsciple~
were accustomed to fish, Lu.5.4-n.
joined with the Father and the Son
in baptism and the apostolic bene-
famine on account of the crueltV of
Saul towards, 2 Sa.21.1. A small.vil-
Gittites, git'tites [ wine-presses], the
inhabitants of Gath, Jos.13.3; 2 Sa.6.
10; 44.6;45.5; Je.10.rn: Jn. 17.3; 1Co.
8. 4-6; Ga. 3. 20; Ep.4.6; 1 Ti. 2.5;-a
diction, l\,fat.28. 19; 2 Co.13.14;-from lage remains, called el-Jib, about 0 10,n; 15.19,22. spirit, Jn. 4. 2-4; 1 Tt. t, 17: 6. 16;--in-
02
J ~;ih
· (LAND oF), Mat.14.34: personal affections ascribed to him, miles north-west from Jerusalem. Gittith, git'tith, Ps. xxxviii. Jxxxi. visible, Ex.33.20: Jn. x. 18; 5.37; Ro.
a:i:
ofthe
6_54 distric,t on
;-a the west shore
lake, near Capernaum, J n. 6.
Ep. 4. 30; Ro. 15. 30:-personal ac- Gideon, gid'e-on [breaker], the young-
tions; such as coming, testifying, re- est son of J oash, and a judge of Israel;
lxxxiv. (jnscrip.) 'Upon Gittith,' de-
1.otes a particular musical instrument
1.20; Col. r. 15; 1 Ti. 6. 16; He. u. 27;
1 Jn. 4. 12;-true God, Je. 10. 10:-
c~iving, showing, teaching, hearing, -called also Jerubbaal, Jc. 6. 32; 1 or ~une. living God, Da.4.34; 6.26; Ac. 14. 15;
~:Jjes, all nations beside the Jews, speaking, sending, forbidding, not Sa.12. II ;-called by an angel to de- Gl~ess, joy, exultation, Nu.10.10; 1Th. 1.9; He. 9. 14; to. 31;-God and
their heathen state, Ro.1.21; _2. :4; 1 suffering, helping, &c., Jn.14.16,26; liver his country from the l\Iidianites, Ps.4.7; 30. u; Is. 16. 10; 30.29; .l\Iar. Lord alone, 2 Ki. 19.15; Ne. 9. 6; Ps.
Co.12. 2: Ep. 2. r,_1::e_; 4. 17~-muma- 15.26; 16.7-14~ Ac.13.2,4: 16.61 7; Ro. Ju.6. 1:2;-the angel gives him a proof 4.16; Lu. 1:. 14; Ac.2.46: 12.14. 33.18: 86.10: Is.37.16,20;-none else,
tions of their admission to the bless- 8. 26;-personal ltonours, .l\iat.28.19; of his commission, 21 ;-obtains ar.- Glass, was invented in the twelfth or besides him, De.4. 35; 2 Sa. 7. 22:
. ii of the gospel, Is.42. x; 49.6,22; 2 Co.13.14• other assurance in answer to his pray- century. L0oking-glasses, Ex.38.8; 22. 32; 2 Ki.5. 15; Is.44 6,8; 45.5,6,14,
:.:a: 65. 1; Je.16.19; Ho.2.23; Joel2.
,; Mi.-4.i; Zep.3.9_; Mal.~.n; Mat•.
- - - - - , his sujreme Godhead,
as equal with the Father and the Son,
ers, by the dew on the fleece, while all
was dry around, &c., 3fi-40;--delivers
Job 37. 18; t Co. 13. 12; 2 Co.3. 18; Ja.
1.23, were made c;fpolished metal,as
18,21, 22; 46.9; Ho.13.4:-none with
him, De. 32. 39;-none before him,
3
s.n; Lu.2,32; 3.6. 24.47, Jn.10.1_6. appe~rs from his being called God, his country from the Midianites, 7. 16; tin, silver, &c. or self-existing, Ex. 3. 14; Is.41.4:-43.
Ac.io,is;-the terms of their admis- Ac. 5. 3, 4;-the LoRD, or 7eJwvah, -pacifies the Ephraimites, 8. r ;-re- Gleanings, at the har:rest, to be left 10; 44.6; 48.12; Re.1.17; 22.13;-none
sion, Ac. 8. 37 ;-proper members of 28.25, compared with Is.6.8,9; He.3. fuses the government, 22;-his ephod for the poor and strang·er, Le. 19. 9; like him, or to be compared to him,
the Christian church, Ep. 2. 19, &c.: 7,9, with Ex.17.7; He.10.15,16, with the occasion ofidolatry, 27;-his sons 23. 22 ;--of the vintage, De. <?4.20. Ex.8.10; 9.14; 15.1r; De. 4.12; 33.26;
-Jiould respect the J ew1sh converts, Je.31.31,34;-from the essential per. and death, 29. Glede, an old English word for the 2 Sa 7.22; 1 Ch. 17. 20; Ps.35.10; 86.8;
Ro.1,.18. fections of God ascribed to him; such Gideoni, gid-e-5'n1 [a breaker], the common kite, a well-known bird of 89.6; Is.40. 18; 46. 5, 9; Je. 10. 6, 7, ro;
Gentle, meek, quiet, and. mild, the aseternale.ristence,He.9.14;-onwi• father of Abidan, a prominent man of prey, De.14.13. In the parallel pas- -blessed, Ps.119.12;Ro.1.25: 1:Ti.1.
servants of the Lord reqmred to be, science, 1 Co. 2. g-II;-omnijJresence, the tribe of Benjamin, Nu.r.n; 2.22; sage, Le.n.14, the word 'vulture' J.S II; 6. 15;-his name to be revered,
1
Ti. 2 .2-4; Tit.3.2 ;-the apostl~s were, Ps.139. 7-12; 1 Co. 3. 16 ;-omnij)otence, 7.6o,65. used. De.5.u;-his great majesty, Hab.3.
1 Th. 2. 7:-the wisdom that ts frol:'1 I Co. J2, ,t-n;--rvork.r competent to Gier-eagle [vulture-eagle], about the Gloominess, want of light, or making J;-incomprehensible, Job 11. 7; Ps.
above is, Ja.3.17;-gentleness a !nut God only were pe,formed by him; size of a raven, with a singular bald, the heavens dark with clouds, or 14:;. 3;-his superiority to idols, Is.
of the Spirit, Ga. 5. 22;-exemphfied such as creating agency in forming triangular head, Le. II. 18; De.14.17. swarms of locusts, Joel a.a,a--elea&Oll 40.1'.!, &c. :41.21 ;44.9; 45.20; 46.5; Je.
by Christ, 2 Co. 10. r. the body of Christ, Lu.1.35;-ano1iit- Supposed to be the species known as of judgments, Zep.1.1.5- IQ.12,'-the creator of all things, Ge.
Qenuba.th, gt\n'u-bath, or ~e'nu-bat?, i'ng and qualifying him for his work, the white carrion vulture of Egypt. Glorify, to render gfonous, Ac.3.13; ,. ,, &c.; Ne. 9. 6; Job 26. 7; Ps. 33. 6;
son of Hadad, an Edom1te, born m 4. 18;-rai"sing him from the dead, See EAGLE. 2Pe.1.17. 89.n; 1'\8.5; Pr. 3. 19; Is.3-4.1; -45. 18;
the palace of Pharaoh, 1 Ki.n.20. Ro.8.11 ;--ef(ectually c,mvincingmen Gifts (SPIRITU' AL), extraordinary en- Glorify God, to honour him, directly Je. 14. 22; Zee. 12. 1:-his works un-
,1erah [a berry], the smallest weight, of their sins, Jn. 16. 8;-savingly endowments of the Holy Spirit, what prescribed, t Ch. 16.28; Ps. 22. 23; Is. searchable, Ee. 8. 17 ;-the governor
and also the smallest coin among the lightening their minds, 1 Co. 2. 10;- they were, and rules concerning the 42. 12;-required in all we do, 1 Co. of all things, Ps. 22. 28; 135. 6:-our
Hebrews,=~10 th part of a shekel, Ex. regenerating their souls, J n. 3. 5, 6;- exercise of them, 1 Co. 12. t, &c. : - 10. 31 ;--with our bodies and spirits, constant preserver, Ac. 17. 28 ;-his im-
JO,I3; Le.27.25. sanctifying their natures, 1 Co.6. 11; inferior to charity or Christian love, 6, 20;-by believing and lovin~ his mortality, De.33.27; 1Ti. I, r7; 6. 16;
Gerar, g!'rar [lodging-place], the seat -endowing them with Christian 13.1,&c. ;-and to preaching, 14,1,&c. word, Ps. n9. II, 16 ;-admiring and Re. 4. 9;-immutability, Ex. 3. 14,15;
of the first Philistine kingdom, Ge. 10. graces, Ga.5.22,23;-sea/ing-them to See SPIRITUAL GIFTS. adoring his perfections, 145. 3 ;-loving }.!al. 3. 5,6; Ro.I. 23; He. 13. 8; Ja.1.
19;-here Abraham sojourned, 20. 1; .. eternal life, Ep.4.30;-revealing fu. Gifts of Piety, the cont..ibutions to him supremely, De. 6. s ;- singing 17 :-incorruptibility, Ro.1.~ ;--eter-
-and also Isaac, 26.6. ture events, Lu.2.26;-insj>in"ng the the construction of the t~bernade, praise to him, Ps 33.2,3; 81.1;-com- nity, Ps.9. 7; 90.2,4; 93.2; 102. 12, 2-4.
Gergese.nes, ger-ge-seens', or GADA- prophets, 2 Pe. 1. 21;-communica• Ex.35. 21 :-at the dedication of it,N u. mending him to others,34. 8 ;-devout- 27; 104.31: 145.13; Is.40.28; 57.15; 63-
1.ENES, the inhabitants of the region ting supernatural gifts, t Co.12.1-u. 7. r;-of David for the temple, 1 Ch. ly contemplating his works, 8. 3, 4; 16;Je.10.10; La.5.19; Da.-4.3; 1Ti.1.
round Gergesa, a city on the eastern Ghost (HOLY), in his l!ffecial worR, 22.1,14. 139.14; Re.15.3; Mat.15.31; Ac.-4.21; 17; Ro.1.20;2 Co.4.8; 2 Pe.1.11 ;-first
5hore of the Sea of Galilee. The in the economy of grace, he comes Gihon, gI'hon [a stream], (1) One of --observing his ordinances, Ps.27.4; and last, Is.41.-4; -4-4.6; 48.12; Re.1.8;
country might thus be called either forth, or proceeds from the Father the four heads of the rivers which -cheerfully obeying his laws, 119.33, -his omnipresence, 1 Ki. 8. 27; Ps.
that of the Gadarenes or of the Ger- and the Son, Jn.1-4.26;15.26;16.7;Ga. watered Eden, Ge. 2. 13.-(2) The 34;-submitting to his will, 39.9; Job 139. 7-»o; Je.23.24; 2Ch. 6. 18; Ep. 1:.
gcsenes, Mat. 8. 28; Mar. 5. 1~-near 4. 6;-is promised to men, Is. 44. 3; name of a fountain on the west of 1.21,22; Is.24.15;-yielding fruits of 23;-omniscience, 1 Sa. 2.3; Job26.6;
lb.is place Christ cured two demoni- Eze. n. 19; 36. 21$; Joel 2. 28; Mat. 3. Jerusalem, the scene of the anointing righteousness. Jn. 15. 8; Phi. 1. n ;- Ps. 4-4.21; 139. 2; Pr. 15. u; Is. 30.18;
acs. Lu.8.2~36. n;-by Jesus, Jn. 14. x6, 26; 15. 26; of Solomon as king, 2 Ch.32.30. examples of, Mat.9.8; 15.31; Lu.1.-46; l\Iat.6.18;Ac.15.18; He.-4.12,13; 1Jn.
Oerizim, ger'e-zim, a mountain of Sa- 16.7;-is readytodire.:;t all Christians, Gilboa, gil-bo'ah [bubbling fountains], 2. 14, 20; 5. 25; 13. 13; Ac. u. 18;- 3. 20;-his power, Ge. 17. 1; Job 9. 4;
maria, near Shechem, on which the Ro. 8. 9, 13, x6; 2 Co. 1. 22; Ga.4. 6;- a ridge.of hills on the east of the Plain punishment for neglect of, Da 5. 23; 37.23;-42.2; Ps.35. 10; 62. II: 68.35; Is.
~tans erected t'heir temple, in his influence distinct from that of the of Esdraelon, which extends a bout to Mal.2.2; Ac. 12,23; Ro. 1.24,25. 26.4; -40.29; 2Co.12. g; Is. 1-4. 24; Da.
opposition to that at Jerusalem, De. Word, J n.6.45,64,65; r Th.1.5,6;-ne• miles from east to west, noted for Glory of God, the luminous display 3.17,29:Ro.1.20;-his wisdom, Job9
u. 29:-referred to by the woman of cessary to the reception of the truth, the defeat of the Hebrews, and the of his presence, called the Shekinah, 4; 36.5; Ps.92.5; 104.24; 147. 5; Is.31.
Samari~Jn.-4.20:-fromitandMount Ep. 1. 17;-imparts the love of God slaughter of Saul and Jonathan, 1 Sa. seen by Moses in the bush, Ex.3.2-6; 2; Ro. 16. 27; I Co.3.19,20; 1 Ti. 1.17;
Eba! the blessings and curses to be to believers, Ro.5.3-5;-dwells in be- 31.1-6; 2 Sa.1.21. -rc;,sided in the cloud, and conducted -greatness ascribed to him, De.10.
pronounced, De.27.u; Jos.8.33. lievers, Jn.14.17;-directs where the Gilead, gil'e-ad [the heap or mass of Israel out of Egypt, 13. 21 ;-appeared 17; 32.3; 2 Sa.7.22; 1 Ch.16.25; 17.21;
Otrahom. ger' shom [stranger], the gospel should be preached, Ac.16.6, testimony], (r) A range of mountains, on Mount Sinai, 19.18; 2-4.16;-took 1\e. -4. 14; Ps.77.13; 95.3; Je.32. 18:-
name of Moses' first-born son, Ex. 2, 7;-appoints and superintends minis- extending from the south end of the possession of the tabernacle, 40.34,35; perfection, Ex. 15.7; Ps. 1-45.12; Mat.
22: 18.4, ters in the church, 13. :.:, 4; 20. 28; Sea of Galilee to the north end of the -where it sometimes appeared to all 5. -48 ;-produces good from the evil
Gerth.on, ger'shon, the eldest son of -stirs up to good works, Ex.35.21; Dead Sea,adistance of about 6omi1es, the people, Le.9.23; N u.14.10;-com• designs of men, Ge.-45. 8; 50.20; Job
Levi, Ge.46. 11; called also Gen.horn, -his suggestions are carefully to be having an average breadth of about 20 monlywithin thevaiI,upon the mercy- 5. 12; Ps.33. zo; 76. 10; Pr.16.9,33; 19.
1Ch.6.16,17. attended to, Is.63. 10; Ep.4.30; 1 Th. miles. This region is sometimes call- seat, between the cherubim, Le. 16. 12; 21 ;-disposes of things as he please,
Geahem, g~'shem, an Arabian who op. 5. 19;-to be born of him, necessary, ed 'Mount Gilead,' Ge.37.25; some- -resided also in the first temple, 2 Ch. from the beginning, De. 8. 18; 1 Ch.
posed Nehemiah in rebuilding the Jn.3.3, &c. ;-blasphemy against him times the 'land of Gilead,' Nu.32.1. 7.t-4. 29. 12:2 Ch. t. 12; Job 1.21; 9.12; Ps.75-
walls of Jerusalem, Ne. 6. 1, 2; the unpardonable, Mat.12.31; 1Jn.5. 16; In the New Testament Gilead is re- - - - - - , , or the manifestation of 7; Da. -4. 17;-his justice, Ge. 18. 25:
same as Gashmu in ver. 6. -descends upon the apostles, &c. 1 ferred toas 'Perea,' and 'beyond Jor- his perfections, seen in his works, Ps. De.32.4; Job 34. 17; 37. 23; Ac. 17. 31;
Geahur, ge'shur [a bridge], a small Ac.2. r, &c. ;-again after the impri- dan,' Mat.4.15;Jn.1.28. It abounded 19. 1: Ro. r. 20; - especially in the Re. 15. 3; 19. I, 2;- -in not punishinc
principality of Syria in Ba'ihan, the sonment of Peter and John, 4.31:- with trees which produced a valuable scheme of grace, through Christ, 2 children for the sins of their parents,
king's daughter of which David mar- imparted to the Samaritan converts, gum, called the balm of Gilead, Ge. Co.3.18; 4.6. De.2-t-,16; Eze. 18.2;-he often delays
ried, by whom he had Absalom, 2 Sa. 8. r 7;-to Cornelius and friends, 10. 37.25; Je.8.22; -t-6,II.-(2) The name Gluttony, excess in eating, censured, his judgments, Ec.8. 11 :-his chastise-
3· 3 ;-hither he fled after he had
killed his brother, and remained in it
three years, 13. 37, 38.
44:-to the converts at· Ephesus, 19.
6;-helps his people in prayer, Ro.
8. 26 :-nature of his teaching, see
of Jephthah's father, Ju. n. 1;-also
of the grandson of Manasseh, Nu.
26.29.
G~:;; ~f 2~;~~. 2!·;g;/J:/·Jr
rage, Ps.35.16; Ac.7.5-4;-of extremo
ments to be borne, Job t. 21; 2. 10:
He.12.5;-his mercy, Ex. 3-4.6; Joel
2.13;2Co.1.3; 1Jn.1.9:-his love to
Ge+Jiaem.ane, geth-~m'a-ne [oil-press TEACHING. Gileadite, gil'e-ad-ite, inhabitant of anguish, Ps.u2.10; Mat.8.12; 13.42, Christians, 3.1 ;-his goodness, Ps.86.
or garden], in Jn.18.1 called 'a gar- Giants, persons of extraordinary sta- Gilead, Ju.10.3; r2.4,5; 2 Sa.17.27, 50; 22.13. 5; 145.9; Mat.19.17; Ex.34.6;Z-ec.9.
den,' in Mat. 26. 36 'a place.' was a ture before the flood, Ge. 6. 4;-seen Gilgal, gil'gal [a rolling away], a cele- Gnat, a small winged insect or fly. 17; Ps.33.5; 65.4; 52.1;Je.31.12,1-4;-
retired spot on the west of the Mount in the land of Canaan by the spies, brated pbce on the west of Jordan, The words 'strain at,' Mat.23.2-4, are his holiness, Le.19.2; 1 Sa.2.2; 6. 20;
of Olives, and in the vicinity of Je- Nu.13.33;-the Emims and Anak.ims where the Israelites were circumcis~ better rendered 'strain out,' as they Jn.17. u: Is. 6. 3; Re.4. 8; 15. 4-;-his
rusalem. Herc our Saviour on the such, De.2.10;--0g, king ofBashan, ed, Jos. 5. 2 ;-a place of idolatrous were in the E. V. previous to that of truth and faithfulness, ls.65.16; 2Co.,
night before his crucifixion endured of the remains of them, 3. It ;-Goliath worship, Am.4.4: 5.5; Ho.4.15; 9. 15; 16n. t. 18, 20; He. 10. 23; u. u; 2 Pe. 3-9:
his agony, and was betrayed and ap- of Gath, 1 Sa. 17. 4 ; - Ishbibenob, 12.15. Called Gelilotli, Jos.18.17. Gnostics, nos'tiks [knowing ones], an- Re. 15. 3;-psalms exhorting to trust
prehended, Mat.26.36; Mar.14.32;- killed by Abishai, 2 Sa. 21. 16;-thrce Giloh, gt'Io [exile], a town of Judah, cient heretics, whose dangerous opin- in him, Ps. lxi.-lxiv. Jxix.-lxxi. l.xxv.
':25 often resorted to by Jesus with of them slain in David's victory over 10 mites south-east of Hebron, Jos. TS, ions are supposed to be alluded to, 1 lxxxv.lxxxvi.xci.xciv cxv.cx·Ji.cxviii,
his di~ciples, J~~~-1,2. The garden the Philistines, r Ch. 20.-4. 51 ;-here Ahithophel hanged him• Ti.1.4; 6.20; 2Ti.z.16,23; Tit.3.9; cxxi. cxxiii cxxv. cxxxi. ;-his. pro.
COllsi.&ts of a pnail plot of ground, Gibbet.hon, gib'be-thon [a height], a self, 2Sa.15.1:... Jude+ mises to the Israelitea. fulfilled, Jos.
171
GO?HER- WOOD GRAFF GRIEF HACHlLAH HA.lfATH
2r. ◄ .1:-the sole object of 'Worship, GorgeouB, fine, splendid, glittering, branch, of one tree into the stock of 3.3::.;-Jesus at the death of Lazarus, I Saul, t Sa. 23. 19. The modern 1'rtJ
Ex. 20. I; De. 4. 14, 39, 40; Lu. 4. S;- Lu.7.25; 23.n; Eze.23.12. another; the Gentiles were graffed Jn. u. 35;-Paul for the sickness of Zif
to be feared, Ps. 33. 8; 76. 7;-to be Goshen, go'shen [frontier1 (1) A very into the church, Ro. II. 17, 19;-the Epaphroditus, Phi.2.27. Hadad, ha'dad [sun], the name of
loved, Mat.22.37;-to be obeyed, Ac. fertile province in Egypt, which Jo- Jews shall be, 2 3 ;-the \V ord of God Grief, should not be immoderate, 2 Syrian idol, given to the kings 1
5. 29;-not to be tempted, De. 6. 16; sephprocured for his father and breth- is, into the heart, Ja.1,21. Sa.12.20; I Th.4.13; 1 Co.7.30. Edom, • the Edomite,' adversary 0
Mat. 4. 7;-compared to Jight, I Jn. ren, and where the Israelites dwelt Grapes, the fruit of the vine, Ge. 40. Grind, to crush smaU, Ex. 32. 20: De. Solomon, I Ki.n.14-22. of
1.5;-the description of his throne in during the whole of their sojourn in 10; Le. 25. 5, u; Mat. 7. 16;-brought 9.21:Ju.16.21:Nu.n.8;-fi~ratively Hadade7:er, ha.d-ad-e'z':r[Adad is rn
a vision, Rc.4.2;-the symbol of his that country. It probably lay to the from the land of Canaan by the spies, to oppress, Is. 3. 15;-allus10n to the help], kmg of Zobah m Syria c Y
presence returns to the temple, Eze. east of the Nile in Lower Egypt, Ge. Nu 13. 23;-an emblem for the in- noise of the hand-mills, Je.25.10; Ee. quered by David, who tookfro~;:.n.
H 1, &c. ;-addresses Job, Job 38. 3; 45.10;47.1-6.-(2) Another place of struction of the Israelites, Eze. 18. z, 12.4; Re.18.22. The 'grinders ceas- 1000 chariots, 20,000 footmen ~~
.xl.xli.;-to be imitated, Ep.5.1;-the the same name, near Gibeon, Jos. &c. ;-not to be gathered till the vine ing' because they are few, Ec.12.3, 700 horsemen, 2 Sa. 8. 3, -4;-bavid
marks of his sons, Ro.8.14; I J n.5.2. 10.41; 15.51. was three years old, Le. 19.23 :-glean- is supposed to represent the lo~ of slew of the Syrians who came to su
Goddesae.1, female gods, according to GQspel [good news, glad tidings], ing of, to be left for the poor, ro. the teeth in old age. cour him 22,000 men, 5;-some ye~
the heathen mythology, such as Ash. the joyful intelligence of salvation, Grasshopper, an insect of the locust Grisled, mixed black and white hairs; after he again made war with Davi ct •
toreth, 1 Ki. 11. 5, 33;-the queen of through. Christ; called the gos~el of kind, but small, Le.u.22; Nu.13.33; party-coloured as goats, Ge.3I,10,12; who defeated him, 10. 15-19;--called
heaven, or the moon, Je.44-17 1 25;- God, Ro.1.1;-of Christ, 16;-of sal- Ju.6.5; Is.40.22;-the word rendered -horses, Zec.6.3,6. Hadarezer, 2 Sa. ro. 16; I Ch.xa. 3.
Diana, Ac.19.27,35, &c. vation, Ep.1.13;-ofpeace, 6.15;Lu. 'grasshopper' in Ec.12.5 is rendered Groaning, deep distress, Ex.2.24;-an Hadadrimmon, hil'dad-rim'mon [th
God forbid, in the original it is, 1 Let 2. 10, 14;-the word of God's grace, 'locust' in 2 Ch.7.13;-destructive to overwhelming sense of the evil of sin, name of two Syrian idols, Hadad an~
it not be,' or' Far beit,' Ro.3.31; 9.14. Ac.14. 3; 20. 32;-word of reconcilia- vegetation, Am.7.1;-often found in and the val,ue of spiritual blessings, Rimr_non1 a place in _the valley of
Godhead, the nature or essence of tion, 2 Co.5.19;-word of life, Phi.2. great multitude, Ju. 6. 5; 7.12; Je.46. Ro.8.26; 2 Co.5.2. Meg1ddo, near to winch the good
God, Col.2.9: Ro.1.20: Ac.17.29. 16:-word of Christ, Col.3.16;-min- 23. Grope, to feel what one cannot see, king Josiah_ was slain_. and his anny
- - - , TKINITV IN. See TRIN• istration of the Spirit, 2 Co. 3, 8 ;- Grate, a net-work of brass like a sieve De.28.29; Job 5.14; 12.25. routed, which occasioned a great
ITV. mystery of Christ, Ep. 3. 4;- unfor the bottom of the great altar of Grove, the word so rendered in Ge. mourning, 2 Ch.35.22,24; Zec.J 2 . 11
Godliness, or piety to God, consists searchable riches of Christ, 8 ;-sin- sacrifice, Ex.27.4; 35- 16; 38.4,5. 21. 33, means a tree. The heathen Hadashah, had'a-shah [news], a city
in reverencing hii perfections, Ps. cere milk of the. word, I Pe.2.2;-the Gratitude, a desire to return benefits, worshipped their gods in groves of in the valley of Judah, Jos.15. 37.
104. I ;-esteeming him as our chief glorious gospel, 1 Ti. 1. n;-to be recommended, 2 Sa. ix.; 2 Ki. 4. 18; trees, De. 1~. 2, 3; Ho. 4. 13;-hence Had~ssah, ha-das'sah (myrtle], the
good and portion, 73. 25; La.3.24;- preached to all descriptions of men, Lu.17.15;-want ofit reproved, Is.1. grove and idol were almost con- Jewish name of Esther, Es.2.7.
fearing to offend him, Ge. 39. 9;- Mar. 16. 15; Tit. 2. n;-tile salvation 2,3. vertible terms, 2 Ki.23.6. Hadoram, ha-dO'ram [Hador, i.~. the
studying, by holiness of life, to pro- which it publishes to be offered freely Grave, ( r) Sober, serious, and solemn; Groves, frequently the places of idol fire-god, is exalted], (1) One of the
mote his honour, 2 Pe. 3. I I ;-confid- to all, Is.55.1;Jn.7.37; Re.22.17;- deacons required to be, 1 Ti. 3. 8;- worship, I Ki. 15. 13; 16. 33; 2 Ki. 17. sous of Shem, 1 Ch.1.21.-(~) A son
ing in him for all we need, Ps.48. 14; all who believe it shall be saved, Mar. and aged Christians, Tit. 2. 2,-(2) 16;-not to be planted near the place of Tou, 1 Ch. 18. 10.
73.24. 16.16;-the blessings of it, Ro.z.16; I Sepulchre for burying the dead; of the national worship. De.16.21. Had.rach, ha'drak [inclosure], a land
- - - - , advantages of, profitable Co. 1.18; Ep. 2. 1, &c.; 1 Pe. I. I, &c.; Jacob set a pillar over Rachel's, Ge. Grudging, reluctance, toward our near Damascus, denounced by Zech.
to all things, I Ti.4.8; 6.6;-promises -superior to the law of Moses, Jn. 35.20;-God will ransom his people brethren forbidden, Le. 19. 18; Ja.5.9; ariah, Zec.9. 1.
to, Ps.4.3; 2 Pe.2.9. 1.17: 2 Co.3.7;-the danger of reject- from, Ho.13.14;-theChristians'song -alms not to be given with, 2 Co.9. Hagar, ha'gar [flight, stranger], an
Gods, great men and rulers are so ing it, Mar.16.16; Lu.10. 16; Jn.3.36; of victory over, I Co. 15. 55. 7;-hospitality to be used without, 1 Egyptian servant to _Sarah, given to
called in some instances, Ex. 22. 28; 12.48; He.2.3; 10.28;12.25;-to whom Gravel, hard or coarse sand, Pr.20. Pe.-4.9. Abraham to wife, Ge. 16. 2; -flees
Ps.82.1; 138. 1; Jn.10.34; 1 Co.8.5. it is hidden, 2 Co. 4.3,4;-no other to 17' ls.48.19; La.3-16. Guard, caution, defence, Ge. 37. J6; from Sarah, 6;-encouraged by aa
- - , heathen, Adrammelech and An- be preached, Ga.1.8,9;-the remark- Grease, the soft part of fat, Ps.n9.70. Da.2.14; Ac.28.16. angel to return, 7-12;-bare Ishmael
ammelech, of Sepharvaim, 2 Ki. 17, able propagation of it, Mar.4.30; Jn. Great Sea, the Mediterranean, ex- Gudgod&h, gud-gl>'dah (thunder], the to Abraham, 15;-she and her son dis.
31 ;-Ashima, of Hamath, 30;-Ash- 12. 32; Ac.2.41; 4-4; 6.7; 12.24; 13.49; • tends from east to west nearly 2300 fonieth encampment of the Israelites missed, 21. g-14;-comforted by an
toreth, of the Sidonians, I Ki.n.33;- 19. 20; 1 Co.16. 9;-shall in due time miles, Nu. 34. 6; Jos. 1.4; 9.1; 15.12; in the wilderness, also named Hor- angel in the wilderness, 17 ;-her his.
Baal, of Tyre, &c., Ju. 2. 13;-Baal- be preached in all the world, Ps.2.8; Eze. 47. 10, 15; Da. 7. 2;-called the Hagidgad, Nu.33.32; De.10.7: tory allegorized, Ga.-4.22.
berith, 8.33;-Baalpeor, of the Moab- 22.27; 72.8,u,17; 8~.9; Is.2.2,3; 40.4, •utmost sea,' Joel 2.20;-the 'hinder Guest, one lodged in the house or Bagarenes, h&-gAr-eens', or HAGAt-
ites, Nu.25.3;-Baalzebub, of Ekron, 5; 42. 1,4, 6,7; 49. 6; Da. 2, 44; Hab. 2. sea,' Zec.14.8. entertained at the table of another, ITES, the descendants of Hagar, r
:, Ki.1.2;-Bel and Nebo, of the Ba- 14; Mal.1.n: Mat.8.u;2414;-to be Greaves, defensive armour for the 1 Ki.1.41,49; Mat. 22.10; Lu.19.7;- Ch.5.10,20; Ps.83.6.
bylonians, Is.46. 1 ;-Chemosh, of the earnestly defended, Phi. I. 17, 27; legs, reaching from the foot to the -chamber, a room for strangers, 1 Sa. Haggai, hilg'gai [one who keeps holi-
Moabites, I Ki.11.7;-Dagon, of the Jude 3. knee; mentioned only in I Sa.17.6. 9.22; Mar.14.14; Lu.22.u. day], a prophet who returned from
Philistines, Ju. 16. 23;-Diana, of Gou.rd, a climbing shrub of quick Grecians, grC'shI-ans, foreign Jews Guide, God promises to direct and the Babylonish captivity with Zenib.
Ephesus, Ac. 19. 2-4;-Jupiter and growth aUied to the family of the (Hellenistai) as opposed to Pales- instruct his people, Ps.25.9; 32.8; Is. babel, Ezr. 2. 2;-he and Zechariah.
.Mercury, of the Greeks and Romans, cucumber. The gourd of Jonah, 4.6, tinian Jews, Ac.6.1; 11.20; whereas 42.I6; 48.17; 49.10; 58.n. promote the rebuildingofthe temple
14. 12;-l\lilcom and Molech, of the was probably the.Palma Christz~ the 'Greeks' (Helle~s) are Greeks by Guile, or DECEIT, we are required to (e.c. 520), 5.1, &c.;-his prophecies
Ammonites, 1 Ki. u. 5, 7;-Nerga), castor-oil plant;-' wild gourds,' 2 Ki. race, Ac. 16. 1,3, orGentilesasopposed be without, Ps.34.13; 1 Pe.2.1; 3.10; referred to, 5.1; 6.14; He.12.20.
of Cu~ Ki. 17. 30;-Nibhaz and 4-39· to Jews-many of the Grecians con- -persons without it approved. Ps. Baggiah, hag-gi'ab [festival ef Jeho.
Tanak, the Avites, 31 ;-Nisroch, -Government, executive power, of an verted, Ac.11.19-21. 32.2; Jn.1.47; Re.14-5- Stt DECEIT. Yahl, one of the posterity of Lev~,
of the A yrians, 19. 37 ;-Chiun or things committed to Christ, as Medi- Greece, grece, an extensive country Guilty, not innocent, wicked, Ex.34. Ch.6.30.
Remphan, Am.5.26; Ac. 7. 43;-Suc- ator, Is. 9. 6, 7; Mat. 28. 18; Ep. 1. 20- on the south-east of Europe, and in- 7; Mat.23.18; Ro.3.19. Haggi.th, hlig'gith [festivity], a 1'ife
coth-beooth, of the Babylonians, 2 Ki. 22;-govemments, an order of rulers cluding Ionia and Asia Minor, Zee. Gulf, an abyss, Lu.16.26. of David, and mother of Adonijah, 1
17.30;-Tammuz, of the Syrians, Eze. in apostolic churChes, 1 Co. 12. 28 ;- 9. 13; Ac. 20. 2. In the Old Testa- Gurbaal, gur-ba'al [sojourn of Baal], Sa.3.4; 1 Ki1.5,11; 1Ch.3.2.
8.14. wicked men despise, 2 Pe.2.10. ment, Greece and Greeks are ,men- a place in Arabia, on the confines Hail, (1) A storm of, one of th,
Gog, [mountain], (1) One of the de- Gozan, gO'zan [a fleece of wool, pass- tioned under the name of 7avan, Is. of Judea, successfully attacked by plagues of Egypt, Ex.9.24: Ps.18.-47,
scendants of Reuben, 1 Ch. 5. 4.-(2) ing over, or pasture], a river in 66.19. It w~s probably peopled soon Uzziah, 2 Ch.26.7. 105; 32. 33;-in the defeat of the Ca.
Gog, along with Magog, represents Media, mentioned in several places, after the flood by the descendants of Gutten-, water-courses, some subter- • naanites, Jos.10. n;-fulfils God's
the Scythians, or northern barbarians: 2 Ki.r7.6; 18,n; 19.12; I Ch.5.26; Is. Japheth in the line of Javan. In the rancanpassages through which water word, Ps. :x-48. 8.-(2) Health be to
their destruction foretold, Eze. 38. 2; 37.13. days of Alexander, the Greeks were flowed, 2 Sa.5.8, In Ps.-42.7 the word you, Mat.26.-49; 27.29; Lu. r.28.
39- 1 ;-the antichristian power of the Grace, of God, his compassion, mani- masters of Egypt and Syria, the coun- is rendered • water-spouts;' in Ge.30, Bair, of Absa.lom remarkable, 1 Sa.
entire earth, Re.20.8,9. fested in the gift of his Son, and the tries beyond Euphrates, and other A41 U.mcalll drwking-troughs.. 14. 26;-used as a type of the fate of
Golan [exile], a city of Bashan in the blessir.gs of salvation through him, provinces. Few countries are more Jerusalem, Eze. 5.1 ;-gray hairs to
half-tribe of Manasseh, east of the Jn.;3-16,17; 2 Co. 8. 9; Ep. 2. 8; 2 Ti.,. favou1cc.l by nature, as to its soil, the old a 'crown of glory,' Pr.16.31;
Sea of Tiberias; it was giyen to the 9;-pardon is of grace, Ro. II, 5; Ep. climate, and productions. Many of -pure white a symbol of divine ma-
Levites, and appointed to be a city the most famous statesmen, orators, jesty, Da.7.9;-a natural covering to
of refuire, Dc.-4.43; Jos.20.8; 21.27; I
I, 3--6;-divine-calling, Ga. 1.
Th.1.11, 12;-pardon of sin, Ep. 1.7;
15; 2
and generals of antiquity had their H. women, I Co. II. 15;-'plaiting- the
hair' censured, 1 Pe.3.3.
Ch.6.71. --justification, Ro. 3. 24;-adoption, binh here. The ans and sciences of
Gold, the most heavy (except pla- Ep.1. 5;-sanctification, 2 Co.9. 8:- Greece attained a great eminence, as Ha.k.upha, hak-u'fah [crooked], one of
tinum), dense, pure, ductile, and valu- faith, Ac.18.27; Ep.2.8;-hope, 2 Th. did also poetry and eloquence. After Haahaahtarl, ha-a-hash'ta-ri [mule- the N ethinims whose deicendaou re-
able of all me.:als; God's Word com- 2. 16; -pn»nised to all men, Ps. 84. a long and grievous oppression (from driver], a son of the patriarch Ashur, turned to Rabylon, Ne.7.53.
pared to, on account of its inestim- :n; Is. 30. J"8, 19; 2 Co. 12. 9 ;-God's the fall of the Byzantine empire) the 1 Ch.4.6. Hallelujah. See ALLRLUJAH.
able worth, Ps. 19. 10;-tried saints conferring it on men is complete, Greeks arose in 1822 against the Haba.iah, ha-ba'yab [protected by Hallohesh, hal-Jo'hesh [whisperer1
compared to, Job 23. 10; 1 Pe.1. 7;- Ex. 33. 19; Mat. u.25; Ro.9.15,16;- Turks, and ultimately gained their Jehovah], a priest in Ezra's time, one who sealed the coven.ant, Ne.10.
the streets of the New Jerusalem, /ree, Ro.5.8; 1 Jn.4. 10;-disting-uish~ independence. The modern king- Ezr.2.61; Ne.6.63.• 24.
Re.21. 18,21. £ng, Mat. 20. 16: Ro. 9. 15;-jJrevent- dom ot Greece was established in Habakkuk., hab'a-kuk [embracer], Hallow, to render sacred, to set apart
Goldsmith, one who makes golden ittg, to be appreciated as assisting to 18:;2, In 1863 it was enlarged by the one of the twelve minor prophets, who to a hoJy use, Ex. 20. n; :z8. 38;-to
wares, Ne. 3. 8; Is. ,f.O. 19; 41.7; 46.6; holiness, I Jn. 4. 19;-blessed, tending annexation of the Ionian Islands. Jived about 6oo years before Christ; reveren,·c or worship, Lc.22.32; Mat.
Ac.3.8. to the accomplishment of its end, Ro. 8. Its population is about 1,500,000. foretells the destruction of Judah by 6.9.
Golgotha, gol'go-thah [a skull), the 38,3~; Phi. 1.6;-necessary to the per- The Greeks profess Christianity, but the Chaldeans, Hab. i. ;-the over- lla!t, (1) Lame on the feet, Ge.32.3r:
Hebrew name of the place where formance of good works, 1 Ki.8.58; in a corrupted form, being nearly throw of the Chaldeans, ii; - his Ps. 38. 17; Jc. 20. 10.-(2) Falter be·
Christ was crucified, Mat.27.33;1\far. Ps.119.32; Jn.6.44; Ro.8.8; 1 Co.3.6; allied to Papery. sublime prayer, iii. tween two opinions, 1 Ki. 18.21.
,5.22:Jn.19.17. See CALVARY. 12. 3; 15. 10; Phi. 2. 13; He. 13. 2r :- Greedy, ravenous, cager, Ps. 17. 12; Habbaziniah, hab-az-I-ni'ab [lamp of Ham [hot], (1) The youngest son of
Goliath, go-li' ath [a captivity, or will be increased when improved, Pr.1.19; Is.56.11; I Ti.3.3. Jehovah], Je.35.3- Noah: his offence and punishment.
passing over], a mighty giant of Gath, Mat.13.12; Lu. 8.18; Jn.15.2;-given Greeks, as used by the Jews this word Habergeon, Ne. 4. 16; Job 41. 26; a Ge. 9. 22;-his descendants, 10. 6; 1
about 10½ feet high, 1 Sa. 17. -4 ;- to the humble, Pr. 3.34; Ja.-4.6; 1 Pe. was synonymous with Gentiles, Ac. coat of mail, I Sa. 17.8, or breastplate, Ch.1.8,-(2) A name given in Saip,
1 morning and evening for forty days• 5.5 ;-believers made what they are 19. 10; 20.21; 1 Co.22.23,24;-apply to Re. 9. 9. The English 'habergeon' ture to Egypt, Ps.105.27.
he defied the armies of bra.cl, 8-10; by it, 1 Co. 15.10; 2 Co. 1.12:-should Jesus, Jn.12.20;-many believed, Ac. was the diminutive of I hauberk,' a Haman, ha' man [honourable}, an
-slain by David, 49- be earnestly s0ught in prayer, He.4. I4.I. quilted doublet. Agagite or Amalekite, an ambido111
Gomer, go'mer [perfection], the eldest 16; Ja.1.5;-e.x:amples of prayer for, Greetings, honourable salutations, Habitation, dwelling-house, Ex.15,2; and unprincipled courtier who be-
son of Japheth, Ge.10.2;-prediction Ge. -43. 29; Nu.6.25; ls.33.2; Ro.1.7; courted by the Pharisees, Mat.23.7; Le.13.46; Job 5. 3; Ps.26.8; 89.14; Is. came prime minister of Ahasuerus,
respecting, Eze.38.6. I Co. 1.3; 2Co. 1.2; 13.14; Ga.6.18; Ep. Lu. u.43; 20.46;-expressions of true 22.16:Ac.1.20; Ep.2.22; Re.18.2. Es.3.1;-not respected by Mordecai,
Gomorrah, go-mor'rah rsubmersion], 6.24; 1 Ti.1.2: Re. 1.4. friendship, addressed to the saints, Habits, either good or bad, not easily 2:-the want of this honour destroye&
one of the five cities of the plain. It Grace of God, the gospel so ca.Ued, Ac.15. 23; Ro. 16. 3, &c.; 1 Co. 16. :zo, changed, Pr. 22. 6; Je. 13. 23; Job 20. his happiness, 5. 13;-obtains a de-
was next to Sod om in importance as Jn. 1.17; Ac.14.3; 20.2-4; Ro.5.2; 2 Co. &c. cree to kill all the Jews, 3. 8 ;-erects
well as in wickedness, Ge.19.4-8; 13. 6. 1; Tit. 2. 11: 1 Pe. 5. 11;-Christian Grey Head. See HoARY HEAD. "·
Hachaliah, hak-a-li'ah rornament of a ga]lows to hang Mordecai. 5-1-4;-
10; 1-4.11; 18.20; 19.24. See SoooM. virtues, 2 Co.8.7; 2 Pe.3.18. Grief," for the loss of friends allowable; Jehovah1 father of Nehemiah, Ne. hanged on it himself, 7. 10;-his SOUi
Gopher-wood, _/)itch wood, mentioned GraciollS, full of free favour, Ge.43. in Abraham for the death of Sarah, I.I. hanged, 9.12.
only once in Scripture as the wood 29; Ex.33.19; 34.6;Ps.77.9; Pr.n.16; Ge.23.2;-Joseph for the death of his Hachilah, hak'I-lab [the darksome Hamath, ha'math [fortress], a notecl
of which the ark was built. It was Is.30. 18; Lu.4.22; I Pe.2.3. father, 50. t, &c. ;-David for Saul hill], a hill on the south-east part of city of Syria, and capital ofa pnn-ioce
probably the cypress, Ge. 6. 14• Gra1f', or GRAFT, to insert a scion, or and JonathaR, a Sa 1.u ;--Cor Abner, Judea; here David hid himself from of tae saJRc name, lying en tae river
172 180
'W:
,,~·
-
HARAN HAVOTH.JAIR HEART HELIOPOLIS HEROD
the north boundary_ of

tc5. 4'D
1 26-31.-(2) The place where he dwelt Hawk, a well-known bird of the fal- thus hardened in, Pr. 29.1 ;-cautions daughter of Potipherah the priest ~
0..,. . Jos.JJ.4;Ju.3.3;-the king called after his name, 32; 12. 4, 5;- con tribe, unclean according to the to guard us from, 1 Sa.6.6; Ps.95. 8; Ge.41.45; 46.20. The site of the city
fald:e 0
cd_1y to David, 2 Sa. 8. 9;-
of. ~ s taken by Solomon: 2 C?,
also called Cltarran, Ac. 7. 2, 4. It
was a place in Mesopotamia, Ge.24.
law, Le. II. 16;-described, Job 39.
26.
Pr.28.14; He.3.8,i:5; 4.7.
Hearth, the place on which the fire
is now occupied by low mounds, the
only remains of its famous temple
afte__ wa5 taken by the ~synans m 10, or more properly in Padan-Aram, Hazael, hAz'a-el [seeing God], proba- is made, Ge.18.6; Ps.102.3; Is.30.14. being a granite obelisk about 68 feet
8. 3·. f Hezekiah 2 K1.17.24; 18. .25. 20. It is identified with the modern bly an officer in the army of N aaman Heath, a plant in barren wastes. It high.
tf
the ume d ' Hama~h the Great,'
3-4:-ca e
viilage called Harr4n on the banks the Syrian, sent to consult Elisha at is probably the juniper that is meant Hell. This word is the translation
of the Belik, which flows into the Damascus, 2 Ki. 8. 7;-his iniquity in Is.17.5--8. of the Hebrew slz.eol and the Greek
Am-~~a.!.!:J.a, hRm-mCd'a-tha, the Euphrates. predicted, 13;-kills his master, 15;- Heathens, those who are without the hades. Sheol is rendered by our
~ of Haman, Es.8.5; 9.rn, 2 4, Harbonah, hcir-bO'nah [ass-driver], oppresses hrael, 10. 32; 13. 22; di- written Word of God, Ps.2.1; Mat.6. translators thirty times by grave, e.g.
fat er er. the word of God compared one of the seven eunuchs of Kin~ verted by presents from pruceeding 7; Ga.2.9;-might know somewhat of Ge.42.28; 45. 29; Ps.49. 14: 141. 7; Is.
~ . 23 _ 29 ;-Babylon called the Ahasuerus, Es.1.i:o; 7.9. to Jerusalem, r2. 17;-his death, 13. God by his works,Ac.r4.17;Ro.1.19, 38. 18. It is rendered lull, as denot•
co, of the whole earth, 50.23. Harden, obdurate, Ex. 4. 21; 14. 17; 24. 20;-are notwithstanding ignorant of ing the place of punishment, De. 32.
ham::~. hiim-O'nah [!11ultit~de], a
~ and a valley, menuone~ m Eze.
I De.15.7; Job 6.10; Ps.95.8.
Hare, a well-known, swift, and timid
Hazar-Gaddah, M'zar-gad'dah [vil-
lagt! of fortune], a town in the ex•
him, 1 Co.1.21;-are sunk into idola-
try and vice, Ro. r. 21-32 ;-shall be
22; Ps. 9. 17; Pr.23.14: Mat. 5. 29; zo.
28; 23. 33; Ma.r. 9. 43; Lu. 12.5; 16.23;
cit) as a place ~here multitudes of animal, Le.n.6; De.14.7. treme south of Judah, Jos.15.27. judged by the law and light of na- 2 Pe. 2. 4. This is its most freqaeet
3?· 16 h II be buned. The valley of Hareth, ha'reth [thicket], a forest in Hazar-Maveth, hJ.'zar-ma'veth[court ture, 2. 12-16;-in the latter times signification. The horrors and pl!ll•
~;'M~,;GoG [Gog's multitude] is t~e the tribe of Judah, into which David of death], a descendant of Shem, 1' shall enjoy the gospel. See GOSPEL. ishments of it set forth, Mat. 13. 42:
ro hetical name of th~ valley m fled from Saul, r Sa.22.5. Ch.r.20. Heaven, sometimes means the place 18.9; 25.30: Jude 13; Re.14.IO: 19.20;
:hi~h they shall be buned, Eze.39. Harhaiah, hiir-ha-1'ah [zeal of Jeho- Ha.zeroth, haz'e-roth (villages], the where holy souls dwell, 2 Ki.2. 1, n; 20.10,14;21.8;-sufferings in it vari-
vah], the father of Uzziel, Ne.3.8. sixteenth encampment of the Israel• Lu. 2. 15; Ep. 3. 15; Col. 1. 5; I Pe. 1. ous, according to the degrees of guilt,
~::~m,
u,i 5- ha'mor [an he-ass], prin~e of
Ge
whose soi:i, ra~ished Dmah,
_:i;-his apphcatton to Jacob,
Harim, ha'rim [flat-nosed], (1) The
head of the second course of priests,
1 Ch. 24. 8;-his descendants, to the
ites in the wilderness, Nu.11.35; 12.
,6.
Razor, hd.'zor [inclosure, village], {1)
4;-and sometimes the visible firma-
ment, Ge.7.n; Le.26.19;De.4.n; La.
4. 19; Lu. 21.26;-the heav~n of hea.
Afat.n.22; 23.14; Lu. 12. 47, 48;-the
eternity of the torments thereof as-
serted, Da. 12. 2; Mat. 3- 12; 25. 46;
and 34his destruction, 6, 26. number of 1017, returned from cap• The chief city of N onh Palestine, on vens, 2 Co. 6. 18;-thc third heaven,
12.2,
Mar.9.44; Lu.16.26; Jude 1:3.
Jl&Dlul, ha'm.ul [spared], a grandson tiv1ty, Ezr.2.39;-those of them who the west side of the waters of Merom, Helmet, a metal cap for defending
of Judah, I Ch.2.5. had married strange women agree to taken by Joshua, Jos. II. 10; 15. 23. - - - , the happiness of it, Ps.16.II; the head, 1 Sa. 17. 5, 38;-fipn-ative-
H,anaJileel, ha-mlm'e-el [the grace of put them away, 10. 21.-(2) Another -(2/ One of the cities of Judah in Da.12.3; Mat.5.12; 13.43: Lu.12.43; ly, the hope of salvation, Ep. 6. 17; 1
GodJ a kinsman of the prophet Jere- person of this name, 2.32; Ne.7.35. the south, Jos.15. 23.-(3) A place in Jn.12.26; 17.21; I Co.2.9; 13.12; 1 Pe. Th.5.8. .
mi.ah: sold him a fi~~d, Je.32.7. Har]ot, literally, a common prostitute, which the Benjamites resided after 1.4; Re.7.16,17; 14. 13. Heman, he'man [faithful], (,) A Ko-
Hananeel, ha- na.r. ~-el [grace from Pr.29. 3;-metaphorically, the idola• the captivity, Ne.u.33. - - - , degrees of happine~s in it, hathite, the grandson of Shemuel,
God], a tower at Jerusalem, Ne.3.1; trous impurities of Israel, Is. 1.21; Je. Head, Christ is, of his body-the llat. 16. 27; Lu.19.17; Jn. 14. 2; 1 Co. the 'singer.' 1 Ch.6.33.-{2) The son
u.JQ'. Je,31.38; . 2.20; 3.1; Eze.16.15, &c. church, Ep.5. 23;-of principality and 15.41:; 2 Co.9.6. of Zerah, celebrated for his wisdom,
Ha,nani, ha-na m [grace to me, or Harmless, innocent, untainted, Mat. power, Col. 2. 10:-of all things for - - - , who will be admitted into it, I Ki.4.31; 1 Ch.2.6.
mercy], the prophet, reproves Asa, 10.16; Phi.2.15; He.7.26. the good of his church, Ep.1.22:- Mat.5.3-I2;Jn.3.r5; Ro. 2. 7; I TL 6. Hemlock, a poisonous herb, Ho. 10.
Ch.16.7. Harnepher, ha.r'ne-fer [snorer], one applied to rulers, princes, magistrates, ,9. 4;-figw-aiively, perverted jude--
2
Bananiah, han-a-nr'ah [grace of the of the sons of Zophah, 1 Ch.7.36. Ex. 18. 25; De.1.15, 16; 33. 21; Is. 7. 9; - - - , who will be exduded from it, ment, Am.6.12.
LordJ, the false prophet, Je. 28. I;-:- Harness, armour for warriors, or fur.. -the chief of families, Ex. 6. 14, 25; !lfat.p,; Lu. ,3. 27; I Co. 6. 9; Ga.5. Hepher, he:'fer [a pit or well], a city
bre.aks Jeremiah's yoke, 10;-hlS niture for horses, I Ki.20.11;22.34; I Ch.5.24. 21, &c.; Re.22.15. of the ancient Canaanites; was sub.
death foretold, 15. . Healing, cu.ring ailments, Je. 30. 13; Heaviness, sorrow and distress of dued by Joshua, Jos. 12.17;-also the
2 Ch.9.24.
Hand of the Lord, denotes his power, Harod, ha'rod [fear, astonishment], a Mat.4.23; Lu.9.6; Ac.10.38. mind, Ezr. 9. 5; Ps. 6g. 20; Pr. 10. J ; - name of Zelophehad's father, 17.3-
11.·hether in punishing or saving, Ju. fountain of water at the foot of Mount Health, the value of it, and how pre• Christ comforts those who are in, Is. Rephzibah, hef'zi-bah [pleasure, de-
:. is; 2 Sa.. 24 . 14 ; Ne. 2. 8; Job 2. 10; Gilboa, Ju.7.1; 1 Sa.29.1. served, Pr.3.7,8; Ac.27.34; I Ti.5.23. 61.3. light], the queen of Hezekiah, and
Ex. 9. 3; 16. 3; Is. 59. 1; Lu. 1. 66;-of Harosheth, hfu-'o-sheth [wood.cut• Hear, we are commanded to hear Heber, EBER, M'ber[community1 (,) mother of ~J.anasseh, 2 Ki.:n. 1;-tb.e
Moses leprous, Ex.4.6;-of Jeroboam ting], a city of Upper Galilee, near Christ, Mat.17.5; }.lar.9.7;--and the The son of Shelah, and great-grand- church thus called, Is.62.4--
withered, 1 Ki. 13. 4;-withered, re• the Lake Merom, where Sisera re• Spirit addressing the churches, Re. child of Shem, Ge. 10.:.i4.-(2) The Herald, one who proclaims the orders
stored by Jesus, Mat.12.w; Mar.3.2; sided, and his army was routed, Ju. 2.7,n,17,29; 13.9;-we ought to do husband of Jael who killed Sisera, of a king, Da.3.4.
Lu.6.6;-writing on the wall seen by so attentively, Lu.21. 38; Ac. 10. 33; Ju.4.17-21. Herbs, appointed for the food of man,
4.2,16. Hebrews, a. name given to the Is--
Belshazzar, Da.5.5. Harp, a stringed musical instrument, He.2.1 ;-with reverence, Ps.89.7;- Ge.3. r8 ;-figurative of the transitory
Hand-breadth, a measure about 4 invented by Jubal, much used by the withfaitA:, He.4.2;-with di"scrimi• raelites, Ge.14. 13; 40. 15; Ex. 2. 6; 3. prosperity and life of man, 2 Ki. 19.
inches, Ps. 39. 5; Is. 48.13;-rendered nation, Mar. 4. 24;-with a humble 18; 1 Sa.4.6,9, &c.; derived from He• 26; Ps.37 .2.
prophets, and in the worship of God, her the ancestor of Abraham, or from
·~pan,' La. 2.20. and teachable disposition, Lu.10.39; Herd, larger cattle, distinguished from
1 Sa. 10. 5; I Ch. 25. 3; Ps. 33· 2; 43· 4; eber (beyond, from the other side),
Handle, to mana~, Ge. 4. 21; Ju. 5. Ja. 1. 21;-withseif-aj>j,lication, Mat. the smaller called the.flock, Ge.18.7;
57.8;-David skilful in use of, I Sa. the name by which the Jews were
, 4 . Ps.u5.7; Je.2~8; Lu.24.39. 26.22;-with constancy, Pr.8.34:Ac. Ex.,0.9; Hab.3.7.
Handmaid, Ge.16.11; 29.24; I Sa.1.u,
16.16,23. known to foreigners, whilein speaking
Hart, Ps.42.1. See DEER. 2.42,46; Ja.1-24,25;-with a view to Heresy [sect], a system of opinions;
16: Ps.86.r6; n6.16; Lu.1.38. fracti'ce, Mat. 7. 24-27; Ro. 2. 13;- among themselves of themselves they rendered' sect,' Ac.24-5; 26.5; 28.22;
.tianda, imposition of, in blessing, Ge.
Harvest, the season of reaping com used the name Israelites.
withfrnyer, Ps.119.18,27. -corruption of the true faith, 1 Co.
48. 14: Mat. 19. 15; -in dedicati~g
and fruits, begins in Palestine about Heart, the seat of the affections, de• Hebrews(EnsTLETo),thoughanony.
commencement of April and ends in Il.19.
sacrifices, Ex. 29. 10: Le. I. 4;-m sires, and motives, commonly used mous yet the weight of evidence is Heretics, those who hold or teach
ordainmi to offices, Nu. 8. to; 27. 18; June, Ge.8.22;-ofbarley, Ex.9.31, for the soul, Ps.19.8;44.21;Is.9.9;- in favour of the opinion that it was
32; Ru. 2. 23;-of wheat, Ex. 34. 22; false doctrine, Tit.3.10; 2Ti.2.17,18.
De.34.9; Ac.6.6; 1 Ti.4.14; 5.22; 2 Ti naturally depraved, Ge.6.5;8.21; Ee. written by Paul about A.O. 62. Its Heritage, inheritance, estate by suc-
1.6;-in miraculous cures, Mar. 6. 5; -Sabbath kept in, 21;-promises of, 9.3;Mat.,5.,9:-liard and unfeeling great design is to show that the Le- cession, Ex.6.8; Ps.16.6; 61.5; 1 Pe.
16.1!!: Lu. 4. 40; 13.13; Ac. 9. 17; 28. 8; Ge. 8. 22 ; J e. 5. 24 ;- illustration of a in matters relating to the soul, Ps. vitical priesthood was a shadow of
people who are ripe for destruction, 5.3.
-in imparting the gift of the Holy 119.70; Eze.11.19; Ep. 4. 18;-proud, that of Christ, and that the legal Hennas, and HERMES, Mr'mas [Mer-
Spirit, Ac.8.17; 19.6. Joel 3. 13;-the end of the world, Ps.Io.4; 73.6; Is.9.9; Je.49.,6; Ob. 3; sacrifices prefigured the great and cury or gain], two disciples of Christ
- - , lifted up in prayer, Ex.17. Mat,13.30;-a season of wrath, Re. -deceitful, Ps.12.2: Pr.28.26; Je. 17. final atonement made by his blood. residing in Rome, to whom Paul sends
tt; Ps. 28. 2: 63. 4; 88. 9; 134.2; 141.2; 14· 1 5· 9; I Co. 8. 2; Ga.6.3; Re.3.,7;-rebel- Hebron, he' bran [fellowship], the his salutations, Ro. 16. 14.
143-6;-in taking an oath, Ge.14.22. Hashabiah, Msh-a-hl'ah [regarded lious, Je. 5. 23;-idolatrous, Eze. 14. oldest town in Palestine, and one of Hermogenes, her-mo'jen-es [descend.
- - , to pour water on, to serve, by JehovahJ, son of Kemuel of He-- 3,4. the most ancient and renowned cities ant of Mercury], one who turned his
as Elisha did to Elijah, 2 Ki. 3.11;- bron, Ezr.8.24; I Ch.26.30. - - , should be pure, Jos. 2-4. 14; t of the world, Nu.13.22;-called Kir• back on Paul, and probably on a
towash publicly, to declare innocen~ Ha.shba.da.na.h, hash-bad' a-na [con• Sa.,6.7; I Ch.28.9; 29.,7; Ps. 7. 8; 24. jath-Arba, Ju. 1. 10; Mamre, Ge. 33. Christian profession, 2 Ti.1.15.
Dc.21.6,7; Mat.27.24. · sideration in judging], a Levite, men• 4; 51.6; 73.1; 119. So: 125. 4; Pr. 4. 23; 19; 35.37:-Abraham dwelt there, 13. Hermon, her'mon [lofty, prominent
Hanginc, an infamous death, Nu. 25. tioned Ne. 8. 4. 23.26; 24.12; Mat.5.8;Lu.8.15; n.39; 18;-taken from the Amorites, Ju. 1. peak], a mountain in the north-east-
4; De.21. :22; Ga. 3. 13;-of Pharaoh's Hashm.onah, h:ish-mi'.'>'nah [fatness], Ro.2.29; I Ti.1.5; 2 Ti2.22; Ja.4.8. 10. Its modern name is el-Klz.ulU[the ern boundary of the Holy Land.often
baker, Gc.-40.19;-of those who joined an encampment of the Israelites in - - , evidences of its being pure, friend], with a population of about mentioned, Jos.12.5; 13.5,n; Ps.89.
in the worship of Baal-peor, Nu. 25. the wilderness, Nu.33.29. are its abhorring vain and sinful 1000, including about 6o Jewish fami• 12: 133.3. This mountain is 8950 feet
4:-of the five kings by Joshua, Jos. Hasbupha, ha•shii'fa [uncovered], one thoughts, Ps. n9. 113;-deJighting in lies. above the level of the sea. Its mo-
10.26;-of Saul's sons, 2 Sa.21.8;-of of the Nethinim, Ne.7.46. holy meditation, Ps. 1. 2; n9. 97;- Hedge, for protecting fields or gar. dem name is 7ehel-eslz.-slteikl,. [chief
Haman and his sons, Es.7.10; 9.14. Hatipha, ha-ti'fa [captured]; a Neth- desirous of nearness to God, 42.1,2; dens, Pr. 15. 19;-whatever defends !1"1~ll:nta!n J, called by the Sidonians
B&nna.h. han'nah [graciousness], the inim, Ne.7.56; Ezr.2.54. 63. 1; 84.2;-prompting to holy con• from harm, Is.5.5; Eze. 13. 5;-trou• Sinon, De.3.9.
wife of Elkanah, and mother of the Hatred, ill-will, of our feIIOw-men to versation and deportment, Mat. 12. bles and hindrances,La.3.7; Ho.2.6. Herm.onites, properly Hermo,u, that
prophet Samuel, reproached for her be guarded agair,st, Le.19.17; Pr.10. 34,35; Ja.3.13;-exciting to pray for Heel, put for the body, or the inferior is the (three l summits of the Hermon,
barrenness, 1 Sa. I. 6;-prayed for a 12,18; 26.24; 1 Jn.2.9; 3.r5; 4.20. greater purity, Ps.51.2,7,10. part of human nature, Ge.3. 15. Ps.42.6.
son, 10,u:-first reproved, and then Haughtiness, pride and arrogance, - - , we are commanded watchfully Hegai, heg'ii.-i [eunuch], Es.2.8,15. Herod the Great, an ldumun, the
tncouraged by Eli, 14. 17~-bears condemned, 2 Sa.22.28; Pr.16.18; 18. to keep, Pr. 4. 23;-the Lord looks Reifer (REn), a young cow, the use second son of Antipater, who had
Samuel, 20:-presents him to the 12; Is.2.u,17. See PRIDE. chiefly to it, t Sa. 16. 7; Je. 17. xo;-a of its ashes, Nu.19.1, &c. been made procurator of Judea by
Lord, 2-4;-her song, 2. 1, &c. Haunt, to frequent, I Sa.30.31; Eze. broken and a contrite one pleasing to Heinous, very wicked, Job 31. n. Julius c~sar, B c. 47; king of Judea
Ha.nun, ha'nun [gracious], the son and 26.17. the Lord, Ps. 34.18; 51.17; Is. 57. 15; Heirs of God, Christians so called, when Christ was born, Mat.2.1;-was
il.lccessor of Na.hash, king of the I Hauran, haw'ran [caves, cave-land], 61.1; 66.2. Ro.8.r7;Ga,4.7; Ep.3.6; Tiq.7; He. troubled at the report of his birth, ,3;'
Ammonites, who insulted David's 1 a country north.east of Canaan, and - - , God judicially hardens, or in 6. ,7; Ja.2.5;-Christ the heir of all -sent for the Magi, or wise men,
ambassadors, by cutting their clothes 1 south of Damascus, embracing a por- righteous judgment gives up sinners things, He. 1.2. who had come to see Christ, and by
and beards, 2Sa.ro.2,4; 1Ch.19.2-6. tion of the kingdom of Bashan, Eze. to harden themselves: as in the case Helbon, hel'bon [fat), a city of Syria, falsehood endeavoured to make them
Hapharaim, haff' U.~rl-im (two pits], 47. 16, 18. It is ~dentical with the of Pharaoh, Ex.4. 21; 7.13; 9. 12;-of not far from Damascus, famed for its inform him where the infant Saviour
a city in the tribe of Issachar, Jos. Greek province of A umnitis. Sihon, De. 2. .30;-of the inhabitants excellent wine, E2e.27. 18. was,7,8;-enraged,becausc they com-
l9.,9. Haven, a seaport, Ge.49.13; Ps. 107. of Canaan, Jos.11.20;-of the Israel. Heleph, M'leff [an exchange], a city plied not with his wish, he command-
Ila.ply, perhaps, 1 Sa. 14. 30; Mar. n. 30: Ac.27 8,12. ites, Ps.81. 12;-of the Gentiles,, Ro. of Naphtali, Jos.19.33. ed all the children in.Bethlehem.from
IJ:L?· 14-29; Ac.5.39; 17.27; 2 Co.9.4. Havilah, haVi-lah [terror], the son of 1.24. Hell, he'li, probably the father of Jo. two years old and under, to be mur.
~pp1ness, felicity, wherein it con• Cush, Ge. 10. 7;-gave name to the - - , marks of one thus harden• seph, husband of the Virgin Mary, dered,16. After his death by .. dread.
!'!sts, Ps. 1. 1, &c.; 32. 1; 40. 4: 1o6. 3; count:Y of, probably identical with ed, are insensibility and indifference Lu.3.23. ful disease his kingdom was divided
112
.1: u9.1; 128.1; 144.15; 146.5; Pr.
3- lJ; 29. 18; h. 56. 2; Mat. 5. 3, &c.;
I Colch1s, 25.18; 1Sa.15.7.
Havock, to lay waste, Ac.8.3.
about the state of the soul, Ps. n9.70;
Is.1.3; 6.10;-total neglect of duties,
Heliopolis, he-li-op'o-lis [the city of
the sun], one of the oldest cities in
among his three sons. His son Arche-
laus (Mat.2.22) received Judea, ldu.
Lu. 6,20; It. 28; 12.43; Jn.13.17; Ro. Havoth.Jair, ha'voth-ji1.'ir [cabins or Job 21. 14, 15: Ps.w.4;-unrestrained the world, situated in Lower Egypt, mea, and Samaria : Philip received
4-7; 14.22, Ja.1.12: Re.14.13. villages of Jair), the villages or ham- indulgence in sin, Ro. 1.24; Ep.4.18, about 10 miles north-east of Cairo. I Batanca, Iturea, and Trachonitis;and
~ ha ran rmountaineer], (11 The lets which Jair took from the Am- 19;-contempt of threatened judg- It is thus named both in the Septua.. Herod Antipas, called Herod tht
Md.~t son of Terah, and brother of monites,nn the north of Mount Gilead, ments, Is.5.18,19; 2 Pe.3.3,+ gint and Vulgate, but called On in
Abnn.m;, a.od fatlle1 Qt Lot. Ge • .u. Tetrarch (Lu.p), Galilee.
Nu.32.41;Ju.10.4- - - , awful doom of those who are the Hebrew; Joseph m~rriP.d the 1--.dntipa, the Tetrarch, son or
173
HIGH-PRIEST HOGLAH HORITES HOUSES HVZU.B
Herod the Great by his wife Mal- how he must enter the holy of holies, Hoised, raised up on high, Ac.27.40. in the mountains of Seir, Ge. 14. 6;- favoured, they walked, prayed, slept,
thace a Samaritan, King of Galilee, Le. 16. 1, &c. ;-succession after the Holiness, freedom from sin, and de- were powerful and had prince!"> before and published .any important Dlatter
ma.nied his brother's wife, Mat.14.3; captivity, Ne. 12. 10; - Christ our votedness to God; the necessity of it, Esau conquered their country, 36.20; to the people m the streets, 1 Sa.
9
-reproved for this by John the Bap- great, .l.le.4.14. Le.11.44; 19.2; Ps.4.3; Ro.6.19; 12. De.2.12,22. 25; l\--Iat.10.27; Ac. 10. 9;-to preven;
tist, 4;-imprisons and puts him to Hil.kiah, hil-kl'ah [portion of Jeho- t; 13.12; 2 Co.7.1; Ep.1.4; 4.24; Phi. Hormah, hor'mah [dedicated], a royal them from falling from, it was guarded
death, 3-10; Mar.6. 17; Lu.9. 7,9;- vah], a high-priest in the reign of 1.27; Col.1.10; 1 Th.2.12; 1 ~- 1. 15; city of the Canaanites in the tribe of by a parapet wall, De. 22. 8 ;-new
hears of the fame of Jesus, Mat.14. Josiah, 2 Ki.18.18,37; Is.36.22; 2 Ki. 2 Pe.3.u;-a motive to it: from the Simeon, to which the Canaanites pur- hou~es ~o be dedicated, 20. s:-the
:r;-reported to design to kill him, 22.4; 2 Ch.34.15; Ne.8.4. holiness of God, Le.11.44;19.2;1Pe. sued the Israelites, when, in oppo.si• leprosy m, Le. 14. 33.
Lu.13.31 ;--examines him, 23.6. Hill Country, the country immedi- 1. 16:-from the dissolution of all tion to Moses, they attempted to enter Howbeit, nevertheless, Ju. 4. 17; h.
Herod Apij,/Ja I., the grandson of ately to the south of J eruiialem, Lu. things, 2 Pe. 3. n ;-none can see him the Land of Promise, Nu. 14. 45;- 10.7; Mat. 17.21; Ga.4.8.
Herod the Great by his eldest son 1.39. without it, He.12.14;-mustbe served many years after, it was conquered Howling, like the noise of a doe-, I&.
Aristobulus, puts to death the apostle Hin, a liquid measure, containing the in, Lu. I, 74, 75 ;-saints invited, and by them, 21. 1-3 ;--called Zephath, Ju. 15.8; Je.25.36; Zep.1. 10.
James, Ac. 12. 2;-imprisoned Peter, fth part of a 'bath, '=12 Roman sex~ called to it, Ro.8.29; Ep.r.4; 1 Th.4. 1.17. Huge, vast, large, 2 Ch. 16.8.
3,4;-his terrible death, 20-23;-he tarii=5 quarts, Ex.29.40; 30.24, &c. 7; 2 Ti. 1.9:-promised to the church, Hom, a defensive weapon of an ox, Hukltok., huk'kok [decreed], a plat,
reigned seven or ten years, and was Hind, the female of the red deer or Is.35.8; Ob.17; Zec.14 20,21. Ex.21.29;-fig-urativeiy, an e:nblem on the borders of N_aphtali, near .ze.
the father of Agrippa, Bernice, Dru- stag, Job 39. 1; Ps. 29. 9;-swift and - - - . genuine, has its seat in the of honour and power, 1 Sa. 2. t, IO; bulun, Jos.19.31-; I Ch.6.75.
silla, and Mariamne. sure of foot, 2 Sa.22.34; Ps.18.33;- heart, and grows from a gracious Ps. 132. 17; J e. 48.25;-powerful king- Huldah, hul'dah [a weasel], a pr0-
- - Agrippa JI., son of the pre- emblems of activity, Ge. 49. 2;-gen- and full surrender to the Holy Spirit, doms, Da.7.8,u,21; 8.5,8,9,2a:;Zec. phetess, foretells the destruction of
ceding, is mentioned in the New Tes- tleness, Pr. 5. 19;-modesty, Ca. 2. 7; Jn. 3. 6; Ro. 6. 22; 8. 5;-appears 1.18,19,21. Jerusalem, 2 Ki.22. 15; 2 Ch.34.23.
tament only by the name of Agrippa. 3. 5;-eamest longing of, Ps. 42. I ; - m punty of speech, Col. 4. 6;-sanc- Hornets, a species of wasp, remark- Humanity, or social kindness, enjoin-
Festus brought Paul before him, and maternal affection, Je.14.5. tity of practice, Phi. 1. u ;- progres- able for strength and irritability, em- ed, De.22.1; Lu.rn.37; Ep.4,32; Col.
was almost persuaded to be a Chris- Hinder, to obiitruct, Ge. 24- 56; Ac. 8. sive advancement in goodness, Job ployed as instruments of divine judg- 3. 12; 1 Pe.3.8.
tian, Ac.26.1-32. After the destruc- 36; 1 Cc..9.12; Ga.5.7. 17.9; Phi.3. 13. ment on the Canaanites, Ex. 23. 28; Humility, or Jowliness of mind, re-
tion of Jerusalem he went to Rome, Hinges, joints on which a door turns, - - - , specially required of the De.7.20; Jos.24.12. commended, Ps. 138.. 6; 144.3; Pr. 11 .
where he died at the age of seventy. 1 Ki.7.50; Pr.26.14. ministers of Christ, Le. 21. 16; Is. 52. Horon, and Horonaim, hor'on and 2; 16. 19; 18.12; 22. 4; Is.57.15; Mi.6.
Herodians, he-ro'dt-ans, a Galilean Hinnom, hin'nom [Iamentation],a deep u; ?t1at. 5.13, 14, 16; Ro.2.21; 2 Co.6. hOr-o-nU.'im [two caverns], a city of 8; 1'-fat.18.4; 23. 12; Lu.18.14: Ro. 12 _
political pany, who favoured Herod's and narrow ravine to the south and 3,4,6; 1 Ti.3.2, &c.; 4.12, &c. &c. Arabia, on the east of the Dead Sea, 3,rn, 16; Phi. 2. 3; Col.3. 12; Ja. 4- 10 .
ambitioui desire to gain from Rome west of Jerusalem. It is first mention• Bolon, ho'Jon [sandy], (1) A city of Is.15.5; Je.48.3;-Sanballat probably 1 Pe. 2. 17; 5.5 :-to obtain and clterislt
the title .of king-. In their religious ed in Jos.15.8~ 18.16. From the time the priests, situated in the mountains a native of, Ne.2.10,19; 13.28. tl1is excellent spirit, we should con.
tenets they were Sadduce~s. l\lat.22. of Joshua (2 Ki.23.10,13,14; 2 Ch.34. of Judah, Jos. 15. 51; 21. 15;--called Horrible, dreadful, terrible, Ps.u.6; sider that we are n?ortal creatures,
16; Mar. 12.13. 4,5) it became the common cesspool Hilen in 1 Ch. 6. 58.-(2) A city of Je.5.30; 18.13; Ho.6.10. Job 7.1; 14. 1 ;----dependent creatures
Herodias, he-r(j'dr-as, t-..Sister of of the city. It is said that perpetual Moab, Je.48.21. Horse, Ge.49.17;-riding on, a mark Ac.17.28; I Co. 4. 7;-ignorant crea'.
Herod Agrippa I.,and granddaughter fires were kept up in it 'to consume all Holpen, helped, Ps. 83. 8; 86. 17; Is. of dignity, Ee. 10. 7 ;-used by kings tures, Job 8. 9; 11. 12;-sz"n.ful Crea.
of Herod the Great; her first husband that was combustible. It was called 31.3; Da.n.34; Lu.1.54. and warriors, Ex. 14. 9, 23; Es.6.8;- tures, Ro.3.23; 1 Jn. 1.10;-we should
was her uncle Philip, son of Herod 'the valley of the son' or 'children Holy, often applied to God, to signify war-horse described, Job 39.10, &c. consider its advantages, Lu. 14. 11 ;
the Great, whom she deserted, and of Hinnom,' Je. 19. 2. By the later his infinite purity, Le.19.2; 21.8;- Horses, the Jewish kings forbidden to Ja. 4, 6;-and study the example of
lived in adulterous intercourse with Jews it was called Ge Hinnom, Ge- frequently he is called cThe Holy multiply, De. 17. 16;-Solomon, con. Christ, ?tfat,u.29;-ad11a1liag?'s of:
Herod Antipas, his brother. henna, to denote the place of eternal One of Israel,' 2 Ki.19. 22; Ps.71.22; trary to this prohibition, had 40,000 it is pleasing to God, 1 Pe. 3. 4;-ap.
Heron, an unclean bird according to punishment. 78.41; Is. 1. 4;-persons, places, and stalls of, I Ki. 4. 26;-in the vision of proved by good men, Pr.29.23;-has
tli.e law, Le. II. 19; De. 14. 18. The Hiram [noble, free], (1) King of Tyre things so called, which are sej)a,rated Zechariah, Zee. I. 7. the promise of divine care and love
Heb. word {anaphah) so rendered is (called also I/uram, 1Ch.14.1; 2 Ch. to the Lord, Ex.19.6; Le.16.33; Nu. Hosanna, ho-zWl'nah [save, I beseech Ps. 25.9; Is.57.15;-it keeps us fro~
supposed to de.signate a species of 2.2,n,12), reigned thirty-three years 31.6. thee], used as a prayer, or an ascrip- being hurt by prosperity, Pr. 1. 32 ;
plover. over Tyre, seven in David's reign and Holy Ghost, or HoLY SPIRIT. See tion of praise, Mat.21.9,15; Mar.II. Ge. 39. 2 ;-makes us patient and re-
Heshbon, he5h' hon [reason, intelli- twenty-six in that of Solomon; sends GHOST. 9,10; Jn.12.13. signed in adversity, Job2.10; Ps.6g.
gence], chief city of Sihon, king of to David, 2 Sa. 5. u;-congratulates Homer [a heap], a measure of ca.pa• Hosea, ho-ze'ah [saving], one of the 32,33;-examjleso_/: !\-loses, Ex. 1 8.
the Amorites, about 20 miles east of Solomon on his accession, 1 Ki. 5. 1; city=10 baths, Le.27.16; Nu.n.32; minor prophets, son of Beeri, contem. 24;-Gideon, Ju.6.15;-Elijah, 1 Ki
the river Jordan; given to the tribe of -makes him a present, 9. 14;-his Eze. 45. II; called also a cor. porary with Isaiah. His ministry ex- 1:9.4;-Daniel, Da.2.30;-the Psalm.
Reuben, Jos. 13. 17;-afterwards as- answer to Solomon about assistance Honest, upright or becoming, Lu. 8. tended from Jeroboam's death to the ist, Ps. t31.1;-Jesus Christ, Phi.2.s-
signed to the Levites, 21.39;-famous in building the temple, 2 Ch.2.u.- 15;Ac.6.3; Ro.12.17; 2 Co.8.21. beginning of Hezekiah's reign, about 8 ;-John the Baptist, Lu. 3. 16 ;-
for its fish-pool, Ca.7.4;-its ruins arc (2) An eminent artificer, sent from Honesty, in our dealings, enjoined, sixty years. Peter, Ac.3.12 ;10.26 ;-Paul and Bar..
still seen. Tyre to assist in the building of the Le. 19. 13,35; De. 25. 13; Pr. u. 1; 20. Bosen, the old plur. of 'hose,• an un- nabas, 14. 15;-Cornelius, 10. 33;-
Heth (trembling, fear], the eldest son temple, &c., 1 Ki.7.13;-and the fur- to,23; 28.8;Je.17.n; Ho.12.7; Mi.6. der garment, Da.3.21. Paul, _1 Co. 15. 9; 2 Co. 12. u; Ep.3-
of Canaan, and father of the Hittites, niture of it, 15, &c-(3) A Benjamite, 8,1,1; Mar.rn.19. Hoshama, hosh'a-mah [heard, or he 8; 1T1.r.15.
Ge. 10. 15 ;-Abraham purchased a 1Ch.8.5. Honey, was so abundant in Canaan, obeying], one of the posterity of Da- Hunger, a desire of food, Ex. 16. 3;
burying-place from his sons, 25. 10;- Hire, to be paid promptly to the la- that the land was said to flow with vid, I Ch.3. 18. De.28.48; Lu. 15. 17 ;-after righteous.
the daughters of, embittered Rebek- bourer, Le.19.13; De.24.14,15;--of a it, Ex.3.8,17; 13.5; De.32.13; 1 Sa.14- Hoshea, ho-she'a [salvation], (1) The ness, blessedness of them who do,
ah's life, 27.46. whore not to be brought into the 25; Pr.25.27; Ca.4.n. same with Joshua, De.32.44.-(2)The Mat.5.6;-no hunger shall be felt in
Hew, to cut wood or stone, Ex.34.4; house of the Lord, 23. 18. Honour, true and permanent, pro. nineteenth and la.c;t king of Israel, 2 heaven, Re.7. 16.
-to slay or cut into pieces man or Hireling, one employed for hire for a mised to them who honou!' and serve Ki. 15. 30; 17. 1 ;-he and his people Hungry, promises to them who feed
beast, Ho.6.5; 1 Sa.11.7. limited time-figurative allusion, Job God, 1 Sa.2.30; Pr.3. 16;4.8:Jn.12.26. conquered, and· carried captive into the, Is.58.10; Eze.18.7; Mat.25.35r-
Hezekiah, hl]:z-e-ki'ah [strengthened 7. t; 14.6;--0ne who takes little inte- Hoods, of the Jews, like the turbans Assyria, 5.6; 17.3, &c. ;-and thus the soul, God filleth, Ps.107.9; Lt1.1.53-
of the Lord1 king of Judah, succeeds rest in the flock compared with the of the Turks and Persians, raised kingdom of the ten tribes came to an Hunters, they who chase, Ge. 10.,;
A.haz, 2 Ki.16. 20; 2 Ch. 28. 27;-con- shepherd, Jn.10.12,13. high in th'e middle, ls.3. 23. end, 2 Ki.17.1-6; Ho. 13.16 {B.c. 725). 25.27; Pr.6.5; Je.16. 16.
quers the Philistines, 2 Ki. 18. 8 ; - Hissing, crying like a serpent, and Hope, of eternal life, is founded on the Hospitality, the prdctice of kindly Hur [a hole], (,) The son of Caleb,
made war upon by Sennacherib. 18. used to denote scorn or contempt, 2 promises and merits of Christ, Col. 1. entertaining strangers, recommend. who, along with Aaron, held up Mo--
13; 2 Ch.32.t; h.36.1, &c.;-receives Ch. 29. 8; Je.18.16; Mi.6.16;-to call 27; 1Th.1.3; 2Th.2.16;Tit.1.2;-said ed, Ro. 12. 13; I Ti 3. 2; Tit.1.8; He. ses' hands, while Israel fought witk
ambassarlol'i from Babylon, '2 Ki.20. with a hiss denotes authority, Is.5.26; to be saved Ly it, Ro. 8. 24;-rejoic- 13.2; r Pe. 4.9;-testofChristianchar- the Amalekites, Ex. 17. 10;-to hin-
12; Is. 39. I ;-threatened for his osten-7.18; Zec.10.8. ing in it, 12. 12;-a motive to godli- acter, 1 Ti.5.10. and Aaron, Moses directed the peo..
tation, 6:-cleanses the temple, 2 Ch. Hitherlo, till now, Ex.7.16; Ps.71.17; ness, Ro. 15. 4, 13; He.3.6; 1 Pe.1.13; - - - - - , examples: of Abraham pie for counsel, while he was on Sinai,
29.3;-proclaims a solemn fast, 30.1; Jn.5.17; Ro.1.13. -certain objects of the saint's hope: to the angels, Ge.18.3, &c. ;-of Lot 24.14.-(2) One of the kings of Midi-
-sick, bui recovers: 2 Ki. 20. 1, &c.; Hittites, hit'tites. the descendants of Christ's second appearing, Tit. 2. 13; to the angels, 19. 2;--of Laban to an, Nu.31.8: Ex.24.14.
Is. 38. 1, &c. ;-dies, 2 Ki.20.21. Heth, the second son of Canaan; two -the resurrection, Ac.23.6; 24. 15;- Abraham's servant, 24.31;-of Jethro HurL to drive quickly, Nu, 35. :ao;
Hiddekel,hid'de-kel [the rapid Tigris], ut David's mighty men were, 1 Sa. 26. future glory, Ro.5.2; Col.1.27. to Moses, Ex.2. 20;--of an old man Job27.2r; 1Ch.12.2.
one of the rivers which had their t, 2 Sa.n. 6;-in the days of Elisha, - - of the hypocrite and unjust at Gibeah to a Levite, Ju. 19. 15;--of Hurtful, mischievous, Ezr. 4. 15; Ps.
source in:paradise, Ge.2.14;--on the tht>y had kings of their own, 2 Ki. shall perish, Job8.13,14; Pr.u.7. Job, Job 31. 32;-of Lydia to Paul 144.10; l Ti.6.9.
banks of it Daniel had one of his 7.0. Hophni, hofni [pugilist], and PmNE· and Silas, Ac.16.15;-ofthepeopleat Husbandman, one who cultivates the
visions, Da. 10. 4. It rises about 15 Hh1ites, hi'vites, a tribe of the Ca- HAS, the sons of Eli, the high-priest, Melita, 28.2. ground, an honourable occupation,
miles south of the ~:Jurct of the Eu- naanites, Ge. 10. 17 ;-sometimes called 1 Sa.1.3;-wer.: dissolute and aban- Host, one who lodges and entertains Ge.9.20, Je.51.23; Jn. 15. 1; 2 Ti. 2.6;
phrates, and after pursuing a south- Avims, De.2.23; Jos.13.3. doned men, 2. 12-17 ;-hearkened not guests, Lu.10.35; Ro.16.23. Ja.5.7.
east course joins that river at Koma, Bizkijah, hiz-ki'jah [the strength of to the gentle reproof of their father, Hostages, persons given to another Husbandry, the art of tillage, or cul-
about 50 miles above Bassorah. the Lord1 one who sealed the cove- 25;-their doom foretold, 27-34;-re- as a pledge for the performance of tivating the ground; the antiquity and
Biel, hi' el hhe Lord liveth], a man nant with Nehemiah, Ne.10.17. vealed also to young Samuel, 3.n- certain conditions, 2 Ki. 14, 14; 2 Ch. honour of it, Ge.3.23;4.2; 2Ch.26.10;
of Bethel, who, notwithstanding the Hoary Head, gray hairs, a crown of 14 ;-both slain by the Philistines, 4- 25.24. Pr.12.u; 28.19; Ec.5.9.
curse denounced by Joshua against · glory, when found in the way of 11, 17. Hosts, or ARMIES, Jehovah is often Husbandry, the church called God's,
him who should attempt to rebuild righteousness, Pr.16.31;-the beauty Hor, h(jr [the mountain], (1) A moun- called the Lord of, Ex. 12. 41; I Sa. I. 1Co.3.9.
Jericho, Jos. 6. 26, undertook it, and of old men, 20. 29 ;-honour to be tain on the confines of ldumea, on n; Ps.59.5; 84.1,3,12, &c. Husbands, the ltous,-bands, who
found the curse verified, x Ki.16.34. given to, Le.19.32;-promise to carry which Aaron died, Nu. 20. 25, 28; 33. Roughing of Horses, disabling them, connect the family, and keep it to--
Hierapolis, hi-er-riip'o-lis [a sacred or to, ls.46.4;-prayer for one who has 38,39. It has a double summit, and by hamstringi11g,i.e. cutting the' ten• gether, their duty, Ge.2.24; Pr.5.15,
holy city], a city of Phrygia, in Asia reached, Ps.71. 18. is 4800 feet above the Mediterranean. don Achillis' of the hinder legs, Jos. 18; Mal. 2. 14,15; 1 Co.7. 3; Ep.5.25;
Minor, in the neighbourhood of Co-- Hobab, ho'bab [beloved], the son of -(2) A mountain named only in Nu. u.6,9; 2Sa.8.4. Col.3.19; 1 Pe.3.7.
losse; here Christianity was early Raguel the Midianite, Nu.10.29:Ju. 34. 7, 8, probably identical with Le- Hour, the Jews for many ages did B:us.hai, hU'shI [haste1 an Archite, I
planted, Col.4.13. Its modem name 4.11;-usually identified with Jethro, banon. not divide the day by hours, but into particular friend of David'&., wh&-
is Pambak-Kalesst [cotton-castle], Ex. 18. 5, 27, comp. Nu. 10. 29, 30;- Horeb, ho'reb [dry, desert], probably the morning, noon, first evening, and acted as his spy, 2 Sa. 15. 32;-his
about 5 miles north of Laodicea. accompanies him and the Israelites another name for the whole or a part last evening. After the Chaldean counsel preferred to that of Ahitho-
Biggaion, hig-ga'yon [the murmur- in the wilderness, Nu.10.29;-Heber of Sinai. Here the angel of the Lord captivity, and especially after they phel, 17.7.
ing]. the low tone of the harp, Ps.92. a descendant of, Ju.4.u. appeared to Moses, while he kept came under the Romans, they adopted H118hathite, hii'shath-ite [hastingl
3. In Ps. 19. 15 it means meditation, Hobah, ho'bah [hiding-place, hidden], the flock of Jethro, Ex.3.t,2;-here the division of the day into twelve descended from H usha.h. 1 Ch. n.
and in 9. 16 is a musical sign. a town north of Damascus, whither Moses smote the rock, and drew water hours, beginning with the rising of the 29.
High Places, places chosen for the Abraham pursued the kings who had for all the host of Israel, 17.6;-God's sun, Da.4-19; l\iat.9.22; 27.45, &c. Busk, the outmost cover of fruits,
erection of altars, Ge. u. 7, 8; 22. 2; taken Lot, Ge.14.15. covenant with the Israelites there, House, denoting a family, Ge.12.r7; Nu.6.4;2Ki.4.42. InLu.15.16the-
31.54; Ju.6.25,a6; 1Sa.9.12; but after Hodaiah, hod-a-i'ah [the praise of the De.5.1, &c. 1 Ti.5.8;-a race, Lu.2.4;-property, word refers to the fruit of the carob-
the building of the temple such places Lord],oneofDavid's posterity, 1 Ch. Hor-hagidgad, hor-ha-gid'gad [mount I Ki.13.8. tree, which was used in feeding swine.
became an abomination, as the scenes 3.24 of thunder], the thirty-third encamp. Householder, master ofa family, Mat. called also St. Jolui's-bnad, from
only of idol-worship, I Ki. 3. 2,4; 12. Hoglah, hog'lah [partridge], the third ment of the Israelites, Nu.33.32. 13.27,52; 21.33. the idea that the Baptist used it ii
3t,32: 13.2: 14.23, &c. of the five daughters of Zelophehad, Horites, h~'rites, or HoRJMS [dweIJers Boases, of the Jews, were built flat the wildeme~.
tligh-prieat, J,is robes, Ex.,8.39;- Nu.,6.33- in caves], an ancient pctople who dwelt on the roof, on which, as the season HUZ2ab, huz'zab [molten], s u ~
174
IMPLACABLE INIQUITY INSTRUMENT
IDOLATRY
be the queen of.Nineveh, but the 26; 10. 3;-the punishment of it, Implead,tochargewithcrimesbelore As there used it denotes not the Injure, to do a person wrong ar In,.
:eaning is uncertam,, Na.2.7•. death, De.1;3.9;17.2;-theCanaanites a judge, Ac.19.38. peninirnla of Hindostan, but the dis• justice, Ga. 4. 12 ;-an injurious pea.
eneus hy-men~ us [nuptial, or extirpated on account of it, De.12,29; Implicit faith, or believing as we are tricts round the Indus-the Punjaub. son is one who wrongs others, 1 Ti. 1.
Bf!dding ~0ng1 and Alextmder,for -the monuments of it to be destroyed, taught, without examining for our• Indignation, wrath or anger, N e.4. I: 13.
: time professed the C~nst1.an fai~; Ex.23.24; 34.13; De.7.5,25; 12. r, &c., selves, oondemned, Is.8.20;Ac.17.u; Es.5.9; Mat. 20. 24;-the judgments Injustice, prohibitions against, Ex
but fell into error and _vice, for w~ch 29;-all communication with idolaters I Th.5.21; 1 Jn.4.1; Re.2.2. of God, or the :ireadful effects of his 22. 21 1 22; 23.6; Le. 19.15,35; De.di.
ere excommumcatecl, I T1. I. forbidden, De.5.1, &c. Importunity,orearnestnessinprayer, anger, Is.26.20;34.2;-a holy displea• 19; Pr. 22. 16; Je. 22. 3;-punishment
:~:..; and Pkiletusmaintain~d that Idolatry, examples of it: Laban, Ge. the prevalence thereof, Ge.32.26; Lu. sure against one's self for sin, 2 Co.7. of, Pr. 11. 7; 28. 8; Am.5.u,12; 8.5,8.
th~ resurrection was past, 2 T1. 2. 17, 31.19,30:-Jacob's household, 35.2-4: 11.5; 18.r. See PRAYER. 11. Examples of, Ge.39.20; 1Sa.8.3;1 Ki.
-Egyptians, Nu. 33. 4 ;-the Israel• Impose, to la3r or bind upon one, Ezr. Indite, to form thoughts for speech or 21.10,15,16; Da.6.4; Ac.24.27.
,s.
. Bynin&• psalms, an spn"l.t
d .. ual
songs, ites in the golden calf, Ex.32.1, &c.: 7.24; He.9. ro. writing, from the overflowing of the Inkhorn, a vessel for holding ink, ori.
mmended, Ac. 16. 25; Ep. 5. 19; -in the worship of Baal-peor, Nu. Im.posit.ion of hands. See HANDS. heart; 01· as the word signifies, from ginally made of horn, Eze.9. 2,3, 11;
~ _1 6;Ja. 5.13. Thehymnmen- 25. 1, &c. ;-after the death of Joshua, Impossible, what cannot be done, its boiling- or bubbling up, Ps.45. 1. Je.36.18.
3 Ju. 2. 12; 3. 7;-after the death of nothing is so to God, unless it imply Industry, or diligence, of body and Inn, a place for travellers to lodge in.
tioned in Mat. 26. 30 was ~-~e gr~~t
}fa/tel, consisting ~f Ps.cxw.-cxv:111. Gideon, 8.33;-the Danites: 18.30;- evil, or a contradiction, Lu. 1. 37; 18. mind, recommended, Pr.6.6: 10.4; 12. In ancient times hospitality was so
Jlyperbole, a rhetoncal figure, which Solomon, r Ki. n. ,4;-Jeroboam, 12. 27. 24: 13. 4; 21.5; 22.29; 27.23; Ep.4.28; common, that public inns such as are-
represents things much greater or le~s 28;-in the time of Ahab, 18.22;- Impotent, weak and incapable of 1Th.4-11. Examplesof,Ge.29.9;31. found in modern times did not exist.
thar. they really are; great and beauti- Ahaz, 2 Ki.16.3;-theSamaritans, 17. action, Jn.5.7; Ac.4.9; 14.8. 6; Ex.2.16; Ru.2.2.,3; Ac.9.39. In the earliest ages the word denoted
ful ones, 2 Sa. 1. 23; Je.4. 13; La. 4. 19; 29;-Amaziah, 2Ch. 25. 14;-Manas,. Impoverish, to make poor, Ju.6.6; Inexcusable,nottobeexcused,orpal• merely a place or well where travel,
Am. 2 • 9 ; Hab.1.8. . seh, 33.2. Is.40.20; Je.5.17. liated by apology, Ro.2.1. lers might conveniently rest. After.
fl~BY, the assumm~ or a charac• - - - , covetousness so called, Col Imprecations, or prayers for curses, Infallible, that which cannot be mis• wards khans or caravansaries were
ter which we ar~ cons:ious d~es not 3.5. remarkable ones, Job 3. 3; Ps. 28. 4; taken, or admit of doubt, Ac.1.3. built such as are now found in the
belong to us, ~th a _view to 1mp_ose Idols, meat offered as sacrifice to them 59. S, 13; 143. 12; Jc. 18. 21; 20. 12, 14; Infamy, loss of character by crimes; East, where travellers may have lodg.
on mankind; its gmlt and punish- not to be eaten byChristians,except La..3.64. disgrace, reproach, Pr.25.10; Eze.22. ing and food, Ge. 42. 27; 43.21; Ex.4-
ment, Job 8.rJ; 15.34; 27.8: 36.13; Is. in particular cases, 1 Co. 8. 1; 10.14, Imprison, to shut up in prison, Ac. s: 36.3. 24; Lu.2.7; 10.34.
'9· 13 : 33.14; 58.2;Je.3.JO; Eze.33.31; &c., 25. 22.19; 2 Co.6.5; He.11.36. Infant[onewhocannotspeak],ayoung Innocent, not guilty of particular
Mat.6.2,5;7.21; 23.13,23,28; 24.51; ldumea, id-ii-m~ah [red], the Greek Impudence, want of modesty and child, 1 Sa.15. 3; Job 3.16; Ho.13.16; crimes, Ex.23. 7: De.27.25;Ps.10.8;15,
Lu, 12. 1; 16.15; 1 Pe. 2. 1; Re. 3. 1;- form of Edom, originally called shame,censured,Pr.7.13;21.29;Eze. ILu. 18. 15;--during the millennium 5; Mat.27.24.
examples of: Pharal, Ex.8.28,29;- 'Mount Seir,' a country bordering on 3.4,7. there shall not be an infant of days, Innumerable, that cannot be num-
Balaam, Nu. 23. 10; Saul, I Sa 15. the Holy Land, possessed by the Impute, to account, or ascribe to a that is, all Christians shall be men in bered, Job 21.33; Ps. 40. 12; Lu.12.1~
_ 15 ;-Jehu, 2 . 10. 16, 31 : - Edomites, or descendants of Esau: person that which he himself hath Christ, in respect of gracious attain• He.12.22.
13 was bounded on the north by the not, or did not; and to deal with him ments, ls.65.20. Inordinate. disorderly, excessive, not
Herod, Mat.2.8:-J~das, 26.25,4,8;-
Pilate, 27.24;-Anamas, Ac.5.1-10. Dead Sea and Moab, and extended as if it were his; thus God imputed Inferiors, persons beneath us in rank, under restraint, Eze.23.11; Col.3.5-
HyssOP, a plant, either the ma.r;!oram southward to the eastern gulf of the our sins to Christ, Is.53.6; 1 Pe.2.24: st.-ation, or wealth, not to be despised, Inqu.isition, inquiry, s~h, or ex-
or the thorny caper, much used m the Red Sea, Is. 34. 5; Eze. 35. 15; 36.5; -and thus he imputes the righteous- Pr.17.5; Ro.12.10,16;-their duty to. amination, De.19.18 ;Es.2.23;Ps.9. 12.
Jewish purifications, Ex. 12. 22; Le. Mar.3.8. ness of Christ to believers, and on wards their superiors, Pr. 25. 6; Ro. Inquisitiveness, or prying into the
14-4,6,49,51 ,52· lgeal, ig-e'al or ig'~-al [avenger), (1) its account treats them as if it were 13.7. business of others, censured, Jn. 21.
One of the sons of Shemaiah, t Ch. their own, comp. Phile.18 with Ro.4- In.:tidelity, disbelief of Christianity; 21; 1 Pe.4. 15.
3. 22.-(2) One of David's famous 5-13; 2 Co. 5. 21;- to lay to one's the causes of it, Jn.5. 44; 2 Co. 4. 4; Insatiable, not to be satisfied; things
warriors, 2 Sa.23.36. charge, 2 Sa.19.19;-to beheld guilty, Ep.2.2: 2Th.2.r2;-the danger of it, that are so, Pr.27.20; 39. 15; Ec.1.8;
Ignominy, shame or reproach, Pr. ,8. Le. 17.4- Mar. 16. 16: Lu. 12. 46; Ro. 1. 28; 2 Ti. 2. 4.8; 5.JO; Hab.2.5.
I. 3. Inability, natural or physical, the 12;Re.21.8;-ofthe Israelites, Ps.zo6. Inscription, a sentence written or en.
lgnOTaD.ce, want of knowledge, Ep.4- want of ability to do that which we 24;-of the inhabitants of Nazareth, graved on pillars, altars, &c., Ai:..17.
18;-sins of, Le. 5. r;-sacrifices for wish; as of the blind to see, or the Mat.13.57;--ofthebrethrenofJesus, 23.
Jill THAT I AM, the name by them, Nu. 15. 22; Le. 4. 1;-<loes not lame to run, Mat. 9. 27; Ac. 3. 2;- Jn. 7. 5;-of the Jews at Jerusalem, Inspiration, a supernatural diTine in-
which God made himself known to excu~esin, Le.-4-.2;Lu.12.48;-chosen ' moral inability, consists in the want 12.37;-at the preaching of Paul, Ac. fluence exercised on the minds of the
Moses,expressiveofhisseif-existmce by wicked men, J9b :11.14; Ro.I.28. of inclination, desire, and will to do 13.44. See UNBELIEF. sacred writers, by which they were
and i'ndef>endence, Ex 3.14;-in simi• - - - - , voluntary, censured, Jn. I what God requires, Job 21. 14;Jn. 5. Infidels, those who reject revelation; qualified to communicate to the world
larterms Christ speaks ofhimself,Jn. 3-19; 2 Pe.3.5. 40: 8.43. Christians not to contract marriages the will of God; as was the case with
8.sS.
Ibbar,.ib'h.l.r [c?osen], one of David's I - - - - , inwlunta,:,,, compara. Incense, a rich perfume compounded
tivel! excusa~le, J~- 9. ~1; Ro.. I.J. 1; ?f f~ccnse and oth~ Spic~ used
with them, 2 .Co. 6. 1-4-. See UNBB•
LIEVRRS.
the prophets and apostles, 1 Sa to. 10;
2 Sa.23.2; Mat.10.20:Jn.14,.2-4-; 16.13:
Ep.3.5; 2 Ti.3. 16; 2 Pe. t. 21. Man.
50 ns, 2 Sa.5.15, 1 Ch.3.6.
I
15.1, 1 Co. 8. 9, 9.22, 1 TL 1. 13,-but in sacnfices, Ex.30.8,34, 37.29,-tbe In:finite, without bounds or limits, as
lbleam, ib'lt!-am (he consumes the not excusable when there are the merit of Christ's death, Rc.8.3,4- God's understanding is, P!i. 147. s:- ners of inspiring referred to, Nu. 7.
people1 a city of Manasseh, on the means of information, Jn.3.19; 5.40; Ince~. provoked to anger, or kin• thatwhichisexceedinggreat,Job:z:z. 89; 12.6; 24.4; Job 33.15; Is.6.8; Eze.
border of Issa.char, west of Jordan, Ac.17.n,30; 2 Pe.3.5. . died mto rage, Is.,41.n: 45.24. 5:'Na2.9; 3.9. u.24;Ac.19.21. Examples, Ex.4.n:
Jos. 17. 1 r ;-the Canaanites still dwelt Ignorant, the want of understanding, Incest, illicit commerce of those con• In1lrmitiee, weaknesses which are un• Nu.24.2; Ac. 1. 16; 8. 29; 10. 19; 13-2;
in it, 12.13;-identical with Bileam, , Is.56.10; 63.16;-without knowledge, nect~d by consanguinity or affinity, avoidable; allowance5 to-be made for 16.6,7; 21.u; Re.1.10.
, Ch.6.70. . I Ac. 4.13; Ro.1.13; He.5.2. forbidden, Le. 18. 6, &c.; 20. 17: De. them,Job14.4;Ps.78.39;103.14; Mat. Inspiraiion of the Scriptuns of the
Ibf.&D, ib'zan [illustrious], a judge of I Illuminated, enlightened with the 1 22._;o: 27.20; Eze.22.11; Am.2.7. 7.3; Ro.7.14; 14.2; 15-1; Ga.5.17; 6.1: Old and New Testaments is proved
Israel, Ju.12.8;-had thirty sons and saving knowledge of Christ, He.10. - - - , examples o( it: of Lot, Ge. He.,4. 15 ;-sickness or feebleness of by e.xtrrnal evidence :-God enabled
thirty daughters, 9. 32. 19.33;-ofReuben, 35.22;--<if Judah, body, Lu.7.21; 1Ti.5.23;-afilictions, the penmen of them to perform mira-
lcha.bod,ik'a-bod[whereistheglory!], Dlyricum, it.Iyr"i.kum, a country in 38.18;-of Amnon, 2 Sa. 13. .1. 1 &c.:- or persecutions. 2 Co. 12. 10;-spiri- cles (see MIRACLES), numerous, van..
a name given to the son of Phinehas Europe, lying between Panonia and of Absalom, 16.21 ;~f Herod, Mar. tual weakness, and defects in grace, ous, and in the most public manner,
when the ark was taken by the Philis- the Gulf of Venice. now called Sela• 6.17. Ro.6.19; 8.26. -and he taught them to utter_;,.
tines, 1 Sa4.19-22. vonia, and about ,48o miles in length, lnchantments, or ENCHANTMENTS, Inflame, to set on fire, ls.5.1i; 57.5- phecies (see PROPHECY) of many fu•
lconi.um, i~ko'nr-um, the metropolis and 120 in breadth; from Jerusalem magical charms or spells; the practice In:flammation,adisease,accompanied ture events, which none but he could
of ancient Lycaonia, in Asia Minor,
situated in a beaut~ful and extensive
to this country, Paul preached, Ro.rs.
19;-Dalmatia, which Titus visited,
plain at the foot of Mount Taurus, ' 2 Ti. 4. 10, was the southern part of De.18.g-12.
t of witchcraft, or the arts of conjura.
tionand sorcery, forbidden, Lc.19.26;
with a sensation ofheat arising from
1
obstructed blood, or matter; threat·

ened for diiobediencc, Le.13-28; De.
disclose to them. And it is pnwed
by internal evidence, or from what
is contained in the Scriptures them•
I
I
about 50 miles east of Lystra. Paul · this province. Incline, tM ear, to listen attentively, 28.22. selves; such as the sublt.'me maj'esty
and Barnabas fled to it, Ac.13.51;- Images, not to be worshipped, Ex.20. Pr. 5. 13; Je. 7. 24; II, 8; 25. 4;-tu Infficted. imposed as a punishment, with which God speaks in them, Is.
here they preached in the Jews' 4; De.4.15: 5.8; 16.22;-a golden one Mart, to earnestly study and desire, 2 Co.2.6. 57. 15; 66. 1, 2;-the fer.feet lu,lin,s,
synagogue, 14. 1;-here they were set up by Nebuchadnezzar, Da.3.1, Jos.24.23; 1 K.i.8.58; Ps.78.1. Infl.uence, the power of one thing which they inculcate, Ps.12.6; 19.8;
persecuted, 2-6. Its modern name &c.;-are seen by him in a dream, Inclose, to compass, or shut up round operatingonanother;asfromthesun, Mat. 5. 8; He. 12. 14;-the .rcoj,,e and
is KtJIIUli, with a population of about 2. 1, &c. about, as Israel did the Benjamites, moon, stars, or rain, to ca.use the earth design of the whole, to humble sinful
:io.000. Imaginations, the ideas, conceptions, Ju. 20. 43;-wicked men did Christ, bring forth fruit, Job 38.31. men, and to exalt God; and to pro.
Id.do, id'do [his hand], (t) A prophet purposes,anddesiresofmennaturally Ps.22.16. Infolding, inciosin.g, Eze.1.,4. mote both our present and eternal
of the kingdom of Judah, who wrote evil, Ge. 6. 5;-corrupt reasonings, 2 , Incontinent, unchaste, 21i. 3.3- Informing, or discovering of great happiness, Is. 64. 6; 1 Ch. 16. 23-29: 1
tbe annals of the reign of Rehoboam Co. 10.5. f Incorruptible, not liable to corrup.. crimes, a duty, De. 13.8. Ti. 4. 8 :-their brevity, fu/ness, and
and Abijah, a Ch. 12. 15;-vision of, Immanuel, or EMMANUEL, im•man'•
9,.~;-book of, 12.15;-story of, 13. O.·el [God with us], a name given to
I tion or decay; God is, Ro. 1. 23:-
the bodies of"'taints shall be, 1 Co.1,s.
In.gathering, the feast of, called also
the 'feast of tabernacles;' celebrated
clearness, 2 Ti. 3. 13-17;-their abs,o..
lute j>erfection as a rule of duty, Ps.
22.-{2) The father of Berachiah, and Christ, expressive of his partaking 52;-the seed, or word and agency after all the produce of the fields and 19.7; Re.22.18,19;-the luz.nn01t,- or
crmdfatherofthe prophet Zechariah, both of the divine and human natures, of the Spirit, by which they are born vineyards was gathered in, Ex.23.16; agreement of all their parts, though
Zec.u; Ez,-.5.,; 6.14.-(3) The chief Is.p4; 8.8; Mat.1.23. again, 1 Pe.1.23;-their heavenly in• Le.23.39-44; Jn.6.37,38. written by various persons, and in dif.
ef the half tribe of Manasseh, 1 Ch. Immed.ie.tely, in a moment, instantly, heritance, 4. Ingra.ft. See GRAFF. ferentages,Lu. 24.27 :Ac. 10.43;-their
21. 1.
2 Mat.4.22; 8.3; Ac.9.3-4-; 12.23; Ga.1. Increase, the produee of the earth and Ingratitude, insensibility to favours pow,r and efficacy both to conven
Idle, lazy, Ex. 5. 8;-not working, 16; Re.4.2. of cattle, Le.19.25;De.7.13;-togrow, received, and return of evil for good, and comfort, Ps.19.71 8; n9.50; He.4-
Mat.20.3; Lu.2,4.11; 1 Ti.5.13. Immortality, not subject to death or advance, or impro'f'C, Col 1.10; 1 Th. censured, Job 19. 14-16; Ps.7.4; 1o6. 12.
Idlenesa, sloth, censured, Pr.6.6,u: dissolution, ascribed to God, 1 Ti.1. 3. 12;-to multiply, 1 Ch.27.23. 7, &c.; Pr. 17. 13: Je. 3. s: 2 TI.3.2;- Instability, want of steadiness, cen-
io.4,26: 12.24,27; 13.4; 15.19; 18.9; 19. 17:6.16;-the bodies of believers shall Incredible, what cannot be believed, of Pharaoh's butler to Joseph, Ge.40.. sured, r Ki. 18. 21; Ho.6.4; Ep.,4. 14;
15, 24; 20.-4-,13; 21.25; 22. 13; 23.21; 24. be immortal, 1 Co. 15.55;-brought to the resurrection of the dead ought 23:-of the Israelites to the family of Col.1.23; Ja.,.6.
JO. 2 6. 13: Ec.10. 18; Eze. 16. 49; Ro. light by the gospel, 2Ti.r.10. not to be so accounted, Ac.26.8. Gideon, Ju.8.3-4-;-of Saul to David, Instant, urgent, immediate, quick, Is.
12 · 1 ~: 1 Th.4- 11; 2 Th.3. 10; 1 TL5.13. Immutability, unchangeableness, as• Incredulity, not believing the testi- 1 Sa. 18.6, &c. :-of Joai;;h, 2 Ch.24.22. 30.13; Lu.2.38; 2Ti4,.2.
Parties who exemplified it, ls._;6.10; cribed to God, Ps. 102. 27;-to his mony of men, how fa£ innocent, Pr. Inha.bita.nta, they who dwell in a lnstalltiy, immediately, Lu. 7. 4; Ac.
Ac.i7.21_; 2 Th.3. 11. counsel, promise, .µid oath, He.6.17, 26.25; Je.12.6; Mat. 24. 23; t Jn. 4- 1: place, Ge.19.25: Ps.33.8,14: Da.4.35. 26.7.
LioI, an image or statue representing 18;-to Jesus Christ, 13.8. -of the apostles, and especially of Inherit, to possess by inheritance, Ge. Instruct, or teach, as God does men
some _false deity, to which worship Impart, to communicate, LlL 3. u~ Thomas, Mat.28.17; Mar.16. n, &c.; 15.8; Mat.19.29; He.6.12. by his Word, 2Ti.3. 16;-by his Spiri~
was given! Le.19.4; De.29.17; Ps.96. Ro.r.u; tTh.2.8. Lu.24.u:Jn.20.2-4-. Inheritance, an estate by succession Ne.9.20;-by his ministers, 2Ti2.2-4,
5--anythmg toe much esteemed, 1 Im~ment, in speech, that which Incurable, what cannot be healed, 2 or donation, Nu.26.53,54; Pr.13.22;- 25;-by corrections, Je.31.19-
1n. S· 11 - hinders one to speak plain, Mar. 7. 32. Ch. 21. 18;-that which is yery difficult those whom God hath chosen as his Instrnction, to be regarded, Pr.1.8:
Idolatry, forbidden, Ex. 20. 4, 22; 22. Impenitent, one who repents not of to be cured, Job 34.6; Je. 15.18; 30. 12. peculiar people, Ps.28.9; 94. 14 :-the -4· 13; 5-12; 6. 23; 8. 33; 12. 1, s: 13, 18·
)O· :23.x3,24: Le.26. 1; De.4.15; n.16: sin, Ro.2.5. India, an extensive country in the kingdom of heaven, Ep.5.5; 1 Pe.1.4, 15.5,31,3P· 19.20: 23.12; Je.32.33-
g; 2 - t8 9; 27. 15; Ps. 97. 7; Je. 2. 9; z Imperio11S, commanding in a haughty south of Asia, remarkable for its fer. Iniquity, sin and wickedness in gene- Instrunt" ~t, the tool used in execut•
th -10. 14: I Jn.5.21.Re.21.8:22.15:-1- and insolent manner, Eze.16.,30. tility and riches. The name occurs ral, Ge. 15. 16; rSa 3. 14; Mat. 7. 23; ing an! work, or a frame of wood.
p e folly of it ridiculed, t Ki18.27; Implacable, scarcely to be pacified or only in Es. 1.1 ,8, as the limit of the -original corruption, Ps.51.5;--pun• &c., for musi~ Ex.25.9;1Sa.18.16:-
'- n5.,1; 135. 15: Is. -44. 9; ,46.1; Je.2. reconciled, Ro.1.31. territories of Ahasuerus in the cast. ishment for sin, Ge,19.15; Le.5.1. thc means, or second causes. wherebv
175
_IRONY ISLE ISRAELITES JAAZIAH JAEL
Goo. en-cutes his works of mercy or Ki.18.27; 2 Ki.18.23;Job.a6.2,3; Mar. around the Mediterranean, Ge.:ro.5, Israelites, they will be the instructors consoles1, a descendant of Mera.zJ, •
judgment, Is.41.15. 7.9; 1 Co.2.6. cemp. Zep.2.n. of all other nations, Is.42. 1,10; 49.6; Ch.24.26,27.
lnsurrection, a seditious rising or tu- Irpeel, ir-pC'el (God restores], a city lsmachi.ah, is-ma-ki'ah [supported by 56.6; 6o.3; 62.2; 65.1; 66.19. Jabal, jd.'bal [stream], one of the sons
mi..:.lt, Ezr.4.19;P&:.6,t..2; Mar.15.7;Ac._ of Benjamin, Jos.18.27. Jehovah], a Levite, 2 Ch.31.13. - - - - , they will no more be two of Lamech, and the father of such as
18.12. lrshem.esh, ir-she 1mesh [city of the Ismaiah, is-ml'ah [heard by Jeho- kingdoms, but one, Eze.37.22. dwell in tents, Ge.4.20.
Intangle 1 to perplex, or to bring into sun], a city of Dan, Jos. 19. 41 ; - vah], the name of two of David's offi- - - - - , their history a warning to Ja:bbok, jU._b'~k [a pouring out],a
trouble or d.i.:.iger, Ex.14.3; Mat.22. identical with Beth-shemesh. cers, 1Ch.12.4;27.19. Christians, I Co.10.6. See JEWS. nvulet falling mto the Jordan, ab-:iut
15; Ga.5.1; 2 Ti.~.4; 2 Pe.2.20. Isaac, i 1zak [laughter], promised to Israel, is1ra-el (prince who prevails Issachar, is'sa:.kar [there is reward], 30 miles below the Sea of Galilee
Integrity, entireness, sincerity, hon- Abraham, Ge.17.16; 18.10;-born in with GodJ, a name given by the angel the fifth son of Jacob; his inheritance, Ge.32.22; De. 2. 37; Jos. 12.2. No~
esty, Ge.20.~;6; Job 2.3,9; Ps. 25. 2:r; Gerar, 21.1 ;-a feast made when he to Jacob at Mahanaim, Ge.32.28;- Jos. 10. 17 :-his descendants, 1 Ch. called Zurka, or Blue River.
Pr.19.1. was weaned, 8 ;-was bound to be often used to signify his deacendants, 7.t. Jabesh-Gilead, ja.'bcsh-gil-e-ad [dry
Intelligence, information by corres- offered in sacrifice by his father, 22. Ex.4.22;5.2,&c.;-used to denote Issue, children or posterity, Ge.48.6; land in Gilead], a city of the ha.if
pondence, Da. 1 r. 30. 9;-his father sends for a wife to him, .Mat.22,25;-a passage or outlet, Ps.
the ten tribes (2 Sa. 2.9; I Ki. 12. 1) tribe of Alanasseh in the land of
Intend, to aim or purpose, Jos.22.33; 24. 1, &c.;-went out into the fields under Rehoboam ;-all Jacob's pos-- 68.20;-to come forth hastily, Jos.8. Gilead, distant a night's journey from
2Ch.28.13; Ac.5.28. to meditate or pray, 63;-married to 22;--disease of men, how cleansed,
terity, I Co. ro. 18;-all true believers, Bethshan (1 Sa. 31. 12), and about 6
Intent, design or purpose, 2 Sa. 17. Rebekah, 67;-has two sons by her, ls.45.17; Ro.9.6. Le.:r5.2, &c.;-ofwomen, 19. miles frum the ruins of Pella. It was
i:.4; 2 K.i.10.19; Jn.11.15; 13.28; Ac.9. 25. 24;-goes to Cerar during a fa- Italy, a well-known and highly-cele..
Israelites, is' ra-el-ites, the descend• destroyed for not joining the Israelite
21. mine, 26. 1 ;-God's promise to him ants of Israel, or Jacob, the usual brated country in the south of Eu- in the war with the tribe of Benfam.ins
Interc888Wn OJI' CHRIST, his pleading and his seed, 4;-falsely called his name of the twelve tribes from the rope. It is bounded on the north by Ju.21.10:~threatened by the Amrno:
for his peopl~i by appearing in heaven wife his sister, 7;-the Lord appeared the Alps, which separate it from Aus-
time of the exodus till the revolt un- nites, 1. Sa. I:- 1 ;-<lelivered bySaui, 4;
as their advocate, and presenting his to him, and blessed him, 24;-Abime- der Jeroboam~-oppressed in Egypt, tria and Switzerland: on the south by -the mhab1tants bury the bodies of
sacrilicc in their behalf, Ro.8. 34; He. lech makes a covenant with him, 28; Ex.1.7;5.9;-the heads of their fami- the Mediterranean, on the east by the Saul and Jonathan, 31.u; r Ch.1o.zt-
7.25; 9.n,14,22,26; io.19,21; 1 Jn.2.1; -sends Esau for venison, that he Gulf of Venice, and on the west by
lies, 6. 14;-directed to demand jewels -David commends them for it, 2 sa:
-he pleads for the conversion of all might bless him, 27.1, &c. ;-is de- of the Egyptians, 1I. 2;-leave Egyp4 France and the Mediterranean. It 2. 5. The ruin called el-Deir marks
unconverted ones; and for the conso- ceived by Jacob, and blesses him, 18 12. 30;-numbered, Nu. 1. 2;-again, is about 700 miles in length, and be- its site.
lation, preservation, and glorification -29 ;-trembled exceedingly when in the plains of Moab, 26.1;-enter tween 100 and 32oin breadth. In1859 Jabez, jti.'bez [he causes pain], (1) A
of all saints, Jn. xvii.; 1 Jn. 2. 1, 2;._tlie Esau entered, and blessed him also, into a covenant with God, Ex.19.5, the greater part of the peninsula was person of whom highly honourable
properties of his mtercess1on are, that but in an inferior degree, 33-40;- &c.; De. 29. :ro ;-called a peculiar erected into the kingdom of Italy. In mention ~s made, I Ch.4.9;-his pray.
it is authoritative, Jn.17.24:-wi'sely called Jacob, and again blessed him, people, 26.18;-the order of their en•1866 Venetia was added, and in 1870 er, 10.-(2) A place in Judah, 1 Ch.
adapted to the case of all people, 2. and sent him to Padan-aram, 28.1;- campment, Nu. 2. 1 ;-oftheir marches,the incorporation was completed by 2.55.
25;--comj,assi<Jnate, ls.63.g;He.2.17: his age and death, 35.27-29. 10.14;-all their stations in the wil-the removal of the seat of govern- Jabin, jU.'bin [he who understands1
-earnest, Jn. 17. II, 17;-unceasing, Isaiah, i-zil'yah [the salvation of the derness, 33. :r, &c. ;-murmur at Ta- ment to Rome. It is mentioned, Ac. {r) King of Hazor, in the nonhet11:
He.7.25;-pnvalent, 1Jn.2.1,2;-the Lord], one of the most eminent of the 18.2; 27.1;-Paul was a prisoner at
berah, 11. I ;-on the death of Ko rah, part of Canaan, Jos. II. 1 ;-defeated
intercession of Christ is calculated to prophets, both for the maj~ty of his &c.. , 16. 41 ;-at the return of the Rome when he wrote his epistle to by Joshua, 2-15.-(2) Another king
teach us, that it is through Christ style, and the clear views which he spies, 14. 1;-punished for it, 26; 26.
the Hebrews, He.13.24. Its climate of Hazor, who, in the days of the
only we can come to God, Jn. 14.6;- exhibits of the character, sufferings, 63;-defeated, 14. 45;-all the mur• is generally mild and genial, and the Judges, oppresaed the Israelites for
that the love of Christ is unchange- and kingdom of Christ, and there- murers perished in the wilderness, soil is fertile. The Roman Catholic twenty years, Ju.4.2,3;--defeated by
able, Jn.13.1:-that the salvation of fore usually called the evangelical De. 2. 16;-defeat the Canaanites at religion is established in, but under Deborah and Barak, who delivei-ed
a.ll v.ho believe is certain, He. 7. prophet. Little is known of his per- Hannah, N u.21. 1 ;-join in the wor•the new government since the pope the Israelites, 4-24;-this victory a].
•5 ;-that we have strong encourage- sonal history. He was the son of lost his temporal power a great mea-
ship of Baal•peor, 25. 1 ;-their various luded to, Ps.83.9.
ment to come to him with our prayers, Amoz, began his public ministry in rebellions enumerated, De. 9. 1 ; - sure of liberty is enjoyed by Protest- Jabneel, jtl.b'n&l [God causeth to be
Re.8.3,4. the end of the reign of Uzziah (B.C. swerve from their wc..rship after theants. built], (1) A town on the frontiers ot
- - - - OP' THE HOLY Srrn1T, 756), and continued it till the end of Itch, a disease of the skin, threatened
death of Joshua, Ju. 2. 7; 3. 7 ;-repent Naphtali, Jos. 19. 33.-(2) A town in
is his assisting his people by his influ- the reign of Hezekiah (B.c. 7n). He when oppressed by the Philistines for disobedience, De.28.27. the tribe of Judah, 15. 11; probably
ences, operating on their hearts, in was contemporarywith Hosea, Amos, and Afoabites, 10. 10;-their ingrati..
Itching,ticklingwordsforamusement, the same as J abneh, called by the
their prayers, Ro.8.26;-his interces- and Aficah. He is sent with a heavy tude to the family of Gideon, 8. 35; 2Ti.4.3. Greeks and Romans Jamnia ;-was
sion differs from Christ's, who inter• complaint against Judah, Is. 1. 1-10; -their war with the tribe of Benja•Ithamar, ith'a-mar[isle ofpalm-trees], dismantled by Uzziah, 2 Ch. 26. 6.
cedes withbut his people, and in hea- -prophesieth of Christ's kingdom, min, 19. 29, &c. ;-defeated by the the fourth and youngest son of Aaron; Now called Febna, about 11 miles
ven, He. 9. 24 ;-whereas the Holy 2. :r-5;-of the calamities coming on he and his descendants continued in
Philistines, and the ark taken, 1 Sa. south of Jaffa. Its population is about
Spirit intercedes within them, and on Judah, 3. 1-g ;-sees the glory of God, die rank of ordinary priests till the
4.1, &c.:-desire a king, 8.5;-carried 3000.
1artlt, Ga.4.6; Ep.6.18. 6. 1;-receives his commission, 9;- captive to Babylon, 2 Ki.25.u; 2Ch. days of Eli, when the high-priesthood Jachin, ja'kin [establisher], (1) The
- - - - - OP' THE SAINTS, exam• encourages Ahaz, 7. 1;-and Heze- 36.2o;Je.39.5;-return from their cap-
was transferred into his family, Ex. fifth son of Simeon, and head of the
pies: of Abraham for Sodom, Ge. 18. kiah, 2 Ki. 19. 2; ls.37. 21;-foretells tivity, Ezr.1.5,&c.;-thenumberthat 6.23. family of the Jachinites, Nu.26.12.-
23;--of Lot for Zoar, :r9.:r8;-of 11.fo. the Babylonish captivity, 39.6; 2 Ki. Ithiel, ith'i-el [God with me], and (2) The name of one of the two great
returned, 2.1;Ne.7.5, &c.;-theirhis..
ses for the people, Ex.32.u; Nu.1+ 20. 17; - foretells the preaching of tory recapitulated, Ps. lxxviii.; cv.-
UCAL, children or disciples of Agur, pillars of brass cast by Hiram for the
17: De.9. 18,26. John the Baptist, ls.40.3;-the office cvii. :-their rebellions enumerated Ne.u.7; Pr.30.1. porch of SolomoNS temple ; and the
lntennedd.le, to share of, Pr.:r4.:ro:- of Christ, 42. 1-4;-his sufferings, and lamented, Ezr.9.5; Ne.9.7, &c.;
Ithream, ith're-am [remnant of the otherwascalledBoaz,orstrengthencr,
to attempt to deal in, 18. 1. liii.: the glory of the church, 6o.1- Eze. 20. 5 ;-their degeneracy con• people], the sixth son of David, born I Ki7.2:r.
lnterm.isaion, ceasing, stopping a lit• 14;-the calling of the Gentiles, and plained of, Is. 1. :r, &c.; 43. 22; •·.m..
in Hebron, 2 Sa.3.5; 1 Ch.3.3. Jacinth, ja'sinth, properly a flower of
tie, La.3.49. the rejection of the Jews, 65. 1-16· 2.9; Mi.3.1,&c.:6.1:7.1:Hab.11.1; Ittah-Kazin, it'tah-ka'zin [time of a a deep purple or reddish blue, and
Interpretation, a translation from -God's judgments against the wick• Zep. 3. 1, &c.; Zec.7.5; Mal. 1. e; 3. 7,
judge1 a town near the east boundary hence a precious stone of like colour,
one language into another, Jn. 1. 42: ed, 66.15, &c. of the tribe of Zebulun, Jos.19.:r3.
&c. ;-their sufferings for their sins, Re.9.17; 21.20.
:r: Co. u. 10, 30; 14. 27: Ac. 13. 8:-the Iscariot, is-kir'ri-ot. Su JuDAS. Is.1.7: 3. r: 5- 24; 7. :r7, &c.; 9.8, &c.:
Itu:rea, it-u•rE'ah, a small province of Jacob, ja'kob [supplanter, heelerl
gift of expounding dreams and visions, Iahbak, ish 'bak [leaner], one of Abra- 10.1, &c.: 17.4,9; 22.1, &c.;24.1, &c.;
Syria, in the north-east of Palestine, the second-born of the twin sons rl
Ge.40.8, Da 2.4,45; 4-19;-exposition ham's sons by Keturah, Ge.25.2. xxv.;38.17; 29.1, &c.: 30.1, &c.; 32.9;
where Philip was tetrarch, Lu. 3. le Isaac and Rebekah, born, Ge. 25. 26;
or explanation, Pr.1.6; 2 Pe.1.20. Ishbibenob, ish1br-be'nob or ish-bi'. 42. 24; 50.1; 51.17; 57.17; 59· 2: 63.10;
It derived its name from Jetur (1 Ch. -buys his brother's birthright, 33;-
Intreat, to beseech, to beg earnestly, he-nob [my seat is at Nob], one of 64. s: 65.2, &c.; Je.13.22; 14-17; 15.1,
t. 31), son of Ishmael;-now called by craft and falsehood gets his bless-
to pray, Ge. 23. 8; Ex. 8. 8, 28; dG. the Rephaim, a giant of the Philis- &c.: 16.10; 17.1; 18.u; Eze. 6. 1; 7.1;
:Jedtlr. ing, 27.28;-goes to Padan-aram, 28.
13. 6;-to entenain or use kindly, Ge. tines, killed by Abishai, when he was 8.18; 9.1, &c.; 12.18; 14-. I, &c.; 16. 1,
Iv~ r'vah [overturning, ruin], a city 5;-his vision at Bethel, 11 ;-marries
12. 16; Je.15.n; Ac.27.3- about to cut off David, 2Sa.21.16,17. &c.; xxi.; 22.1;.xxiii.: Ho.2.1, &c.:3.
in Babylon, 2 Ki.18.34; 19.13; Is.37. Leah and Rachel, 29. 23,28 ;-his sons
Intrude, proudly to intenneddle with Ishbosheth, ish- ho' sheth (man of 4; iv.: 13. 1, &c.; Am. 2.4,6; 4-- 1; 6.1;
13;-the same as Ava, 2 Ki.17.24;- born there, 32, &c. ;-leaves Padan-
what we have nothing to do with, Col shame], the son of Saul, made king 8.1;9.1; Mi1.:r, &c.:2.1: Zep.1.1,&c.probably also as Ahava, Ezr.8.15,21, aram, 31.17;-his interview with La-
2.18. by Abner, 2 Sa. 2. 8 ;-murdered, + - - - , their future restoration fore-31_ ban, 25;-his vision at Mahanaim,312-
Invade, to enter into a country with 5-8. told, Is.1.26; 4.2, &c.: 14- 1: 27.9: 29-
Ivory, the tusk of the elephant, hard, 1 ;-wrestle5with an angel,24;-meeu
hostile intentions, 1 Sa. 23- 27; 27. 8; lshi, i'shi [a husband]. It is said, Ho. 18; 30. 18; 32.15; 44.22: 54- 6, &c.; 6o.
solid, of a white colour, and capable his brother, 33. 1, &c.: - resides at
.JO.I. 2. 16, that Israel should no more call 1, &c.: Je.31. 18,31: so. 4: Ezc. II. 19;
of a fine polish; Solomon had a throne Shechem, 18 ;-goes to Bethel, 35- 1;
Inventions, wise and artful contriv. God 'Baali,' Lord, or rigid Master; of it, I Ki. 10. 18 ;-we read also of -his name changed to Israel, 9:-
16.00; 36. 26; Zep.3.13: Zec.12.10: 13-
ances, Pr. 8. 12 ;-sinful schemes and but 'lshi,' kusband, a kind and gen• 1, &c. beds ofit, Am.6.4;-and of houses or sends to buy com in Egypt, 42.3:-
practices, Ps.99.8; 1o6.29: Ec.7.29- tie ruler. - - - - , their return from their it, 1 Ki.22.39; Am.3.15. goes to Egypt, 46. 5;-God appears to
lnviaible, what cannot be seen by Ishmael, ish1ma-eJ [Cod who hears1 lzha.T, iz'har [a shining one], (t) A son him at Beersheba on his way thither,
present dispersion particularly pro,.
our bodily eyes, Ro. 1. 20; Col. 1. 15, (1) The son of Abritham by Hagar, mised, fa.:r1.11, &c.: 14.1, &c.; 18.2,
of Kohath, 1 Ch.6.2,18.-(2)ALevite, 2 ;-his grandsons, 8 ;-presented to
16: 1 Ti.1.17; He.n.27. bom at Mamre, Ge.16.15;-prophe- &c.; 27.12; 49.9, &c.; 51.n; 65.9; 66.
Ex.6.18. Pharaoh, 47. 7;-his age. 9, 28;-
In-..atd Parts, signify the heart or ciesconcerninghim, u;17.20;-saved lzra.hlah, iz-ra-ht'ah [whom Jehovah blesses the sons of Joseph, ,48.15;-
8: Je. 12. 14; 16.14: 23. 1,8; 30-1, &c.:
soul, Ps.5.9; 51.6; Pr.ao.27; Je.31.33. from dying of thirst, 21. 19;-his de- brings forth], grandson of lssachar, 1
xxxi.; 32.36; 33.14,20: 46. 27; Eze. 6. foreteUs the future destiny of all h~
Ira, t'rah [watchful], (1) One of Da- scendants, 25.12; t Ch.1.29.-(2) Con• 8; II. 16; 12. 22: 16. 6o; 20.. 33; 28. 2.fii
Ch.7,3- sons, 49. t, &c. ;-dies, 33;-the great
vid's 30 warriors, 2 Sa. 23. 26: :r: Ch. spires against Gedaliah, Je. 40. 4:r, 29. 21: 36.1, &c.: xxxvii.; Da. 12. 1:- mourning for him, 50.7;-his family
11. 28. -(2) A Jcthrite, also one of &c. represented by the revival of dead in Egypt, Ex.:r.1:-his descendants,
David's warriors, 2 Sa.23.38.-(3) A Ishmaelites, ish' mi-el-ites, the de- hones, Eze.37. 1, &c. 1 Ch.2.1, &c.
Jairite and priest, 2 Sa.20.26.
Jrad, !'rad (runnerj, son of Enoch, Ge.
•. 18.
scendants of Ishmael, the son of Ha..
gar, Ge. 37. 27; xxxix.: Ju.8.24; Ps.
83. 6;-also lsHMB:ELIT~ Ge.37.25,
- - - - , their prosperity and virtue
in the last times, Is.2.1, &c.: 9.1, &c.;
12.1, &c.; 25.6: xxvi.: 28.5; 35.1, &c.:
J. Jacob's Well, a well of water near
the city of Sh.echem, at which Ouut
instructed th~ woman of Samaria,
Irijah, i-rt'jah [i;een or Jehovah]. son 27,28. 40.1,u; xii.; 44.1, &c.: 51. 22; 52.12: Jn.4.6,12. Still kno'WD by t h e ~
of Shelemiah, Je.37.13. lshmera.i, ish' me-ri [preserved by 62. 4: 05. 17: Eze. 17. 22; Ho. :r. 7, 10:
Jaakobah,jll-Ak'o-bah [supplanter, name, about half a mile south-cast of
Iron. the metal so called, the most Jehovah], a descendant of Benjamin, 2. 14: U. 8: :r3. 9, 14; Joel 2.21,28; 3.1,
heel-catcher1 a paragogic form of the Nabllls,atthefootofMount Gerizim.
useful in the world, Nu. 35. 16; Job 1Ch.8.18. &c.; Am.9. n:Ob. 17: Mi.2. 12:4.1, name Jacob; a chief man of the tribe Jaddua, jad-dfi'a [known], the son o(
28. 2 :-the parched and hardened Isle, or ISLAND, properly, a spot of &c.: 7.8, &c.; Zep.3.14, &c.; Zec.2.1,
of Simeon, 1 Ch.4.36. Jonathan, and the last high-priest
earth, De. 28. 23 ;-iron yoke, one earth surrounded with sea, as Cy- &c.: 8.2, &c.: 10.5: 14.9, &c. Jaalam, ja'lt-Jam [concealer1 one of mentioned in the Old Testament.
heavy and galling, De. 28. 48; Je. 28. prus, Crete, Rhodes, &c., Ac. 4. 36: - - - - , the nations that have op- the sons of Esau, Ge.36.5. Ne. 12. n ;-he is thought to be the
13, 14-;-hoofs, feet, or teeth, great 27.7; 21.1;-the Hebrews thus called pressed them will suffe,· for it, ls.17.
Jaareoregim,ja'ar-e-or'e-gim, a Beth- Yaddus who Jived in the ti.me of
and destructive power, Da.2.33; 7.7, any colony or settlement, Ge. 10. s: 12; 33.1; 34• l, &c.; 49.25, 54. 3; 55, 5:
Jehemite, 2 Sa.2I.19; 1 Ch.20.5. Alexander the Great.
19; Mi-4-13;-'northem iron,' Je.15- Job 22. 30;--maritime places, Is. 20. Jaazaniah, ja-iz-za-ni.'ah [whom Je- Jael, ja!el [the mountain goat], tbe
6o.16; 61.5; 63.1: 66. 20, 24: Je. 46. 27;
12. 6; 22. 2, 6; Eze. 27. 7;-places separ- Joel 3.2, &c.: Mi. 5. 8; 7. 16; Zep. 3. 8;
hovah hears], (1) The son of a Maa• wife Of Heber the "Kenite, Ju. 4- sr,-
- , made to swim, 2 Ki.6.6. ated from their country by sea, Is.24. Hag.2.22: Zec.10.5, &c.: 12.4,9; 14-1,
chathite, 2 Ki.25.23.-{2) One of the met Sisera. in his flight, and invited
Irony, or sarcasm, when a .person 15: 40. 15; 42. 4, 10, 12;-islands pro- &c.,12. Rechabites, Je.35.3.-(3) The son of him into her tent, 18 ;-after courte-
me&llf the contrary of what he says: perly ~o called, Es. 10. 1. The • Isle~ - - - , other nations will he sub- Shaphan, Eze.8.u. ously enterta"ming hKll, killed bl:a
examples of, Le.2~.34,35: 2Sae1i.20;, of th, Gentiles,' probably the region ject to them, ls.4p.22, Jaazia.h, jA--a-zr'ah [whom Jehovah while asleep, 1g-21.
176
JEDIDIAH JEHOSHAPHAT JEPHUNNEH JERUSALEM
. •a'gur [lodging-places], a city city of Judah, the king of which was Jednthun, jed.fi'thun [praising], one only in Joel 3.2,12. It is a narrow Jerahmeel, jer•ah-m~'el [on whom
'"•7
pea
J: Se;
f&tll1,~ on the south-west of the
Jos.15.21.
co~traction for Jehovah, the
killed by Joshua, Jos. to. 3-5,22--26;
12. n. The modem Yarmuk. -{2)
A Levitica.1 city, Jos. 21. 29, called
of the four great masters of the tem-
ple music, 1Ch.16.38,41,42;-several
of the Psalms bear his name, particu-
valley running from north to south
between Jerusalem and the l\Iount
of Olives, through which the brook
God has mercy], the tribt: desceuded
from, inhabited the southern borders
of Judah, I Sa.27. 10:30.29.
Jah,;r name of God, importing his Remeth, 19. 21, and Ramoth, 1 Ch. larl:y" the xxxix.lxii.lxvii., &c. Cedron flows. The 'King's Dale,' Jeremiah, jer•e-mi'ah [exalted of the
!:u--enstence and eternal duration, 6.73. Jegar-Sahadutha, je' gar- sa- ha- mentioned in Ge. 14. 17 and 2 Sa. 18. LordJ, called also JEREMY, Mat.2.
8.-4,, Ser JEHOVAH . • • Jasher, ja'sher [righteous], a book or dfi'thah [pile of testimony], name 18, is probably this valley. Called 17; JEREMIAS, 16.14, was the son of
56 public register in which memorable given by Laban to the heap of stones, 'Valley of Decision,' Joel 3.14. Hilkiah the priest of the line of Abia-
J~eJeeI,ja-ha'le-1~1 [pra1smg God],
f; cher of Ziph, 1 Ch.4. 16. events were written by a scribe of memorial of his league with Jacob, Jehovah, je-ho'vah, or ]AH, one of thar (1 Ki. 2. 26-35", and one of the
~ JAHAZAH, ja'haz, ja-ha'zah [a this name; or the book of the records Ge.31.47. the Scripture names of God, signifi- chief of the Hebrew prophets-en-
J 'trodden down], a city on the of 'upright men,' Jos. 10. 13. Jehdeiah, je-dei'ah [whom Jehovah cant of his seif-existt'nce, and giving tered on his office in the thirteenth
1 Jashobearo, ja•sh0'be-am [to whom makes joyfull, one of David's offi- exi:Stence to all others, Ps.83. 18; Is. year of the reign of Jo..,,iah B c. 628);
~ern frontiers of .Moab, and near
r and not far from the river Ar- the prophet ~turneth], a valiant man cials, I Ch. 27. 30. 12.2; 26.4;-it is given both to Christ -his commission, Je. 1.4;-a promise
Ar~ here Moses defeated the army in David's army, who with his spear Jehezekel, je-hez'e•kel [whom God and the Holy Spirit ,•;see these arti~ from God to him~elf, 15 19: - Ja.
:f~ihon, Nu. 21. 23;-allotted to the slew 300 men, 1 Ch. 1 r. II ;-he, with makes strong], one of the priests, 1 des). The Jew~ had so great a ven- ments over Josiah, 2 Ch. 35. 25;-di•
Rcubenites, and afterwards to the other two of the mighty men, passed Ch.24.16. eration for this name, that they call• rected to prophesy in the gates of
Levites, Jos. 1 3.1:8: 1Ch.6.78;-taken through the camp of the Philistines, Jehoadah, je-h~'a•dah [whom Je- ed it the ineffable name, and there. Jerusalem, Je.17.19;~complains of
bv the l\,loabites after the death of and drew water for David, 16, 17. hovah adorns], a descendant of Saul, fore would not pronounce it; on which ill·usage, 20. 7; - ad vise~ the king to
;\hab, and destroyed by the Chal- Jashub, ja'shub or jash'ub (turning , Ch.8.36. account its true pronunciation was yield to Nebuchadnezzar, 21 8 : -
dean<;, 1s. 15 _4 ; Je.48.21;-also called himself], the third named of the four Jehoahaz, je-ho'a-haz [possession of forgotten. This name occurs very foretells the seventy year-,' c::i.pt1vity,
Jahaza, Jos. 13. 18;-Jahazah, 21.36; sons of Issachar, 1 Ch.7.1. the Lord], (1'. Son and successorof Jo- frequently in the Old Testament; but 25. 8;-apprehended, 26 8;-acqmt-
-Jahzah, , Ch.6.76. . Jason, jJ.'son [healing], a Greek form siah, king of Judah, 2 Ki. 23. 31; 2 is commonly rendered LORD in our ted, 16;-writes to the. captives at
;e,.ha,Ziel, ja-haz"i-el [seeing God), a of Jesus or J o5hua, the host of Paul Ch.36.1 ;-carried to Egypt, 2 Ki.23. Bibles, and printed in capital letters, Babylon, 29. 1 ;-foretells the fate ot
son of Hebron, 1Ch.23. 19~-the name and Silas at Thessalonica; to pre- 33; 2 Ch.36.4 ;-foretold not to return, to distinguish it from the name Lord, two lying prophets, 20;--and of She-
of others also, 12. 4; 16. 6; 2 Ch. 20. serve them from danger, hazarded his Je.22. 10.-(2; Son and successor of signifying Ruler or Governor. maiah, 30;-imprisoned by Zedekiah,
life, Ac.17.5;-he afterwards appears Jehu, king of Israel. 2 Ki. 10. 35 ;-his Jehovah..Jireh, je.h0'vah-ji'reh [the 32.1;-buys a field, 6;-ha!. his pro-
J~i;l, jah'di-el [whom {_iod makes t to have removed to Rome, Ro.16.21.
Jasper [polished, glittering], a gem of
death, 13.9.
Jehoash, j~•h0'ash [Jehovah given],
Lord will see or provide], the name
given by Abraham to the place on
phecies written by Baruch, 36. 1,32;
-foretells the return of the Chat.
joyful], one of the postenty of Ma-
nasseh, 1 Ch.5.24. . . various colours, white, red, brown, or in the contracted form JoASH, \1) .Mount Moriah where the angel of deans after they had left the city, 37 .
Ja]tleel, jah'lel [hopmg J~ God], son and bluish green, Ex. 28. 20; Eze. 28. The son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, the Lord appeared to him when he 6 ;-~put into prison, 14 ;-into the
of Zebulun, and progenitor of the 13; Re.4.3; 21.n. saved by his aunt, and made king was about to offer up his son Isaac, dungeon, 38. 6;-favoured by Zede-
Jahleelites, Nu.26.26: .. . JaTan, ja'van [clay], (1) The fourth after his father, 2 Ki. 11.12; 2 Ch.23. 1, Ge.22.14. kiah, 14 ;-by Nebuchadnezzar, 39.
iailer ,or keeper of a pnson ,of Ph1hpp1, son of J apheth, and the father of the &c. ;-kills Zechariah, the son of J e• Jehovah-Nisei, je-h~'vah-nis'si [the .u ;-goes to Geda!iah, 40. 6 ;-pro-
his conversion, Ac.16.33. Ionians orGreeks, Ge. 10.2;-used for hoiada, 24. 21 ; - killed by his ser- Lord my banner], name given by Mo- mises Johanan safety in Judah, 42.
Jair,jii'er (whom God enlighten~], (1) Ionia, Is.66.19;Eze. 27. 13;-the Ma- vants, 25; 2 Ki. 12. 20. - (2) King of ses to an altar erected in celebration 7;-foretells Nebuchadnezzar's con-
For about twenty-two years a Judge cedon_ian empire, Da.8.2.i: 10.20; u. Israel, son of J ehoahaz, and grandson of the great victory over the Amalek• quest of Egypt,43. 8 ;-the destruction
of Israel, Ju. 10. 3;-had thirty sons 2;-the Syrian empire, Zec.9. 13.-(2) of Jehu, was wicked, 2 Ki. 13. 10, u ;- ires, Ex. 17. 15. of his countrymen in Egypt, 44. II;
who had thirty cities, 4.-(2) The son A town in Southern Arabia, whence died, 13. Jehovah-Shalom, je-ho'vah-shal-lom -gives his prophecy to Seraiah, to be
of Segub, took several towns from the Phcenicians bought sword blades, Jehohanan, je-M'ha-nan [whom Je- [the Lord is peace], name given by carried to the Euphrates, 51. 59;-
ahe Amorites, Nu. 32.40,41; 1 Ch. 2. E~. 27. 19. Probably Uzal in Ye. hovah restores], a military command- Gideon to the altar he erected at complains of the misery of his coun•
:u-23. men. er under Jehoshaphat, 2 Ch. 17. 15; Ophrah to commemorate the saluta. try, La.1.18.
jainlS,jii'rus fdiffuseroflight],a chief Javelin, a 5pear, or half pike, or kind 23.1. tion by the angel of the Lord, Ju. 6. Jeribai, jer'i-bi (contentious], one
ruler of the synagogue at Capemaum, of dart, Nu.25.7; I Sa.18.IO,n. Jehoiachin, je-hoy'ii-kin [Jehovah ap- 24. of David's mighty men, I Ch. 11.46.
Mar.5.22; Lu.8.41;-besought Jesus Jaw-bone, the bone in which the pointed), son and successor of J ehoi- Jehovah-Shammah, je-ho'vah-shilm- Jericho,*jer'I-ko [place of fragrance],
10 heal his only daughter; and while teeth are fixed, Ju.15.15,17. akim, king of Judah, 2 Ki. 24. 8;- mah [the Lord is there], the name of the largest city in the valley of Jor-
doing so, was informed that she was Jaws, often used figuratively to de- called Conaiah,Je.22.24:-Jeconiah, the future Jerusalem, the church of dan, about 20 miles north-east from
dead, 49;•-Jesus restored her to life, note wicked men's power and cruelty, 1 Ch.3.17 ;-Jeconias, Mat.1.12. God, Eze. 48.35. Jerusalem. First mentioned in Nu.
Job 29. 17; Ps. 22. 15; Is. 30. ~8; Ho. Jehoiada, je - hoy'a-dah [the Lord Jehovah.Tsidkenu, je-h0'vah•tsid'- 22. 1;-spies sent to view it, Jos.2.1;
J5:;,,ea [supplanter),(,) Son of Zebe- II.4. knows), the high-priest, preserves ke-nfi [the Lord our righteousness], -taken by Joshua, 6. 20;-rebuilt by
dee and Salome, and elder brother of Jazer. See J AAZRR. Joash from the cruelty of Athaliah, Je.23.6. Hie!, 1 Ki. 16. 34;-here was a school
Tohn the Evangelist, usually called Jealousy, the suspicion between mar- 2 Ch. :23. 1 ;-anoints him king, 2 Ki. Jehozabad, je*hdz'a-bad [whom Je- of the prophets, 2 Ki. 2. 4, 5, 15 ; -
Janus tM Greater; called to attend ried persons of want of fidelity to each JI.12;-restores the worship of God, hovah bestowsJ, one of the murderers Elisha healed its waters, 2. 19-22;-
jesus, Mat. 4- 21;-his zeal reproved, other, Nu.5. 14;-the trial of it, n- 2 Ch.23.16;-his death, 24.15. of Joash, 2 Ch.24.26. Christ passed through, Lu. 19. 1;-
Lu. 9. 54 ;-his request to sit at the 31;-violence of this passion, Pr. 6. Jehoiakim, je•hoy'a.kim [whom Je- Jehozadak, je*hoz'a-dak [the justice near it he healed two or perhaps
right hand of Jesus, J\Iat.20.20; Mc_ir. 34; Ca.8.6;-its image shown to Eze- hovah sets up], the second son of Jo-, of the Lord], son of Seraiah, a high- three blind men, Mat.20.29-34; Mar.
10.35;-put to death by HerodAgnp- kiel, Eze.8.5. siah,and the brotherofjehoahaz; his priest, 1 Ch.6.14. 10.46-52; Lu.18.35;-called the 'city
pa, Ac. u. 2.-(2) A son of Cleopas, - - - , an earnest concern for the original name was Eliakim, which Jehu, je'hil [he that is],(,) The son of of palm.trees,' De.34.3; 2 Ch. 28. 15.
Mar. 15. 40; - called the 'Lord's welfare of others, joined with fear of Neche changed to Jehoiakim, 2Ki. Nimshiandgrandsonof Jehoshaphat, It is now a small village called Riha
brother,' Ga. 1. 19;-an apostle, Mat. their misconduct, 2 Cu.u.2 ;-God's 23.34;-succeeds Jehoahaz, 2Ki.:i3. captain of the troops of Joram, king or Eriha, with about 2ooinhabitants.
13.55; 15.40;-brother of Jude, Lu.6. regard for his own glory, and his hot 34; 2Ch.36.4;-conqnered by Nebu- of Israel, anointed king of Israel, 2 Jerioth, jer'r-oth [timidity], wife of
16;-Jesus appears to him after his displeasure against sin, De. 29. 20; Ps. chadnezzar, 2 Ki. 24. 1 :-carried to Ki. 9. 6;-kilis Joram, king of Judah, Caleb, 1 Ch.2.18.
ttSurrection,- I Co. 15. 7 ;-addresses ;,8.58: 15.42.13. Babylon, 2 Ch. 36. 6; Da. 1. 1;-his in the field of N aboth, 24;-kills the Jeroboam, jer-o-bc'i'am [increaser of
the apostles about the discipleship of Jeberechiah, j€b-er•re-kt'ah [whom death, after a reign of eleven years, sons of Ahab, 10. 1;-and forty•two the people], (1) The son of Nebat, op,,
I.he Gcntilec;, Ac. 15. 13;-the author Jehovah blesses],father of Zechariah 2 Ki.24.6 ;-foretold to be buried like priests of Baal, 18~-dies, after reign- poses Solomon, 1 Ki.n.26;-address•
of the epistle of James, Ja._1.1. the priest, Is.8.2. an ass, Je.22.19. ing twenty-eight years, 35.-\2) The ed by the prophet Ahijah, 29;-mad=
Junlech, jlm'lek [kingly], a prince of Jebus, jebus [place trodden down], Jehoiarib, je-hoy'a-rib [whom Jeho- prophet, the son of Hanani the seer, king by the ten tribes, 12. 12;-sets
the tribe of Simeon, I Ch.4.34. the capital and stronghold of the J e- Tah defends], the head of the first fa- reproves Jehoshaphat, 2 Ch.19. 2. up the worship of the calves, 28 ; -
JangliDg, or unprofitable contention, busites, an ancient name given to mily of the priests established by Da- J ehudijah, je.hu-dr'jah [praise of the opposed by the prophet at Bethel,13.
censured, t Ti.1.6. Jerusalem, Jos.18.28; 1 Ch.9.4- See vid, t Ch. 24. 7 ;-from this illustrious Lord], the wife of Ezra, 1 Ch.4.18. 1 ;-his death, after a reign of twenty•
J&nD.ea, jin'nez, and J AMBRES, two JERUSALEM. family were the 1\1:accabees des- Jekameam,je'k~a.mi!'am [who gathers two years, 14. 20. - (2) The son of
Egyptian magicians, who, by their Jebu.si, jeb'u-si, the name used for cended. the peop1e1 of the posterity of Levi, Joash, succeeds him as King of Is·
ans, opposed Moses, 2 Ti.3.8; Ex.7.9 JEBUS inJos.15.8; 18.16,28. Jehora.m, je.ho'ram [exaltationofthe I Ch.23.19. rael, 2 Ki. 13. 13; 14. 16;-during hi,
-,3- Jebusites, ji::b'u.sites, the descend- Lord], (1) Eldest son and successor Jekamiah, jek-a-mT'ah [whom Je- reign luxury, pride, oppression, and
J'anohah, ja.no'h.ah [rest], a city on ants of Jebus, the son of Canaan, of Jehoshaphat, the fifth king of Ju- hovah gathers], of the posterity of idolatry prevailed, Am.2.6-16; v. vi.:
the nonh--east border of Ephraim, Ge. 10. 16;-not conquered by Joshua, dah, 1 Ki.22.50; 2 Ki.8.16; 2Ch.21.1; Judah, 1 Ch.2.44. --dies after a reign of forty-one years,
Jos.16.7;-called Janoah, 2 Ki.15.29. Jos. 15. 63 ;-David encouraged his -the Edomites revolt from him, 8 ;- Jemima, je-m"i'ma [handsome as the 2 Ki.14.29.
Identical with the modem village of men to kill them, 2Sa.5.8. the Philistines and Arabs distress day or dove], the name of the first Jerubb~, je- rub- bii'al [let Baal
Jan,,,, about 12 }lliles south-east of Jecamiah, je'.k•a-mi'ah [whom Jeho- him, 16 ;-receives a letter from Eli- of Job's three daughters, Job 42.14. plead], surname of Gideon, Ju. 6. 32:
Nabltls (=Sichem). vah gathers], son of Jeconiah, 1 Ch. jah, 12;-his death, 19; 2 Ki. 8. 24; Jemuel, jem•U'el, or NEMUEL [day- 7.1.
J&phet.h, ja'feth [enlargement], the 3.18. -buried without royal honours, 2 light of God], the first named of the Jernel, je•rii'el [fo_unded of God}, a
eldest (Ge. 10. 21; comp. 9.24) son of Jeconlab., ji::k-o-nr'ah [whom Jeho- Ch. 21. 14-20.-(2) Or ]ORAM, tenth sons of Simeon, Ge. 46.10; 1 Ch.+ 24. wilderness, westward of the Dead
Noah;-he and Shem modest! y cover vah appoints1 sometimes called Co- king of Israel, succeeds his elder bro- Jeopardy, hazard, or peril, Ju. 5. 18; Sea, and not far from the desert of
their father while he lay exposed, 9. nialt or Jehoiackin, king of Judah, ther Ahaziah,2 Ki.1. 17;-goes to war 2 Sa.23.17; Lu.8.23; I Co.15.30. Zin, in which Jehoshaphat obtained
23;-his enlargement foretold by his the son of Jehoiakim, 1 Ch. 3. 16;- with the Moabites, 3. 6;-killed by Jephthah, jerthah [the opener], one a signal victory over the Ammonites,
father, 27;-his descendants, Ge.10. his sons, 17;-succeeds his father, 2 Jehu, 9.n. of the judges of Israel, who was the l\foabites, &c., 2 Ch.20. 16, &c.
2; r Ch.r. 5. Ki.24.6; 2 Ch.36.8 ;-foretold that he J ehoahabeath, je - ho - sh/lb ' e - ath son of Gilead by a concubine, Ju.n. Jerusalem, je•rii'sa.Jem {foundation
Japhia, ja-fi'ah [splendid], (,) A city should be carried to Babylon, J e. 22. [ whose oath is Jehovah], daughter of 1 ;-thrust out from his father's house or habitation of peace], the metropo-
ofZebulun, surrounded with a double 25;-carried away captive, 2 Ki. 24. king Joram and wife of Jehoiada the by his brothers, 2;-was solicited to lis of the kingdom of Judah, and the
1"al~Jos.19.12. Identical with Ya/a, 12; Je.24.1;-false prophecy respect- high-priest, 2Ch.22.n. head the Gileadites against the Am- seat of government during the reigns
about 2 miles south.west of Nazar- ing his return, 28. 4;-after thirty• Jehoshaphat, je-hosh'a-fat Uehovah monites, 5;-agrees on terms that he of David, Solomon, and their succes-
eth, a village of about thiny houses. seven years' imprisonment in Chal- will judge1, (1) Son and successor of should continue to be their head, 9; sors. It is distant from the Dead
-(2) One of the sons of David, 2 Sa. dea, he was released, and raised to Asa, king of Judah, 1 Ki.15.24; 2Ch. -first expostulates with the Ammon- Sea and Jordan valley 15 miles, and
5.15. dignity, 52.31. 17.1;-his greatness, 12;-makes an ites, 12-28;-his rash vow, 30.31:- from the Mediterranean 31 miles. It
J~phleti, jirI~ti [the Japhletite, de- Jedaiah, je-daI'ah [knowing Jeho-, alliance with Ahab, 18. 1; 1 Ki. 22. 2; proves victorious, 33;-is met by his was called Salem [peace], in the time
hvercr1 descendant of a son of He- vah], a priest, who returned from the -with Ahaziah, 2 Ch. 20. 35;- joins daughter, who was ignorant of his of Abraham, Ge.14.8; He.7.2. It is
ber, Jos.16.3; 1 Ch. 7. 32 , 33 . Babylonish captivity with 973 of his him in his war with the Moabitesand vow,.34;--tlid with her according to so called also in Ps. 76. 2; and it was
J~b, ja'reb [adversary], a figurative brethren, Ezr.2.36; Ne.7.39. Edomites, 2 Ki.3.7;-reproved by the his vow, by devoting her to God in called Jebus at the time Israel ob~
title of the king of Assyria, Ho.5.13; Jediael, jed-i-a'el [known of God], a prophet Jehu, 2Ch. 19.2;-proclaims perpetual virginity, 39 ;-the daugh- tained possession of the Holy Land,
10 6. brave officer in David's anny, who a fast, 20. 3;--d.efeats the Ammonites, ters of Israel went yearly to lament, Jos.15.8; 18.28; 1 Ch.n.4. It seems
J'&red.jil'red [descent], the son of Ma- abandoned Saul, and joined the son Moabites. and Edomites, 22;-makes or talk with, and condole with her, probable, therefore, that the name
halaleel, and father of Enoch, Ge.5. of Jesse, 1 Ch.1r.45; 12.20. ,hips to go to Tarshish which are de. 40:- the Ephraimites quarrel with Jerusalem is merely a compound of
is:Lu.3.37. Jedidah, jed-i'dah [well-beloved], stroyed, 35; 1 Ki. 22.48;-dies, 50; 2 him, 12. t.-his death, 7;-his faith, the terms Jebus and Salem, It is
Janaiah, ji•re•si'ah [whom Jehovah the mother of Josiah, 2 Ki.22.1. Ch. 21.1.-(2) The son of Ahilud, re- He.11.32. called Zion, 1 Ki. 8. 1 ;-city of God,
lourishesJ, one of the 'sons' of J ero- Jedidiah, jed'id-i-ah [friend of Jeho- corder, or secretary to David, and Jephunneh, je-fun'neh [nimble], fa- Ps.46,4;-city of the Great Kiny,
\am, I Ch.8.27. vah], name given to Solomon at his afterwards to Solomon, ~ Sa. 8. 16; 1 ther of Caleb, Nu. 13. 6; 14.6; 30.38; Ps.48.:2;-the holy city, Ne.u.1-18;
fannuth, jarmilth [heii;htl (,) A I birth by Nathan. • Sa12.25. K1. 4. 3.-(3) V ALU!ll" OF, mentioned s6.65. -city of solemnities, Is.33.~ In it.
177
JESHURUN JESUS JEWEL JOA.H JOKDEAM
most flourishing state it consist~d Of symbolical name given to the people 13; Mar.10.13; Lu. 18. 15 ;-addresses Jewess, a female Jew, as was the employed in repairing the tem:pl
four parts, built on four hills; namely, of Israel in token of affection, De.32. a rich young man, Mat. 19. 16; Mar. mother of Timothy, Ac. z6. 1;-and Ch.34.8.-(2) Secretary to Kingl{:• 2
Zion, Acra, ~foriah, and Bezetha. In 15; 33. 5,26; ls.44.2. zo. 17; Lu. 18. 18;-retires to Ephraim Drusilla the wife of Felix, 24.24. kiah, sent to receive the propositi0le.
fact, the whole foundation was a high Jesimiel, jes•im'mr-el [appointed of in the wilderness, Jn.u.54;-foretells Jewry, the country of Judea, Da.5. of Rabshakeh, 2 Ki. 18. 18. 11&
rock, with four heads or hills, and GodJ, of the tribe of Simeon, 1 Ch.4. his sufferings a third time, Mat.20. 13;Jn.7.1. Joaha.z, jo-a'haz, a contracted to
with steep ascents on every side, ex- 36. 17 ;Mar. 12. 3o;Lu. 18. 31 ;-entertained Jews, a name which came into use of JEH?AHA~, t~e f3:ther of Jaah,:
cept the north; and surrounded with Jesse, jes'se [firm or manly], the son by Zacchews, Lu. 19. 2 ;-his lamenta- for the first time as a designation of corder m J os1ah s reign, 2 Ch.2 4.a
a deep valley, which was em bosomed of Obed, and the father of David, Ru. tion over Jerusalem, 19. 41;-sups the subjects of the kingdom of Judah, Joanna, jo-adnah [grace or gift. .
with hills. The city was encompas- 4.17,22;-his descendants, I Ch.2.13; at Bethany, Mat.26.6; Mar.14.1; Jn. 2 Ki. 16. 6; 25. 25; Je. 32. 1:2: 38. 19. the LordJ, the wife of Chuza, Herod~:
sed with three walls, over which there -Christ is called the 'Root of Da- 1:2. 1;-makes a triumphal entry into After the return from captivity it be- steward, who, after being cured h
were towers, and appears to have vid,' ·Re.5.5;·22.16; the 'Root of Jerusalem, Mat.21.1; Mar.11.r; Lu. came the designation of the whole j Christ, followed him, Lu.8.2, 3. y
been. about 47'2 miles in circumfer- Jesse,' Is. n. 10; 1:9.29; Jn. 12. 12;-cleanses the tem- Israelitish people. In the N. T. it .Joash, j0'ash [Jehovah-given]. (1) Son
ence. It was taken by the children Jesting, not to be improperly used, ple, Mat.21.12; Mar. 11.11; Lu. 19.45; is used to denote the descendants of and successor of Ahaziah, king f
of Judah, Ju. I. 8 ;-partly inhabited Pr.26.18,19; Ep.s+ J n. 2. 14 ;-a voice from heaven is Jacob, as distinguished from the Gen- Judah, 2Ki.i:3. r;-called Jehoash, 1~
by the Jebusites, 21 ;-b}~ David, 2 Jesuites, jes-fi 1ites, the posterity of heard in the temple, in answer to tiles, Mar. 7. 3; Lu. 23. 51. The ori- 1.-(2) Son and successor of Jeho
Sa.5.6; 1Ch.11.4;-expostulated with, Jesui, Nu.26.44. his prayer, Jn. 12. 28 ;-discourses ginal de~ignation of this people was haz, king of Israel, 2 Ki. 13. 9 .-e a.
and tlueatened for its crimes, Je. t. Jesus, je'sus [Saviotir], the uame by again concerning hi's mission, 30 ;- the Hebrews, which fell into disuse couraged by Elisha, 15 ;-defeat~ Ben.
15: ii. iii.; 4.19; v.-ix.; 10.17, &c.; II. which our glorious Redeemer is call• concerning the baptism of John, Lu. after the exile. Their great privileges, had_ad, 25;-defeats Amaziah, 14. 1~:
1,&c.; Eze.xxi.:22.1, &c. ;-described ed, because he saves his people from 20. 3 ;-8bout tribute to C;;esar, Mat. De. 4.33; 7.6; 1 Ch.17. 21; Ro. 3. 1; 9. -dies, 16; 13.13. '
as- an exposed infant, 16. 1, &c. ; - their sins, Mat. 1. 21, 25. For his di- 22.17; Mar.12.13; Ln.20.20 ;-about 4 ;-their rejection and dispersion Job, jnb [persecut.edJ, ~he patriarch
taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 2 Ki. 25. vine character, &c., see CHRIST. The the re,;;urrection, Mat.22.23; Mar.12. foretold, Le. 26. 33; De. 4. 27; 28. 64; so renowned for his patience, lived in
4; 2Ch.36. 17; Je.39.1;52.4,&c.;- principal Incidents in hi5 history &re 18; Lu. 20. 27 :-about the great com- Da. 1:2. 7; Ho. 9. 17;-are to be re- the country of Uz, probably on th
burned, 52.12;-represented as a fe- his genealogy, both by his father and mandment, Mat. 22. 35: Mar. 12. 28; called and acknowledge Jesus Christ, eastern border of Palestine, betwee~
male captive, Is.3.26;-its desolation mother, .Mat.r.1. &c.; Lu.3. 23, &c.; -about the Messiah, as the son of De.30.z; Is.II. 11; Je.23.3; 29.14; 31. the deluge and the call of Abra
lamented, La. i. &c. ;-its captivity -conception, l\lat. I. 18; Lu. 1. 26, David, Mat.22.41; Mar.12.35; Lu.20. 8; 32. 37; Eze. 36. 33; 39. 25; Ho. 3. 5; ham; his ~haracter and wealth, Job
represented by a figure, Eze.4. 1; 5. &c. ;-birth,Mat.1.25; Lu.2.6;-iscir- 41 ;-inveighs against the Pharisees, Am.9.14; Zee. 8. 7; Ro.11.r, 23: 2Co. r.1, &c.; h~s losses, 13, &c. :~hischil.
1 ;-to be rebuilt, Je. 31. 38 ;-built cumcised, 21 ;-visited by the Magi, Mat. 23. 1; Mar.12.38; Lu. 20. 45;- 3. 16;-in danger from Haman, Es. 3. dre_n all. killed, 18, 19_;-h1s patient
after the captivity, Ne. 3. 1, &c. ;- Mat.2.1, &c. ;-carried into Egypt, his observation on the poor widow's 8 ;-allowed to defend and avenge res1gnauon, 20-22 ;-h1s personal suf.
after much opposition, 4. 1, &c. ;-its 14 ;-is brought back, and settles at mite, Mar.12.41; Lu.21.1;-discourse themselves, 8. 7; 9. 5, 15 ;-Paul la- ferings, 2. 7;-reproves his wife's pro.
walls finished, 6.15;-its inhabitants Nazareth, 23,~is taken to Jerusalem on watchfulness, Mat.24.42; Mar.13. ments their case, Ro.9. 1;-their con- posal to :urse God and die, 10:-he
chosen bv lot, 11. 1, &c. :-the dedica- at twelve years of age, Lu.2.42;-is 33; Lu. 21. 34: 12.35 ;-describes the version foretold, 11.26. See ISRAEL- cu:5es his day, 3. 1, ~c. ;-answers
tion of its walls, 12. 27 ;-its future baptized,l\Iat.3.13; l\Iar.1.9; Lu.3.21; last judgment, Mat.25.31:-46;-Judas ITES Ehphaz, 6. :r; 7.1;-repbes to Bildad
state, Eze. 48. 30·,-its new name, 35. Jn. r. 32;-his temptation, Mat. 4. z, engages to betray him, 26.14; Mar.14. Jezebel, jez'e.bel [chaste), the wife of 9.1; i:o. I :-to Zophar, 12.1; xiii. xiv'.
-Chrisfs lamentation over it, Mat. &c.: .l\Jar.1.12; Lt1.4.1;-his first dis• 10; Lu 22. 3 ;-his preparation for the Ahab, king of Israel, was daughter -to Eliphaz's second speech, xvL
23.37 ;-foretells the destruction of the ciples, J n. 1. 35; Mat.4. 18; Mar. 1. 16; last passover, Mat.26.17; Mar.14. 12; I
of Ethbaal, king of the Zidonians, xvii. ;-to Bildad's, xix. ;-replies to
temple, and of it, 24. 2-28;-it repre- Lu.5.1;-his miracles· changes water Lu.22. 7 ;-censures the contest among 1 Ki. z6. 31;-attempted to cut off Zophar's second speech, xxi. ;-to
sents the gospel, Ga.4.26;--a new one into wine, Jn. 2.1 (see MIRACLES);- the disciples about who should be the prophets of the Lord, 18.4;-fed Eliphaz's third speech, xxiii. xxiv .
descending from heaven, Re.21.2,10. attends the first passover at Jerusa- greatest, Lu. 22. 24 ;-washes their at her table 400 idolatrous prophets of -to Bildad's, xxvi.-xxviii.;-to i:
About seventy years after Christ it lem, 13 ;-his conversation with Ni- feet, Jn.13.1 ;-the last supper, Mat. the groves, and 450 of the prophets µhar'sarguments, xxix.xxx. ;-asserts
was besieged, taken, sacked, and codemus, 3. 1, &c. ;-with the woman 26.20; Mar.14.18; Lu. 22. 14;-insti- of Baal,r 9;-persecutes Elijah, r9. 1; his innocence,xxxi. ;-submits to God
burned by Titus. Above 1,000,000 of of Samaria, 4. 1, &c. ;-preaches in tutes the Lord's supper, Mat.26.26; -plots against N aboth, 21.5;-killed 40. 3; 42. 1;-is restored to doubl;
the Jews perished, and 97,000 were Galilee, Mat. 4. 17; Mar. 1. 1:4; Lu. 4. Mar.14.22; Lu.22.19; 1Co.11.33;-his and devoured by dogs, 2 Ki. 9. 33; prosperity, 10,12 ;-has the samenum.
taken prisoners; and our Saviour's 14;-at Nazareth, Lu. 4. 16-30;-his discourse to comfort his disciples, J n. -the name became proverbial for a berof children as before, 1:3;-his faith
prediction-that it should become a discourse on the mount, Mat. v.-vii.; 14. 1, &c.;-compares himself to a wicked woman, 2 Ki.9.22; Re.2.20. in a resurrection, 19. 25;-his age
heap of ruins-was fully verified. It -a similar one on the plain, LLI.6. 20, vine, 15. 1, &c.;-gives the promise Jezer, je'zer [formation], the third of (200 years) and death, 42. 16, 17;_
gradually became settled again; but & c. ;-discourages several persons of the Holy Spirit, :r6. 16,26; 15.26; the four sons of Naphtali, and head is classed with Noah and Daniel, Ezc.
in the year 134 the Emperor Adrian from following him, Mat.8.r8; Lu.9. 16. 7 ;-prays for his disciples, 17.1, of the family of the Jezerites, Ge.46. 1:4. 1:4, 20;-his patience celebrated,
banished all the Jews, prohibiting 57:-discourses with the Pharisees &c. ;-his agony in the garden of 24: Nu. 26.49. Ja.5.II.
their return on pain of death. The about fastmg, Mat. 9. 14; Mar. 2. 18; Gethsemane, Mat.26.36; Mar.14.32; Jeziel, je'zY-el [assembled by God], a Jobab, j0'bab [desert], a son of Jok.
temple was demolished, and the site Lu.5.33;-a,:;serts his Godhead, Jn.5. Lu.22.39;-is taken, and carried befriend of David, 1 Ch.12.3. tan, Ge. 10.29 ;-tribe descended from,
ploughed up. Several hundred years 1:7, &c. ;-walks iri the corn-fields, fore Caiaphas, Mat. 26. 57; Mar, 14. Jezoar, jez'o-ar[white,] one of the pos- 1Ch.r.23.
after, this city wa~ again rebuilt. In Mat.1:2.1; Mar.2.23; Lu.6.1;-calls 53; Lu. 22. 54; Jn. 18. 1:2;-is denied terity of Judal1, I Ch.4.7. Jochebed, jok'e-bed [Jehovah he,
the year 614 the Persians captured the twelve apostles, Mat. IO. 2; Mar. by Peter, Mat.26.6g; Mar.z4.66;Lu. Jezrahiah, jez•ra-hi'ah [whom Je- glory], the wife of Amram, and the
it, and 90,000 Christians were slain. 3.13; Lu.6.13;-discourses about the 22.54; Jn. 18. 15;-is brought before hovah l-rings forth), the chief of the mother of Aaron, Moses, and Miri.
In 637 the Saracens seized it, and sin agairist the Holy Ghost, Mat. 12. Pilate, Mat.27.n; Mar.15.1; Lu.23. singers a.t the dedication of the wall am, Ex.6.20; Nu.26.59.
kept it till 1079, when the Turks be- 31; Mar.3.22; Lu.u.15;-his mother 2; Jn. 18.28;-examined by Herod, of Jerusalem, Ne.12.4-2. Joel, jO'el [ whose God is Jehovah}, (r)
came its masters. It was taken by the and brethren clesire to speak to hiffi, Lu.23.6;-crucified, Mat.27.33; Mar. Jezreel, jez'r~l [ what God planteth], One of the minor prophets, the SOI
first Crusaders in 1099,and he!d by the Mat. 12.46; Mar. 3. 31; Lu. 8. 1:9 : - 15.21; Lu.23.33 ;·Jn. 19. 17;-buried, (z) 'The Versailles of Israel,' a city of Pethuel or Bethuel, Joel 1. r. See
Christians till n87, when it was taken sends out the twelve apostles, Mat. Mat.27.6o; Mar.15.46; Lu.23.53; Jn. of great celebrity in the half tribe his prophecies.-(2) The eldest sot
by Saladin. After varied changes 10. 1; M&r. 6. 7; Lu.9. 1 ;-discourses 19.42 ;-his resurrection, Mat. 28. 1; of Manasseh, situated in the midst of Samuel, z Sa.8.2.-(3) The son (X
it was taken by the Sultan Selim I. about John the Baptist, Mat. II. Mar. 16. 1; Lu. 24. I; Jn. 20. 1;-ap- of a beautiful and extensive plain of Josibiah, I Ch.4.35;-{4) The son of
in I517. In 1542 its present walls 7; Lu.7.24;-pronounces woe against pears first to Mary Magdalene, Mar. the same name, on the west of J or- Zichri, Ne.u.9, &c.
were built by Soliman the Magnifi- Chorazin,&c., Mat.11.20;Lu. 10.13;- i:6. 9 ;-·afterwards to two disciples dan, and the south border of Jssa- J oelah,jo-C'lah, one of David's friends,
cent. In 1832 the Pasha of Egypt dines with Simon the Pharisee, Lu.7. going to Emmaus, Lu.24.13; Mar.i:6. char, Jos. 1:9.18;-Abner made Ish- I Ch.12.7.
occupied it, but in 1841 it once more 36;-reproves those who followed him 12;-to all the apostles, Mar.16. 14; bosheth king over it, 2Sa.2.9;-Ahab Joezer, jo-e'zer Uehovah is his hclpi
passed under the Turkish sceptre. for the loaves and fishes, Jn.6.26;- Lu.24.36; Jn.20.19;-to the disciples had his palace in, 1 Ki. 21. z;-the one of the Korhites who resr'rted tt
Under the auspices of the 'Palestine exhibits himself as the bread of life, in Galilee, Mat.28. 16; 1 Co.15.6; Jn. dogs did eat Jezebel by the wall of, David at Ziklag, 1 Ch. 12.6.
Exploration Fund' it is now being 33,35 ;-discourses conceminghis mis- 21. I ;-his final instructions, Mat. 28. 23; 2 Ki.9.30-37;-threatening to re- Jogbehah, jog-be'hah [lofty1 a cityia
explored by means of excavations, sion, 5. 17;-concerning traditions, 18; Mar. 16. 15; Ac. 1.3 ;-his ascen- venge on Jehu the blood of, Ho. 1.4. the tribe of Gad, Nu.32.35; Ju.8.u.
which have already brought to light Mat. 15. 1; Mar. 7. 1;-discourses sion, Mar.16. 19: Lu.24.51:; Ac.1. 9;- In the valley of Jezreel, lying be- Johanan, jo-ha'nan Uehonh-granl-
many very interesting facts regard- about a sign from heaven, Mat. z6. r; appears to Paul on his way to Da- tween the parallel ridges of Gilboa ed], contracted form of JEHOHANAN,
ing the ancient city, over the ruins Mar.8. II; Lu. 12. 54 ;-foretells his mascus, Ac.9.4, 17;-speaks to him at and Moreh, and forming an offshoot informs Gedaliah of Ishmael's con-
of which the modern one is built. Its sufferings, Mat.16.21; 20.17; Mar.8. Corinth, 18. 9 ;-appears to him at of the plain of Jezreel (=Esdraelon), spiracy against him, Jc. 40. 13;-re-
present population is about 16,000, 31; 9.31; Lu.9.18; -his transfigura- Jerusalem, 22. r7 ;-toJ ohn in Patmos, Gideon gained his memorable vic- quests Jeremiah to inquire of God, 42.
of whom 4000 are Moslems, 8000 tion, Mat.17.r; Mar.9. 2; Lu. 9. 28; Re.1.13-17. tory over the Midianites, Ju. 6. 33. 1,2;-goes to Egypt, contrary to thr
Jews, 1800 Greeks, 1300 Latins, and 2 Pe. z. 16;-again foretells his suf- Jesus, meaning 7osltua, the son of This city is represented by the mo- word of God, and takes J eremia.i.
about 9<)0 of various nations_. ferings, Mat.17.22;-pays the tribute• Nun, the captain of Israel, Ac.7.45; dem Zerin, a village of about twenty with him, 43. 1, &c.
Jerusha, je - rii 'sha [possessed], the money, 24 ;-discourses concerning He.4.9. houses, situated at the western point John, jon [the gift o{ God], (1) Tl,,
mother of King Jotham, 2 Ki.i:5.33. humility and forgiveness, 18.z; Mar. w r
J ether, ther scruples], (I) The hus- of Mount Gilboa.-(2) A city in the Baptist, son of Zacharias and Eliu-
Jeshanah, jesh • a'nah, a city of the 9.33; Lu.9.46;-reproves the apostles band of Abigail, David's sister, and south of Judah, Jos. 1:5. 56;-David beth, Ln. I. I3;-his birth, 57;-his
kingdom of Israel near Bethel and for rebuking one who cast out devils the father of Amasa, 1 Ch. 2. 17.- took a wife from, I Sa.25.43. habit, Mat. 3. 4;-his testimony to
Ephraim, Nu.34.-... 2 Ch.13.i:9. ' in his name, Mar.9.38: Lu. 9. 49;- (2) The son of Gideon, Ju. 8. 20.- Jidlaph, jid'laf [tearful], son of Na- Jesus, Jn.I, 1:5,19; 3.27; Mat.3.II:
Jeshebeab, jesh-eb'e-ab [seat of his leaves Galilee to go to Judea, Jn. 7. (3) Father of Amasa, David's general, bor, Abraham's brother, Ge.22.22. ?I.far. 1. 7; his preaching, Mat.3. 1;Mar.
father], chief of a family of priests, J 2; Mat. 19. 1 ;-foretells the destruction 1 Ki.2.5, 32; r Ch. 2. i:7;-called also Jiphta.h, jiftah [opening], a city in 1.1; Lu.3.3;-imprisoned by Herod,
Ch.24.13. of Jerusalem, Lu. 13.34; 17.20;-again Ithra, 2 Sa. 17.6. the tribe of Judah, Jos. 15.43. Lu. 3. 1:9;-is beheaded, Mat. 14, 1;
· Jeshimon, jesh'r-mon [a wilderness1 he foretells it, 21.5; Mat. 24. 1, &c.; Jethlah, jeth'lah [high], a city of Jiphthael, jif' thah-el [God opening], Mar. 6. 14; Lu. 9. 7;-his disciples al
a city in the wilderpess of Maon, be- Mar. 13. I, &c. ;-his reply to those Dan, Jos.19.42. a valley bounding the tribes of Zebu- Ephesus, Ac.19.3.-(2) Tiu ajwlil,
longing to the tribe of Simeon, situa- who told him that Herod intended Jethro, je'thro [excellence], a priest lun and Asher, Jos.19.14,27. son of Zebedee and Salome, was a
ted in the southernmost part of Pa- to kill him, Lu. 13. 31; -sends forth and prince, or the chief sheyklt, of Joab, ja'ab [Jehovah-father], the son companion of Peter, Andrew, aad
lestine, 1 Sa.23.24. seventy disciples, 10. z ;-discourses Midian, and the fath~r-in-law of Mo- of Zeruiah, David's sister, and brother Philip, who were all of Bethsaida.~
Jeshisha.i, je-shish'i [grayish], one of with the Jews about his mission, at ses, Ex. 2. 16 ;-his flocks kept by to Abishai and Asahel, :r Ch.2.16;- is called by Jesus, Mat.,,t..21;-leans
the posterity of Gad, 1 Ch.5.1:4. the fea,;t of tabernacles, Jn. 7. u ; - Moses, 3. 1 ;-Moses solicited him the commander-in-chiei of David's on the bosom of Jesus, 13. 23;-n·
Jeshohaiah, jesh-o-hi'ah [worshipper his address to the woman taken in for permission to visit his brethren, army, 2 Sa. 2. 1:3; 8. 16; 20. 23;-kills ceives his mother after the crucifixion,
of Jehovah], a prince of the tribe of adultery, 8. 1 ;-discourses with the 4. 18;-brought to Moses in the wil- Abner, 3. 27;-and Amasa, 20. 10;- i:9. 25;-his Gospel (written a~t
Simeon, I Ch.4.36. Jews about his being the light of the derness h,is wife and sons, 18. 1,2;-is remonstrates with David against num- A.D. 78), its design, Jn. 20. 31;-his
Jeshua, jesh'u-ah [Jehovah the salva- world, 1~ ;-concerning Abraham's affectionately received by :Moses, 7; bering the people, r Ch.21. 3;-puts attestation to the divinity of our Lor4.
~ionJ, the son of Jozedech, and high- seed, 31;-is entertained by Mary -took a burnt--offering and sacrifices words into the mouth of a widow to l.I-5; 4.1:4; 5.1:7-23; Io.18; 1)0.t.
prie~t of the Jews when they returned and .Martha, Lu. 10. 38 ; - inveighs for God, 12: -his advice to Moses plead for Absalom's restoration, 2 Sa. 1 ;-was banished to PatmOi, Re.1.g.
from Babylon, Ne. 7. 7; 12. 1, 7, 10, against the Pharisees, 11. 37 ;-dis- concerning judging the people, 17,&c. 1:4.2;-slew Absalom, contrary •.o John Mark. See MARK.
26; Ezr. 2.2;-called Jo~hua, H!l.g. r. courses about the Galileans slain by Jewel, a costly ornament of gold, sil- David's orders, 18. 14; - dissuades Joiarib, joy'a.rib Uehovah defends1
1, 12; 2. 2, 4; Zee. 3.1,7,10. T'1ename Pilate, 13. 1 ;-discourses about hu- ver, or other precious metals, worn David from mourning for Absalom, contracted form of ]EHOIARIB/ one
of several other p<trsons, 1 Ch.24. 11; mility and 5uffering in his cause, 14. on the forehead, the nose, the ears, 19.x;-put to death by orders of Solo- who returned from the Babyloniu
2Ch.31.15; Ezr.2.6,40; 8.33;-also 26;-about his being the Messiah, at and the hand, Ge. 24. 53; Eze. 16.12, mon, and was buried in his own house, captivity, Ezr.8. 16.
the n&me ef a city of Judah, Ne. II. the feast of dedication, Jn. :ro. 22;- 17, 39;-figurati11ely, the people of I Ki.2.5-34. Joined, literally glt«d, the stronsd
.6. concerning divorces, Mat.1:9.3; Mar. God, who are precious in his sight. Joah, jo'ah [Jehovah-brother], (1) Se- attachment, z Co.6.i:6.
Jeshurun, j&Ml'u-nm [uprigt:;;], a ro. 1 :-blesses little children, Mat. 19. Mal.3.17. cretary to King Josiah, and by him Jokdeam., jok'de-am (burning of tht
178
.,, ,1ORDA1'1 JUDAH JUDGf!JS .1UDG1IENT5
JOSHUA
his Crothers, into Egypt, 43.3;-inter- y...,.,
-
1
J a city in tho mountain& of Jos.3. 1, &c.;-4. n; Ps. u4. 3;-was Zee. 3. 3;-called Jeshua, Ne. 8.17;
7.7; Eze.2.2, &c . cedes with Joseph not to detain Ben- iv. Seruitude, Midian, Amal~
. diVided by Elijah, 2 Ki. 2. 8;-by
..-:; '10• 15.56. Elisha, 14;-John baptized in, Mat. Josiah, jo-sI'ah [healed by Jehovah], jamin, and offers himself in his room, and children of the East, 7
Ju - . , ·jok'me-am (gathe~ed of 6. Judge GIDEON, . 40
I;:" people], a city in the tnbe of 3.6;-its ~ overflow' Spoken of, I Ch.
12.15; Je.12.5. ·
the son and successor of Amon, king
of Judah, succeeds his father, 2 Ki.
44. 18-34 ;-is constituted, by his fa.
ther's prophetic blessing, the head of King ABIMELECH, . . 3
hraim , Ch.6.68. . 1
21. 24;2 Ch.33. 25 ;-repairs the temple, his brethren, from whom their kings 7. Judge TOLA, . . . . 23
EP ' jok'n6-am {possessed of Jorkoam., jor-kO'am or jor kO-am 8. Judge )AIR, . . . 22
[paleness of the people1 son of Ra- 2 Ch. 34.8; 2 Ki.22.3, &c.;~finds the were to descend, 49.8-10;-his tribe,
JokD~e}, a city of Zebulun, near and that of Simeon, war with the v. Servitude, Ammonites with
ham, 1 Ch.2.44. book of the law, 2 Ch.34.14;-keeps
: : :Carmel, Jos.12.22; 19.n; 21. a solemn passover, 35.1 ;-slain, 23; 2 Canaanites, Ju.1.1,17;-their inheri- Philistines, . . 18
Josedech, jos'e-dek (whom Jehovah 9. Judge JEPHTHAH,. 6
makes justJ, one of the high-priests, Ki. 22. 29: - Jeremiah's lamentation tance, Jos.15.1, &c. ;-warned by the
~ jok'shan [snarer], one of the example of the ten tribes, Ho.4. 15; 10. Judge lBZAN,
Hag.1.1. over him, 2 Ch.35.25.
JIODS of 'Abraham by Keturah, Ge, -Moses' blessing on the tribe of, De. u. Judge EGLON, 10
Joseph, jO'seph [addition, increase], Josibiah, jos-e-bi'ah [dweller with 12. Judge ABDO:--, • S
:& 2 ,' 1 Ch.I-3
2• d 33.7;-the boundaries and ·principal
J a::• jok'ta.fi lsmall], the secon
of the two sons o~ Eb~r, and
;rogenitor of thirteen nations m Ara-
(1) The son of Jacob by Rachel; born,
Ge.30.24;-his dreams, 37. 5, &c. ; -
sold into Egypt, 28;-bought by Po-
Jehovah], the father of Jehu, a chief
man of the tribe of Simeon, 1Ch-4-35.
Josiphiah, jos-e-fi.'ah [increased by
towns of the tribe of, Jos.xv. ;-they
anointed David king in Hebron, 2
Sa.2.1-u;-at the division into two
vi. Sermtude, Phili'>tine,
13. Judge SAr,1soN \'in the days
of the Philistines' 11
40
20
tiphar, 39.1;-put into prison, 20;- Jehovah l, one who returned from the
bia Ge. ro. 25-30. . "b- kingdoms the tribe of Benjamin alone 14. Judge ELI, . . . . . . 40
~ b jon'a-dab [Jehovah is h interprets theprisoners'dreams, 40. 12; Babylonish captivity, Ezr.8.10.
adhered to that of Judah, 1 Ki.12. 15. Judge SAMUEL, . . . . . 1.2
Jora!J, a ~ontracted form of jEHONA- -brought before Pharaoh, and in- Jot, or TITTLE, a point, or the smallest
terprets his dream, 41. 14, &c. ;-set letter or mark of a word, meaning the 16-19,-the remaining ten tribes con- Judges (BooK OF\ gives the history
~AB, the son of Rechab, :"as conte~-
over the land of Egypt, 41 ;-his sons, least supposable part, Mat.5. 18. stituting the kingdom of Israel. of the Jews under the fifteen judges,
rary with Jehu, and w~tnessed his Judaizing, or attempting to induce
:al in destroying the family of ~hab, 50 ;-treats his brethren roughly, 42. Jotbatha, jot'ba-thah [goodness], the extending over a period of 450 years,
9 ;-his favour to Benjamin, 43.16;- thirty-fourth encampment of the Is- the Gentile converts to join with Ac. 13. 20. Ir is generally supposed
Ki.io.rs:-his command to h1S des- Christianity the religious rites of the
2
cendants, Je. 35 ,6, &c. See RECHA- makes himself known to his brethren, raelites, a 'land of torrents of water,' that Samuel the prophet, the last of
45. 1, &c. ;-meets his father, 46. 29; Nu.33.33. Jews, plainly condemned, Ga. 3. 1, the judges, was the author of it.
J~~:.:.: jo'nah [a dove], one of the
minor prophets, wa."> the }.°n of Af1;1-
-presents him to Pharaoh, 47.7;-
gets all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh,
Jotham, jO'tham Uehovah is upright],
(1) The youngest son of Gideon, ad-
&c.; 5. 1; 6.12; Col.2.8, 16.
Judas, jU'das, the graecized form of
Judging, others rashly and censuri-
ously, condemned, .Mat.7.1; Lu.6.37;
20;-visits his sick father, 48.1;-his dresses the people of Shechem in a the Heb. JUDAH [celebrated], (1) The Ro.2.i; 14.3,4; 1 Co.4.5; Ja. 4. n, 12;
ittai of Gath-hepher, ':. Ki. 14 25;-1s author of 'the epistle of Jude,' the
commanded to go to ~meveh, Jonah death at the age of uo years, 50.26; parable, Ju.9.7;-his imprecation ful- -ourselves, or trying our character
i.:2~-flees from the presence of G~, -his bones carried out of Egypt, Ex. filled, 56.-{2) King of Judah, son 'brother of James,' Lu.6.16;-called by careful and impartial self-exami-
13. 19. -(2) The husband of &lary, and successor of U zziah, 2 Ki. 15. 7; 2 Lebbeus,Mat.10.3;-Thaddeus,Mar. nation, commanded, rCo.11.31; 2 Ce.
•-swallowed by a fish, 17;-h1s
and reputed father of Christ, was of Ch. 27. 1 ;-conquers the Ammonites, 3.18;-his. question to Jesu3, Jn.14. 13.5. See EXAMINATION•
~~yer, 2. 1 ;-preaches to the Nine-
the royal line of the house of David, 5 ;-dies, after a reign of forty-one 22.-(2) Iscariot, is called the 'son of Judgment (F'uT!JRE), intimations of
-rites, 3 .2;-his sorrow and anger be-
Mat.1.6,16; Lu.1.27;-by occupation years, during twenty-five of which he Simon,' Jn 6.21. The word Iscariot it, Ps. 1.5; 9.7; I.; Ec.3.17; n.9; 12. 14:
cause his predictions were not fulfill- may mean a man of.l{erioth (a town
ed, ,p;-is repr,ov~d byGod,4-:u;- a carpenter, Mat 13. 55;-espoused was associated with his fatker, 9; 2 -to be administered by Christ, Mat.
Mary, Mat.1.18;-was informed by Ki.15 38. of Judah, Jos. 15. 25). He was one 16.27; 25.31; Jn.5.22,27; Ac.10.42;
entioned by Chnst, ~lat.12.39-41.
an angel respecting the extraordinary Journey_ a day's, the space covered of the twelve disciples of our Lord; 17.31; Ro.2.16; 2 Co.5. 10; 2Ti. 4. 1;
J:nathan, jon 1a-than [gift of God],
nature of her conception, and the with quails round the camp of Israel, -censures l\lary for anointing Jesus, -the time of it unknown, Mat.24.44;
(l) A young- Levite, who became
child she was to hring forth, 20. 21; reckoned about 20 miles, Nu. I I , 31; J 11.12. 4 :-his treachery foretold, Mat. l\Iar.13.32; 1 Th.5.2; 2Pe.3.10;-why
priest to ~Iicah, Ju.17. 10;-the Dan-
-was again warned to flee into Egypt, -a Sabbatlt-day's, reckoned by the 26.21; Mar.14.18; Lu.22.21; Jn.6.71; delayed, 9. 15.
ites take him with t~em, and h: ~nd
his posterity were pnests to their 1dof 2.13;-returned and sett!ed at Na- Jews to be about 7 furlongs or .f's of 13. 21;-agrees with the priests, Mat. Judgment, to be preceded by false
zareth, 23;-tookJesus andhismother a mile; but it is probable that they 26.14; l\Iar.14.10;Lu. 22. 3;-betrays Christs, Mat. 24. 5, 24;-the appear-
at Dan, 18. 19, 30.-(2) The son of
to Jerusalem, to observe the passover, were allowed to travel to the syna- Jesus in thegarden,Mat.26.47; Mar. ance of the man of sin, 2 Th. 2. 8;
David's brother Shimeah, and one
of the chief members of the council Lu. 2.41-43 ;-appears to have died gogue, though much farther distant, 14.43; Lu.22.47:Jn. 18.3;-hangs him- 1 Jn.2. 18;-the preaching of the gos-
before Christ entered on his public Ac.1 12; 2 Ki.4.23. self, l\Iat.27.3; Ac.1.16.-(3) (!/Gali- pel among all nations, Mat. 24. 14;
by which h_e a?ministered . . the civil
affairs of his kingdom, 1 Ch. 27. 32; ministry, Jn. 19. 25-27.-•(3} Of Ari- Journeys of the Israelites, or their lee, his insurrection, Ac.5.37.-(4', or Lu. 21. 24; Ro. n. 25; Re. 1-4. 6;-the
mathea, a Jewish senator, and a be- marches from the time they left Ra. BARSABAS, commended, Ac.15.22,32. conversion of the Jews, Ho.3.5; Ro.
1 Sa.21.:21; I Ch.20.7.-'.3) The eldest Judea, jii-de'a, the Greek form of
ion of Saul, distinguished for his piety liever in Christ, Mat. 27.57; Mar.15. meses, in Egypt, till they pitched 11. 23, &c.; 2 Co. 3. 16;-remarkable
and his valour, defeats a garrison of 42; Lu.23.50; Jn. 19.38;-did not con• their camp in Gilgal, in the Land JUDAH, t\i.e two words being fre- wars and other calamities, Mat. 24. 6,
sent to the crucifixion of Christ, Lu. of Promise, seem to have been fi.fty- quently used indiscriminately for the 2!,
the Philistines, 1 Sa.14.13;-in dan•
23.51 ;-went to Pilate and begged two in number, Ex.12.37; 13.20; 14.2; country of Judah, 1 Sa.23.3; 2 Ki.2-4. - - - - , the circumstanc,1 of it: a
gerfrom his_father's ~h vow, 39:-
the body of Jesus, 52;-took it down, 15.23,27; 16.1; 17.1 ;Nu.33.1,&c. ;Jos. 20; 2 Ch. 2. 7;-sometimes the whole trumpet will be sounded, Mat.2-4.31;
his friendship for David, 18. 1 ;-In-
wrapped it in linen, and buried it in 4. 19. "\Vhen they left Egypt the num- Jand of Canaan, l\:lat.24.16; Ac.1.8. 1 Co. 15.52; I Th.4- 16;-achange will
forms David of his father's design
against him, 19.1;-makes a cove- his own new sepulchre, 53.-(4)Called ber of males above twenty years of Daniel (2.25; 5.13) uses this name to t?.ke placein the bodi~s that are raised,
nant with him, 20. 1 ;-takes leave of Bars«bas, one of the two chosen by age was 6o3,550, and when they en- denote the land of the Jews generally. Mat.:l2.30; 1 Co.15.-42; Phi 3.21; Col.
the early church to fill the vacant tered Canaan it was 6o1,730. The province of Judea lay in the 3.4; 1 Jn. 3. 2 ;-a conflagration or
him, 35;-comforu him at Ziph, 23.
office of the apostleship, Ac. 1. 23, Joy, or gladness, is an agreeable sen- south of Palestine, and extended from change in the world,Zep.3.8; 2Th.1.
1• ;-falls along with his father and the Jordan to the.Mediterranean. In
two brothers at the fatal battle of See BARSABAS and JosES.-(5) Sev• sation of the mind, arising from the 8; 2 Pe. 3. 7;-Christ coming in the
eral others thus named, Nu. 13. 7; possession or anticipation of some- the N. T. it is this province which clouds, Da. 7. 10, 13; Mat. 16. 27; 2-4.
Gilboa, 31. 2;-his death lamented
1 Ch.25.2; Ezr.10.42; Ne.12.14- thing esteemed valuable, pleasant, or is generally meant by the name Ju- 30; 26.64; Lu.21.27; Ac.1.u; 1 Th. 3.
by David, 2 Sa.1.n,17-27.
Joppa, jop'pah [beautiful], called Joses, or JOSEPH, jo'sez [sparing, ex- good. Is a gift of God, Ps. 4. 7; Ee. dea, Lu.5. 17: Mat.4. 15; Jn.4.47,54. 13;4.16; Re.1.7;-whowill then judge
Japho, Jos.19.46;-a seaport tow~ alted], the son of Mary and Cleophas, 2. 26; 5. 19, 20. Natural joy arises In Lu. 1. 5 it denotes the whole of all men, Mat.2-4.31; 25.31; Ro.1-4.10;
on the shores of the Mediterranean was the brother of James the Less, from things which are earthly and Palestine. 2Co.5. 10; Jude 15; Re.20.12:22.12;-
Sea, about 37 miles north~west from and nearly related to Christ, Mat. 13. perishing, Es.5.9; ?.16; Ec.7.14. Re- Judge, to try a cause, Ex.18.13; 1Co. according to their works, Job 34. n:
Jerusalem;-here the wood which Sol- 55; 27.56; Mar.6.3: 15.40,47;-sur- ligic~and sj>iritualjoy, e-xperienced 6.2;-to censure rashly, Mat.7.1; 1 Ps.62.12; Pr.24.12; Ec.n.9;12.14;Je.
omon brought from Lebanon was un- named Barsabas, Ac.1.23. by the people of God, arises from Co.-4.3;-to condemn or punish, Ro. 17.10; 32.19; Eze. 18. 20; Mat. 16.27;
Joaded, 2 Ch.2. 16;-here Jonah found Joahaviah, josh-a-vi'ah [Jehovah is a warrant to claim God as their Fa- 14.13; He.13.4. 25.35-45; Ro.2. 6; x Pe. :r. 17; Rc.20.
the ship in which he fled, Jonah 1.3; sufficient],oneofDavid'smightymen, ther and portion, 2 Co.6.18; La.3-24; Judges, (r) Ordinary officers, to be 12,13;22.12;-heathens, by the law
-here Peter restored Dorcas to life, 1Ch.11.46. Hab. 3. 17, 18:-Christ as their all- appointed, De. 16. 18; 17. 8;-their of conscience, Ro. 2.12, 1,4, 15 ;-Jews,
Ac.9-40;-here he received the mes- Joshbekasha, josh-bek'1-shah [seat sufficient Saviour, Jn.0.37; He. 7.25; qualifications and duty, Ex. 18. 21; by the law of Moses, 12 ;-the apostles
sengers of Cornelius, 10.5, 23. The in hardness], one of the sons of He- ".""'"to expect all, while in this world, 23.3,6; Le.19. r5; De.1.13,16; 16. 18; to be judges with Christ, Mat.19.28:
modern name of this city is J'tifa or man, 1 Ch. 25, 2..,_ that God knows to be good for them, 17.8; 2 Ch.19.6; Ps.Ixxxii.; Pr.18.5; Lu. 22. 30; 1 Co. 6. 3;-the righteous
'Jaffa, of about 5000 inhabitants, of Joshua, josh'u-a [saviour], (,) The Ps. 34.10; S+u;-and a glorious in- 24.23; 31.8,9; Ezr. 7. 25:-bad ones will be separated from the wicked,
whom 1,50 are Jews, 6oo nominal son of Nun. His original name was heritance beyond the grave, 1 Pe.1.3, described, 1 Sa.8.1; ls.1.23; Ho.-4.18; Mat.13.-49; 25.32. Thecomingofthc
Christians, and the rest M oslems. Oshea, Nu. 13.8;-he is also called -4;-in its na-tun and properties it is Zep.3.3; Mi.3.9; Lu.18.2;-bad ones judgment calls to npntta11ee, Ac. 17.
'Among its population are fugitives Hoshea, De.32.-44;-Jesus, Ac. 7.-45; pure,refined, and unknown to the men threatened, Pr.17.15; 2-4.2-4; Is. 5. 23; 30,31;--Jwliness, 2 Co.5.9,10; 2 Pe. 3.
and vagabonds from all countries.' He. 4. 8;-he is styled 'Moses' min- of the world, 1 Co. 2.1-4;-sources or 10.1.-{2) Extraordinary men, raised n, 14; -prayer and watclifulnrss.
Joral, jO'rl [sprinkling1 a descendant ister,' Ex.24.13;-he was one of the causesofit,Jn.15.10,u; 16.24; 17.13; up by God to deliver Israel from Mat.25.13; Mar.13.33.
spies sent to explore the Land of Ac.2. 28; Ro. 15.13;-its sources re- oppression, and execute judgment Judgments of God, meaning his la.,,
J-:::;,,d, i'oY;';;;'ri,igh1 • Ki. s. 16;- Promise, Nu, 13. 16;-he, along with main unchangeable,He. 13-5,8;-it is against their tyrants, before they had
a king. When the nation sinned. it
or 'llJ<Jt'd: so called because they are
caJied.Jehoram, 3.1-9, King of Israel Cakb, gave a good account ofit, 1-4.6; unspeakable, r Pe. 1.8 ;-it shall be the rule by which he will judge all to
Jordan,jor'dan [flowing down1 called -is appointed to succeed Moses, 27. eternal, ls.35.10:Jn.16.22. The joy was punished by anarchy, invasion, whom they are given, and by which
'the river,' Ge.31.21; the great river 18;-encouraged by Moses, De.31.7; of the wicked is delusive, Pr.1-4-13;- or conquest: but when it had been they ought to judge themselves, Ps.
of the Holy Land, the uppermost -God gives him a charge, 1-4;-suc- short-lived, Job 20.5; Ec.7.6. duly humbled a deliverer was found. 19.9; 8Q. 30; 119. r3, 20,30,39,-43, &c.
IJ>rul&' of which is the Ha.sbdny, ceeds Moses, 3-4. 9; Jos. 1. 1;-his in- Jozachar, joz'a-kar Uehovah-remem- On six occasions, extending over a &c.
which ~ in the great fountain of structions, Jos. r. 8;-an angel ap- bercd], one of the two servants who period of about 40Q years, the land - - - - - - - , the punishments
F"" near Ha..rki-,,a, about 12 miles pears to him, 5. r 3 :-God encourages assassinated Jehoash, king of Judah, was invaded by the enemies of Israel which he inflicts on transgressors, a.re
north of T~ll-el-kady. After a course him, 8. I :-writes the law on stones, in MiUo, 2 Ki12.20,2t. Not many years after the death of all righteous, Ps. 97.2; 145.17; Ro.2.
of about 3 miles through a beautiful 32 ;-conquers alJ the land of Canaan, Jubilee, the grand sabbatical year Joshua the people fell into the ic!o- 2; Re. 16. 7; 19. 2;-sometimes dark
\'alley, it enters a dark defile of 6 or 11. 16;-his inheritance, 19. -49;-his among the Hebrews, and celebrated latries of the Canaanites, and then and unsearchable, Ro. n.33;-illus-
7 miles, issuing from which it enters exhortation before his death, 23.1; 24. at the end of every seven times seven the series of oppressions and deliver- trate the righteous character of God,
into a marsh of about 10 miles extent, 1, &c. ;-died at the age of 110 years, years, Le.25.8,9;-this was the year ances began. Ex.9.14-16; Eze.39.21,22; Da.9.14.
the termination of which is the lake 25.29. Tiu B()(Jk of, was written by of general release, not only of all Yea..., - - - - - - - , on sinners, ex-
Merom (Hat,h). Leaving this lake Joshua except the last five verses debts, like the common sabbatical or i. SnTJitude, Chushan Rishatha- amples of; on indi'vt"duals, Ca.in, Ge.
itftoVr'Srapidlywith increasingvolume -contains the history of the Israel- every seventh year, but of all slaves, im, king of Mesopotamia, ..,_ u;-Canaan, 9.25;-Achan, Jos.7.
for 12 miles, when it enters the Sea ites under the government of Joshua and of all lands and possessions which lasted . • • • • • . 8 25 ;-Saul, x Sa. 15. 23;-Uzz.ah, z Sa.
of Galilee. Flowing from the south. -sustains the · same relation to the had been sold, or otherwise alienated r. JudgeOTHNiELdeliveredand 6. 7;-Ahab, x Ki. 22. 38;-Gehazi1
a.st end of this sea it descends with Pentateuch that the Acts of the Apos- from the families and tribes to which judged Israel, . • • . -40 2 Ki. 5. 27;- Jezebel, 9. 39;-Nebu-
great speed till it is lost in the Dead tles does to the four Gospels. It em- they originally belonged, 10--17. ii. Servitude, Eglon, king of chadneuar, Da. 4. 31 ;-Ananias,&c. 1
Sea. Its whole course is in a direct braces a period of 25 years.-(2) The Judah,ju'dah [the praise of the Lord], . Moab; Ammon, Amalek, . 18 Ac.5.5,10;-Herod, 12. 23;-EJymas,
line about 120 miles, and in its win• high.priest of the Jews when they the fourth son of Jacob by Leah, Ge. 2. Judge EHUD,.. • . . . . 8o 13. n;--on natio,u or cumnumities:
dingsabout200,and is almost through. returned from captivity-the son of 29.35;-saves Joseph from death, 37. 3. Judge SHAMGAR (' slew of the the m.~versa.1 deluge, Ge. 6. 7;-the
out below the level of the Mediter. Josedech, Hag. r.r, 12, r4;-was en- 26:-his sons by Shuah, 38.3,4;-his Philistines"), • . unknown confusion of languages, u. 7;- the
tanean. Its Arab name is Esli- couraged, along with Zerubbabel, the guilty connection with Tamar, his iii. Sn"Vitude, Jabin of Hazor, destruction of Sodom and Gorn~
Slterial& [the watering-place]. The governor, in rebuilding the temple, daughter-in-law, 15;-his confession in Canaan, • 20 19.2•;-the plagues of Egypt, Er.
Israelit~ J:,c1Ssed oTer on the tenth after the return from Babylon, 2.4;- of his guilt, 26;-pleads with his fa- ~ JudgeDEBORAHl vii.-xfii. ;-the drownini' of Pharaoh
day of the first month (u.c. 1451). a type in the prophecy of Zechariah, ther to send Benjamin, along with .,'{. Jud2"e BARAK I and his hosts, 14.28;-the sutrerinp
Vol. 1-12 179
.JUSTIFICATION KEDEHA.li KICK KING K!IlJATHAl.111
a{ Israel in the wilderness, Nu.21 6; thod of, are that it supports the honour his posterity resided to the eastward and stubbornly against God, 1 Sa.2. Reigned B.c.
25.9;-people of Ashdod, 1 Sa. 5.6;- of God's perfections and government, of Gilead, and seem to have given 29 ; De. 32 . 15 . 15. Shallum, 1 mth. died 7?l
Amalekites, x Sa. 15.3, &c. See FA- Ps.85.10:Ro.3.26:-humbles the sin- name to the city of Kedemoth, near Kidneys, the inward parts of some t6. Menahem, • ro years, ,. 761
MINE, PESTILl!:NCE, PLAGUE, &c. ner, and glorifies the Saviour, 27; Re. the river Arnon, De.2.26; Jos.13.18; animals, Ex.29.1 3 ; Le.9.10, 17. Pekahiah, • 2 75 g
Judgment Ha.1.1, the hall in the palace 1.5,6;-places all the children of God 2 1.37. Kidron, or CEDRON, ki'dron [turbid], 18. Pekah, - - 20 ., 738
of the Roman governor, where cases on the same level, in regard to want Kedemoth, ke"d'e-moth [antiquities], a brook which ran through the valley Interregnum, • 9 ••
were tried and adjudicated upon, Jn. of merit in themselves,and obligations a city of Reu hen, near the river Amon, of Jehoshaphat, on the east side of 2 Ki.15.30,comp.
18. 28 ;-called the ' common hall,' to divine grace, Ro. 3.30; 10.12; Col. Jos.13.18; 21.37. Jerusalem, between the city and the 17.1.
Mat.27.27;Mar. 15.16. 3. II ;-establishes the faith and hope Kedesh, ke'desh [sanctuary], a town Mount of Olives;-David crossed it 19. Hoshea, - - 9 ,. ,, 72 1
Juice, sap of grapes, Ca.8.2. of believers on a sure and everlasting in Upper Galilee, which belonged to in his escape from Absalom, 2 Sa.15. Captivity to Ass7ria, 7:J:1.
Julia, jU'li'-a, a friend of Paul's, to foundation, Ro. 8. 30-34. the tribe of Naphtali, Jos. 19.37;-ap• 23 ;-near by it, Asa, Hezekiah, and
whom he sends his salutations, Ro. Ju.stiii.cation, the seeming difference pointed one of the three cities of re- Josiah burned the idols and abomina• See each of these kings in their names
16.15. between Paul's account of, Ro. 3. 24, fuge on the west of Jordan, 20. 7; 21, tions of their predecessors, 1 Ki. 15. -After their return from Babylon·
J'ulius, jUTi-us, the centurion of Au- 28; Ga.2. 16; and that of James, Ja. 32. 13; 2 Ki.23.4; 2 Ch.29. 16;-Christpas- the Jews tad no kings for about.~
gustus' band, to whose care Festus 2. 24; arises from the following causes: Keep, to hold fast, 2 Ti. 1. 14 ;-to sed it in his way to Gethsemane, Jn. years; but were ruleJ by deputy.
committed Paul, to be conveyed pri- Paul treats of the justification of our watch over, Ps. 127.1;-to save, Jn.17. 18. I. governors under the Persians or
soner to Rome, Ac. 27. 1;-showed persons before God, Ro. 3. 26; but 15;-to perform fully, Mat.19.17; 20. Kin, a relation, Le.18.6; 20.19; 2 Sa. Greeks. Subsequentlytothatperiod
much kindness to Paul, 2;-saved him James of the justification of our faith ,8. 19.42; Mar.6.4. Hircanus, Aristobulus, Janneus, and
from the murderous design of the before men, as professed believers, Keeper, one who keeps, Ge. 4. 2; 39. Kindness, love, good-will, Ac.28.2; 2 his sou~ Hircanus and Aristobulus
soldiers, 43. Ja.2.18;-Paul speaks of those who 21; Ps.:121.5; Ac.16.27,36. Co.6.6; Ep.2.7; Col.3.12. all high-priests, ruled with suprern~
Jumping, leaping or ~kipping, Na. are 'without strength, ungodly and Kehelathah,ke-hel'a-thah.[assembly], Kindred, relaticn, affinity, Ge.12.1; power. After these governed Herod
3.2. sinners,' till the moment they are an encampment of Israel, Nu. 33. Ln.t.6:r; Ac,4,6; 7.13. the Grea~, Arch~laus, Herod Agrippa,
Junia, jU'nl-a, an early convert to justified, Ro.4.5; 5.6,8,ro; but James 22. Kine, the old plural of cow, cows, Ge. and Agnppa his son, who all were
Christianity, of whom Paul speaks in of them who are already righteous, Keilah, kei'lah [fortress], a city of Ju- 32.15; 41.2; De. 7.13;-figuratively, tributary to the Romans; and during
honourable terms, Ro. :r6. 7. and who give proof of it by their dah, north-west of Hebron, Jos. 15. proud ,grovelling,and powerful rulers, the reign of the last of these Jerusa.
Juniper, the Heb. word so rendered works, Ja. 2. 14,21,22 ;-in the justifica- 44;-saved by David from the rava- Am.4.1; Eze.39.18. lem was destroyed by Titus I A. D. 701
probably denotes a species of broom: tion mentioned by Paul, works have ges of the Philistines, 1 Sa. 23. 1-5; King, the chief ruler of a tribe, city, Kingdom of Goll, or oF HEAVEN.
thr. Spanish broom. This wood burns no share, Ro. 4. 6; II. 6: but in that -here Abiathar cam1; to David, 6;- or kingdom:-the first of whom we the church of Christ, on earth, or ~
W:..h a remarkably bright flame, and by James, it is by good works alone from it David and his men departed, read was Nimrod, Ge. to. 8-10;-at celestial glory, or inclusive of both
emits great heat, Ps. :120. 4;-Elijah that it can have existence, Ja.2.17,26. being warned by God, 12.13;-rulers first the extent of the dominions of states; announced by Daniel, Da. 2 .
rested under shade of, 1 Ki. :19.4,5. Justle, to clash, Na.2.4. from, assisted Nehemiah in rebuild- kings was often very limited, as ap- 44; 7.9,22;-by John the Baptist, and
Jupiter, jllpi-ter[helping father],per- Justus, jus'tus (righteous), (1:Another ing Jerusalem, Ne. 3. 17, 18 ;-has pears from seventy of them being by Jesus, Mat.3.2; 4.17; 10.7; 12.28;
haps derived from Ja, Jao, or Je- namefor J~seph,surnamed Barsabas, been identified with Kila, a ruin situ- conquered by Adonibezek, Ju.1.7;- J\Iar.1.15; Lu.10.9,n; r7.20;-a sub.
lwvalt; tC.e supreme god of the hea- Ac.1.23.-12,: A pious man, in whose ated on a cliff 8 miles from Eleuthe- thirty-two being subject to Benha- ject for prayer, Mat.6. 1c; Lu.n. 2 ;-
thens, whom they regarded as the house Paul preached at Corinth, 18.7. ropolis I Beit ')'ibrin). dad, t Ki. 20. 1;-thirty-one being to be soug~t for! l\Iat.6.~3; Lu.12,JI;
chief governor of heaven and earth, -(3) Called also Jesus, a fellow- Kemnel, kem'u-el [assembly of God], conquered by Joshua, Jos.12.24;- -the qualifications for 1t, Mat.7, 21 ;
and whom they represented as no- labourer of Paul's, Col. 4. 1r. '.r) The third son of Nabor, and Saul was the first in Israel, 1 Sa.II. Mar.9.37; Lu ..9.62; 13.24; Jn.3.3; Ac.
torious for his wicked and lascivious Jnttah, jut'tah [extended], a city of father of Aram, Ge. 22. 21.-(2) A :i:5;-to him succeeded David, 2 Sa. 14.22; Ro.14.17; 1 Co.6.9; 15.50;2Th,
intrigues;-the inhabitants of Lystra Judah; identical with Futta, a large prince of the tribe of Ephraim, one of 5. 1-3;-Solomon was his successor, 1.4,5.
called Barnabas Jupiter, Ac. :14. :12; village about smiles south of Hebron, those appointed to divide the land of 1 Ki.1.39:-after him the tribes were Kings, their duty, De. 17.14; 2 Sa.23.
-his priests wished to offer sacrifice Jos.15.55. Canaan, Nn.34.24. divided (a.c. 975) into the kingdom ef 3; Ps.2.10; Pr.14.35; 16.12; 17.7; 20 •
to Paul and Barnabas, 13,:18. Kenath, ke'nath [possession], a city 7udah, and the kingdom ofIsrael, 12. 28; 25.2; 31.4;-the Israelites desire
Jushabhesed, jfi-shii.b'he-sed [re- of Bashan in Argob, I Ch.2.23;-was r6-20. The kingdom of :Judah, in- one, 1 Sa. 8. 5;-the Israelites fore-
turner of kindness], one of the pos- taken by Nobah a Manassite, and cluding the tribes of Judah and Ben- warned of the consequences of having-
terity of king David, 1 Ch.3.20.
Just, upright or righteous, God is per- K. called after his own name, Nu.32.42.
Now Kunawdt.
jamin, was governed by twenty kings:
and the kingdom of Israel, including
one, 1 Sa. 8. n, &c. ;-respect due to
them, Pr.24.21; Ec.8.2:Ro.13.1; 1 Pe.
fectly and essentially, De.32.4; Is.45. Kenaz, ke'naz [hunting], the fourth the other ten tribes, was governed by 2. 13,14,17 ;-under the control or di.
2:r; Zep. 3. 5;-Christ is, Ac. 3. :14;- son of Eliphaz, the son of Esau, and nineteen kings. The following is a rection of God, Ps.76.12; Pr.21.r;-
the Just One, 1.52; 1 Pe.3.:18;-good Kah. See CAB. one of.the dukes of Edom, Ge.36.15: table of these kings, with the years of the ceremony of making one, 2 Ki.
men are, in respect of honesty and Kabzeel, kAb'zel [God gathers), a city -the name also of the father of each in his reign, and the year before n.12;-precepts about them, Pr.25.
equity in their transactions, Ge. 6. 9; of Judah, near the west shore of the Othniel and the brother of Caleb, Ju. Christ when they died : - 1 ;-the misery of having a foolish
Pr.3.33; 4.18; 10.7; Mat.:i.:r9;Lu.2.25. Dead Sea, towards its southern ex- 1. 1 3; 3.9. and bad one, Pr.28.15,28; 29.12: Ee.
Jutice, required of man, De. :16.20; tremity, Jos. 15. 21 ~-here Benaiah, Kenites. kCn'ites [smiths, or dwellers KINGS OF JUDAH. 4.13; 10.5,6,16;-their power, Ee.a.
Ps.82.3; Mat. 7.12; Lu.6.3:r; Ro. :13.7; the general of Solomon's army, was in a nest], an ancient people, who Reigned B.C. 2, 4; 10. 20.-Books ef, contain the
Phi-4-8; ls.56.1; Eze.45.9; Mi.6.8. born, 2 Sa23.20~-called Jekabzeel, inhabited a district lying to the west- 1. Rehoboam, - 16 years, died 958 annals of the Jewish nation from
Justice of God, the infinite rectitude Ne.u.25. ward of the Dead Sea, and extending 2. Abijah or Abi- the close of David's reign to the de-
of his nature, by which he must ren- Kadesh, kii'desh [a holy place), a place their borders far into the Arabian jam, - - - 3 ,, ,, 955 struction of the kingdom of Judah and
der to every one his due, Ge.18.25; in the north-west of the desert of desert;-Jethro, a 'priest of Midian,' 3. Asa, • - • • 41 ,, ,, 914 the desolation of Jerusalem, together
De. 32. 4; • Ch.19.7; Job8.3; Ps.145. Paran, forming the south border of the father-in-law of Moses, was one 4. Jehoshaphat (his with the subsequent liberation of Je-
17; Je. 9. 24; 32. 18; Da. 9. 14; Eze. 18. the land of the Hebrews, and the west of them, Ju. 1. 16;-their land pro- sonJehorambe- hoiachin from his prison in Babylon,
25; Re.15.3; 19.1,2. of that of the Edomites, Nu.20.16: 34. mised to the Hebrews, Ge. 15. 19;- ing associated a period of about 427 years. Prob-
Justification. This word occurs only 4;-was called at an earlier period En- for the sake of Jethro, they were not with him about ably they were compiled by Jeremiah
in Ro.4.25; 5.16,18. It denotes that Mishpat [fountain of judgment], Ge. cut off, but allowed to dwell in the three years), 25 ,, ,. 889 or Ezra from previously existing re-
relation to the law of God into which 14. 7, and Kadesh-Barnea, Nu.32.8; tribe of Judah. 1 Sa.15.6; Ju.1.16. 5. Jehoram, 4 ,. ,, 885 cords which had been written by
a sinner is brought by virtue of the 34.4; Jos. 10. 41;-here the Israelites Kenizzites, ke'.n'niz-zites, one of the 6. Ahaziah, 1 ,, 884 several of the prophets.
righteousness of Christ being imparted long sojourned, De.1.46;-from it the tribes of the ancient Canaanites, who 7. QueenAthaliah, 6 ,, ,, 878 King's Dale, probably the plain of
to him. It is a judicial act of God spies were sent to explore the Pro- seem to have dwelt in the mountains 8. J oash or J eho- Rephaim, or the valley of Jehosha•
proceeding from his infinite heart mised Land, Nu. 13. 26; 32. 8: -here of Judah, Ge. 15. 19. ash,· - ~ - 40 ,, phat, Ge.14.17, comp. 2 Sa.18.18.
of compassion. It involves pardon Miriam died, or, as some think, in Kerchiefs, used by the false prophets, 9. Amaziah, - - 29 ,. Kinsfolk, relations, J: Ki. 16. II; 2 Ki.
alld restoration to the divine favour; another place of the same name, Nu. were head - tiers, turbans, or vails 10. U zziah or Azari- 10.u;Job 19.:r4;Lu.2.44;21.16.
is an individual and instantaneous 20. 1;-here, at the waters of Mer- bound to the head so as to cover the ah, - - -52,, Kir [a wallJ, the country between tho
act, admitting of no degrees, Jn.5.24; ibah, Israel rebelled, and Moses in- face, Eze.13.18,21. II. Jotham, - - 16 ,, 742 Black Sea and the Caspian, to which
Ro. 8. 1 ;-not to be attained by the curred the divinedispleac;ure, Nu.20. Kerioth, ke'.r'i-oth [cities], (1) A city 12. Ahaz, - 16 ,, 726 the Syrians, and part of the Hebrews,
law, Ac.13.39; Ro.3.20; 8.3; Ga.2.16; 10; De.32.51. of Judah, Jos. 15. 25, supposed to 13. Hezekiah, - 29 ,, ,. 698 were carried captive by the Assyrians,
3. n; He. 7. 19;-nor by any other per- Kadmiel, kiid'mi-el [one before God]. have been the birth-place of Judas 14. Manasseh, - 55 ,, ,, 643 2 Ki. 16. 9;-prediction of Amos con-
formance, Job9. 2; 25.4; Ps.130.3; 143. a returned captive, Ezr.3.40; Ne.7. lscariot;-(2) of Moab, Je.~8.24;- 15. Amon, - • 2 64, cerning, Am.1.5; 9.7.
2:-is given unto us by the grace of 43• called Kirioth, Am.2.2. 16. Josiah, - - 31 ,, 610 Kir-Haresheth, kir-har'e-sheth [brick
Ged, Ro.3.24; 4.4; u.5; Ep.2.8; 2Ti. Kadmonites, kacl'mon-ites (people of Kernel, the substance within a shell, 17. Jehoahaz,3mont11s. fortress], a principal city of the Mo-
1.9; Tit.3.5;-through the merits and the East], ancient inhabitants of Ca- Nu.6-4- 18. J ehoiakim, - - n ,, ,, 599 abites, ravaged by Jehoram, 2 Ki.3.
blood of Christ, Ac.13.38; Ro.5.9, 19; naan, Ge. 15. 19. Ketu.ra.h, ke-tii'rah [incense], the wife First captivity, a.c. 6o6. 25 ;-long after ruined by the Assyri•
1 Co. 1. 30;-by the means of faith, Kanah, ka'nah (of reeds], (:i) A river of Abraham, Ge.25.1 ;-called also his ans, and by the Chaldeans, Is. 15. 1:
19. Jehoiachin or Jeconiah, 3
Ro. 3.22;4.16; Ga.2.16; 3. 11, 24; Ep. on the south border of the western concubine, and by some thought to 16.7,1:r; Je.48.31;-called also K.ir-
have been so, long before the death of months, • - - - - ,. 599
2.I; He.10.38: n. 7;-it is an act of 1\Ianassites, Jos. 16.8; 17.9.-(2) A city Haresh, Is. 16. 11 :-Kir-Haraseth, 2
justice as well as of grace; the law of Asher, not far from Zidon, Jos. 19. Sarah, r Ch.1.32;-her descendants, Secbnd captivity, 599. Ki.3.25; and Kir-Heres, Je.48.31,36.
being perfect1y fulfilled, and divine 28. the KeturaiteArabs, Ge.25.2-4; I Ch. 20. Zedekiah or Mat- It stands on the southern frontier of
justice satisfied, by Christ, Is,42. 21; Kareah, ka-re'ah [bald head], father 1.32. taniah, • - - x1 years, ,, 588 Moab, about ten miles from the south-
Ro. 3. 24-26;-is complete and blessed, of Johanan, Je.40.16. Key, literally, an instrument to open Final captivity, 588. east comer of the Dead Sea At Di-
8. ,30-39. Karkaa, kar-ka'ah [a floor or founda. a lock, Ju. 3. 25;-figuratively, an bon, in this region, was discovered in
- - - - - , dfects or blessings of, tion], a city in the borders of Judah, emblem of power and government, KINGS OF ISRAEL. 1869 the celebrated Moabite stone, a
are entire freedom from all penal Jos.15.3. Is.22.22; Re.3.7; 9.1; 20.1;-the au- Reigned B.C. black basaltic block containing a
evil in this life, and that which is to Kedar, ke'dar [black, black-skinned), thoritative administrations of the z. Jeroboam I., - 22 years, died 954 Phoenician inscription relative to the
come, Ro. 8.28: 1Co. 3. 22 ;-peace with a son of Ishmael, and father of the gospel, in publishing its truths, dis- 2. Nadab, 2 953 deeds of a 1\.Ioabitish king W his war
God, Ro.5.1;-access to God through Kedarenes, who resided in Arabia, pensing its ordinances, and pointing 3. Baasha, • 24 ,, 930 against Joram, king of Israel SP
Christ, with filial confidence, Ep. 2. Ge. 25. 13 ;-in this country David out the characters both of the righte- + Elah, - 2 ,, 9 29 1\.IESHA.
...
18; 3. 12 ;-the joyous attaiillDent of seems to have sqjourned, Ps. 120. 5: ous and the wicked, Mat.16.19; Jn. 5. Zimri, 7 days. Kirioth, kir'e-oth [cities], a city of
eternal life, Ro.5.9: 8.30. -descendants of, traded with the 20.23. 6. Omri; - 12 years, ,, 918 Moab, which was ruined when th.at
- - - - - , evidences of, are de- Tyrians,Eze. 27.21;-to be conquered, X.eziz, ke'ziZ [the end], VALLEY oF, a 7. Ahab, - 897 country was conquered by N ebuchad·
liverance from the dominion of sin, Je.49.23;-to add to the glory of the place mentioned among the cities of 8. Amaziah, ,, 8g6 nezzar, Am.2.2;~ed Kerioth, Jc.
Ro.6.1-22;-supreme love to the Sa- church, Is. 6o. 7;-the 'children of,' Benjamin, Jos. 18. 21. 9. Jehoram, -u 884 48.24.
viour, 1J n.4.19 ;-persevering reliance 21. 17;-their tents, like those of atl Kibroth - Hattaa-.ah, kib'roth. hat- 10. Jehu, - 28 856 Kirjatha.im, ker'jath-A'im (the two
on his blood, Ga. 2.16; Phi. 3.8,9;- the other nomad tribes of Arabia, ta'a-vah [the graves oflust], the place n. Jehoahaz, - 17 ,, ,, 839 cities], also called Kiriathaim, (1) A
devotedncss to his service, 2 Co. 5. were black;-were rich in flocks and where Israel loathed the manna, and 12. Jehoash, - 16 ,, 825 city of the Reubenites, on the cast
14, 15; Ga. 2. 20:-justice in all our celebrated as warriors, 1 Ch. 1.29; Ca. lusted after other food; and where 13. Jeroboam II., - 41 ,, ,, 784 of Jordan, and 10 miles west of Me·
dealings with our fellow-men, Mi.6.8; 1.5; Is.42.u; 49.28; Je.2.10. they were smitten with a great plague, Interregnum, - II deba, N u.32.17; Je.48.1,23; Jos.13.19-
1Th.2.10. Kedema.h, kcd'e-mah [ancient], the Nu.11.4,34,35. 2 Ki.1-4.23, comp.15.8. -(2) A city of Naphtali, smiles north-
- - - - - , 1zeellnldes of this me- youngest son ef Ishmael, Ge.25. 15;- K.ick,firurativ,o/, to rehel wantonly 14. Zachariah, - 6mths.
" 773 west of the head of the SeaofGafileo) ·
180 \81
pOWLEDGB .LAU LAZARUS LBEQ
,Ch.~,,6;-l)l'Obablysame as Kattan, Knowledge of God, ttJ inc,-ea.r~ in, we I ;-Dead Sea, or Sodom, Jos. 3. 10: Latchet,a string that fastens the shoes, name or the pMr ai,J afflicted ma.a.
must depend on him from whom all -fi~uratively, hell, Re.19.20; 20• .10: Is.5.57; Mar.1.7; Lu.3.1f.i. in the parable, Lu. 16. 20, &e.
~aill~Arba, kerjath-ilr'bah [city light proceeds, Ja. 1.6;-diligendy 21.8.
study his revealed will, Pr.2.3-5:Ho. Lamb, one to be offered every mom-
Latin. the language of the ancient
Romans, Lu.23.38; Jn. 19.20.
Lead, a heavy metal, used in -rery
ancient times, Ex. 15. .to; Nu. 3:a. 21:.
of Arba], theancientnam_e of Hebron,
the place where Sarah died, Ge.23.2; 6. 3;-cultivate a humble frame of ing, and another every evening. Ex. Lattice, a window made in the form of Zee. 5.6-8;-poured iuto engravea
05I4.15;20.7. , mind, Ps. 25. g;-watch against cor- 29. 38,39: N u.28.3;-two to be offered network, with small cross bars of wood characters to make them better seen.
J
Jtll;;°ath-Huzoth, kerjath-hu zoth [a rupt affections, Lu. 21. 3_. ;-meditate in the morning, and two in the even- or iron, prior to the invention of glass, (or perhap!li the lutmmn- of lead).,
cityofstreets], the royal residence of frequently on his love and grace, Ps. ing of Sabbath, 9, u;-the paschal, Ju. 5. 28; 2 Ki.1.2; Ca.2.9. Job 19. 2,t.;--the Egyptians sank as ..
Balak, Nu 22. 39• . --, . 104. 34 :-prefer this knowledge to a type of Christ, Ex.12.5,46; Le.9.3; Laud, to praise or extol, Ro.15. n. Ex.15. 10;-the Jews, on accoum of
Jtjrjatb.Jearim, ker';ath-;e nm [the everything else, Phi 3 8. 23. 12; Jn.19.36; I Pe.1.19;-Christso Laughter, immoderate, its folly, Pr. their heavy ~uilt, compared to, Ezc..
city of woods or forests], a t~wn. of Kohath, kO'hath(assembly),thesecond , called, Jn. 1.29,36; Re.5.6; 13.8;-on 14. 13; Ee. 2.2; 7.3,6; Ja. 4.9;-some- 22.18,20.
Judah, on the_ con~nes of Be~Jamm, son of Levi, and father of Kolta-1
the
thites, Ge. 46. 11; Nu. 4- 18, 34, 37;-
Mount Zion, 14. r;-overcomes the
seven kings, 17.10-14;-his wife, 21.9.
times innocent, Ec.3.4;--0fSarah, re-
proved, Ge. 18.13.
Lead, to conduct and guide, as God
does his people, De.-4 :27; 32 12; Ps.
Jos.rs.g:--its mh_a_bi~ants rec~1ve the
k from the Ph1hi;;tmes, I Sa.7.r;- from him by Aaron, the son of Am.ram, Lamech, la' mek [overthrower, wild Launched, put from shore into the !'iea, 23.3; Is. 48.17;-byhis\Vord, Ps.n9.
:'° m it David removed t?e ark, tCh. sprung th$- Hebrew priests, Ex.6.18;
1Ch.6.2,3.
man], (1) Descendant of Cain by
Methusael, Ge. 4. 18;-the first who
Lu.8.22; Ac.21.1.
Laurel, or BAY-TREE, the prosperity
I05; 2 Ti. 3. 16;-by his providence.
Ps.37.23; Pr. 16.9;-by hisHolySpirit,
:;.6:--called Kirjath-Anm 1 Ezr.2.25;
_Baa]ah, Jos 15 9_. _10:- Baale of Kolaiah, kol•r'ah [the voice of the practised polygamy, 1r ;-his child- of the wicked compared to, Ps.37. Eze.36.27; Jn. 16.13;-fron:ues that
Jud.ili, 2 Sa 6 2 ;-Kir;ath-Baal, Jos. Lord], one who returned from the Ba- i ren, 2o--22;-his speech to !1is wives, 35. he will thus lead his people~ ls.40 u;
I,4- NowcaUed Kury·etel-Enal,, bylonishcaptivity, Ne.n.7. 23,24.-',2\ The son of Methuselah, Laver, a vessel for washing, used in 42. 16; _.9.10; 57. 18; Je. 31. 9; Ps. 25.
18
Korab, kO'rah [ice], (r) The son of and father of Noah, Ge.5.25;-hisage the service of the tabernacle, stood g; 32.8;-j>rayers for this blessing, Ps.
1 miles west of Jeru,r;alem.
Kirjath-Seph·:r, ker'jath-1-e'fer [city Esau byAholibamah,Ge.36.14,18.- and death, about five years before between the altar of burnt-offering 5.8; 25.5,9; 31.3; <4-3.3; 61.2; 139.24.
of the book]. sometimes called Debir, (2) The son of Izhar,and great-grand- the flood, 28-31. and the entrance totheholyplace,Ex. Leaf, of a tree, the life of 1.1an frail as,
taken by Othniel, _to whom Caleb son of I.evi, Ex. 6.21;-his rebellion Lamentations of Jeremiah, one of 30.17; 38.8;-tenfor the temple, 1 Ki. Is. 64. 6;-fi~rative/y, an e•idence
against Moses and Aaron, Nu. 16.1-3; the sacred books, written by that pro- 7.38; 2 Ch.4.6. ofgrace, Ps.I.3;-prosperity, Is. 1.30;
:w,rdve his daughter m mamage as a
for, Ju 1 u-13;-called Kir-
jath-Sannah [palm-city]. Jos t 5. 19.
-his awful punishment, in
were swallowed up in the earth, 32.
which 250 phet, in which he pathetically bewails
the destruction of the city and tern-
Lavish, indiscreetly liberal. Is.46.6.
Law, sometimes denotes the wlzole re-
Je.17.8.
League, a covenant or solemn agree•
Jt.i,ah [hard], t The son of N er and Korahites,ko'rah•hites,sonsofKorah, ple of Jerusalem, the overthrow of v~aled will ef God, contained in his ment, Jos.9.6; Ju.2.:2; 1Sa.22.I; 2Sa.
father of Saul, t Sa 9 1.-,.·:2; The son
of Gibeon, J Ch 8 30 - ' 3' The so~
of Mahli, 23 zi - - 4 The son of Abdi,
a family of Levites and sini·ers, I Ch. 1 the state, and the dispersion of the
9.1g-31 ;-twelvepsalmsattributed to, ' people. Tte book consists of five
Ps xlii-xlix. lxxxiv. lxxxv. lxxxvii. \ lyric poems; comp. the ancient ele-
IWord, Ps. 1.2; 19. 7; 40. 8; 94. 12; ng.
18,29,34,44,51,53,55, &c.; ls.8. 20; 42.
21;Jn.:r2.34; Ro.2.14, &c.
5.3, &e.
Leah, le' ah ( wearied], the eldest
daughter of Laban, Ge.29.16;-given
2 Ch 29 12 • . lxxxviii. gies, 2 Sa.1.17,18; 3.33; 2 Ch.35.25. - , sometimes means the Mosaicnl treacherously for a wife to Jacob, 23;
kush-i'ah, the same who 'Lame Persons, cured by Jesus, Mat.
,1.iahon, ki shon [tortuous, wmdmg
stream], an 'ancient river,' a brook
m the Holy Laud, which rises in
Kushaiah,
is called Kishi in J Ch. 6. 4•;-the
father of Ethan, 1 Ch.15-17.
I n.5;-by Peter, Ac. 3. 2;-by Paul,
14.8.
economy, as distinguished from the
Christian, ]CL r. 17; Mat. t:r. 13; :r2.5:
Ac. 13. 39; 18.13; 28.23; Ro.6.14; He.
-favoured of the Lord, 31;-Dinah
her daughter, 34.1;-her sons, 35.23;
-buried in the same cave with Sarah,
Mount Tabor, and flows nearly west- ! Lamp, figuratively, an open and 7.19. Abraham, &c., 49.31.
ward into the Mediterranean, near j 1 visible profession of religion, Mat.25. - , sometimes the cere»umi'al ob- Leanness, thinness of flesh, Ge. 41.
the northern base of .Mount Carmel; 1,3,4, 7,8;-a son or successor, who servances of the Jewish dispensation, 3, 4;--figuratively, want of spiritual
the scene of the defeat of Sisera and preserves one's name from being ex- Lu.2.27; Ac. 15.5,24; Ep. 2.:r5; He. 9. comfort and improvement, Ps. to6. 15;
of the destruction of the priests of L. tinguished, 1 Ki. 15. 4; Ps.132. z7;- 22; 10. r;-this could not procure par- Is. 10. 16; 24. 16.
Baal by Elijah, Ju-4-7,13; 5.21; 1 Ki. outward prosperity, Pr. 13. 9; 20.20. don and eternal life, He. 10.1-1-;-is Leaping, jumping, 2 Sa. ,. 16; Ca. 2.
1s. 4o. Its modem name is Nakr Lamps, in thetabernacJe, how lighted, abolished by Christ, Ac. 15.24; Ga.3. 8; Ac.3.8.
Mukutta. Laadah, lli'a-dah [order], one or the Nu.8.r. 24; 4.4; 5.1. Learning,gaining knowledge; valued
Kiss, used as a token of affec_tion to grandsons of Judah, t Ch.4.21. Lancets, LANCES, short spears, r Ki. --, sometimes the ,judici'al or civil, and sought after by the wise, Pr. 1.5;
kindred, Ge. 27. 26; 31.28; 1 Ki.19.20; Laadan, IA'a~dan [put in order], a son 18.28; Je.50.,+12, for the distribution of justice; which, 9.9;-the Scriptures are designed t•
-an c.~ression of friendship, real or of Ephraim, 1 Ch.7 26. Land, to be redeemed, Le.25.23-28. among the Jews, was incorporated impart it to us, Ro 15. 4.
pretended, I Sa. 20.41; 2 ~ 20. 9; Mat. Laban, i~'ban [white, shining], (1) Landmarks, not to be removed, De. with both the moral and the cere• Lea.sing, falsehood or lies, Ps. 4.2; 5.
26.,.9;--of homage, 1 Ki.19.18; Ps.2. The son of Bethuel, the brother of :r9. 14; 27.17; Pr.22.28. monial, Jn.7.51; 18. 31; Ac.19.,38; 23. 6.
12. Rebekah, and father of Leah and Ra. Languages, confounded at Babel, 3; 1 Co.6. 1,6,7; r Ti.1.9. Leathern, made of leather, 2 Ki. 1.8:
Kite, a species of falcon, somewhat chel; kindly receives Abraham's ser- about a century after the flood, Ge. - , frequently, in the New Testa- lliat.3.4-
larger than a tame pigeon, Le.u.1-4; vant, Ge. 24. 29;-approves the pro- 11.1, &c.;-gift of,at the day of Pen- ment, the five books ef lJ.,Ioses, Lu. Leaven, ferment mixed with any body
De.14.13. posal of giving Rebekah to be the tecost, Ac. 2. 4;--conferred by the 24. 27,44; Ac.13.15;-themoral law, to make it light ; and hence it is
Knead, to work dough with the fist, wife of Isaac, 50. 51 ;-his friendly re.. apostles, 2~ 17 ;-on Cornelius, 10.46; or the Decalogue as delivered to used to signify dough or bread thus
Ge.18.6; 1Sa.28.24: 2Sa.:r3.8;Je.7. 18. ception of Jacob, 29. 13;-agrees to -by Paul at Ephesus, 19. 6;-one Moses, Ex.20.,3-17;Mat.v.-xvii.;Lu. prepared. Ex. 12. 15; 1:3. 7; 3'4-· 25;-
Knee, to bow it to another, imports give him Rachel to wife, as a reward among many gifts of the same Spirit, 10. 27; Ro. 7. 7;-it is perpetuaU y bind- figuratively, whatever produces a
reverence and honour to him, Ge. for his se~rvice, 15-29;-deceives him I Co. 12. to. ing on all who have access to it, Mat. change in the mass with which it
iJl,,.3;-religious worship, r KL19.18; bysubstituting Leah in herplace,23; Languish, to become weak or feeble, 5.17,18;-holy, just, and good, Ro.7. mixes, as the gospel does among men
Is.-45.23; Ro.14.r:r; Phi.2.10. -afterwards gives him Rachel also, applied to persons, Ps.41.3; ls.19.8; 12;-spiritual, requiring the Qbedi- for the better, .Mat.13. 33: Lu. 13.21;
Kneeling, a becoming posture for 29;-induces Jacob to tanywith him Ho.4.3;-to fields and plants, Is. 16. cnce of the heart, as weU as of the --erroneous doctrines and notorious
prayer and supplication, Ps. 22. 29; 95. by fixing his wages, 30. 27-34;- 8; Joel 1. 10,12. life, Mat. 5. 28; Ro. 7. 14;-none can sinners for the worse, Mat. 16. 61 12;
6; 99.5; Ro. 14.u; Ep.3.14: Phi.2.10. pursues after Jacob, and overtakes Laodicea, la-od-f-re'ah. There were obey it perfectly, 3.9-12,19,23; Ga.3. t Co. 5.6-8.
- - - , examples of it: of Solo- him, 31. 22, 23 ;-warned by God, in six cities so called in Asia: that men.. 22; Ja.3.2;-justification and eternal Lebanon,Jeb'a•non[whiteness],always
mon at the dedication of the temple, a dream, not to hurt Jacob, 24;- tioned in Scripture was in Southern life cannot be obtained by it, Ro. 3. with the article the in prose, as I Ki.
1 Ki.8.54; 2 Ch.6. 13;-of Ezra, Ezr. makes a covenant with Jacob, 44;- Phrygia,about4omileseastofEphe- 20; Ga. 2. 16;-curse pronounced 5.6,9,20; Eze.3.7. It is so caJied
9. 5;-of Daniel, Da.6.10;-of Jesus, parted peacefully from h ~m, 55.-(2) sus. It was originally called Dios- against all who break it, De. 27.26; either because ~he whole range is
Lu.22.41;-ofStephen, Ac.7.6o;-of One of the stations of the Israelites polis, and afterwards Rhoas. Paul's Ga. 3. 10;-Christ has redeemed his composed of whitish limestone rock,
Peter, 9. 40;-of Paul, 20.36; 21.5. after crossing the Red Sea, De. 1.1. concern for the saints in, Col.2.1; + people from this curse, 2Co.5.21;Ga. f!lr more probably because snow covers
Knife, to cut with, Ge. 22. 6; J tL 19. Labour, toil, the appointed lot of all 13;-salutations to them, 15;--charge 3.:r3;-by it is the knowledge of sin, its summits during most of the year.
29; Pr.23 2; 30.14. men,Ge.3. 19;-diligence in, approved to read an epistle to them, and one Ro.3.20;7.7;-is a schoolmaster to It consists of two distinct ranges,
Knit, to make close, Ju. 20. I I; I Ch. and commanded, Pr.13.11; 16.26; 28. from them, 16;.-Christ's message to bring sinners to Christ, Ga.3.24;--is which run parallel for about 100 miles.
12.17: Ac.ro.u; Col.2.2. 19; Ec.5.12; Ac.20.35; Ep.4.28;1 Th the church there, Re.3.14. It was aruleoflifetoallbelieVers,Jn.14.21; The long narrow valley, from s to I
I.nook, to employ earnestness and 2.9; 4.1:r; 2 Th. 3.ro;-more forspiri• destroyed by an earthquake in the J Co.7.19; 1 Jn.2.4; Re.22.14- miles in width, lying between is called
imponunity. as Christ does with sin- tual than worldly things, Jn.6.27. year A.D. 63, but was soon rebuilt. --,positive,thatwhichisnotfounded 0:ele-Syria (Hollow Syria!, and the
ners, Re.3.30;-as we are required in Lachish, la'kish [obstinate, tenacious1 It became a Christian city of emi.. in the nature of things, as is the •valleyofLebanon,' Jos. 2.:r7. The
prayer, Mat.7.7,8; Lu.11.9. a city of Judah, south of Jerusalem, nence. the see of a bishop, and the moral, but which rests solely on the eastern range is usually designated
Knowledge, in general, and especially taken by Joshua, Jos.10.31,32;-Am• meeting•place of councils. It was divine appointment; the prohibition by Latin writers Antilil,e,,n,u, the
that which is religious; evil of being aziah fled to, from a conspiracy, 2 Ki destroyed by the Mohammedans. given to man in innocence, Ge. 2. 17: southern peak of which is Hennon.
without it, Pr. 19. 2; Is. 27. u; 2 Th. 14, 19;-fortified by Rehoboam, 2 Ch. and is now a scene of utter desola- -the holy rite of baptism, Mat. 28. Lebanon was famous for its cedars,
I 8;-its great value, Pr.8.ro,u; :M'i. n. 9;-the king of Babylon fought tion. 19;-the ordinance of the Lord's sup- Ps. 29.5; 92. 12; Is. 14. 8 ;-its fragrance,
3- 15;-bestoweci on those who ear- against, Je. 34. 7;-inhabited after Lapidoth, l!lp'i-doth [torches], {1) The per, Mat. 26. 26,27; Lu. 22. 19,20. Ca.4.u; Ho. 14- 6;-the source o(
nestly and diligently seek it, Pr.2.3- the return from Babylon, Ne. II. 30. husband of Deborah the prophetess, - - , of nature, the will of God rela• many streams, Ca.4. 15;-the emblem
6; Ja. 1. 5;-the fear of the Lord is Lacking, wanting, or without, Le.2. Ju.4.4.-(2) The name of the place ting to human actions, discoverable of wealth, majesty, and clory, Ps.
the bc&inning of, Pr. 1. 7; 9.11; Ps. 13; 1 Co.16.:r7; 2Co.n.9; I Th.3.10. also where she dwelt, 5. by the light of nature, and obliga- 72. 16; 133.3;ls.35.2;6o.13. Theaver-
u1.10;-despised by fools, P:-.1.22;- Ladder, Jacob's, Ge.28.12. La.pping, drinking from the hollow tory on all mankind, Ro.1.191 20; 2. age height of the western range, the
valued and treasured up by the wise, Laden, oppressed with a burden, as of the hand,asdid the three.hundred 14,15. Lebanon, is from 6ooo to 8ooo feet;
10.14; 15. 14;-aggravates guilt, when with taxes. 1 KL 12. n;-with cere- who followed Gideon, Ju.7.5-7. Lawful, things that are so not always that of the eastern range, the Anti-
men act contrary to it, Lu.12.47; Jn. monial obseTVaI'ICes, Lu. 11.46;-with Lapwing, supposed to be the mo- expedient, Mat. 17. 25; 1 Co.6.12; 10. Lebanon, about 5000 feet; its loftiest
15.22; Ro.1.21; 2.~1: Ja.4.17;-ought sin, ls.1.4; Mat.n.28. dern lzoojoe; unclean according to 23. peak, the Hennon, being 10,000 feet
to be communicated, De. 6. 7; Ps. 78.4; l,ady, a female o( distinction, Es. r. 18; the Jaw of Moses, Le.11. 19- Lawgiver, God is the supreme, ls.33- high. 'fhe four great rivers of Syria
119. 13; Mat.5. :14; 10.27; xCo. 12.7,&c.: 2Jn.1. 5;-fig-urati'vel;,, a powerful La.rge, Assyria was extensive, Is.22. 22; Ja.4.12. have their source in the Anti.Leban-
1 Pe.4.10. city, as Babylon, Is.47.5,7. 18; Ho. 4. 16;-great liberty and com- LaWSllits among Christians ought, if on. The ruins of the whole district
bowledge of God, his underived, La.ha.!rol, la-hl' roy [ who liveth and fort, Ps. 18. 19; 31.8; 38.5. possible, to be avoided, bya reference areveryextensive, and fullofinterest.
eternal, and perfect acquaintance with seeth meJ, a wen near which Isaac Laacivio11Sness, lewdness or lust to the judgment of their brethren, Lebbeue, Jeb.~'us, or THADD~us, the
a1I things, past, present, and future, dwelt, Ge.24.62; 25.n: 16.14- manifested either by wordioractions: Mat. 5.40; 1 Co.6. l-J. same with Judas or Jude, the apostle,
1 Sa. 2. 3; Job 37. 16; Ps. 147. s: Da.2. Lahmam, lah'mam [place of fight], a censured, Mar. 7.21; Ro. 13.13; 2Co. Lawyers, men who were conversant Mat.10.3: Mar.3.18:-the brother of
22: Ac.15.18; He.4 13. place in the plains of Judah, Jos.15. 12.21; Ga.5.19; Ep.4-19; 5.3; Col.3.5; with the Jewish laws, and professed Jesus, Mar.6.3; Ln.6. 16: Ac.1.13.
- - - - - - - , our acquaint- 40:-Heb. Laltmas. J Pe.4.3; Jude 4- to explain them to the people; but Lebonah, le-bo'nah [frankincense], a
llnce, with his Scripture character and Laish, la'ish [strong, a lion], (1} The Laaea, la.se'ah, a city of Crete, about who, on account of their binding place between Shi!oh and Bethel,
will, is either merely sp«ula tiv~, Tit. father of Phalti, to whom Saul gave the middle of the southern coast, s heavier burdens on others than them- now called the •alley of Kluin Le-
r.16:-or spiritual and saving-, Jn. Michal, David's wife, J Sa. 25. -44; miles east of Fair Havens, and close selves, &c., were censured by Christ, ba.n, Ju.21.19-
17 3 -this includes a holy reverence 2 Sa. 3. 15. -( 2) The original name of to Cape Leonda, Ac.27.8. Mat.5.20: 23.2,13,&c.;Mar.12.38;Lu. Lecah, IE'kah [going1 probably a towP
for God, Je.10.7: Re.15.,t.;-love te the city of Dan, Ju.18.14,29:-called Lasbaron, la-sh4'ron [the plain], a 11.46. of Judah, 1 Ch.4.21.
him as supremely great and good, Leshem, Jos.19.47.-(3) A village of city whose king Joshua vaoquished, Lazarus, liiz'a-rus [help of God], (1) Ledges, small mouldings on the edge,
Pc. 18. 1: Zee. 9. 17 ;-humble confi- Benjamin near Jerusalem, Is. 10.30. Jos. 12. 18. The brother of Martha and Mary. 1 Ki.7.28,35.36.
dence in his mercy and promise, Ps. Lake, a confluence of waters, sur- Last Times or DAYS, theirerron and raised from the grave by Jesus. Jn. Leeks, plants similar to onlons_ Nu.
9- 10;-sincere, universal, and perse- rounded by land; such as that of Me- degeneracy foretold, 1 TL,.i:: a"n.3- u.41 ;-sat at table with Christ, 12.2; 11.5;-rendered 1grass,"1 Kl. rll. s:-
vering obedience to his will, 1 Jn.2.3. rom, Jos.u.7;-Gennesaret, Lu. 5. 1; • Pe.3.3,4. -visited by manv Jews, 9.-{2) The 'herb.' Job 8.121--• 'hay.' Pr.2 7. as.
181
LEVITE8 LIFE LOAVES LOVJ: LOWLINF.58
l,1181, the dregs of wine settled at the were CITIES oF· REP'UG1t;-genea• -in living in the service of God, Ga. number, 2 Ki. 4. 42;-five feed 5000, Zep. 3. 17;-eternal, Is. 54. 10; Ro. 8.
bottom: hence 'wines on the lees' sig- logics and offices of the Levites, 1 Ch. 2. 19, 20;-:-is imparted by Christ, J a. Mat.14.15;-seven feed 4000, 15.32. 35-39 ;-discovered, in giving his Son,
.:mies old and pure wine, Is.25.6;- 9. 14, &c. ;-the services appointed 5.21,25;6.33,51-54;14.6;-it is ac- Locks, the hair of the head, Nu. 6. 5; Jn.3.16; 1 Jn.4.9;-in Christ's death,
fi,r,n,-atively, men settled in a sinful them by David, 23.24;-their charge companied with spiritual-minded- Ju. 1!5. 13; Is. 47. 2; Eze. 44. 20;-in- Ro. 5. 8; 1 Jn. 4. 10;-in providential
course, 48.11; Zep. I. 12. of the treasury, 26. 20;-their charge ness, Ro. 8. 6;-it is hidden and se- struments for fastening doors, Ju. 3. dealings, De.7.q-15;23.5; He.12.6;
Legion, ill the Roman army, was a in future time, Eze. 44 10;-were cure, Col.3.3. 23,24; Ne.3.3,6, &c. -in leading mt. . to love himself, 1
body of infantry consisting af ten co-. superannuated at 50 years of age, Life, eternal, through Christ, Jn. 3. Locust, a flying insect, most destruc- Jn.4. 19;-i.n preserving them, Ps.37,
bons, or 6ooo men ;-used to signify Nu.4.47; 8.25,26. 15,36; 4.14; 6.-f.o; 10. 28; 17. 2; 2 Ti.I. tive to the fruits of the ground in the 28; 41. II; 127.2.
a vast multitude, Mar.5.9: Lu.8.30; Leviticus, le-vit'i-kus, the third book JO; 1 Jn.4.9; 5.... 2;-consists in never- East. It is from 2 or 3 inches long, Love OF MEN to God, ought to be
Mat.26.53. of Moses, so called because it con. ending freedom from death, Lu.20. and of the thickness of a ra1an's sincere, r Sa. 16. 7 ;-supreme, De. 6.
Lehabim, le'ha-bim [flame], descen- sists chiefly of laws relating to the Le. 36; Re.21.4:-in a body and soul re- thumb. Its head is shaped like that 5; ro. 12;-constant, Jude 21;-pro-
tiantsof Ham, probably identical with vitical priesthood; contains the his- sembling Christ, Phi. 3.21; 1 Co. 15. of a horse. The mouth is large, and gressive, Phi. 1. 9:-operative, excit-
the Lubim, or Libyans, Ge.10.13; I tory of the first month of the second 48,49,53; 2Co.3.18; 1Jn.3.2;-in the furnished with teeth, which make a ing to honour and obey him, 1 Jn.2. 5;
Ch.I.II. year of the wanderings in the wil- enjoyment of unspeakable bliss, 1 Pe. crackling sound like fire among stub- 5.3; 2 Jn.6
Lemuel, 1~m'eu. el, [of God], supposed derness. 1.4; Re.7. 16, 17:-and in the assur- ble or the rattling of hail.stones. The - - - - - t o God, commanded, De.
by some to be Solomon ; lesi.ons from Levy, a number of men raised from ance that their happiness shall never plague of, Ex.10.4; Ps.78.46: 105.34; 11.1; 19.9; 30.16; Jos.22.5; 23.u:-its
his mother to him, Pr.31. r, &c. the general population, r Ki5.13,14; end, r Th.4.17; Re.3.12. -sometimes used for food, Mat.3.4; character, De.6.5; 10.12; 30.6; Mat.
Lending, to a poor brother, recom- 9. 15;-to impose a tax, Nu. 31. 28; 1 - , long, promised as the reward of -figurr;tively, teachers of false doc- 22. 37; Lu. ro. 27 ;-is produced in the
mended, De. 15. 7; Ps. 37. 26; n2. 5; Ki.9.21. virtue, Ex.20.12; De.5.33; 6.2; Pr. 3. trine, Re.9.3;-terrible judgments of, heart by the Spirit, Ro.5.5; Ga.5.22;
Mat.5.42; Lu.6.35;-the house not to Lewdness, or lustful licentiousness, 2,16;9. 11; 10.27;-not to be preferred Joel 1.1,&c.;2.1,&c. 2Th.3.5;-.Produces brotherly love, 1
be entered to recover a thing lent, De. condemned, Ju. 20. 6; Eze. 22. u;- to our duty, Mat.10.39; 16.25; b-Iar. Lodebar, lo.de'bar [without pasture], Jn.3.17; 4.20,21; 5.1,2;~bedience,
24.10. /iguratively, idolatry with its impure 8.35; Lu.9.24; 17.33; Jn.12.25. a city in the tribe of Gad not far from 5.3; 2 Jn.6;-hatred of sin, Ps.97. 10 ;
Lentilee, a kind of grain resembling rites, Je.11.15; 13.27~ Eze. 16. 43; 22. Light, created, Ge.1.3;-bri~hterthan Mahanaim : here Mephibosheth re- -nzanijests itseifin frequently think.
filches, or small pease, Ge.25.34;2Sa. 9; 23.27,29, &c. the sun appearing to Paul, Ac. 26. sided with Machir the Ammonite, 2 ingofhim, Is.26.8,9;-aspiring after
23.u. Liberality, or bounty, the alms given :13;-Christ so called, Jn.1.9; 8.12; 9. Sa.9.4,5. conformity to his image, 2 Co. 3, 18;
Leopard, a beast of prey, of the cat to the poor, I Co.16.3; 2Co.8.t:. s: 12.35,46. Lofty, high, proud, Ps.131.1: Pr.30. Ep. 5. 1 ;-thirsting after communion
tribe~ strong, swift, fierce, and vora- Libertines, 'freedmen,' libertim: as Lightning, consumes the sacrifices, 13; Is.2.11,12; 57.7,15. with him, Ps.42.1,2; 63.1;-studying
cious, Is.n.6; Je. 13. 23; Hab.r.8;- they were called by the Romans, Ac. Le. 9. 24; 1 Ki. 18. 38; 2Ch. 7. ,;-de- Log [a basin], a liquid measure, one~ in all things to please him, r Jn. 5. 3;
figuratively. a persecuting power, 6. 9. Those here referred to were stroys the enemies of David, 2 Sa.22. twelfth of an hin, equal to the cubic -grieving for dishonour done to him,
Da.7.6; Re.13.2. probably Jews who had been taken 15; Ps.18.r4;-directed by God, Job contents of six hen-eggs, according and for the hiding of his face, Job 23-
Leprosy. an infectious and tenible prisoners in war and reduced to 28.26; 37.3; 38.25; Ps.144.6. to the Rabbinists,=21 ·6 cubic inches. 3; Ps.51 .3,4;-delighting in his word,
disease, common in Syria and in slavery, anq had afterwards been Lign-aloes, line-al' oes, a species of Lois, l5'is, the grandmother of Tim. ordinances, and people, Ps.19.10; 27.
many warm countries, but sometimes emancipated and permitted to return odoriferous tree, 8 or 10 feet high, othy, distinguished for her faitlt., 2 4; 84.I,2; I jn.4,21; 5.1,
found also in cold countries, as Nor- to their own country. from both the flower and the wood Ti 1.5. - - , brotherly, consisting in good.
way, &c. It first attacks the skin, but Liberty, ef conscienu, is that free. of which a rich and costly Perfume is Long-suffering, bearing injuries or will to all men, especially the saints;
at last it affects the whole system. dam from restraint in our choice of, obtained, Nu.24.6; Ps.45.8. provocations for a long time; a char- and in a readiness to promote their
Patients often live many years, but and judgment about, matters of reli. Ligure, a precious gem, said to re- acteristic of God, Ex.34.6,7; Nu.14. best interests, Le.19. 18; Mat. 22. 39;
are seldom, if ever, cured. To be gion, which every man has a right semble the carbuncle. Ex.28.19; 39. 18,; Ne.9.17; Ps.86.15; Ro.9.22; I Pe. Jn.13.34; 15.12,17; Ro.12.9,10; 13.8;
judged by the priest, De.24.8;-laws to exercise, Ro.14.4;Ja.4.12. 12. 3.20; 2 Pe.3.9. Illustrated, Ps.78.38; 1Co.13.1; Ga.5.6,13; 6.10; Col.3.14;
concerning it, Le. 13. I, &c. ;--how - - - , Christian and sj,irltual, Likeness. See FIGURE and IMAGE. lq8.9; Mat.23.37; 1 Ti.r.16. I Th.3-12; 4.9; Ep.4.1,32; 5.2; Phi.2.
cleruised, x4. 1, &c. ;-in a garment, consists in freedom from the yoke of Likhi, lik'hi [learned], one of Man- Lord, one who has rule and authority; 1; 1 Ti.1.5; He.13.1; Ja 2. 8; I Pe.1.
:13. 47 ;-in a house, 14. 33 ;-how the ceremonial law, Ro. 6.14; Ep.2. asseh's posterity, 1 Ch.7.19- -in the Hebrew Old Testament, the 22; 3.8; 4.8; 1 Jn.2.9; 3.10,23; -f-.7,n,
cleansed, -4-8;-of Moses' hand, Ex.4. 15;-from the curse of the moral law1 LUy, the lotus or water-lily, Ho. 14. name jehovalt (see JEHOVAH) often 20; 2 Jn. s;-,x,mplifi,d: Joseph,
6;-of Miriam, Nu.12.IO;-of Naa- Ga.3.13;-from the guilt, power, and 5 ;-used as food, Ca. 4.5 ;-o_f the val- occurs, and is commonly rendered Ge.45.15;-Ruth, Ru.1.16,17;-Jonaa
man, 2 Ki. 5. I :-of Gi!hazi, 2.3 :-of defilement of sin, Ro.8.1; 6.14; t Co. leys, z:e. of the water-courses, Ca. 2. Lord, and printed in capital letters than, 1 Sa. 20. 17, 41, 42;-centurion,
Uzziah, 2 Ch.26.20;-cured by Jesus, 6. u ;-from the dominion of Satan, 16. In Ca.5.13 allusion is probably (LoRD), and .applied equally to the Lu.7.5;-and others, Ac. 2. 46; 16.15;
Mat.8.2; Mar.r.40: Lu.5.12: 17.12. Col.1.13; 1 Jn.3.8;-from the corrup- made to the Persian lily. The 'lily Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Ro.16.3,4;Phi.4.15;2Ti.1.16-18. See
Let, used to signify to lti'tlder, Ex.5. tion of the world, Ga.1.4;-from a of the field' was the scarlet martagon Ge.2.4,5,7,8; Is.6.1, comp. withJn: AFFECTION and CHAIUTY.
4; Is.43.13: Ro.1,13; 2Th.2.7. spirit of bondage, and in the enjoy- lily, Mat.6.28. 12.41;Je.31.31,34, comp. with He.10. - - - - - , as it relates to the
Letters, or epistles, sent from David ment of freedom of access to God, Lime, the manufacture of, known to 15,16 ;-in small characters (Lord or saints of God, consists in esteeming
to Joab, 2 Sa11.14;-from Jezebel to Ro.8.15; Ep. 2. 18;-from the fear of the ancients, Am. 2. 1 ;-the bones of lord), it is applied not only to the them because they profess and appear
the people against Naboth, I Ki.21. death and the grave, Ho. 13. 14; 1 the king of Edom burned to, Is.33. supreme God, but to kings, Ge.4-0.1; to be his children, 1 J n. 5. 1 :-and U
9;-from the King of Syria to the Co. 15.55, 56:-and from eternal pun. 12. 2 Sa.19. 19,20;-to princes and nobles, manifested in preferring their com.
K.ing of Israel, 2 Ki.5.6,-from Jehu ishment, 1 Th.1.10; 5.9. Limit, bouml, Eze, 43- r2; Ps. 78. 41; Ge.42.10,30;-to prophets, 1 Ki.18.7; pany, Ps.119.63; Ac.2.44; 4.32;-ten-
to the Samaritans, 10. r ;-from Elisha - - - , Cltristian, how to be used, He-4-7. 2 Ki.2.19;-to husbands, Ge.18.12. derly sympathizing with them amid
to Jerol,oam, 2 Ch.21.12;-from Sen- 1 Co.7.22; Ga.5. 1,13; 1 Pe.2.16. Lineage, family, race, or progeny, Lu. Lord's Day, observed, Ac.20. 7; 1 Co. their joys and sorrows, Ro.12. 15; r
nacherib to Hezekiah, 2 Ki. 19. 10, 14; Libnah, lib'nah [whiteness], (r) A city 2.4- 16.2; Re.1.10. See SABBATH. Co. 12. 26;-aiding them in bearing
Is. 37. 4, 14;-from Bishlam, &c., to in the southern part of the tribe of Ju- Linen, cloth made ofthe fibre of hemp Lord's Supper, instituted, Mat:z6.26; their burdens, Ga. 6. 2; 1 Th. 5. 14;-
Artaxerxes, Ezr. 4. 7;-from Tatnai dah, Jos.15.42;-given to the priests, or flax, Ex.28.42; 1 Sa.2.18; Mat.27. Mar. 14. 22; Lu. 22. 19; 1 Co. u. 23;- supplying their wants, Mat. 25. 35; 1
to Darius, 5.6;-from Sanballat to Ne- 21. 13;-the inhabitants or, offended 59;-emblematical of righteousness, callctl also the ct1nwt1tnion, 10.16;- Jn.3.17,18;-praying for them, Ep.6.
hemiah, Ne.6.5;-from NehCmiaR to with Jehoram for his idolatry, re- Re. 15. 6; 19.8,14,. the 11eharist (see EucHARIST), Lu. 18; Phi.1.4;-reproving and admon-
Sanballat, 6.8;-fromJeremiah to the volted, 2 Ki. 8. 22;-sustained a ter- Lingered, hositated, Ge.rg.r6; 43-10; 22.1; ;-theftast, 5.8;-the lweaki'ng- ishing them in the spirit of meekness,
captives at Babylon, Je.29.1;-from rible siege from Sennacherib, ls.37. 2Pe.2.3. t/T o••ad, Ac. 2. 42; 20.7;-ilte cup ef Le.19.17; Mat.18.15; He.10.25.
lhe apostles to the church at Antioch. 8; • Ki. rg. 35. - (2) A place near Lintel, the upper part of a door-frame, tlte Lwd, and the Lord's tal,k, , Co. - - OF CHRIST, and of his religion,
Ac. 15. 23 :-from Claudius Lysias to Mount Sinai, where the wandering Ex.12. 22; 1 Ki.6.31: Am.g.1; Zep.2. ro.21;-cnjoined by Christ on all his Mat.10.37;Jn.15. 9; 21.15, &c.; 1Co.
Felix, 23.25. ' Hebrews encamped, Nu.33.20. r+ friends, Lu.22.19; I Co.11.24:-guilt 16.22; 1 Pe.1.8;-to us. Jn.15.13; Ro.
Letushim, le-til'shim [the hammer• Libni, lib'ni [whiteness], the son or Linus, li'nus, a disciple mentioned by and danger of profaning it, 27,29;- 8.35; Ep.5.2,25;-notices ofits mani--
ed], great-grandson of Abraham by Gershon, Ex.6.17. Paul, 2 Ti.4- 2:r. self-examination required to prevent festations, Lu. 19.10; 23. 34; Ga. 2. 20;
Keturah, Ge.25.3. Libya, lib'e-a, Heb. PAut, a general Lion, the noblest. sh'ongest, and the its abllSC:, 28;-was observed statedly rJn.3.16; Re.1.5; He.7.23;9.24;-the
Lenmmim, le-um'mim [peoples1 name for Africa, but properly that fien:est of the beasts of prey. It is and frequently by the primitive same in its properties with God's love
great.grandson of Abraham, Ge.25.3. part of it which lay on the south fonnd only in torrid climates, and church, Ac. •· 42; 20. 7 ;-tempers or to his people (which see).
Levi, li!'vi [joined], (1) The third son coast of the Mediterranean, westward much less numerous now than for- mind with which it should be ob- - - , the peculiar law of the gospel,
of Jacob and Leah, born, Ge.29.34; of Egypt; its inhabitants mentioned merly. Slain by Samson, Ju. 14- S, served, 1 Co.5.7,8;-ought to be fol- Jn.13-34; 15.12,17; Ga.6.2; 1 Jn.3.23;
-assisted Simeon in massacring the as a warlike race. Je.46.9;-its fall, 18;-by David, 1 Sa17.34.-icilled a lowed with holiness of life, 2T'1.2.19; 4-21.
Shcchcmites, 34- 25 :-his sons, and with that of Egypt, foretold, Eze.30. prophet, r Ki.13.24;-killed one who Tit.2.11-13: 1 Jn.2.6. - - OP' OUR CouNTRY: in Nehe-
his age, Ex.6. 16;-his descendants, 5;-men from. at Jerusalem. on the did not obey a prophet, 20. 36 ; - Lot [a covering, vail], (,) The son or miah, Ne. 2.3;-in David, Ps.25.22;
1Ch.6.1-53--(2) The tribe of, separ- day of Pentecost, Ac.2.10. inhabited the banks of the Jordan, Haran, and nephew of Abraham, ac- 51. 18: 122.6; 12+1; 126.1; 137.5;~
ated from the rest for the service or Lice, a well-known insect, one of the Je.49. 19; 50. 44;-an emblem of the companies Abraham, Ge. 12. 5;-se• Paul, Ro. 10. 1.
the sanctuary, De.10.8. plagues of Egypt, Ex. 8. 16-18; Ps. Israelites, Eze. 19. 1, &c. parates from him, and resides in - - OF THB WORLD, dangerous.
Leviathan, le-vt'a-~, a terrible 105.31. Lips, unclean, ~s.6.5;-burning, Pr.26. Sodom, 13. 10:-rescued (rom its de- Mat.6.24; 13.22; 19.22; 1 Ti.6.9; a Ta.
animal, described in Job xli.; bnt not Licence, or permission, Ac.21.40: 25- 23;-covering of, a token of mourn,. struction, 19.1, &c.;-his sons by his 4-10; Ja. 1.27; 4-4; I Jn.2.15.
identified by modem naturalist3. The 16. ing, Ezc.24.22. daughters. Ge. 19. 31 ;-vexed with the Loving· kindness, tender regard,
most probable supposition is that it Lie. s,,
LvtNG, Liquor, any strong drink, Ex.22. 29; society of the wicked, 2 Pe.2.7;-his mercy, and favour of the Lord, Ps.
is the crocodile, the well-known ani• Lieutenants, the deputy-govemors or Nu.6.3. wife turned into a pillar of salt. Lu. 26.3; 36.10; Je.9. 24;-certain features
ma! inhabiting the Nile and other the Persian king. Ezr.8.36; Es.3.12. Liateth, willeth, or thinketh fit, Mat. 17.32.-{2) A portion of anything, an of it: good, Ps.6g.,6;--e.rc,llnot, )6.
eastern rivers. of great strength and Life, natural, God its author and pre,. 17-12; Mar.9.13; Jn.3.8; Ja.3.4- inheritance, Jos.15.1; Ps.125.3; Is.17. 7;-Maroel/Qus, 17. 7; 31. 21;-,md...
swiftness in swimming, as well as of server, Ge. 2. 7: Ac.17.28; Job 12. 10: Littera, a kind of close conveyance 14- titudinous, Is. 63. 7 ;~lasti1f.C, 5-f..
enormous voracity. It is mentioned Ps. )6.6; 66.9; Da.5-23;-the value of like the eastern palanquin, ls.66.20. Lot.a, casting o(, disposed of by C,od, 8;-6,tt,r 11,a,. /if,, Ps. 63. 3;- its
Ps. 74- u,;-figwratively, some for- it, Job2.4; Ps.49.8; Mat.16,:,6; Mar. Lively, full of!ife, Ex.1.19; Ps.38.19; Pr. 16. 33;-cast for the scape-goa~ actings, 40. 11; 119. 76,88; Je.31.3:
midable monarch, Is.27. 1. 8.36; Lu.9.25;-short and uncertain, Ac.7.38; I Pe.1.3: 2.5. Le.16.8;-to divide the land of Ca- Ho.2.19.
Levites, Je'vites, descendants of Levi: 1Ch.29.15;Job7-16; Ps.39.5,6,9; 103. Liver, one of the entrails, Ex.29.13; naan, Nu.26.55;-cast by Saul, 1 Sa. Low Country, the western portion of
'!(Xepted instead of the lir,t-bom, 15; ls.40.6; Lu.12.20:Ja,..14: 1Pe.1. Le.3.4; Pr.7.23. 14. 40;-for the garments of Jesus, Judah, 2 Ch.26.10;-called also tho
Nu.3. 12,40;-numhered.1 15;-again 24;-full of trouble and vanity, Job Liza.rdB,animals with along body,and Mat. 27. 35;-for the choice of an valk)', Jos.15. 33;-fl4k, I Ki 10. 27;
in the land of Moab, 26. 57 :-the 5.7; 14.1; Ec.1.2; 12.8. Figures illus• four legs; some of which live both on apostle, Ac. 1.26. -hwplains, 2Ch.27.28.
great families of: Kohathites, who trating its character: a f,i/grimap, land and in water, Le.II.JO. Love OP Goo to all men, is from Lowering, or gloomy, cloudy, Mat.
had charge of the sacred YCSsels, 3. Ge. 47. 9;-a tak, Ps. 90. 9;-a f,ost, Lo-Am.mi, lo-im'mi [not my peoplel, everlasting, Jc. 3:a:. 3; Ep. :i:. -4 ;-is 16.3.
31;-Gcrshonites, of the hangings and Job 9. 25;-a 1ltij,, 9. 26;-an l,a,,,J. symbolical name of a son of Hosea, complete, De. 7. 8; 1:0. is; Ex. 33. :19; Lower part.a of the earth, the earth
mrtains of the tabernacle, 4-- 22-26: bnadtk, Ps.39.5;-a dnam, 73.20; Ho.1.9. Ro.9. 15,21 ;-isaltogetherunmerited, itself, Ep. 4-. 9;-the valleys, or the
-and the Merarites, of the boards -a skej>, 90.5;-a 8Juu/O'W, Ec.6.12: Lo-Ruhamah, lo-ru-ha'mah [not ob- Ro. 5. 8; De.7. 7;Job 7. 17;-purelydis- Gentile world, Is. 4+ 23;-the wom!>
and pillars, 7. 1~;-their age in ser.. -a vaj>o,w, Ja.4.14:-a.f/own-, Job taining mercy l, symbolical name of a interestcd, Job 22.2; 35. 7,8; 1 Jn.4.10; of a mother, Ps. 139.15;-the grave,
Tice, 4.3: 8. 23;-consecrated, 8. 5;- 14. 2;-grass, Is. 40. 6; 1 Pe. 1. 24:- daughter of Hosea, Ho.1.6. -discriminating, or distinguishing, 2 or state of the dead, 63.9.
their inheritance, De.18. 1 :-their por- wind, Job 7. 7 ;-how it should be Loathe, or dislike, as God does all Th.2. 16; He.2. 16;Jude6;-incompar- Lowing, or making a bellowing noise
tion of meat, 3,4;-not to be deserted spent, Lu. 1. 74,75: Re. 14--8; 1 Pe.1. iniquity, Jc. 14. 19; Zee. :11. 8;-as a ably condescending, Ps. 8. 4; Job 7. 17: like oxen, 1 Sa 6. 12: 15.14; Job6.5.
when poor, 12. 19 ;-forty-eight cities I7; Ec. 3.12. good man docs himself, on account -nnspeakably great, Jn.3.16; Ep.2. Lowlineu, meekness and humility,
with fields and gardens given to them, - , S,iritua/, consists in being quick. . of sin, Eze.6.9; 20.-f.3; 36.31. 4 ;-fraught with the richest blessings, commended, Ep. 4• 2: Phi. :1. J. lfee
Nu.35.1; Jos.21.2, &c.:-nx of these ened by the Spirit of God, Ep.0.1,5; Loavea, 6f bread, twenty feed a ereat Ep.1.3,4; 1 Jn.3.1,2;-unchangeable, HUMILITY and MaaKNltN.
182
LYING MAGDALA MALACHI MANASSEH MARESHA.C
Lying, prevarication, quibbling, or Magdalene, mag'da-le'ne, a woman 1 sonal history of the prophet nothing 4,8.8-14;-his inherit--ce, Jos.13.29:
. . Jtl'bim (dwellers in a scorched
L:::,people of Africa, ~ Ch. 12. 3; double-dealing ;-e:tampleii cen5ured: dispossessed of devils by Christ, Lu.
1
is known. 17.1;-his descendants, 1 Ch.;. 14;-
of Abraham, Ge.12.n-13; 20.2,9;-of 8.2; Mat.27.56. Probably a native of Malchiah, maI-kI'ah [Jehovah's king), the chief men of the half tribe, 5.23;
16- 8· i-'kas the same with Luke, Isaac, 26.7,18;-of Rachel, 31.34,35; Magdaia. the keeper of the prison at Jerusalem, -conquered · / Pu!, king of Assyria,
J,uCSS, u ' -of Saul, I Sa. 15. 13-28;-of Peter, Hagi, mU'gI, or wise men from the into the miry dungeon of which Jere- 26.-(2) Fourteenth king of Juda.It.
Ph~-;•·In.'ci-fer [light-bringer, the Mat.26.72. East, the priest class among the Per- m1ah was ca.st, Je. 38. 1-6;-several succet:ds his father Hezekiah, 2 Ki.
L;~m~ng starJ, the title by which Lysias, lis'i'•as, the chief captain of sians, Je.39. 3, 13;-their journey to other persons of this name, 1 Ch. 6. 21.1; 2 Ch.33.1;-he was very wicked
Jsaiah describes Nebuchadnezzar, the Roman band at Jerusalem, res- see Jesus, .J\.Iat.2.1, &c. 40; 9 12; Ezr.w.25; Ne.3.11,14. and idolatrous, 2-q;-shed much in•
cues Paul, Ac. 21. 31; 23. 23;-writes Magicians, divinersorfortune•tellers, MalchieJ, miil'ki-el [God's king, i.e. nocent blood, 2 Ki.21. 16; 24.4;-w.u
12
jL~;J~ , Ju'shi-u~ [oflight], of Cyr~ne, to Felix about him, 23.26;-sends him sentfortointerpretPharaoh'sdreams, appointed by God], a grandson of carried to Babylon, 2 Ch, 33. II:-
· a Greek colony m the north of Africa, to Cesarea, 33. Ge.41.8;-oppose Moses, Ex.7.u,22; Asher, 1 Ch.7.31. prayed, was converted and restored.
Lystra, lis'tra, a city of Lycaonia, in 8. 7;-could nut produce the lice, 18; Malchiram, mal•ki'ram, a son of Je- 13 ;-dies, aged sixty-eight years iB,c.
i!':;;:,'~orldly gain, riches, t Sa.8.3; Asia Minor, about 40 miles west of --of Babylon sent for to find out and coniah, r Ch.3.18. 664), 20: 2 Ki.21.13.
J Ti.3.3; Tit.r,7,~1; I Pe.5.2.
lconium;-here Paul and Barnabas interpret the dream of N ebuchadnez• Malchishua, mUl-kI-shil'ah [king of Mandrakes, found by Reuben in the
L d [strife inhabitants of the desert], were taken for gods, Ac. 14. n ;-the zar, Da.2.2;-Jews forbidden to con- help], the third son of Saul, who per- field-uncertain whether they were
au people '0 r Asia Minor descended native place of Timothy, 16.1,2. sult, Le. 10 31; 20. 6. ished in battle with his father and some kind of pleasant flowers,orcitron
from the son of Shem, Ge.10.22. Magistrates, civil rulers, or rulers two brothers, 1 Sa.3r.2; 1 Ch.10.2. apples, or a plant usually so called-
Ludim. Ju'dim, the descendants of overparticular cities; to be respected, Malehorn, miil'kom, or MILCOM, an supposed to remove barrenness, and
:Mizraim, the second son of ~am, Ex. 22. 28; De. 17, 8, &c.; Ac.23. 5;- id I of the Ammonites, said to be the therefore earnestly sought by Rachel.
Ge.to.tJ:iCh.i:1c-9alled Lydians,
Je. 46 _9 ; which _1s an maccuratc ren-
I
i M. heathen, to be obeyed by Christians,
Ro.13. 1,3; Tit.3. 1; 1 Pe. 2. 13;-not
same with Moloch, 1 Ki. u. 33. See
l\loLOCH.
Ge. 30. 14-16; Ca. 7.13.
Maneh [part, portion], a mina = 8",th
dering for L udmt. I a terror to the good, but to the evil, Malchus, m.il'kus, a servant of Caia- part of a talent = 100 shekels. or 50
Lu.hith, IU'hith_ [a floor made of I , • Ro.13. 4; 1 Pe.2.14. phas, whose ear Peter cut off, but ounces avoirdupois weight, 1 Ki. 10.
b rds] a place m Moab, Is. 15.5; Je. Maacah, rnn a-kah [oppression], a Magnifical, stately, very great, 1 Ch. who was healed by Christ, Jn.18. 10. 17; 2 Ch. 9. 16;-divided into three
~.:. ' • . small kingdom adjoinin?' Ar~ob and 22.5. All the evangelists record the event, parts, Eze.45. 12.
4
Luke LUCAS [J;ght-givmg), the evan- _ Ba:shan, 2 Sa. Io. 6, 8;-mhab1ted by ', Magnificence, worldly grandeur, its but the names of Peter and Maleh us Manger, the wooden trough in which
gelis~, and constant comp~nion and the J\.:faachathi, De. 3. 14, or M aa- vanity, Ec.2.4, &c.; Ac. 19.27. are only mentioned by John. horses art: fed; served for the cradle
istant of Paul;-ment1oned by chath1tes, Jos.12.5; 13.u-15. - - - - - - , of Solomon, 1 Ki.4.21, Malefactors, evil-doers, offenders of Christ, Lu.2.7,12,16.
;:ul Col. 4.14; 2 Ti.4.u.
Lnke~armness, or in_difference in re-
Maachah, mJ.'a-kah [oppression], (1)
The son of Nabor, Ge. 22. 24;-sup-
&c.; 10.1, &c.; 2 Ch.1.14, &c.; 9.9.
Magnify, to make great, as God does
against the law, criminals; two cruci- Manifest, to make apparent, or clearly
fied with Christ, Lu.23. 32, 33, 39;- visible, as God was in the flesh, I Ti.
ligion, censured, 1 K1. 18. 21; Mat. 8. posed_ to be the father of the M~a- his word, Ps. I38. 2;-his mercy, Ge. Christ arraigned as one, Jn.18.30. 3.16;-as Christ did his glory, by his
2
1. Lu 9.59; Ac.26.29; Re.3.15. chath1tes, De. 3. 14; Jos. 12. 5.-(2) 19.19 ; - Jesus did the law, Is. 42. Males, all who were able to travel re- miracles, Jn. 2. u;-as he will make
L~atics persons affected with a Daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur, 21;-God· does men, Jos.3.7; 4. 14; I quired to attend at the kl.bemacle or the counsels of men's hearts, I Co.4.5.
species ~f madness, snppo~ed to be was the wife of David, and mother Ch.29.25; 2 Ch.32.23;-men do God, temple thrice a year, namely, at the Manifold, many in number, great and
influenced by the moon, cured, Mat. of Absalom and Tamar, 2 Sa. 3. 3.- by proclaiming his greatness, Ps. 34. passover, pe11tecost, and feast ef ta- various, as are the mercies of God,
4.24: 17 .15, &c.. . . (3) Th~ mother or gra~_dmother of 3; 69.30; Lu.1.46. ber11acles, Ex.23.17; 34.23; De.16.16. Ne.9.19,27;--his works, Ps.104.24;-
Lurk to lie concealed and m wait, Pr. Asa, kmg of Judah, 1 K1.15.10.-(.f.) Magog, mii'gog, the second son of Malice, deep-rooted ill-will or violent his wisdom, Ep 3. 10;-our srns, Am.
_ ,' 8; Ps.17.12. The father of Achish, king of Gath, Japheth, and a tribe descended from hatred, forbidden, Ge.34.7,25; 37.5, 5.12.
1 11 1
Lusts, or lewd desires, of the flesh to 2. 39.-(5) The head of the tribe of him, Ge. 10. 2; 1 Ch. I, 5. Gt:neraily 18; Pr.17. 5; 24. 17; 26, 24; Mar. 6. 17; Manna [what is it?], the food with
be repressed, .Mat. 5.29; 15. 19; Ro.8. Simeon in the days of David, 1 Ch. understood of the Scythians, Scythia 1 Co.5.8; 14.20; Ep.4.31; Col.3.8; Tit. which God miraculous!)• fed the Is-
13; 1 Co. 9. 27; Ga. 5. 16,19; Col 3.5; I 27, 16. = the land of l\Iagog 1 Eze.38.2. See 3.3; I Pe.2.1,16;-may work its own raelites in the wilderness for fony
Pe. 2 .u;-unnatural, Ro. 1. 26~ Ep. Maaseiah, ma-a-sei'ah [work of Je- GoG. ruin, Ps.7.15,16; 9.15; 35.8; Pr.5. 22; years, and sustained almost thru
5.12; 1 Th.4.5. hovah], {1) The son of Ahaz, assas- MahaJaleel, ma-h:'ll'a-leel [praise of 26.27; Es.7.10;-punishment of, Am. millions of• men, women, and chit.
Lnz [an almond-tree), (1) The ancient sinated, 2 Ch.27. 7.-(2) A porter of God], the son of Cainan, of the race 1. n,12; Ob. 10-15. dren !-described, Ex. 16. 14, 15;-
name of Bethel, Ge.28.19.-(2)Acity the temple, Ne.12.41,42. of Seth, Ge.5.15. Malioe, of Cain to Abel, Ge.4.8;-oL regulations respecting the gathering
in Arabia Petrea, about the south- Ma.aziah, ma-a-zi'ah [consolations of Mahala-th, ma'ha-lath [smoothness), Esau to Jacob, 27. 41 ;-of Saul to and preparing ofit, 16-21;-a double
cast of the Dead Sea; built by a per- Jehovah], a chief of the families of (1) The wife of Rehoboam, 2 Ch.11. David, 1 Sa. 19.10;---of Joab to Abner, quantity to be gathered on the sixth
son who had resided at Bethel, Ju.I. the priests, I Ch.24.18. 18.-(2) The daughter of Ishmael, 2 Sa. 3.27;--of Haman to Mordecai, day, as none fell on Sabbath, 22-30;
25,26. Macedonia, mas-se-do'ni-a, a large whom Esau married, Ge. 28. 9;- Es.3.6;-ofthe presidents, Da.6.4;- -an omer of it preserved, 16. 32;-
Lybia. Set LIBYA. country north-east of Greece, peopled called Bashemath, 36.3. of Herodias,Mar.6. 19;-ofthe scribes ceased while encamped at Gilgal,
Lycaonia, Jy-kl-O'ni-a, a province of by the descendants of Javan. In the Mahanaim, mil-ha-nil'im [camps), a and Pharisees to Jesus, Mar. II. 18, after the first passover in Canaan.
Asia Minor, bounded by Cappadocia time of the Romans the whole coun- town east of Jordan, on the north &c. In Ja.1.21 the word is rendered Jos.5.10,12;-hidden, promised, Re.
on the east, Galatia on the north, try between Taenarus (Ca!'e II.Iata- bank of the J abbok, in the territory 'naughtiness.' 2.17.
Phrygia and Pis1dia on the west, and pan) and the valiey of the Danube, of Gad, to the site of which Jacob MaliciousneBB, the same as malice, Manner, custom, deportment, Ge. 25-,
by Cilicia on the south. Its chief was divided into three districts, viz. gave this name, Ge.32.1,2;-given to Ro. 1.29; 1 Pe_2,16. 23; I Co.15.33; He.10.25.
cities were Iconium, Derbe, and lllyricum, Achaia, and Macedonia the Levites, Jos. 21. 38 ;-here Ish- Malignity, a temper of mind obsti- Manoah, ma-no' ah [rest), the father
Lystra :-churches planted here by (which included Thessaly, and form- bosheth fixed his residence during his nately bad, and delighting in what is of Samson, was of the tribe of Dan,
Paul and Barnabas, Ac. 14 6;-the ed with it one province). Its metro- short reign, 2 Sa. 2. 8;-hither David evil, Ro.1.29, Ju. 13. 2 ;-entreated the Lord that the
'speech of.' Ac. 14. u; supposed to polis was Thessalonica. It was a retired from the fury of Absalom, 17. Mallows, a plant, supposed to be of angel who appeared to his wife might
have been the ancient Assyrian. famous monarchy under Philip and 27. the bramble kind, with leaves like the come again to instruct the!!:. "'.-his
Lycia., lysi'-a, a province iu the south- his son Alexander the Great; to visit Mahazioth, ma-hAz'i-oth [vision], a lettuce; used for food, Job 30.4. prayer answerP"1 .. ,-..1 111:, Jnterview
west of Asia Minor, bounded on the which Paul was directed by a vision, chief of the singers in the temple, 1 Malluch, mal'luk [reigning], one who with the ar,ge1, 9-21 ;-his fears quell-
north by Phrygia, on the south by Ac. 16.9;-Silas and Timothypreach- Ch. 25. 30. signed the covenant with Nehemiah, ed by his wife, 22,23.
the Mediterranean, on the east by ed in it, 18. 5;-churches in, exem- Maher-shalal-hash-baz, ma'her- Ne.16.4. Mansions, fixed dwellings, the abodes
Pamphylia, and on the west by Caria. plary in their contributions to the shill'al-hish'baz [hasLening to the Mammon, a Syriac word signifying of the blessed, Jn.14.2.
It anciently contained about twenty- poor saints, Ro.15. 26, 2 Co.8.1-5. spoil], a child so called, to signify a riches, Lu.16.9,n;-personified,.Mat. Man-slaughter, killing a person with-
three cities, the chief of which were Machir, ma'kir [sold], the son of Ma- future event, Is.8.1, &c. 6.24; Lu.16.13. out malice, as in a sudden quarrel, or
Patara and Myra; -Paul came to nasseh, grandson of Jo!'teph,and chief Mahlah, mi'ih'lah [disease], one of the Mamre, mAm're [fruitfulness), (1) The by accident;-the Jaw respecting it,
Myra, Ac,27 5;-a few Greek Chris- of the Machirites, Ge.50 23; Nu.32. daughters of Zelophehad, who, with brother of Aner and Eshcol, was an Ex. 21.18; Nu. 35.22; De. 19. 4; Jos.
tiaris are in this province, and the 39;-to him, or rather his seed, Mo- her sisters, received her portion of Amorite, and the friend of Abraham, 20.1.
Mahvmetans prevail ses gave Gilead, 40. th~ Land of Promise, because their Ge.14.13.-(2) The country where he Man-stealing, laws against it, Ex.21.
Lydda, hd'dah, the Greek form of Lod, Machpelah, mak-pe'Iah [portion, lot, father died without male issue, Nu. dwelt, called by his name, 13.18; 23 16; De.24.7.
called Diospolis [city cf Jupiter], a dcuble cave], the name of the bury- 26.33; 27.1; Jos.17.3; I Ch.7.18. 17;-was one of Abraham's favourite Mantle,a cloak,J11.4.18; 1Sa.28.14;
few miles east of Joppa, on the road ing-place of the patriarchs, which .Mahlon, mJ.h'lon [sick], the son of places of residence, 18. 1,10,14. The I Ki 19.13,19.
toJerusalem;-Petervisitedthesaints Abraham bought from Ephron the Elimelech and Naomi, who married cave of Machpelah, now covered by Maon, ma'on [a dwelling•place J, a city
here, Ac 9. 32·-here he cured Eneas, Hittite, for a burying-place for Sarah, Ruth, but died without children, Ru. the great Haram in Hebron, lay of Judah; here Nabal dwelt,and near
who had kt:pt his bed eight years, 33, Ge. 23. 9, 17; xix, :-himself buried 1.2,5. 'before l\famre,' Ge.23 17,19; 25.9. which David hid himself, Jos.15.55;
34;-its inhabitants general,y turned there, 25.8,9;-also Isaac, Rebekah, Maiden. a woman servant, Ex. 2. 5; Man, his primeval dignity, Ge. 1. 26, 1 Sa. 23. 24; 25. 2;-identtfied with
le:> the Lord, 35 ;-it is now a poor and Jacob, 49. 29-32. Over this spot Ru.2.8,22; Lu.12.45. 27; 2.7;Ps.8.5;Ec.7.29:-his fall,Ge. /Ifain, about 7 miles south-east of
vtllage caUed Lu.id. a l.1rge mosque has been built. Ir. Mail,orcoatofmail,apieceofarmour 3.17; 6.5; 8.21; Ps.14.3; Je.17.9;- Hebron.
Lydia, (1) A maritime province in the 1862 it was visited by the Prince of for the pMtection of the body in war, universal corruptiort of his nature, Mar, to disfigure, Le. 19.27;-to spoU
~est of Asia Mmor. That mentioned Wales and Dean Stanley. The cave 1Sa.17.5. Job14.4; 'Ps.51.5; Jn.3.6; Ro.3.23; or render useless, 2 Ki.3. 19: Je. 13.7;
in Eze.30.5 was Lud, a place on the itself. however, beneath the mosque Maimed, persons who either wanted Ga.5. 17; Ep.2. 1, &c. ;-his monality, Mar.2.22.
continent of Africa, comp. Is. 66. 19; has never yet been entered by any members of their body, or had lost Job 7.10; 14.5,7,10,I2; Ec..12 7; Ro. 5. Ma.rah, mn.'rah[bitternessJ, aplac:eon
Eze.27.10.-(2 l A woman, converted, traveller. the use of them;-cured, Mat.15.30, u, 1 Co.15 22;-what is be~t for him the east side of the western gulf of
Ac ~t . .14;-she and her household Madai, mad'T [middle land], the name 31. in this world, Ec.2.24; 3.12,22; 5.18; the Red Sea, so named from its bitter
bapuzed, 15. of the third son of Japheth, and of Maintain, to uphold, to plead, 1 Ki. 7.1-3,5,8; 9.r,-the great business of waters, Ex.15.23.
Lyuig, u~tering fatsehold, knowing it the nation (the l\Iedes) that sprang 8.45; Ps.140.12; Tit.3.8. his life, 12 13; Am.4.12; Lu.10.27; Maralah, m1ir'a-lah [trembling], a city
to be fa1.se, forbidden, Le.19 11~ Pr. from him, Ge.10.2, 2 Ki.17.6, Majesty, the infinite greatness of God. Mar.8.36; 2 Pe. 1.10. in the tribe! of Zebulun, Jos. 19. n:-
24 ....8: Ep. .f.. 25; Col 3. 9:-hateful to Madmannah, mad-mti.n'nah [dung· I Ch.29.n; Job 37.22; Ps.93. t; 104 1: - , his frailties, Ps 39.5,u; 62.9; 78. identified with /JJ'alul, about 4 miles
G~d, P1.6.16,17; 12.22;-threatened hill], a clty of J1.1dfh, lying toward 145 5;-the royal pomp of eanhly 39, rn3 14: 144.4; 146. 3, Ro. 7.18; 1 south-west of Nazareth.
wnh severe punishmer.t, Ps.5 6· Pr, the coast of Edom southward, Jos. kings, Es.1.4; Da 4.30,36, 5.18,19. Pe.1.24. Mara.nathn., mtlr.an-U'thah, two Ara-
u. 19, I(, 5,9; R1;. 21 8, 27;-abomin- 15 31: 1 Ch. 2. 49;• -was invaded Ly Maltkeda.h, m.!lk-ke'dah or mak'ke- - , his dignity restored by Christ, maic or Syriac words, meaning tM
.blc in tt,e sight of men, Ps 101.7; the Assyria.as, Is 10.JI. It has been dah [place of shepherds}, a city of the 1 Co. 15. 49, Ep. 5. :.-5, 27; Phi. 3. 21, Lord C(J11ttth, • Co. 16.22. Sre ANA-
II9163; 120.2: Pr 13 5; 19 22,-char• identified with Elll-finy4)', about 15 tribe of Judah, 12 miles south-west Col. 3. 4, 10~ He.2.10; 2 Pe. I . .f.; 1 Jn. THEMA.
acteristic of a wickeJ rrian, Ps. 52. 3; miles south-west of Gaza.. from Jerusalem, Jos.10.10,17,21,2!,I; 3 2. Marble, a species of limestone. of
58. 3; fr. 14. 5, 25; Is. 30. 9;-comes Madness, insanity, rage, De.28. 28: 15.41. Manaen, mii.-na'en [comforter], one of various colours, which takes a fme
fromthedev1l, Jn.8.44;Ac.5.3;- Lu.6.11;.zPe2.16. Malachi, m!l.l'a-kr [angel of Jehovah], the five prophets at Antioch, an early polish, provided by David for build-
punishment of, Ps.5.6; 120. 3,4: Pr. Magdala, m.lg'da-lah [a tower or the last in order of the Old Testa- believer and acquaintance of Herod, ing the temple, 1 Ch. 29. 2:-pillars
19.5; Je. !0 36· Re.21.8,27 22 15. greatness 1, a town on the west or the ment prophets, was contemporary Ac. 13 t. and pavement of, 'in Ahasuerus pa-
-,rxamj>le6of; Cain to God, Ge. f-ea ofTiberias, either the same with \\-ith Nehemiah; prophesied about Manahethitea, ma-na'.h'eth-itcs [rest], lace, Es.1.6.
4.9·-of Sarah, 18. 15;-of Jacob to Dalmanutka, or near it, Mat.15.39, ◄ 30 n.c. After him no prophet arose of the posterity of Judah, I Ch.2.52, Marches, of the Israelites in the wil-
hi~ father, 27. 18,-<>f the prophet in compared with Mar. 8 10. Now a in Israel tiU the time of John the Bap- 54. derness. Srr JOURNEYS
Be,heJ, · Ki.13.18;-ofGchazi, 2 Ki. small village called Mrjdd, a.bout tist, of whose appearing he foretold, Manasseh, ma-niis'seh [forgetfulness], Ma.reahah, ma-re'shaP ;place at the
5 25;-of AnanW and Sapphira, Ac. 3 miles north of Tiberias, containing Mal 4.5,6;-referred to by our Lord, (1) The eldest son of Joseph, Ge. 41. topJ, a city in tht. tribe of Judah, Jos.
J. 1, &c. about twenty wretched hovels. Mat. u. 10; 17. 10-12. Of the per.. 51;-ble~dbyhisgrandfatherjacob, 15.4-1;-fortified by Rehoboam. • Cb.
183
MARY lllEDAD MEGIDDO MEPHIBOSHETH MESH.A
u. 8;-native p!ace of Eliezer the 12.46;Mar.3:31;Lu.8.19;-at his cru- Medan, me'dan [strife]. the third son army was routed by Deborah and David, 2 Sa.9.6;-falsely accused by
prop!iet, 20.37 ;-near to it Asa routed cifixion, and committed to the care of Abraham by Keturah, Ge.25.2. Barak, Ju.5. 19;-here, too, Pharaoh- Ziba, 16. 1 ;-excuses- himself, 19. 24 .
the Ethiopians, 14.9. of John, Jn. 19. 25;-with the other Meddle, to provoke, interpose, De.2. N echo defeated and mortally wound- Merab, me'rab [increase, growth], the
Mariners, seamen or sailors; the in- disciples after the resurrection of J e- 5, 19; 2 Ki.14.10; Pr.20. 19. ed good king Josiah, 2 Ki. 23. 29,30. elder of the two daughters of Saul
habitants of Zidon were, Eze.27.8,9, sus, Ac.1.14. -(2:, Magdalene, dispos- Meddling, with strife, danger of, Pr. The plain on the southern border of who promised her in marriage t~
27,29;-those in the ship with Jonah, sessed. of seven devils, Lu. 8. 2;-wit- 26.17. which it stood is called the 'val!ey of David, but gave her to another, 1
Jonah 1.5. nessed Christ's crucifixion afar off, Medeba, med'e-bah [waters of quiet], 1\-Iegiddo,' 1 Ch. 35. 22;-Megiddon, Sa. q.49; 18. 17,19.
Marishes, or marshes, miry places, Mat.27.56;-attended his burial, 6o, a city of the tribe of Reuben, situ- Zec.12.11. Meraioth, m7-r1' oth [rebellions], (tJ
Eze.47 11. 61 ;-brought spices to embalm his ated about 4 miles south-east of Hesh- Mehetabel, me-het'a-eel [blessed of A son of Ah1tub, Ne.11.n; 12.15.-
Mark, John surnamed Mark, Ac. 12, body, Mar. 16. r ;-the first to see J e- bon, Jos. 13. 16;-aftenvards it was I GodJ,wifeofHadad,akingofEdom, (2) A son of Zerahiah, 1 Ch.6.6.
12;-was the nephew probably of sus after his resurrection, l\Iat. 28. r, taken by the 1\Ioahites, ls.15.2. 1 Ch.1.50. Merari, rner'a-ri [bitter], the third son
Barnabas, Cul.4. 10. His mQther was 9; Mar. 16. 1, 9: Jn. 20. 14;-she was Medes, meeds, the inhabitants of Me- Mehujael, me-hU'ja-el [smitten of of Levi, 1 Ch.6. 1, 16; Ge.46.u.
that Mary in whose house the dis- not the 'woman in the city which dia, destined to conquer Babylon, God], a grandson of Enoch, Ge.4. 18, Merathaim, mer-a-tht1'im [the land
ciples frequently met, and where was a sinner,' mentioned in Lu. 7.37, 2 Ki.17.6; Da.5.28,31; Is.21-2. M.ehuman, me-hii'man [faithful, eun- of double captivity], a poetical !lame
Peter found them praying, Ac.12.12- and the idea that she was of un- Media, me'df-a [the middle land], uch], an officer of Ahasuerus, Es. 1. for Chaldea, Je.50.21; Eze.23.23.
16;-accompanies Paul and Barna- chaste character has no foundation.- the country of the Merles, bounded 10. Merchandise, trade, commerce, De.
bas to Antioch, 12. 25:-his conduct (3) The sister of Lazarus, attends on the north by part of the Caspian Mejarkon, me-jar'k.on [the waters of 21.14; Mat.22.5; 2 Pe.2.3; Re.18.n.
disapproved of by Paul, and left by the discourse of Jesus while her sister Sea; on the south by Persia, Susiana, yellowness], a city of Dan, near the Merchants, those of Midian, and
him on his second progress, 15. 37 ;- was busy in preparing to entertain and Assyria; on the east by Parthia brook called the \~raters of Jarkon, other parts of Arabia, were the most
accompanied Barnabas, 39. Gos.Pel him, Lu. IO. 39;-pours precious oint- and Hyrcania; and on the west by Jos.19.46. ancient, Ge. 37. 28;-those of Nine-
of, describes the actions rather than ment on him at the supper in Bethany, Armenia Major;~it was partly into Mekonah, m€k'o-nah [a place or base veh and Jerusalem, numerous and
the discourses of Christ;-was pro- Mat. 26. 7; Mar.14.3; Jn.n.1,2; 12.3. this country that Shalmaneser car- of a pillar], a city of Judah, N e.n.28. ,vealthy, Na.3.16; Eze.17.4.
bably written at Rome and for the -(4) Th, wife ef Cleoj,has, the mo- ried the ten tribes captive, 2 Ki.17.6; Melchi, mel'ki [my king], an ancestor Mercurius, rner-kU.'r'i-us, or MER·
Romans. ther of James and J oses, and supposed 18. n; ls.13. 17, 18; 21. 2, 3; Je.25.25. , of Joseph, Lu.3.28. CORY, one of the fabulous heathen
Markets, the places of selling meat, to be the sister of the Virgin Mary;- The Medes and Per.sians, who were 1
Melchiah, mel-ki'ah[Jehovah'sking], gods, Ac. 14. 12;-the god of mer~
&c., Mat. u.16: 23.7; Lu.II.43; 20.46. stood by the cross, Mar.15.4o;Jn.1y. both branches of the great Aryan son of Pashur the priest, Ne. 11. 12; chandise.
Marriage, its institution, Ge. 2.21;- 25.-(5) Th,motkrefJolmN'ark, family of nations, were united under 1 Je.38.1. Mercy, clemency, affectionate pity,
to be contracted between one man and Ac.12.12. Cyrus into one monarchy, B.c. 558, ' Melchizedec, mel-kiz'ze-dek [king of Ge.24.27; Pr. 14.21; Je.6.23; Ho.4.1.
one woman, Le. 18. 18; Mal. 2.14, 15; Mash, or MESHECH, me'shek [drawn Es.1.3,14, 18, 19; Da.6.8,12. It is now righteousness], King of Salem, and - - - OF Gon, his compassion to
Mat.19.5,9; Ro.7.2,3; 1Co.7.2,12,14; out], the fourth son of Aram, and included under the dominion of the priest of the most high God, bles<;es the miserable, Ex. 20. 6; 34. 6; 2 Sa.
-is honourable, He.13.4;-indissolu- grandson of Shem, Ge.10.23; I Ch.x. Shah of Persia. Abraham, Ge. 14. 18;-a type of Jesus, 24. 14; Ps. 57. ro; 86. 5; 100. 5; 103. 8;
ble, Mat. 19.6;: Co.6.16; Ep.5.3t;- '7- Mediator, (1) A messenger or inter- He. 5. 6; 7. 1, 15;-Abraham said to 119.64; Is.I. 18; 1 Pe.1.3;-it is tender,
unlawful ones, Le. 18. 1, &c.;-with Masons, those who work and build in nuntius, as Moses, Ga.3.r9.-(2/ An have paid tithes to him, 7.2. Ps.25.6;40.n; 79.8; 103.4;-nCh, Ep.
strangers forbidden to the Jews, Ezr. stone, eminently distinguished in their efficient peacemaker who reconciles Melech, me'lek [a king], a descendant 2.4;-abundant, I Pe.1.3;-_free, Ex.
10.1; Ne.13.23;-lawful for all Chris- art in the time of David and Solomon, parties at variance, 1 Sa.2.25; Job 9. of king Saul, 1 Ch.8. 35. 33. i:9; Ro.9. 18; Tit. 3. 5;-mani_fold,
tians, 1 Co.7.38; 1 Ti.5.14; He.13.4:- 2 Sa.5.n; 2 Ki.12.12; 1Ch.22.2; 2Ch. 33;-Christ the only one between God Melita, me-Ir'tah, now called Malta, N e.9. 27; La.3.32 ;-filling- tlie eartlt,
when prudent, 1 Ti.5.14; 1 Co.7.2,9; 24.12. and man, 1 Ti.2.5:He.8.6;9.15;12.24. an island in the lVlediterranean Sea, Ps. II9. 64; 145. 9;-everlasting-, Ps.
-not pm dent in time of persecution, Masters, their dnty to instruct their Medicine, what tends to remove ot 20 miles long and tz broad ;-on the 100. 5; 103. 17; 138. 8. Character of
1 Co. 7. 1, 7, 26;-between persons of servants as well as their children, Ge. prevent diseases either of body or coast of which Paul was shipwrecked, parties towards whom it is exercised.
different religions censured, Ge. 34. 14; 18. 19; Jos. 24. 15; Ac. 10. 2;-should soul, Pr. 17. 22; Je. 30. 13; 46. n;- Ac.28.1, &c. Since 1814 it has been 1 Ki.8.23; Ps.103.17; Pr.28.13; ls.49.
De.7.3: Jos.23.12; 2 K1.8.18; 2Co.6. select those of upright moral char- leaves of certain trees to become such, a British dependency. Its population 13; 54.7; 55.7; J e.3. 12; Joel 2. 13.
14;-none in heaven,Mat.22.30; Mar. acter, Ps. 101.6,7;-not to permit them Eze.47.12; Re.22.2. is about 120,000, for the most part - - - , the duty of man, Pr.3.3;
12.25; Lu.20.,.35;-attended with feast- to labour on the Sabbath, Ex.20.10; Meditation, fixed and deep thought Roman Catholics excessively ignor- Zec.7.9; Lu.6.36; 10.30, &c.; Ro.12.
ing, Ge. 39. 22: Mat. 22. 3; Jn. 2.1;- -to use them with tenderness, Le. on religious subjects, the duty and ant. 8; Col.3.12; Ja. 3.17;-the reward of
the happiness of a suitable one) Pr. 25. 43; 46. 53; De. 24. 14; Job 31. 13; benefit of it, Ge. 24. 63; Ps.t. 2; 4. 4; Melody, sweet musical sounds, Am.5. it, Ps.37.26; u2. 4, &c.; Pr.3.3,4; u.
12. 4; 18.22; 19. 14; 31. 10, &c.;-the Mat.8.5; Lu.7.o; Col.4.x; Ep.6.9;- 77.12; 107.43; n9. 15,78,97,148; 143.5; 23;-ofthe heart ought to accompany 17; 16.6; 21.21; Is.58.6; Mat.5.7; Lu.
misecy of an unsuitable one, 12.4; 19. to pay them duly, Le.19.12:De.24.15; Pr.4.26. the voice, in praise to God, Ep. 5. 6.35; Ja.2.13.
13; 21.9,19; 25.24; 27.15;-duties of, Je.22. 13;Mal.3.5;Ja.5.4;-good mas- Mediterranean Sea. This name is 19. Mercy- aeat, or Pro.Piti'atory, the
&et! HUSBANDS and WtVES. ters, Abraham, Ge. 18. r9;-Joshua, not found in Scripture, but the sea is Melons, herbaceous, climbing plants covering or lid of the ark of the cove.
Marrow, the fat contained in the hol- Jos.24.15;-centurion, Lu.7.2,3. frequently referred to. It is spoken of the gourd tribe, which produce a nant, or holy chest, which contained
low of bones, Job 21. 24;-the secret Matri, ma'tri [son of Jehovah], one of ofas the 'great sea,' Nu.34.6,7; Jos. fruit the richest and most highly fla. the tables of the law, and over which
dispositions, thoughts, and designs of Saul's progenitors, r Sa. 10.21. 1.4; Eze.47.10,15,20;-'sea of the voured of all the fleshy fruits;-the the cherubim were placed, and the
the soul, He.4.12;-the rich blessings Matrix, the womb, Ex.13.12,15; 34· Philistines,' Ex.23.31;-'sea of Jop- Israelites lustedafterthoseofEgypt, Shekinah resided; and from which
of grace, Ps.~3.5; ls.25.6. 19; Nu.3.12; 18.15. pa,' Ezr.3.7;-'the sea,' Jos.15.4,46; Nu.11.5. God mercifully spake to his people,
Mars-Hill, Ac.17. 19. See ARROPAGUS. Mattan, mat'tan [gift], a priest of -• hinder sea,' Zee. 14. 8 ; -'utmost Melted, made or become liquid, Ex. Ex.25.17,20,22; 26.34; 37.6; Le.16.13;
Mart, a market, a place of pt,A>lic Baal, killed before the altar of his sea,'De.n.24. 16.21;Ju.5.5;-applied to the heart 1 Ch.28.II. 'I'heholyofholiescalled
traffic, Is.23.3. false god, 2 Ki.u.18; 2 Ch.23.17. Meekness, a mild and winning sweet- as denoting loss of courage, Jos. 5.1; 'the place (more correctly' the house')
.Martha, mir'tha [stirring up, bitter, Matthan, mat'than [gift], the son of ness of temper, not easily ruffled by -from distress, Ps.22,14. of the mercy-seat,' 1 Ch.'.l8.n.
· provoking, a lady], the sister of Laza- Eleazar, father of Jacob, and grand- ill-treatment, or provoked to resent- Members, parts of the body, Ps.139. Meribah, me-ri'bah [chiding], (,) A
rus, too much occupied at the enter• father of Joseph the husband of Mary, ment;-is manifested, by studying 16; Mat.5.29; Ja.3.6. place where the people of Israel mur-
tain.n.ent of Jesus, Lu. to. 38 ;-her Mat.1.15,16. not to give just ground of offence to Memorial, that which hands down or mured, on the west gulf of the Red
behaviour at the death of her bro- Matthew, mi!th'thu [God's gift], a others, Ac. 24. 'I6; 1 Co. 10. 32;-by preserves the memory of a person or Sea, Ex.17.1-7. (2) Another fountain
ther, Jo.II 1,20;-Jesus sups at her native of Galilee, called also Levi, calmness under provocations, Lu.21. event; as, the names of God, Ex.3. having a similar history in the desert
house, 12.2. Mar.2.14:-a tax-gatherer under the 19; Tit.1.7;-by a forgiving and pa- 15;-the day of the passover, 12.14~ of Zin near Kadesh, Nu.20. 13,34; 27.
Martyrdom, suffering death for at• Romans; called to attend Jesus, Mat. cific disposition, Mat.5.44; Ro.12. 18; -the record of a victory, 17. 14, &c. 14; De.32.5i:; Ps.95.8.
tachment to Christ and his gospel; 9. 9; Mar. 2. 14; Lu. 5. 27 ;-makes a 2 Ti.2.22;-by docility in receiving, Memory, the power of retaining or Meribbaal, me-rib'b:1-al [contender
the obligation of submitting to it, feast, and introduces many publicans and promptitude in obeying the word recollecting things past, 1 Co.15.2;- against Baal], son of Jonathan; also
rather than renounce Christ, Mat. 10. and sinners to Christ, Mat. 9. 10;- of God, Ja.1.21,22;-by resignation memorial, name, report, Pr.10.7; Is. called Mephjbosheth, 1 Ch.8.34.
28, 37: 16. 24: Mar. 8. 34; Lu. 14. 26; numbered with the apostles, 10. 3; to the .will of God under trials, 1 Sa. 26. 14. Merodach, me-r6'dak, an idol of the
Ac.5.40; 9.16: 20.24; 21.13: I Co.4.12; Mar.3.18; Lu.6.rs;Ac. 1. r3. Gospel 3.18; Ps.z9.9; Job 1.21;-is produced Memphis, mCm'fis (Heb. Moplt, Ho. Babylonians, probably the planet
Phi. 1. 29; 1 Ti. 4. 10; 1 Pe. 4.19; Re" of, probably written about A.D. 61, by the Holy Spirit, Ga.5.22,23. 9. 6), a large and celebrated city of Mars, Je.50.2.
12.11;-will beamplyrewarded, Mat. was principally illtended for Pales- - - - - , excellency and advan- Egypt, situated on the west side of Merodach-Baladan, or BERODACH•
5. to; Ro. 8. 17; 2 Ti. 1.12: 2.12; r Pe. tine: its design was to prove to the tagt>s of: it is observing what God the river Nile, about 20 miles south BALADAN, the son of Baladan, king
4.13; Re.2.10; 6.11; 7.14. Jews that Jesus was the Christ. has required, Mat.u.29; Ga.6.1; Ep. of Cairo, and on the south-west of of Babylon, sent to congratulate
- - - - , of Abel, Ge. 4. 8, with I Matthias., mat-thi'as [given of the 4.1,2; 1 Ti. 6. u; 2Ti. 2. 25 ;-a noble which stand therenownedjiyramids. Hezekiah on his recovery, 2 Ki. 20.
Jn. 3. r2:-of Urijah, Je. 26. 2o-23;- Lord], chosen in the place of Judas victory over corrupt nature, Pr.16. It was the capital of the Pharaohs;, 12; ls.39.1.
the Baptist, Mar. 6. 27;-of Stephen, Iscariot, Ac.1.26. 32; 19. u ;-is a characteristic of true who reigned in Lower Egypt in the Merom, me1rom [heights], a marshy
Ac.7.57;-oftheapostle James, 12.2; Mattock, an instrument made of wisdom, Ja. 3. 17;-an ornament to time of the patriarchs who sojourned lake through which Jordan flows. It•
-of the ancients, He. n. 13, 36;-of wood, in common use in Egypt, Is. our nature, 1 Pe.3.4;-productive of there. It is said to have had a cir- lies near .Mount Hennon;-near it
Antipas, Re.2.13 7.25:-in 1 Ch.r3.20 the word so ren• much happiness both to its possessor. cumference of about 19 miles. But Jabin and other kings met to fight
- - - - - , sufferings approaching dered means a ploughshare, in 2 Ch. and those about him, Is. 29.19: Mat. its glory has Jong ago departed. Joshua, Jos. u. 5. It is now called
to it, of the apostles, Ac. 5. 40;-of 34.6 it properly means district. n.29;-has many promises annexed Under the name of No.Pit it is pro- El-Hiilek.
Paul. 13.50; 14.19; 16.23; 2 Co.6.4; 11. Maul, a hammer, Pr.25.18. to it, Ps.22.26: 25.9; 37.n; 147.6; 149. phesied of, Je.46.19; Is. 19.13; Eze.30. Meronothite, me-ron'o-thite, (1) A
23, &c. Mazzaroth, probably means the 4; Pr.3.34; ls.29.19; 57. 15; 66.2; Mat. 16. Its site is now marked by the native of some place called Meroneth,
Marvel, to wonder, Ge,43.33; Ec.5.8; twelve signs of the zodiac, Job 38.32. 5.5; u.29; Col.3.12; Ja.3.13. insignificant village of Mitraheny. 1 Ch. 27.. 30. -(2) A repairer of the
Mat.8.10,27, &c. Meadow, a flat grac;sy surface, gener• - - - - , to obtain, and to cultivate Menahem, men' a-hem rcomforter], walls of Jerusalem, Ne.3.7.
Marvellous, wonderful, Job 5. 9; Ps. ally flanked by rivers or lakes, Ge. it, we ought to consider that it is en- the son of Gadi., cut off Shallum, and Meroz, me'roz [secret], a city or place
17.7; Jn.9.30. 41,2,18; in Job 8. u the word is ren- joined by God, Zep.2.3; Col.3.12; 1 seized the crown of Israel, 2 Ki.15. near the brook Kishon, whose in-
Mary, Heb, MtRtAM [exalted], (,) dered •flag.' Ti. 6. II ;-attended with many ad van• 14 ;-laid waste Tiphsah for refusing habitants refused to assist their breth-
1'ke mother ef Jesus, a descendant of Measure, (r) To compute its quan• tages (see above);-to guard against to acknowledge him king; purchased, ren in their contest with Sisera, Ju.
the royal house of David, Mat. 1.6- tity, Ex. 26. 2; Mat. 7. 2: Ga. t. 13. - thecontrarytemperofmind,Ep.4.31; at 1000 talents.of silver, the friend- 5.23.
16:-addressed by the angel Gabriel, (2) Heb. selih, the third part of an Col.3.8,13,14;-earnestly to pray for ship of the King Of Assyria, 19;- Mesha,m~'sha!-i [retreat], ( 1) The King
and conceives by the almighty agency ephah, Ge.18.6; I Sa.25.18; 2 Ki.7. 1, it, Zep. 2. 3; Mat.7. 7;-and often to reigned ten years, and dies, 17.21,22. of the .Moabites, tributary to the
of the Holy Ghost, Lu. 1.26-35;-her 16 ;-the Greek equivalent occurs, meditate on the examples of it in Menstrnous, monthly flux, or what King of Israel, 2 Ki.3~4;-revolted, 5;
song, 46-55;-married to Joseph, who Mat. 13.33: Lu.13.21. good men, but especially in Christ. is defiled by it, Is. 30. 22; La. 1. 17; -overcome in war, and in rage sacri-
had previously espoused her, Mat.I. Meat-offering, rules concerning it, See next article. Eze. 18.6. ficed his eldest son, 24-27. The
18, 19;....:....bnngs forth the Saviour in Le.2.1: 6.14; Nu.15.1. - - - - - , examples: of Abraham Meonothai, me-on'o-thi, a son of 'Moabite stone,' discovered in 1868
Bethlehem, Lu.2.1-7;-she, with her Meats, clean and unclean, Le. n. r; to Lot, C',e.13.8;-of Mos ...s, Nu.12.3; Othniel, 1 Ch.4.14. amid the ruins of Dhiban (the ancient
husband, brought the infant to Jeru. De.14.3, &c.;-to Christians, Ac.15. -of Micaiah to the prophet Zede- Mephaath, mef'a-ath [splendouT), a Dibon), in the heart of the old coun-
salem, to present him to the Lord, 29; Ro.14.2,6,14,20; 1 Co. 8. 8, 10; 10. kiah, 1 Ki.22.24:-ofJeremiah, Je.26. city of Reuben, east of Nebo, and 6 try of Moab, contained an inscription
21-24;-she accompanied her hus- 25: Col.2.16; 1 Ti.4.3. T4;--0f Jesus, Is.53.7; 1'-Iat.n.29;Jn. miles south-west of Medeba, Jos.13. which was found to be a record of
band every year to the passover, 4r; Mebun:nai, me-bun'uai [building}, one 18.19, &c. 18; 21.37. the exploiLc; of Mesha, in singular
-took Jesus with her when he was of David's mighty men, 2 Sa.23.27. Megiddo, me-gid'do [place of troops), Mephibosheth, me-fib'o-sheth [utter- harmony with the Biblical records of
twelvt: years old, 42;-attended him Medad, mC' dad (Jove], one of the an ancient royal Canaanitish city at ance, or fame of Baal], (1) A son of that period. This stone, of black
to a marriage, Jn.2.1;-inquires for seventy elders chosen by Moses, Nu. the north-east base of Mount Carmel, king Saul by Rizpah, 2 Sa. 21.8,9.- basalt, was erected B.C. 896, in the
Jesus vrhen he was teaching, Mat. n.26,27. Jos,17. u;Ju.1.27;-nearto it Jabin's (2) The son of Jonathan, received by second year of the reign of Ahaziah
184 ·
)!!CAB HILETU.M MINISTERS MIRACLES M!RT.EI:
of 1srael, theveryyearofElijah'.s robbed of his gods by the Danites, Miletus, mi-IC'tus, a seaport city in 1
behave to those who oppose them, iron to swim, 6. 6;-smote the army
~ . During all these ages it -.iS • .18. Asia Minor, and about 4omiles south Mat. 10. 14; Lu. 9. 5; 10. n; Ac. 18. 6; of the king of Syria with blindn~
~~ncbanged till the period Micaiah, ml-kai'ah [who is as Jeho- of Ephesus;-Paul's arrival at, and Ga.6.1; 2 Ti2.25. 18 ; - man revived by touching Eli..
ba~ discovery. It was afterwards vah ?], ( r) A prophet of the Lord in address to the elders of Ephesus, Ac. Ministers, ought to be treated with sha's bones, 2 Ki. 13.21.
of :n into fragments by t~e ~e- the days of Ahab, who hated him for 20.15-17. It originally stood on the 1 respect, Mat.10.40; Lu.10. 16; Jn. 13. Miracles, Daniel, Shadrach, Mesh.
brO. b t impressions of the mscr1p- his faithfulness, 1 Ki.22.8~-foretells coast; but now, by reason of the silting 20; 1 Co. 16.10,16; Phi.2.29; 1 Th. 4. 8; a.ch, and Abed-nego, were cast into a.
~ouinsd ~een previously o_btained, so the death of Ahab, and the defeat of up of the Meander, it is 10 miles in• 5.12; 1 Ti.5.17; He.13.7,17;-entitled burning fiery furnace, but unhurt.
aon ha. h the aid of what ts found on Israel, 17-28.-{2) The mother of land. The ruins of the city bear the to a maintenance, Mat. 10. 10; Lu.10. Da. 3. 19-26;-Daniel cast into a den
that wit ents it may be regarded as Abijah, 2 Ch.13.2:-the son of Gema- name of Jfelas among the Turks. 7; 1 Co.9. 7; Ga.6.6; r Th.2.6; 2 Th.3. of lions, was preserved, 6.10-24--
the f ~ It is the only extant s~eci• riah, who informed the princes of Milk, the land of Canaan flowed with, 9; 1 Ti 5. 18; 2Ti. 2. 6;-to be much - - - ~ , Jonah fled from God's com-
comP e;e•Moabite literature.-{2J A Judah that Baruch had read to the or was rich in pasture, Jos. 5. 6;- prayed for, Ep.6.18,19;Col.4.3; iTh. mand; was cast into the sea, and was
0
~=~e in the possession of th~ J ok- people Jeremiah's prophecies, Je.34. figuratn:•ely, the elementary or most 1 5.25; 2 Th.3. 1. preserved three days and three nights:
~ites in south-easlern Arabia, Ge. II, simple parts of instruction, r Co.3.2; i Ministration, (1) The period of con- and was restored, and obliged to per•
Micha.el, mi'ka-el [who is like God?], He. 5. 12;-that which is sincere, is tinuance in office, Lu.1.23.-(2) Dis- form his commission, Jonah 1. 1-1o;.
1~ me'shak [ram], the sun-god an archangel, or the chief of the pure and unadulterated truth, 1 Pe. tribution of alms, Ac.6.1; 2 Co.9.13.- 2.1-4.
1\ the cbaideans, the name given to angelic princes, Da.10.13; 12.1;-his 2. 2. (3) 'Ministration of death ;" 'of the - - - , performed by Ckrist;-
fwiishael, one 0 ~ t?e Hebre~ youths contention with the devil, Jude 9;- Millennium, the thousand years dur- Spirit,' 2 Co.3.7,8. turned water into wine. J n. 2. 7;-heal•
who were Damel s companions, Da. fights against the dragon, Re.12.7. ing which Christ shall rei~ glori• Minni, min'ni [division], supposed to ed a nobleman's son at Capemaum,
Michal, mi'kal [who is as God?], the ously in his church, Re.20.1-8. be a contraction for Armenia, Je. 51. 4. 50 ;-passed unseen through the
,i~ech mC'shek [drawing out, pos. youngest daughter of Saul, married Millet, a coarse grain given to cattle, 27. multitude, Lu. 4. 30;-gives a mira•
session],• the sixth son of Japheth, to David, 1 Sa.18. 20;-saves his life but :::,'--ldom used by men, except in .Minni.th, min'nith [allotment], a town culous draught of fishes, 5.4;-cured
Gc,to.:z: Ps.120:,.S· _, by a stratagem, 19. 12:-given to times of great :.:arcity, Eze.4.9. of the Ammonites, a few miles east of a demoniac, Mar. 1. 25; Lu. 4. 33;-
)leshelemiab,mesh-e1-e-m1 ah[whom Phalti, 25. 44 ; - brought back to Million, ten hundred thousand, Ge. Heshbon, Ju. n. 33;-fama:d. for its healed Peter's wife's mother, Mat.8.
Jehol1ah treats~ a friend], the father David, 2 Sa. 3. 13;-despises him for 24.6o. fine wheat, Eze.27.17, 15; 1.,Iar.1.29; Lu.4.38;-cured multi•
of Zechariah, one of the po":ers of the dancing before the ark, 6.16,20. Millo, miYlo [fuhlccs), (r) A noted Minstrel, a musician or piper, 2 Ki tudes, Mat.4.24; l\Iar.1.34;-cleansed
tabernacle of the con~gat1on, I Ch. Michmaah, mik'mash [something hid• person, whose family=:. ;sistcd the ,:;he- 3. 15; J\,Iat.9.23. a leper, Mat.8.3; Mar.1.40; Lu.5.12;
21
;-called Shelemiah, 26. 14;- den],acityofBenjamin,neartowhich chemites in ,7.aking Abime1ech king, Mint, a well-known garden herb, of -healed the paralytic let down in a
9Shallum, 9. ,8. Jonathan and his armour-bearer be- Ju.9.6.-(2)A::ilacewherekingJoash which the Pharisees paid tithes, bed, Mat.9.6; Mar.2.3; Lu.5.18;-the
I
Meshullam, me-shu1'1am [friend, £.e. gan a noted defeat of the Philistines, was murdered, 2 Ki.12.20.-(3) The though not required by the law, Mat. impotent man at Bethesda, Jn.5.5-9;
of God], one wh? ~eturned from the 1 Sa. 13. 5; 14. 1, &c. ;-it was rebuilt n.~.me of a part of the citadel of Jeru• . 3.23. The law required tithes only -the withered hand, on the Sabbath,
Babylonish capuv1ty, Ne.3.4,_30; 10. after the captivity, Ne.n.3r. The S~' tem, pro!1ably th~ rampart, 2 Sa. f the produce of the field, De. 14. l\Iat. 12. to; Mar.3.1; Lu.6.6;-curcd
There are about twenty different insignificant modem village of MUkh- 5. ..,; I Ch. II. 8; I K1. 9. 15, 24; II. 27. 2. a great number, Mar.3.10; Lu. 6.17;
~ons of this name mentioned in mas, about 7 miles north of Jerusa• in the Heb. the definite article is Miracles, wonderful effects, above -the centurion's servant, Mat. 8. 5;
Scripture lem, occupies its site. always prefixed to it-' the Millo.' human or natural power, performed Lu. 7. 1;-raised to life the widow's
)lesopotamia. rne5-o-po-ta'mi-a [mi~• Michmethah, mik'me-thah [hiding• Mills, MILLSTONES, were anciently in attestation of dh·ine truth, and son at Na.in, Lu. 7. 7-15;-healed a
die of rivers], Heb. Aram-nakaratm place], a town on the north border small, about the size of a common therefore the proper evidence of a di- demoniac, Mat.9. 32; Lu. 11. I4;-stiU.
(Aram of the two rivers], a province of Ephraim, Jos.16.6; r7.7. grindstone, and easily turned by the vine mission, Ex.4.2; Jos. 2. Io; 5. 1: cd the tempest, Aiat.8.24; Mar.4.37;
situated between the rivers Tigris and Middlemost, in the midst, Eze.42.5. hand; and in which corn was ground J Ki.18.24; Jn. 5. 36: 10. 25; Ac.16.25: Lu.8.23;-cast out a legion of devils,
Euphrates, called by the Hebrews Mid.ian, mid'r-an [strife], the fourth by women and slaves, De.24.6; Ju. -the reality of those wrought by Mat. 8.28; Mar.5.2; Lu.8. 26;-hw•
p.dan-aram, Ge.28.2. This region, son of Abraham by Keturah, Ge.25. 16.21; Is.47.2; Je.25.10; Mat.24.41. Christ, and by prophets and apos- ed a woman of a bloody issue, Mat.g.
Syria or Aram, 'between the two 2;-he was the father of the Midian~ Mincing, walking with proud and af. ties, proved by their number and 20; Mar. 5. 25; Lu. 8. 43;-raised the
rivers,• is nearly 700 miles long, and ices, 37.28;-he gave name to the land fected gait, ls.3. 16. variety;-their being performedpub- daughter of Jairus, Mat.9.18; Mar.5.
from 5o to 250 broad. Herc Abra- of Midian (Madian, Ac. 7. 29), into Mi.nd, a carnal, or fleshly and mire- /U'/y,andnot inacorner;-beforeene-- 22; Lu.8.41;-gave sight to two blind
ham, Nabor, Sarah, ~ebekah, Leah, which Moses fled, and where Jethro, newed, Ro.8.6,7; Col. 2. 18;-a sp£ri- mies as well as friends;-t'nstantane- men, Mat. 9. 27;-cured a dumb de-
Rachel, and all the children of Jacob, his father-in-law, resided, Ex.2.15,16; tual, or renewed and heavenly, Ro. ously, and not by slow degrees;- moniac, 32; Lu. 11. i4;-gave power
,a.TC Benjamin, were born, Ge.n.31; 18.I;-'curtains of; Hab.3.7. 8.6;-a double, or deceitful and in• indepnulent of all second causes;- to the apostles to heal, Mat. 10. 1;
xxix. xxx.; Ne. 9. 7; Ac. 7.2;-from it Midianites, descendants of Midian, constant, Ja.1.8;-a reprobate, one were such as all men co11ld exa. Mar.3.15;6.7;Lu.9.1;-hea1edmany.
came Balaam to curse Israel, De.23. settled on the borders of Moab and ::;iven up of God, Ro.1.28. mi"neandjudge of; and all served an Mat.14.14; Lu.9.n:-fed five thou-
4
;-persons from it were present at Edom, Ge. yS. 35;-to a company of, Mingled, mixed, Ex.9.24; Mat.27.34; 'lmj>ortant end, worthy of a divine sand with five loaves and two fishes,
Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost, Joseph was sold, 27.25;-joined with Mar. T5.23; Rc.8.7. author, viz. to establish divine truth. 1\'Iat.14. 17; Mar.6.35; Lu.9. 12;Jn.6.5;
Ac.:z.g. It is now under Persian l'tlle. Moab in inciting Balaam to curse Miniamin, min-ni'a-min [right hand], For the illustration of these, see the -walked on the sea, Mat. 14. 26:
Mess, a share of meat at table, Ge. Israel, Nu.22.4-7;-to be vexed for one of the high-priests, Ne. 12.17,41. following articles. Mar. 6. 48;-healed the daughter of
4
3.34. enticing the Israelites to the worship :Minister, (1) A servant; Christ so - - - , wrought by Moses and the Syro-Phenician woman, Mat.15.
Message, an errand,-an awful one to of Baal-peor, 25.17;-defeated, 3I.1; called, Ro.15.8; He.8.2.-"'(2) Angels, Aaron; their rod became a serpent, 22; Mar.7.24;-onewhowasdeafand
Eglon, Ju. 3. 20;-the revelation of -offeringafterthevictoryoverthem~ Ps.104.4.-(3) Those who preach the and swallowed the rods of the magi- dumb, Mar.7.32;-healed multitude~
God's will so called, 1Jn.I.5. 48:-oppress the Israelites, Ju.6.1;- gospel, and dispense the ordinances cians,Ex.7.10,12;-tumed the waters Mat. 15.,JO;-fed four thousand with
Me88enger, 1 Sa.n.7; 2 Ch.36.2;-the conquered by Gideon, 7.16: 8.I7,28. of baptism and the Lord's supper, of the Nile into blood, 20;-covered seven loaves and a few fishes, 34;
spies so called, Jos.6.17;-ministerof Midnight, Ex.n.4; I2.29; Mat.25.6. I Co. 3. 5.-(4) Magistrates, Ro. 13. the land of Egypt with frogs, 8. 6;- )iar.8.5;-cured a blind man, Mar.8.
the gospel, 2 Co. 8. 23;-Christ the Midwives, their laudable behaviour 4,6. caused the dust of the land to be.. 22;-adeaf and dumb demoniac, Mat.
Messenger of the Covenant, Mal.3.1. in Egypt, Ex.1,15;-God's kindness Ministers, of the gospel of Christ, are come lice, 17 ; - brought grie,·ous 17.14; Mar.9.q; Lu.9.37;-causes a
'1essiah [anointed], a Hebrew word to them, 20,21. styled j>astors, Ep. 4- n;-teachers, swarms of flies, 24;-a murrain, or fish to bring the tribute money, Mat.
,f the same import with Cltrist in Migdal-El, mig'dal-el [the tower of 1 Co. r2. 28;-labourers, Mat. 9. 38; I death of cattle, 9.3;-boils and blains 17.27;-gives sight to a man born
Grcek;-prophecies relating to him, God], one of the 'fenced cities' of Co. 3. 9:--war"kers, 2 Co.6. 1;--stew- on man and beast, 10:-grievousthun. blind, Jn. 9. 6, 7;-healed a woman
and the glories of his reign, Is.2.2;9. Naphtali, Jos.19.38, ards, I Co.4. I, 2; I Pe.4. 10;-'Watcn.. der, lightning, and hail, 23;-locusts who had been diseased eighteen
6,&c.;n.1,&c.;xii.;32.1,&c.;Je.23. Migdal-Gad, mig'dA1-gru:l [tower of mm, Is. 52. 8; Ep.6. 18;-bislwj>s or over the land, 10.12;-palpable and years, Lu. 13. n;-cured the dropsy
5; 33- 15; Ezc. 34- 23; Da. 2.44; 7.27; Gad], a town of Judah in the plain overseers, I Ti3.1; Tit. 1. 7;-rulers, awful darkness, 21;-divided the Red on the Sabbath, 14.2;-cleansed ten
Am.9.11;Mi.4-.1;5.2,&c.;Zec.3.8:6. of Phil~stia, about 2 miles east of 1Ti.5.17;-j,reaclter.r, 2.7;2Ti.i.1r; Sea, 14. 21;-sweetened the bitter lepers, 17. 12;-raised Lazarus from
1;i; 9.9; Mal.3.1;-to be cut off, Da. Ascalon, Jos.15.37. -elders or presbyters, Tit.I.5; 1Pe. waters of Mara~ 15. 25:-brought the grave, Jn. 11. 44 ;-cured blind
9.26;-mouming for him, Zec.12.10; Migdol, mig'dol [a tower1 (1) A place 5.1;-seruants, 2 Ti2.24; 2 Pe.1.i;- water for all the congregation out of Bartimeus, Mat. :;zo. 34; Mar. Io. 52;
-expected by the Jews at the time on the west coast of the Red Sea, anpls, signifying messengers or per• the rock at Rephidim, 17.6;-obtain.. Lu. 18.42;-withered the barren fig-
of our Saviour, Mar.15.43; Lu.2.38; neartowhichtheHebrewsencamped sons sent, Re.2.1,8,12,18; 3.1,7,14. ed victory for Israel over Arnalek, tree,l\.fat. 21. 19; 1'.far. n. r3;-restored
Jn.4--25; 10.24; 11.27. See PRoPHS- before they passed through it, Ex. - - - - , the qualifications which by holding up Moses' hand, with the theearofl\Ialchus,Lu.22.5y;--caused
CJES, CHRIST, JEsus. 14,2; Nu. 33. 7,8.-(2) A city in the they ought to possess, iTi.3.1-8;Tit. rod of God, g-13, &c. a miraculous draught of fishes after
Mete, measure, Ex. 16. 18: Ps. 6o. 6: north-east border of Lower Egypt. 1, 6-g;-ho]y and pure, Le.21.6; Is. - - - , in feeding the Israelites his resurrection, Jn.21.6.
1o8.7; Mat.7.2; Mar.4.24; Lu.6.38. where a colony of Jews settled after 52. Ir; I Ti. 3. 9;-patient, 2 Co. 6. 4; by manna. See MANNA. - - - , wrought by the Aj>ostles in
Metheg-Ammah, me'theg-Wll'mah the destruction of Jerusale~ Je.44- 2Ti.2.24;-humble,Ac.20.19;-disin• - - - , by 7osltua; when Jordan the name of Christ;-Peter healed a
{the bridle of Ammah, £.e. of the 1; 46.14. terested, 2 Co. I2. 14; 1 Th. 2. 6;--af- overflowed its banks, it parted, and lame man, Ac.3.6;-many signs and
mother city], was either Gath, or Mightily, powerfully, De.6.3:Ac.18. fectionate, Phi.1.7; 1 Th.2.8,11. allowed the Israelites to pass over wonders wrought by the apostles, 5. 2;
some other city near it;-it was taken 28; 19.20; CoJ.1.29. - - - - , in what light to be con- dry, Jos.3.14-17;-the walls of Jeri... -the Holy Ghost communicated by
from the Philistines by David, 2 Sa. Mighty Men, Heb. Gibborim, Davi.d's siderccl, I Co. 4. 1; 2 Co. 5. 20: 6. 1;- cha fell down flat, when he taught Peter and John, 8. I4-17 ; - Eneas
8.I. body-guard, composed originally of to have a regular call from Christ the Israelites to shout, 6. 8-21 ;-at made whole, 9.34;-Dorcas restored
Methuelah, mc-thii'se-lah [man of the 6oo men who joined him in his and his church, Jn.10.1; Ac.1.15-26: his word 11e sun and moon stood to life, 40;-Paul heals a cripple at
anns], the son of Enoch, Ge.5.21:- exile. They were formed into three 14.23; 26.1.S; 1Ti4.14: Tit. 1.5; He. still, 1a.12. Lystra, 14.8-10;-casteth out a spirit
father of Lamech, 25;-died at the divisionsof2ooeach, and thirty bands 5.4- - . wrought by Elifak; caused of divination from a damsel, I6. I6;-
age of ¢9 years, and was the oldest of twenty each. The captains of the - - - - , their duty: diligent in ~Ti~ uid-:,w Q: Zarephath's barrel of the Holy Ghost given by the impo-
of whom we read, 27;-was contem. twenties formed 'the thirty,' and of studying, preaching, &c., Ro.12.7: IQea\'. not tO :aste, iKi17.14-I6;- sition of hands, 19. 6;-restored Eu-
porary with Adam 243 years, and the two hundreds 'the three;' and 1 Co. 9. 16; Phi. 1. 20; Col.4.4; J TI.4. , :-.'.ised to !Uc the widow's son, 21-23; tychus to life, 20. 10-12;-healed the
with Noah 6oo years;-the flood com- the captain of the whole gttard was 6, 13; 5. 17; 2 Pc. 1. 12 ;-strive to edify. · . -obtti:i~e:". )?'t from heaven to con. father of Publius, and many others,
menced that very year in which he called 'the captain of the mighty Je.3. 15; Jn.21.15-17; Ac.20. :::3; 2 Co. tt.UD.:- ~he:.. . .cri:6::~, 18.30-38;-obtain- 28.8,g.
died, A. M. 165b. men,' a post held by Abishai the son 12. 19: 1 Pe. 5. 2;-preach with bald.. cd r.:.Ul, :t:tcr :;.Jong drought of three ---,pretensions to them in proof
Meunim,me-eii'nim [dwelling-pla~es], of Zeruiah,. 2 Sa. 23. 8-39; 1 Ch. u. 11- ness, Is.58.1: Eze.2.6: Mat.10.c7,~8; years .:-.nd a. half, 41,~45 ;-twice of idolatry not to be regarded, Ve.
one of the order of Nethinims, Ne.7. 47. . Ac.4.19, 31; 5. 29; Ep. 6. 19;-without brought :'.":re :rom. heaven, which con. 13. 1 ;-delusive ones foretold, M..i.t.
52. llfilcah, mil'kah [a queen], (r)·Daugh- reserve, Ac.5.20; 20.20,27; Ro.15.19; sumed ~ach time a captain and fifty 24.24; 2 Th.2.9; R:.13.13; 16.14; 19-
rtliamin, mi-a'min [the right hand], ter of Haran and N ahor's wife, Ge. -in purity, 2 Co. 2.17; 4.2; 2 Ti. 2. 15: men of Aha:iah, 2 Ki. 1.10,12;--d.ivid.. 20.
a returned captive, Ezr. Jo. 25; Ne. n. 29: 22. 20.-(2) One of Zelophe• Tit.1.9;-rnuch in prayer, Ac.6.4; edJordan, 2.8. Miriam.,mir'i-am [bitterness1the same
12.5- ha.d's daughters, Nu.26.33. Ep. T.15-20; 3.14-19 ;-reprove, if ne- - - - , wrought by Elisha; divided name as l\.Iary in the N. T., the sister
Mica.h_.,mi'kah [who is as Jehovah?]. Milcom, mil'k.orn. SeeMoLECH. cessary, I Th.2.2: I Ti.5.20; 2 Ti.4.2; Jordan, 2 Ki.2. 14;-healed the waters of Moses and Aaron, leads the song
(1) One of the minor prophets, who Mildew, a destructive dew, which Tit.I.13; 2.15;-guard men from sin, at Jericho, 21.22;-obtained a large after the passage through the Red Sea..
began to utter his predictions about spots and corrodes plants, De.28.22; I Co.4.2; 1 Th. 2. 11; 1 Ti.4.6; He.13. supply of water, 3.16-20;-multiplied Ex. 15. 20:-her punishment for com.
75oyears before Christ, Mi. 1.1;-he I Am.4.9: Hag.2.17. 17;-set good examples, Mat.23. 3: the widow's oi1, 4.3-6;-raised to life plaining of Moses, Nu.12. 1-4 ;-her
continued prophesying about fifty
years, from the commencement of
the reign of Jotham to the close of
that of Hezekiah, Je. 26. 18.-(2) An
Ephraimitc, the son of a rich and
I
; Mile, the Roman mile= a thousand
\ paces, or 1618 yards, thus i42 yards
Jess than our mile, Mat..,;.41.
Miletum, mi-le'tum, a place where
Paul left Trophirnus sidC., 2 Ti.+ 20;
Ro.2.21; 2 Co.6.4; 1 Th.2.10; 2 Th. 3.
7: ITi.6.n; Tit.2.7; r Pe.5.3;-peace-
able and patient, I Co. 9. 19: 2 Co.6.
g; 1 Ti. 3. 3; 2Ti. 2. 24; Tit. 1.7;-not
world I y-minded, 1 Co. TO. 33; I Ti. 3. 3;
the son of the Shunammite, 32-35;-
prevented the fatal effects of poison,
40, 41 ;-fed a hundred men with a
few loaves, 42-44;-cured Naaman's
leprosy, 5. 10, 14 ;-inflicted the leprosy
death at Kadesh-barnea in the first
month of the fortieth year after the
exodus, 20.1.
:Mirth, unseasonable, reproved,Pr.14-
13; 25. 20; Ee. 2. 2: 7. 2:-aometimes
aupcrstitious widow, Ju. 17. 1, &c. ;- -probably the same as Miletus. z Ti.2.4; Tit. 1. 7; T Pc. 5. 2;-how to on Gehazi, for his sin, 27;--caused allowable, 3.4- See Joy,
185
MODERATION MORSEL MOURNING MUZZLE NAHUM
Misca.rryi.D.g.abortive, Ho.9.14. perance, equanimity, enjoined, I Co. ' Mortal, liable to death, as the body of Zee. 12. u ;-over mystical Babylon, mo~th of a beast, t? restrain .it frOll;I
Mischief, hurt or injury, falls upon 7.29,31; Phi.4.5. man is, Job 4.17; Ro.6.12; 8.u; 1 Co. Re.18.19. eatmg, De.25.4; 1 Co.9.9; 1 T1,s.t8
the contrivers of it,Ps.7.14; 9.15; 52. Modesty, humble and chaste deport- 15.53. Mourning FO~ Sm the evidence of Myra, my'rah, a city of Lycia, n~
1; 57.6; 64.8; Pr.4.16; 26.27; Ec.10.8; ment, enjoined, Ep.5.3,4: I Ti.2.9. Mortar, cement to connect stones in repentance, Ps.38.6; 51.2; Mat.5.4; I the .Mediterranean Sea, and 40 rnilcs
Is.33.1. Moisture, sap, wetness, Ps. 32.4; Lu. building, Ge.II.3; Le.14.42;-also a Co.5.2; Ja-4-9. east of Patara;-here Paul embarked
- - - , or violence, complained of 8.C, vessel for braying in with a pestle, - - - - for Jacob, Ge.50.3;-for for Rome, Ac. 27. 5;-now called
and censured, Ps. 140. 1, &c.; Pr. 10. Moladah, mol'a-dah [birth, lineage], a Nu.n.8; Pr.27.22. Aaron, Nu.20.29;-for 1\-Ioses, De.34. Dembra.
23; 14.17; 21.10. city in the extreme south of Judah, Mortgaged Land, consigned to a 8;-of David for his child, 2 Sa. 12. 16; Myrrh, a gum or resin taken from the
Miserable, unhappy, Job 16.2; 1 Co. afterwards given to Simeon, Jos.15. creditor to be his, if not redeemed -of the king of Israel for the famine Cystt'-f crettcus, a thorny tree 8 0
15.19: Re.3.17. 26; 19.2; 1Ch-4,28. within a limited time, N e.5.3. in Samaria, 2 Ki.6.30;-of David for 9 feet high, which abounds in Arabiat
Miahael, mi-sha:'el [entreaty], (1) One Mo]e, Is. 2. 20, a well-known animal Mortification, or putting to.death the Saul and Jonathan, 2 Sa. I. 11 ;-for 1t was an ingredient in _the holy oint~
of the sons of Uzziel the uncle of that burrows in the earth. The word body of sin, how to be exercised, Ee. Abner, 3. 31 ;-for Absalom, 18. 33, ment, Ex.30.23;-used 111 embalming
Moses, Ex.6.22.-(2i One of Daniel's so rendered in Le. 11. 30 means pro- 7. 2; 1\-Iar. 8. 34; 1 Co. 9. 25; Ga. 6. 14; &c. ;-for his friend, Ps. 35. 13;-of the the dead, Jn.19. 39;-as a perfurnc
c~mpanions, Da. 1. 6.-(3) One that perly the chameleon ;-that rendered Col.3.5. Israelites after the destruction of Es. 2. 12, Ps.45.8; Pr. 7. 17,-win;
~•ood by Ezra, N e.8.4. 'weasel' in 29 is properly the mole. Mosera, mo-se"r'ah [learning, discip- Jerusalem, La. 2. 10;-of Darius on mingled with, Mar.15 23, comp. Mat.
M1arephoth - Maim, mis 're - foth- Molech, m0'lek [king l, the national line, a bond], the place where Aaron the condemnation of Daniel, Da. 6, 27.34.
mJ.'im I burnings of water], a place on god of the Ammonites. It was made died and was buried, De.10.6;-also 18. Myrtle, a beautiful and fragrant tree
the sea-coast, a few miles north of hollow and a tire was kindled within called Moseroth, as one of the places Movable, capable of being moved, Pr. eyer gree~1, a11d which produces ros;
Sidon ;-to this place Joshua pursued it, and when the arms were red-hot where Israel encamped, Nu.33.30. 5.6. flowers, N e.8. 15; ls.41. 19; 55.13:Zec.
theCanaaniteswhohadarrayedthem- the victims were cast into them and Moses, mb'zez (drawn out of the Mower, a cutter of hay or corn, Ps. 1.8,10,11.
selves against him, Jos. u.8. immediately consumed. Children not water], the brother of Aaron, and 129.7; Am.7.1. Mysia, mis'i"-a, the north-west pro.
Mist, a moist and dusky vapour, Ge. to be sacrificed to him, Le.18.21; 20.2; the illustrious Jewish lawgiver (see Mowings (KING'S). The best or vince of Asia Minor, on the Egcan
2.6;-blindness, Ac. 13.11;-inextric- -some of them were, 2 Ki. 16. 3; 21.3, AARoN};-born, Ex.2.2;-the son of earliest of the pasture was assigned Sea ;-Paul passed through and em.
able gloom, 2 Pe.2. 17. 6; Je. 32. 35; Eze. 20. 31 ;-called Mil- Amram, 1 Ch. 6. 3;-saved by Pha- to the king for his war-horses, Am. barked at Troas on his first voyage
Mite (Gr. lepton\ a small copper coin com, 1 Ki.n.5:-Moloch, Ac.7.43. raoh's daughter, Ex. 2. 5;-kills an 7.1. to Europe, Ac.14.7,8.
equal in value to about -1\th of a Mollified, softened, Is.1.6. Egyptian, 12;-goes to Midian, 15; Mufflers, vails or masks with which Mystery, th at which was hid, or
penny, Mar.12.42; LG.12.59; 21.2. Molten, melted, Ex. 32.4; I Ki.7.16; -marriesZipporah, 21;-hissons, 22; women cover their face, all except known obscurely or darkly before
Mithredath, mith're-dath, (1) An Job28 2; Mi.1.4. -God appears to him in the bush, the eyes, Is.3.19. but is now clearly revealed; as th;
officer of Cyrus, Ezr. 1.8. In Ezr. 7. Moment, the shortest space of time, 3. 2;-in Midian, 4. 19;-returns to Mulberry-trees, trees which, as the gospel or new economy, Ep.~·3,4,g,
21, and Da. 3.23, this word is rendered Ps.30.5; Lu.4.5; 1 Co.15.52. Egypt, 20;-circumcises his son, 25; name imports, produce berries full of 6.19; Col.1.26; 2.2;-the doctrines of
'trea<;urer '-(2)Onewhoopposed the Money, traded with anciently by -meets Aaron, 27;-his age at the cooling and pleasant juice, 2 Sa. 5. 23, the gospel, l\Iar.4.11; Ro. 16. 2s;-
rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem, weigld,not coined;-Abraham weigh- time, 7.7;-his rod becomes a sel'J)ent 24. They abound in Syria;-their some spiritual truth, couched or hid
Ezr.4.7. ed 400 shekels of silver as the price before Pharaoh, w;-his song after leaves are the appropriate food of the den under external representation 01
Mitre, a kind of turban or crown for of his burying-place, Ge. 23.15,16;- passing through the Red Sea, 15. 1, silk-wonn;-called 'syc.amine-tree,' similitude, Re. 1. 20; 17. 7;-truths
the high-priest, Ex.28.36; 39. 30. Joseph was sold for 20 shekels of sil- &c. ;-goes up to Mount Sinai, 24.1; Lu.17.6. which, after they are revealed, hav;
Mi.tylene, mit-i"-l~'ne, the chief city of ver, 37.28;-coined, used in the time -builds an altar, 4;-continues forty Mules, the mongrel produce of the something in them dark and un.
the i~land of Lesbos, in the .t'Egean of Christ, l\fat.22.19,20. days without food, 18;-desires to horse and ass, very sure.footed, and fathomable, 1 Ti. 3. 16~-• mystery of
Sea;-through it Paul passed in his --'-,usefulness of, Ec.7. 12; 10.19; see the glory of God, 33. 18 ;-shown hardy for travelling;-David and hifii iniquity,' 2 Th.2.7.
way from Corinth to Judea, Ac.20. 14. --danger from the love of it, 1 Ti.6. it, 34. 5 ;-passes a second time forty sons rode on them, 2 Sa. 13. 29;-
The modern town is called 11.fitylen. 10. days without food, 28; - his face Solomon rode on one at his corona-
Mixed, joined, Ex.12.38; Ne.13.3; Money-changers, persons who, at a shines, 29;--complains of his charge,__ tion, 1 Ki. 1. 33, 38;-Ahab had vast
Ho.7.1; He.4.2.
Mixtures, in seed and cattle to be
certain rate of profit, gave smaller
pieces of money for greater, or greater
Nu.n.10;-smites the rock at Meri-
bah, 20.7;-his address to the Israel-
numbers of them, 1 Ki. 18. 5;-breed-
ing of, forbidden, Le.19.19. N.
avoided, De.22.9, &c. forsmaller,toaccommodate those who ites before his death, and recapitula- Multiply, to increase in number, Ge.
:Mizpeh, miz'peh (a watch-tower], (1) came to the temple;-twice driven by tion of their history, De.1.1, &c.;- 1.22; Ex.r.10; 2 Co.9.10.
A city of the tribe of Judah, situated Christ out of the courts of the temple, his warning concerning their future Multitude, a great number, not to be Naamah, nt1.'a-mah (pleasant], (t)
in the plain of Philistia, Jos.15.38.- l\Iat.21.12: Jn.::::.14,15. disobedience, 3r.29;-his song on the followed to do evil, Ex. 23. 2; Mat. Daughter of Lamech, and sister of
(2) A city of Benjamin, Jos. t8. 26;- Monsters, things unnatural. La.4.3. ~ame subject, xxxii.;-blesses the 7. 13. Tubal-Cain, Ge. 4. 22.-'.2) An Am.
here Saul was elected king, 1 Sa.10. Month, the time of a moon's revolu- tribes, xxxiii;-not permitted to go Munition, a fort or fortification, Is. 29. monitess, the wife of Solomon, and
17-21 ;-Gedaliah was assassinated, 2 tion. See YEAR. over Jordan, 3. 26;-views the land 7; 33.16; Na.2.1. mother of Rehoboam, 1 Ki.14. 21.-
Ki. 25. 23, 25; Je. 40. 6-15. - (3) On Monuments,. tombs, or idol-temples, of Canaan from Mount Nebo, 34.1 ;- Mnrder, kiliing any person wilfully (3) A town in the plain of Judah, Jos.
Mount Gilead, named by Laban, Ge. by sleeping in which idolaters expect• dies, 5:-his age, 7;-and character, at'l.d unlawfuUy; forbidden, Ex.20.13; ·15.41.
31. 23, 25, 48, 52;-here Jephthah reed dreams or visions from their gods, 10;-his prayer, Ps. xc. ;-his laws to De.5.17;-punishablewith death, Ge. Naaman, na'a-man [pleasantness], a
sided, Ju. II. 11.-(4) Mizpeh of Moab, Is.65.4. be remembered, Mal. 4. 4;-the Is- 9. 6 ;-laws relating to it, Nu. 35. 30; distinguished general in the army of
where the king lived to whom David Moon, a secondary planet, always at- raelites said to be baptized to him, 1 Le.24. 17. the King of Syria, 2 Ki.5. t;-directed
committed the care of his parents, 1 tendant on our earth. Her diameter Co. 10.1;-his faith celebrated, He.11. - - - , uncertain, how expiated, by a little maid to apply to Elisha
Sa. 22. 3.-(5) The land of Mizpeh, is 2175 miles, and 240,000 miles dis- 23-28. De.21.1. for the cure of his leprosy, 2,3;-
Jo5. n.3.-(6) The valley of Mizpeh, tant from us. She has no light, ex- Mote, a speck, or n1inute particle of - - - of Abel by Cain, Ge. 4. 8 ;-- slights the means prescribed by the
Jos. u. 3, 8. This is probably the cept what she reflects from the sun. dust, .l\Iat.7.3,4,5; Lu.6.41,42. of the sons of Gideon, Ju.9. 5,24;- prophet, n;-prompted by hisser-
country of Ccele-Syria. Her appointment and use, Ge. r. 14; Moth, a very small and frail insect, of Abner by Joab, 2 Sa. 3. 27;-of vants, he uses it, and is cured, 1•;
Mizraim., miz-ra'im [distress, strait- Ps. w4. 19;-stood still, Jos. 10.12;- Ps. 39. II; Mat. 6. 19;-emblem of Amasa by Joab, 20.8;-of Baasha by -his grateful acknowledgments to
ness], (t) The son of Ham, Ge.10. 6, an ohject of idolatrous worship, De. men's weakness, Job 4.19;-devasta- Zimri, 1 Ki. 16. 9;-of Naboth by the prophet, 15;-resolves to serve
13.-(2) The nalTle by which Egypt 17.3;Job31.26;Je.44.17;-cailed 'the tions of, Ps. So.9. Ahab, 21. 8;-Zechariah by Joash, 2 only the God of Israel, 17,18.
is generally designated in the Hebrew lesser light,' Ge. r. 16;-the church Mother. This name among the He- Ch.24.21;-of Zechariah king of Is- Naamathite, na'a-ma-thite, one of
Scriptures. It is a word in the dual compared to, Ca.6.10. brews denote:s also a gra·1dmother, rael by Shallum, 2 l~.i. 15. 10;- of Job's three friends, Zophar, who lived
number signifying the two llfisr, i.e. Moral Duties, exhortation to them, 1 Ki.15.10;-a distant female ances- Amon by his servants, 21.23. at Naamah, Job 2.u; 11.1; 20.1.
the Upper and the Lower l/Iisr, the Ro. 12. 1, &c.; Ep.4.1; 5.1, &c.; Phi. tor, Ge.3.20. See PARENTS. Murmuring, or unreasonable com- Naashon, nf.1.-Ush'on, Aaron's brother-
name by which Egypt is still spoken 4.8; Col.3.1; 1Th.4.1; 5.4: Tit.3.8; Mountains. Palestine is very moun- plaining, censured, I Co. 10. 10; Phi. in-law, Ex.6.23;Nu."7.r7;-alsocal!ed
of by the Arabs. In Is.II.II the He.13.1,&c.; 1Pe.1.15; 2Pe.1.5;- tainous. The expression • mountains 2.14; Jude 16. Nahshon, Ru.4.20; or Naasson, Lu.
name denotes Lower Egypt as dis- comprised in a small compass, Mi. 6. of Israel,' Eze. 36. r, denotes the - - - - of the Israelites at Moses 3.32.
tinguished from Pathros or Upper €; Mat.7.12; 22.37; Ga.5.14. entire country. The most celebrated inEg-ypt,Ex.5.20;14.u;-atMarah, Nabal, nii'bal [a fool], a rich man of
Egypt. Morasthite, mo-ras'thite, an inhabit- were Carmel, near the Mediterra- 15.23;-at Sin for want of bread, 16.2; l\Iaon, in the tribe of Judah;-his
Knason, na'son, an aged disciple of ant of Morasheth, Je.26.18;-Micah nean, Jos.19.26;-Ebal, in Samaria, -for water, 17. 2;--at Taberah, Nu. ungrateful behaviour to David, 1 Sa.
Christ, a native of Cyprus, Ac.21.16. the prophet said to be one, Mi. 1. 1. 8. 30;-En-gedi, near the Dead Sea, II.1;-at the report of the spies, 14. 25.2:-his death, 38.
Moab, mCi'ab [of the father], (1) The Mordecai, mor'de-ky[a votary of Me- 15. 62;-Gaash, in Ephraim, 24.30;- r ;-after the death of Korab, &c., 16. Naboth, nU.'both [fruits], an Israelite
son of Lot by his eldest daughter, rodach], the son of Jair, of the family Gilboa, south of the valley of Jezreel, 41;-loathing manna, &c., 21".5. of the city of Jezreel; had a vineyard
and the father of the Moabites, Ge. of Saul, and one of the chiefs of the 2 Sa. 1. 2r;-Gilead, beyond Jordan, MWTain [death], a plague among near the palace of Ahab, which he
1Q.37.-(21An ancient kingdom,east- tribe of Benjamin; was carried to Ge. 31. 21 ;-Gerizim, in Samaria, Ju. cattle, Ex.9.3. coveted, I Ki.21. 1,2;-refuses to
ward of the Dead Sea, and south- Babylon along with Jehoiachin, king 9.7;-Hermon, beyond Jordan, Jos. Muse, to think closely, or to consider, part with it, 3;-murdered by the
cast of Judea, the inhabitants of of Judah;-the guardian of Esther, II. 3;-Hor, in ldumeaa Nu.20.25;- Ps.143.5. contrivance of Jezebel, 21.1, &c.
which are called Moabites. See Es. 2. 5;-discovers a treason, 21;- Horeb, near to Siuai, De. 1. 2;- Mushi, mii'shi [the One withdrawn], Nachon, nJ.' chon [prepared], the
MoABITES. rewarded for it, 6. 6;-his mourning Lebanon,or Libanus, which separates a son of 1\-Ierari, 1 Ch.6.19; 23.23; 24. threshing-floor by which Uzzah died.
Moabites, mo' ab-ites, not to be re- on account of a decree against the Canaan on the north from Syria, 3. 26. 2 Sa. 6. 6 ;-called also Chidon, 1 Cl•
ceived into the congregation of Is- Jews, 4.1;-advanced, 8.1,15; 10.3;- 25;-Moriah, on which the temple Musical Instruments, invented by 13. 9; and after the death of Uzzah
rael, De.23.3:-conquered by David, returned to Jerusalem, Ezr.2.2; Ne. was built, 2 Ch.3.1;-Nebo, part of Jubal, son ofLamech, Ge.4.21 ;-used was called Perez-Uzzah.
2 Sa. 8. 2:-rebel after the death of 7. 7. the mountains of Abarim, Nu. 32.3; at the conveyance of the ark, y Ch. Nadab, ni'i.'dab [gift], (r) (and ABIHL',
Ahab, 2 Ki.r. 1 ;-defeated, 3. 24 ;-the Moreb., miYreh [high oak], ( 1) An oak, -Olives, on the east of Jerusalem, 15. 28;-regulated for the national sons of Aaron), slain for offering
king sacrifices his son, 27 ; - their or grove of oaks near Shechem, the Mat.21.1 ;-Paran, in Arabia, Ge.14. worship by David, 16.42; 2Ch.29.25; strange fire, Le.to.I, &c.-(2) Kin(
desolation foretold, Is.15.1,&c.: 16.1; first halting-place of Abram after his 6; De.1.1;-Pisgah, in the country of -to be used in praising God, Ps.33. · ef Israel, succeeds his father Jero-
Je.48.1 ;Eze.25.8;Am.2.1; Zep.2.8;- entrance into Canaan, Ge. 12. 6;- Moab, Nu. 21. 20;-Seir, in Idumea, 2; 81.2; 92.3; 1o8.2; 150.3;-theit- boam, 1 Ki.14.20;-dies, 15.27.
to be restored, Je.48.47. again mentioned on the entrance of Ge.14.6;-Sinai, in Arabia, Ex. 19. 2; effect on Saul, I Sa.16.14,23;-many Nahallal, na-hal'al fpastureJ, a city
i?,lob, at Thessalonica, raised against the Israelites into Canaan, De. u.30. De.33.2;-Sion, or Zion, in Jerusa- of them mentioned as used in Babye of the tribe of Zebulun, Jos.19.15;-
~ Paul by the Jews, Ac. 17.5;-at Ephe- --(2) A hill in the plain of Jezreel, lem, 2 Sa.5.7; 2 Ki.19.21;-Tabor, in lon, at the worship of the golden given to the Levites, 21.35.
sus, 19.25-41;-metaphorically repre~ Ju.7.1,12. 1
Lower Galilee, to the north of the image, Da.3.5,10,15. Nab.ash, nJ.'hash [serpent], (1) A kine
sented, Ps.65.7. Moriah, mo--rr'ah [the appearance of great plain, Ju. 4. 6;-.figuratively, a MUBicians, men skilled in harmony, of the Ammonites, threatens the in-
Mocking, at others censured, Job 13. Jehovah], a mountain within the walls difficulty is a • great mountain,' Zee. Re. 18.22. habitants of Jabesh-gilead, 1 Sa.11.1:
9; Ps.35.16; Pr. 17. 5; 10. 17;-of I she· of the eac;t part of Jerusalem ;-here 4.7, or comp. Ps.30.7; 36.6; 46.3; 97.5; Mustard, a well-known plant, which -defeated by Saul, u.-(2) Another
ma.el at the birth of Isaac, Ge.21.9; Abi-aham intentionally offered Isaac, 125.2; Is.54.10; Je.3.23;-Messiah's grew in Canaan to the height of a name for Jesse, or, as some suppose,
--of young men at Elisha, 2 Ki.2.23: Ge. 22. 2 ;-here Solomon built the kingdom compared to a mountain, tree, Mat.13.31. the wife of Jesse, and mother of Da-
I
-of Sanballat and Tobiah, Ne.2.19; !emple, 2 <;h.3.1. ~he great mosque Is.2.2; II.9; Da.2.35. MU8ter, to array, or to put an army vid, 2 Sa. 17. 25; comp. r Ch.2.13,15,
4. 1-3;--of Herod and his men of war
at Christ, Lu.23.11;-of the Roman
soldiers, 36;-of the Jews at the
apostles, Ac. 2.13;--of the Athenians
at Paul's preaching, 17.32.
I 1s now on its summit.
Morning,ey~/uisof,orfirstappearance
of light, Job 41.18;-wings of, rapid
spread of the sunbeams, Ps.139.9.
Morsel, a small piece of bread, Ge.,S.
Mourning, brrief, for the dead not to
be attended with disfiguring the
body, De. 14. 1:-accompanied with
plaintive music, Mat. 9. 23;-prefer-
able to laughter, Ee. 7.2;-threatened
into rank and order, 2 Ki.25.19; Is.
13.4; Je.52.25.
Mutter, to grumble, Js.8.19: 59.3.
Mutual, relating to both parties, Ro.
16.
Nabor, nA.'hor[snorting], sonofTerah,
and brother of Abraham, Ge. u. :r6;
-married Milcah, 29;-his desccnd-
Moderation, calmness of mind, tern~ 5; Ps.147.17; Pr.17.1; He.12.16. to the Israelites, Am.8.:ro; Mi.1. 16; M~e, to put anything in or on the J N:~::~A•hum [comforter], one of
186
NATIVITY NEBUZAR-ADAN NETRINIMS NINEVEH NOB
minor prophets, w~o utte~ his origin of a nation, Eze.16.31 4;-placc city, and took the people captive, 9- of them with him out of captivity, mythology, was the son of Nimrod
~icaon~ against N meveh 1n ~he of birth, Ge. n.28; Ru.2.n; Je.46. 16. 20; Je. 39. 1-14 ;-liberated the pro- Ezr.8.17-20;-their service, 1 Ch.9.2; The marginal reading of Ge. 10. II is
pa-~- of Hezekiah (s.c. 713), _which Natu.ra], produced by nature, Ro.I. phet Jeremiah, 40.1-6. Ezr.2.43,58. to be preferred. It is said to hav~
reign fulfilled in the destruction of 26,27; 1 Co.2.14; 15.4-4... Necessary, things that are most so, Netophah, ne-toffah [dropping], a been 6o miles in circumference, and
were . about a century after Na- Nature, the ordinary course of things Job 23. 12; Pr. 4.7; Ee. 12.13; Mat. 6. village and district of the same name, in the time of Jonah, its population,
that at~e is called the 'Elkoshite, • which God has fixed, Ro.1 26,27;- 33· Lu.10.42; 12.31; Jn.6.27. lying between Bethlehem and Ana- reckoning children the fifth part,
:~~his personal llistory is quite un- the light of reason, 2.14;-common - - - - , f o r temporal life, Ge. 28. thoth, r Ch. 9.16; Ezr.2.22; Ne.7.26; must have been 6oo,ooo. lt out-
sense, or the general consent of na- 20: Pr.30.8; r Ti.6.8. Je.40.8. stripped even Babylon itself in its
k own Na,1,1.
:US ;rg.!1 spikes or pegs, were com- tions, r Co. u. 14;-· substance or es- Necessity, excuses legal injunctions,
sential parts, He.2. 16;-birth or na- 1\lat.12.1, &c.; Mar.2.23; Lu.13.15.
Nettles, common stinging herbs, Job
30. 7 ;-the presence of, betokens ne-
dimensions. Diodorus Siculus affinns
that its walls were 6o miles in com~
N' onl~ fixed in the walls of_the houses,
: ancient times, for hangmg clothes, tural descent, Ga.2.15; Ep.2.3. Necho, ne'ko, king of Egypt (B.C. glect, hence the allusions in Pr.24.31; pass, 100 feet in height, and so thick
c on, Ezr. 9.8: Is.22.23,25 . Naughty, useless, corrupt, or bad, Pr. 610,, 2 Ch. 35. 20;-defeated by N ebu- Is. 34.13; Ho. 9.6. that three chariots abreast could be
&: il'in [beauty], a town m Ga- 6.12 ;17. 4; Je.2,4.2. chadnezzar, 2 Ki.24.7; Je.46.2. Nevertheless, notwithstanding that, driven along their top; and they were
~:• :bout 2 miles south of Mount Navel, the middle of the body, Joh Necromancy, pretending to foretell Mat.14.9; ko.5.14; Ep.5.33. defended by .1500 towers, each 200
}a~r, memorable a~ the place where 40.16; Pr.3.8; Eze.16.4. future events byquestioningthedead, New Creature, every one who is in feet high. In the year 6o1 before
hrist restored to ltfe the son o_f a ..rlavy, a fleet of ships, 1 Ki. 9. 26,27; De. 18 11. See D1VINATION. Christ is, 2 Co.5.17; Ga.6.15; Ep.2.10• Christ,it was completely destroyed by
~dow Lu. 7.u-15;-the place exists 10.u,22. Nedabiah, ned-a-bI'ah [whom Jeho- This newness described as a spiritual fire: and soon after the time of Christ
under i:he name of N~zn_. Nazarene, naz-a-reen', an inhabitant vah impels], one of David's posterity, resurrection, Ro. 6.4-6; Ep.2. 1,5; Col. not a trace of it could be found. Jonah
Naioth, ny'oth (hab1tat1onsJ, a part of Nazareth so called, Mat. 2. 23;- 1 Ch.3 18. 2.12; 3.1. See REGENERATION. preaches there, Jonah 3. 3;-spared
f h town of Ramah, or a place 3. name given by way of contempt to Needful, necessary, Lu.10.42; Ac. 15. New Heart and Spirit, promised, on repentance, 10, n;-threatened
:ea~ :t, where Samuel and David
dwelt, 1 Sa. 19. t8, 19,22
the followers of Christ, because he I 5; Phi 1.24; Ja 2.16.
was of Nazareth, Ac.24.5. i Needle, an instrumeBt for sewing,
Eze.n.19: 36.26,27.
New Heavens and Earth, promised,
with destruction, Na. i. ii. iii. The
last notice of it in Scripture is in Zep.
Naked, altogether imclothed, Ge.2._25; Nazareth, naz'a-reth [separated, sane- ' Mat 19.24. Is.65.17; 66.22; Re.21.1; 2 Pe.3.13. 2. 13-15, about 630 B.c. lt was for
-the duty and reward of cloth1r:ig tifiedJ, a small obscure city of mixed Neesing, sneezing, expresses the man- New Jerusalem, the glorious state of a long time well nigh forgotten.
race, in the tribe of Zebulun, in ner in which the leviathan breathes the church during the millennium, Shapeless mounds opposite Mosul
them who are, Mat. 2~.34-:36;-gmlt
and punishment of shghtmg them,
,p-,4J:-witho':'t a cloak or man!le,
Lower Galilee, about 70 miles north
of JefUsalem, 6 west of Mount Ta-
I and throws forth water, Job 41. 18;-
a symptom of returning life, 2 Ki.4.
Re.3.12; 21.2.
New .Moons, offerings on them, Nu.
were all that tradition could point to
as remaining of it. By recent exca-
d with nothmg more than a shirt, bor, and 24 south-east of Acco or 35. 28.n. vations on the site, commenced in
fs_ 20 _3:Mi. 1.8 ;J n. 21. 7 (see CLOTHES!; Acre. It is not mentioned in the · Neginoth, neg'i-noth [stringed instru- Nibhaz, nib'haz [barker), the idol-god 1842 by .l\f. Botta, French consul at
-Jiruratively, tho~e who ~re desti- 0. T. It was noted for the wicked- I mentJ, title of Ps.iv. of the Avites, who was worshipped Mosul, and in 1845 hr Layard and
tute of an interest m the righteou7 ness of its inhabitants, Mar.1.9; Lu. Neglect, no attention, Mat.18.17;1Ti. in the likeness of a dog, 2 Ki.17.31. others, many remarkable sculptured
ness of Christ, and of personal holi- 4.29:Jn. 1.46;-here Christ dwelt from 4. 14: He.2.3. Nicanor, ni-ka'nor [a conqueror], one monuments have been discovered,
ness, Re.3.17,18. his childhood till he commenced his Negligent, careless, 2 Ch.29.11; 2Pe. of the seven first deacons of the which, from their structure and in-
Na.me, reputation or character; the public ministry, Lu.2.51; 4.16;-here 1.12. church at Jerusalem, honourably scriptions, illustrate certain notable
value of a good one, Pr 15.30; 22.1; he preached, and an attempt was Nehemiah, ne-he-mt'ah [whom Je~ mentioned, Ac.6. 3-6. features of that ancient city, and con-
Ec. 7.1;-howto be obtained, Ps.n2. made to put him to death, 16-30. hovah comforts1, the inspired author Nicodemus, nik-o-de'mus, a Pharisee firm notices of it in the histories of
6· Pr.10.7. After thi$ he made Capernaum his of the book which bears his name;- and ruler among the Jews; his con- ancient authors.
_:__ oF Gon. to be reverenced, Ex. chief place of residence, 'his own laments the state of Jerusalem, Ne. versation with Jesus, Jn.3.z ;-pleads Nisan, ni'san [month of flowers or
20 , 7; Le.19.12; Ps.111.9; l\lat.6.9. city,' Lu.4.16-31; .l\fat. 4. 13-16. It z. 1, &c.;-his prayer1 5-;-thirteen in his favour, 7.50;-comesto embalm new day], the first month of the
_ _ oF JESUS, to be reverenced, still exists under the name of en-Nii- years after the retum of Ezra to the him, 19.39. Jewish ecclesi4stical year, Ne. 2. 1.
Phi. 2. 10;-prayer to be made in it, sirah, having about 400 inhabitants. land of Israel is sent (about 444 B.c.) Nicolaita.ns, nik-o·-la'i-tans, an early It began about the time of the vernal
Jn. 14. 13, 16. 23; Ro. 1 8; Ep. 5. 20; Nazarites, n5.z'a-rites, persons devot- by Ahasuerus to Jerusalem, 2. 1;- sect of heretics, a class of Gnostics equinox, as the civil year like that of
Col 3.17, He.13.15; 1 Pe.2.5. ed to the service of God, or bound arrives there, 9:-urges the Jews ·to noted for their wickedness, Re.2.6, 15. the Egyptians began about the time
~&D.IeB or TITLES given to Jesus il- by a vow, either for a specified time build, 17;-rebukes the usurers, 5.6; Nicolas, nik'o-Jas [conquering the of the autumnal equinox. See ABIB.
lustrating his character and office. or for life;-rules concerning them, -finishes the wall, 6, 15. Tiu Book people), a proselyte of Antioch and Nisroch, nis'rok fgre3.t eagle], an idol
See CHRIST. Nu.6.2, &c. ;-' charges' for the sa- , is a continuation of that of Ezra; one of the deacons of the church in of the Assyrians, 2 Ki.19.37; Is.37.38.
_ _ given for particular reasons : crifices at the completion of the vow, -it brings to a close the history of Jerusalem, Ac.6.5. Nitre, Pr.25.20: Je.2.22, not saltpetre,
in the case of Noah, Ge. 5. 29;-of Ac.21.24. the Old Testament. After the time Nicopolis, ni-kop'o-Iis [a city or vic- but natron or soda, a natural mineral
Abraham, 17. 5;-of Sarah, 15;-of Neapolis, ne-8.p'po-lis rnew city], a of Nehemiah Judea became subject tory], the name of several ancient alkali, an incrustation found at the
Jsaac, zy; 21.6;-of the sons of Jacob, seaport city on the east of Macedonia, to the governor of Syria. cities. That to which Paul refers was bottom of various lakes in Egypt
29.33, &c. ;-of John the Baptist, Lu. a few miles south of Philippi, which Nehiloth, ne-h~loth [perforated1 an probably in Epirus. It was founded after the summer heat has evaporated
1.7,13;-of Jesus, Mat.1.21. Paul visited, Ac. 16. u. The site is instrument of music, title of Ps.v. by Augustus to commemorate the the water. It is used for washing.
Naomi, na-0 1 mi [beautiful, agree- occupied by the Turkish village of Nehushtan, ne-hush'tan [a piece of battle of Actium, Tit.3. 12. No [place, portion], a once populous
able], the wife of Elimelech, and the Ka·valla, with about 6ooo inhabi- brass], the name given by Hezekiah Night, used for a season of adversity, city of Egypt, generally thought to
mother-in-law of Ruth, Ru. 1. 2-5 ;- tan ts, nine-tenth-. of whom are Ma- to the brazen serpent made by Moses, Is.21.12;-a time of ignorance, Ro. be Thebes or Diospolis, Je. 46. 25;
returns from the land of Moab to hommedans, the rest Greeks. 2 Ki. 18.4. 13.12;-death, Jn.9.4. Eze. 30. 14, 15, 16. In Na. 3. 8 it is
Bethlehem, 6-22 ;-sends Ruth to Neariah,. ne-a-rI'ah [servant of Jeho- Neigh, to cry as a borse,Je. 5.8; 8. 16; Night-hawk, probably the night-owl, called 'populous No,' in the Heb.
glean, 2.2;-instructs her how to act vah], one of the posterity of David, 1 13. 27. an unclean bird according to the law, J,.-o-Amon, i.e. No of Amon, meaning
towards Boaz, 3.z, &c. Ch.3.22,:13. Neighbour, to be loved as one's self, De.14.15; Le.u.16. the place, or possessions, or chief seat
Naphtali, naf'tha-li [my wrestling], Nebaioth, ne-by'oth [heights], the Le. 19. 18; Mat.22.39; Mar.12.33; Ja. Night -watches, the periods into of the Eg:yptian god Amon. It
the sixth son of Jacob, Ge.30.8; 35. chief and oldest of the Ishmaelite 2.8. which the night was divided, for originally stood on both sides of the
25;-his sons, 46. 24 ;-prophetic bless- tribes, descended from the eldest son Nemuel, nem-~u'el [day of God1 son changing the watchmen or sentinels, river Nile, about 500 miles from its
ing given him by his father, 49.21 :- of I;hmael, Ge.25.13; 1 Ch. 1.29. of Simeon, 1 Ch. 4. 24;-also called Ps.63.6; 119.148. There were four mouth. In the time of its splendour
to his descendants by Moses, De-.33. Nebat, ne'bat [beholder], of the tribe Jemuel, Ge.46.10; Ex.6.15. night-watches: (1) From sunset to the it extended on both sides as far as
a1;-inheritance of his tribe, Jos.19. of Ephraim, and race of Joshua, was J;Jephews, the sons of a brother or third hour of the night, .l\Iar. n. n; the mountains; it had 100 gates; and
3;;-hisdescendants, 1 Ch.7.13. After the father of Jeroboam, the first king sister, used to signify grandchildren, Jn.20.19. (2) From the third hour of on an emergency could send into the
tl,e captivity Naphtali became the of the ten tribes who revolted from Ju.12.14; Job 18.19; ls.14.22; in 1Ti. night to midnight. (3) Cock-crowa field by each of these gates 20,000
most densely populated district m the house of David, 1 Ki.u.26. 5.4 means descendants. The word ing, to the third hour after midnight. fighting men and 200 chariots. About
Palestine, and was the principal scene Nebo, nt!'bo lthe headJ, {1) A city of is derived from nepos, and in old (4) To the twelfth hour of the night, 81 n.c., after a siege of three years,
of our Lord's public labours. In the the Reubenites, east of Jordan, in the English means grandson. called also morning, Jn.18.28. it was finally destroyed by Ptolemy
N.T. it is called lfrjhthalim, Mat. vicinity of Heshbon, Nu.32.3,38;33. Nephishesim, ne-fish'e-sim [expan- Nile, a celebrated river of Egypt, X. Extensive ruins still mark its site.
4.13 2.1-12. 47:-its fall predicted as a city of sions], one in the order of the Ne- which flows from south to north. The • It is impossible to wander among
Napkin, a cloth to wipe the hand, &c., Moab, Je.48. 1, 22.-(2) A city in the thinims, Ne.7.52. great problem of its source has not these scenes and behold thec;e hoary
Lu.19.20; Jn.n.44; 20.7. laud of Judah, about 12 miles west of Nephtoah, nef-t0'ah [open, or an yet been conclusively settled. The yet magnificent ruius without emo.
.iar~issas, nat'~cis ·sus, a person of Jerusalem, Ezr,2.29; 10.43'. Ne.7.33. opening], a well in the tribe of Ben- great fake N yanza in Africa near the tions of astonishment and deep solem-
note at Rome, the Christians in -(3)- A "llountain beyond Jordan, jamin, Jos.18.15. equator is supnosed to be its main nity. Everything around testifies of
whose family are kindly saluted by1 where l\foses died, forming part of Nereus, ne're-us, one noticed by Paul, source. It begins to swell at the vastness and of utter desolation.-
Paul, Ro.16.u. the rdnge of Abarim, De.32 49; 31. 1. Ro. 16.15. middle of June, attains its greatest All is gloomy, awful, grand.-The
Narrow. or of smaJJ breadth, the -(4J An idol of the Chaldeans, sup-- Nergal, ner'ga] [man-devourer), an height in September, and subsides to walls of all the temples are covered
way to heaven is, Mat.7.14- posed to be the planet Merc.ury, Is. idol of the Cuthites, a tribe of the its usual level about the end of with hiero:;lyphics. l\Iany of these
Nathaa, nA'than {given), a prophet of 46. 1. Chaldeans or Persians, 2 Ki. 17.30. Octoher, and, on the northern part afford happy illustrations of Egyptian
the Lord: C"'()mmends David for his Nebuchadnezzar, ncb-0.-kad-nez'zar Nero. ne'ro, one of the most wicked
1
of Egypt, it spreads about 20 miles history.'-Robinson.
intention to build a temple, :..Sa. 7.3; [treasure of Nebo), generally called and infamous of the Roman emperors, on each side. \\"hen the waters sub-- Noah, no'ah [rest], the tenth in descent
-reproves him for his adultery Wuh · Nebuchadrezzar in Jeremiah, also in from whose household some were side the inhabitants sow t:i1eir seed, from Adam through Seth. He was
Bd.thsheba, 12. 1 ,-prevents Adoni- Eze.30.18;-the great king of Baby- converted to the Lord, Phi.4.22. which settles into the mud, and with- the son of the second Lamech the son
jah from being made kir,g, I Ki.1.11 Ion, the son and successor of Nabo- Nest, for birds, high habitation, NLL out further trouble produces a rich of Methuselah, and was born forty-six
-.7,-sent hy Da"id to anoint Solo- polassar;-carries Jehoiakim captive, 24.21; De.22.6; Job 29.18; Hab.2.9. crop. It is called Sikor [the black years after the death of Adam, and
mou, 32, &c. ;-wrote the histoty of 2Ch.36.6:-andJehoiachin,10;-fore- Net, an instrument for catching fishes, river1 Jos. 13. 3; Je. 2. 18:-and the fourteen after that• ,f Seth. He was
David, 1 Ch.29.29. told to conquer the neighbouring birds, wild beasts, &c., Job 18.8; 19, River of Egypt, Heb . .Naliar Mitz- contemporary with Enos for sixteen
N1thanael, na•th:ln'a-e1 [the gift of nations, Je.27. 1;-uses divination in 6; Ps.9.15; 10.9: Mat.4.18; 13.47. raim, Ge.15.18. years, and with Terah the father ol
Godj, one of rhe twelve disciples of rriard,ing to Jemsalem, Eze.21.19;- Nethaniah, neth-a-nT'ah [given of Nim.rah. nim 'rah [limpid, pure), a Abraham 128 years. Bom, Ge. s-~
Christ, much commenc'ed by him, takes Jerusalem, and bums it _.. d Jehovah}, (1) One of the royal race place 2 miles east of the Jordan, on -his character, 6. 9;-forewamed to
and Sltpposed to be th~ same with tlie temple, 2Ch.36.19·-his dream of Judah, ls.40.8,14; 41.6,n.-(2) the road from Jericho to es-Salt; also build the ark, 13,14, &c. :-saved from
Bartholomew; attends ~esus, Jn. 1. of the great imagt., Da. 2. 11 &c.;- One of the four sons of Asaph, 1 Ch. called BethNimrahandNimrim, Nu. the deluge, 8. 1 ;---offered sacrifice to
i1--!-o:-saw Christ after his ttsur- requires all mf"n to worship his golden 25. 2.-(3) A Levite, 17. 8,-(4) The 32.3,36. God, 20 ;-his intoxication, 9. :u;-
"Cltion, 21.2. imagEa. 3. 1, &c ;-his dream of the father of Jehudi, Je.36.1,4. Nimrim, nim'rim [limpid, pure], 'the died 350 years after the flood~ &irCd
Natl"11B, all sh~II worship the Lord, great tree, 4 5:-interp~ted bv Da~ NethP..r, the lower, Ex.19.17; De.24.6; waters of,' same as Nimrah, Is.15.6; 950 years, 20 :-his descendants, m
P~.86. .;:-the gospel to be preached nit"l, 1,;-his praise of the truP God, )vS. ,5. 19: Eze.31.14, 16,18. Je.48.34, comp. Nu.32.3,36. 1:-mentioned together with Job and
to all. b!!"i.t.24.14; Mar.13.10; Lu.24. 2. ._'7; 3.28; 4.37;-his arrogance, 4.30; l-,etbermost, the lowest, 1 Ki.6.6. Nimrod. nim'rod frebeIJ, the son of Samuel as singularly righteous, Eze.
7:-that oppress the Jews to be de- -his insanity, 33:-restoration, 35:- Nethinuns [dedicated persons], the Cush, and founder of the Ba byIonian r4.14;-his faith celebrated, He. u r.
stroyed, Je. 25. 12 ;~represented as dies after a reign of fortv-three years, hereditary temple servants-at first empire;-his exploits~ Ge.10.8-10. -called a preacher of ri~htcousness.
angry before th~ great day of wrath, probably about 561 B.c a portion of the cr,1,quer~d Gibeonites Nineveh, nin' e-veh [habitation of 2 Pe.2.5.
Rc.u.18;-dispcrsion of. C',e,,c. Nebuzar-Ada.n,neb-U-zar'a-dan[1..hief given as sacrrd servants to the pTle~ts, NinusJ, the ancient capital of Assytia, Nob [a high place], a small town built
Native Country country in which a of the t"Xecutioners], general of the _, Ki. 9. 20-22;-not called by this usuall) called Ni'nu.r by the Greeks on a conical rocky kll .a.bout 2 miles
person is l>orn, Je.,2.10. armies of Nebuchadnezzar; besieged name till after the captivity, Ne. 3. 76, and Romans after the name of its north of J erusalem;-David fled to.
!iat.ivity, the b1nh ol a per,on. or the Jerusalem, 2 Ki.25.8;--dcstroyedthat 7,46,6o,73; 10.2S;-Ezra brought azo founder. whO, according to Auyn.m :r Sa. 21. 1:-hcn Doee-, by SauJ'!li
187
OATHS OBEISANCE OINTMENT ONESIMUS ORGAN
Wers, murdered eighty-five priests 47.31; 50.5;-on the Israelites by Jo-1 a superior, Ge.37.7,9; 43.28; Ex. r8. Old age, to be respected, Le. 19. 32; I Onesiphorus, o-ne-sir~~- [bringin
with their families, 22, 18, :19;-here seph, 50.25. 7; 2 Sa.1.2; 14.4. Ti.5. 1 ;-what renders it valuable and profit], one of the pnm1uve Chris~
the Bcnjamites resided after the cap- Oaths, required in case of a pledge, 1 Oblation, an offering or sacrifice, Le. venerable, Pr. 16. 31; 20. 29;-the in- tians, not ashamed of Paul's cha.in.,;
tivity, Ne.11.32. Ex.22. n;-of a wife suspected of I 2.4;3.1;7.14,&c. SeeOFFERINGand firmities ofit, Ec.12.1, &c. ;-the duty 2 Ti. 1. r6;-his household saluted,~
Nobles, persons of high birth and adultery, Nu. 5. 2r ;-of the spies of SACRIFICE. required of it, Tit. 2. 2. 19.
statien, Ex.24.11; Ju. 5. 13 ;-not many Rahab, Jos. 2.12;-mentioned in the Obacure, dark, or little known, Pr. - - - , of the antediluvians, Ge.5.1, Onions, much used in Egypt, Nu
such etfectually called, I Co.1.26. 1)rayer of Solomon, 1 Ki.8. 31 ;-in fa- 20. 20; Is. 29. 18; 58. 10; 59. 9. &c. ;-of Abraham, :25. 7;-of Isaac, 11.5 •
Nod [banishment], a land so called VOW' of Joash by the high-priest, 2 Obscurity, darkness, calamity, Is.29. 35. 29;-of Jacob, 47. 28;-of Joseph, Ono, o'no [strongj, (1) A city of Ben.
from Cain's having fled to it, Ge.4.16. Ki. II. 4;-of the priests and Le- 18; 58.10; 59.9. 50.26;-·of .Moses, De.34.7;-of Ca- jamin, about 5 miles north of Lydcla.
Noisome. offensive, disgusting, noxi- vites by Ezra, Ezr. 10. 5;-by Nehe- Observation, a mark or notice, Lu. leb, Jos.14. IO. I Ch.8.12.-(2} A plain near itof sam_;
ous, Ps.91.3; Eze.14.21; Re.16.2. miah, Ne.5.12;-of the people, 10.29; 17.20. Olives (MoL'NT OF\ Zee. 14.4; usually name, Ne. 6. 2, called 'the valley of
Noph, noff, a city of Egypt, the an- -of Jesus by the high-priest, Mat. Observe, to mark with attention, Ge. OLIVET, called also lVIouNT OF CoR- Chareshim,' 1 Ch.4.14, and 'valley of
cient Memphis, capital of the country 26.63. 37.11; De.11.32;-to put in practice, RUPTION, 2 Ki.23.13. A hill on the the craftsmen,' Ne.11.34.
in the time of the patriarchs, Is. 19. - - , taken voluntan"(y: by Isaac Ex.12.17; 31,16; .l\.Iat.28.20. east side of Jerusalem, from which it Onycha, o-ny'kah, an odoriferoUs
13; Je.2.16. See MEMPHIS. and Abimelech, Ge.21.31 :-by Jacob Obstinacy, or stubbornness, reprov- was separated by the Kidron valley, spice, an ingredient in the sac.red
North, used relatively to the situation to Laban, 31. 53;-by Moses, Jos.14. ed, De. 21. 18; 30.17; 1 Sa. 15. 23; Ps. Eze. 11. 23; Zee. 14. 4. It derived its ointment, Ex. 30. 34.
of any country in regard to Judea, 9;-by David and Jonathan, r Sa.20. 58. 4; Pr.29 1; Is.30.9; 42. 18;43.8; Je. name from the olive-trees which Onyx, a kind of chalcedony, half.
Je.6.1;-denotes Media and Assyria, 42;-by Saul to the witch of Endor, 5.21; Eze. 12.2; .Mat. 13.15; Ac.3.23; 7. abounded on its sides,Ne.8.5, some of transparent (like the ltuman nail
4.12. 28. ro;-by David, Ps. 132. 2;-{or 5r. which still remain. David went up it hence its name) with variously-co'.
Nostrils, cavities of the nose, Ge.2.7; rather appeals) by Paul, Ro.r.9; 2Co. Occasion, a season or ground, Ge. when he fled from Absalom, 2 Sa. 15. loured belts and veins, and therefore
7.22; Job 4.9; 27.3; Is.2.22. r.18,23; n.3r; Ga.1.20; I Th.2.5,10. 43.18; Ro.7.8; Ga.5.13; I Ti.5 14. 30. It was a favourite resort of JeSMS, called 'the banded agate.' Ex. 28. 20 -
Notable, very remarkable, distin- - - , rash ones: by Esau to Jacob, Occupation, trade or employment, By way of, he entered Jerusalem, Job 28.x6; Eze.28.13. '
guished, Da. 8. S, 8; Mat.27.16; Ac.2. Ge.25.33;-by the Israelites to the Ge.46.33;Ac.18.3; 19.25. Mat. 21. 1; Mar. n. 1 ;-at night he Open, to unlock,Ac. 16. 26;-toexplain
20; 4.16. Gibeonites, Jos.9. 19;-by Jephthah, Occupy, to employ or use, Ex.38.24; abode in, Lu. 21. 37; Jn.8. r;-retired Lu. 24.32;-to receive an answer t~
N ouriah, to feed or maintain, Ge.47. Ju. u. 30;-(or adjuration) by the E.ze.27.9; Lu .... 9.13. to, after the passover, Lu.21.39; Mat. our prayers, Mat. 7. 7;-to receiYt
22; 2 Sa. 12. 3;-to instruct and build high-priest to Jesus, Mat.26.63;-by Occurrent, taking place, I Ki.5.4. 26.30;-ascended to heaven from, Ac. Chric;t into the heart, Re.3.20.
up in faith and comfort, 1 Ti. 4. 6. the Israelites in Mizpeh, Ju. 21. 1;- Odd, not even, Nu.3.48. 1. 12. The ridge extends about a mile Operation, work, Ps. 28. 5; Is. 5. 12 ; 1
Novice, one newly converted, and by Saul, 1 Sa.14.24,39,44;-by Herod Odious, hateful, 1 Ch.19.6; Pr.30.23. from north to south, and is about 220 Co.12.6; Col.2.x2.
who is unexperienced and unskilful, to the daughter of Herodias, l\'1at, Odour, fragrant or sweet smell, Le. feet above the site of the temple. It Ophel, 0'fel ~the hill, swelling mound],
1Ti.3.6. 14.7,9. 26.31; Jn.12.3. has three summits with distinct names. apart of an c1ent Jerusalem surrounded
Numbering of the people by David, Obadiah, ob-a-di'ah [servant of the Offences, or grounds of causing others Olive-tree, an evergreen which pro- and fortified by a separate wall, 2
1 Ch.21.t; 2 Sa.24.1. In this business Lord], twelve persons of this name to stumble and offend, to be avoided, duces an oblong fruit, from which an Ch.27.3;33.14; Ne.3.26; 11.21. It
Joab was occupied nipe months and are mentioned. The most noted are: Mat.5.29, 18.7, &c.;-not to be given oil is expressed, De. 24. 20; 28. 40;- was. the continuation of the ridge of
twenty days, 2 Sa.24.3;9. (1) The prophet who wrote that book to Christian brethren, I Co.8.9; 9.19, its leaves and branches an emblem Moriah south of the temple.
Numbers (THE BooK OF), contains which bears his name.-(2) The go- &c.; Io.32;-how to behave when of peace, Ge. 8. II;-proverbial for Ophir, ii'fir [abundance], (,) The son
an account of the two numberings of vemor ef Ahab's house, who con- they arise, Ps. 25. 9; Mat. 18. 15;- its fatness, Ju. 9. 8, 9;-a symbol of of Joktan, and descendant of Shem,
the people-at the commencement of cealed and fed Iex> prophets whom 'offence of the cross,' that is, the fresh and living piety, Ps.52.8;-the Ge. 10. 29. -{ 2) The name of a country
their journeyings, when there were Jezebel sought to destroy, 1 Ki. 18. gospel, which is a stumbling-block to church, Ro. u. 17, 24:-two in the possessed by his posterity, which
in all 625,850 including the Levites, 3,4;-meets Elijah, 7.-(3) A valiant carnal men, Ga.5.u. vision of Zechariah, Zec.4.3. abo~nded in gold and precious stones,
and at the close, when they were man who came to join David's army Offerings, OBLATIONS, and SACRI- Oiympas, o-lim'pas, a saint at Rome I K1. 9.28; IO.II; 22.48; I Ch. 29.4; :a
about to enter Canaan (xxvi.), when in the wilderness, I Ch.12.9.-(4) An- FICES, in the Jewish worship, were saluted by Paul, Ro.16.15. Ch. 8. r8; Job 22. 24; Is. 13. 12 ;-the
there were in all 625,030, being a de- other whom Jehoshaphat sent into of three kinds: -those which were Olympic Games, were celebrated by gold of, proverbial for its fineness,
crease of only about 1000, though half the cities of Judah to instruct the hlood,J', and which consisted of slain the ancient Greeks in honour of Jupi• Job 22. 24; 28. 16; Ps. 45. 9; Is. 13. 12.
a million had perished in the wilder- people, 2 Ch. 17. 7.-(5) One of the animals, Le. r. 2, 14; 3. 2, 7;-those ter Olympius, every fifth year, for Its locality has not been identified:
ness ;-the grea't lesson of this book, principal men in the days of Nehe- which consisted offruits and meats, five successive days, in the plains of some place it on the east coast of
He.3.19; 4.r. miah, Ne.10.5. 2.n;23.10;-the heave-offering, Ex. Elis, near the city of Olympia and Africa, and some in India.
Nurse, a woman who suckles a child, Obed, o'bed [a servant], (1) The son 29.27;--wave, 24;-and those which Mount Olympus, in the Morea of Ophrah, olf'rah [fawn], (t) The native
Ex. 2. 7 ;-figuratively, good kings of Boaz and Ruth, was the father of consisted of drink or wine, Ex.29.40; Greece. They were attended by im- place of Gideon, Ju. 6. n,24;-also
and queens, Is.49.23;-faithful minis- Jesse,and grandfather of David, Ra Nu.15.4,7. mense multitudes of all ranks, and the place of his burial, 8.32;9.5.-{:a)
ters of the gospel, I Th.2.7. 4. 17.-(2) One of David's valiant - - - - , by fire were, the burnt- consisted in feats of valour and agil- A place in Benjamin,Jos.18.23; 1 SL
Nurture, education, instruction, Ep. men, 1 Ch.11.47. offe1ing, Le. I. 3, &c.;-the meat- ity. The victor in any of them had 13.17.
6-4- Obed-edom, o'bed-e'dom [a servant offering, 2.r, &c.;-j>eace-offering, 3. awarded him, by the judges, a chap- Opinion, a sentiment, a notiou, 1 Ki
Nuts, various fruits of them, Ge. 43. of Edom], a Levite of the time of 1, &c. ;-the sin-offering, 4. 2, &c.; let of wild olive. Similar to them 18.21; Job 32.6,10,17.
II; Ca.6.II. David, receives the ark, and his pros- -the trespass-offerings, 5. 15, &c. ;- were the Isthmian Games, celebrated Opportunity, to do good not to be
Nymphas, nim'fas [bridegroom], a perity in consequence ofit, 2 Sa.6.10; and the consecration-offering for the in the isthmus of Corinth; and those neglected, Is. 55. 6; Mat. 5. 25; Jn. 9.
Christian in Laodicea, noted for the 1 Ch.13.14. priests, 8.22, &c. instituted by Herod in some parts of 4; 12.35; Ga.6.ro.
piety of his housc:hold, Col.4, 15. Obedience to the revealed will of - - - - , besides those which were Judea. Though none of these is di- Opposers, or adversaries, of the truth,
God, is expressly commanded, De.13- prescribed and o_bligatory, there were rectly mentioned in Scripture, yet how to behave to them, Lu. 9.54; 1
4; 27.10; 30.2,8; Je.7.23; 26.13; Mat. free-will offerings sometimes made, there are several obvious and beauti- Th.3.14; 2 Ti.2.24.
7.21;-itought to be universal, 2Co. Le. 22. 21; Nu.15.3; De. 16.10; 23.23; ful allusions to them, I Co. 9. 24-27; Oppression, severity, or unjust and
7. 1; Ja. 2. 10, u;-sincere, Ps. 51. 6; Ezr.r.4; 3.5; 7.16. Phi.3.12-14; 1Ti.6.12;2Ti.2.5; 4.7,8; harsh treatment,forbidden, Ex.22.21;
0. rTi,"I.5;-clteeiful, 1Co.9.17; 2Co.9. - - - - , t,hose called thank-offer- He.12.1-3. Ps 12.5; Pr. 22.16,22; Je. 22.17; En.
7;-the fruit of love, 2 Co.5.14; 1 Jn. £ngs were of the same kind with the Omega, the last letter of the Greek 22.29; Mi.2.2; Zec.7.lO; Mal.3.5.
5. 3;-diligent, He.6.11,12; 2Pe. 1. 5; peace-offerings, and were intended alphabet. See ALPHA. Oppressions, that are in the world,
Oak. The word frequently so ren- -uniform, Ps.1o6.3; u9.44,n7; Ac. to return thanks to God for favours Omer [a heap or sheaf], occurs only Ee. 3.16; 4.1; 5.8; 7.7.
dered (alah) denotes the terebintlt or 2. 42;-undeviating, De. 5.32, 33; 28. obtained, 2 Ch.29.31; 33.16; Am.5.22. in Ex. 16. 16-36, a dry measure equal Oracle, a divine revelation, such as is
turpentine - tree, which abounds in 14;-ferse-vering, Ro. 2. 7; Ga.6.9;- - - - - , to be according to ability, to the tenth of' an ephah, whence the whole inspired volume, 2 Sa. r6.
Syria and Palestine. From its size from respect to the authority of God, 1 Ch.29.13, &c.; Ezr.2.69; Mar.12.43; called 'a tenth deal,' Le.14.10; 23. 23;Ac.7.38;Ro.3.2; 1Pe.4.n;-the
and foliage as well as its age, it formed and with an eye to his glory, 1 Co. 2 Co.8. 12; I Ti. 6. 17;-for the taber- 13; Nu.15.4, &c. holy of holies, from which God often
an important landmark, Jos. 24. 26: 10.31;-to be performed in depend- nacle, Ex. 35. 4, &c. ;-for its dedica• Omitted, neglected, left undone, Mat. revealed his will to the Jews, I Ki.
Ju.6.r1;2Sa.r8.9;1Ch.10.12. The ence on the assistance of the Holy tion, Nu. 7. r ;-of David for the tem- 23.23. 6. 16; 8. 6; 2 Ch. 4. 20;-the temple
word plains denotes groves of oaks Spirit, Ps.71. 16; 1 Pe. I. 2;-and with ple, t Ch. 29. 2, &c. ;-of the primitive Omnipotence of God, his power to generally, Ps.28.2.
in Ge.12.6; 13.18; 14.13; 18.1; Ju.9.6; reliance on the blood of Christ for its Christians, Ac.4.34- do all things, Ge. 17.1; 18.14; Job 23. Oration, a public discourse or speecll,
where, as also in Ge.35.8; Jos. 19. 32; acceptance with God, Ep. 1.6. Ex- - - - - OF SACRIFICES to be witk- 13; 42.2; Ps.135.6; Je.32.17; Da.4.35; Ac.12.21.
Zec.11.2, the common oak is meant, emplified by Noah, Ge.6.22;-Abra- out blemish, Le.22.21. 1\fat.19.26; Lu.1.37; Re.19.6. Orator, a public speaker, an advocate,
and is the rendering of a different ham, 12. 1-4; 22. 3, 12;-Caleb and - - - - OF THE WICKED an abo- Omnipresence of God, his being pre• Ac.24.r.
Hebrew word (allon);-of Bashan Joshua, Nu.32. 12;-Asa, 1 Ki.15.u; mination, Pr. 15. 8; 21. 27; 28. 9: Is. sent everywhere, I Ki. 8. 27; Ps.139. Orchard, a garden of fruit-trees, Ca.
celebrated, used in ship-building, Eze. -Joseph, Mat.1.24;-wisemen,2.12; 1.18; 61.8; 66.3. 7, &c.: Pr.15.3; Je.23.23. 4. 13; Ec.2.5.
27. 6;-emblem of greatness and dis. -Paul, Ac.26.19. Officers, or servants intrusted with Omniscience of God, his seeing and Ordain, to command, I Co. 9. 14;-
tinction, ls.2.13; Zec.u.2. Obedience, advantagl!S of: it adtJntS authority over others; as those of knowing all things, Job 26.6; 28. 24; to appoint, Ro. 7. 10;-to give rulCII
Oars, instruments to row boats with, and commends the go.. pel, Mat. 5. Pharaoh, Ge. 40. 2;-of David, I Ch. 34.21; Ps.33.13; 94. 9; 139. ,, &c.; Je. and directions, J Co.n.2; He.9.6.
Is.33.21; Eze.27.6,29. 16;-isaneviaenceofagracioussta.te, z6. 29; 27. 25;--ofSolomon, I Ki.4-7; 32. 19; Mat. 10. 29; Ac. 15. 18. See Ordained, determined for eternal life,
Oaths, or solemn vows by appeal to 7.21:Ja.1.22-25;-rejoi~ the hearts 2 Ch.8.ro. Gon. Ac.13.48.
God, to be strictly performed, N u.30. of God's people, Ac.n.~3; 3Jn.3;- Oifscouring, the refuse or basest of Omri, om'ri [a sheaf], king of Israel, Order. to regulate, Ex. 27. 21; Ju. I3,
2;Ps.15.4;MaL5.33;-faJse ones con- silences gainsayers, Tit.2. 8; r Pe. 2. all things, La.3.45; I Co.4.13. succeeds Zimri, 1 K1. 16. 21 ;-builds 12; rKi.20.14; Ps.uo.4; Col.2.5; He.
demned, Le.6.3; 19. 12; Je.7.9; Eze. 15 ;-is accompanied with present Offspring, children or posterity, Job Samaria, which became the capital 7,II,
17.15; Zec.5.4; 8.17; MaJ.3.5. peace, Ps.25. r2,r3; u9.r65;-is glori- 5. 25; 21. 8; 27.14; Is. 44.3; 48.19; Re. of the kingdom of the ten tribes, 24; Ordinances of God, are his fixed a,,
- - , light ,mes, not to be taken, fying to God, Jn. 15.8; Phi. 1. n;- 22.16. -dies, 28. rangements of natural events, Job 38
Ex.20.7; Le.19.12; Zec.5.3; Mat.5.34; is encouraged by many promises, Ex. Oft, and OFTEN, frequent observance On [light, the sun], rendered in the 33; Ps.u9.9r; Je. 31.35,36;-hi.&: com,
23.16; Ja.5.12. 19.5; 23.22; Le.26.3-12; De.26.16-19; of the Lord's supper, 1 Co.u.25,26. Septuagint version Heliopolis [city mandments in general, Ex. 18. 20; Le.
- - , taken by liftmg up the hand to 30. r6; 32. 46,47; Is.:r. r9;Je.7.23; Job Og [giant], king of Bashan, of gigantic of the sun], one of the oldest cities r8. 4 ;-his directions respecting hil
God, Ge. 14. 22;-putting the hand 36.rr; Pr. 8. 32; Lu. rr.28;-leads to stature,conquered, Nu.21.33:De.3.1. in the world. In Je.43. 13 it is caIIed worship, Mal.3.7,14; He.9.1,10;-th.
under the thigh, 24.2; 47.29;-by the eternal glory, Ro.2.7:6.22; Re.22. 14. Ohel, 0'hel [tent], one of the posterity Beth-Shemesh, in Eze. 30.17 Aven. offices of civil magistracy, Ro.13.:a.
name of God, De.6. 13. - - - - , better than sacrifice, 1 Sa. of David, I Ch.3.20. It was situated in the land of Goshen Ordination, or the regular appoint-
--,rxamjleso.fGod: to Abraham, 15.22; Ps. 50. 8; 51. 16: Pr. 15. 8; Is. r. Oil, for burning in the sanctuary, Ex. in Egypt, about 20 miles from Mem~ ment of Christian ministers, Mar.J.
Ge.22.16; He.6. 13:-against Amalek, II, &c.: Je. 7. 21; Ho. 6. 6; Am. 5. 22: 27. 20; Le. 24.r;-the sacred, for con- phis. 14; Ac.1.22; 6.3; rTi.4.14; 5.22; 2Ti.
Ex.17. 16;-against Moses, Dc::.4. 21; Mi.6.6; Mat.9.13; 12.7. secrating, Ex. 30. 23; 37. 29;-of the Onan, o'nan [strong], second son of 2.2: Tit.1.5;-not to be given to th09e
-against the house of Eli, I Sa.3.14; - - - - , of Chn'st as Mediator, widow not failing, I Ki.17.14;-mul- Judah, his sin and punishment, Ge. who arc not duly qualified to receift
-to David, 2 Sa.3.9; Ps. 89. 35, uo was cheerful and volnntary, Ps.40.6- tiplied, 2Ki.4.4;-used asa medicine, 38.4-IO. it, Ac.6.3; rTi.3.ro: 5.22.
4 -against the Israelites, Nu.14.28- 8; He. 10. 5-7;-absolutely perfect, I Lu.10.34;-applied to the sick, Ja.5. Onesimus, o-n~'i-mus [profitable], a Oreb, 0'reb(THEROCK),[raven's crag}
35; De.1.3-4;Ps.95.n;-against the Pe.2. 22: He. 7. 26·-in the room and 14;-oil-tree, probably the olive, Is. slave of Philemon, who had fled from the place where t:1e men of Ephraim
Assynans, Is. q. 24;-for the restora- stead of his people, Ro 5. 19, Phi.2. 4r.rQ. him and come to Rome, where he put to death Oreb a prince of Midiaa,
tion of Israel, 54. 9, 62. 8;-against 8; He. 5. 8, 9;-well•pleasing and ac- Ointment, oil pepfumed, used to was converted;-was sent back, re- from whom it derived its name, Ju
the Jews going to Egypt, Je.44.26. ceptable to God, Mat. 12.18, Jn.8.29; anoint the head, &c., Ps.133.2; Ec.9. commended to his mastar, by Paul, 7.25; Ps.83.u: Is.xo.26.
- - , imposed on Abraham, ser- 2 Pe.1.17. 8; Mat. 26. 7;-used as a medicine, Phile. 10;-seRt by Paul to Colosse, Organ, a musical instrument, supposod
vants Gc.24.3;---on Joseph by Jacob, ObeiBance, honour and reverence to Ec.10.1; Is.r.6. Col+9. to have been like the 'Pan's pipes'
188 182
OWL PAMPHYLIA PARAN PASHUR PATMOS
_ ks Ge. ,e.. 21; Job 21, 12; cry, Le.u.17; De.14.16; ls.34.14; Ps. its principal cities, Paul and Barna- march of the Israelites, Nu. rn.12 ;- / Passages, roads, Ju. 12.6; I Sa.. 14. ,:
ef th• Gree , 10'..!.6. bas preached the gospel, 13. 13: 14. here they pitched their camp, 12.16; 1 Je.22.20; 51.32.
~ 31;0,-~:~.o~~outhemcon~ellation Ox, that gores, the law concerning it, 24;-in this province John Mark de- -from it the spies were sent to view Passion, natural affection or infirmity,
c)ri.Oll,. n November, and hence as_so- Ex.21.28,35;-of an enemy to be re• serted them, 15, 36-38 ;-strangers the Land of Promise, 13. 3;-to it Ac. 14. 15; Ja. 5. 17;-suffering and
ll<!n 1
• h the bands of frost wh1cb stored, 23. 4; De. 22. 1;-that treads from, in Jerusalem on the day of Pen- David went after the death of Sam• death of Christ, Ac.1.3.
c1ated w~ dissolve, Job9. 9; 38.31; the corn not to be muzzled, De.25. 4; tecost, 2.10. uel, 1 Sa. 25. 1 ;--Mount Paran in the Passover, the first of the three great
00 one -quoted by Paul, 1 Co.9.9. Pwtic, fear, or sudden consternation wilderness of Paran, De. 33. 2; Hab. annual Jewish festivals, so called be-
Am-S- 8· ts such as jewels, rings, Ozem, O'zem [strength, viz. of God], and terror, threatened, Ex. 15. 16;Le. 3.3. cause the destroying angel passed
o,rn.an:ien &c ·-given Ly Abraham's the sixth son of Jesse, and brother of 26.8,36; De.2.25; 32.30; Jos.23.10. Parcel, a small lot, a quantity, Ge. over the houses of the Israelites,
bracelets, Re.bekah, Ge. 24. 22:-ear- David, 1 Ch.2. 15. - - - , of the inhabitants of Canaan 33.19;Ru.4.3; 1 Ch.11.13. while he slew all the first-born of the
~rv.int t.o . Ex. 32 . 2 ;-of Solomon's U ... ias, o-zi'as [strength of Jehovah], before Jacob, Ge. 35. 5;-before Jo- Parched, scorched or dried, Is.35.7; Egyptians;-instituted, Ex. 12. 3, 43;
n1 !fe: 4
t~:i.·ro,-various, used byt_he the son of J oram, and father of j oa-
tham, Mat. 1.8,9.
shua, Jos. 2. 9; 5. r ;-of the Philis-
tines before Jonathan, 2Sa.14.15;-
Je.17.6.
Parchment, called by the Romans
1,.5;-rules concerning it, Le.23.4;
Nu. 9. 1; De. 16. 1;-offerings on it,
b~ litish women,_ Is. 3. 18,_&c. ,-
g;i:tian wives cautioned against f.;X• before David, 1 Ch. 14. 15, &c. ;-of pergamenum (because it was pre- Nu.28.16;-observed by Hezekiah, 2
ces5 in, ~;,~t~-~ J

ebusitc whose
the Assyrians at the siege of Samaria.
2 Ki.7.6.
pared chiefly at Pergamm;), whence
parchment, sheep-skin dressed for
Ch. 30. 1;-by Josiah, 35.1;-afterth•
captivity,Ezr.6.19;-Christcompared
~ing-floor David purchased, 2
Su ARA UN AH. P. Pannag, pan-nag', a Hebrew word un-
translated, Eze.27. 17;probablymeans
writing on, 2Ti.4.13. The skins of
young calves when so prepared are
to it, 1 Co.5.7.
Pastoral Life, the origin of it, Ge.
0
~;;t\~'p~ 6 24
[fawn], Naomi's daugh- some kind of spice or balsam, some-
) thing savoury.
called vellum.
Pardon, of sins, God only has power
4. 20. See SHEPHERD.
Pastors, shepherds, or miniiters of
ter•in-Iaw, Ru.1.4-14.
]lanS, those who are early de- Paa.mi, p§.'a-ri [revelation of Jeho• j ¥ant, t0 gasp for breath, Ps. 38. Io; to grant, l\Iar.2.7,10-12;-is the gift the gospel, whose business it is to
<n;;ved of their par~nts; the_ charge vah], the Arbite, one of David's 42. r; n9.r3r; ls.21.4; Am.2.7 of free grace, Ep. r. 6, 7;-through feed the sheep of Christ, Je. 3. 15; 10.
~nceming them, Ex. 22._ 22, D~. 10. mighty men, 2 Sa. 23. 35;-called Naa- Paper-reeds, a kind of bulrushes the mf"diation of Christ, He.9.9-28; 2t; 23. 1, 2; Ep. 4. II. See MINIS"
iS; 24.17; 27.19; J_5)b :2.9.' 31.17, Pr. rai, the son of Ebai, I Ch.n.37. which gro"W by the banks of ti1e Nile, rJn.1.7. See FORGIVENESS. TERS.
, ro: Js. 1 _17 , 23 ; Ja. ,.27 ,-are under Pace, a geometrical measure of 5 feet; in Egypt, of the skins or films of Parents, to be honoured, Ex. 20.12; Pastu.re,aplaceforfeeding flocks and
3 protection of God, Ps.10.14,18;
th~ -a step, reckoned at 2½ feet, 2 Sa which paper was long made, ls.19.7; De.5.16; Ep.6.2;-law against curs- herds of cattle, Ge.47.4; 1 Ch.4.39-
6S,.5; 146.9: Pr.23.u. _, 6.13. 2Jn.r2. See BooKs. ing them, Ex.21.17; Le. 20. 9; Pr.20. 41;-spiritual nourishment, Ps. 23.2;
()aeas o-zti'as, or OsEE, o zee (Ro, Pacify, to appease, reconcile, or quiet Paphos, pa'fos, a famous city of Cy- 20;-or smiting them, Ex.21.15. Jn.w.9.
_25 ), the Gre_ek form of Hasea. _ ~ one who is angry, Pr.16.14; Es.7.10; prus, situated on the western coast of - - - , their duty, to educate their Patara, piit'a-rah, a seaport town of
9
()spray, a species of eagle, an unclea...'1 Ee. 10.4; Eze. 16.63. the island, where Paul preached, and children religiously, Ge.18.19; De.4. Lycia, in Asia Minor, with a large
bird. Le.u.13: De.14.12. Pad.an-A.ram, pa'dan~a'ram [the plain, converted Sergius Paulus, the Ro- 9; 6. 6, 7; II. 19: 32. 46; Ps. 78. 5; Pr. harbour on the east side of the river
()ssifra,ge, the great se:i--eagle, _so or arable land of Aram=Syria], the man proconsul, Ac. 13. 6, 12;-here 22.6; Joel 1.3; Ep.6.4;-not to spare Xanthus, and about 40 miles west of
called from the idea of its breaking tract of country called Patlan, Ge.48. Elymas the sorcerer was struck blind, necessary correction, t Sa. 3. r3; Pr. Myra;-Paul visited it on hisjourney
he bones of its prey, De. 14:12. 7; Mesopotamia, Ge.24.10; and 'the 8. II. Its modern na1ne is Bajfa, 13. 24; 19. 18; 22.15; 23. 13, 14; 29. 15, from Greece to Syria, Ac.21.1. The
~trich, the ~llest of ~.11 birds, one country of Syria,' Ho. 12. 12. This where ruins are found. 17;-nottodiscourag-ethemtoomuch, church of, was represented by its
species rcaehmg the height ?f 7 feet, name was more specially given to Parable, (1) A dark or obscure say. Ep. 6. 4; Col. 3. 2:r ;-to provide for bishop in the Council of Nice (A. D.
and another of to feet. It is an un- that port10n of the country which boring, Ps. 49. 4; 78. 2.-,'.2) A fictitious their children, 2 Co. 12. 14; 1 Ti. 5. 8; 325). The site of the city is now a
clean bird according to the law, of dered on the Euphrates. From it narrative under which some impor. -partiality to children to be avoided, desert. Ruins of great extent are
great v~rac~ty, and gregarious. Its Rebekah, Isaac's wife, was brought, tant truth is conveyed, as Jotham's, Ge.37.3,4: l\Iat. 22. 16; I Ti. 5. 21;- seen rising above the mounds of sand
cry is piercmg and mournful. The Ge. 24. 10; 25. 20;-to it Jacob fled of the trees making a king, the first their joy or sorrow from their chil- which cover the place.
female described, Job 39- 18; La.4.3. from Esau, 28.6,7; 31.18; 35.9,26. parable on record, Ju. 9. 7:-of the dren's education, Pr. 10. 1; 15.20; 17. Pate, the crown of the head, Ps.7.t6.
The word meaning ostrich is ren- Paddle, an iron instrument for digging poor man's ewe lamb by Nathan, 2 21,:;,5; 19.13; 29.15,r7. Pathros,pil.'thros[regionofthesouth],
Gered owl in Job 30.29; ls.13.21; 34. holes in the earth, De.23.13. Sa.12. r ;-the woman of Tekoah's~ of - - - , examples; of Abraham, Ge. a city and district of Upper Egypt,
n:Je 50.39. Pagiel, pa'gi-el [event of God], a head two brothers striving together~ 14.1; 18.19;-of David, I Ch.28.9;-of Job, mentioned by several of the prophets,
Othef'WU!ie, in a different manner, of the tribe of Asher, Nu.1.13; 7.72. -a prophet's, of the prisoner that es- Jobi. 5;-of Lemuel, Pr. 3T. 1;-of Is.u.n;Je.44.1,15; Eze.29.14; 30-
Mat.6.1; Ro.n.6; Phi.3.15. Painful, full of pain, Ps.73. 16. caped, I Ki.20.39:-Jehoash's, of the the parents of Timothy, 2 Ti. 1. 5; 3. I 5. 14 ;-its place is not found -
Othniel, oth'ni-el [the lion of God], Painting of the face, the practice of thistle and the cedar:, 2 Ki. 14. 9;-of Parlour, a lower room for reception Pathrusim, pUth-rti'sim, the plural of
the son of Kenaz, by his valour oh- harlots, and proud and shameless the vineyard yielding grapes, Is.5. 1. and entertainment of visitants, Ju.3. Pathros, the name of a tribe descended
tained for his wife Achsah, the women, 2 Ki. 9. 30; Je. 4. 30; Eze.23. Of this class also are the parables of 20,23; I Sa.9. 22. from Mizraim, a grandson of Ham tho
daughter of Caleb, Ju. I. II ;-first 40_ the N. T. -( 3'1 The name is sometimes Parma.shta, piir-m3.Sh' ta [superior], patriarch, Ge.10. 14; 1 Ch. 1. 12.
judge of JsraeJ;-delivei:5 Israel from. Pair, two joined, Lu.2.24; Re.6.5. used to denote a discourse in figura- one of Haman's sons, Es.9.9. Patience, or calmness of mind in
the King of Mesopotamia, 3.9. Palace, a magnificent house, fit for tive or poetical language, Nu.23-7; Parmenas, par'me-nas [abiding], one bearing evils, persisting in duty, and
Ouches, sockets for fastening the pre- kings, I Ki.16.18; 21.1: 2 Ch.9.u;- Tob2p. of the seven deacons of the church in in waiting for promised good, recom.
cious stones in the high-priest's the temple at Jerusalem, 1 Ch.29. 1, }-'arables of Jesus, are variously Jerusalem, Ac.6.5,6. mended, Job 2. 10; Ps. 37. 1,7; Pr.3.
ephod, Ex. 28.n,13,14; 39.6,13. 19;-the church, Ps.45.15;-the pre- reckoned according to the range of Parricide, or the murder of a father, n; 24.10; Ec.7.8; Mi. 7.7,9; Lu. 21.
Outcast, an exile, one driven fro!!} torium or barracks of the impenal signification given to the name. Some punishable with death, Ex. 21. 15:- 19; Ro. 12. 12; I Th. 5.14; He. 10. 36;
home and country, Ps. 147. :2; ls.II. guards, Phi. 1. 13 ;-the residence of reckon as many as fifty, others reckon committedbythesonsofSennacherib, 12.1,&c.;Ja.1.3: 5.7; I Pc. 2.19; 2Pe.
12: 16.3,4; 27.13; Je.49.36. the high-priest, Jn.18.15. only thirty. They may be divided 2 Ki.19.37. 1.6.
Outgoings, outmost or farthest bor- Paleness, want of colour, Je.30.6. into three groups: {1) The parable of Partaker, an associate, a sharer, Ps. - - - , motives to cultivate it, are
ders, Jos.17.9,18; 18.19; 19.14,22; Ps. Palestine, pal'cs-tine [land of stran• the sower, Mat. 13. 3; Mar.4.3; Lu.8. 5; 50.18; I Co.9.10,23; I Pe.5.1. the command of God, 1 Ti. 6.n; He.
65_8_ gers or emigrants], called Canaan, -the wheat and tares, Mat.13 24;- Parthians, par'thi-ans, the inhabi... 12.1; 2Pe.1.6;-his patience with us,
Outla.ndish, of another country or Nu.33.5;-Land of Promise, Ge. 13. the grain of mustard-seed, 13-21; Mar. tants of Parthia, in the north-west of Ex.34.6; Ro.2.4; 9. 22; 1 Pc. 3.20;-
nation, Ne.13.26. 15:-Land of Jehovah, Ho_ 9. 3:- 4.30; Lu.13.18;-the leaven, Mat.13. Persia, Ac.2.9. Parthia is bounded our present state renders it neces•
Outrageous, violent, furious, Pr.27.4. Land of Israel, I Sa.13.r9;-lmman- 33; Lu.13.20;-the hidden treasure, on the east by Asia, on the west by sary, He. 10. 36;- the c,ils which
Outward, external, apparent, Mat. uel's Land, Is.8.8:-the Holy Land, Mat.13.44;-the pearl of great price, Media, on the north by H yrcania, flow from the want of it, and the
23. 27; Ro.2.28; 1 Pc.3.3. Zee. 2. 12. The Hebrew word Pele. 45 ;-the seed opening insensibly, and on the south by Caramania, and advantages which attend it, Ec.7.8;
Oven, a place for baking of bread, sluth, usua1Iy rendered Palestine, is Mar.4.26;-the net cast into the sea, extends about6oo miles in length. It Ps.37.7-11;-our trials arc less than
Le.2.4:26.26;-persons inflamed with also sometimes rendered Philistia, Ps. Mat_ 13- 47_-(2) Of the unmerciful formed part of the great Persian mon• we deserve, Ezr.9. 13; La.3.39;-they
lust, compared to, Ho.7.4,6,7;-the 6o.8; 87.4; 98. 9; and Palestina, Ex. servant, 18. 23; - the two debto~ archy. Revolting from the Mace.. are intended for our benefit, Ro. 8.
day of judgment, Mal.4.1. 15.14; Is.14.29,30. The name Pales- Lu. vii. ;-the good Samaritan, x. ; - donian power it became an indepen• 28; 2 Co. 4. 17;-they will soon termi-
Overcharge, to fill or burden too tine origina1ly meant only I the land the friend at midnight, xi. ;- the rich dent kingdom, B.c. 256, whose SOV• nate in triumph, Ro.8.18; Ja.5.7,8;
much, Lu.21.34: 2 Co.2.5. of the Philistines.' Its boundaries fool, xii. ;-the fig-tree~ xiii. ;-the ereigns are known by the name of -the example of good men, and
Overcome, to subdue or vanquish, Ge. as described by Moses, Nu. 34. 1-12; great supper, xiv :- the lost sheep, the Arsacidz. In A.D. 226 it was especiaJly of Christ. Seen ext article.
-4q.19; Lu.n.22; Ro.3.4. -as allotted to the twelve tribes,Jos. xv. ;-the lost piece of money, xv.;- again subdued by the Persians. - - - , examples: of Moses, Nu.
Overflow, to be full, to deluge, De. 13.8--32; xv.-xix. Modern Palestine the prodigal son, xv :-the unjust Partial, inclined only to one pan; 12-3;-of Job, Job'- 20:-of David,
11. 4; Ps.6g.2,15; Is.8.8; 10.22. is divided into two pashalics-Sidon, steward, xvi. :-the rich man and La- Mal.2.9; Ja.2.4. Ps. 40. 1:-of Simeon, Lu. 2.25;-ol
Overlay, to cover, Ex. 25. u; 26.32; including western Palestine, and Da- zarus, xvi. :-the unjust judge, xviii.; Partiality • unfair and unjust treat- Paul, 2 Ti 3. 10;-of the Thessaloni-
-to smother, I K.i.3.19. mascus, comprehending all east of -Pharisee and publican. xviii. ;-the mcnt of others, to be avoided, Mat. ans, 1 Th. 1. 3;-of the religious in
Overpass, to omit, Jc. 5. 28. Jordan. Palestine is now 'a land of labourer and the vineyard, Mat. xx.- 22.16; Ja.2.1,9; Jude 16. formertimes,He.10.34;-oiChrist,ls.
Overplus, what is left more than suf. ruins.' • Everywhere arc seen the (3) Of the pounds, Lu.xix.;-the two Particular,individual, 1Co.12.27;Ep. 53. 7; 1 Pe. 2. 23;-the impatience of
ficient, Le.25.27. remains of cities and villages.' sons, Mat.xxi. ;-the vineyard let to 5.33. the apostles, Lu.9.54-
Oveneer, one who overloo:CS or ta.lees Palmer-worm, an insect of the locust husbandmen, xxi. ; - the marriage Partition, a wall that divides two Patience of God. is his long-imffer..
charge of a business, Ge.39,4; 41.34; tribe, Joel 1.4; Am-4-9• feast, xxii. ;-wise and foolish vir- apartments, 1 Ki. 6. 21. The middle ing or forbearance, Nu. 14. 18: Ps.
2Ch.2.18;-a pastor or bishop, Ac. Palm-tree, grows very tall and up- gins, xxv. :-talents,xxv. ;-sheep and wall of, refers to the wall separating 86. 15;-he is called the God of pa~
20.28. right~ and is an evergreen, producing goats, xxv. betweenthecourtoftheGentilesand ticnce, Ro. 15.5;-it is exercised to.
Ovenhadow, to cover with a shadow, fruit called dates, Ex.15.27;Le.23 40: Paradise, a word of Persian origin. that of the Jews, Ep.2.14- wards all the people, Is. 30. 18; Ro.
Mat. 17. 5; Mar. 9. 7; Ac. 5. 1.5 ;-to De. 34. 3: Ju. 1. 16;-its branches a meaning a tract of pleasure-ground Partner, a sharer, Lu. 5. 7, 10: Pr.29. 3. 25; I Ti. 1. 16: 2 Pe. 3. g;-and to-
Operate by almighty and creating symbol of joy and vidor~:. Jn. 12 13; like the English park. The corres- 24; 2 Co.8.23; Phile.17. wards his enemies, Ee. 8. 11: Ro. 2.4:
agency, Lu.1.35. Re.7.9;-abounded in the valley of ponding Hebrew word is rendered Partridge, the bird so called is un- -it is manifested by giving warnings
Oversight,5uperintendence, or charge the Jordan;-Jericho called the 'city 'forest,' Ne. 2.8; 'orchard,' Ee. 2. 5: known in the East. That mentioned, of his judgments, Am. 1. I; Jonah I.2;
of, Nu.3.32; 4. 16; I Pe.5.2;-error or of palm-trees,' De.34.3. Ca.4.13.-(1) The earthly, in which 1Sa.26.2;Je.17.u, was a species of 1Pe.3.20: 2Pe.2.5;-by delaying to
mistake, Ge.43.12. Palsy, a well-known disease, which Adam was put, Ge. 2.8. See EDEN. grouse abundant in Palestine. execute them, Ps.50.21; 2 Pe.3.,.
Overtake, to catch anything by pur- u11fits the whole or part of the body -(2) The heavenly, promieed to the Paruah, pllr-ii'ah [flourishing], one or - - - - - - . examples of: to--
suit, Ge.44.4; Ho.2.7; I Th.5.4. for action, and sometimes deprives it penitent thief, Lu. 23. 43 : - Paul the tribe of Issachar, I Ki.4.16. wards the antediluvians, Ge. 6.3:-thc
Overthrow, to overturn, defeat, or of feeling; cases of, cured, Mat.4.24: caught up to, 2 Co. 12.4;-thc tree of Parvaim, par-va'im, a place famous inhabitants of Sodom, 18. 20, :11:-
ruin, Ge.19. 25; Ex. 14. 27; De. 12. 3; 8-6: 0-2: Lu_5,18: Ac.8_7; 9-33- life in it, Re.2.7. for fine gold, probably identical with Pharaoh, Ex. 5. 2; 7. 4;-the Israelites
Ac.5.39: 2Ti.2.18. Paltiel, pril-ti''el [deliverance of God], Paramour, a whorish lover or mis. Ophir, 2 Ch. 3. 6. in the wilderness, Ac. I 3. 18:-the Am.
Overwhelm, to swallow up, Ps. 78. a prince of the tribe of Issachar, Nu. tress; the heathen so called, whose Pas-D8lDIIJ.im, pas-dam'im [the ces._ orites and Canaanites, Ge. 15. 16; Le.
53: 124. 4;-to cover with gloom and 34.26. idolatries the Jews followed, Eze.23. sation of blood], the scene ofa fierce 18.28;-the Gentile world, Ac.17.30:
~orrow, 55. 5 ; 6t. 2 ; 71 .3. Pamphylia, p:'lm-fil'i-a [a nation made 20_ contest with the Philistines, 1 Ch.n. -fruitless professors, Lu.13.7.
Owe, to be in debt to another, Mat. up of every tribe], a province of Asia Pa.ran, pa'ran [a place of caves], a de- 13;-called Ephes-Dammim, I Sa. Patmos, pat'mos, one of the Spara.des
18.24,28; Lu.7.41; 16.5;-to be guard- Minor, bounded on the ea'it by Cili- sert of Arabia Petrea, lying to the 17.1. [the scattered isles], a rocky and bare
ed against,Ro.13.8. cia, on the west by L ycia, on the southward of Pale9tine, and to the Pashur, pllsh'ur [a priest], to be pun• island in the Egean Sea, situated
Owl, a bird of the hawk kind; haunts north by Pisidia, a:.d on the south by north-east of the eastern gulf of the ished for smiting Jeremiah, called about 45 miles westward of Mile..
solitary and desolate places;-seeks the Mediterranean Sea, which washes Red Sea; here Ishmael dwelt, Ge. also Magor-missabib, 'terror round ttls. It is about 30 Roman or 28
its pn:y by night;-makes a doleful its coasts, Ac.27.5;-in Perga, one of 21.21 ;-here the cloud re5ted in the about him,' Je.20. 1-20. English miles in circumference:-to
189
1-EACE PENNY PERGAMOS PERSONS PHAR.AOlI
ltthe apoetleJohn was banished. anli okJient, l's. n9. 165: ls.48.18; Je.6. Pem,, used in writing by the ancients Perilous Times, in the last days, 2 rank or wealth, De.1:0.1:7; 2Ch. 19, ;
7
here he had the prophetic visions re- 16; Ro 2. Io;-to tlurepmtant, ls.57. were not quills, but made of small and Ti.3.1. Job34.19;Ac.10.34; Ro.2.n; Ga. 2.e,
corded in the Apocalypse. Re. 1. 9. 18, 19: Mat. n. 28.- 29;-to be culti- strong reeds, Ju.5.14; Ps.45.1; 3Jn. Perils, or imminent dangers, endured Ep.6.9; CoI.3.25; I Pe.:r:.17. '
lt has a safe and large harbour. It vated, Ps. 34. 14; 133. 1; Pr. 3. ,30; 15. 13;-those for graving in stone, &c., by Paul, 2 Co. II. 26. Persons, when not to be regarded b
is now called Patinu, with a popula- 17; 17. t, 14, 17; 20.3; 25.8; Zec.8.19; were of iron, Job 19.24; Je.17.1. Perish, to lose natural life, Nu.:r:7.12; JnCn, Le.19.15; De.1.17; 16.19; p;,
tion of about 4000. Mar. 9. 50; Ro. 12. 18; 14. 19; 2 Co. 13. Pentecost, the second of the three Jonah1.6; Mar.4.38;-to be subjected 24.23; Mat.22.16; Ja.2.1; Jude r6.
fatriarch, the head or prince of a 11; 1Th.5.13; He.12.14; 2Ti.2.22;1 great annual festivals of the Jews, to eternal punishment,Jn.3.15; :r:Co. Persuade, to ad vise or :xcite to the
family, applied chiefly to those who Pe.3. n;-by what means, Pr.15.1; thus named because it was kept on 1:.18; 2 Co.2.15; 2 Pe.2.12. perfor~ar,ce of something, 2 Ch. 32 .
lived before the time of Moses, Ac. 25.9,15; Col.3.13; 1 Th.4.11. the fiftieth day from the morrow after Perizzites, pt:r'iz-zites, a tribe of the u; r K1.22.20-22; Ac.13.43; 14. 1g;,_
2.29; 7.8,9; He.7.4. Peace-makers,theirblessedness,Mat. the first passover Sabbath, Le.23.15, ancient Canaanites, Ge. 13.7; 15.20;- to believe an? .. be assured, Ro.,4. 210
Patrimony, the goods or inheritance 5.9; Ja.3.12. 16. It lasted for one day only. It was delivered into the hands of Judah, 8.38; 14.14; 2 11.1.12; He.u.13.
left by a father to his child, De.18.8. Peace-offerings, rules concerning the harvest feast, and was called the Ju.1.4;-Solomon made them to pay Perverseness, spiteful and obstinate
Patrobas, pat-rO'bas, a Christian at them, Le.3.1, &c.; 7.u;-thepriest's .feast ef weeks, because it was kept tribute, 2 Ch. 8. 7 ;-not mentioned in crossness, and adherence to What is
Rome, noticed by Paul, Ro. 16. 14. portion of them, 28. seven weeks after the passover, Ex. the catalogue of Canaanitish tribes, wrcng, Pr.u.3; Is.59.3; Eze.9.9.
Pat~m, an example or model, Ex. Peaoock,alargeandwell-knownfowl, 34.22;-directions how it ought to be Ge.x. Pervert, to put out of order, to cor.
25.9,40; Nu. 8.4; Tit.2.7; He.8.5; 9. with a fine crest of feathers, and a tail observed, De. 16. 9;-the descent of Perjury, s;wearing falsely; forbidden, rupt, De. 16.19; 1 Sa.8.3:24.17;Ac.x 3.
23, peculiarly beautiful;-imported by the Spirit upon it, Ac.2.1, &c. Ex. 20.16; Le.6.3; 19.12; De.5.20; Zee. 10; Ga.1.7.
Patterns, Christ, and the prophets Solomon, 1 Ki.10.22; 2 Ch.9.21;-de-- Penury, poverty, Pr.14.23; Lu.21.4. 5. 4; 8. 17; :r: Ti. 1. :r:o;-of Zedekiah Pestilence, a contagious and fatal dis.
and apostles are to be ours, Mat.II. scribed, Job 39.13. People OF Goo, the church of Israel, against Nebuchadnezzar, 2 Ch.36.13. temper, or kiu<l of pla,;ue, threatened
29: Jn.13.15; 1Co.4.16; II.1; Phi2.5; Pearl, a hard, white, shining gem, Ju. 20. 2; 2 Sa. 14. 13; Ps. 47. 9;-pro-, Permit, to allow or suffer, z Co.16.7; for disobedience, Le. 26.25; Nu. 14.
3.17; 1 Th.1.6; He. 6.12; 12. 2; I Pe. found in some shell-fishes of the oys.. fessing and genuine Christians, He. He.6.3; Ac.26.1; 1 Co.14.34. 12; De. 28. 21 ;-three days of, sent
2. 21; 1 Jn. 2. 6. See EXAMPLE. ter species, Job 28. 18; Mat. 7. 6; 13. 4.9; r Pe.2. 10. Pernicious, destructive, very hurtful, 01-1 Israel for the sin of David, by
Pan, pa'U [a bleating], a city in rhe 45;-the gates of the New Jerusa... -----,theirdutytoGod'sminis-. 2 Pe.2.2. which 70,0CX) perished, 2Sa.24.13 15 .
land of Edom, Ge. 36. 39;-also called lem, each of one, Re. 21.21. ters, l\Iat. 10.:r:4; Lu.10.16; I Co.4.1; Perpetual, everlasting or endless, Ps. -foretold by Christ, l\Iat.24.7. ' '
Pai, r Ch. 1. 50. Peculiar Treasure and People, the 9.14; Ga.6.6;, Th-4-8; 5.12; ,Ti.5.17; 9.6; Je.50.5;-to the end of time,Ge. Pestilent Fellow, one who is ill-dis.
Paul [little], originally- called Saul. church is to God, Ex.19.5; De. 14. 2; He.13.7,17. 9.12; Ex.31. 16;-the continuance of posed, Ac.24.5.
Ac.13.9;-a native of Tarsus in Cili• Ps.135.4; Tit.2.14. Peor, pe'or [the cleft], a mountain in the legal dispensation, Ex.29.9; 30.8. Peter, pe'ter [a rock or stone], the
cia, of the tribe of Benjamin, Ro. n. Pedahzur, ped'ah-zur[whom the rock. Moab, near to the mountains of Nebo Perplexed, greatly vexed or disturb. son of Jonas, and hence called Simon
1;-was a Pharisee of the strictest t".e. God, preserves], a head of the and Pisgah; Balak brought Balaam ed, Es.3.15; Is.22.5; Joel 1.18; Lu.9. Bar-jona, and brother of Andrew, Ju.
· order, Ac. 23. 6;-educated by Gama.. tribe of Manasseh, Nu. 1.10. to the top of, Nu.23.28;-the idolatry 7; 2Co-4-8. r. 40:-his name originally was Si-
liel, 22.3;-a persecutor of Stephen, Peda.iah, ped-a'yah [whom Jehovah of the Israelites, in worshipping Baal• Persecution, or oppression and ex• mon, 41;-Jesus called him Cep}uu
8.1 ;-of the church in general, 9. I;- preserves], grandfather of Jehoiakim, peor, called the matter and the in- pos~re to suffering and death, for or Peter, which is of the same im.
struck blind on his way to Damascus, t Ki. 23. 36;-others so named, 1 Ch. t"quity of, 25.3,18; 31.16; Jos.22. 17. Christ's sake; foretold to be the Jot of port, 42;-a native of Bethsaida, 45 ;
3; 22.6;26.:r3;-his conversion, 9 (A.D. 3.19. Peradventure, perhaps, may be, Ge. the apostles and primitive Christians, -attends Jes11s, l\lat.4.18; Lu.5.1 1;
37);-first visit to Jerusalem, 9. 26; Pedigree, genealogy. or descent by 18.24,28,29,32; 24.5,39; Ex.13.17; 32. M:at.10.18; Jn.15.18-21;-saints may Jn. r. 41;-rebukes him, l\Iat. 16. 22 ;
Ga. 1.18;-first residence at Antioch. parentage, Nu.1.18. 30; Jos.9.7; Ro.5.7; 2 Ti.2.25. expect persecution, Mat.10.17; 2 Ti. l\Ia~. 8. 32;-is sharply rebuked by
Ac. n. 25-30;-second visit to Jeru• Peeled, stripped of the bark, clothes,
0
Perceive, to know, or discover, De. 3.12; Ga-4-29; Ac.14.22;-ought not Chnst, l\lat. 16. 23;-acknowledges
sa.lem, II. 30; 12. 25;-firsf mi'ssion- of skin, ls.18.2,7; Eze.29.18. 29.4; I]n.3.16. to fear it,l\1at.10.26,28;Lu.12.4; I him to be the .Messiah, 16; Jn. 6.
•1"J' journey (A.D. 45-47), 13.2; 14- Peep, to chirp faintly as young birds Perdition, destruction, folal ruin, Phi. Pe.3.14; Re.2. 10; Is.51.7;-how to 6g ;-protests that he will not deny
26;-second residence at Antioch, 14. do, the sound attributed to c!eparted 1.28; 1Ti.6.9;He.:r:o.39;-Judas,call• behave underit, Mat.5.44; 10.22; Ro. him, l\Iat.26.35;-draws his sword in
28;-third visit to Jerusalem. 15.2- spirils,and produced probably by the ed the son of, Jn. 17. 12 ;-and also 12.14;:r: Co.4. 12; 2 Co.12. 10; r Pe.4. 19; defence of Christ, and cuts off Mal.
30; Ga. 2. 1-10;-second missi'onary art of ventriloq•ism, practised by Antichrist, 2 Th.2.3. -the reward of it, Mat.5.10; 1:6.25; chus' ear, Jn. 18. w;-denies him,
journey {A. D. 53 ?), 15. 36,40; .18. 22 ;- wizards, and 'them that have familiar Peres-Uzza, pe'res-uz'za [the breach Mar.8.35; Lu.9.24; I Pe.4.14; Ja.1.2; l\Iat.26.69; l\far. 14.69; Lu.22. 54; Jn,
fourth visit to Jerusalem, 18.21,22;- spirits' (rendered by the LXX. 'ven• of U zzah], a place near Jerusalem, Re.6.9; 7.13. Exemplified: Davia, 18.15, &c., 25:-sees him after his re-
third residence at Antioch, 18.22,23; tri1oquists'), ls.8.19; 29.4. where Uzzah, the son of Aminadab, Ps. 31. 15; n9. 157, 1:61 ;-Jeremiah, surrection, Lu. 24. 34; 1 Co. 15. 5;-
-third missionary Journey (A.D. Pekah, pC'kah [open-eyed], the son was smitten by God because he laid Je. 18. 18--20; 32. 2; 38.9;-three He• three times avows his love to Chris~
54-58), 18.23; 21. IS ;-fifth visit to of Rema1iah, commanded the army his hands on the ark, I Sa. 6. 8 ;- brews, Da. 3. :r:3--21;-Daniel, 6. 5;- Jn. 21. 15-17;-addresses the disci.
J erusalern and arrest and imprison- of Pekahiah, king of Israel, and, after called Nachon, 2 Sa.6.6;-Chidon, t man born blind, Jn.9. 28,34;-Peter, pies about a successor ofJudas, Ac. 1•
ment at Cesarea, 2:r.15; 23.35;-voy... conspiringtoslaynim,succeededhim, Ch.13.9. Ac. 4. 3;-church at Jerusalem, 8.1; 1:5;-his speech to the Jews on the
age to and arrival at Rome (A.D. 6o, 2 Ki.15.25;-confederate with Rezin, Perfect, God is absolutely and in• -Paul, 9.23; 16.22. day of Pentecost, 2. 14;--curesa 1am,
61), 27.1; 28.16;-where he continues king of Syria, against Judah, b.7.1; finitely, Mat.5.48;-the Ulw,orword, Perseverance, or steadfast continu• man at the gate of the temple, 3. 1;
two years, 31. -cut cff 120,000 of Judah, and took of the Lord is completely, Ps.19.7;- ance, itt duty enjoined, Mat.10.22; 24. -imprisoned together with John, 4-
- . his crulracter of the heathen 200,oo.:.prisoners,2Ch.28.6-8:-slain, his work is, and his way, De.32.4; 2 13; Lu.9.152; Ac.13.43; 1 Co.15.58; 16. 3;-many cures performed by him,
world, Ro.1.19,&c.;-of the Jews, 2. 2 Ki.15.30. Sa. 22. 31 ;-faithful and eminent saints 13; Col.1.23: 2Th.3.:r:3; 1Ti.6.14; He. 5. 15;-imprisoned, and released by
17;-exhorts to moral duties, 12. 1, Pekahiah, pi;k-a-hi'ah [the Lord has are now comparatively, as Noah and 3.6,14; :r:0.38; 2Pe.3.17; Re.2.10,25. an angel, 18, 19;-speaks boldly before
&c. ;-to candour, 1:4. :r:: 15. 1 ;-l!s opened his eyes], the seventeenth Job,Ge.6.9;Job 1.1,8; 2.3;-believen - - - - - - O F THR SAINTS, or the magistrates, 29 ;-communicates
preaching not rhetorical, 1 Co.2.3;- king of Israel, succeeds his father. in Christ shall all in due time be com• their continuance in a state of grace, the Holy Spirit to the Samaritans,
his condescension to all persons, 9.19; Menahem, 2 Ki.:r:5.22;-slain, 25. pletely, Ep.4.13; Col.1.28; ,4.I2; He. till they are brought to glory,appears 8. 17;-confounds Simon Magus, 20;
10.33;-disdaims dominion over the Pekod, pe'kod [visitation], a name 12. 23;-prayer to God to make his from the eternal love of God, Ro. -cures Eneas of the palsy, 9. 33;-
faith of Christians, 2 Co. 1, 24;-his given to Babylonia, Je.50.21;-to its people, Jn.17.23; Col4.12; t Th.3.10; 8.29; Ep.:r:.3:Je.31. 5 . Nl~t.u.?2-24~ raises Dorcas to life, 36 ;-converu
zeal and disinterestedness, 4'· 1; 6. 4; inhabitants, Eze.23.23, He.13.21; t Pe.5.10. Ac. 13. 48;-the immutabiiity o....u: Cornelius, 10. 24 ;-defends himself
7. 2; u. 7; 12.13;-exhorts to a libe. Pelatiah, pel-a-tI'ah [whom Jehovah Perfection, none can find out God to, love, wi'sdom. and fat"tlt/"ulness, in abOUl t':·;... J-.:~,'2' lC ~he Gentiles, 11.
ral contribution to the poor Christians delivers], {1) Son of Benaiah, a prince Job 11.7;-in obedience and holiness, the riches of gra!..e, Je. 31. 3; Ep. 3. 2;-imprisoned OJ, ..:::: "'"'Xl ?end deli-
at Jerusalem, 8. 7;-complainsofhis who Jived in the time of Zedekiah, not attainable by man, Job 9.20; is. :rn; 1 Th. 5. 24 ;-their being saved by vered by an angel, 12. 3, &:c. ;-op-
opposers at Corinth, 10.2; n.:r:3:-his king of Judah, Eze.11.1 1 13.-(2) Son 14; Pr.20.9: Ro.3.10; I Jn.1.8;-to be Christ, because of his obedience posed by Paul, Ga.2. u;-expects to
revelations, 12.1, &c.; Ga. 2. 2;-his of Hananiah, I Ch.3.21. aimed at, De.18.13; t KiS.6:r:; Mat. and suffering, Je. 32. 40; Jn. 17. 2, 6;- die soon, 2 Pe. :r:. 14;-his testimony
sufferings, 2 Co. 11. 23; Phi. J. 13;- Peleg, ~'leg [division], the son of 5.48; Lu.6.36; 2 Co.13.9,n; Ep. 5.,; and secured by him, Jn. I I . 42; 17, to the transfiguration of Jesus, 18;-
threatens his opposers, 2 Co. 13. 2 ;- Eber, in whose days men were di- He.13.21;-blessings resulting from, 11, 15, 20; Ac. 20. 28; Tit. 2. 14;-their commends Paul's epistles, 3.15. Epis-
an apostle appointed by Christ him. vided by the confusion of language, Ps. 37. 37; Pr. 2. 21 ;-will be attained union to Christ, Ep. 1. 23; Jn. 17. 21:, tles ef, were not addressed to anr
self, Ga.1.1, 12:-his histo1y, 1. 16, Ge.:r:0.25; n.16. by saints,Jn.17.23; Ep.4.13; ColI.28. 23;-his intercessi'on for them, Jn.17. particular church, and hence a.c
&c.;-opposes Peter, 2. u;-desires Pelethites, pe'Jeth ... ites [runners, Perform, to fulfil or execute,Ge.26.3; 24; Ro.8.34;-the 'lWrk of the Holy called general. The fi~t was written
to die, Phi.1.20;-his advantages as couriers]. valiant soldiers, who with Mat.5.33; Ro.4.21; 2 Co.8.u. Spirit, in renewing them, and dwell- from Babylon (r Pe.5.13), on the Eu-
a Jew, 3,4;-rejoicesin his suffenngs, the Cherethitesformed David's body. Perfume, what gives a sweet odour ing in them, Jn.3.5,6,8; Tit.3.5: Ga. phrates, where many Jew<; resided,
Col. 1. 24;-at Philippi and Thes- guard. TheywereprobablyofCretan or agreeable smell, Ex. 30. 35; Pr.7. 4.6; Ro.8.9,u;-and from many ex• though the city was in ruins.
salonica, 1 Th.2.2;-proposes his ex... origin, 2 Sa.8.18. 17; 27.g;Is. 57.9. press dee/a.rations andf>romises,Job Pethahiah, pe"th-a-hT'ah [whom Je-
ample to Christians, r Co. 11.1; Phi. Pelican, a large tropical bird, with Pergah, per'gah, a city of Pamphy1ia, 17.9: Ps.94.:r:4; 125.1,2; Pr.4.1i; Is. hovah sets free], a head of the divi-
3.17; 2Th.3.7;-commends himself, long crooked beak, the fore part of on the Cestrus, about 40 miles north 54. 7-10; J e. 32. 38-40; J n. 3. 14, I 5; 5. 24; sion of the priesthood, :r: Ch.24,16.
2Co.n.5; 12.n; 1Th.2.5;-callshim. the head towards the throat naked, from the Mediterranean shore. Paul 10. 27, 28; Ro. 8. 29, 30; Phi. 1. 6; He. l'ethor, pe'thor [a table], a city of Me-
self the chief of sinners, 1 n. 1.15;- with a bag or pouch under the bill, and Barnabas landed here on their l3.5. sopotamia, about the east bank of the
his near view of death, 2Ti.4.6;- and which haunts the swamps of the voyage from Papho,, and here they Persia, per'shi-a (Heb. Pkaras), an · Euphrates, and the native place ol
leavei. his cloak and parr-Jiments at desert, Le.11.18; De.14. 17; Ps.102.6. left Mark, Ac.13.13:-on his return ancient kingdom ofAsia. In the height Balaam, Nu.22 5; De.23.4.
Troas, 13;-sends Tychicus to Ephe- The word is rendered 'cormorant' in from the interior of Pamphylia Paul of its glory it was 28oo miles long and Pethuel, pe-th1i'el [man of God], the
sus, 12;-deserted at hi1 first hear. ls.34.11 and Zep.2.I4'. again visited it and preached the gos• 2000 broad, and induded parts of Eu. father of Joel the prophet, Joel 1.1.
ing before Nero, 16;..,,.his epistles. Peniel, pe-ni'el [the face of God], a pel, 14.25. rope, Asia, and Africa. In this ex. Phalti, fal'ti [deliverance of Jeht>
commended by Peter, 11 Pe.3.15. place on the east of Jordan, near the Pergamos, per'ga-rnos [height, eleva- tensive sense the name occurs in 2 Ch. vah], the son of Laish, married .Mi-
Pavilion, a tent, ch1'tfly one for a brook Jabbok, so named by Jacob, tion], a city of l\1ysia in Asia Minor, 36.20,22; Ezr.4.5,7,24; 6.14;Da.10.13, chal, after Saul had taken her from
king, prince, or genera1, 1 Ki. 20. 12, because he here saw the.face efGod, situated about 20 miles from the sea 20; n.2. From the south oftheCas-- David, 1 Sa.25.,44;-from him Da\'id
•6; Je.43.10:-God makes darkness Ge.32.24-30:-here the Gadites built on the river Caicus, 'in one of the pian Sea to Hindostan a continued afterwards took her, 2 Sa.3.15.
his, 2 Sa. 22. 12: Ps. 18. 11;-hides his a city, the tower of which Gideon cast most lovely and fertile vallf!y.s of the chain of deserts extends; and in the Phanuel, fa-nil'el, the father of the
people in his, 27.5: 31.20. down, Ju.8.8,9,17;-it was rebuilt by world., Under the Romans it be.. southern provinces the plains, as well prophetess Anna, Lu.2.36.
Paw, the foot of a horse or lion, Le. Jeroboam, 1 Ki. 12.25. PENUEL (Ju. came the capital of a province called as the mountains.are sterile and bare. Pharaoh, fa.'ro [the king], the name
11.27: 1 Sa.17.37; Job 39.21. 8.9) was probably the original form of Asia Propria. It was famous for its The northern districts, on the con• of a race of kings who suc~essively
Peace, God the author of tempera] the name. This is the form given in immense library, collected in rivalry trary, are remarkable for their beauty sat on the throne of Egypt:-
peace, Le. 26.6; r Ch.22.9: Ps. 1'47• the Samaritan Pentateuch. of that of Alexandria. From it our and fertility. The rivers of Persia are - - - , first mentioned in Scripture,
14: ls.45.7:-Godin Christ the author Peninnah, pe-nin'nah [coral], one of 'parchment' (J,ergammum) derives few and small; and, instead of falling takes Sarah from Abraham, Gc.12.
of spiritual peace, Ro. 15. 33; 16. 20; the wives of Elkanah, the father of its name. Christ's message to the into the sea, most of them flow into 15;-restores her, 20.
Phi.4. 9: 1: Tn. 5. 23: 2 Th.3- 16; ls.9. Samuel, 1 Sa.1.2. church there, Re. 2. 12- 17; called lakes in the interior. The established - - - , second, hIS prophetic31
6;-Christ gives peace, Lu. 2.1,.36; Jn. Penny, a Roman silver coin, the de- 'Satan's seat,' because it was the religion i:.; the Mohammedan; but dream, Ge.41. 1, &c. ;-exalts Joseph.
1,4.27; 20.19,21; 2Tb. 3.16;-impartcd narius,=1e ases=between 6d. and head-quarters of the opposition to there are still some who adhere to 39-,45;-hlS kind reception of Jacob
through Christ's atonement, ls.53.5; 7d., current among the Jews in the Christ and his gospel in that region. the ancient worship of./in;-Es.1.3, and his sons, 47.1-10.
Ro 5 1:Ep.2. 14',15;Col. 1.20;-who time of Christ, Mar.6.37; 12.15; Re. The modem city, which abounds in 14',18; Eze. 27. 10; 38. 5;-predictions - - - , third, oppressed and pe~
may look for peace, Le. 26. 3-6: Ps. 6. 6. The penny brought to Christ, ruins of great extent, is ca!!ed Ber- respecting, Da.8.20. cu :ed the Israelites, Ex. 1. S-u;-
u9.165; 29.u; 55.18: Pr. 16.7; ls.26. Mat.22.15-21; Mar.13.15-•7: Lu.20. r,,.ma. I ts population is estimated at Penians, the inhabitants of Persia, commanded their male children to
H:-promised, to tM c4111't:'4, Is. 54- 19-25, was a dmari,u o( Tiberius. from 14,000 to 30,000, of whom J000 foretold to conquer Babylon, Is.21.2. be drowned, 22;-his daughter sa,m
13; 66.u;-to sai1'ts, Ps.72.3,7; Is. Therateofwagesapcnny(dn.iriw) are Greeks, 300 Armenians, and the Persona of men not regarded by God, Moses, and adopts him for bet'"'
55.nr-U tl,emeek, Ps.37. 11';-fll tJw a day, Mat.20.2.9,13- nstTurks. or not valued oa account of their a.5-10.
190
p!ULIP PHUT PIRATHON PLOlTETH POOR
fourth, Moses sent to him, preaches to the Samaritans, 8. 5;- Phygellus, fy-jel 1lus, and HERr.to- Pisgah, piz'gah [the heights, an iso• 1Plowing, or tillmg the ground, not
,waoh_~-hisobduracyforetold,19~- to the eunuch of the Queen of Ethi- GEr-;Es, forsook Paul in his distress, lated peak], like Abarim, the name of to be done with an ox and ass to--
~~~1:essage to him, 4. 22,23:-re; opia, 26;----carried to Azotus, and goes 2 Ti.1.i:5. the range of hills of which Nebo was gether, De. 22. i:o; - Elijal foi.Jnd
God let Israel go, 5. 1,2;-harden thence to Cesarea, 40;--1"eceives Paul Phylacteries [preservations), small one of the peaks. Moses is some. Elisha engaged in, x Ki. 19. 19;-the
fu5eS to 14 .-drowned in the Red and his companions, 21. 8.-(3) The square boxes made of parchment or timessaidtoviewCanaanfrom Nebo, sluggard will not engage in, Pr.20.4.
bis bear!• 7· • son of Herod the Great, and of Ma- skin, containing slips of parchment and sometimes from Pisgah, De. 3. 27; In Ge. 45. 6 'earing' properly means
Sea, 1+2 tth known to us, gave ~ro- riamne his third wife, the daughter with these passages written on them: 34.1 :-Balak brought Balaam to the plowing.
--:-•to Hadad, sM of the K1?g of Simon the high-priest;-his wife, Ex. 13. 2-10, u-17; De. 6. 4-g; n.13- top of, Nu.23.14. Plow-shares, promises that swords
tect;:m, who was contemporary with Herodias, was taken from him by his 21, and which the Jews wore, bound Pisidia, pi-sid 'I-a [a pitch-tree], a shall be Leat intt>, or war cease, Is.2.
ofE 'd I Ki n.15-22. •
brother,M~t.14.3; Mar.6.17.-(4:, The on their foreheads or arms; from a mountainous province of Asia Minor, 4; Mi.4.3: Joel 3. 10.
l)avt • six~h, gave his dau~hter lil son of Herod the Great and Malthace fake interpretation of Ex. 13. 9, 16; having Phrygia on the north and Plumb-line, the hne on which the
~ • to Solomon, r K1. 3· I ; - his fourth wife, and tetrarch of Ba- Nu. 15. 38, 39;-the Pharisees made Pamphylia on the south. Paul en- plummet, or leaden weight, of masons
marriage and gave it for a present tanea, Trachonitis,andAuranitis, Lu. theirs broad from ostentation, Mat. tered it with Barnabas from Pam- and carpenters hangs, for discovering
took_ Ge;~r,hter 9.16. 3.1. 23.5 See FRONTLETS. phylia, Ac.13.14;-after having been the exactness of their work;-an em.
to his d :Cven~h mentioned, is he Philippi, fil-lip'pi fwarlike men, lovers Physicians, ( 1) Embalmers of dead 'expelled out of their coasts,' they blem of the rejecuon of Israel, Am.
~ o m Hezekiah made a league, of horses], one of the chief cities of bodies, Ge.50.2.-(2;, Doctors of medi- again returned through Pisidia to 7 7.
Macedonia, lying on the borders of cine, 2 Ch. 16.12; .Mat.9.12; J\Iar.5. 26. Pamphylia, 14.21-24. Plummet, a leaden weight, 2 Ki. 21:.
2 Ki• 1 t~){~~hra, fa.'ro-hof'~ah, Thrace, and on the banks of the river -(3) Healers of sorrow and spiritual Pison, pl'son [overflowing], one of the 13; Is.28.17; Zee 4 IO.
P~on of the former, _entered mto Gangitis (now Angista), a deep and distress, Je.8.22; Job 13.4. four great rivers which watered the Plunge, to put suddenly under •vater,
~ · ithZedekiah,kmgofJudah, rapid stream, about 70 miles north- Pictures, for worship, and images of garden of Eden, Ge. 2. II, 12. The Job 9 31.
all::;;:he King of Ba_bylon,_ Je.46. east from Thessalonica. It was re- the Canaanites, to be destroyed, Nu. most ancient opinion identifies it with Poets, composers ~t peems or songs,
ag --predictions agamst htm, Is. paired and named by Philip, the 33.52. the Ganges, but nothiug definite is heathen ones quoted, Tit.i:.12, from
2 6 father of Alexander the Great. Paul Piece efmoney, Mat.i:7.27, the stater known ofit. Epimenides a poet of Crete; Ac.17
' \ '&c.; 20 _ 4 ; Eze.29.i:; 30.20-26;
;~- ;; _ ;-reigned over Egypt and Silas came hither from N eapolis (i.e. standard coin), a Greek imperial Pit, a hole in the ground, in which 28, from Aratus of Cilicia. The book
32 2
ent\'-five years.
and there abode • certain days,' and silver coin equal to a shekel (=about eastern monarchs often kept their of Job, the Psalms, the Song of Solo-
~-NeCho, G'L'ro ne'ko, ca?1es preached by 'a river side where prayer 2s. rd..:;-ef silver, Lu. 15. 8, the prisoners, Is.24.22; 51.14;-thegrave, mon, the Lamentations of Jeremiah,
·Jehoahaz captive to Egypt, 2 K1.23. was wont to be made,' Ac.16.12,I,i;- Greek drachma, nearly =8d. ; - Job 17. 16; Ps. 28. 1; 30. 3;-deep dis- a great part of the prophetical writ-
__foretold not to return, Je.22.10; here Lydia was converted, and she ' thirty pieces of silver,' i.e. shekels, tress, Ps.40.2;88.6;-a place to entrap ingc;, and many passages in the his-
33 defeat foretold, Eze.17.1_7 ..
-his and her family baptized, 14, 1 5;-here Mat. 26. 15; 27.3-6,9; comp. Zee. u. r2, game, Eze. 19.8;-hell, Re.9.2: 20. x. torical b•oks of the Hebrew Scrip-
Pharisees, filr"f-c;ee~ _[separatists], a they cast out a spirit of divination, 13; Ex.21.32. Pitch, with which the ark of Noah tures, are poetical compositions.
much celebra~ed rehgwus sect among 16-18;-here they were beaten and Pierce, to bore through, greatly pain, was covered, supposed to be a sort of Poison, of serpents, De.32.24, Ps.58.
the Jews, which sp~ang up after the imprisoned, 22, 23;-here the jailer Nu. 24. 8; 2 Ki.18.21; Ps.22.16; Lu.2. bitumen or asphalt, Ge. 6. 14. The 4;-of dragons, De. 32. 33;-of asps,
m from capuv1ty; they repre- was converted, and he and his family 35. ark of Moses covered with, Ex.2.3; Job20.16; Ro.3.13.
=~~ed the prevai!ing l_egal spirit. of baptized, 25-34;-here a church was Pierced, prophecies that Christ should called 'slime,' Ge. 11.3; 14.10. Policy, art of government, prudence,
Judaism :-they laid claim to superior formed, to which (about A.D. 62) Paul be, Ps.32.i:6; Zec.12.10. Pitcher, a vessel for carrying liquids, Da. 8. 25.
sanctity, Lu. 18.9-12;-for a pretence wrote the epistle to the Philippians, Piety, occurs only in r Ti.5.4, where it Ge.24.14; Ju.7.16; Mar.14.13. Poll, the head, Nu.1.2,18,20,22: 3 47;
made long prayers, 1\Iat. 23. 14; Mar. Phi. x. r. The Philippian Christians means natural affection on the part Pithom [the narrow place], one of the -to clip short the hair of the head,
r:z. o;-paid tithes of what was not were very kind to Paul, and sent to of children. treasure-cities built by the Hebrews Eze.44.20; .l\.1i.x.i:6.
4
required, Mat. 23. 23; Lu. II. 42 ;- relieve his temporal wants, 2Co.II.9; Pigeons, young, or doves, a burnt- in Goshen for Pharaoh, Ex. i:. 11. Pollute, to defile ceremonially, Ex. 20.
fasted often, Lu.18.12;-made broad 1 Th. 2. 2. The city is now wholly offering, Le.1.14;-offered by those Pitiful, tender, La. 4. 10; Ja. 5. n; l 25; 2 Ki. 23. 16 ;-to defile morally,
their phylacteries, Mat.23.5;-added in ruins. who could not afford a lamb, for a Pe.3.8. Eze.20.13,31; 23.30; 36.18.
the traditions of the fathers to the Philistia, fil-lis'ti"-a [land ofstrangers), trespass-offering, 5. 6, 7;-offered by Pity, tender feeling for pain and Pollux, pol'Jux, Ac. 28. II. See CAs~
written law, Mar.7.3,8,13;-b~t _they or the' land of the Philistines,' em- women, after childbirth, who could misery, manifested by God to his TOR.
were proud, arrogant, and avaricious; braced' the coast plain on the south- not give a lamb, 12.8; Lu.2.24. people, Ps. 103. 13; Ja. 5. n;-re- Polygamy, having more wives than
and therefore their hypocrisy was west of Palestine, extending for about Pihahiroth, pl-ha-hI'roth, an Egyp- quired of us to the poor and afflicted, one, disapproved, Ge.2.24; .l\.Iat.i:9.4;
often exposed and severely censured. 40 miles from Joppa to the valley of tian word meaning a place wltere Job 6.14; Ps.4r.1,2; Pr.28.8. Mar.10.6;Ro.7.3; 1 Co.7.2. Set :MAR-
by Christ, Mat. 5. 20; 15. 3, &c.: 16. Geraron the5outh,andwithabreadth grassorsedgesgrow, the pass through Plagne, a contagious disease, the RIAGE.
6, 12 ; 2 3.1,23,33; Mar. 8. 15; Lu. u.38, of from i:o to 20 miles. The Philis- which the Hebrews marched to the pesulence, inflicted on Pharaoh on Polytheism, having more god!i than
,p; %2.1; 16.14; 18.9. tines probably emigrated ori.g-inally west shore of the Red Sea, Ex. r4. 2; account of Sarah, Ge.12.17;-on the one, expressly condemned, Ex. 20. 3;
Pharpar, far'par [swift], one of the from Crete(=Caphtor) either directly. Nu.33.7,8. Israelites in the wilderness, Nu.14. Is.43.10; 44.8; Ho.i:3.4.
'rivers of Damascus,' 2 Ki.5.12. Its or through Egypt into Palestine, Ps. Pilate {PONTIUS), pi'lat, pon'shi-us, 37; 16. 46; 25. 9;-for David's num- Pomegranates (granate apples, .,:.e.
modem name is A•waj. Its volume 6o.8; 87.4; 108.9. the sixth Roman procurator of Judea; bering the people, 2 Sa. 24. i:5;-de- apples with many grains), brought by
is about one-fourth of that of the Philistines [strangers], the inhabi- questions Jesus, Mat.27.n; Mar. 15. notes the judgment of God, Ex.9.14; the spies from Eshcol, Nu. i:3. 23;-
Abana. Its total lenith is about 40 tantsof Philistia, conquered bySham- 1; Lu.23.1; Jn.18.33:-is warned by -any calamity or scourge, Mar. 5. abounded in Canaan, De. 8. 8;-re-
miles. gar, Ju.3.31;-oppress the Israelites, his wife not to condemn Christ, Mat. 29,34; Lu.7.21. presentations of, placed at the bottom
Phebe, fc 1be [shining, pure], a dea- i:6.7; 13. 1;-in the battle of Aphek 27.i:9;-attempts to release him, 23; Plagues of Egypt, cover a period of of the high-priest's robe or ephod,
coness of the church at Cenchrea, they carried away the ark of God --attests Christ's innocence, 24;-yet six weeks, Ex. xiv.-xvii. Ex.28.33,34; 39.24,25.
near Corinth, Ro.16.i:,2. and slew 30,000 Israelites, I Sa.4. 1- delivers him to be crucified, 26;- P.lain, smooth, flat, Ge. 11. 2: 13. 10; Pomniel, a round ball or knob, 2 Cn.
Phenice, fe-ni' se [palm], (i:) A sea- 11. They put the ark in the temple directed the inscription to be placed Ps.27.II; Pr.15.i:9;~istinctly, Mar. 4.12, rendered 'bowls/ I Ki.7.41.
port town, more properly Phami'x, of Dagon, 5.1 ;-suffer in consequence over his cross, and refused to change 7.35;-the 'plain,' the lower valley Pomp,noisyorgaudyappearance,Is.
now Lutro, on the south-west shore of it, 3, 8, 10;--send it back, 6. 10;- it, Jn. 19. 19-22;-pennitted Joseph of the Jordan, extending southward 5.14; 1-4-.11:; Eze.7.24; 30.i:8:Ac.25.23.
of the island of Crete, Ac.27. 12.-(2) defeated after a sacrifice by Samuel. to bury the body of Jesus, Mat. 27. from the Dead Sea, De.i:.1,7;2.8; Pond, or PooL, containing standing
The accurate form of Phenicia, Ac. 7.9;-suffer no smith in Israel, 13.19; 57-66. After holding the office of 3.17; Jos.3.i:6; 1 Sa.23.24;-the coun- water, Ex.7.19; 2 Sa.2.13;4.12; ls.35.
11.19; 15.3. -defeated by Saul, 1-4-. 20, 31 ;-by procurator for about ten years, Pilate try between Joppa and Gaza (the 7; ,p:.18; Jn.5.2; 9.7.
Phe.nicia, fe-nish'"i-a, a smaU country David, 2 Sa.5.17,22;-were defeated was summoned to Rome to answer Shepltelah), Jos. u. i:6; 1 Ch. 27. 28; Ponder, to weigh in the mind, to muse
on the coast of Syria, stretching from by the Amalekites, 1 Sa. xxx. ; I Ch. to charges brought against him, but Je.17.26;-plain (more correctly oak} or consider, Pr.-4-.2~; 5.21; 21:.2; LIL
lhe promontory of Carmel about 1:20 12.19;-at Gilboa they defeated the , before he arrived Tiberius died. Soon of Morch, Ge.12.6;-Mamre, i:3.18; 2.i:9.
miles nonh, with an average breadth Israelites, i: Sa.xxxi.: i: Ch.10. i:. Un- after this Pilate Committed suicide. -Zaanaim, Ju.4.u;-'of the pillar,' Pontua, pon'tus [the sea], a province
of 10 miles. The name is probably der Solomon they were tributary, 1 Pile of wood for burning dead corpses 9. 6;-Meonenim, 37;-Tabor, 1 Sa. of Asia Minor, bounded on the north
deriYed from the Greek plu,,nix (a Ki.2. 39,40; 4.21:,2-4-;~istress Jeho-- in, allusions to, ls.,30.33; E:ze.24.9. 10.3. by the Pontus Euxinus (Euxine Sea),
palm-tree); it does not occur in the ram, 2 Ch. 2r. 16;-their destruction Pilgrimage, the journey of a pilgrim, Planeta [wanderers], those stars whence it took its name, on the south
Oki Testament. Those scattered by foretold, Je.47.1; Eze.25.15; Am.1.6; human life compared to, Ge.-4-7.9; Ex. (known to the an,i::ients before the in- byCappadoci.a, on the east by Colchis,
the persecution which followed the Zep.2.-4-: Zec.9.5. 6.4; Ps.n9.54. vention of telescopes) which change and on the west by Paphlagonia and
dea.ih of Stephen came to, Ac.n. 19; Philologus, fil-lol'o-gus [a lover of Pilgrims, those who travel on a reli- their places in the heavens, and ap- Galatia;-Petermentions it in his first
-Pauland !larnabas passed through, learning, a lover of the word], noticed gious account; good men compared pear brighter and larger than the epistle, 1 Pe.1.1. Under Nero it be.
15- 3;-PauI went in a ship bound for, by Paul, Ro.16.15. to, He.11.13; i: Pe.2.11. fixed stars. They all move round the came a Roman pro-rince along with
11.2:-Tyre and Sidon were princi• Philosophy [love of wisdom], lteatl,m, Pillar, the cloud in the wilderness, sun; and the secondaries or moons Cappadocia. Jews had established.
pal cities of. ' the folly of it, 1 Co.r. i:9; 2.6; Col.2.8. which resembled one, Ex. 13. 21 :- which several of them have also move themselvesherc,Ac.2.9;-hereAquila
Phlchol,fl'kol [all-commanding],gene- Phinehas, fin'ne-as [mouth of brass], erected for a monument or memorial round their respective planets, 2 Ki. lived, i:8.2.
11.1 of the army of Abimelech, king (1) Tiu son of Eleazar, kills Zimri by Jacob at BuheJ,Ge.28.18;-at the 23.5. Pools, of water, Bethesda, Jn.5.2;-
o<Gerar, Ge.21:.22. and Cozbi, Nu. 25. 6; Ps.1o6.30.-(2} grave of Rachel, 35.20;-by Joshua, Plantation, a place planted, Eze.i:7.7. Siloam, 9. 7;-Gibeon, 2 Sa. 2. 13;-•
Pllilldelphla, 61-a-d~l'fi-a [the love Tiu son of Eli, his guilt and death, Jos. 24. "6;-by Absalom,2Sa. 18. 18;- Plant.a, created, Ge. i:. u;-children Hebron, -4-.1:2;-Samaria, t Ki. 22. 38;
rlthe brother1 a city of the province r Sa.1.3; 2.12,22,34; 3.13; 4.n. two for support and ornament in So- compared to, Ps.1:28.3; .144.i:2. -Up.fer Pool, 2 Ki. 1:8.17;-LM«r,
of Lydla, in Asia Minor, about 25 Phlegon, fle-'gon, one of the Christians lomon's temple, i: Ki.7.15; 2Ch.3.i:7. Platter, a large flat vessel, Mat. 23. Is.22.9;-King's, Ne.2.i:4;-0ld, Is.
miles south-east of Sardis, and about at Rome to whom Paul sent his salu- Pillow, a cushion to sleep on, Ge.28. 25; Lu. n.39. 22. n.
70 north-east of Smyma;-Christ's tation, Ro. i:6. 14. n; 1 Sa.19.13; Mar.4-38; Eze.i:3.i:6. Pleasant, delightful, Ge. 2.9; 3.6; Ps. Poor, those who have little of this
message to the church there, Re.3.7. Pbrygia, fridj'i-a [dry, barren], an in- Pilot, one who !lteers a ship, E:ze. 27. 16.6; Is.2.16; Mal.3.-4-. world's goods, through the providence
Its modern name is Allali Sltehr land province of Asiai Minor. Its 8,28. Pleasantneaa,delightfulness,Pr.3.17. of God, 1 Sa2.7; Ps. 75.7;-promises
[city of Godi The population is boundaries are not c1e.a.riy defined. Pine-tree, is somewhat akin to the Pleasure, enjoyment, its vanity, Ee. to them who are.Job 5.15; 36.15; Ps.
about 15,000, most ofwhom are Turks. Its principal cities were Laodicea, fir, but more solid and durable, Is.41. 2.1-12. 9.18; 68.10; 6g. 33; 72. 2,4,12,13; 102.
It contains the ruins of some twenty- Hierapolis, and Colo!tSZ. In his mis- 19; 6o. 13. In Ne. 8. 15 probably Pledges, pawns which a lender takes 17; 1:09.31; n3.7; 140.12; Is.14.3o;Ja.
five churches. sionary journeys Paul twice traversed means cypress. from a borrower to secure the return, 2. 5;--duties of the rich to them, Le.
Phil.emon, fi-ll 1mon, a rich and pious the province, where he preached the Pinnacle of the temple. It is uncer. or payment, of what is Jent;-laws 25. 35; De. 15. 7; Ps. -4-1. 1; 112.9; Pr.
citizen of Colosse, to whom Paul ad- gospel and formed a church, Ac. 16. tain what is meant by this expression. concerning them, De.24.6-17. 3.9,10,27; u.2-4-,25; 14 21,31; r9.17:
~ d the epistle which bears his 6; 18.23. Some think it denotes the roof of Pleiades, that cluster of little 5tars 22.9; 28.27; Is. 58.6-u; E:ze. 18.7,9:
name, Phile. 1. Phut (afflicted], a country of Africa, 'Solomon's porch,' others the roof of commonly called tlte seven stars, Mar. i:0.21; x Ti. 6. 17-19; He. i:3. r6;
Philetus, fi-le'tus [beloved, amiable], peopled by the third son of Ham. the temple, and others one of its though their number is vastly greater, -character and danger of those who
an apostate Christian, 2 Ti.2. 17,18. Ge. 10. 6;-its inhabitants leagued wings or battlements, Mat. -4-. 5; Lu. Job 9.9; 38.31:. They appear in April, neglect and despise them, De. i:5. 9:
Philip, fil'lip [warlike, Jover of horses], with, if not subject to, the Egyptians, 4.9. · and thus are associated with spring. 24.. 15; Pr. u. 26; i:7.5; 21. 13; 28.27;
(1) The apostle, a native of Beth. .ibout Hezekiah's reign, Na. 3. 9. Pipe, a musical instrument, a tube, i: Plenteous, copious, fruitful, Ge. 41. Mat. 25.41--46; Ja. 2. 15,16; 1 Jn.3.17:
saida,attends Jesus, J n. i: .-4-3 ;-Greeks Some have identified it with Nubia, Sa.i:0.5; x Ki.1.-4-0; Zee. 4. 2, n; x Co. 34: Ps.86.5: Mat.9.37. -thCir advantages, Ps.37.16; Pr,28.
tome to him desiring to see Jesus, u. others have supposed that it was i:4.7. Plenty, abundance, our duty to be 6; Ec.5.12;-on a level with the rich,
n:-Jesus questions him about the west of Lybia on the north coast of Pirathon, pir'a-thon [peak], a place thankful for it, Ex.23-16;De.16.10; Pr,22.2; Mat.n.5; Lu.7.22; Ja.1.9:
loaves, 6.5;-he desires to see the Fa- Africa; but mere generally it has in Ephraim where Abdon was buried, Ps.103.i:,5. 2.5;-their condition sometimes pre-
ther, 1<4-. 8.-(2) The evang-elist, one been identified with Lybia, Je. 40. 9; Ju.12.i:3,i:5:-an inhabitant of, called Plotteth, or formeth devices to hurt, ferable to that of the rich, Pr.15. 16:
ct tbc aeven deacons, Ac. 6. 3-5 ;- Eze.27.10; 30.5; 38.5. a Pirathonite, 1 Ch.27.1-4-; 11.31. the wicked, Ps.37.12. 16.8; 19.1; 28.6; Mat.19,:13; Lu.6.:ao;:
191
f'
PRAISE PRATER PREDESTINATION PRICK PRINCE
-the inconvenience and danger of Ps. 3-4-x; 35.28; u9.164; 145.2; He. the people, Ex.32.n; 33.n; Nu.n.2; Predestination, dooms no man to sticks used to drive oxen by prick.in
poverty, Pr. 14. 20; 18.23; 19. 4, 7; 30. 13.x5;-'.-should be expressed by s-ing-- -for Miriam, 12.13;-Samuel for the eternal damnation, except as the mer- them. 2
9; Ec.9.15;---through vice and idle- ing, Ps.13.6; I8.49; 2i,13; 30.4; 33. 3; people, 1 Sa. 12.23 ;-the Christians for ited pt.1tlishment of his unbelief, re- Pride, or conceit, hateful to God p
ness, Pr.6.u; 10.4; 13.4;19.15; 20.13; 89. 1; 104.33; 147.1; Is. 12. 5; 42. 10; Peter, Ac. 12.5;-Jesus for his execu- jection of Chri5t, and ob5tinate con- 6. 16, 17; 16. 5; Am. 6. 8:-hinde;s _r.
23-21; 28. 19. Examples of caring for 44.23; 48.20; 49.13; Mat.26.30; Ac. tioners, Lu. 23. 34;-Stephen for his tinuance in sin, Ps. 9. 17; Mat.25. 41- seeking God, Ps. 10. 4; Ho. 7. 10 ;_:
the poor, Ru. 2.14; Job 29.12-16; Je. 16.25; Ep.5. 19; Col.3.16; Ja.5.13. persecutors, Ac. 7. 6o;-Paul for the 43; Jn.3.36; Ro.2.6,8,9; Ga6.7,8; Re. reproved, Ps. 101. 5; 131. 1: 138.6, Pr
39.10; Ac. 9. 36, 39; xx.29,30; 2 Co. 8. Praise of God, _the subjects of, are, Jews, Ro. ix.: 10. 1 ;-the church for 21.8: 22.15. 3. 7 ; 6.17: s.!3: 16.18; 17.19: 21. 4: 26:
1-5. God's goodness, love, and mercy, Ps. him, 15.30;-for Christians,2 Cu.1.ri-; Pre-eminence, superiority, p:-cced- 12; 29. 2.3; E~. 7. 16; Is._5.2~; Je. 9. 23 ;
Poor in spirit, or the humble, their 28.7; 57.9,10; 63.3; 89.1; 106.1; Is.12. Ep. 1. 16; 6. 18; Col.4. 3; 1 Th. 5. 25; 2 ence, highest in honour, power, &c., Lu_.r.51, 18.~, Ro.12. I~. I Co.4.7; a. 2;
blessedness, Is.66.2; Mat.5.3. 2,4,5; hi~ majesty and glory, Ps.96. Th. 3. 1; He. 13. 18 ;-fot enemies, l\1at. as Christ is, Col. 1.18;-man has not, 2 Co.10.18; LTa.6.3; Phi.2 3; Ja. 4,6.
Poplar-tree, is somewhat similar to r, 6; 138. 5: Is. 24. 14; E2e. 3. i:2;-his 5.44; Lu.23.34. above beasts, in respect of liability - - , or ~mblflo>t ~o ex~lt one's self.
the willow, Ge.30.37; Ho.4.13. holiness, Ex. 15.n; Is.6.3;-his wis-- Prayer, proper to precede great un- to death, Ee. 3. r9; - Diotrephes ~s. 131. I, Pr.-17.19 .. 18.2, 25.6; Je. ,
45
Populous, full of people, De. 26. 5; dom, Da. 2. 20; Ro. 16.27; Jude 25;- dertak!rigs:-of Elisha before he rais- proudly sought, 3 Jn. 9. 5, Mar. 9. ~4, 10. 42, ~u. 11. 4}: 14- ;
Na.3.8. his justice and righteousness, Ps. 7. ed the dead child, 2 Ki.4.33;-of Jesus Prefer, to regard more, Ps.137.6; Da. 9
Ro. r2. 16_, 1 ~h. 2. 6,-mottves ta
Poratha, por'a-tha, a Persian name, 17; xcviii.; 101:. I; 145. 7;-the gift of before the appointment of the twelve 6.3; Jn.1.15,30. guard agamst 1t, Ps. rn.4; 12.3; 13. 27 ;
one of the sons of Haman, slain his Son Christ Jesus, Lu.1.63,69,70; apostles, Lu. 6. 12;-of the apostles Prejudice, preposses~ion, or a judg- -Pr. 6.17; 13.rn; 15.25; 16 5; 28.25; Is.
along with his nine brothers, Es.9.8. 2. :rn, :u, 13, 14, 28- 32; 2 Co. 9. 15; before the appointment of a successor ment or opinion formed before exa- 14.13, &c.;-the marks of 1t, Ps. 1 3- ;
4
Porch, the entrance hall, Eze.40.7,48; -redemption, with all its blessings, to Judas Iscariot, Ac. 1. 24. mmation ;-effects of it, I Sa. 10. 27; Pr.17.19; 30.12; l\lat. 23. 5; Lu.11. .
43
-the 'porch of the Lord,' 2 Ch. 15. through him, Is. 44. 23; Ps.103. 1-5; I - - , .forms or patterns o.J it: of Mat.13.55; Lu. 19.14; Jn. 1.46; 7.48, Jn.7-18. '
8; 29. 17, denotes the temple;--the Co.15,57; 2Co.2.14; Ep.1.3--6; I Pe. Moses for the people, Nu. 6. 22;-on 52; 9.16; Ac.2.13; 17.18; 21.28; 22.22. - - , examples o/ it, puni~hed in the
fore court or passage leading from 1.3,4; Re.1.5,6; 5.12,13; 7.9,10;-the the removal of the ark, 10.35;- -of the Premeditate, to think of and study a case of Korab, Dathan. and Abiram
the court to the temple, Mat. 26. 71. obedience and faith of the saints, Ro. elders of a city clearing themselves matter beforehand, Mar.13.n. Nu.16.1;----of Haman, Es.3.1, &c.<
Porcius, por'shus, Porcius Festus, a 6.17; 2 Co.8. 16; Ep.1.15,16; .Phi. 1.3; of a murder, De 21 8;-on offering Preparation (DAY OF), Mat. 27.62, of Nebuchadnezzar, Da 4 30 ;-of Si.
Roman governor of Judea, Ac.24.27. Col. 1. 3, 4; 1 Th. 2. r3; 3. 9; 2 Th. 1. 3; the first-fruits, 26.3,5,13; -by Jesus the first day of the feast of Passover. moo Magus, Ac. 8. 9, 10;----of Herod
Porters, those who keep, and shut or -all his wonderful works, of creation, for all Christians, Mat.6. 9; Lu.n.2; Prepare, to make ready, or qualified, Agrippa, 12. 22.
open the gates of a city or house, 2 Sa providence, and grace, Ps.9 I; 26 7; Jn.r7.1, &c Ex.15.2; Mat.n.10; Lu.3.4. Priests, those who offered sacrifice to
18. 26; 2Ki. 7. rn;-David appointed 75.1; rn4.24; u1.1,2; 139.14; 150.1,2; Preaching the gospel of Christ, a di- Presbytery, an ecclesiastical court of God, instructed the people, and in.
+ooo in the temple, 1 Ch.23.5;-they
were divided and arranged under
principal directors, 26. 1-13; 2 Ch.8.
1--
Re. 15. 1, &c. &c;
OF .:\I EN, no proper principle of
action, Mat.6 I, Ga 5.26; Phi 2 3.
vme mstltutmn, Mat 28.19; Mar. 16.
15;-though accounted foolishness by
many, yet 1s the wisdom and power
elders, or presbyters, for ordaining
church cfficers, and governing the
church, 1 Ti.4.14.
terceded for them ; the first men.
tioned is Melcbizedec, Ge. 1 4. i8·-
prior to the time of .l\Ioses, no dis..
14. Prancing of horses, their springing of God, 1 Co 1 18-21; -honoured m Prescience OF Gon, his perfect and tinct class of men were appointed 1q
Portion, the share of goods which is and bounding, Ju 5 22, Na.3.2 the conversion of 3000 on the day of eternal foreknowledge of all things, this office, but every father of a fa.
allotted to one, Ge.14.24; 31.14; Lu. Prating,talking exces!'.ivelyandcare• Pentecost,Ac.2 41 ;--other2oooadded Ac.15.18; 17.26; He.4.13. mily seems to have acted as priest of
15.12;-God is his people's, Ps.r6.5; lessly, Pr.108, 3Jn 10. to their number, 4 4; -the Ethiopian Prescribing, ordering, or command- his household; as Abel, Ge. 4. 4 ;-
119. 57; 142. 5: La. 3. 24 ;-the final Prayer TO Goo, an approach of the eunuch, 8 35; - - Cornelius and his ing, Ezr.7.22, Is. 10.1. Noah, 8. 20 ;-Abraham, 22. 13 ;_
state of man, Ps. n. 6; Mat. 25. 46;- soul to God with the request for help fnends, 10. 34-44 ;-Lydia, 16 14,- Presence, being present, Ge.3.8; Lu. Isaac, 26.25;-Jacob, 33.20; 35.7.
to be a 'portion for foxes' is to be or blessing. the obligation and use of, the jailer at Philippi, 31-34;- and by 13 26; Ac 3.19, 1 Co.1.29. - - , from t~e giving of the law
slain and left unburied, Ps.63. 10;-a 2 Ch. 7. 14; Ps. 105. 4; Is 63. 15, &c • it all the Christian churches were Present, ready, Ps.46.1;Lu.5.17;Ro. by Moses all the male posterity of
'worthy portion.' 1 Sa.1.5. Mat.7 7, Lu.18.1; Phi 4.6, Col.4.2, t planted and watered, 1 Co 3 6. 7. 18; 1 Co 3.22. Aaron were appointed to be priests
Possess, to hold or enjoy, Ge.22.17; Ti.2.1, 1 Pe 1.17 - - of the gospel of Christ ought Presents, or gifts, of Abimelech to Ex.28. 1, &c._;-thei~ consecration, 29'.
Nu.13.30; Lu.18.12. - - - , its posture-standing, 1 KL to be plain and easily understood, 1 Abraham, Ge.20. 14;-of Abraham's r, &c. ;-thetr offenngs at that time
Possession, having in one's power, 8.22; Mat.6.5; Mar 11.25, Lu 18 n; Co. 14. 19 ;~ scrz,Ptural in sentiment servant to Rebekah, 24 22, 53 ;--of Le.6. 19;-their garments, Ex.28_ 40;
Ge. 17.8~ Ps.2.8: Mat.19.22. --!muling, 1 Ki.8.54; Ac.9 40; 20.36, and style, 2 4,13;Tit 2 1;· -.full, keep- Jacob to Esau, 32.13;-of Jacob aud 39.27, &c.;-forbidden to drink wine
Possible, all things so with God, Ge. 21.5. ing nothing back, Ac.20.20,27;-•hold his sons to J eseph, 43. n ;--of Joseph during their ministration, Le. 1o.8;-
18.14; Job42.2;Je.32.17; Mat.19.26; - - - , different kinds if-mental and undaunted, 9. 27, 29; 14 3; -so- to his brethren, 45. 22;-of David's their portion of the sacrifices, Nu, 8.
Lu.1.37; 18.27. ore/aculatory, without the utterance lemn, and free from all theatrical airs father to Saul, 1 Sa. 16. 20;-to the 9; De. 18. 3;-the heave-offering out
Pest, (1) A pillar, Ex.12.7; Ju.16.3.-- of the voice, Ex.14.15; 1 Sa. 1.13; - and levity, 2Co.4.5; xTi.3.8;-ear- captain of the host, 17.18;-of Jona- of it, Nu. 18.25;-their mourning, Le.
(2) A swift messenger, 2 Ch.30.6; Es. secret,or alone in the closet, Da 6.10; nest and warm, 1 Co.2.4, Col I 28;- than to David, 18.4;-of the Queen 21. 1;-their marriages, 13:-to be
3.13; 8.14; Job9.25. Mat.6.6; 14.23; Lu 6.12; Ac.10.9;- affectionate and winning, I Th.2. 7, of Sheba to Solomon, 1 Ki.10. 10;-of without blemish, 17 :-when they must
Posterity, offspring, children, de- /amity, or with our household, Jos. 8; -and with a desire to bring men the Kmg of Syria to Elisha, 2 Ki.5.5; abstain from holy things, 22. 1;-their
scendants, Nu.9.10; 1 Ki.16.3; 21.21; 24.15; 2 Sa.6. 20;-sodal and public, to Christ, 2 Co 5.20. --of the wise men, Mat.2.n. genealogies, I Ch. 9. 10;-d.istributed
Ps.49.13: rn9.r3. Lu.1.10; Ac.1.14; 2.42; 12.12; 16.131 - - (called j,ropltesying), more use- - - · , advantages resulting from, into orders by David, 24. 1, &c. :-
Pot, hoilz."ng, an emblem of Jerusalem, i:6; 21.5. ful than the display of spiritual gifts, Pr. 17. 8; 18. 16: 21. 14:-danger of and Levites, their cities, 6.54:-who
Eze.24.1,&c. ;-a 'seething pot,' Job - - , a due prej,arati"onfor it, Job i:Co.14.1, &c. judges accepting of, 29.4; Ec.7.7. of them "returned from Babylon with
41.31;--,rendered 'basket,' Je.24.2;- n.x3; Ps.66.18; 145.18; Pr.15.8,29; Precepts, injunctions or commands, Preservation, our being daily kept Zerubbabel, Ne. -..2. 1 ;-their offices in
'kettle/ 1 Sa. 2.14;-'caldron,' 2 Ch. 28.9; Is.1.15;29.13; 59.2; Mar.7.6; II. Ne.9.14; Is.28.10; 29.13;-the whole in life, and from hurt, is from God, the temple, 44;-ordinances for them
35-13- 25;Jn.9.31; tTi.2.S;Ja.1.6;4.3;- wordofGod,Ps.119.4,15,27,40,45,&c. Ps.3.5; 4.8; 121.8; La.3,2'2; Mat.6.n; in future time, Eze. 44. 17 ,-priest.
Potentate, a mighty sovereign and to he presented in faith, Mat.21.22; - - - , or rules of virtue and prud. Ac.17.28. hood of Christ foretold and executed,
ruler, 1 Ti.6. 15. Mar. 11.24; He. 11.6;-with the whole ence in general, Pr.x.-xxiv. Presidents, chief rulers under the Ps.uo.4: Je.33. 17 ;•Zec.6. 12; He ..p4;
Potiphar, pot'i-far, the chief officer heart, Je. 29. 13; La.3.41; Ps. ng. 58, Precio11S, or highly valuable, as Christ king, Da.6.2,3,4,6. 5.1; 7.u; 8.1, &c.
of Pharaoh's body.guard, to whom 145; He. 10. 22;-with desire to be is to believers, I Pe.2.4,7;-his blood Presses, vessels or cisterns into which - - - , Hi"gk, or chief of all the
Joseph was sold, Ge.37.36; 39. I ;-ad• answered, Ps.~7. 7; 102.2; 1o8.6; 143. 1; or sacrifice, 1. 19;-the promises, 2 the juice of the grapes flowed, Is. 16. priests, was Aaron himself, and after
vances Joseph, 4;-isdeceived by his -in the name of Christ, Jn.14. 13,14; Pe.1.4. . 10; Hag.2.16. him the eldest son of the eldest branch
wife, and casts Joseph into prison, 20. 15.16; 16.23; Ep.5.20; He.13.15; 1 Pe. Predestinate, to fix or decree before. Presume, venture, De.18.20; Es.7.5. of his family, Ex.28.1: Nu.20.28;-hc
Potiphem, pot-i-fe'rah [sun's own], a 2.5;-with dependence on the assist. hand, as God has done all things from Presumption, or self-confidence and was to be clothed with peculiar gar-
priestofOn,whosedaughterAsenath ance ef the Holy Spirit, Ro.8.15,26; eternity, Ep.x.n. obstinacy manifested, Job 15. 25, 26; ments, Ex.28. 2-14;-to wear a breast-
became the wife of Joseph, Ge.41.45. -with the spirit and understanding, Predestination, or God's pre-ordina- Pr. 12. 15; Ho. 12.8: Lu. 18. 11: Ro.I. plate, with twelve precious stones.
Potsherds, pieces of broken earthen Jn.4.22-24: 1 Co.14. 15;-with trust in tion, or fore-appointment of certain 32; Re.3.17;-reproved, or punished, bearing the names of the twelve tribes
vessels, men compared to, Is.45.9;- God, Ps.56.9; 86.7; xJn.5.14;-with objects to a particular end: thus he Ps. 19. x3; Pr.27.1; Lu.12.18; Ja. 4. 13; of Israel, 15-29;-to him pertained
fipratively. things that are worth.- importunity, Ge.32.26; Lu.n.8,9; 18. is frequently mentioned as disposing Re.x8.7. the Urim and the Tkummim, 30;-
less, Ps.22. 15; Pr.26.23; ls.45.9. 1-7;-with fervour, Ps. 59. 17; Lu.6. of the good things of this world ac- - - - - - , , si°nsof, peculiarly hein- his long robe had golden bells and
Pottage, broth, flesh cut in small :2: n.8; 18. 1: Ro. 12. 12; Ep. 6. 18:- cording to his will and pleasure, in ous, Nu. 15. 30; De. 17. 12; Ps.19.13; pomegranates fixed to its hem, 33-35;
pieces and boiled with rice, flour, frequently, Ps.55.17; 86.3; u9.164; such terms as imply his predestina- 59.5; Mat.18. 17; Lu. 12. 47; Ja.4.17. -his head was crowned with a mitre,
parsley, &c., Ge.25.29; 2 Ki.4.38-40. Da.6.10; Lu.2.37; 18.1; 21.36; Ac.to. tion of those matters, as De.8.18; 1 Exemplified, builders of Babel, Ge. on which was a plate of gold with
Potter, one who makes earthen ves- 2; 1Th.3.10; 5.17; 1 Ti. 5. 5; 2Ti. 1. 3; Ch.29.12; 2 Ch. t. n; Job I. 21; 9. 12; 11.4;-lsraelites, Nu.14.44;-Korah, this inscription, HOLINESS TO THE
scls, a type of the sovereign power 1 Pe.4. 7 ;-without ostentation, Mat. Ps.75.7; Da.4.17, &c. &c., Nu.16.3,7;-men of Bethshem- LORD, 36--38;-was to be consecrated
of God, Je. 18.2; Ro.9. 2x ;-the break- 6. 6; LU. 18. n ;-without vain repeti• - - - - - - , the establishment of esh, 1 Sa.9. 19;-Jeroboam, 1 Ki.13.-4-; by being anointed with the holy OU,
ing of his vessels an emblem of the tions, Ec.5.2; Mat. 6. 7;-for all con- Israel in Canaan, and the destruc- -Benhadad, 1 Ki. 20. 10:-Uzziah, 2 and by sacrifice, 29.1-37;-not to un--
destruction of Jerusalem, Je.19.1,u; ditions of men, Ep.6.18; 1Ti.2.1. tion of several wicked states and king- Ch.26.16;-sons of Sceva, Ac.19.13, cover his head, or rend his clothes.
--pottffsjield,Mat.27.7. SeeAcEL- - - , its prevalence when properly doms, predestinated, Ge. 12.7; 13.15; 14. Le. 21. 10;-to marry only a vircin ol
DAMA. made, Ps.34,15: 145. 18; Is.30.19:Je. Ex. 7. 4; 9. 16; De.2.30; Jos.n.20; Is.. Presumptuous, haughty, irreverent. his own people, 13. 14;-he alone co--
Pourtray, to paint or draw a picture, 29. r2; Mat.7.7; Jn. 15. 7; Ja 1. 5; S· 44.28; 46.9. Ps. 19. 13; 2 Pe.2. 10. tered into the holy of holies, 16.1,&c.:
Eze.4.1; 8.10; 23.q. 14; 1 Pe.3.2; 1 Jn.3.22; 5.14. - - - - - - . , particular persons Pretorium, the head-quarters of the -was supreme judge of all controYCT•
Power, no security against evils, Job - - , e.xa,nf,les of answers to it: of have been predestinated to advance Roman governor, built by Herod at sies in the Jewish church, Mat:16.3;
1.1,&c.; 12.17; 34.24;Ps.33.16;44.6; Abraham's servant, Ge. 24. 12;-of God's glory, and to serve his pur• Jerusalem, Mar. 15. 16 ;-rendered Lu.22.54.
Lu.1.51. Jacob, 32.9;-Moses, Ex. 32. n, 31; poses indifferent manners:-Pharaoh, 'common hall,' Mat. 27. 27 ;-' hall of - · - (HIGH), Ckristmn-gr,•t,H~
- - OF Goo, described assovenign, Nu. 14. 13; De. 3.23 ;-Gideon,} u.6.17, Ex. 9. 16;-the Canaanites, Jos. n. judgment,' Jn.18.28,33; 19.9. In Ac. 4. 14;-this was foretold of him, Ps.
Job 9. 12; Da. -4-.35; Ro. 9. 21;-great, 37;-Manoah, 13.8;-Samson, Ju. 16, czo;-Cyrus, ls.-1-4.28;-Jeremiah, Je. 23. 35 'hall of judgment' refers to no.4;-he was called of God, as was
Ps. 66. 3: 79. n; Is. 40. 26; Na. 1.3;- 28;-Hannah for a child, 1 Sa.I, 10;- 1.5;-Paul, Ac.9.15; Ga.x.15,16. Herod's palace at Cesarea In Phi. Aaron, He.5.4,5;-wa~ anointed with
irresistihle, De.32.39; 2Ch.20.6: Job David.:;, Sa.7. 18; 1 Ch.29.10; Ps. 5.1, - - - - - - , God frequently pro• 1.13 'palace.' the Holy Ghost above measure, Ac.
n. IO; Da. 4. 35;-glorious, Ex. r5. 6; &c. &c. ;-Soiomon at the dedication duces good from men's evil inten- Prevail, to overcome, Ge. 7. 20; Job 4.27: 10.38;-voluntarily offered him·
Is. 63. 12;-unsearchable, Job 5. 9; 9. of the temple, 1 Ki. 8. 22; 2 Ch. 6.12; tions, and this is represented as his 18.9; Mat. 16. 18. self, in soul and body, a sacrifice for
ro;-incomjrehensihle,Job26. 14;37. -Hezekiah, 2 Ki. 19. 15; 20.2;-l\:fa. predestination, Ge.50.20; 45.5,7; Job Prevarication, See LYING. men, ls.53.5,10; Mat.20.28;]0.10.11:
23; Ec.3. 11;-a motive to obedience, nasseh in his distress, 2 Ch.33.12:- 5.12; Ps.33.10; 127. 1; Pr. 16. 9, 33; 19. Prevent, to anticipate, or to go before, Ep.5.2; Tit.2.14; He.9.26; 10.5.6;-as
Ps. 76. 7; Is.26.4; Mat.10.28; 1Pe. Daniel, Da.9.3;-Jonah,Jonah2.r, 21; Ac.2.23; 4.26--28. Ps.79.8; 88.13; 119.148; Mat. 17. 25; I his sacrifice was infimtely perfect, be
5.6. &c.;-Habakkuk, Hab. 3, 1, &c.;- - - - - - , the means of our re- Th.4-15. needed to offer it only once, Hc,10.
- - , all, gz'ven to Clt.ri'st, Mat.11. Asa, 2Ch.14.11:-Jehoshaphat,20.6; demption, and the propagation of the Prevention, of evil advised, Pr. 1-4-. 16: 10-14;-he has entered into the most
27; 28.18:Jn.3.35; Ep.1.20; 1Pe.3.22; -Ezra, 9.6;-the Levites, Ne.9. 5;- gospel, were predestinated, Ge.3. 15; 22.3; Mat.10.~3. holy place to prt.'Sent it to God, 9· 12:
Re.1.1. Esther, Es.-4-.16;-Amos, Am. 7. 2, 5; 12.3;49. 10:Ps.40.7-rn; Mat. 16.18; Lu. Prey, to plunder, Je.30. 16;-what is -he intercedes for his people, Ro.8.
Praise OF Goo, exhortation to it, &c., -Zacharias for a son, Lu.1. 13;-b]ind 18. 33: Jn. 7. 30; 8, 20; 13. 21; Ac. 16.7; taken by spoil or plunder, Ge.49. 9, 34; He.7.:15; 1 Jn.2.1.
Ps.22.23: 67 3; 6g.34; n9.164; Is.38. man, Lu. 18. 38,41-43;-thict on the Ro.9.9: Ep.5. 1,n. 27; Nu.14.3; 23.24; 3r.12. Prince, the son of a king, or one po5"
19; Ac. 2. -4-7; 16. 25 ;-ought to be cross, Lu. 23. 42, 43;-Cornelius, Ac. - - - - - , some persons have Price, value, Le. 25. 16; Mat. 13. 46; sessed of high rule and authority;-
offered net only with the voice, but 10. 1 ;-Paul and Silas, Ac.16.25,26. been predestinated to grace and glory, 1 Pe.3.4. Christ is the prince of peace, Is..9-6:
with the understanding and heart, - - , examples of, ior otlters: of Lu. 10. 20; 12.32; Ac. 13. 48; Ro.8. 281 Prick, to pierce, Nu.33.55; Ps.73.21; -the prince of life, Ac.3.15:-priDCI
Ps.,47.7; 111.1; 138.1; 1Co.r-4.15; Ep. Abraham for Abimclech, Gc.20.17;- 29; 9. 29: Ep. 1.4,5; ,Ti.1.9; 1 Pe.z.9. Ac.2.37;9.5. The 'pricks'mentioned of the kings of the earth, Re. 1.s:--:--
!· 19: Col.3. 16;-ahould be frequent, Isaac for his wife, 25. 21 ;-Moses for See ELECTION. Ac. 9. s were goads, long pointed thc devil is called the prince of ""'
192
pROVJSE PROMI5l!lB PBOPHECll!lS PROPHET PROTECTION
Jn.J:2,JI;-thc princ~ of_t~e De.33.27,29; Ps.115.9; Pr.30.5;ls. 5 ;-his sealing them to redemption, 2 broken, 34. ~ ;-that he should die l9- 16; Je. :1:. 5;-teaches and explains
.,arid, of the air, or ~ose e~il spmts ,p.10,13,1-4; Ho. 13. 9; Hc.13.6;-his Co.1.22; Ep.1.13; 4.30;-his comfort- with malefactors, Is.53.9,12;-that he divine truths, 1 Co. 12.10; 14.1,3,5,22,
p(?we; habit the aenal regions, Ep. care for them, De.32.11,12; Ps.33.18; ing them, Jn.14. 16; 15. 26; 16. 7; Ro. should be cut off in the 111idst of his 24,31; -one under the influence of an
'fibo~ Roman emperor, Da.9.26; Is.46.3,4; 63.9; Zec.2.8; 1 Pe.5.7. 14.17. days, Ps. 89. 45; 102. 24 ;-that there evil spirit, and who imitated the true
chid
t• 2 :
-the
of a family or tribe, Nu. Promisea of God, are the gracious
declarations of his Word, in which
Promises of God, of support in death,
Ps.23.4; 37. 37; 73. 26; Pr. 14. 32; Is.
should be an earthquake at hir, death,
Zee. 14. 4;-and a remarkable dark-
prophets, 1 Sa. 18. to; 1 Ki. 22. 22;-a
heathen poet, Tit. 1.12
J~,6- the daughter of a king, or he engages to bestow blessings on !iis 25. 8; Ho.13.14; Ro. 8. 38,39; 1 Co.15. ness, Am.5.20; 8.9; Zee. 14.6;--that he Prophetesses, female prophets: Mi-
friD. ~•s consort;-Solomon had people;-theyaregreatandprecious, 55-57; 2Ti.1.12;-ofhappiness to the should be buried with the ri:h, Is.53. riam, Ex. 15. 20;-Deborah, Ju. 4. 4.
• P': wives, 1 Ki. u. 3;-figura- 2 Pe. 1. 4;-they are made through soul immediately after death, Lu. 16. 9;-that he should ri5e again from the -Huldah, 2 Ki. 22. 14 ; - Noadiah,
~ /y the city of Jerusalem, La. 1. 1. Christ, 2 Co. 1.20;-their accomplish- 25; 23.43; Phi. 1.21,23; 2 Co.5.8; He. dead, Ps.16.10; 30.3; 41,1.:>,; n8.17; Ne. 6. 14; - Anna. Lu 2. 36; - the
,=-cipal, the chief, Ex.30.23; Nu.5. ment is certain, Nu. 23. 19; De. 7. 9; 12. 23; Re. 14. r3;-of a glorious re- Ho.6.2;-that he should a5cend into daughters of Philip, Ac. 21. 9;-the
. Is 8; Ac.25.23. • I Sa.15.29; Ps. 89. 3, 34; 105. 8; Lu.. 1. surrection, Job 19. 26, 27; Is. 26. 19; heaven, and sit on the right hand of wife of a prophet so called, Is.8. 3-
16
1·. ci~ty,royalstate,ortheatt1re 45; He.10.23;Ja.1.17. Da. 12.2; Lu.20.35,36; Jn. 5. 28, 29; 6. God, Ps. 16. u; 24. 7; 68. r8; uo. 1; Prophets, a succes .. ion of them from
rr;1:be bead marking.the sa~e, Je.13. - - - - - - . to Noah, Ge. 8. 21; 39,40,54; u.25; Ro.8.u; 1 Co.15.21, n8. 19;-that after his a~,cension he Moses till Malachi ;-promised, De.
0 . bief rulers, Tit. 3. 1,-govern- 9- 9, &c.;-to Abraham, 12. 7; 13. 14; 22,42,52-54; 2 Co. 5. 1-4; Phi. 3. 21; 1 should send the Holy Ghost, Ps.68. 18.15;-their duty, I Sa.12 23; Is.58.
~~: by go~~ angels: Ep.1.21; 3.10; 15. 1: 17.1, &c.: 15. 18, 10; 22. 15;-to Th. 4. 14;-of everlasting happiness 18; Joel 2. 28, 29;- that his betrayer 1; 62.6:Je.1-8,17, 23.28; Eze.2.6; 3.
_.,v:icked spmts, 6.12. C?l.2.15. Hagar, 16.10; 21.17;-to Isaac, 26.2; in heaven, Da. 12. 3; .Mar. 13. 43; 25. should die suddenly and miserably, 9,11,17; 34-- 2,-to be respected, Je.
o..iT1ciple, a point of behef, He.5.12; -to Jacob, 28. 13; 31.3; 32.12; 35.n; 34, 46; Jn.14.2,3; Ro. 2. 7; 8.17,18,30; Ps. 55. 15, 23; 109. 17;-that the pot- 25.4; 26.4;-sometimes despised, 23-
.i- 1 ~ 46.3;-to David, 2Sa.7.5,12;-to So- 2Co.4.17,18; Col.3.4; 1 Th.4.17; 2Pe. ter's field should be bought with the 33,34, 35 ;-a blessing to the p:ople,
~ t . a d~p mark, ma~e by cut:~g lomon, 2 Ch.1.7; 7.12. t.n: Re.2.10; 7.15-17; 21.22,23. purchase money, Zee. 1 I. 13. Compare ls.30.20; Je.3.15; Am.8.n;-a pre-
or wounding, Le. 19. 28, Jn. 20. 2.:,,- - - - - - - , applicable tD all Promotion, advancement or prefer- these with the article on CHRlST. sumptuous one to be put to death,
raven or writt~~• Job 19. 23. . his feople;-ef temporal blessings, in ment, Ps. 75. 6; Pr. 3. 35;-sometimes Prophecies, other prophecie5 accom- De.18.20;-false ones described and
~cilla, pris-c1l la, o~ PRISCA, 2 T1. general, Ps. 34. 9, 10; Mat 6. 33; Phi. une.zpected, r Sa.2.7; Ps.75.6; Da.2. plished: concerning Abraham's po- complained of, Is.56. 10; Je.6. 13; 23. 1:
_ , the wife of Aqmla, ~ho, along 4.10;-particularly, of food and rai- 21 ;-of Joseph, Ge.39. I, &c. ;41.39;- sterity in Egypt, Ge. 15. 13 ;-concern- Eze.22.25; 34.2; l\li.3.n; :Ma!.1.6;-
4 19 her husband, entertamed Paul,
with ment, Ps.37.3; u1.5, Mat.6.25,26,30- of Moses, Ex.3.1,10; -ofDavid,2Sa. ing Isaac, 18. 10; 21. 1;-of Joseph's the danger of following them, De. 13,
d with whom he wrought as a tent- 32;-of safety and protection, De.33- 2.4; 5.1;- --of Mephibosheth, 2Sa.9. 1, ad v-ancement, 37. 5; 42. 6; - of the 1-3;-judgment~ denounced against
:ker or manufacturer of awnings of 12; Ps.91.1-4; 112 7; 121. 3; Is. 33 16; &c. :-of Jehu, king of Israel, 2 Ki. builder of Jericho, Jos. 6. 26; 1 Ki.16. them, 5; Je. 14.15; 23.21,25; 28.15; 29.
haircloth, Ac.18.2,26; Ro.16.3; r Co. 43• 2;-of peace, Le. 26. 6; Ps. 29. u; 9 2. 34:-•of the death of Eli's sons, I Sa. 3r; Eze.13.3; 14.9;-one from Judah
119. 165; ls. 32. 18;- of direction, Ps. Pronounce, to declare or speak plainly, · 2. 34; 4.11;--of the death of Saul, 28. meets Jeroboam at Bethel, 1 Ki. 13.1;
~~ a place of confinement, Mat. 37.23; 73. 24; Pr. 3. 6, Is. 42 16,-of Le. 5. 4, 13. 3; Ju 12 6, Ne. 6. I2; Je. 19; 31.2:-of the birth of Josiah, r Ki. -is killed by a lion, 23 ;-lying ones
_12 ; Lu. 23 . 1g;-a low and afflicted success and prosperity, Ps.1. 3; 128 II.17. 13.2: 2 Ki. 23. 15;-of the death of a complained of, Je. I4. 13; 23.9;-such
:andition, Ps. 142.7; Ec.4. 14; Is.42.7; 2; Is.65.21-23,-a blessing on a good Proof. trial, evidence, 2 Co.2.9: 8 24; prophet, 1 Ki. 13. 22, 30:-of the de- to be destroyed, 25. 34 ;--reproved,
-the grave, 53.8;--hell, 1 ~e.3. ~9- man's children and household, Ps. 13.3; Phi.2.22: 2 Ti 4 5. struction oi the house of Jeroboam, Eze. 13. I ;-foretold to arise in the
Prisoners, those confined m pnson, 102. 28; 112. 2; Pr. 3. 33; 13. 22: 14. n, Proper. fit, r Ch 29.3, Ac.1.19; 1 Co. 14. 10; 15 29;-of the death of his son, Christian church, Mat. 7. 15; 24. n,
our duty towards them, Mat.25.36; 26;--on all he llil:th, Ex.23 25; De. 7 7; He.n.23. 14.12,17;--of the destruction of the 24; Ac.20.29; r Ti.4.1; 2 Pe.2.1; 3.3;
He. 13 _3;-of hope, all who hear the 26.n; 28.3-8. Prophecies relating to Christ: general house of Baasha, 16. 31 1 I ;---of the -'sons of' the, 2 Ki.2.3,5; pupils of
gospel Zec.9.12. - - - - - - , relating to trouble ones declaring the coming of a l\I es- great drought in the reign of Ahab, the prophets, trained by them in the
Priva~ or secret things, will be re-
0
and ajJliction. See AFFLICTION. siah, Ge.3.15, De.18.15; Ps.89 20; Is. 17.1; t8.41;-of the invasion of the knowledge of religion.
vealed and come to judgment, Job ! - - - - - - , ofdeliverancefrom 2.2; 9.6, 28.16; 32.1, 35.4; 42 6; 49.1; King of Syria, 20. 22, ~6:-of the re- Propitiation, the action of a person
31
_-4; !
34 . 21, &c.; Ps.139. II, &c.; Pr. famine and want, Job 5.20; Ps.33.18, 55.4; Eze.34.24; Da.2.44; Mi 4.1; venge of the death of Naboth, 21.r9: who, in some appointed way, turns
_ ; Ee. 12. 14; Je. 32. 19; Ro. 2. 16; 19, 37. 19; Is 41 17;-from war and Hag. 2. 7 ~Zee. 3.8 ;-his excellency and 22. 38 :-of the destruction of the house away the wrath of God, Ro.3.25; I
5 21 dignity, and the design of his mission, of Ahab, 21.21; 2 Ki. ro. n;-of the
He.-4. 13. enemies, De.20.4; Job 5.20, Ps.37.40; Jn.2.2;4.10. SeeATONEMENT.
Privy, private, secret, De. 23. r; r Ki. Pr. 3. 25, 26: 16. 7; Is. 41.n,12; Je. 32. Ge.12.3; 49 to; Nu.24 . .i9; De.18.18; death of Jezebel, 1 Ki.21.23; 2 Ki.9. Proportion, an equal part, r Ki.7.36;
2, 44 ; Ac.5.2. 17,18;-fromoppressionandinjustice, Ps.21.1; Is.59.20; Je.33.16;-his di- 36;-of the production of water to -symmetry, or agreement of one
Prize or re\\-a.rd, in a race, I Co. 9. Ps. 12. 5; 72. 4, 14; 109. 3 I; Is. 54. 14;- vinity, Ps.2.7,n; 45.7; 72.8; no.r; supply an army, 2 Ki. 3. 17, 20;-of part with another, Job 41. 12;-an-
24 :-'etemal bliss, Phi. 3. 14. from slander and reproach, Job 5.21; Is.9.6; 25.9; 40.10; Je.23.6; Mi.5.2; plenty in a siege of Samaria, 7.1,18; alogy of faith, or harmony of its dif-
Proceed, to go on, or go out, Ex.25. Ps. 31. 20; 37. 6; Is. 51. 7,8; Mat.5.u, Mal. 3. I ;-the nation, tribe,and family -of the death of the lord who did ferent parts, Ro.12.6.
he was to descend from, Ge.12.3; 18. not believe the prophet, 7. 2, 20;-of
35 ; Jos.6. 10; Job 40.5; .Mat.15. 19. 12; I Pe.4.14. Proselyte [incomer], a convert from
ProceSS of Time, in course, or after , to the stranger, De. 18; 21.12; 22.18; 26.4; 28.14; 49.8; Ps. the reign of the sons of Jehu to the heathenism to the Jewish religion,
1 18.50; 89.4,29,36; 132.n; Is.n.r; Je. fourth generation, 10. 30; 15. 12;-of
sometime,Ge.4.3; 38.12;Ex.2.23;Ju. 10. 18; Ps. 146. 9; Eze. II. 16;-to the Ac.2.10; 6.5; 13.43;-oftke gate, was
u.-4-; 2Ch.21.19. poor and helpless, Ps.9.18; 6g.33; 72. 1'
23.5; 33.15;-the time when he was to the destruction of the King of Assy- one permitted to dwell in the land of
Procborus, pro'ko-rus, one of the first 12, 13; 102. 17; 107. 41; n3. 7; Ja. 2.5; appear,Ge.49.10; Nu.24.17; Da.9.24; ria, 19. 7, 35, 37;-of the Eabylonish Israel; and who, without submitting
l,Cven deacons of the Christian church, -to the widow and fatherless, Ex. Hag.2.7; Mal.3.1;-the place of his captivity, 20.17; 24.13; Je.27.1-7; 29. to circumcision,orany other ceremony
Ac.6.5. 22. 22, 23; De. 10. 18; Ps.10.14, 18: 68. birth, Nu.24.17,19: Mi.5.2;-that a 11-14;-the total desolation of Nine- of the law, worshipped the true God,
Proclamation, a public notice, given 5; 146.9; Pr.15.25; 23.ro,r1; Je.49. 11: messenger should go before him, Is. veh,Na.1.1-10; 3.7;Zep.2.13;-and of according to the mor-1 law, and the
by authority, Ex.32.5; 1 Ki15.22; 22. Ho.14. 3:-to the prisoner and cap-- 40.3:Mal.3.1;4.5;-that he was to be Babylon, J e. 50. 35-40; 51. 24-26,37,64. rules imposed on the childrenofN oah;
36; Da. 5. 29. tive, De. 30.4; Ps. 68. 6; 146. 7; Is.49. 25. born of a virign, Ge.3.15; Is.7.14;Je. - - - - , SPOKEN BY CHRIST, re• -of ri'ghteousness, was one who re-
Procrastination, putting off from day , of sjJiritua.l bless- 31.22;-that he was to be worshipptd specting his sufferings and the man• ceived circumcision, and the whole
to day, deferring till a future time; ings, in general, Ps. 25. 10; 34. 10; 84. by the wise men, Ps.72.10,15; Is.6o. nerofhis death, MaL16.21; r7.22,23; law of Moses, and enjoyed all the
-condemned by Christ, Lu.9.59-62; 11; Ro.8.30; Ep.1.3; 2Pe.r.3;-par- 3,6;-that there i;hould be a massacre 20.18,19; Mar.8.31; 9.31; 10.32,39; privileges of a native Hebrew, Ezr.
-its danger, Ge. 19. 16; Mat. 5. 25: ticularly, of pardon of sin, Ex.34.7: at Bethlehem, Je. 31. 15 ; - that he Lu.9.22; 18.31-33;-the time he 6.21.
Lu.r3-25;-motives for avoiding, Ee. Ps. 65. 3; .io3. 12; 130.4,8; Is.43.25; 44. should be carried into Egypt, Ho. u. should remain in the grave, Mat. 12. Proseuche (the original Greek), pray-
12. t;Pr. 27. 1: Is. 55. 6; 2Co. 6. 2;- 22;Je.31.34;Mi.7.18,19;-ofthemost r ;-that he was to be distinguished 40;-his resurrection on the third day, er, or rather an oratory, or place for
Felix, an example, Ac. 24. 25. See heinous sins, Is. 1. 18; r Co.6.g--n; 1 by peculiar grace and wisdom, and by 16.21; Mar.8.31; 9.31; Lu.9.22: 18.33; prayer, commonly surrounded with
DELAYS. Jn.r.7;-of all sins, Ps.103.3; Je.33.8; the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jn.2.19,21;-the place where his dis- the shade of trees: Christ continued
Procure, to obtain, Pr. II. 17 ;-to Eze.33.16; 36. 25;-justification, Nu. him, Is. u. 2; 42. r; 61. 1:-that he ciples were to prepare the passover, in one all night engaged in prayer,
bring upon one's self, Je. 2. 17; 4. 18: 23. :n; Is. 45. 25: 53.n; Ac.13.39; Ro. should be a prophet, De. 18. 15;-that Mat. 21.1-3; Mar. n.2; Lu.19. 30,31; Lu. 6. 12 ;-Paul and his attendants
26.19. 3. 24; 5. 1, 9: 8. 33, 34;-reconciliation, he should preach the word of the -that Judas would betray him, Mat. spent the Sabbath in one, near to
Profane. not hoiy, but allowed for Is.27.5;Ro.5.9,10;2Co.5.18,19;Ep.2. Lord, Ps.2.7; Is.2.3; 61.1; Mi.4-2;- 26.21,23,25; Lu.22.3,4:Jn. 13. 21-26;- Philippi, Ac.16.13.
common use, Eze. 42. 20: 44. 23 ;- 13-17; Col.1. 21:-adoption, Is.63.16; that h• should work miracles, Is.35. that Peter would deny him, Mat. 26. Prospect, view, or side from which
J,n'un, one who despises or abuses Ro.8.14,15; 9. 26; 2 Co. 6.18; Ga.3.26; 5;-that he should cast the buyers 34; Mar.14.30; Lu.22.34; Jn. 13.38;- the adjacent ground was seen, Eze.
sacred things, Le.21.7; He.12.16;- 4.4, 5; Ep.1.5; I Jn.3.1,2;-access to and s;ellers out of the temple, Ps.6g.9; that his other disciples would forsake 40.44,46; 43.4.
to use holy things as if they were base God through Christ, with acceptance, -that he should be a priest and offer him, Mat.26.31; l\tar.14.27;Jn.16.32; Prosperity, or ADVERSITY, of a
or common, Le. 18. 21; 21. 12; Eze. Ep.1.6; 2.18; 3.12; t Pe.2.4,5; He.Io. sacrifice, uo. 4;-that he should be -that he should ascend into heaven, worldly kind, no evidence of vinue
23.39; Mat.12.5; Ac.24.6. 19,20;-hearing of prayer, Job 22.27; hated and persecuted, 22.6; 35.7,t2; Jn.6.62; 16.28; 20.17;-the sending of or vice, or of the favour oi displeasure
Profess, to declare openly and plainly, Ps. 34. 6, 15, 17; 50. 15; 91. 15; 145. 19; xog.2; Is.49.7; 53.3;-that he should the Holy Ghost as. the Comforter to of God, Job 12.6; 20.4; 21.7,18; Ps. 17.
De.26.3: Mat.7.23; Tit.1.16. Is. JO. 19; 58. 9; 65. 24; Je. 29. 12; Zee. be rejected by the chiefs of the Jews, his apostles, 14. 16, 26; 15. 26;-that ro; 73.3,13; 92.7; Ec.8.14; 9.2; Je.12.
Profeaaion, an open and avowed de- 13. 9; Mat. 7. 7, 8,u; 21. 22; Jn.14. 13; Ps.u8.22;-that the Jews and Gen- they should be endowed with the 1; Hab. r. 16; Mal. 3.14; Mat.5.45,
daration of our belief, 1 Ti.6. 12; He. 15.7; 16.23,24; I Jn.3.22; 5.14;-sanc- tiles should conspire to destroy him, gift of tongues, Mar. 16. 17;-the per- Lu.13.1; 16.19; Jn.9.2; Ac.28.4;-ad-
3-1;-to be held fast, 4.14; 10.23. tification, Is. 1. 18; Eze. 36. 25-27; I Ps.2.1; 22.12; 41.5:-that he should secutions to which they should be vantages and evils of, will be adjusted
Proftt, to gain advantage, improve, Co.6.u; 1Th.5.23; Tit.2.14;-know- ride triumphantly into Jerusalem, 8. subjected, Mat.23.34-36; 24.9; Mar. hereafter, Ps. 37. 1; Ee. 5. S; 8. r2; Jc.
Is.30.5: Ro.3.:1; He.12.10. ledge and wisdom, Pr.2.6; Is.2.3; 29. o; Zec.9 9;-that he should be sold 13. 9; Jn. t6. 1-4;-the sufferings and 5.29; Lu.16.25; Ro.8.18.
Profitable, or beneficial, we cannot 18, 24; 52. 6; Ja. I. 5;-teaching and for thirty pieces of silver, Zee. 11.12: death of Peter,21. 18, 19;-the destruc- - - - - , a dangerous state, De.6.
be to God, Job 22.2;-godliness is to guidance, Ps.25.8,12; 32.8; 73.24; Is. - -that he should be betrayed by one tion of the city and temple of Jerusa- 10; Pr.1.32; 30.8; Lu.6.24; J~i:6;Ja.
us, 1 Ti.-4.8;-all Scripture is, 2Ti.3. 49.10; 58.n;-support under tempta- of his own familiar friends, Ps.-41.9; lem, 1'.Iat.24.1,2; Mar.1~.1,2; Lu.19. 5
16. tion and deliverance from it, Is. 40. 55. 12;-that his disciples should for- 41-44; 21.6;-the signs by which this _ _·_H_i·--, of the wicked not to i,;,
Profound, deep, Ho.5.2. 29; 41.10; Ro.16.20; 1 Co.ro.13; 2Co. sake him, Zec.13.7;-that he should should be preceded, Mat.24.3-7;:Mar. envied, Job12.6; 20.5; 21.7,18; Ps.
Progenitors, forefathers, Gc.49.26. 12.9; He.2.18:2 Pe.2.6;-- fruitfulness, be accused by false witnesses, Ps. 27. 13.5-8; Lu.21.8-n;-the rejection of 37. r; 73. 1, 18; 92.7; Ec.8.12; Je.12.1 1
Prognosticators, persons who pre- and increase in grace, Ps. 1. 3; 92 12- 12; 35.n; 109.2;-that he should not the Jews, and the preaching of his &c.; Lu.16.:19.
lended to foreteII the various events 14:Je.31.12; Ho.14.5; Mal.4.2; Jn.15, plead Upon his trial, 38. 13; ls.53.7;- gospel in all nations,Mat.8.u,12; 24. - - - - . or CALAMITY, of nations,
of every month of the year, Is.47.13. 2, 5;-that God will never forsake that he should be insulted, buffeted, 14; Lu.13.28,29. causes thereof: of the Amorites, Ge.
Prolong, to lengthen in time, or pro- them, Ps. 37. 28; 94.14; Is. 42. 16; 49. and spit upon, Ps.35.15,21; Is.50.6;- Prophecy, the foretelling of such future 15.16;-of Sodom, 18.20;-of the Is-
tract, De. 4- 26,40; 32. 47; Job 6. n; 14,15; 54.9,10; Je.32.40; La. 3. 31, 32; that he should be scourged, Is.50.6; events as were beyond the reach of raelites, Le.26.3; De. 7. 12; 28.:1:5; Ju.
Ps.61.6; Is.53.10. He. 13. 5;-that they shall be j)re- Mi..5.1;-that he should be crucified, human sagacity, and which therefore 2.20; l Ki. 8. 33; II. 14, 23; 2 Ki. 17. 7:
Promiae, of an interest in Gad, as served to eternal life, J n. ro. 28, 29; Ps. 2z. 14, 17 ;-that they should offer none but God could reveal ;-holy Ps.78.33; 107. u,34; Pr.14-34; 28.2;
the covenant God of his people, 2 Sa. Ro. 8. 38, 39; I Co. 1. 8; Phi.1.9; r Th. him gall and vinegar to dnnk, 15; men of God thus spake and wrote, as Is.47.8; 50.1 ;Je.4. 18; 7.17; 9. 13; 12.4;
23- s: b. 55. 3; Je. 31.31-34;-as their 5.23,24. 6g.21 ;-that they should part his; gar- they were moved by the Holy Ghost, 15. 1; 16. 10; 17.19; 22.3: 44.3,&c.;
God, Ge.17.7; Ps.48.14; Is.41.10: Je. , of tlte injluNZCes ments, and cast lots upon his vesture, Nu.rr.25; 24.2; 2Sa.23.2; 2Ch.20.14; Eze.5.5; 14.13; Ho.-4.1;Am.4-6; Mat.
~.22;2Co.6.16; He.8.10;-their por- oftlte Holy Spirit, Pr.1.23; Is.32.15; 22. 18;-that he should be mocked by Ne.9.30; Is.48. 16; Eze.2.2: 3. 12; Mi. 23.37.
boo, Ps. 16. 5: 73. 26; La. 3. 2-4;-his 59.21: Eze. 36. 27; Lu.n.13; Jn.4.10, his enemies, 16; 109.25;-that his side 3.8; Zec.7. 12; Ac. t. 16; n.28; 21.u; Prostitute, to profane, or to give up
Presence with them, Ex. 33. 14; Ps. 1-4; 7.38,39; 1-4.16,17; Ga.3.14; 1 Co.2, should be pierced, Zee. 12. 10 ;-ahoo 28.25; 1Ti.4.1;2Pe.i:.21;-notalways to whoredom, Le. 19.29.
14°.13; Is.41.10; Eze.34.30:Jn.14.23; 12;-his teaching, Lu. 12. 12: Jn. 16. his hands and his feet, Ps.22.16; Zee. understooci by the prophets them• Protection, a defence or cover frem
-his love to them, De.7.13: Ps.42.8; 13; I Co.2.10; 1 Ja. 2. 27;-his help in i: 3.6;-~hat he should be patient un- selves, I Pe. 1.10-12. evil, De. 32.38;-God's protection of
ls.43.4; Je,31. 3; Ho. 14.4; Zep. 3. 17; p"rayer, Zec.12.10; Ro.8.15,26,27; Ga. der his sufferings, Is. 53. 7;-that he Prophet, one qualified and authorized bis people described, De. 32. IO-r,t.;
-his mercy ta them, Ps. 103. 13,17; 4. 6;-his witnessing with the spirits should pray for his enemies, Ps.rog. to speak for God to men; foretells Ps. xci.; 1ar.3--S; Is.63-9- Bu Pko.
la J:lo 18- H"'\,, z:r.. 8;-his help to them, of his people, Ro. 8. 16; 2 Co. z. 22; 5. 4;-that a "bone ef him should not be future events, 1 Sa. 3.20; 1 Ki. 18.22; VIDeNCE.
193
PSALMS PUNISHMENT QUAILS RAllllAH RAM
ProNs't, to give a solemn declaration Iii. liii. lviii. lxxiii. lxxxii. ci. cxii. cxxv. 24; Da.12.2; Mat. 18.8; 25.41,46; Mar. Quake,toshakeaswithterror;Mount J treme.'-(2) A town in Judah J
of one's opinion or resolution, Gc.43. cxxviii. cxxxi. cxxxiii. ;-of prayer, 3.29; 9.43; Lu.3.17; 2 Th.r.9; Jude 7; Sinai did, Ex. 19. 18;--the ground on 15.6a. ' oS.
3; 1 Sa.8.9; Zec.3.6; 1 Co.15.31. in general, iv. v. xxvi. xxviii. lxxi. -in proportion to guilt, Mat. II. 22, which stood the army ot the Philis- [I Rabbath.Moa.b, the capital of th
Prove, to try or examine one's self, lxxxvi. ex. cxxiii. cxxxii. cxli. cxliv.; &c.; 23.14; Lu.12.47; Ro.2.6,9; 2 Co. tines did, 1 Sa.11.1:5:·-the earth did 1\-loabites, commonly called Ar, Nu~
2 Co.13. 5; t Th.5. 21 ;-to manifest by -of supplication in distress, xiii.xvii. 5.10;-1ixampl65, in Cain, Ge.4.11;- at the death ofChnst, Mat.27.51. 21.28; Is.15.1.
argument or evidence,Ac.9.22; Ro.3. xxii. xxv. xxxi. xxxv. xxxviii. xi. xliii. Er, the son of Judah, 38.7;-of the Quantity, measure, size, Is. 2;.. 24. Rabbi, rab'bi, a title of dignity amon
10;-to try by some mercy or affiic- liv. Iv. lix. Ix. lxiv. lxix. lxx. lxxiv. family of Eli, 1 Sa. 2.31:-ofEli and Q1i.arrels, contests or grounds of strife, the Hebrews, signifying master g
tion, that men may know themselves, lxxx.lxxxiii. lx:xxviii.xciv. cxx. cxxiii. his sons, 4.n,18;-ofGehazi, 2 Ki.5. Le.26.25; 2 Ki.5.7; Mar.6.19;-to be doctorofthelaw;itwasmuchcovet~
and be known by others, Ex.16.4; De. cxxxvii.cxl.cxlii. cxliii. ;-penitential, 27 ;-of Sennacherib, 19. 35, 37 ;-of avoided, ~r.3.30; 17.14;20.3; 25.8;- by the scri_bes ~nd Phari~ees, Mat
8. 2 . vi. xXv. xxxii. xxxv. xxxviii. li. cxxx.; Judas Iscariot, Ac.1.18:-of Ananias to be ~org1ven, Col. 3. 13;-whence 23. 7;-Chi:-1st ~:hs<;uades h_1s ?isciptes
Provender, dry food for cattle, such --expressing trust in God, iii. xii. and Sapphira, 5. 1 ;-of king Herod, they anse, Ja.4. 1. from affecting 1t, 8;-the d1sc1ples fre.
as hay or corn, Ge. 24. 25, 32; 42. 27; xvi. xxiii. xxvii. xliv. xlvi. lvi. lvii. lxi. 12. 23; - of Elymas, 13. II. See Quarries, mi?es ottt of which stones quently applied it to Christ, Jn. 1 _38 ,
-43. 2 4 ; Ju. 19. 19,21; Is. 30. 24. lxii. lxxi. lxxvii. xci. cxxi. cxxvii. cxxx. WICKED. are cut or d1gged, Ju. 3.19,26;-but 49; 3.2,26; 6.25.
Proverb, a short and pithy moral sen- cxxxviii.; - celebrating the perfec- Punishments, of a civil kind among I?robably the word here meansgraven Rabboni, rab-~o'ni [my master], the
tence, maxim, comparison, or enigma, tions of God, viii. xix. xxix. xxxiii. 1. the Jews,--- retaliation, or returning images. same as Rabbi, Jn.20.16.
~xpressed in a style that is poetical lxv. lxviii. lxxvi.xciii. xcvi. xcvii. xctx. stripe for stripe, eye for eye, &c., Ex. Quarter, a part of a city or country, Rab-mag [chief magician), Je. 39 . 3 13
and figurative, Pr. i:. 1, -&c. :-a by- civ. cvii. cxiii. cxiv. cxxxv. cxxxvi. 2Y.23-25; De. 19.21; -fining ma sum Ge. r9. 4; Jos. 18. 14; ls. 47. 15; 56.n; Rabsaris, rab'sa-ris [chief eunu~h;
word, De.28.37; t Sa.10.12; Ps.6g.n; cxxxix.cxlvii.:-ofpraiseand thanks- of money, Ex. 21. 18, 19, 22, 32 ;- 1\-lar.1.45. ch~e_f of the eunuchs of Sennacherib~
-a kind of parable, J n.16.25,29. giving, ix. xviii. xx. xxiii. xxx. xxxiv. scourging, not above forty stripes at Quartus (the fourth], a disciple resid- 1 K1.18.17.
Provide, to procure beforehand, to xl. xlvii. xlviii. lxiii. lxvi. lxvu. lxxv. once, De. 25. 3; 2 Co II. 24;-inzjiri- ent at Corinth, probably a Roman, Rabshak.eh, r:ib'sha-keh (chief cup.
prepare, or to supply, Ge. 22. 8; 30. lxxvi. lxxxvii. xcii xcviii. c c1ii. cvui sonment, Le 24.12;Nu.15.34;-j>luck- mentioned by Paul, Ro. 16. 23. bearer], his blasphemous message 2
30; Job38.41; Mat.10.9; Ro.12.17: cxi. cxv.-cxv1i1. cxxii cxxiv. cxxvi tngofftlu hair, Is.50.6; Ne.13.25;- Quaternion, a company of four, the Ki. 18. 17-37. These two officers '0 r
1 Ti.5.8. cxxix cxxxiv. cxlv. cxlvi cxlviii -cl, killmg with the sword, Ju. 8. 21; 1 K1. usualnumberofaRomannightwatch, the court of the Assyrian king-the
Providence, prudent foresight and -historical, lxxviii lxxxix cv cvi 225;Ac.12.2;-hanging, De.21.22, Ac.12.4. Rabsaris and the Rabshakeh-stoo<f
care in managing affairs, Ac. 24. 2. cxxxv cxxxvi. ; prophetical of 23,Jos 8.29;10 26,· -stonzng to death, Queen, the wife or consort of a king, next in rank to the Tartan, and re,.
Providence of God, is his continual Christ, ii.xx1.xxii.xlv lxxti cix.cx. Jos. 7 25; 1 Ki. 12 18; 21 13; Ac.7.58; Ne.2.6;Es. 1.9;-asovereign princess, p ·esented their master in embassies.
superintendence and care over crea- 1 Psaltery, a kind of harp or dulcimer, - throwing of persons from the top or ruler of a kingdom, 1 Ki. 10. 1, 4, Raca, ra'kah, a Syriac term of re.
tion; asserted, Ex.21.13; Ne.9.6; Job ; of Babylonish origin, much used of a rock, or precipice, 2 Ch. 25. 12; xo; Ac. 8. 27;-the church of Chnst, proach and contempt, signifying
1.12; 2.6; 5.6; 23.14;Ps 65.9;75.6;105 j among the Hebrews, in the praise Lu. 4 29 ,-bekeadmg, Ju. 9 5; 2 Ki. Ps. 45. 9;-the antichristian church, empty, vain, beggarly,fooltsh; da.n.
14; 113. 7; 127. 1; 147. 6; Pr. 16. 9, 33; of God, Ps 33 2, 57.8, 7r.22, 81.2,92. ro 7; Mat 14 10,-sawing asunder, Re. 18 7;-the moon, Je.44.17,25. ger of thus calling a brother, Mat
19. 21; 20.24; 21.30; Ee 9. 1,II; Je. 10. I 3; 108 2: 144 9; 150 3
:23; Mat. 6. 26; 10. 29; Jn. 3. 27;-it is Ptolemais, tol e-mll11s, a seaport town
He. II, 37;-tearmg to pieces alive, Quench, to put out fire, Nu u.2; Ps.
2 Sa.12.31;-cr11cijixion, which they 118.12;-to allay thirst, Ps. 104 11:-
5.22.
Race, a running match; notalwavs to
uniVersal, extending over the na- of Canaan, on the shore of the Medi borrowed from the Romans, Mat 27. to resist and suppress the calls and the swift, Ee. 9. n;-the Chri~tian
turalworld, Ps.104.13; 135 5-7; 147 terrailean, about 27 miles south of 35, 38 ;-burning with fire, Le. 20. influences of the Spint, 1 Th.5.19. course compared to, 1 Co. 9. 2 4 ;-to
8-18; 148.7,8; Job 9. 5, 6; 21. g-11; 37. Tyre,--on his third missionary jour. 14; 2 1.9 Questions, to instruct by questions be run with patience, He.12.1.
6-13; Ac.14.17;-the brute creation, ney Paul visited it, and 'saluted the Punon, pll'non [darkness], an encamp- and answers in catechising, enforced, Rachel, ra'chel [a ewe], daughter of
Ps.104.21-29; 147.9; Mat.6.26; 10.29; brethren and abode with theni one ment of the Israelites in the wilder• Ge 18 19; De.4 9; 6.6-9; 11. 19; Ps.78. Laban,_ is met ~y Jacob, Ge.29.9- 12;
-general affairs of men, 1 Ch. 16.31; day,' Ac 21 7,-was formerly called ness, Nu. 33. 42. It was probably 5; Ep.6.4 -mamed to him, 28;-frets on ac-
Ps. 47.7; 66. 7: Pr.21. 1; Job 12 23; Is. Accho, Ju. 1 31 ;--is now called Akka here that Moses set up the brazen _ _ _ _ _ are of various kinds; recount of her barrenness, 30. 1;-bears
10.12-15; Da.2.21; 4.25;-the affairs or St. Jean d'Acre serpent, 21 g, 10. ligious and sincere, De. 6 20; Ac.9.6; Joseph, 23;-bears Benjamin, and
ef' individuals, 1 Sa. 2. 6; Ps. 18. 30; Public, common, known, l\Iat.1 19. Pur, or Pt:RIM, a festival among the -blasphemous, J n. 8. 48;-curious, dies, 35. 18 ;-represented as mourning
Pr.16.9; ls.45.5; Lu.1.53:Ja.4.13-15: Public Worship, decency to be ob- Jews, in memory of the lots cast by Lu. 13. 13,-foolish and unlearned, 2 for her children, Je.31.15:-Rachef,
-the free ac:ts of men, Ex. 12. 36; 1 served in it, 1 Co.u.18; 14. 40 See Haman, Es.9 20 Ti 2 23; Tit 3 9; -hard or difficult, 1 tonzb about a mile north of Bethle-
Sa.24.9-15; Ps.33.14,15; Pr.16.1;19. WORSHIP Purchases, the manner of making t Ki. 10. 1; -captious and ensnanng, I hem, Ge.35.16-20.
21; 20. 24: 21. 1; Jc. 10. 23; Phi. 2. 13; Publicans, tax-gatherers or officers them, by Abraham, Ge 23 3 ;-by Mar. 12. 14;-leading or pointing to 'Rafters, roof timber, Ca.1.17.
-is exercised O"l•er the sinful acts of who farmed the taxes and public re• Boaz, Ru.4. 7;-by Jeremiah, Je.32. the ans_~er to be given, Nu.23. 19;- Rage, violent anger or fury, 2 Kis-
men, 2 Sa.16.10; 24.1; Ps. 76 10; Ro venues exacted by the Romans from 7,44. hypocnt1cal, Mat 2. 7;-accusatory, 12; 2 Ch. 16. 10; Pr.6.34; Da.3.13-
11. 32;Ac. 4. 27, 28;-is unerringly the Jews. TheRomansenatefarmed Purge, to clean, Ps.51.7; Is.1.25; Mat. Ne. 2. 19;-affirmative, Nu. 12. 2;- Ragged ROCKS, uneven, consisting of
wise, Ps. 104. 24; Is. 28. 29;-some- the taxes to persons who undertook 3 12; He.9.14 negative, 23.8. parts almost disunited, Is.2.21.
times dark and m}'sterious, Ps.18.u; to pay a certain sum into the trea- Purifica+,ions, were of various kinds Quick, the living, Nu. 16. 30; Ac. 10. Rags, worn-vut clothes or tatters;
77. 19: Ro. n. 33;-always fust, De. sury (j>ublicum, hence jmblicani). among the Hebrews, some for deli- 42; 2 Ti. 4. 1; 1 Pe. 4. s;-very tender slothfulness brings men to, Pr.2 3• 21 ;
32. 4; Ps. 97. 2; Ho. 14. 9 ;-perfectly Such contracts were generally in the verance from ceremonial unclean- and sensible, Le. 13. 10, 24 ;-very -our righteousness compared to
holy, Ps. 145. 17;-executed with al- han~s of the richest class among the neiS, Le. 8. 15; 12. 4, 6; Nu. 31. 23;- ready, Is.11.3. filthy, ls.64.6.
mighty power, Job 9. 12; Da. 4. 35;- Romans, who employed agents who others from moral transgressions, Quick.en, to give natural life to the Ra&1.1el, ra-gii.'el [the friend of Godl
commonly connected with the use of weretheactualgatherersofthetaxes. Nu.19.9,17. dead, Ro.4. 17; 8. 11:-to give spiri- {tJ The father of Jethro(= Hobab)1
second causes or means, 1 Ki. 22. 28, These agents were cal.led jorhtores Purity OF HEART, or perfection of tual life, Ep.2.1,5; Col.2.13;-to en- and father-in-i.aw of Moses, Nu.10.
34:Ac.27.31,34;-cannotbedeftated, by the Romans, and it is to them character required, Ro.6.19; Ep.1.4; liven with fresh vigour and activity, 29; Ex.3.1; 18.1.-(2) A son af Esau,
1 Ki. 22. 30-34; Pr. 21. 30; Is. 8. 9. 10; that the name publicans (telonai) is Phi.2. 15; 2 Pe. 3. 14;-respecting the Ps.80.18; n9.25,37,40, &c. Ge.36.4,10.
Je.9.23;-is the execution ofan eter- exclusively given in the New.Testa- works of the flesh, Ga.5. 16; Ep.5.3; Quickly, speedily, Ge. 18.6: Ex.32. 8; Rahab, ra'hab [large), (1) A harlot of
nal pu-rpose embracing all God's ment. Zaccheus is supposed to have Col.3.5; 1 Pe.2.11. lfat.5.25;28.7;Lu.14.21;Ac.12.7;22. Jericho, recei\.-es the spies sent by
works from the beginning in one en- belonged to the first of these classes, Purloin, to take what belongs to an- 18; Re.2.5; 3.u; 22.12,20. Joshua, Jos. 2. 1;-saved at the de.
tire system, Ac. 15. 18; Ep.1. u; Ps. and Matthew to the second. As a other in a secret and thievish manner, Quicksands, or SvRTRS, sand-banks struction of Jericho, 6.25;-the wife
104.24; Is.28.29. rule they were so oppressive in their Tit.2.10, on the coast of Africa over against of Salmon, Mat. 1. 5;-saved by her
Province, a country, or part of a king- exactions, and wicked in their prac- Purple, a beautiful red colour tinc- Sicily, fatal to ships. Ac.27.17. faith, He.u.3r.;-hy works, Ja.2.25-
dom, 1 Ki. 20. 14, 15; Ezr. 4. 15; 6: 2; tice, that they wer,: abhorred by the tured with blue, dyed with the blood Quiet, calm, still, Ju.16.2: Ps.35.20; -{2) A name given to l!.."gyjt, signj-
Es.1.1;-acountrysubject to the Ro- Jews as the very t'Cf&ise of mankind, of a shell-fish, found in plenty on Ac.19.36; 1 Th.4.u; 1 Ti.2. 2; I Pe.3-, ficative of the pride and strength of'
man empire, Ac.23.34; 25.1. Mat. 9. u; 18.17; Ma:.2.16; Lu.5. 30; the north-west coast of Canaan;- 4. that kingdom, Ps.74. 13, 14; 87-4; 19,
Provision, or food, Ge.42.25:45.21: -some good, Mat.21.31;Lu.18.13; cloth and skins of this dye were used Quietness, mildness of temper, Ju. 10; ls.51.9,10.
-that for Solomon's household for 19.2.7. for the curtains of the tabernacle, Ex. 5. 28; Job20.20: Pr.17.1: ls.30.15;32. Railer, a reviler, 1 Co.5.11.
one day, 1 Ki. -4. 22, 23;-God's pro-- Publish, t-:> ma,k~ known, De.32.3; Ps. 25.4; 26.1, &c.;-Daniel was clothed 17; Ac.24.2; 2 Th.3.12. Railing, or reproachful speech, to be
mise to bless Zion's, Ps.132.15;-not 26.7; Mar.1.45. with scarlet or, Da. 5.7;-Mordecai, Quit, free, Ex.21. 191 2S;Jos. 2.20;- avoided, 1 Co.5. 11; J Pe.3.9; 2Pe.1.
to 1te made for the gratification of Publiua, p-ab'li-us [common], the go-- Es.8. 15:-Christ, in mock majesty, to behave, 1Sa.-4.9. 11;Jude9.
sinful inclinations, Ro.13.14-- vemor of Melita, Paul cures his fa. . Mar.15.17. Quite, completely, Ge.31.15; Ex.23- Ba.iment, clothes or dress, given u
Provocation, the cause of making one ther, Ac.28.8. Purpose, intention, Ru.2.16; Mat.26. 24; Nu.17.1o;Job6.13. an expression of esteem, Ge.2+53;
angry,as sin does God, 1 Ki.15.30;:n. Pudena, pO.'dens [shamefaced], a dis- 8; Ep.3.11; 6.22. Quiver, a case for holding arrows, Ge. -45. 22; Es. 4.-4;-of a neighbour not
22; 2 K.i.23.26; Ne.9.18; Ps.95.8. ciple of the cross noticed by Paul, 2 Purses, a kind of girdles, Mat.10.9; 27.3; Job 39. 23; Ps.127.5; ls.22. 6;- to be held as a pledge, Ex.22.26,27.
Provoke, to enrage, orrousetoanger, Ti.4.21. Mar.6.8. fiptratively, -49.2: La.3.13-, Rain, the vapour exhaled by the IUD
Ex. 23. 21; Nu.14- n; De.31.20; 1 Co. Pu1f at a person, to hiss and make Pursue, to chase, Ex. 15.9; De. 19. 6; Quivered, quaked or trembled, Hab. from the seas and the earth, m
10.22; Ep.6.4; -to stir up, or to ex• mouths at him, Ps.10.5; 12.5;-up, to Ps.34.14: Na.1.8. 3-, 16. which falls from the clouds in dropa,
cite, Ro.u.u,14; He.ro.24- fill with self-conceit, I Co. 4. 6, 18,19; Pu.rtenance, what pertains or belongs U.26.-4: Ec.11.3;-extraordinary, r«
Prudence, wisdom applied to prac• 5.2; 8.1; 13.4; Col.2.18. to anything, Ex.12.9- forty days, at the deluge, Ge.7.12:-
tice, recommended, Pr. 8. 12; 12. 16, Pol, pull [elephant, lord], (1) King of Put, 1 Ch.1.8: Na.3.9. s,, PHUT. promised in due season, Le.26.4; De.
Puteoli, a seapon of Campania in
23; 13. 16; 14-8; 15. 5; 19- 11; 22.3; 27.
n, 12; Mat. 10. 16; Ep. 1. 8; Ja. 3. 13.
Assyria, invades the kingdom of ls-
ra.el, 2 Ki.15. 19;-conquers the half Italy, in the bay of Naples. Herc R. u. 14; 22. 12;-usually fell in plenty
twice a year : the one, called the
Ezamples of: 'Jos,pl,, Ge. 41. 39:- tribe of Manasseh, 1 Ch. 5. 26.-(2) the apostle stayed a few weeks on formw rain, in September or Oc·
Do-vid, I Sa. 16. 18 ;-ct1UnselldrsJ 1 A region mentioned only in ls. 66. his way to Rome, Ac.28.13,14. The tober, Ho. 6. 3; the other, called the
Ki 12. 2;-Nelunnali, Ne.2.12-16;4- 19, probably some distant province present city is called Puzzuoli. Ras.mah, rll!a-mah [a trcmbling1 the lattw rai11, in March or April, jull
13-r.8;-Gamali"el, Ac.5.3-4-39. in Africa. · Putiel, pu'ti-cl [afflicted of God], the fourth son of Cush, whose descend.. before the harvest, Pr. 16. 15; Je.5.-.;
Prune, to cut off superfluous branches Pulpit, an elevated place for a pub- father-in-law of Eleazar, Ex.6.25. ants colonized Arabia Felix and a Ho.6.3; Joel 2.23.
from trees and vines, to promote their lie speaker, Ne.8.4- Putrefying, rotting, Is. 1.6. large portion of the interior of Africa, Rainbow. a meteor in form of a party·
fruitfulncss, Le. 25.3,4; ls. 5.6. Pulse, coarse grain, such as pease or Pygarg, probably a species of gazell• Ge. 10. 7 ;-his descendants bro~ght coloured semicircle, appearing oalJ
Paalm.ist, one who composed psalms, beans, 2 Sa.17.28; Da.1.12,16. or mountain.goat, De. 14. 5. to Tyre precious stones, gold, and in a rainy sky opposite to the sun:
2 Sa. 23. 1. Punishment of the wicked in gene- spices, Eze. 27. 22. caused by the refraction of bis rays
Paalms, called the 'Psalms of David,' rat, Job 15.20; 18.5;20.-4; 27.13;-due Rabbah, rAb'bah [a great city], (1) on a watery cloud, and Yisible oo1J
because he was the author of the to them in this life, Ps. 11.6; Pr. 11. The capital city of the Ammonites, when he is not more than forty-nro
greatest number of them, and was
the founder of psalmody as an insti-
tution. This book (Lu. 20. 42} con-
19,21;21.15;22.8; ls.57.21: Ro.2.8;
-abandonment to their own lusts,Ps.
81.12: Is.63.17;-subjection to te;rror,
Q. stooi near the source of the river
Jabbok, De. 3. n:-called Rabbath-
degrees above the horizon;--a tokdl
that there will not be another genenl
beni-Ammon, De.3.u:-Rabbath of deluge, Ge.9. 13-16;-onc seen roundal
sists of five parts, (r.) Ps.i.-xli.;-(2) Ps.53.5;Pr.28.1;-exposuretoshamc, the Ammonites, Eze.21.20;-Joab be- the throne, Re.4.3;--on th• bead
xlii.-lxxii. :-(3) lxxiii.-lxxxix. ;-(4)
xc.~. ;-(s) cvii.-cl. Psalms exhon-
illg to virtue, i.iv. xi. xix. xxiv. xxxii.
Ps.53.5; Pr.3. 35;-the ruin of their
family and name, ?s. 3-4. 16; 37. 28;
104.35; Pr.2.22; 12. 7: 14. 11; 24. 20;-
Qua.drupe&, four-footed animals,
created, Ge.1.24-
Qnaila, a species of birds of less size
sieged it, and took it, 2 Sa.u.1;-
predictions against, Je. 49. 2, 3; Eze.
25. 5: Am. 1. 14. Its modem name
R:i:i~: 1 1
'a ~:it-known kind of dric4
grapes, I Sa. 25. 18; JO- 12; 2 Sa.16.r.
xxxvii. xii. xlix. lxxxi. lxxxiv. xcv. without hope,Job8.13;Ps.u2.1o;Pr. than the partridge, which otherwise is A mmt!n. I ts ruins lie about 22 1Ch.12.4-0-
cxix. cxxv. :-expressive of the char- 10.28; 11.7;-oftcn sudden and unex- it much resembles, sent to the Is- miles east of Jordan, and 1-4 north- Ra.kem, ra'kem [void1 oneefthepol"
actcr and faults of the righteous and pected, Ps.35.8:64.7; Pr.29.1: Job 21. raelites, Ex. 16.13; Ps. 78. 27; 105. -40; east of Heshbon. 4 The aspect of terity of Manasseh, 1 Ch.7.16.
tbe wicked, vii x. xii. xiv. xv. xxxvi. 13: 34.20; 1 Th. s- 3;-eternal, Is, 66. -in anger, Nu. n.31. the whole place is desolate in the ez. Ram, (,) A male sheep; one cauJbl
194
RE~IAH REDDISH REGARD REMEMBER REPHAU(
thicket by the horns appe=:d from Babylon with Zerubbabel, Ezr. Redeem, to buy back persons or 2o;Eze.5.9;Lu.18.4;-iniquityinthe Remission, pardon, Mat. 26. ..._
Ill• b,raham, Ge. z2. 13;-offered m 2.-47; Ne.7.30. things which are sold or forfeited, heart, danger of, Ps.66.I8. 1.77: 24.•47; He.9.22. Su F1 ~
~ ~hcc Ex. 29. 16, 18; Le. 9. 2,4;- Realm, a kingdom or empire, 2 Ch. Ex.13.13· Le.25.25,29,48; Nu.18.15; Regeneration. This word is found NESS.
~ ... ti11tl.1, an emblem of monar• 20.30; Ezr.7.13,23: Da1.20; 6.3. -to deliver from temporal evil, Ex. only in Mat. 19.28; Tit.3.5. It denotes Remit, to pardon or deciare 20 be
ft.t""'!)a.8. 3,4,6,7,20.-(2) Or batter• Reap, to cut down corn in ban-est, 6.6; Job5.20; 6.23: Mi.4.Io;-to res- a change of heart and life, effected pardoned, Jn.20.23,
~Y:,-o.n,, an e1;1gine_ ~ciently m~ch Le.19.9; 23. 10,22; 25. 11: Ru.2.3;-to cue from sin and hell, Ga. 3.13; 4. 5: by the agency of the Holy Spirit, Remnant, a part which is t?ft, Le.o.
Ulf' • besieging cities, for making receive the fruit of works, good or Tit.2.14; Re.5.9. Jn. 3. 8; Tit. 3. 5;-it is called being 3; 5.13; l\tat.22.6; Ro.,J.27; 11.5- ·
d)
used in their walls, Eze. 4. 2; z1. bad, Job 4. 8; Ps.126. 5; Pr.22.8; Ho. Redeemer,hewhoransomsandsaves, born again, Jn. 3. 3;-bom of the Remove, to put from its place, or ez.
a brea 8.7; 10.12; Ga.6.7,8. the Lord Jehovah is to his people, Spirit, 5.6;-being quickened, Ep.2. change place, &c., Go.48.17; Ps.36-
~ ri'mah (a high place], (1) A Reason. to be employed in religion, Ps.19. 14; 78.35; Is.41.14; 43.14; 44.6, 1;-passing from death to life, 5. 24; n; La.1.8; Mat.21.21:Ac.7.4:Ga.1.6.
. f Benjamin, near to Gibeah, ls.1.18; 5.3; Lu.12.57; 1Co.10.15; 1:1. 24;-Jesus Christ is emphatically so t Jn. 3. r4;-a new creature, 2 Co. 5. Remphan, an object of idolatrous
cit:¥' ~ 2s:-in it dwelt Elkanah and 13; I Pe.3.15;-notasufficientguide, called, Job 19.25; Is.59.20. 17; Ga. 6. 15;-Christ formed in the worship among the Egyptians, su~
1
I.:iuel, 1 Sa. 1. i:, 19:_ 7, 17; 8.4; 25._1; De.12.8; Pr.3.5; 14.12; Ro.1.22, &c.; Redemption, of mankind from sin heart, Col.1.27;-partakingofadivine posed to be the planet Saturn, Ac.7.
h re the Jewish pnsoners were dis- 1 Co.2.14. and its consequences, effected by nature, 2 Pe.1.4;-in its nature, it is 43;-called Chiun, Am.5.26.
- :dof,aftertheircapitalwas~ken, Rebekah, re-be'.k'ah [cord with a Christ, 1 Co. 1. 30; Ga. 3.13; Ep. I. 7; a supernatural change, Jn.3.6; Ep. Render, to give or return, Ps. 23. 4;
~ch occasioned the mo~rnmg. of noose], the daughter of Bethuel, and Col.1.14; He.9.r2; 1 Pe.1.18; Re.5.9; 2.4,5;-internal, invisible, and inex. ls.66.15; itat.21.41; Ro.13.7.
;Rachel's daughters, Je.40.t,3I.I5,- sister of Laban;-meets the servant -the price paid is called the ransom, plicable, J n. 3.8 ;-vi'sible in its effects, Rending OF CLOTHES, or tearing their
rebuilt by those who returned from of Abraham, Ge. 24. 15, 45 ;-married llat.20.28; Mar.10.45. In 1Ti.2.6 1Jn.3.9;4.7;5.4;-universal,extend• border, an expression of grief, Ge.
Babylon, Ne:7.,30; n.33. Has been to Isaac, 67;-bears Esau and Jacob, Christ is said to be this ransom;-it ing to all the faculties. affections, and 27. 29; 2 Ch.34-27; Ezr.g. 3; Job 1. 20:
identified \Vlth Er-Ra~, a small ~5.24;-deceives her husband, 27.1, includesdeliverancefromalliniquity, actions of life, 2 Co.5.17;-imj>erfect, 2.12.
Arab village about ? miles north of &c. ;-was buried in Abraham's tomb. Ps.130.8; Tit.2.14;-from the curse of in its degree of light and holiness, x Renewing, or making new, Ro.12.2;
Jerusaiem.-(:2) A city on the fron.. Rebellion, opposition to God, or the the law, Ga. 3. 13;-from sin in its Co.13.9,12;-j>ermanentandabiding, Ep.4.23: Col.3.10; Tit.3-5. See RE-
uet5of Asher, Jos.19.29. _Identified rejection of his authority, forbidden, b".!ilt: Ep.1.7;Col.1.14;-itsdominion, Phi. 1. 6;-essential to salvation, Jn. GENERATION.
with Ramek, about 17 miles sout~~ Nu.14.9; Jos.:22.19:-~everal ways in 1 Pe. 1. 18;-from all evil, Ep.1.14; •· 3.3,5; Ga.6.15;-the evidences of this Renounce, to give up with, :, Co.4.2.
east of Tyre.-(3} One of the fortl• which it is exhibited, Nu. 20. 3, 10; 30; I Co. I. 30; Tit. 2. 14;-from the change are hatred of, and abstinence Renown, wide-spread fame, Ge.6. 4 ;
»ed places of Naphtali, Jos.19.36.- De.9.23; 1 Sa.8.7,8; Ne.9.26; Ps.1o6. tyranny of Satan, 1 Jn. 3. 8;-the from sin, I Jn. 3. 9;-Jove to Christ Nu.1.16; 16.2; Eze.16.14; 34,29.
() In I Sa.1. 19, iame as R~math.. 24,25; 107.II; Is.1.5; 59.13; Eze.20.8; undue asceb.dency of the world, Ga. and his people, 1 Pe.I.8; 1 Jn.4. 7; 3. Repair, to amend, 2 Ki. 12. 5; 2 Ch.
Jm-Zophim, 1. 1.-(5) In 2 K1.8.29; 17.15; Da.9.5;-punishment for, Le. 1.4;-from vain conversati,m, I Pe. 14;-love to the Word of God, and 24.5; Ezr.9.9.
2
Cb. :2:2.6, same as Ramoth-Gilead. 26.14-39; t Sa~12. 15; Is.I.20. Je.4.16- J. 8;-from the power of deatli, and delight in meditating on it, Ps.1.2; Repay, to recompense. De.7.1o;Job
}taJD.eses ra-me'ses [son of the sun], 18; Eze. 20. 8;-the act of rising up the dominion of the grave, Ho. 13. 14; 119.97;-love to the public ordinances 21.31; Lu.10.35; Ro.12.19.
ne of Pharaoh's treasure-cities of agaiRst lawful authority; examples, t Co.15.57;-from hell, 1 Th. 1. 10;- of religion, 26.8; 27.4; 84.1-4;-dead- Repentance, a change of mind. aris-
Lower Egypt, in the land of Goshen, of Aaron and Miriam against Moses, and a right to eternal bliss in heaven, ness to the world, and victory over it, ing from conviction that we have
and was built b~ th«_ Is1:3elites, Ge. Nu. 12. 1;-of Korah, Dathan, and Re. 5. 9;-characteristics of it: j>re.. Ga.6.14; 1Jn.5.4;-heavenly minded. done wrong, and leading to amend..
_. . 11 ;Ex.1.11. 'Ihes1te1sno~d~ter. Abiram, 16.1;-of Absalom against cious, Ps. 49. 8;-j)lenteous, 130. 7;- ness, Ps. 73. 25: Is. 26. 8; Mat.6.21;- ment of conduct;~ommanded, Ac.
7
mined. Some s1::1ppose that 1t 1s to David, 2 Sa.15.1;-of the servants of eternal, He.9.12. fruitfulness in holiness, Ro.6.22; Ga. 17.30; Re.2.5,16; 3.3;-its necessity~
be sought in the ruins of A boo-Ke.. Zimri against him, 1 Ki.16.9;-ofth.: Redound, to tend towards, 2 Co. 4. 5.22; Ep.4.24. I Ki. 8.47: Ps.7.12; Eze.18.30; Lu. 13
sMJ'd, north-east of Heliopolis. sons of SennaCherib 3&ainst him, 2 15. Region, a country or tract of land, 3; 15.7; 24. 47; Ac. 2. 38; 3. 19: 17. 30.
Ra,moth, rii.'moth, ~r RAMOTH-GIL• Ki.19.37. , Red Sea, an arm of the Indian Ocean, De.3.4: 1 Ki.4.11,24; Mat.3.5; 4.16. 26.20; 2 Pe.3.!);-when genuine_ it in.
,:AD lheigbts of Gilead], a famous Rebuke, to reprove or check for a which stretches along the west side Register, a public record for marking eludes just views of the evils of sin,
city of the tribe of Gad, in the moun• fault, Le.19.l7; Pr.9.8; Lu.17.3; 1 Ti. of Arabia, and the east of Ethiopia genealogies and important events, Ge. 39. 9; Ps. 51. 4;-conviction oi
tains of Gilead, and about 18 miles 5.1, 20; 2 Ti. 4. 2; Tit. 1. 13; 2.15;-to and Egypt. Its length is about 1400 Ezr.2.62; Ne.7.5,64. guilt and danger, 38.4; 40. 12 :-sin•
north of Heshbon, De.4.43;-it was a chasten or correct for sin, Ps.6.1: 38. miles, and its average breadth about Rehabiah, re-ha-bI'ah [the breath of cere contrition and sorrow, Job42.6:
city of refuge, Jos. 20. 8;-was much 1; 39. n; Is. 54. 9; Re.3.19;-to drive 150. Its western arm, the Gulf of theLord],sonofEliezer,andgrand• 2 Co. 7. 10 :-shame and confusion,
in idolatry, Ho.6.8: 12.11;-was the away, Mat.17.18; Mar.1.25;-Lu.4. Suez, is about 190 miles long, and its son of Moses, 1 Ch.23.17. Ezr. 9. 6-15; Je. 31. 19; Eze.16. 6r,63;
scene of many sieges and battles be· 39. eastern, the Gulf of Akaba, about Rehearse, to tell over, Ex.17.14: Ju. Da. 9. 7, 8 ;-humble confession to
tween the Israelites and Syrians;- Receipt,a reception., Mat.9.9;Mar. 112 miles. It is frequently simply 5.11· 1 Sa.8.21; I7.31: Ac.II.4; 14.27. God, x Ki. 8. 47; Ps. 32. 5; 51.3;-for.
here king Joram was wounded in 2.14; Lu.5.27. designated 'the sea: Ex. 14- 2, 9, 21; Rehob, re'hob [street. broad place], saking of sin in heart and practice.
battle, 2 K.i.8.28,29; 9.14.45. It is Receive, to take., to embrace, Ps.6.9; Jos. 24. 6, 7, &c. In Is. II. 15 it is (1) A city on the north border of Ca· 101. 3; n9.104, u3, 128, 163;-endea..-
now called es-Salt. Pr.2.1; 2 Co.7.2. called 'the Egyptian Sea.' Its name naan, Nu.13.21:Jos.19-28: 21.31. It vours after universal obedience, II9-
Rampart, a bank or fence for the - - - CHRIST~ to believe in him, in Hebrew is 'the Sea of SU.flt.,' Ex. is called Beth-Rehob, 2 Sa. 10. 6,8.- 6, 15, u7; Ep. 4. 22; Ja. 3. 13 ;-care..
protection of a city. La. 2. 8 ;-the sea by admitting, with the whole heart, 10. 19: 13. 18; 15. 4,22, &c. This He- (2) A town of Asher, near to Zidon, fulness against relapses into sin, 2 Co.
was as one to No, Na.3.8. the gospel testimony concerning him, brew 11ame (Sti.,Ph) is supposed to Jos.19.28.-(3)AnothercityofAsher, 7. I~ u. In Mat. 21. 29, 32; 27. 3: :i
Ranges, ranks, Le.n.35; 2 Ki.II.8. Mat.10.40; Jn.1.12; Col.2.6. mean 'weedy,' hence 'theweedysea.' Jos,19.30, which was assigned to the Co.7.8,9; He. 7. 21. the word {meta-.
I
ka,niom, the price paid for the par.. Recha.bites, rek'a-bites [riders, horse• 'The appellation Red Sea' as a~ Levites, Jos.21.31; I Ch.6.75. ,neleia) rendered repentance, mean:r.
don of an offence, or the redemption men], a family of Kenites or Midian. plied distinctively to the two Gulfs of Rehoboam, re-herbo'am [enlarger of mereJy regret, or a change of jJ/11,,u
of a slave or captive, Ex. 21. 30; 30. ites descended from J onadab, 2 Ki. Suez and Akaba is comparatively the people], the son and successor of without implying any change of dU.
u; Pr. 6. 35:-Christ the ransom of Jo. 15; Nu. io. 29-32; Ju. 1. 16;-they modem. It seems tohavebeenap-- Solomon, 1Ki.12.I;2Ch.10.1;-the position, as is the case with the word
mankind, Mat. 20. 28; 1 Co. 6. 19, 20; neither built houses, nor sowed, nor plied to them only as continuations ten tribes revolt from him, because 1netanola elsewhere so rendered.
1 Ti.:2.6. See ATONEMENT and R&,,, planted, nor drank wine: their ex.. of the Indian Ocean. This makes it of his tynumical conduct_ 2 Ch. 10. Exhortatiolls to, Le. 26. 40; De. 30.1 ~
oEMPTJON. ample recommended to the Israelites, probable that the term 'Red' was 16; 1 Ki 12. 16;-forbidden to invade Is.1.16; Jc. 3. 12; 4.4; 22.1; 26.1, &c. •
Rape._ a violent forcing or a woman: Je.35. 1-19;-for 300 years they fully derived from the corals of the Indian Israel, 2 Ch. u. 1 ;-his wives and t Eze.18.30; Ho.6.2; 12.6: 14-1; Joel I.
laws respecting it, De. 22. 25;-in. observed this rule of life. They are Ocean.' Passage of the Israelites chilaren, 18;-invadedbyShishak,12. 8; 2. :12; Am. 5. 4: Zep. 2. 3; Zee. 1. 3
stamces of, Ju. 19. 25; 2 Sa. 13. 11 &c. still to be found in the mountainous over the western a.rm, Ex. xiv. xv., 1;-his death, 16; 1 Ki14.31. Ac.3.19;-motives to, 1 Sa. 7. 3; N,..
Rase, to destroy or overthrow com• country north-east of Medina. They referred to, De.11.4; Ju.n.16; Ne 9- Rehoboth, re'ho-both [roomy places, 1. 9; Job 22. 23; Ps.32. s: Is. 1. 16; Je.
pletely, Ps.137.7. are called Benz Kltaibr=sons of g-n; Ps. 66. 6; Ac. 7. 36, &c. !he I streets], (x) A city near Nineveh, 4.1; Eze.33. n: Zec.1.3: Ro.2, 4; Re
Raahness, unguarded haste in speak. Heber. bead of the Gulf of Suez has rebred built soon after the flood, Ge.10.11.- 2.5;-if genuine, will obtain pardon,,
in& oc acting, censured, Ps. s;1. 22; Reckon, to count or compute, Le.25- for a distance of about ,so mtles since (2} 'Rehoboth by the river' (Eu• Le. 26.40; De 4.29; 30.1-3: Pr. 28. 13:
u6.10: Pr.14.29; Ec.5.2; ls.32.4;Ac. 50; 27. 18; Mat. 18. 24;-to judge or the Christian era. phrates), a city where Saul, a king Is. 55. 6,7; Je. 18. 8; 36. 3; Eze. 18. 21;
19.36. conclude, Ro.6.n; 8.IS. Reed, a hollow and slender plant, of Edom, was born, Ge. 36. 37.-(3) 36.31: Ac.2.38;-danger in delaying,
Rattling, making a noise, N a.3.2. Recommendation, letters of, in fa- growing in fenny and watery places, The well dug by Esau, Ge. 26. 22, Ps.18.41; n9.6o; Pr.1.28; 29.1; Is.55-
Ravening, robbmg and devouring, vour of Aquila and Priscilla, Ac.18. Job40.21;-anythingfeebleandeasdy about 23 miles south•west of Beer• 6; Je.7. 16; II. n; 14. to; Eze. 8. 18:
Ge. 49. 27; Ps. 22. 13: Eze. 22. 25, 27; 27;-not wanted by Paul, 2 Co.3.:r:;- broken, 2 Ki. 18. 21; Is. 36. 6; 42. ;: sheba. Mi.3. 4; Zee. 7. 13; Mat.25. 10; Lu. 12.
Mat.7.15. of Titus, 2 Co. 8. 22;-of Tyc.hicus, Mat. II. 7;-a Jewish measure of 6 Reign. to ru)e as sovereign, Ge.37.8: 20; 19.44;Ac. 3.23; Ro.13.12; 2 Co.6.
lavens, birds of prey, nearly of the I Ep. 6. 21; Col. 4. 8;-of Ari~tarchus, cubits and 3 inches, Eze.40.3: Re.11. Ex.15.18; 2 Sa.5.4,5; Lu.1.33; 19. 14; 2;He.3.7,13;12.17; Re.2.22;-preach.
size of a common hen, of a bJack &c., 4.10:-ofOnesimus, Phile.1,&c. 1; 21.15,16;-used instead of quills, Ro.5.17,2I; 6.12. ed by John the Baptist, Mat. 3- ,;
colour, with a bluish back; feed Eli•
jah, t Ki.17.4-6;-God feedeth them,
Job38 ..p; Ps.147.9: Lu.12.24;-when
I
1 Recompense, requital of deeds, either
good or evil, De. 32. 35; Job 15. 31;
Ln.14.12; Ro.1.?ii; 11.9.
3Jn.13.
Reel, to stagger, Ps. 107.27; Is 24-20.
Refine, to purify, Zec.13.9;-Christ a
Reins, or kidneys;figuratir,e?,,, the
scat of the affections and di~positions,
Job16.13; 19.27; Ps.7.9; 26.2; Is.n.5.
Mar. 1. 4; Lu. 3. 3;-by Jesus, Mat.
4. 17; Mar. 1. 5 ;-by the apostles, Mar.
6.12;Ac.20.2Y;-ascribed to God, Ge.
feeding on a dead body, first devoUIS Reconcile, to 1'""3.ke things agree, Le. •refiner,' Mal.3.3. Rejection, or abandonment by God, 6. 6; De.32.36: 1 Sa.15.1; 2 Sa. 24. 16:
the eyes, hence Pr.30.17. 6.30; 1 Sa.29.4; Eze.45.20. Reformation, or amendment, must for impenitence, Ps.81. 12; Pr. 1. 29; Ac.11.18: 2Ti2.25;-Christ exalted
la:"1.n, rapaciousness, Na. 2. u. Reconciliation, the restoring to be universal, Mat. 5. 19; Ja. 2. 10:- Mat.7.23; Mar.16. 16; Jn.3,18; Ac.7. to give, Ac.5.31 ;-through the opera•
kavilh, to violate a person's chastity friendship parties at variance;-of time of. meaningtheadventofChnst, 42; Ro.1.24;2Th.2.n: Re.3.16. tion of the Spirit, Zec.12.10; Jn.16.8;
by force. Is 13.16· La.5.u; Zec.I4-2: God .and man by Christ, Ro.5.10; 2 He.9. 10. Rejoicing, on what accounts allow. -not accomplished merely by judg•
-to enamour, or cause one highly Co.5.18; Ep.2.16; Col.1.20;-results, Refrain, to withhold, Ge.45.r; ls.48. able, Le.23. 40; De. 16. 14; Ps. 105. 3: ments, Am. 4. 6-13; Re.9. 20,21; 16.9;
to delight in, Pr.5 19,20; Ca.4.9. peace with God, Ep. 2. 16,17: access 9:Ac.5.38; I Pe.3.10. 65,12; Pr.29.2:Ac.5.41; Ro.12.15; I -nor by miracles. L9.16.30,31. Ex-
8:a,zor, a well-known instrument used to God, Ep.2. 18;-with an offended Refresh, to revive and strengthen, Th.5.16; 1 Pe.4.13. ,See Jov. emplified: David, 2Sa.12.13;-Man-
m shaving, Eze. 5. 1 ;-a deceitful and brother, Mat. 5. 23; Ro. 12. 18. In Ex. 23. 12; 31. 17; 1 Ki 13. 7; 1 Sa. 16. Relapsing, or falling back into sin, asseh, 2 Ch. 33. 12, 13; -Ninro~h,
ftattcnng tongue, Ps.52.2;-a Nazar- He.2. 17 this word is used to denote 23: Ro.15. 32; 1Co.1618. dangerous, }..fat.12. 43; Jn. 5.14; He. Jonah 3. 5-8;-Peter, Mat. 26. 75 ;-
ite for bidden re. use" N u.6.5. •what Christ did for us by his death, Refuge, God is to his people, De. 33. 6.4; 2 Pe.2. 20. Zacchna, Lu.19.8;-tlt.ief, 23.,401 41;
Reading the book of the law pub. whereasitisgenerallyusedtosignify 27:Ps.9.9; 14.6; 46.1. Release (YaAR OF), every seventh -fa1se, exemplified: Saul, t Sa. 15.
hcly practised, Ex. 24. 7; Jos.8.34; 2 the effect of what he did. - - - . citieso.f. appointed foT those year,Ex.21.2;De.15.1;31.10:Je.34-14- 24-30;-Ahab, I Ki. 21. 27-29 ;-1•
Ki. 22 8· 23. 2 Ne. 8. 3,18: 9. 3;-the Rec'ord, authentic memorial, Ezr.6.2; who unawares, and without design, Relieve,tofreeothersfromhardships, das, Mat.27.3-5.
apostolical epistle!!. in the churches, -the gospel, 1 Jn.5.10,n. should kill any person. These cities a duty. Le.25.35; Ps. Y46.9; Is. 1. 17: Repetitions, in prayer, or saying the
C:Ommandcd, Col.4.16: 1 Th.5.27. Record·, to mark in a register, Ne 12. WP.re Kedesh, Shechem, and Hebron, La.1.n,16; 1 Ti.5.10,16. same thing over and over again,
-oftheScripturcs. See SCRIP- 8,22;-to df'-clare, Ex.20.24; 1 Ch.16. on the west of the Jordan: and Golan, Religion, the ritual of the Hebrew merely for the sake of length. con~
Tl!RES 4: Is. 8. 2; Ac. 20. 26. Ramoth-Gilead, and Bezer on the worship, Ac.26.5; Ga. 1. 13,14;-genu- demned, Mat.6.9-
Ready or prepared for the coming of Recorder, an officer in the court of east. They were all easy of access, ine and practical godliness, called Rephaim, re-fa'im [giants], an ancient
th~ L~.-d. we are commanded to be, the king of Judah, a secretary, or the roads to them kept in good repair, pure and undefi]ed, Ja. Y.27. tribe noted for their gigantic stature.
Mat.24-44: Lu.12.,..0:-to every good one who registers events, Ne.u.22; and where cross ways met, posts were Rely. to put trust in, 2 Ch.16.8. They had settlements in the land of
work, Tit.3 1,-tc give ...a aru.wer 2Sa.8.16, 2Ki.18.18; 2Ch.34.8. set up with an inscription poin~ng to RemaiL, to continue, to be left, Ge. Bashan, which was called I the land
respecting the ground of out hope, 1 Recount, to number over, Na2.s,. that which led to re:t.1ge, ~--'- .35. 6; "i8.u, Jos.8.22; Lu.10.7. of the Rephaims,' Ge.14-5;De.3.1l-
Pe.3-15- Recover, to regain health, property. De.4.41; 19.1:Jos.20.1, &c. Remedy, a cure or reparation, 2 Ch. 13~ ]05.13.u. The country of the
lteaan, rt:4.-T"ah {whom Jehovah &c.,Ju.11 . .:6 1Sa.30.8;2Ki.1.2;5- ltefuse, to deny or reject, Ex.4-24; 36.16; Pr.6.15; 29.1. Ammonites was also called 'the Jami
l
cares forJ, (1) A son of Shobal, and 3; Ps.39 13; Mar.16.18. Ac.25.11; He.12.25;-to hear the call Rem.ember, to bear in, or call in mind, of the giants' (Rephaims). Tk r,al-
ll"'andson of Judah, 1 Ch.4.2.-(2) A Reddish, tendmg to redness, Le. 15. of God, the danger of, Pr.1.24-3Y. Ge.40.23; E~.13.3; Ps.22.27:Lu.I.72; ky ef, or I va11ey of the giants' Uc»
ia;n,Jy of Nethtnim!i., who returned 19,4-2,49; 14.37. Regard, to observe or esteem, Gc.45. Ga.2.10; 2 T1.2.8. , 15. 8; 18. rl'>). lay octween rerusale•
Vol. 1-1:.l 195
RESOLUTION REUBEN RHODES RIGHTEOUSNESS
'
eel ll<thlehem, in which the Philis- panior:s. Da.3.16;-of Daniel, Da..6. min, 37 ;-his father's last words to ranean, about 75 miles cast of Crete, obedience to all the demands or
GD~ cpposed David, after he was 10 ;-of the apostles, Ac. + 19;-of him, 49.3,4;-his sons and descend.. and about 120 miles in circumference. divine law, and his endurance offty.t
Anointed king, and where he twice
defeated them, 2 Sa. 5. 18,22; 23. 13;
Paul, 20.24; 21.13.
Resolutions, or fix<:d determinations;
ants, Nu.26.5-11; 1Ch.5.1-3;-the
tribe of, was the least distinguished
The city of Rhodes was celebrated
for the colossus, a brazen statue of
penalty, in the room, and for
justification, of his people; and w1·,.~
t::'
1
1 Ch.n.15; 14.9;-it was fruitful in goqd ones, Job13.15;27.6; 34.3x; Ps. in nearly every respect. Apollo 105 feet high which was erect- is often called tlze righhfJUntes '--1 1
com, Is. 17. 5. Has been identified 17.3: n9.7,8, &c. Reuhenites and Gadites, &c., apply ed over the entrance of the harbour. God, because appointed and acee;t o/
with the plain called e/.Bukaa. Reaort, to have recourse, to repair to, for leave to settle beyond Jordan, Paul touched at, on his return voy- by God ;-called sometimes the righd
ll.ephidim, ref,-dim [resting-places), • Ne.4.20; Ps.71.3; Mar.2.13; 10.x;Jn. Nu.32.1;-granted, 33: De.3.12; Jos. age from his third missionary jour• eousness of faith, because app t-
an encampment of the Israelites near 10.r,41. 1. 12; 13. 15 ;-sent thither after the ney {A.D. 58), Ac.21.1. The popula- hended by faith, Ro_. ,4.13; 9. Jo;;~
to Horeb, where the people mur• Respect, to regard or esteem, Le. 19. conquest of Canaan, Jos.22. 1;-their tion of the island is about 20,000. 6:-wroughtout byh1m, who istruJ
mured, Ex.17.r: 19.2; Nu.33.14,15;- 15; Nu.16.15; De.1.17; 16.19. number and conquests, I Ch.5. 18;- Riblah, rib'lah [fertility], a city in the God_ in ou: nature;-and exhibitiny
here Amalek fought with them, EL - - - , attention or reverence, how Moses invoked a prophetic blessing country of Hamath, about 12 miles a bright display of God's rightcou!
17.8. and when to be shown, Pr.25.6; Lu. on Reuben, De. 33. 6;-the Reuben- north.east of the fountain of the Or- ness, Je. 23. 6; 33. 16; .l\Ial.4. 2; Ro 1
Replenish, to fill with, Ge.1.28; Is.2. 14.10; Ro.12.10; Phi.2.3; 1 Pe.2.17; ites reproTed for not aid;ng the west- antes and on the right bank of that 17; 3. 22; 10. 3; 1 Co. 1. 30; 2 Co. 5,;1:
6; 23.2; Je.31.25; Eze.26.2; 27.25. 3.8. ern tribes against Sisera, Ju. 5.15,16; river. Here Pharaoh-N echo depri-Yed Phi.3.9; 2 Pe. 1.1. •
Repliest, answercst, Ro.9.20. Respite, a reprieve, pause, or interva1, -their territory invaded by the Sy- J ehoahaz of his crown, and gave it to Rigkteousness OF THE SAINTS co
Reports, or rumours, of an evil kind, Ex.8.15; 1 Sa.11.3. rians under H azael, 2 Ki. 10. 32 ;- Jehoiakim, 2 Ki.23.33,34;-here Ne• sists in Christ's righteousness in.
not to be lightly spread er credited, Rest, from labour, to be given to man about a century later were carried buchadnezzar abode while his army j>uted to them, 2 Co.5.21; Phi. 3 ~-
Ex. 23. t; Le.19. 16; Ps. 15.3; 1 Co. 13. and beast on the Sabbath, Ex. 16.23; captive to Assyria, 1 Ch.5.6,a6; 2 Ki. besieged Jerusalem, 25.6;-here king in principles of righteousness· 9, ;
7; Tit.3.2; Ja.4.1. 20. 10; 31. 15; 35. 2; Le. 23. 3, 32;-a 15.29. Zedekiah's sons were slain, and his planted in them, Ep.4. 23,24:-and ~
Reproach, infamy or disgrace, sin is future promised: to Christians, He.4.9. Reumah, rii'mah [high, elevated],con- own eyes put out, Je.39.5; 52.9-n. righteousness of life exemplified b
to any people, Pr.14.34;-censure, or Restitution FOR INJURIES, or the re- cubine of Nabor, Abraham's brother, Ribs, bones in the sides of animals, them, Ep.2.10; Tit.2.14- y
sla<1derous speech, how to be borne, storing of anything lost or taken Ge.22.24. Eve formed of one, Ge. 2. 21, 22;- Rigour, strictness and severity, Ex. 1•
Mat.5.11; r Co.4.12; 1Pe.4.4; He.11. away,enjoined,Ex.22.5; Le.6.4; Nu. Reveal, to disclose,Job20.27;Je.33.6; figuratively, the kingdoms of Lydia, 13; Le.25.43.
24-26; 13.13. 5.7; 1 Sa.12.3; Job20.18: Eze.33.15; D21..2.47; Mat.u.27. Babylon, and Egypt, Da.7.5. Rimm.on, rim'mon [a pomegranat
Reprobate, not aj)j,rMlt!1t, as base Lu. 19.8 ;-of all things, Ac. 3. 21. Revelation of God's will to men, dif... Riches, their vanity and uncertainty, apple], (1) An idol worshipped by the
metal, Je.6.30;-men of corrupt prin• Restoration of the Jews foretold. See ferent modes of, Ge.3. 9; 4.9; 6. 13; 15. Job36.19; Pr.11.4,28; 15.16; 23.5; people of Damascus, 2 Ki.5.1G.-( 2 j
ciples and practices, Ro.1.28; 2Co. I SRA ELITES. 1; 31.24; 40.8; Ex.3.2; 28.26; 1 Sa.28. Ec.5.12; 6.1; Je.9.23; Eze.7.19; Zep. A steep rock north•east of Geba and
13.5-7;-'concerning the faith,' un- Restore, to give back, Ge. 20. 7; Ex. 6; Da.2.19;Joel 2.28; Mat.10.19; Lu. 1.18; Mat.6.19; Lu. 12. 16, &c.; Ja. 5. l\.Iichmash which served as a fortress
sound in the true faith, 2 Ti. 3. 8 ;- 22.1; Lu.19.8; Ac.1.6; Ga.6.1. r.II,26,67; 2.26; Ac.2.1; 9.4; 1Co.14- 1; Re. 18. 16;-cannot redeem or de. to the Benjamites, Ju. 20.45.-( 3\ A
cnstaway, I Co. 9.27 ;-rej'ected, He. Restrain, to withhold, or to keep back, 30;-all Scripture is given by revela• liver man's soul, Ps.49.6-g; 1 Pe. 1. 18; city of the tribe of Simeon, Jos'. 1 5-
6.8. . Ge.8.2; n.6; Job 15.8; Ps.76.10: Is, tion from God, 2Ti.3.16; 1 Pe.1.II; Zep. I. 18; Re. 6.15-17;-not to trust 21, 32; 1 Ch.4.32; Ne.n.29.-(4) A
Jl,eproof, or rebuke, how to be given, 63.15; Ac.14.18. 2 Pe. 1.21.-Book ef, commonly call- in them, Job 31.24; Ps.62.1o;Je.9.23; city of Zebulun, 1 Ch.6.77.
Le. 19. 17; Pr.9.8; 24.25; 27.5; 1 Th.5. Resurrection, the rising of the body ed the Apocalypse, written by John 1 Ti. 6. 17: -folly of thu~ trusting, Ringleader, the head of a mob 01
14; 2 Th. 3. 15; 1 Ti. ,5. 1, 20;-how to from the dead to new life, and union in Patmos about A.D. 95 or 96. shown, Lu.12.16-21;-the dangers to party, Ac.24.5.
be received, Pr.10.17; 12.1; 13.18; 15. with the sou], Job's hope of, Job 19. Revellings, luxurious fea~ting, and which they expose men, Pr. 18. II; 28. Rings, used as omaments for the~
S, 10, 31; 19. 20; 27.5; 28.23; 29.1; Ee. 25 ;-David's, Ps. 16. 10: ,49. 15 ;- wanton behaviour, Ga.5.21; 1 Pe.4._3. n; 30.8; Ee. 5.12; l\Iat. 13.22; Ja.2.6; hands, fingers, &c., wereveryancient,
7.1. Isaiah's prediction of, Is. 26. 19:-of Revenge, or return of evil for an in- 5.5;-no mark of divine favour, Ps. Ge.24.22,30,47; 4r. 42; Nu.31.~; Es.
Jl,eprove, to blame, Joh 6. 25; Ps. 50. the dry bones, representing the re• jury or affront, to be refrained from, 73.12; Mat.5.45; Lu.1.53; Ja.5.1;- 3.10; 8.2; Lu.15.22; Ja.2.2.
8: Jn.16.8; Ep.5.u. storation of the Jews, Eze.37.1, &c.; Le.19.18; Pr.20.22; 24.29; l\.iat.5.39; the fate of ill•gotten ones, Job 20.15; Rinsed, washed, Le.6.28; 15.n, 12 .
Reputation, or good character, its -mentioned to Daniel, Da. 12. 2, 13 ;- Ro.12.19; tTh.5.15; 1Pe.3.9;-re• Pr.Io. 2; 16. 8; 20. 21; 21. 6; 22.16; 28. Ri?t, wild and loose mirth, Ro.13, 13 ;
value, Pr.22.1: Ec.7.1;-a little folly preache4 by Jesus, .l\Iat.17.23; 22.31; proved by Christ, Lu.9.54,55 ;-Chris- 8,22; Je.17.II;-to be acquired by Ttt.1.6; 1 Pe.4.4.
injurious to, Ee.Io.I. Jn.5.21,28;-his own foretold, Mat. tian revenge is to well.entreat the honest labour and industry, Pr. 10.4; Riotous, intemperate, lux\ir~ous, wa."1--
Repate, to reckon or account, Job 12.40; 16.21; Mar.9.31; 14.28; Jn.2. enemy, Pr.25.21,22; Ex.23.4,5; Mat. 12. n; 13. 4; 22. 29; 28.19;-uses for ton, Pr.23.20; 28.7; Lu.15.13.
1R3; Da.4.35. 19;-Paul'saccountof, 1Co.15.1,&c.; 5. 44; Ro. 12. 20;-examples of re- which they should be employed, I Riphath, ri'fath, a son of Gomer the
ltequest, to ask, pray for, or solicit, 1Th.3.13;-denied by the Sadducees, venge: SimeoN and Levi, Ge. 34. 25; Ch.29.3; Mat.19.21: Lu.16.9; 1Jn. ion of Japheth (Ge.10.3), founder of
Ju.8.24; Ne.2.4;Es.4.8;-an entreaty Mat.22.23; Ac.23.8;-not incredible, -Samson, Ju.15.7,8;-Joab, 2 Sa.3. 3.17;-ifwell used, a blessing, Pr.14. a Cimmerian tribe, the Celts who
or petition, 2 Sa. 14- 15, 22; Ezr. 7. 6; Mar.12. 24; Ac.26.8;-not contrary to 27;-Jezebel, 1 Ki. 19. 2;-Akab, 22. 20; 19. 4; 22.7; Ec.7.12; Lu.16.9; 1 Ti. marched across the Riphaean Moun-
Es.5.3; Ps.21.2; Pbi.4.6. reason, Jn. 12. 24; "I Co. 15. 35-44;- 26;-Haman,Es.3.8-15;-Herodia.r, 6.19;-the duty of those who are poi- tains, i.e. the Carpathians, into
Jtequ.ire, to ask as a favour, Ezr.8.22: proved by Christ's resurrection, 1 Co. Mar.6.19-24. sessed of them, Ps. 62. 10: .1 Ti. 6.17; Europe.
-to demand as a debt, Ge. 31. 39: 15. 12-20;-accomplished by Christ's Revenue, income, or annual profits, Ja. 1.10;-what are true riches, Afat. Rites, laws, customs, ceremonies, Nu.
De.10. 12; Lu. 19. 23;-to call to ac- power, Jn. 5.28,29; 6. 39: 40 44;-the Ezr.4-rJ; Pr.R.19; 15.6; 16.8; ls.23.3; 6.z9;Lu.12.33; 1Ti.6. 18;Re.2.9; 3.18. 9.3.
count for. or to avenge, Ge.9.5; De. first, 1 Co.15.23; 1Th.4.16; Re.20.5. Je. 12.13. Rid, to set free or clear from, Ge. 37. River, a name sometimes given by
18.19; 23.2ti Lu.n.50. - - - - - OF CHRIST is proved Reverence, veneration, humble and 22;Ex.6.6;Le.26.6; Ps. 82.4;144.7,II. the Hebrews to seas, such as the Red
Requite, to repay, or to recompense, by the great number of witnesses submissive respect, 2 Sa. 9.6; 1 Ki L Riddance, a complete removal of, Le. Sea and the Alediterranean, Ps. 74-
Ge.50.15; De.32.6; Ps.10.14; Je.51. who saw and conversed with him 31; Es.3.2; Ps.89.7; He.12.9,28. 23.22; Zep.1.18. 15; Hab.3.8; ls.23.3;-ri·ver o/God,
56; 1 Ti.5.4- after he had risen, 1 Co. 15. 6;-the Reverse, to repeal or overturn, Nu. Riddle, something intricate or com• showers, Ps. 65. 9;-one to rise from
Rere- ward, the last body or troop frequency of his interviews with many 23.20; Es.8.5,8. plicated, an enigma, or dark and puzz. Jemsalem, and to flow into the Great
of an army, Nu. 10.2:5; Jos.6.9,13; Is. of them, Mat.27.9,10; 28.16,17; Mar. Reviling. reproaching, or speaking ling question;-Samson's, Ju.14. 12- and the Dead Sea, Eze.47.2; Zl!C.14-
52.12; i:;8 i. 16.9: Lu.24.13-31,34,51; Jn.20.19,20, abusively of, forbidden, Mat. 5. 22; 1 19;-Ezekiel's, Eze.17.2. 8 ;-of life in Paradise, Re. 22.1 ;-oj
Rescue, to save from danger, De. 28. 26; 21. 1-15;-their very incredulity Co.6.10; 1Pe.2.23; 3.9; 2Pe.2.11; Rifl.e, to rob or plunder, Zec.14.2. Egypt. This expression is found eight
31; l Sa.14.45; 30-180 Da.6.27; Ho.5. and slowness in believing, Mar.9.10; Jude 9;-,-examples of: Jos,j,h' s breth- Righteous, those who are just and times in the Old Testament. In Ge.
14; Ac.23.27. Lu. 24- 1-12;-their deep conviction ren, Ge. 37.19;-Goliatlt., 1 Sa.17.43: upright in heart and practice, both 15. 18 the Hebrew word is nalzar,
Resemble, to he like to, Ju.8.18;-to and assurance of its truth, manifested -Mich.al, 2Sa.6,20;-Shimei, 16.7, towards God and man ;-their charac- and it means the river Ni!e. In the
liken or CC"mparc to, Lu.13.18. by their publication of it before his 8;-Sennackerib, Is. 37. 17, 23, 24;- ter described, Ps. n2.5, Pr.12. 10; 13. other instances the Hebrewis1UUuta/,
11.esen, re'ssn [a bridle1 a 'great city' murderers and their persecutors, Ac. ,,,,alefactor, Lu.23.39. 5; 21.12; Mat.12. 35; Jn.1.47;-under which means a winter-stream, and
of Assyria founded by Nimrod- It 2.22-~4;-they could have no motive Revive, to return to lif~, Ro. 14. 9;- several characters, 2 Ch.34.2; Ps. 15. the reference is to Wady el-Arislt.,
stood c,n the banks of the Tigris be. to attempt an imposture, I Co. 15. 19; to quicken and render lively and ac- 1, &c.; 37.21: 112.5; Pr.10.20; 12. 5, which was the boundary between
tween C'"1ah (Nimn2d) and Nine- -without deviation or exception they tive, Ge. 45. 27; Ju. 15. 19; Ps. 8,5. 6; 10; 13.5; 15.28; 21.26; 28.1; 29.7; Eze. Egypt and Canaan, as in Nu. 34-5;
veh, ~.10.12. all continue to agree in their testi- 138.7: Is 57.15; Hab.3.2. 18.5,&c.; Mar.6.20; Lu. 1.6; Ac. 10. Jos.15.4,47; 1 Ki.8.65.
ReaerYe, tr keep in store, Je.3.5; sa, mony, though exposed to suffering Revolt, to fall away from one to an. 1, &c.: u.24; Ro.5.7. Robbery-, or theft, forbidden and
20:, Pe.2.9. and death, Ac. 2. 32 ;-the miracles other, as men do who rebel against - - - - and wicked compared, Ps. threatened, Le. 19. 13; Ps. 62. 10; Pr.
Residue, the remaining part, or what . which they performed in the name their king, 2 Ki8.20; 2 Ch.21.10; Is. ixxxvii. xlix. lviii. lxxiii.: Pr.4. 16; 14. 21.7; 28.24; ls.61.8; Eze. 18.10: Am.3-
is left, Ex.10. 5; Ne.n.20; ls.21.17; of Christ, and in confinnation of their 1.5; 31.6; Je.5.23. 9; 28. 1, &c.; Is. 3. 10;-have oft the 10; Ne.3.1;-how punished, Ex.22.1;
Mar.16.13; Ac.15.17. testimony, 2. 43; 5.12;-its necessity, Rewards, great, promised to the same fate in thisworld,Ec.7.15; 8.14; 2 Sa.12.5: Pr.6.31.
Resignation, or submission without Lu.24.45,46; Ro.4-25; 8.34: 1 Co.15. righteous, De.28.1, &c.; Ps.1.1, &c.; 9.2;-their happiness and privileges, Robes, long and ornamented gar-
discontent to the will of God, under 14, 17, 19; - attributed to power of 50.23. 84.12; 112.1; Pr.3.33; 10.6,17; Ps.37.23; Pr.12.2; 13.22; 1-4-14; 28.5; ments, worn by persons of rank, 1
trials, eur duty, He. 12.9; Ja.4-7;- God, Ac.2.24; 3.15; Ro.8.n: Ep.x. 12. 2, 28; Is. 3.10; 48. 18:--of a tem- ls.33.15; Ro.2.10; 5.7; 10.5,9; 2 Ce. Ki.22. 10,30; 2 Ch.18.9, 29; Eze. 26. 16:
commanded, Ps.37.7:46.10;-motives 20; Col2.12;-also to his own power, poral nature, Ps. 37.29; Pr.2.21; 3.2, 3.18; Ep.2.19: Col.1.12; 3.4; He.12. Lu.20.,46;-oftheredeemed, Rc.6.n;
and obligations to it are, ihat nothing Jn.2.19: 10.18;-first-fruit of the re-, 7,16; 10.3,30; 13.25; 22.4; ls.33.15:- 14; 1 Jn.3.2; Re.2.7,n,17,26,28; 3.5, 7.Q,13,14.
can befall us without the knowledge surrection, of believers, Ac. 26. 23; 1 compared to crowns and kingdoms, 12,21: 22. 14;-salt of the earth, and Rocks, noted ones in a mountainous
and appointment of God, Da. 4. 35~ Co.15.20,23. Mat.25.34: Lu.12.32; 22.29; 2T1.2.12: light of the world, Mat.5.13,14;-sons country, as Canaan was, were many,
Mat. 10. 29-31 : -our trials are all Retain, to hold fast, or to keep, Job ,4.8; He.12.28; Ja.1.12: 1 Pe.1.4; 5.4; of God,Ro.8.1,4,&c.: 1Jn.3.1,2;-one of Adullam, 1 Ch.II.15:-Bozez and
merited by us, La. ':l-39: Mi.7.9;-are 2.9: Pr.,4.4; n.16; Jn.20.23; Ro.1.28. Re.2.10: 3.n with Christ and the Father,Jn.17.11, Seneh, 1 Sa. 14. 4;-Engedi, 2.4- 1,2;
less than we have deserved, Ezr. 9- Retaliation, or the act of returning Rezin, re'zin [holding together, d~ 21 ;-temple of God, 1 Co. 3. 16 ;-free -Sela-hammah-lckoth, 23. 25, 28:-
13; Ps.103. 10;-are intended for our like for like, laws and observations minion], last king of Syria, confede. from trouble, Ps..91.1-4,; Pr.1.33; 16.7; Horeb, Ex. 17. 1-6;-Meribah, Nu.
good, Ro. 8. 28; 2 Co.4. 17; He. 12. u: concerning, Ex. 21.24; Le.24.20: De. rate with Pekah, king of Israel, Is.. 32. 17; Re. 7. 16; 21. -4;-to be re• 20.1-n;-Oreb, Ju.7.25; ls.10.26;-
-shall soon all terminate, Ps. 102. I 1: 19. 21; Pr. 24.29; Mat.5.38; Ro. 12.17; against Judah, slain by Tiglath.. membered with respect, Ps.n2.6: Pr. were often used as places of retreat or
He.10.37;-shall he followed by un- 1Co.6.7; 1Th.5.15; 1 Pe.3.9;-thrcat- pilezer, z Ki. 15. 37; 16. 5; ls. 7. 1; 8. 10.7 ;-to be blessed in their posterity, fortresses, Ju.15.8: 20.45; 1Sa.23-25;
speakable and eternal bliss, Ro.8.18; ened to the unmerciful,Mat.7.2: Mar. 4"""7• Ex. 25.5,6; De. 4.40; 12.25; Ps. 37.26; 1 Ch. u. 15;-water caused miracu•
2Co.+17. -4.24; 2 Co.9.6• Rezon, re' zon rprince1, the son oC 103.17; Pr.11.21; 12.7: 14.26: 20.7; lously to flow from, Nu.20.8,11; Ne.
- - - - TO THE DIVINE WILL, Retire, to retreat, or to withdraw, Eliadah, revolts from Hadadezer, and Lu. 1.50;-to inherit eternal life, Da. 9.15; Ps.78.20: n4.8: ls.48.21.
examples of: in Aaron, Le. 10.3;-in Ju.20.39; 2 Sa.II.15; 20.22: Je.4.6. opposes Solomon, I Ki. II.23. 12.2; Lu.18.30; Jn.3.15; 4.14; Ro.2.7; Rod, of Moses changed into a serpent,
Eli, 1 Sa.3-18;-in Job, Job 1.20:-in Return, to come or go back, repay, R1tegium, rc'ji-um [a breach], a city 1 Ti.6.19: Tit. 1.2; 1 Jn.2.25; Jude 21. Ex.4-3: 7.10;-of Aaron budded, No.
David, 2 Sa. 15. 26: Ps.39.9;-in He- Ge.3.19; Ps.6.-4; Mat.12.44:Ac.15.16. on the south-west coast of Italy, op- RighteoUBness OF Goo, as the gover• 17. 1, &c. ;-one to chastise, 1 Co. C-
zekiah, 2 Ki.20.19;-in Mary, Lu. I. Reuben, rii'bcn [behold a son 1, the posite Messina in Sicily;-hcre Paul nor of the world, asserted, PL II. 7; 21 ;-figuratively for Christ, Is. u. 1:
38;-in Jesus, Mat.26.42: Mar.14.36; eldest son of Jacob by Leah, Ge. 29. landed on his way to Rome, Ac.28. 36. 6; -4,8. lo; 71. 19; 97• 2; III. 3; 11(). -the tribes of Israel. Ps.74.2; Je.ro.
Lu.22.42; Jn.18.11;-in Paul, Phi.4- 32;-brought mandrakes to his mo. 13. Its modern name is Regrio, the 137,142; 145.17; Je.9.24; Da.9.7; Re. 16;-power and authority, Ps. a. g;
ther, 30. 1-4:-Jost his birthright on capital of Calabria, with a Popish 16. 5:-certatn characteristics of it, IIo.2; 12.i;.3.
"· to oppose, or to fight against, account of a grievous sin, 35.22: 49.3, population of about 10,000
l,esiat, Ps.,48. ro; 71. 15,19: 97. 2; 111 3: 119. Rocls, prepared by Jacob, Ge.:io-37•
Kcc.3-1; Mat.5.59; Lu.21.15.Ac.6.10; 4 :-kept his brethren from killing Rhesa, r~sah, the father of Joanna in 142;-things wherein it is shown, De. R.Of·, a species of deer, the smallelC
7.51 · Ta.4.7~ 1 Pe.5.9. Joseph, 37.2c-rent his clothes when the ancestry of Christ, Lu.3.27. -4.8~ Ju.5.II; 1 Sa.12.7; Ps.19.9;g6.13; kn,>wn to us, I Ch.12.S;Pr.5.19;6.s;
~~~
teeo1ution, or courage in the dis- he found him not in the pit, 29;-rc- Rhinoceros. Su UNICORN. II9.7,6:z,123,138; 1-4,5.17;-how saints
charge of duty, Ep.6.10; :2Ti.2.1;He. minded his brethren of their cruelty Rhoda, rO'da[a rose]. a young woman, sh•uld treat it, Ps. 22. 31; 35. 28; 40. ro-~im [fun.;,.
r,lacd I
.r 6. 1 Pe. s Q:-in the case of Job, to him, -4,2.22;-offercd his two sons a convert to Christianity, Ac. 12.13. 10; 71.16; 1-4,5.7; Da.9. 16. to~-·n in Gilead, where lived Barzfllll,
)ob. 2. xo; -Shadrach wd his com• to his father for the safety of ·9,cnja• Rhodes. an ishnd of bhe Meditcr• - - - - - OF CH&l5T. his perfect 2 Sa.17.27; 19.31.
188
196
BABEAN8 SALIM SAMARIA SANCTIFY
RUST
.ece of skin or parchment, Ruth, rooth [beauty1 accompanies turah,carried away Job's cattl~Job 1. •,.av~ ~ptfaed many, Ja.3.23;-called Sama..'itans, sa-lilar'i"-tans, inhabl•
~ a :metimes on both sides, ~d her mother-in-law from the land of 15.-{2) The descendants of the !ldcst I 'Shalen,, r,.e.33.18 ;-Shafon, r Sa.9.4- tantsofthecountryofSamaria. After
,rrt:° together, instead of berng Moab to Bethlehem, more than 100 son of Cush, who inhabited Ethi1,pia, · ;a1mon, sal'mOn [shadyj, the name Shalmaneser, king of A.!>syria, had
carried away captive the ten tribes of
I
roll nd in cut leaves, Ezr.6._2; Is:8.1; years before the time of David, Ru. ls.43.3; 45. 4.-(3) Descendw,t,, of a \ of a hill, Ps.68.15;-called Zalmon,
t,ou _2 , 6, 23 , 2 ?;--one flymg, m a 1.16;-gleans in the fields of Boaz, son of Joktan inhabiting Ar-ctbra Fe- 1 Ju.9.48. Israel, he repeopled Samaria with a
J~ 36 ofZechanah, Zec.5.1. . 2.1, &c.;--claims the right of rela- lix, ·Joel 3.8. Sabnone, sal-mo'ne, the eastern pro- colony of Rabvlonians, Cuthialls, and
other idolaters, 2 Ki. 17. 24. These,
VIS~ or .frrrd man, citizen of tionship to htm, 3,8;-married to him, Sabtechah, 5ab'te-kah [d2rk-colour• montory of the island of Crete, Ac.
4. 10. Book ef, has been placed by edJ, the name of a son of Cusl,, l.lso 27.7. Su CRETE. after a time, qu:tted the worship of
it;ome, Paul was, Ac. i6. 37; 22. 25,
the Jews in the Hagiographa. lt was of a tribe descended from ,1im, and Salome, sa-lO'me [peaceable], the wife idols, embraced the jewish religion,
'J7, 29 · ome the capital of Italy, on probably written by the author of the of the region they inhabited on the I ofZebedce,andmotherofJamesand and built a temple on llfount Ge-
B,oDl~V:r Tiber, about.IS miles from Book of Judges, and belongs to the eastofthePeriianGulfinCarmania, 1 Jo.t,,; :!vlar.1.5.40;16.1, with Mat.27. rizim; and their off.<;pring, mixeci with
1
:!e mouth, long the mistress C"f the period of about the middle of the Ge.10. 7; 1 Ch. 1.9. 1 56; sup1Josed tu have been the sister apostate Jews, are called Samari-
Id· was founded about 7-48 a.c., judge!!. Sackbut, a musical win.i-instrvment of the Virgin Mary. tans;-their enmity to tbe Jews, Lu.
Rye, a well-known bearded grain, Ex. in use among the Chaldeans, the form I Salt, to be used with every burnt- 9.52,53; Jn.4.9;-their name used by
rwo~ i~creased to such an exten_t that
covered seven hills! w?«=:nce lt was
!led urhs sejticolzs,, c1t.Y of the
9.32; Is.28.25. In Eze.4.9 the same
word is rendered I fitches.'
of which is uncertain, Da.3.5,7.
Sackcloth, coarse apparel, made cnm•
offering, Le. 2. 13;-Christians com-
pared to it, l\lat.5.13; Mar.9.49; Lu.
the Jews as a reproach, 8. 48. At
present the Samaritans are only about
:vcn hills.' In ~ero E i:e1gn (A.D, monly of black goats' hair, used for 14.34;-covenant of, Nu. 18.19; 2 Ch. 200 in number, they reside in N4b-
6.4' bout two-thirds ')f 1t was de- sacks, Ge.42.25; Le.n.32;-and also 13.5. lous, the ancient Shechem, and still
s~;ed by fire, but it wa:., re~uilt worn as a sign of mourning, Ge. 37. - (CITY OF), one of the six cities with scrupulous minuteness observe
. h great splendour. In the reigns
d\espasian and Trajan the popula-
s. 34; Job 16. 15; joRah 3. 5; 2 Sa. 3. 31:
Es.4.1,2; Ps.;o.u. -
in the wilderness of Judah, Jos.15.62.
(VAt.1-,EY OF), a place where the
the passover on a sacred spot on
Mount Gerizim.
tion was about_ 2,000,000. RomP 15 Sacrifice, by shedding the blood of army of David slew 18,000 Edomites, Samos, sa'mos, an island in the east
not mentioned m t_he 0. T.: but the animals, as an acknowledgment that 2 Sa.8. 13; 1 Ch. 18.12. Sec also 2 Ki. ol the Mediterranean, about 9 miles
pire of Rome 1s referred to by Sabachtnaui, sa-bak-tha'ni, the Syro- the life of the offerer was forfeited, 14.7; 2 Ch. 25. II. Its position is not from the coast of Asia Minor, a few
~aniel, under the name of the 'fowth / Ch.aidatc of the Hebrew word quoted and a supplication for pardon, was of known. miles south of Ephesus, Ac. 20. 15
kiilgdom,' Da.2.40; 7.7,17,19: 1r.3:,,, by _:hrist from Ps. 22. 1, and whi(;h very early appointment. as appears Salt Sea, the name of that lake at It is about 72 mile!> in circumference.
_ The popul~tion of th: ~oma~ signifies hast thou forsaken me? from those of Cain and Abel, Ge.4. the south-east of the Holy Land, It contains about 12,ooc, inhabitants.
40 Mat.26.46; Mar.1:; _;4. 3,&c.;-ofNoah,8.20;-ofAbraham, which separated it from the country Samothracia, sam-o-thrii'shr-a, a
empire in the time of Chnst is esti-
mated at 8s,ooo,ooo. Strangers from, Sabaoth, sab-a'oth, hosts or armies, 15.9; 22.13;--of Job, Job 1.5. of the J\.loabites, Ge.14.3:De.3.17;- small island in the north-east part of
Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost, Ro.9.29; Ja.5-4- - - - , to be without blemish, Le. it is called also the Sea of the Plain, theiEgean s~a, about 3omiles distant
~c. 2. 1o;-from it all Jews were com- Sabbath [rest], so called because God 22.19;-its age, 26,-how to be eaten, De.4.49;-the Sea, Eze.47.8; the East from the coast of Thracia. It is 17
manded to_ depa";, 18. 2~-Paul was rested on it from his work of crea- 29,30;-formorningandevening, N"u. Sea, Joel 2.20;-the Asphaltic Lake. miles in circumference;-here Paul
carried to 1t a prisoner, 28. 1_6;-re- tion, and appointed it for rest to man 28.3;-of the meat and drink offering, The Arabs call it the Dead Sea, and visited on his way from Troas, Ac:16.
mained there two years preaching, 30. and beast, /]e.2.2;-charg~ to keep 15. 1, &c. ;-on the Sabbath, 28. 9;- the Sea of Lot (Bahr Lat). It is II. It is now called Samothrakz~
i;-sent an epistl~ t_o the saints it, Ex.16.2·-,; 20.8. IO, ~3.12: 31.12; 34. on the new moons, II ;-at the pass- about 46 miles long and a little inore and contains 011ly a single village.
3 21; 35.2; Le.23-.3; De.5.12; je.17.21; over, 16, &c. ;-on the offering of the than 10 miles broad, although these Samson, sam'son (sun], the son of
there, written from Connth, A.D. 57.
-a day n. which special.:y to remem- first-fruits, 26;-to be in one place, dimensions vary according to the sea- l\.Ianoah, born, Ju.13.24;-marries a
58 , Ro. 15 .15; comp. Ac. 20: 2, 3,16;- ber God's goodness, ~e.5.15;-to be De.1z.5. See OFFERINGS. son of the year. Its greatest depth is Philistine, 14. r ;-his riddle, 12~-kills
it is called • that great ctty which
reigneth over the kings of the earth/ spent m worshipping God, in reading - - - , insignificant without true about 1300 feet. Its surface is 1289 thirty Philistines, 19;-burns their
Re.1 7. 18. For centuries this great and hearing his word, &c., Le.19.30; piety, 1 Sa. 15. 22; Ps.50.8; 51. 16; Is. feet below the level of the Mediter- corn, 15. 3; -kills a thousand men
city has been the capital of the' States 26. 2; Is. 58 13; Eze. 46. 3; Mar. 6. 2; 1. n; Je.6.20; Am. 5. 21; .Mi. 6. 6; Ho. ranean. Its waters contain 26¼ per with a jaw.bone, 14 ;-escapes from
of the Church,' where the pope had Lu. 4. 16, 31: 13. IO; Ac. 13. 14, 15, 27, 6.6; Mar.12.33. cent. of saline particles, while those Gaza, 16. 1 ;-seduced by Delilah, 4,
sw:iy as a temporal prince. ln the 42,44; 15.21; 17.2,3; 18.4;-no manner - - - . Christ gave himself a sa• of the ocean contain only 4 per cent. &c. ;-taken by the Philistines, iand
ruonth of Sept., 1870, the troops of of work to be done on it, Ex.20.10; cri.fice for our sins, t Co.15.3;Ep.5. Its specific gravity is 1·172, so that a his eyes put out, 21 ;-recovers his
Victor Emanuel entered Rome, and Le. 23. 12; 34. 21; 35. 2, 3; De. 5.14,15: 2; Ga.1.4; 1 Ti. 2. 6,14; He. 7. 27; Ro. traveller floated in it 'easily in an strength before his death, and de-
in a few days the 'States of the Je. 17. 21;--promises to them who 5.6-8; 1 Pe.3.18; 4.1. upright position, with head and stroys many of the Philistines, 22,
Church' ceased to exist. The pope keep it, fs. 56. 2, 4-7; 58. 13, t4;- Sacrilege, the crime of profaning or shoulders above the water.' The land &c. ;-was for twenty years a judge
was deprived of all his temporal threatenings against those who bi eak violating anything dedicated to di- around it is gloomy and barren, and of Israel.
power, and permitted to reside in it, Ex.31.14,15; 35.2;Je.17.27;Eze.22. vine worship, forbidden and censured, an awful silence hangs over the whole Samuel, 53.m'u-el [asked of, and Jent
Rome only as the spiritual overseer of 8,14,26.31;-offerings on it, Nu.28.9; Pr.20.25; Mal.3.8,9; Ro.2.22. scene. to God], the son of Elkanah, by
the cht1rch which owns his authority. -a breaker of it stoned, 15. 32 ;-the Saddle, a seat put on a horse, mule, Salutations, friendly compliments, Hannah, born, 1 Sa. 1. 20;-devoted
Root, Christ is called the, Is. u. 10; violation of it corrected by Nehe- or ass, Ge.22.3; Nu. 22.. 21; Ju.19. 10: whether by words, letters, or kisses, to God, 24;-who speaks to him when
Re.5.5; 22. 16. miah, Ne. 13. 15-22;-the superst:.- 2 Sa.16.1; 17.23. .Mat . .5-47; 10.12; Lu.1.29,41; 1 Co.16. very young, 3. 1, &c. ;-wa<; the first
B,otten, putrid, not sound, Job 13.28; tious observance of it censured, and Saddncees, sAd'du-seez [just or right- 21; Col.4.18. of a series of prophets that continued
41.27; Je.38.u,12; Joel 1.17. works of charity and mercy to be eous ones], one of the three noted Salvation, temporal safety, preser- in unbroken succession till the close
Roughly, rudely, boisterously, Ge.42. done on it, Mat. 12. 1, u; Mar. 2. 23, sects among the Jews, in the days vation, or deliverance, is from God of the Old Testament, Ac.3.24;-was
30: t Sa.20.10; Pr.18.23. 27; Lu. 13. 15; Jn. 7. 23;-instances of of our Lord, who maintained that the only, Ps.3.8; ls.43.u; Ho.13.4; Jn.2. early known as 'the seer,' 1 Sa,- 9. 18;
Rouse, to stir up from rest or quiet, its having been dishonoured, Ex.16. soulofmari is material, like his body, 9; Ac.7.25; 27. 34; He.11.7; 1 Ti.4.10. -persuades the Israelites to abandon
Gc.49.9. 27; Nu.15.32; Ne.13.16; Je.17.21-23; that there is no other spint besides - - - - , deliverance from sin and idolatry, at Mizpeh, 7. 3;-his sons
&overs, wandering aud plundering -its profanation the cause of natural God, that there is no resurrection of hell, and the final enjoyment of hea- misbehave, 8. 1 ;-explains the cus-
robbers, t Ch.12.2I. judgments, Eze. 20. 15, 16; 23. 38, 47. the dead, and all the rewards of vir- venly bliss, is through Christ, Mat. r. toms of kings, 10;-receives Saul, 9.
Royal, kingly, Ge. 49. 20; Jos. IO. 2; Sabbatk-day's fourney, Ac. 1. 12, a tue, and punishments of vice, reach 21; Lu. 1. 6g; 2.30; Jn. 3. 16, 17; 10.9; 11;-anoints him, 10. 1:-:..sserts his
Ac.12.21: Ja.2.8. distance of 2000 cubits, measured only to this preSent life:-their opi- Ac. -4. J2; 5. 31; 13. 23; 15. II; 16. 31; own integrity, 12.1,-reproves Saul,
Bu by, a precious stone, second onJy from the wall of the city in which the nions reproved by our Lord, Mat.16. Ro.10.9; Ep.1.3,7; 1 Ti.1.15; 2Ti. 1. 13.11; 15.12, &c.;-deserts him, 35;-
to the diamond in hardness. of a red traveller lived; about six-tenths of a 1-12; 22.23-34; Mar.12.18-z7; Lu.20. 10; Tit. 3.5; He. 2. 10; -5.9; 7. 25;-is anoints David, 16. n, &c. ;-dies, 25.
colour, mixed with purple, Job 28.18; mile. 27-38;-join the priests in persecut- offered freely to all, Is.45.22; 51.1; 1 :-appears to Saul after his death,
fr. 3- 15; 8.JI ~ 20. 15; 31. IO. - - - , ,hang-e of. from the seventh ing the apostles, Ac. 4. t-3; 5. 17;- Mat. II, 28; Jn. 7. 37; Re. 22. 17;-is 28.9, &c.
Rudder, the helm, or part which to the first day of the week, argu- divided against the Pharisees who of grace, Ep.2.5,8; 2Ti.1.9; Tit.2.II; Sauballat, san. bal 'lat [strength,
steers a ship, Ac.27.40. ments for:-Christ rose from the dead hadjoinedtheminaccusingPaul,23. -and not of works, Ro.1x.6; Ep.2. heroic courage], a native of Horo-
Ruddy, approaching to red, I Sa 16. on the first day, which has ever since 6-8. They rapidly disappear from 9; 2 Ti.1.9; Tit.3.5;-is through faith naim beyond Jordan, Ne.2.10;-was
12: Ca.5.10; La.4.7. been kept sacred to the memory o( history after the first century, and in Christ, Mar. 16. 16; Ac. 16. 31; Ro. probably governor over the Samari-
B.udiments, clements or first princi- this event, Mat. 28. 1; Mar. 16. 1;- the opinions of the Pharisees predo- 10.9; Ep.2.8; I Pe.1.5. See SAVIOUR. tans;-was grieved that the city and
ples of ~ience, Col.2.8,20; Ga.4.3,9. Christ honoured this cfa.y, by often min ate among the Jews. Samaria, sa-ma'ri•a [watch-height], in temple of J erusa1em were to be re•
Rue, a small garden plant. This word meeting with his disciples, Jn.20. 19, Sa.dnesa of the countenance, or mourn• Heb. Shomert1n, corrupted by the built, Ne.2.10;- opposes the Jews, 6.
is found only in Lu.u.42. In the 26 ;-it is called the Lord's day, ing under trials, makes the heart Greeks into Samaria, (1) The capi- I, &c.
parallel passage, Mat. 23. 23, anise namely, the Lord Christ•s day, Re. better, Ec.7.3. tal cit}' of the Ephraimites, situated Sanctification. the progressive con-
(= dill) is used. 1. 10;-on this day the apostles re• Safe, those are who trust in the Lord, about 4:z miles north from Jerusalem, formity of the heart and life to the
B.ufws, ru'fus {red], the son of Simon ceived the Holy Ghost, to qualify Pr. 29.25. and called after the name of the ori• will of God, 1 Th. 5. 23 :-it includes
the Cyrenian, Mar.15.21 ;-he, or one them for their work, Ac. 2. I, com• Saffron, an odoriferous herb, of the ginal owner (Shemer) of the hiJI on both dying to sin, and living in holi-
of the same name, is saluted by Paul, pared with Lc.23.15;-on this day crocus family, Ca4.14. which it was built, about B.c. 925. ness, 1 Pe.2.24;-in its nature it is a
Ro.16.13. Paul preached to the disciples, who Sailors, mentioned among those who by Omri the sixth king of Israel, 1 di·vine work, Tit. 3. 5; 1 Pe. 1. 2;-rc-
Ruhamah, ru-ha 'mah [having ob- had met to cat the Lord's Supper, mourn the fate of Babylon, Re.18.17. Ki. 16. 24;-a grievous famine there, ferred to the Father, 1 Th. 5. 23; He.
tained mercy], the name Israel would Ac.20. 7;-the directions which Paul Saints, or holy ones, the genuine peo- 2 Ki. 6. 24;-relieved by the flight of 13. 2e,21;-to the Son, Ep. 5. 25, 26:
still b«;ar, if she returned to God, gives to the church at Corinth plainly pie of God, who are sanctified by his the enemy, 7.6;-a mixture of dif- Tit.2.14:-to the Holy Ghos.t, 1 Co.
Ho.2.1. allude to their religious assemblies Word and Spirit, 1 Sa. 2. 9; 2 Ch. 6. ferent nations settled in it, 2 Ki.17. 6.11; 2 Th.2.13;-a P,ogressiwwork,
B.mnoua, fallen to ruin, 2 K.i.19.25; Is. on this day, 1 Co. 16. 1,2. 41; Ps. t6. 3; 37. 28; Ro.1-7; 8. 27, &c. 24; Ezr.4.9,10. For two centuries it Job 17.9; Pr.4.18;-an inft1rttalwork,
17.1; 37.26. - - - , tlte Christian, ought to be In De. 33. 2 and Jude 14 the word was the capital of the kingdom of Is- Ep.4.23;-a work always visible in
Rulers, or civil magistrates, to be re- sanctified as a day of rest from probably means angels. rael till the carrying away of the ten its effects, Ac. II. 23; Ro. 7. 4 :-a
spected and obeyed. Ro.1.1.1-'1; Tit. worldly labour and care, though not Salamis, 5al'a-mis [shaken, beaten], tribes by Shalmaneser (B.C. 720), :z work which is never left tilJ it be
3.1; I Pe.2.13,14;-the devil and his from works of mercy and charity, Ex. a city in the island of Cyprus, on its Ki. 18. 3, 5. The site of the city is perfected, Phi. 1.6;-a work necessary
agents so called, Ep.6.12. 20.10; Mat.12.12;-a day of nmem- south-eastcoast;-here Paul and Bar- now covered with terraced vineyards to our peace, usefulness, and eternal
Rump, the buttock, Ex.29.22; Le.3.9: l,rance of Christ's finishing his hu• nabas preached, Ac.13.5. See Cv- andcom-fields,amidwhicharegroups happiness, Ro. 6. 2er22; Ep. 5. 26, 27:
8.25; 9.19. miliation by rising from the dead, 1 PRUS. and Jong ranges of columns. On one He. 12. 24 ; - accomplished through
.Running the Christian race, direc- Co.15.20:-a day of meditation and Sa.la.thiel, sa-la'thi-el [asked of God], section of it stands the small village Christ's sufferings, He. 10. 10; 13. 12:
tions for, 1 Co.9.24; He.12.1. prayer, Re. 1. IO;-a day of public the son of Jcconiah, and father of ofSebustzt"k,acomiptionoftheGreek -by instrumentality of the Word,
Rush, a we!l--known plant (Job 8. n; wonlti.j), and commemoration of the Zerubbabel, I Ch. 3. 17; Mat. 1. 12; Sebaste, comp. Mi. 1.6; Ho.13. 16.- Jn.17.17,19, Ep.5.26;-its roide,ues
ls.9.14; 19. 15) found in marshyplaces; sacrifice of Christ, Jn.20.19; Ac.20.7; Lu.3.27. (2) The country of the Ephraimites, are, freedom from sin, Ro.6.2,6,18;
translated 'hook,' Job 41.2;' bulrush,' -a day of holy foy, Ps.nS.24; Is.58. Salem, sa'lem [peace], supposed to be I Ki. 13.32:-in the New Tes;tament, -the love and practice of holiness.
h.58.5. The' bulrush' in Ex.2.3: Is. 13:-a day of anticipation of the the original name of Jerusalem, in it always means the country be- Ps.51.7,10; Ro. 6. :22;-humility, Job
35.7; 18.2, is a different word in Heb. heavenly rest, He.4.9. the days of Melchizedec, Ge.1+ 18; tween Judea and Galilee, west of Jor- 42. S, 6; Ep. 3. 8; - deadness to the
denoting the Egyptian papyrus. Sabbatical Year, the septennial rest He.7.1; Ps.76.2. dan, which belonged to the tribes of world, Ga.6.14:-patient Sli..bmission
Rahed, entered with violence, Ju. 9. for the ground from all cultivation, Salim, sa'lim [peace], an ancient city, Ephraim and .Manasseh, Lu.17. 11; to the will of God under .:.ffiictions,
44:20.37; Ac.19.29. &c., Ex.23.10; Le.25.1; De.15.1. near which Jacob pitched his tent, f Jn. 4. .t;-Christians were scattered Job 2. 10; Ps. 39. 9;-growing desires
ltnat, earthly ric-hes liable to, Mat. 6. Sabeana, sa-be'ans, (1) A tribe of mar-
19 :-of their riches, a witness against
Avaricious rich men, Ja.5.3.
auders who inhabited Arabia, de-
scended from Sheba, grandson of Ke-
Gc.33.18;-it stood about six: miles
north-east of Jerusalem, r;:ar the
river Jordan, where John is said to
I through, by persecution, Ac.8. 1;-
Philip preached Christ to its inhabi-
tan ts, 5;-they received the Word, 14-
after heaven, 2 Co.5.4-8; Phi.1.23.
Sa.nctify, to make holy, to treat as
holy, er to set apart fOl' holy serrices.
197
•
SAUL SCRIBE SEAT SELF-DENIAL !!ERAR
Ex.19.10; 22.23; 30.29; De.5.12; Is.8. &c. ;-also at Hachilah, 26. 4 ;-con- the king's letters, and drew up his Moses', Mat.23.2;-loved the upper- presen~ly profitable, ~at.5.~9, 30 : d.
13; 29.23; Ep.5.26; I Th.5.23. sults a witch at Ender, 28. 7 ;----.lain, decrees, &c., 2 Ki.12.10; 25.19: 2Ch. most, in the synagogues, Lu.11.43. 8,9; Tit. 2. 12;-sornetimes 1n thin
Sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, Le. 3r. 2; 1 Ch. 10. 2;-seven of his sons 24. u; Is.33.18;-after the exile this Seba, se'bah [man], a son of Cush, lawful, 1 Co.8.13; 9._20: 10.23:-in r~
4.6;-the temple at large, 2 Ch.20.8; put to death by the Gibeonites, 2 Sa. name was given to those who copied Ge.10.7; whose descendants formed spect of_ our own nghteous1_1ess, Is.
-the one place of national worship 21.8;- buried by David, 12;-his de- the law, and were skilled in its in- a nation in the distant south, Ps.72. 64.6; Pht.3.7--g:--our own w1sdom
for the Israelites, De. 12. 5;-David scendants, I Ch. 8. 33; 9. 39.-(2) Of terpretation, Je. 8. 8; Ezr. 7. 6, 12;- 10. In Is. 45. 14 they are called Co. 3. 18-20;-our o~·n strength, 2 C, 0~
longs to attend it, Ps. 42. 2; 63. 1; Tarsus. See PAUL. Ezra organized a body of such men, Sabeans. 12. 10;-our own v.:11I, Mat. 6. 1o; 26
lxxxiv. ;-its place after the restora- Saviour, one who delivers from dan- of whom he was chief, Ne.8. 1,4,9,13; Sebat, se'bat [shoot], the fifth month 39;-and our own hfe, 16.24,2 5 ; Mar:
tion of the Jews, Eze.48.8;-heaven, ger and misery, as God does by his 12.:L6;-to this order belonged Jona- of the Jewish civil year, and the 8. 34, 35; Lu. 9- 2 3, 24;-a test of de-
He. 8. 2 :-a place ofrefuge and shelter providential care, Ps. 106. 21; Is. 45. than, David's uncle, r Ch. 27. 32;- eleventh of their sacred, from the new votedness to Chnst, Ma_t. i:?· 37, J8;
so called, Is.8.14; Eze.u.16. 15,21;Je.14.8; 1Ti.4.10. Baruch, the secretary of Jeremiah, moon in Feb. to the new moon in Lu.14.27,33;-becomes p1lgruns and
Sandals, at first, were only soles of - - - , our Lord Jesus Christ, Lu. Je.36.26;-and those who lived in the l\Iarch, the month when trees begin strangers, He.11.13-15; r Pe.2.1 1.
leather or wood, fastened on the feet 2.n; Jn.4.42; Ac.5.31; 13.23; Ep.5. days of Christ, Mat.5.20; 7.29; 16.21; to shoot, Zee. 1. 7. Self-den~l, motives to excite us to
with strings or thongs; afterwards 23; Phi. 3. 20 ;-he saves from sin, 17.10; 20.18; 23.2; 13.14; 26.3, &c. Secacah, st'.k'a-kah [inclosure], a city the practice of: the express command
they were covered like shoes by the :Mat. I. 21; -from the thraldom of Scrip, a small bag or wallet; it of the wilderness of Judah, near the of Christ, l\1at. 16.24;-hiseminentex.
richer, but the Hebrew slaves went Satan, He. 2.14; 1 Jn. 3.8;-from the was used for food or for money, 1 western shore of the Dead Sea, Jos. ample, 2 Co.8.9; Phi.2.5--8:-the en.
barefoot, Mar. 6. 9; Ac. 12. 8;-com- world, Ga. 1. 4;-from the sting of Sa. 17. 40; Mat. 10. 10; Mar.6. 8; Lu. 15.61. couragement he gives, Mat.16.25; 19_
monly rendered 'shoe,' Mat.3.11; 10. death, r Co. 15. 55- 57 ;-from the 22.35,36. Secret, what is hidden; actions will be 29;-the example of the saints, par-
10; Mar.:1.7; Lu. 3.16; 10.4, &c. See grave, Ho. 13.14; r Co. 15. 22, 23; p:!i. Scriptures [writings], applied byway discovered, Ec.12.14; 1\Iat.10.26; Lu. ticularly Abraham. l\loses, and Paul
WASHING. 3. 20, 21;-from hell, 1 Th. 1.10;--and of eminence to those which are con- 8.17; 12.2; 1 Co.4.5. He. 11.8,17,24-26; ~ Co. 11.23-27; Re'.
Sanhedrim, or SENATE, san'he-drim, brings to the enjoyment of r.ternal tained in the Bible, a_nd which are Secretly, privately, Ge.31.27; De.13. 12.II.
the supreme council of the Jewish bliss in heaven, Mat.25.34; r Pe.1.3, given by inspiration, 2 Ti. 3. 16 (see 6; Ps.10.9; 13.10; Jn.11.28. Self-examination. See EXAMINA-
nation, composed of seventy or 4; 2 Pe.1.11. INSPIRATION) ;-ought to be read and Secrets, of a lawful kind, not to be re- TION.
seventy-two judges, and said to have - - - , Christ is, able to save to studied by all men, l\'Iat.21.42; Jn.5. vealed, Pr.17.9; 25.9; 1\1i.7.5;-Sam- Self-interest, or SELFISHNESS, how it
taken its rise from the seventy elders the uttermost, He. 7. 25;-and he is 39; Ac.17.n; Ro. 15.4; 16.26; 1 Co.IO. son'i; betrayed, Ju.16.5,18. discovers itself, Mi. 3. II: Mal. 1. 10 .
appointed to assist Moses;- Christ willing to save all who come to him, 11 ;-should be read and studied with Sect, a party distinguished by some l\fat.20.21;Ro.15. 1; 1 Co. 10.33:Phi. 2:
was brought before it, Mat. 27.1; Jn. Mat.n.28; Jn.6.37. holy reverence, Ps. 85. 8;-with faith peculiar tenets; such as the Phari- 21; 2Ti.3.2; 1Jn.3.17;-characteristic
11.47;-Stephen, Ac.6.12,15;-Peter Savour, scent, odour, or smell, Le.26. in their divine authority, n9.66;- sees, Sadducees, and Herodians, Ac. of the natural man, Phi. 2. 21 :-not
and John, 4. 5-7;-the apostles, 5. 31; Nu.15.3; 28.13; Ec.10.1; Joel 2. with meek and humble docility of 5.17; 15.5; 24.5;-rendered 'heresy' to make us disregard the interests of
21,27. 20; 2 Co.2.15; Ep.5.2. rnincl, 33; Ja. 1. 21;-with prayer for in Ac. 24. 24. others, 1 Co. 10. 24; Phi.2.21; 2 Ti. 4.
Sapphire, a precious stone, second Saws, for cutting wood or stones, I the teaching of the Holy Spirit, Job Security, from evil, how to be at- 10;-of Nabal, 1 Sa.25.10.
only to the diamond in lustre, hard- Ki. 7. 9; Is. 10. 15;-the Ammonites 34.32; Ps. 25. 4,5; 1t9.12,18;-various tained, Ps.15.1-5; Pr. 1.33; 10.9; 2 Pe. Selling, frauds to be avoided in, Le.
ness, and value~ and of a pure blue, tortured under, 2 Sa. 12. 31; I Ch. 20. important ends for which they are I.IO. 19.13,36; 25.14; Pr.n.1; I6.u; 20, 10,
or deep azure colour, Ex. 2-4. 10; 28. 3 ;-ancient worthies put to death by, given, 2 Ti.3. 16;-promote the sanc- Sedition, rebellious tumult or insur- 23.
18; Job 28. 16; La. 4.7; Eze.1.26; Re. He.11.37. tification, edification, and comfort of rection against lawful government; Selvedge, the edge of a web of cloth
21.19. Scabbard, the sheath of a sword, J e. believers, Jn.17.17,19: Ac.20.32; Ro. condemned, Ac. 24. 5; Ga.5.20;-ren- Ex.26.4; 36. II. '
3arah, sa'rah [lady, or princess], the 47.6. 15. 4;-producing illumination, Ps. dere~ 'i~surrection,' 1\far.i:5.7; 'dis- Senate, the chief court of the Jews,
wife of Abraham, Ge. u. 29; 12. 5;- Sca.1fo1d, a temporary gallery, 2 Ch. n9. 130;-spiritual cleansing, Ps. u9, sension, Ac.15.2. consisting of the • elders of Israel'
her name changed from Sarai [my 6.13. 9: Jn. I5. 3; Ep. 5. 26;-yielding joy, Seducers, tempters or corrupters, not Ac-4-8; 5.21:. See SANHEDRIM. '
princess], 17. 15;-bare Isaac when Scales, the covering of fishes, Le. II. Ps.19.8; 119.1n,16z;-making wise, to be regarded, Pr.28.10; 1\lat.5.19; Senators, members of the Sanhedrim,
she was above ninety years, 21.2;- 9,10; De.14.9,10;-a skin or film on 19. 7 ; - danger of rejecting them, 23.15; 24.4,ll: 2 Ti.3.13. Ps.105.22.
died at Hebron, aged 127 years, 23. the eye,Ac.9. 18;-balances for weigh- l\lar. 16.16; Lu. to. 16; Jn. 3. 36; 12.48; 5eeds of different kinds not to be Seneh, sen'eh [thorn-rock], the name
2;-buried, 19. Isaiah (51.2) is the ing, Is.40. 12. He. 2. 3; 10. 28; 12. 25;-to be fre- sown together, De.22.9. of a rock, the scene of Jonathan's
only prophet who makes mention of Scall, a disease incident to the hairy quently meditated upon, De.6.6; n. Seer, a prophet, who had a foresight remarkable adventure against the
her. See ABRAHAM. parts of the body, as the head or 18; Ps.1.2; n9.97; Jn. 5. 39; 2 Pe.3.2; of the future, 1 Sa.9.9. Philistines, 1 Sa.14.8.
Sardine, or SARDIUS, a gem of a deep beard, Le. 13.30--36. -a privilege of the Jews, Ro.3.2;- Seethe, to prepare food in hot or boil- Sennacherib, sen-nak.'e-rib [appear.
red or bloody colour, of the chalce- Scalp, the top or crown of the head, the advantage of the study of them, ing water, &c., forbidden to be done ing like a lion], king of Assyria, in-
dony family, Ex. 28. 17; Eze. 28. 13; where the hair divides itself, Ps. 68. Ps. 19.7; u9. 9, 72, 98, 103; Ro. 15. 4; on Sabbath, Ex.16.23;-a kid not to vades Judah, 2 Ki.18.13: 2 Ch.32.1;
Re.4.3; 21.20. 21. Ep. 6. 17; 2 Ti. 3. 15; Ja. 1. 25;-to be be thus prepared in its mother's milk, Is. 36. 1 ;-in one night his vast army
Sardis, sar'dis, capital of the ancient Scape-goat, a type of Christ, Le. 16. preserved entire, De. 4. 2; Pr.30.6; 23.i:9; 34.26; De.14.21. wa,; destroyed by 'the angel of th~
kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor, 22; Is.53.4; 1 Pe.2.24. Re.22.18. Segub, se'gub [elevated], {1) A son Lord,' 2 Ki. 19. 35; 2 C..h.32.21; Is.37.
situated at the foot of Mount Tmolus, Scarcely, hardly, Ro.5.7; I Pe.4.18. - - - - of the Old Testament of He.zron, 1 Ch.2.~1.-(2) A son of 36;-himself slain, Is.37.37; 2 Ki.19.
in the plain watered by the river Sca11e, to affright or terrify, Job 7.14. quoted or referred to in the New, Hiel, 1 Ki.16.34. 37.
Pactolus. Herc was one of the• seven Scarlet, a beautiful bright red, much Mat. 1.23; 2. 5, 6,15; 3.3; 4.14; and in Seir, se'ir [rough, bristly], (,) The Sense, (t) The meaning or significa-
churches' to which' John addressed worn by great men, 2 Sa. I.24; Pr.31. above 300 other places. father of the ancient Horitcs, Ge.36. tion of Scnpture, Ne.8.8.-(2) Any
an apocalyptic mes.,;age, Re.3. 1. Its 21; La. 4. 5; Da. 5. 7 ;-figur«tively, Scroll, a writing rolled up, Is. 34- 4; 20.-{2) The name of the mountain one of our bodily organs of percep-
modern name is Sert-Kalessi, con- sins of deep enormity, Is. I. 18;-em- Re.6.14. district on the east of Arabah where tion; namely, seeing, hearing, smell-
sisting of only a few miserable cottages blem of luxury, Re. 17.3,4;-of hon- Scum, the wicked, Eze.24.6,II,12. his posterity dwelt, 14.6; De.2.12;- ing, tasting, and feeling, He.5.14.
amid the ruzis of former grandeur. our or pmsperity, Pr.31.21. Scurvy, a disease, scabbed, Le.21.20; was afterwards the possession of Esau Sensual, carnal, as opposed to spiri-
aa.rdonyx. See ONvx. Scatter, to disperse or drive into dif- 22.22. and his posterity, Ge. 32. 3; 33. 14, 16; tual, Ja.3.15;Jude 19.
Sarepta, sa-rep'tah, Lu. 4. 26, a Gen- ferent places, Ge. u.9; 49.7; Le. 26. Scythians, syth'"i-ans, a nomad people 36.8,9. Hence Seir is often put for Sensuality, or devotedness to bodily
tile town on the shores of the Medi- 33;-to overthrow or destroy, Ps.68. who dwelt near the Euxinc and Cas- Edom or the Edomites, Eze. 25. 8. pleasures, censured, Am.6.-4; Lu.16.
terranean between Tyre and Sidon. 14; 89.10; 92.9. pian seas. 'They were probably de- It extended from the Dead Sea to 19, &c.; 1 Co.15.32; Ja.5.5.
See ZAREPHATH. Scent, smell, odour, Job 1-4.9; J e.48. scendants of Magog. InCol.3.11 the the Elanitic Gulf.-(3) A mountain Sentence, the decision of a judge,
Sargon, sar'gon, a King of Assyria, II; Ho.14.7. name is used as a general term for named as one of the landmarks on acquitting or condemning, De. 17.9,
ls.20.1. Sceptre, a rod or staff of authority in the rude, ignorant, degraded. the north boundary of Judah, Jos. 10; Ps. 17. 2; Lu. 23. 24;-God's, pro-
Satan, sJ.'tan [an enemy], the devil; the hands of kings, governors, or Sea. The Heb. word (ylim) rendered 15.10. nounced against sin, not speedily exe•
appears in the presence of God, Job mlers, Ge.49.10; Nu.24.17; Es.5.2;- 'sea' is applied to the ocean, Ge. 1.2, Sela, or SELAH, w'Iah [a rock], the cuted, Ec.8. n;-that which shall
i:. 6; 2. 1 :-tempts Joshua the high- a 'right sceptre'=just government, 10;-lakes, Job 14. 11 :-great rivers, capital of ldumea, situated near the finally be passed on the righteous,
priest, Zee. 3. 1 ;-tempts Jesus, Mat. Ps.45.6. as the Nile, Na.3.8; Is.19.5:Am.8.8; base of Mount Hor in the Wady Mat.25.34;-on the wicked, 41.
4-i:; Mar.1.13; Lu.4.2;-the prince of Sceva, se'vah, a Jew who resided at -the Euphrates, Je.51.36;-the Sea Musa. It was taken by Amaziah, Separate, to divide, or put asunder,
the demons, Mat. 9. 34; - Judas so Ephesus, of the priestly order, whose of Gennesareth or Galilee, Mat.4.1:8; king of Judah, and named by him Ge.13.9; Je.27.12; Lu.6.22; Ro.8.35,
called~ J~. 6. 70: - Peter so called, seven sons went about pretending to -the sea of Jazer, beyond Jordan, Joktheel [God-subdued], 2 Ki.14.7;2 39;-from the wicked, our duty, 2Co.
Mar.8.33;-seen by Jesus a,;lightning exorcise or cast out devils, Ac. i:9.14- near the city of Jazer, Je.48.32;-the Ch.25.u,12. This remarkable city is 6.17.
falling from heaven, Lu. 10. 18;-his 16. Dead or Salt Sea, Ge. 14. 3;-the usually known by the name Petra, Sepharvaim, sef-ar-v-d.'im [the two
synagogue, Re. 2. 9;- bound for a Schism, a breach, rupture, or division Great Su, called (also the 'hinder,' which is the Greek equivalent of Sipparas], a city of Mesopotamia
thousand years, 20.2. See DEVIL. in the Christian church, 1 Co. 1. 10; t".e. the western sea, Da. II. 24; Joel Sela. It consists of dweJlings cut whence colonists were brought to
Satiate, to satisfy, to fill, or to glut, 3.3; 11.18; 12.25; 2 Co. 13. II, 2. 20\ the Mediterranean, which out of the rock_ It is now a lonely Samaria.. It stood on the Euphrates,
Je.31.14,25; 46.i:o. Schoolmaster, the law a, or peda- washes the whole western shore of deserted ruin, according to the words above Babylon, on both sides of the
Satiafying, contenting, Ps. 103. 5; Pr. gogue, or tutor, to bring to Christ, Canaan, Ps. 104. 25;-the molten of the prophets, Is.34. 5-15; Je.49.7- river, 2 Ki.17.24; 18.34; 19.13; ls.36.
13.25; Col.2.23. Ga.3.24. laver, in the temple, I Ki.7.23; 2 Ch. 10, 15-18; E.ze.xxxv.; Joel 3.19- 19; 37.13.
Satyr,a fabulous being, a hairyshaggy Schools, or colleges of prophets, insti- 4.2;-the whole mighty ocean, which Selah, se'lah, a tenn used ~eventy-one Septuagint, an ancient Greek version
monster, half man, half goat, a species tuted by Samuel, the great reformer shall give up its dead, Re. 20. 13;- times in the book of Psalms, the im- of the Old Testament; an old but
~f d~m~n, Is. 13 .. 21; ,34.14; r~~dere~ and organizer of the prophetical order, none in the new earth, 21.1. port of which is not well known: questionable tradition states that it
devils, Lc.17.7, 2 Ch. u. 15. goat, at Ramah, 1 Sa.19.19;-Bethel, 2 Ki. Sealing, or marking with a stamp wax though it is most generally believed was thus named because translated by
4.:il-4; 16.8. 2. 3;-Jericho, 5;-Gilgal, 4. 38. In on letters or deeds, the antiquity and to denote a pau..~ in singing, or to seventy, or rather seventy-two Jews
Saul [asked], (r) The son of Kish, of these institutions young men were use of it, Ge.38. 18; Ex.28.u; 1 Ki. excite and quicken l"l.ttention, Ps.3.2, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
the tribe of Benjamin, and first King trained for the prophetical office. 21. 8; Ne. 9. 38; Es. 3. 1:2; Da. 6. 17; 4,8; 4. 2, 4; 7. 5; 9. 16, 20; 32. 5, &c.; king of Egypt, about the year 285
of Israel; sent to find his father's asses, School of Tyrannus, Ac. 19.9. Mat.27.66;-figuratively, the stamp- Hab.3.3,9,13. before Christ; and from which both
x Sa. 9. 1;-applies to Samuel, 18;- Scorpion, a venomous reptile, some- ing of the divine image on the soul, Seleucia, se-lU'shi-a, a city of Syria, our Lord and his apostles frequently
prophcsics, 10.9;-chosen king, I7;- what resembling a lobster, with eight by the Holy Spirit, 2 Co. 1.22; Ep. 1. situated on the shores of the Medi- quote texts, rather than from the He-
the restriction under which he held legs, and a long slender tail, anned 13: 4.30. terranean, about 5 miles nonh of the brew, De.8.3, in Mat.4.4; De.6.16, in
the sovereignty, 25;-delivers the in- with a sting; it is gr.nerally about Seals (SEVEN), opened, Re.6. 1. river Orantes, and about 16 west of Mat.6.7; f.lo.6.6, in Mat.9.13; Lc.19.
habitants of Jabesh-gilead, 11. n ;- 3 or 4 inches in length, though in very Search, to examine carefully, as we Antic.::h;-here Paul and Barnabas 18, in Mat.19.19; Ps. 8. 2, in Mat.21.
arms th.e people against the Philis- hot countries it is much larger. They are commanded to do the Scriptures, embarked for Cyprus, Ac.13.4- 16; Ps. n8. 22, 23, in MaL21.42; EJL
tines, 13. 3 ;-defeats them, 14. 20 :- are of diverse colours, De.8. 15; I Ki. Jn.5.39;-:is God does the hearts of Self- deception, the deceit which 3.6, in Mat.22.32: Ps.110.1, in Mat
makes a ra.,;h vow, 24 ; - sacrifices 12.u; E.ze.2.6; Lu.10.19; n.12; Re. men, 1 Ch.28.9; Je.17.10. !nany practise on themselves by judg- 22.44 :Zec.13.7, in Mat.26.31, &c. &c.
without waiting for Samuel, 13.8;- 9.3,5,10. Seared, burned or cauterized, and ing favourably of their state and Sepulchres, or places for burying the
his success against the enemies of Scourging, a punishment among the thus rendered hard, callous, and un- character, 1 Co.3. 18: Ga.6.3; Ja. 1.22: dead, were usua!ly hollow rooms dug
lsrael,1-4.47;-his family,49;-desert- Jews, who were prohibited to give feeling, 1 Ti.4.2. 26;-sinnersoften given up to, Ps.81. into rocks, with an upright door-to
ed by Samuel, I 5. 35 ; - sends for above forty stripes at once, Le.19.20; Seasons, the lightsofheavenappoin 1.ed u,12; Ho.4.17t 2Th.2.10,n. cuter into them, to which a large
David, 16. 19 :-endeavours to kill De. 25. 2; 2 Co. n. 24;-by the Ro- for, Ge. 1. 14; Ps.104. 19;-certninty Self-dedication. See DEDICATION. 6tonc was put, Ge. 23. 6; Ju. 8. 32; 1
him, 18.10: 19.10,u;-prophe!iies, 19. mans, Mat. 10. 17; 27. 26; Ac.5.40;- of their regular succession, Ge.8.?.2; Self-denial, a Christian duty, Mat. Sa. 10. 2; 2 Sa.2.32; Is.22.16; Mat.27.
22;-pursues David,22.6;-orders the no Roman citizen could be subjected --one given for every lawful purpose, 16. 24; Mar. 8. 34; Lu.9.23;-must be 6o. Su GRAVE.
execution of the priests of Nob, II: to, Ac.22.25,26. Ec.3.1-8. exercised in regard to every forbidden Semh, sC'rah [abundancc1 a daughtet
-spared by David in the cave, 24. 1, 8-=ribe, an officer of state, who wrote Seat, the scribes and Pharisees sat in indulgence, how pleasant soever, or of Asher, the only female mentioned
198
'
SEVEKITY SHAVER SHELUMIEL SHILOH SHRIN:ES
!•· . 011
g those that went down into Sewed, joined, Ge.3.7; Job 16.15.
Sexes, male and female, to be distin.
'The King's Dale,' Ge.14.5: 2 Sa.18.
18.
God1 a prince of the tribe ef Simeon,
Nu.1.6.
the days of Joshua to the I death of
Eh, 18.1; 19.51;Ju.18.31;21.19; r Sa.
F- t Ge.46.17.
~ ser-i'ah [warrior of Jeho- guished by their dress, De. 22. 5. Shaving, a rite of purification, Le. Shem [name1 the eldest son of Noah, 1.3,24; r Ki.2.27; 14.2,4. See TABER'"
J (,') A high-priest of the Jcv:s, Sha.al.ab bin, sha.aJ.3.b'bin [city of 14.8;-by the Na.zarites, Nu.6.9;-by Ge.5.32;-he, with Japheth, modestly NACLE.. The modem name of Shiloh
~ 'taken captive, and, along with foxes], a city of Dan, Jos.19.42; Ju. Paul, Ac. 18. 18; 21. 24;-a token of covered their father's nakedness, 9. isSeilUn.
:Senty others, put to death a~ Rib- 1.3.5;-cal!ed Shaalbim, Ju.1.35. humiliation, Job 1. 20;-forbidden 23~-his age, 11. 10;-his descendants, Shim.eah, shim'e-ab [fame, rumour],
Jah Je. 52 . 24_ 27 _-(2) The scnbe or Shaashgaz, sha-Ash'gaz [servant of with respect to the comers of the 10.21 (the word 'elder' in this verse a brother of king David, 2 Sa.13.3;
sec~tary of David, 2 Sa.8.17. There the beautiful], a Persian eunuch in beard, Le. 19. 27; 21. 5;-of David's refers to Shem, and not to Japheth); called Shiroma, 1 Ch.2. 13; Shammah,
were several others of the same the court of Ahasuerus, Es.2.14. ambassadors by Hanun, 2 Sa.10.4;- :r Ch.1.17. 16.9; Shammuah, 2 Sa.5.14.
:;b,im., ser'ra-fim [brilliant on_es],

the plural of seraph, seen by Isaiah,
Shadow, the law was, of gospel bles•
sings, He.10.1;-our days on earth
compared to, Job 14. 2; 17. 7;-of
the head, a disgrace to a woman, 1
Co.n.6;-customary with the Egyp-
tians, Ge. 41.14.
Shem.a, she'ma [rumour], a city in the
south of Judah, Jos.15.26.
Shemaiah, shem-i'ah [whom Jeho 4
Shimei, s;him'e-i [renowned, hearer], a
Benjamite and a kinsman of Saul,
curses David, 2 $a. 16.5;-pardoned,
death, means the gloomy darkness Sheaf, of the first.fruits to be pre- vah hears], (1) The prophet applies 19.18;-put to death by Solomon for
4 with which it is often attended, 3.5; sented to the Lord, Le. 23. 10,n;- to Rehoboam, 2 Ch. II. 3; 12. 5.-(2) breach of engagement, 1 Ki.2.36-46.
~ ; Paulus, ser'gf-us paul'us, the
deputy-govemorofCyprus,converted 10.21; 12.22; 16.16; 24.17; 34.22; Ps. bringing home of, on Sabbath, re- Many others of this name, Ezr.8. 13; Shimshai, shim'shI [Jehovah is splen 4
b Paul, Ac.13.12. 23.4; 44.19; w7.10,14; Is.9.2; Mat. proved, Ne.13.15. Ne.3.29; Je.36.12, &c. dour], a scribe in the time of Ezra,
Y·eants officers of the Romans 4.k6; Lu.1.79. Shea1tiel, she•Ul'fi.el [asked of God], Shemida., she•mi'<la [fame of the wise Ezr.4. 17 ,23.
88 Slladrach, sha.'drak [a royal one], the father of Zerubbabel, Ezr.3.2,8; Ne. one], a son of Gilead, Nu.26.32. Shinar, shl'nar [perhaps, country of
c~Ied b;tors, who carri~d a bundle
of rods before the magistrates, for Chaldee name of Hananiah, who, 12.1. Sheminith, shem'Y•nith [the eight], the two rivers], the extensive and
whipping mal_efactors, Ac. 16.35,38. with his companions ./Ueslzach and Shearers, those who clip the fleece probably denotes a musical instru- fertile plain through which the Eu--
5erpent, deceives Eve, Ge.3.~ ;-~ery Abedneg-o, were accused to Nebu- from sheep with shears, Ge.38.12; 1 ment with eight cords, 1 Ch. 15. 21; phrates and Ti~ris flow, Ge. 10. 10;
ones deliitroy many of the Israelites, chadnezzar, Da. 3. 12;-brought be- Sa.25.7, II; 2 Sa. 13.23; h. 53.7. Ps.vi.xii. title. II. 23; 14. r,9; ls. u.n;-to it Nebu ..
Nu. 21 , 4, &c. :-a brazen one ?1-_ade fore him, and charged to serve his Shear-Jashub, she'ar-ja'shub [the Shenir, shi:'ner fcoat of mail], a name chadnezzar carried the sacred vessel!!
by Moses, 8;-abused to superstition, idol, 13-15;-their bold and firm re- remnant shall returnJ, a son of the of Mount Hermon, De.3.(}. of the temple. Da. 1.2.
Ki. 1 g_ 4 ;-the erection of it de- solution, 16-r8;-were cast into the prophet Isaiah, Is.7.3. It is conjec- Shepham, she'f'am fa bare regionl, a Shiphrah, shif'rah [beauty], one of
2
clared to be typical of the cr~cifixion fiery furnace, 19-2 3 ;-were miracu- tu red that it is a symbolical name place mentioned in the description the Egyptian midwives who saved the
of Christ, Jn. 3.14;-the devil called lously preserved and called forth by like that of his brother Mahar-shalal• .l\Ioses gives of the eastern boundary Hebrew children, Ex. 1. 15.
'the serpent,' Re. 12. 9, 14, 15;-an the king, 24-26. hash-baz. of Canaan, Nu.34.10,II. Shipmaster, the captain or owner of
emble!ll of wickedness, Mat. 23. 33; Shaft, a spire, an arrow, Ex. 25. 31; Is.
Sheath, scabbard of a sword, 1 S.i.. 17. Shephatiah, shef-a-tI'ah [the Lord a ship, Jn. 1.6; Re.18. :r7.
-of cruelty, Ps.58.4;-of treachery, 49.2. 51: 1 Ch.21.27; Jn.18.1r. judgeth], (1) A son of David, ~ Sa. Ships, probably originated from
Shaharaim, shU.-har•J.'im [morning Sheba, she'bah [covenant], or SEBA, 3.4.-(2) A son of king Jehoshaphat, N 0ah's ark, and were early employed
~t,·~;;rug [shoot, tendril], the fa- and evening dawn], a descendant of the name of several pen,ons, (r) A 2 Ch. 21. 22.-(3,l Others so named, I· in trade by the tribes of Zebulun and
ther of Nahor, and the grandfather Benjamin, who resided in Moab, son and also a grandson of Cush, Ch.9.8; 27-16; Je.38.1. Dan, Ge. 49. 13; Ju. 5, 17;-Solomon
of Abraham, Ge.11.22-26; Lu.3.35. whose numerous posterity, by his two Ge. 10. 7; 1 Ch. 1. 9.-(2) A son of Shepherd, Christ is, to his flock; he built a navy of, 1 Ki. 9 26;-Jeho-
Servants, properly slaves, Ge. 9. 25; wives, is mentioned, r Ch.8.8-28. Joktan, Ge.10.28: 1 Ch.1.22. Hi~de- purchased them with his blood, Jn. ~ shapbat, 22.48; 2 (;h.20.36,37.
27 _37; Jn.8.34; Ro.6.19;-a~ong the Shahazimatb, sha-hU.Z'r-math, a city sceudants inhabited south of Arabia. 10. II ;-seeks them out and gathers Shipwreck, the destruction of a ship
Hebrews there were two kmds; the in the tribe of Issachar, Jos.19.22. -{3) A son of Jokshan, and grand- them into his fold, Eze.34.n-13:- by rocks, shallows, &c., 2 Co. II.25;
first were foreigners taken captive in Shallura, shUl 1lum [retribution], (1) Ason of Abraham, Ge.25.3; 1 Ch.1.32. feeds them in his green pastures, Is. -renouncement of a religious pro-
war, or purchased; and these their son of Naphtali, and father of the -(4) From the Sheba peopled by 40. n; Eze. 34. 14, 15;-leads and fession, and exposure to rum, 1 Ti 1.
masters kept, exchanged, or sold ac- Shillemites, Ge. 46. 24; Nu. 26. 49; 1descendants of Joktan the queen guides them, Jn. 10. 4;-heals their 19.
cording to their pleasure, Le.25.44- Ch. 7. 13.-(2) The fifteenth king of came who visited Solomon, 1 Ki. 10. diseases, Eze. 34. 16; Lu.4. 18;-pro- Shishak, shI'shak, king of Egypt,
46;-the second were Hebrews, who Israel, the son of Jabesh, who mur- 1; 2 Ch.9.1;-incense from, and mer- tects them from enemies, Jn. 10. 12, plunders Jerusalem, I Ki.14.25; 2 Ch.
from poverty had sold themselves, dered and succeeded Zechariah, 2 chants of, mentioned, Je. 6. 20; Eze. 13,27,28;-brings them at last to his 12. 2--g. Probably the Sesostris of
or were delivered up by their parents, Ki.15.10;-after one month slain, 14. 27.22; 38. 13; Mat. 12. 42. The king- heavenly fold, Re.7.16,17. profane history.
in a time of dire necessity, to satisfy -(3) King of Judah, son of Josiah, dom of, comprehended the greater 6hepherds, representing prophet,;;, re• Shitrai, shit'rl (Jehovah is a decider].
the demands of an unfeeling credi- Je.22.II. part of Arabia Fe!ix-the Saba of proved for their negligence, Eze. 34. one set over David's cattle, 1 Ch. 27.
tor; and this clas!> might either be re- Shalm.aneser, shaI.ma-ne'zer, king of profane history. - (5) A man who r, &c.;Zec.n.3,15; 13.7. 29.
deemed at any time, or otherwise Assyria, subdued the kingdom of Is- excited rebels against David, 2 Sa. Sheriffs, officers in the Chaldean em- Shittim, shit'tim [acacias], (1} A place
were bound to continue in servitude rael, and obliged their king to pay 20.1;-slain, 22. pire, whose particular powers and in the plains of Moab opposite Jer•
only till the seventh year, or the year tribute, 2 Ki.17.3;-imprisoned their Shebnah, sheb'nah [youth], a trea- functions we know not, Da.3.2,3. icho, where the Israelites encamped
of jubilee, when they were free if king for conspiracy, 4;-after three · surer and secretary to Hezekiah, 2 Sheshack, she'shak [thy flax, thy joy], fOt" the last time before crossing the
they chose, Ex.21.2-6; Le.25 ..47-55; years' siege, took Samaria, ravaged Ki. 18. 18:-his death foretold, Js.22. a name given to Babylon, Jc. 25. 26; Jordan, Nu. 25. 1. From thence
-law respecting daughters sold to the fenced cities of Israel, massacred 15-19. 51.41. Joshua sent the sp1c-s, Jos.2. 1.-{2; A
be, Ex. 21. 7-n ;-fugitive, not to be the inhabitants, and carried the re- Shechem, she'kem [shoulder, ridge], Sheshbazzar, shesh-baz'zar [joy of valley west of Jordan and near J eru-
delivered up, De. 23. 15 ;-not to be mainder captive (e.c. 721_\, 5,6; 18.9-(1) A son of Hamor and prince of the vintage, or joy in adversity], a salem, Joel 3. 18.
oppressed, 24.14. 12. Shechem, debauches the daughter of prince of Judah, generally believed Shittim.wood, used in making the
- ~ - , their duty to be diligent Shambles, the flesh•market, 1 Co.10. Jacob, Ge. 34. 2;-made honourable to be Zerubbabel, to whose care tabernacle and its furniture, was
and obedient, Ep. 6. 5-7; Col.3.22; I 25. proposals to marry her, 4.12;-mur- Cyrus committed the sacred vessels durable, incorruptible in w::iter, and
Ti. 6. 1; Tit. 2. 9; 1 Pe. 2. 18;-to be Shame, the offspring of sin, Ge. 3. 7: dered by Simeon and Levi, 25.-(2) sent back to Jemsalem, Ezr.1.8,n; became black, Ex. 25. 5, 10,13,23; 26.
faithful, Lu.16. 10-12, I Co.4.2; Tit.2. A town of the Canaanites, called also
-just cause of it, Ps. 25. 3: Is. 1.29; 5.14, 16, compared with Zec.4.9. 15,26,32; 27.1.
10;-not to purloin, Tit. 2.10;-not to 42. 17;-unreasonable, !fat. to. 32; Sichem, Ge.12.6; and Sychem, Ac. 7. Shether-Boznai, she'ther-boz'ni[shin- Shivers, small broken pieces, Rf':. 2 -z1.
be slothful or wasteful, Pr. 18.9; Jn. l\.far.8.38; Lu.9.26; Ro. r.16; 2Ti.1.8;
16. It was situated in the valley be~ ing star1 one of the Persian governors Shobach, sh5'bak [expans;ion], a gen•
6.12;-should be content with their -from guilt, Ge. 38. 26; Ezr.9.6; Pr. tween Mounts Ebal and Gerizim, of Syria, who came to Jerusalem along eral of the king of Syria whom David
situation, 1 Co. 7. 20,21 ;---compassion- 13.5; Je. 2. 26; 3. 25; Jn. 3. 20;-from
about 34 miles north of Jerusalem, with Tatnai, Ezr.5.3; 6.6. ~Jew, and routed his mighty army of
ate to their fellows, Mat. 18. 33. Ex 4 disgrace, 2 Sa.10.5; Lu.13.17; 16.3;- and7southofSamaria. It was called Shew, or Sttow, an appearance, a 700 chariots and 40,000 cavalry, 2 Sa.
amples of good servants: Eliezer, from bashfulness, 2 Ki.2.17. Neafeli's by the Romans, a name public sight, I Co.11.26; Col.2.15; Ga. 10.16-18.
Ge. xxiv.;-Jacob, 31. 36-40;-Jo- Sha.mefacedness, modesty, I Ti.2.'). which is still preserved in its Arabic 6.12. Shock of corn, sheaves set up in the
1efo, 39. 3; Ac. 7.10;-David'.s ser. Shamgar, sham'gar, the third judge name NablUs;-near it Jacob bought Shew-bread [bread of face, or of the field for winnowing, Ju.15.5:Job ?.26.
van ts, 2 Sa. r 2. 18 ;-servants of]\·aa- of Israel, delivers the Israelites froma piece of ground, in which Joseph presence 1, twelve loaves which the Shocoh, sh0'ko fbranches, hedge], (1)
man, 2 Ki. 5. 2-4,13;-others, Mat.8. the Philistines, Ju.3.31. was buried, Ge. 33 .. 19; 50. 13;-here priests placed anew every Sabbath A city in the Jow country of Judah,
9; Ac.10.7. Sha.mm.ah, sham'mah [ac:;tonishment], Joshua assembled the Israelites beon the golden table, before the Lord, 2 Ch.28.18;--called Socoh, Jos.15.35;
Servit-0r, an old word, meaning a ser- (r) The third of David's mighty men, fore his death, Jos. 24.1, &c.;-it be- Ex. 25. 30; Le. 24. s-8;-to be eaten -Shoco, 2 Ch.II. 7:-Shochoh, 1 Sa.
vant, 2 Ki.4.43. who, along with Eleazar, routed the cam: the capital of Samaria, and was afterwards by the priests only, 9. 17. 1. It was ahout 13½ miles south•
Seth, or SHETH [compensation, ap- called Sydzn.r, Jn. 4. 5;-it has about
Philistines, 2 S~.23. n, 12;-one of the Shibboleth, shib'bo-leth [a stream], west of Jerusalem; near it David
pointed], the third son of Adam, Ge. three who broke through the host of 8ooo inhabitants, but only some 15 the Ephraimites were not able to killed Goliath, 1Sa.r7.1.-,:2' A town
4.25;5.3;-the father of Enos, 6;-his the Philistines and brought water to or 20 Samaritan families. pronounce this word, but called it in the mountains of Judah about 10
age and death, 8. David, 13-17.-:-(2) A brother of Sheep,aweU.knownanimal,ofwhich SrnBOLETH, in consequence of which miles south.west of Hebron, Jos.15.
Settle, fix, 1Ch.17.14; Eze.36.n; Lu. David, 1 Sa.16.9:-called Shimeah. 2 some of the ancients had vast flocks, they were detected, and 42,000 of 48.
21.14; 1 Pe.5.10. Sa.13.3,andShimm~, 1Ch.2.13.- Job1.3;42.12;-appointed to be them slain, Ju.12.1-6. Shoe. The Hebrews used sandals (see
Seven, regarded by the Jews as a {3) Another of David's thirty cham offered in sacrifice, Le. r. ro; 22. 19,
4
Shie]d, a piece of defensive armour, SANDALS) or shoes which covered
numher of perfection, because God pions, 2Sa.23.33.-(4) Athirdcham- &c.;-fig-urati7.fely, the people of made of wood, and covered with their feet and legs when abroad; and
rested on the seventh day, Ge. 2. 2; pion of the same name, called also God, Ps. 79.13; 95. 7; 100. 3; Jn.10.2- leather, brass, or gold, 1 Ki. 10. 17; 14. women of quality wore 5hoes or
-their land rested from tillage every Shammoth and Shamhuth, 1 Ch.n. 4, &c. 27, 2 Ch.14.8;-God is, to ,1is people, gaitlil"S of costly texture ;-to put off,
seventh year, Le. 25. 4, 5;-used as a 27; 27.8. Shehariah, she.ha•rI'ah [Jehovah is Ge.15.1; De.33.29; Ps.33.20; 84. 11;- a mark of reverence, Ex.3.5; Jos.5.
round number for many, 1 Sa.2.5;Job Shapha.n, shJ.'fan [sly, or prudent the shining one], one of the posterity faith so called, Ep.6. 16. 15;-taken off and given to another,
5.19: Ps. 12.6; n9. 164: Pr. 26. 16, 25; one], secretary of the temple in the of Benjamin, 1 Ch.8.26. Shiggaion, shig-ga'yon [a song or a token of a surrender of one's rights,
ls.4.1; Je. r5.9; Mat.12.45: 18.21. Shekel, (r) A weight among the He-
time of Josiah, 2 Ki.22.8,9;-informed hymn], according to some adithyram- De.25.9; Ru.4.7;-removed, a token
Seventy ELDERS, appointed to re- that king that the book of the law brews, = ½ oz. avoirdupois, Ge. 24. bic song, according to others a plain- of su&jection, 2 Sa.15.30; Is. 20. 2-4;
lieve Moses, Ex.18.25; Nu. 11. 16;- was found, 10,11; 2 Ch.34. c4-18. 22; Ex.30.23; 2 Sa.14. 26; Eze.4.10.- ti,·e song or elegy, Ps. vii. title. In Eze.24.17;--hence 'cast over' a coun-
called up to the mount, Ex.24. r. Shaphat, shU.'fat [judge], (z: One of (2) A piece of money of the above Bab. 3. 1 the plur. fonn SHIGIONOTH try, a sign of its subjection, Ps.6o.8:
- - - DISCIPLES sent out by Jesus, those sent to spy the Land of Pro- weight, valued in gold about £1, 5s., is used. 108.9:-to bear or unloose, the mean-
Lu.10.i;-their return, 17. mise, Nu. 13. 5. -(2) The father of Nu.7.14,20,26,32, &c.; Ju.8.26; I Ki. Shihon, shI'hon fa ruinJ, a city of the est office, Mat.3.11: Mar.1.7.
- - - WEEKS, Daniel's prophecy Elisha, TKi.19. 16.-'.3) Several others
10. 16;-in sil11erabout 2s. 1d., Ge.23. tribe of Issachar, Jos. 19. 19. Shophan, sho'fan [extension], a city of
so called, Da.9.24. so named, 1 Ch.3.22: 5. 12: 27.:.19. 15; Ex. 30. 13, 15; De. 22. 19,29; 2 Ki. Shiloah, shi.JU'ah [a sendingJ, waters Gad, Nu.32.35. See ZAPHON.
Several, one by itself, 2 Ch.n.12; 26. Sharon, shft'ron [a plain], or SARON, 15.20. of, said to be the same as Gihon, Is. Shoshannim, shosh'a-mm [lilies], tht-
21. Ac.9.35, (1) The fertile plain extend-
Shelemiah, shel.e•mI'ah rJehovah is 8.6. See CIHON and SILOAM. title of Ps. xiv. !xix. and lxxx. Pro-
~erity of God, his discarding- one ing from Joppa to Cesarea, rich in recompenser], a porter of the temple, Shiloh, shI'lo [peace], (1) A name of bably refers to a musical instrument,
f~m a family in righteous judgment, pasture, 1 Ch.27.29: 33.9;-and cele- T Ch.26.14-. the Messiah, Ge.49. 10; comp. 1\Ii. 5. Shoulder. a burden on, means servi.
Ro. u.22;-manifested to Sodom, Ge. brated for its roses, Ca. 2. 1.-(2) A
Sheleph, she'lef [drawing out], the 2,5, with Mat.2.6.-(2) A city of the tude and oppression, Ge.49.15;Is.10.
19.24;-to the sons of Aaron, Le.Io. place in Gad on the other side of second son of Joktan, Ge.10.26; 1 Ch. tribe of Ephraim, among the hiII.~ 2'.7;-to pull away, to rebel, Ne.9.29;
1,&c.;-to Miriam, Nu.12.10:-tothe Jordan, I Ch.5.16. 1.20. half-way between Bethel and She- Zec.7.u;-to be canied on, honom;.
I
man who gathered sticks on the Sab. Shashak, shA'shak [assaulter, runner], Shelomith, she I' o • mith, [peaceful. chem: here Joshua divided that por- Is.49.22.
bath.day, 15.32:-to Korah, &c., 16. one of Simeon's posterity, 1 Ch. 8. nessJ, a daughter of Zerubbabel, 1 tion of Canaan westward of Jordan Shovele, instruments for digging, Ex..
31:-to Uzzah, 2 Sa.6.6;-to Ananias 14. Ch. 3. 19:-the name also of several to the nine and a half tribes, Jos.18. 27.3; Nu.4.14.
and Sapphira, Ac:. 5. 1;- to Herod, Shaveh, sha'veh [a plain], a valley men, 1 Ch.23.r8; 26.25; Ezr.8.10. 1.8,rn;-her~ he fixed' the tabernacle Shred, to cut in pieces, 2 Ki.4,.39-
12.23. whore dwelt the Emims, c:alled also Shelumiel, she.Jn'mi-el [peace of of God, and here it contmued from Shrines, small models ol the templd
199
BIHOR SIMPLICITY SISERA 1!NUFFERS SOLOMON
and image of Diana at Ephesus, Ac. Silas, sT'las (contracted for Silvanus, ' Sin, moral offence against God, where- ral of the army of Ja bin, king of Ra- So, a kin~ of Egypt, of Ethiopian de.
19.24- 2 Co.1.19}, one of the most active in it consists, Jn.15.22; Ro.3.20; 4. 15; zor, Ju.4.2:-killed by Jael, 18, &c. scent, reigned about 728 B.c. :-join
Shroud, a shelter, Eze.31.3. primitive preachers,exhorts the Chris- 1 Co.15.56; Ja.1.15; 1 Jn.3.4; 5.17;- Sister, a term used by the Hebrews Hoshea against the Assyrians, 2 K.t°
Shuba.el, shu'ba-el [captive of God], tians at Antioch, Ac. 15. 23;-accom- incident to all men, 1 Ki.8.46;Job 15. to all near female relations, Ge. 12. 17.4. '
one of the posterity of Levi, 1 Ch. panies Paul in his progress, +o ;-im~ 14; 25.4; Ps.130.3; Pr.20.9; 24.16; Ee. 13; 20.12; Mat.12.50; 13.56. Soap, used for washing, Je.2, 22 ; Mai
24.20; called Shebuel, 23.16; 26.24. !)risoned with him at Philippi, 16. 19. 7.20; Ja.3.2; 1 Jn. 1. 8;-comes from Sith, an obsolete word, meaning since 3.2. .
Shulamite, shii'lam-ite, the feminine btlence, or refraining from speaking, the heart, Mat. 15.19; Ja.1.14;-how or because, Je.15.7; 23.38; Eze.35.6. Sobriety, or a decent Christian con.
form of the Hebrew word rendered sometimes commendable, Ps. 39. 2; it should be dealt with: con.fessed, Situation, a position, a place, 2 Ki.2. duct, commer,ded, 1Th.5.6,8; Tit 2
Solomon, a name given to the spouse, Pr.11.12; 17.28; 26.-4; Mi.7.5; 1 Ti. 2. Le.5.5; Ju.IO. 10; Job 33.27; Pr.28. 13; 19; Ps.+8.2. 2,4,6; 1 Pe.1.13; 4.7; 5.8. ·
Ca.6.i:3. u; Ja.1.19;-.fig-uratively, utter de- Ps.51.4;-hated, Ps. 97. 10; n9. 163; Sivan, si1van, the third month of the Socho, sO'ko [bi.a.nchesJ, one of th
Shun.a.mite, shfi'nam-ite, {1) A native struction, Is. 15. 1 ;-death and the Pr.8.13; Am.5.15; Ro.12. 9:-1m•urn- Jewish sacred year, and the ninth of posterity of Judah, 1 Ch. 4. 18;-aJs:
of Shunem, Abishag so ca11ed, 1 Ki. grave, Ps.94.17; n5.17. e6, Ps. 38. 18; Je. 3. 21; 2 Co. 7. 9, ro; their civil, from the new moon in ;H~~~H~f Judah, Jos. 15. 48. See
1.2.-(2) The hostess of Elisha, 2 Ki. Silk is not mentioned in the Bible ex- -guarded against, Ps. 4. 4: 39. x; 1 June to the new moon in July, Es.
4.12;-herson raised to life by Elisha, cept in Eze. 16. 10, 13;-it probably Co.10.12; He. 12.1;-nzortijied, Ro. 8.9. Soc~et, _a ½in~ of ~se or foot with a
32 ;-brought to the king, 8. 1. means finest linen, for silk was not 8.13; Col.3.5. Skilful, knowing, 1 Ch. 5. 18; 15. 22; cavity m it, m which the end of
Shunem, shfi'nem [the two resting- then known. - , j.,resumj.,tuou.s, the danger of, Da.1.4; Am.5.16. pill~~ rested, Ex. 26.19, 25, 37; 27. 10:
places], a city of the tribeoflssachar, Silly, weak, harmless, Job 5.2; Ho.7. Nu.15.30; Ps.19.13; 59.5; Lu.12.47; Skipped, passed with a leap, Ps.n4. 12, c.:.c.
about 3 miles north of Jezreel, where 11; 2Ti.3.6. Ro.1.32; He.10.26. 4; Je.48.27. Soduen, seethed, or prepared for food
the Philistines encamped before Saul's Siloam, si-15'am [sent, sending], (1) A - against the Jloly Ghost, or the Skirt, a part of the garment below in warm or boiling water, Ge. 25. 2 9-;
last battle, Jos. 19. 18; :i: Sa. 28. 4;- fountain of water rising in the south- malicious ascription of Christ's mira- the waist, De.-22.30; Ru.3.9. Ex.12.9; Le.6.28; 1 Sa.2.15; La-4, 10 _
visited by Ehsha, 2 Ki.4.8;-Abishag, em part of the Tyropoean valley be- cles, by those who saw them, to Sa- Slack, or inactive, God is not, con- Soder, or SoLDER, to cement or join
David's last wife, belonged to, :i Ki. tween the upper and the lower city tanic agency, unpardonable, .Mat. .12. cerning his promise, 2 Pe.3.9. pieces of metal, Is.41.7.
1.3. of Jerusalem, )','hence it flowed past 31; Mar.3.28; Lu.12.10. Slander, false or invective reproach; Sodom, sod'om [burningJ, a city in
Shur, shllr [a wa11], a city on the con- Zion and Moriah, called a 'pool,' - , meaning sin-qffering, Ho.4. 8; 2 censured, Ex. 23.1; De. 22. 13; Ps. 15. the 'plain of Jordan,' near by, or on
fines of Egypt, somewhere near the Ne. 3. 15 (SILOAH}; Jn. 9. 7-u : - Co.5.21; He.9.26,28; 13.11. 3; 50.19,20; 64.3; 101.5; Pr.10.18; Ro. the ground now covered with, the
modem Suez. and which gave name spoken _pf as running 'waters,' Is. Sin [mire, clay), called 'the strength 1.30; 2 Co. 12.20; Tit.3. 2; Ja.4.u;- Dead or Salt Sea; on account of the
to the adjacent part of the desert, Ge. 8.6. There were probably two pools, of Egypt,' (1) A city in the land of includes bearing false witness, Ex. extreme wickedness of its inhabitants
16.7; Ex.15.22; 1 Sa.15.7; 27.8. theuj,j,er,Is.7.3 (called also theking's Egypt, the Pelusium (marsh town] of 20.16; De.5.20; Lu.3.14;-tale-bea~·- it was consumed with fire from hea.
ShW!ha.n, shii'shan [a lily), called j.,ool, Ne. 2. 14), and the lower j,ool, the Greeks, now called Damietta, ing, Le. 19. 16;-judging uncharit- ven, and swallowed up by an eanh.
Susa by the Greeks, a city in the pro- Is. 22. 9.-{2) A tower or high wall Eze. 30. 15.-(2) The wilderness o_f, ably, Ja.4.u,12;-a characteristic of quake, Ge. 13.10,13; 14.n,12,17; i8.
vince of Elam, a fortress of the an- near the 'pool,' Lu.8.4. into which the Hebrews entered as the devil, Re.12.10. 20-25; 19.1-29; De.29.23; Is.x.g;Je.
cient Susiana or Cissia. It stood on Silvanus, sil-vii.'nus,a faithful preacher soon as they passed the Red Sea. Slaughter, in battle of great'numbers, 23.14; lvfat. 10.15; Lu.17.29; 2 Pe. 2 .6:
1-he banks of the Choaspes. It is now with Paul, 2Co. 1.19; 1 Th.1,1; 2 Th. Here the manna was first gathered, Jos.8.25; Ju.1.4; u.29, &c.; 12.6; 20. Jude 7 ;-used ,netaj,ltorically, Re.
a mass of ruins called Sus, lying be- 1.1; I Pe.5,12. See SILAS. Ex. 16. 1; 17.1. It is now called el- 21,25,35,44; 1 Sa.4.10: 2 Sa.8.5; 10.18; 11, 8. Sodoma, the Greek form, Ro.
tween the Shaj,ur and the Diiful, Silver, not mentioned before the flood, J{aa. I Ki.20.29,30; 2 Ki.14. 7; I Ch.18.12; 9- 2 9·
Ne.1.1; Es.2.8; 3.15; 8.15; Da.8.2. but used in traffic in the time of Abra- Sinai, sin'i [bush of the Lord], a moun- 2 Ch.13.17; 25.n; 28.6; Es.9.16. Sodomites, persons who practised the
Shnthelah, shii'the-lah [noise of break- ham, Ge.23. 15, 16;-so abundant in tain in the desert of Arabia, situated Slave, a female captive; how to be sin of Sodom in the time of Reh0-
ing], a son of Ephraim, 1 Ch.7.70. the days of Solomon, that it was little in the peninsula formed by the two treated, De. 21. 10 ;-a runaway not boam, 1 Ki. 14. 24;-banished by J e-
Shuttle, shortness of life compared to valued, 1 Ki:10.21;-thirtypieces of, gulfs of the Red Sea. The area of to be delivered, 23. 15. See SER- hoshaphat, 22.46.
the swiftness of its flight, Job 7.6. promised to Judas, Mat.26. 15; 27.3- the peninsula of Sinai is about u, 500 VANTS. Sodomy, the sin of Sodom, forbidden
Sibbecai, sib'be-kr [thicket of Jeho- 6,9;-were probably shekels, comp. square miles. It lies between the Sleep, sweet to a labouring man, but and laws to punish it, Le.18.2:z; 20:
vah], one of David's mighty men, 1 Ex.21.32. Gulf of Suez on the west and the oft withheld from the rich, Ec.5.12;- 13; De.23.17; Ro.1.27; I Co.6.9; 1T1.
Ch.27.II. Silverlings, pieces of silver, shekels, Gulf of Akabah (Sinus Aelaniticus) not to be indulged in too much, Pr. 1.10.
Sibmah, sib'mah [coolness], a town Is.7.23. on the east. 'It is one of the most 6.4,9; 20.13; 23.21; 24.33:-spiritual Sojourn, to dwell in.a foreign country
occupied by the Reubenites on the Silversmith, one who works in silver, mountainous and intricate regions on indolence and security, Ep. 5. 14;- without any fixed abode orpossession,
east of the Dead Sea, Nu. 32. 38; '] os. Ac.19.24. the face of the earth. It is a desert death, or the rest of the body, 1 Th. Ge. 12. 10; 19. 9; 26. 3; Ex. 12. +8; Le.
13. 19;-famous for its vines, Is.16.8; Simeon, sim'e-on [hearing], (1) The of rocks, gravel, and boulders; of 4.14. 17.8, &c.
-it was destroyed by the Assyrians second son of Jacob, Ge.29.33;-he gaunt mountain gorges and arid val- Slime, or BITUMEN, a kind of clayey Solace, to comfort or delight, Pr.7.18.
and Chaldeans, Is. 16. 8; Je.48. 32;- and Levi murder the Shechemites, leys and plateaus.' The Israelites pitch, used in building Babel, Ge.II, Soldiers, warriors engaged to preserve
called Shebam, Nu.32.3;-Shibmah, Ge. 34.25:--detained in Egypt, 42.24; come thither, Ex.19.1;-the ten com- 3;-thevaleof Siddim abounded with, the peace of a country, and to fight
38. -his inheritance, Jos.19.1;-his de- mandments delivered from it, 20. 1, q. 10;-the ark in which Moses was with its enemies, 2 Ch. 25.13; Ezr.8.
Sick, to be visited, 2 Ki.8.29:Job 2.11; scendants, x Ch.+.24;-his tribe con- &c.; De.5.4, &c. ;-represents the law, put was daubed with, Ex.2.3. 22; Is. 15. +:--truly pious ones, Lu. 7.
Mat.25.36;-to be prayed for and an- quers Gedor and the Amalekites, 39; Ga.4.24;-the terrors of it not affect- Sling, an instrument formed of cords 1-g; Ac. 10.1,2;-their duty, Lu.3-14;
ointed with oil, as the token of mira- -on the journey through the wilder- ing Christians, He.12.18,&c. Horeb for throwing stones with the hand to -Christian mimsters so calied, 2 T~
culous rec.-.very, Ja.5.14,15. ness the tribe of, marched and en- was probably the name of the moun- a great distance, and with great force, 3.3,4.
Sickle, an instrument for cutting down camped under the standard of Reu- tain group of which Sinai formed a Ju.20.16; 1 Sa.17.40,50; 2 Ki.3.25; 2 Solemn, awful, Nu.J0.10; Ps.92.3; Is.
corn, De. 16. 9; 23. 25; Je. 50. 16; Joel ben, Nu.2.12; 10.18.-(2) A pious old peak. There is much difference of Ch.26.14. 1.13; La.2.22.
3.13; Mar.4.29. man at Jerusalem who earnestly opinion as to which of these peaks Slippery, unstable, ready to fall, Ps. Solitary, remote from company, re-
Sickneas, why permitted, De.28. 22: waited for the coming of Messiah, was Sinai; the peak of Suf5afeh, 35.6; 73.18; Je.23.12. tired, gloomy, and desolate, Job 3.7;
Job 2.7, &c.; 5. 17; Ps. 94.12; Jn. 9. 3; Lu.2.25;-it was revealed to him that which rises abruptly from the plain Slothfulness, h-.ziness or indolence, 30.3; Ps. 68.6; 107.4; Js.35.1; Mar.
n.+: I Co. u.30;-threatened in pun- he should see Christ, 26;-took Christ of R3.hah, answers most fully to the censured, Pr. 12. 24, 27; 15. 19; 18. 9; I.35.
ishment of sin, Le. 26. 1+-16; 2 Ch. in his arms and blessed God, 28;- descriptions of Moses, and is in all 19.15,24; 21.25; 22. 13; 24.30; Ec.10. Solitude, or retirement, used for de.
21. 12-15;-how to behave under it, foretold Mary how she should be probability the true 'Mount of the 18; Ro.12.n; He.6.12. votion, Mat. 6. 6; 14. 23; Mar. 1. 35;
Ge.50.24; 2 Ki.20.1; Ja.5. 1-4. tried by witnessing the death of J e- Law.' In th"e library of the famous SJ-g.ggard, a lazy and idle person, re- Lu.5.16; 9.28.
Siddim, sid'dim [open fields, plains], sus, 34,35.-(3) An eminent teacher 'convent of Mount Sinai,' Tischen- proved and instructed, Pr. 6.6, 9, 10; Solomon, sol'o-mon [peaceable], the
the broad plain in which Sodom and of the church, called Ni.fer, or the dorf found (4th Feb. 1859) the Cod,.r 10.26; 13.4; 20.4; 26.16. tenth son of David; his mother was
~o°'!orrah lay. It was 'full of slime Black, from his swarthy complexion, Sinaiticus, which is the oldest and Sluices, dams for catching· fish, Is. Bathsheba, who had been the wife of
pits, Ge. I,i.. IO. Ac.13.1. the only complete uncial MS. of the 19.10. Uriah, 2 Sa.5.14; 12. 2+;-madeking,
Sidon, sr'don, the Greek form of Zidon Similitude, a likenessor resemblance, New T6Stament hitherto discovered. Slumber, light and imperfect sleep, I Ki. I. 38; I Ch. 23. 1; 29.29;-sacri-
[a fishery], a renowned city, the capi~ 2 Ch. 4. 3;-none of God seen, and none According to him it was written in Ps.121.3,+: 132.4; Pr.6 4;-spiritual fices at Gibeon, 2 Ch. 1. 3; 1 Ki. 3. -4;
ta.I of Pha:nicia, situated on the shore to be made, De. -4.12,15,16;-a com- the fourth century by four different negligence and insensibility, Ro. u.8. -chooses wisdom in preference to
of the Mediterranean, about 20 miles parison or simile in speech, Ho.12.10. but contemporary scribes. Smart, to suffer pain and loss~ Pr.11, riches, &c., 1 Ki.3.5; 2 Ch. L7;-his
north of Tyre, and about 20 south of Simon, si'mon [that hears], (1) The Sincere, pure and unmixed with error, 15. application to wisdom, Ee. 1. 13 ;-
Beinlt; it was founded by Sidon, the son of Mary and Cleophas, and the 1 Pe. 2.2 ;-single, candid,and upright, Smith, a worker in metal, iron, copper, judges between two harlots, 1 Ki.3.
eldest son of Canaan, Ge. 10. 15, 19; brother or cousin-gennan of Jesus, Phi I.IO. silver, gold, &c.; x Sa. 13. 19; 2.Ki. 16;-his power and wealth, 2 Ch. 1,13;
-judgments against, predicted, Eze. Mat.13. 55; .Mar. 6. 4.-(2) The Ca- Sincerity, singleness of heart, opposed 24.1+; ls.44-.12; 54.16; Ac.19.2+; 2Ti. -his gold, 9. 13; 1 Ki. 10. 23 ;-his
28. 10;-frequently mentioned in the naanite, Mat. 10.-4. This name is not to dissimulation or hypocrisy, re- 4.14. targets, 2 Ch. 9. 15 ;-his throne of
gospel history, Mat.n.21,22; 15. 21; to be interpreted as denoting his na- quired; Jos.24.14; I Sa.12.24: 16.7; Smoke, of Sodom, Ge. 19. z8 ; - on ivory, 17; 1 Ki. 10. 18;-his magnifi-
Mar. 3. 8; 7. 24, 31: Lu.4.26; 6. 17; 10. tionality, but is an Aramaic word 1 Ch.28.9; 29.17; Ps.32 2; 73.1; Mat. Mount Sinai, Ex. 19. 18 ;-anger of cence in several respects, 23; 2 Ch.9.
13,1-4;-Paul, in his voyage to Rome, meaning zeal, and therefore is of the 5.B; Ro.12.9; Phi.1.10; Col.3.22. God, or his judgments compared to, 20, &c.;-his science, 1 Ki. 4. 29:-
touchedat,and found Christians there, same signification as Zelotes, Mar. 3. Sinews, tendons, muscles, or nerves, Ps.18.8; Is.14.31; Joel 2.30. congratulated by Hiram,kingofTyre,
Ac. 27. 3. It is now called Saida, a 18; Lu.6.15;Ac.1.13.-(3) Surnamed Ge.32.32; Job10.n; 30.17; Eze.37.6. Smyrna., smir'nah [myrrh], a city of 5.1 ;-his preparations for the building
poor town, having a population of Peter, the apostle, .Mat.10.2. See PE- Singen appointed by David, 1 Ch. Ionia in Asia Minor, on the east of the temple, 13;-applies to Hiram
about 7oc,o Moslems and 500 Jews. TER.-(4) The Plzarisee, Lu. 7. 36, 25. t. shore of the Archipelago, or Egean for assistance, 2 Ch. 2. 3 ;-builds the
Sign, a mark, token, or proof, Ex. 3. &c.-(5) The lej>er, entertains Jesus Singing in divine worship, 1 Ch.6.32; Sea, and about 50 miles north of temple, I Ki. 6. 1, &c.; 2 Ch.2.1: 3.1,
12;31.13;Ro.4.11;-a miracle, Ex. at Bethany, Mat. 26.7; Mar. q.3 ....L 13.8; Nc.12.28; Mat.26.30; Ac.16. Ephesus ;-Christ's message to the &c. ;-the offerings of the heads of
4.8,9,17,28; Jn.2.18; 20.30. (6) The/atherefJ'udasiscariot,]n. 25;-recommended, Ps. 95. 1; 96. 1; church there, Re.2.8. It is now call- the tribes towards it, I Ch. 29. 6;-his
Signet, a seal, often set on a ring, 6.71 ;12.4.-(7) The Cyreni"an, carries xcviii.; 100.1; 1 Co.14. 15, &c.; Ep.5. ed lsmir by the Turks. Its popula- prayer at the dedication of it, 2 Ch.
Ge.38. 18; Ex. 28. II, 21, 36; Da. 6.17; the cross of Jesus, Mat.27.32; Mt1r, 19; Col.3.16; Ja.5.13. See PRAISE. tion is estimated at about 130,000. 6. 12; I Ki. 8. 22;--the sacrifices on
Hag.2.23. 15. 21; Lu. 23. 26.-(8) Tlte tanner, Sini.m, sT'nim, Is. 49. 12 1 a distant Snare, TRAP, or GIN, a device for that occasion, 2 Ch.7.-1-:-the glory of
Signification, a meaning, 1 Co.1+.10. with whom Peter lodged at Joppa, eastern land, probably China. catching fowls, beasts, &c., Ps. 91.3; God fills it, 5. 13 ;-God appears to
Signify, to mean, or declare, Ac. 21. Ac.9.43; 10.6, 17, 32.-(9) Magus, at Sin-offering, rules relating to, Le. 5. 124. 7; Pr. 7. 23; Am. 3. 5;-whatever him, and gives him a solemn warn-
26; 23.1:5; 1 Pe.1.II. Samaria professes to believe the gos- 1, &c.; 6.2+;-for wilful offences, 6.1, catches or entangles one to his hurt, ing, 7. 12; 1 Ki. 6. u;-his covenant
Sign.a, requested and given, Ge.9.13: pel, Ac. 8.9,13;--desires to purchase &c. Ex.23.33; 3-4.12; Lu.21.35; 1 Co.7.35; with him, 9. 1 ;-his other buildings, 2
15.8; 2-4. 1+; Ex.4. 1; Jos.2. 12; Ju.6. the gift of the Holy Spirit, 18. Sion, sT'on [lofty], one of the names 1 Ti.3.7; 6.9. Ch. 8.1;-his own house, 1 Ki.7.1:-
1 Sa.10.2; 14. 8; 1 Ki.13.3; 2 Ki Simony, the crime of buying or se11ing of Mount Hennon, De.+.48;-it was Snatch, to seize hastily, Is.9.20. builds the house of Lebanon for Pha•
Is. 7. x+: Mat.12.38; 16.1; M . 8. church preferment; or of presenting called Sirion by the Sidonians, and Snorting, blowing through the nose, raoh's daughter, 8; -appoints the
Lu.u.16; Jn.2.18; 6.30. any, one to an ecclesiastical benefice Sheni,· by the Al;norites, 3. 9. See a'> a high-mettled horse, Je.8.16. courses of the oriests, 2 Ch. 8. 14;-
Sihon, si'hon [sweeping a ' he for money, gift, or reward; so called ZION.' Snow, vapours frozen in the air, 2 Sa. sends ships to Ophir, 17; 9.21, &c.: I
kingoftheAmorites, conq~d, Nu. from its resemblance to the sin of Siphmoth, sirmoth [fruitful place], a 23.20; Job 9. 30; 37.6; Ps.147.16; 148. Ki. 9. 26 ;-receives thequeen of Sheba,
21.21, &c.; De.2.26. ,- Simon Magus, Ac.8. 18. city of Judah to which David sent 8;-things compared to the white- 2 Ch. 9. 1; 1 Ki. 10. 1 ;-gives some cities
Sihor, sr'hor [black], ~1iame for the Simplicity, signifying meekness and his costly spoils, 1 Sa.30.28. ness of, Ex.+.6; Nu.12. 10; Ps.51. 7; to Hiram, 9. II ;-his wives and con-
river Nile, so called from the black innocence, Ps. 19.7; n6.6; Pr. 9.4;- Sirion, sir'yon [breast-plate), the Si- Is. 1. 18; La.+. 7; Da. 7. 9; Mat. 28. 3; cubines, II. 1 ; - his idolatry, 4 ;-
deposit of mud it l~es after the in- ignorance and inexperience, Pr.1.22; donian name of Mount Hermon, De. Mar.9.3; Re.1.14. threatened for it, 9; - opposed by
undation, ls.23.3; Je.2.18; Jos.13.3; 7. 7; Ro. 16. 18;-folly and wicked- 3.9: Ps.29.6. Snufl'ers, an instrument for snuffing Hadad the Edomite, 1+;-hy Rezoo
:rCh.13.5- ness, Pr.1.32. Sisera, sis'e•ra [battle array], the gene- lamps, Ex.37.23; 2 Ki.12.13. the Syrian, 23;-and by Jeroboam..
200
SOSTH&"'<ES SPICES SPRINKLING STEWARD STRENGTH
,6;-his acts an~ death, 41_~ 2Ch.9. 29: Sottish, dull, stupid, and addicted to 37. 25;-Jac0b sent a present of, 43. tions of the blood and Spirit of Christ, ◄ 3· 19; Lu. 8. 3;-ministers of Chmlt
_. prayer for ~1m, Ps.Ixxu. ;-a song liquor, Je.4.22. n;-the ancients perfumed their wo- ls.52.15; He.9.13,14; 12.24; 1 Pe.1.2. su called, I Co.4.1,2; Tit.1.7; 1 Pc.+
{i him cxxvn. Song of Solomon, Soul, the spiritual, reasonable, and men, beds, and clothes with, Es.2.12; Spue, to vomit or cast out, Le. 18. 28; 10.
;~ (or;h the union between Christ immortal part of man, which distin• Pr. 7. 17; Ps. 45. 8;-emhalmed their J e. 25. 27; Re. 3.16. Stiff-necked, obstinate, stubborn, Ex.
and his church ~nder the symbol of guishes him from beasts, and fits him dead with, 2 Ch.16.14; Mar.16.1; Lu. Spunge, a subm:irine substance, pro- 32.9; 33.3; De.10.16; Ac.7.51.
the nuptial relation. for moral and religious duties, Ge. 23.56; Jn.19.40. duced by insects which inhabit it; Stocks, an instrument ofpunishmen~
Solomon's Porch, Jn. rn.23: Ac.3. n; 2. 7; 35. 18; Le.17. u; De.u.13; 13.3; Spider, a venomous, cruel, and crafty it is soft and porous, remarkable for a bar of wood to which.prisoners were
the range of cloi~':ers on the east side I Ki.8.48; 1.21; I Ch.22.19; 2 Ch.15. insect, Job 8.14; Is.59.5; Pr.30.2P - suckingupwater, Mat.27.48;1\lar.15. chained by the feet, Ac.16.24.
f the ouLer court of the temple. 12; Ps.19. 7; 49. 8; 57. 1; fo. 1,5: 63. 1; in warm countries it is very large; 36; Jn.19.29. Stoics, a sect of heathen philosophers,
fkJn a dis.obedient one to be stoned, Is.55.3; 61.10; Je.31.12; La.3.25; Mi. one kind often measuring above 3 Stability recommended, Ps.17.4; Pr. who received their name from the
0:. 21 . 18;-'lot to ·oe punished for the 6. 7; l\'lat.10. 28; 16. 26; .Mar.12. 33; 1 inches from the head to the extremity 24.21; .l\.Iat.7.21; Mar.13. 13; 1 Co. 15. Stoa, or porch at Athens, where they
sin;:,( his f<>?.her, Ezc.18.2, &c. See Th.5.23; He.6.19; 10.39; 1 Pe.2.n;- of the abdomen. 58; Ep.4.14; 1 Th.5.21; He.10.23; 13. were taught by Zeno (born B.c. 36o).
CHILDREN. exists after death in a state of happi- Spies, sent to .view the land of Ca- 9; Ja.1.6. They were 'severe and lofty Panthe-
Son of God. a title given to Adam, ness or misery, Ee. 3. 21; 12. 7; Mat. naan, Nu. 13. 2; De. 1. 22;-those of Stachys, sta'kes, a disciple at Rome ists, whose principle was that the uni-
Lu. 3 38 ;-in the J>lural, to angels, 10.28; 22. 32; Lu.16.22; 23.43; 2 Co.5. them who brought an evil report pun• mentioned by Paul, Ro. 16.9. verse was under the law of an iron
Job 38 7 - to pr?fessi~g believers, 6,8; Phi.1.23;Re.6.9; 20.4;-used for ished, Nu.14. 36;-sent by Joshua, Stacte. a valuable and fragrant gum, necessity, the spirit of which was
Ge.6.:2,4: -togenume sa,~ts,Ho. r. 10; the whuleper.ron, soul and body, Ge. Jos.2.1, &c. one of the ingredients of the sacred what is called the deity; and that a
Jn.i.12: Ro.8.14,19; Ph1.2.15; 1Jn. 12.5; 46.15,18,25,27; Ex.12.4; Le.4.2; Spikenard, a plant of a very fragrant incense, Ex.30.33. The word in the passionless conformity of the human
1 2 See ADOPTION, I8.29; 22.u; 23.30; Nu.9.13; 19.15; smell and strong taste, Ca.1.12; 4.14; original means a drop (comp. Job 36. will to this law, unmoved by all ex-
~ . Clirist emphatical.ly so Pr.n.25;27.7; Ho.9.4; Ac.2.41,43; Mar.14.5; Jn.12.3. 7); and this gum is so called, from ternal circumstances and changes, is
called, !I-far. 1.1; 3. n; Lu.4.41; Jn. 3.23; 27.37; Ro. 2. 9; 13. 1; Re.16.3:- Spindle, an instrunient turned with its flowing out freely from the tree the perfection of virtue,' Ac. 17.18.
1_34 : 3. 18; 5. 25:-----:-i~ relatio? to his human life, 1 Sa. 25. 29; Job 33. 22; the hand, in spinning with the dis- without the necessity of perforating Stomacher, a piece of dress, worn
lllission, 10. 36;-h1s tncamat1on, ½u. Ps. 33. 19: 40. 14; 78. 50; 107. 26; Pr. taff, Pr.31.19. the bark, as in the case of the common either as an upper garment, or a kind
.
1 35
;-his resurrection as the first- 14.25; 22.23; Je. 51.6; La.1.n; Eze. Spirit (HOLY), the third person of myrrh. of girdle, Is.3.24.
born from the dead, Ac. 13. 32, 33;- 13. 18; 1 Th. 2. 8;-affection, desire, the Trinity, Ro. 8. 26, 27; Ep. 4. 30; Stadium, a space of 6oo feet, one- Stone, Christ called the tried, &c.,
his possession, as heir of all things, appetite, Ge. 34. 3; 1 Sa. 18. 1; 2 Sa. 1 Co.2.10. See GttosT. eighth part of a Roman mile. It is Is. 28. 16;-cut out without hands,
He.1.2,5;-his claim to divine hon- 13.39; Job 33.20; Pr. 13.4; 27.7; Is.29. - - IN MAN, his immortal soul, renderedfurlong, Lu.24.13;Jn.6.19; Da. 2. 34;-a livinc, I Pe. 2 4;--a
our equally with the Father, Mat.28. 8: 66.3; Re.18.14. Pr. 20.27; Lu. 23. 46; 1 Co. 5. 5; 6. 20; n.18; Re.14.20; 21.16. lieart of, meaning one which is un-
19 ; He.I.6. Only on a few occasions Sound, wholesome doctrine, 1 Ti. 1. Io. 7. 34; Ac. 7. 59;-the temper of his Stagger, to reel like one drunk, Job feeling and obdurate, Eze.u.19;Zec.
did Christ take to himself this title, Sovereignty of God, hi5 supreme mind, Pr.14.29; 16.18; Ec.10.4;Je.51. 12. 25; Ps.107.27; Is.19. 14; 29.9;-to 7. 12;-a white one, given as the
Mat.n.27; Jn.5. 25: 9.35: u.4. right to dispose of his creatures and n; Hag. 1.14; Lu.9.55. hesitate in doubt, Ro.4.20. symbol of pardon or acquittal, Re.2.
Son of Man, a title which Daniel gives favours according to what is best, Spirits, signifying pretenders to s/Jt• Stalls for horses or oxen, Solomon 17.
to Messiah, Da.7.I3;-used ct Christ Ps.103.19; Pr.19.21: 21.30; ~s.46. 10: rztualgr/ts, to be tried, Mat.7.15; I had 40,000, 1 Ki.4.26; 2 Ch. 9.25;- Stones taken out of the river Jordan,
in the N. T. about eighty times, in -is manifested in creation, Re. 4.11; Jn.4.1; Re.2 2. Hezekiah had them for all kinds of asamemorialofthe Israelites having
sixty-one of which Christ applies it to -in providence, Da. 4. 34, 35 ;-and --,familiar, evil spirits or devils, beasts, 32. 28;-Habakkuk's song passed through it, Jos. 4. 1, &c.;-
him:,e!f, expres!-.ive of his being the in dispensmg the blessmgs ef ltia with which some persons pretended though no flock be in, Rab. 3. 17. the law written on stone, 8. 32;-heaps
jrum1ud sud, the Messiah,and truly grace, Ex. 33.19: Ro. 8.28-30: Ep. 1. to be familiar: and by whose assist- Stam.mering, speaking with hesitation of, raised as a witness or memorial,
a partaker of our nature, Mat. 8. 20; 5,9, 3.u; 2 Ti.1.9,-is essentially dif- ance they professed to reveal secrets, and stuttering, Is.28.II; 32.4; 33.19. Jos.7.26; 8.29; 2 Sa. 18. 17;-used as
9. 6: Io. 23; 11. 19; 12. 8, &c. ;-but ferent from his .fust,ce, though often and foretell future events;-such per~ Stanched, stopped from running, Lu. knives, Ex.4.25; Jos.5.2.
though Christ takes this name to him- ignorantly or designedly confounded sons were to be put to death, Le. 8.44. - - , precious, in the ephod, Ex.
self thus often in the gospel history, with it ;-Justice, and not sovereignty, 20. 27 :-threatenings against those Standard, an ensign or flag, Nu.1.52; 28.17, &c.;-in the foundation of the
it is worthy of noti-:e that none of his gives what is merited, as is the future who consult them, 19. 31; 20.6; De.18. 2.3,10,18,25; Is.49.22; 59. 19. new Jerusalem, Re. 21. 19 ;-in the
apo:!-tles give it to him, ex~ept John, punishment of the wicked, Ro. 2. 6- 9-12;-put away by Saul, 1 Sa. 28. 3, Stare, to gaze upon one as a specta- pos~ession of the Tyrians, Eze.28.13.
in hL'<' uistances, Re. 1. I3; 14. 14;- II; Ga. 6. 7, 8; 2 Th. 1. 8, 9:--but so- 9 :-by Josiah, 2 Ki. 23. 24 ;-were de, Ps.22.17. Stoning to death, a common punish•
and StejJlun the deacon (J1tce, Ac.7. verei'g-nty, and not justice, gives or consulted by Saul, 1 Sa.28.7,8; 1 Ch. Stars, properly the fixed luminaries ment among the Jews, Le. 20. 2,27;
50;-they speak of him by names withholds what is undeserved and 10.13;-by Manasseh, 2 Ki. 21. 6; 2 of heaven, distinct from the planets; 24.14,16,23; Nu.15.35; De.13.10; 22.
more directly expressive of his divine wholly of g-race, Mat. u. 25,26; Ep. Ch.33.6;-by the Egyptians, Js.19.3. though the Hebrews styled all the 21,24; 1 Ki.21.13; Ac.7.58.
dignity: such as the Son of God, l.3-7. Spiritual Body, the body purified, re- heavenly bodies stars, except the sun Stoop, to bow down, Ge.49.9; I Sa.24.
Jesus, Cltrisi, Lord, Sa-;,iour, Re- Sow, to scatter seed in the earth for fined, divested of all sensual and ani- and moon (see SuN and PLANETS); 8; 28.14; Jn.8.6.
deemer, &c. growth, Ge.47.23; Ex.23.10: Le.19. mal appetite, and brought into per- Ge. 1. 16; Ps. 8. 3; 136. ~; 148. 3; Jc. Store-cities, built by Solomon, in
- - - - , a name of the prophet 19: ls. 28. 24;-figurati"vely, to per- feet harmony with the sanctified 31. 35 ;-a remarkable one directs the which food, clothing, armour, and
Ezekiel, used about ninety times in form actions good or bad, Job 4. 8; spirit, 1 Co. 15.4-4. wise men, Mat.2. 2, 7, 9, 10;-fi~ra- other necessary things were laid up,
his book of prophecies. Pr.II. r8; 22.8: Ho.10.12; Ga.6.7,8. Spiritual Gifts, or extraordinary and tively, rulers or conquerors, Nu.24. 1 Ki.9.19· 2 Ch.8.4,6.
Songs. sung in time of feasting and re- Sower, one who 'iOws, the i;arable of miraculous endowments bestowed on 17: Da. 8. 10;-ministers of the gos-- Stork, a bird of passage, Je.8.7, aBOut
joicing, Ge. 31. 27; Pr. 25. 20; Eze.26. the, Mat.13.3. many during the first age of Chris-- pel,Re.1.20;-wickedapostates,Jude the size of a crane; both white and.
,3. Spain, a large country in the ~outh. tiamty, are carefully to be distin• q; -Rome papal, Re. 8. 10, u;- black arc found in Palestine. Its
- - , spiritun.l, recommended, Ep. west of Europe, which anciently in- guished from the saving operations Christ the "morning star,' 22.16. legs raise it to the height of from 3
5. 19; Col. 3. 16: Ja. 5.13;-of Moses, cluded Portugal, and is surrounded and fruits of the Spirit;-theformer Stately, pompous, Eze.23.41. to 4 feet, Le.n.19:De.14.18;-builds
Ex. 15. 1, &c.; De. 32.1, &c. ;--of the by the sea except on part of the north, consi,;ted in gifts of tongues, working Sta.tu.re, height or measure, Nu. 13. its nest in trees, Ps. 104. 17.
hraelites on finding water, Nu.21.17; where it is joined to France. It is of miracles, &c., I Co. Y2.7-10; butthe 32; I Sa. 16. 7; 2 Sa.21.20; .Mat.6.27; Storms, tempests of wind or rain,
~c Deborah, Ju.5.1, &c.;-of Han- 700 miles long and 500 miles broad. latter are love, joy, peace, &c., Ga. Ep.4-13. or of both mixed, Ac.27.18,20;-rc-
nah, 1 Sa. 2 I, &c. ;-of David, 22. 1, In the time of the apostles it be. 5. 22, 23;--the former were some- Statute, a ~aw, Ex.15.25; 29.9; Le.3. markable and judicial ones in the de-
&c. ;-of Mary, Lu. 1. 46;--of Zacha- longed to Rome. Paul intended to times bestowed on unbelievers, I Co. 17. struction of Sodom, Ge. 19.24;-in the
rias, 1.68. visit it, but it is uncertain whether his 13.1,2; but the latter are produced Statutes., used not only for laws and plagues of Egypt, Ex.9.23;--in the
Soothsayer, one who pretended to purpose was ever carried into effect, in genuine believers only. Ro.8.15, ordinances, but also for the whole battle against the five kings, Jos.10.
foretell future events by the motions Ro.15.24,28. 16; Ga. 4. 6;-the former were in- word of God, Ps.19.8; n9.12~16,23, II. See\V1No.
of the clouds, the positions of the Span, usually reckoned 9 inches. Ex. tended to continue in the- church only 48,54, &c. Story, a history or account of evenb,
planets. the flight of birds, or magical 28.16; 39.9;-God meteth out heaven for a'- time, and then to cease, r_ Co. I Staves, plural of Staff, a word seldom 2 Ch. 13. 22; 24. 27 ;-the floor of a
arts, l!..2.6; Da.2.27; 5.7,u; Mi.5.12; with his, Is.40.12; 48.13. 13. 8; but the latter shall be g1ven now used, Ex.25.13;Nu.4.6; Mat.10. building, where one room is above
Ac.16.16. Sparingly, scantily, 2 Co.9.6. to the children of God in every age to; 26.47,55. another, Ge. 6. 16; Eze. 41. 16; 42. 3;
Sop, a piece of bread put into sauce Sparrow, a well-known bird, which till the end of time, Is.59.20,21; He. Stea.dfaat, fixed or constant, Job n. Am.9.6.
or liquor, Jn.13.26,27,30. seems to have been sold for common 8.10,n. 15;Ps.78.8; Da.6.26; 1Co.15.58; He. Straight, even, plain, right forward,
Sorcerer, a magician, or enchanter, food among the Jews, Ps 84. 3, Mat. Spiritual-mindedness, consists in a 6.19: 1 Pe.5.9. Jos. 6. 5; 1 Sa. 6. 12; Ps.5.8; Is.40.3:
who pretended to perform wonders 10.29,31: Lu.1:2.6,7. In Ps.102.7 the mind habitually impressed with the Stealing, taking away unjustly what Mat.3.3.
by charm!-., Ex.7.n; ls.57 3; Je.27.9; word 'sparrow'. denotes probably a reality and importance of spiritual belongs to others, forbidden, Ex.20. Strait, narrow, difficult, 2 Ki.6.1; Is.
Da.2.2. Mal.3 5: Re.21.8; 22.15. species of thrush which is often seen things, 2 Co. 4. 18;- in having the 15; Le.19.u; Ps.50.18; Zec.5.4; Mat. 49.20; Mat.7.13,14; Lu. 13.24.
Sorek, stt'rek [choice vine], a valley 'alone on the house.tops warbling its heart and affections set on them, Col. 15.19; t Co.6.i:o: Ep.4.28; 1 Pe.4.15. Strangers, person~ in a foreign coun•
in which Delilah lived, not far from sweet and plaintive strains.' 3- 1, 2;-in making them the theme Steel, iron combined wi'th carbon. It try, Ge. 23. 4 ;-foreigners resident
Zorah, Samson•~ native place, Ju.16. Spear, a long weapon armed with a of frequent meditation, Ro. 8. 5;- is doubtful, however, if the Hebrews amoug the Jews, Ex.20.10; Is.1-4.1;
4 ;-its choice vines, or ye/ isl,, sharp point of metal, anciently much and in delighting in those exercises were acquainted with the process of -laws for the protection and com-
rrafes, Ge.49.11; Is.5.12;~.r> 21. used in war, and still the ordinary which are calculated to promote spiri- making steel. The word so rendered fort of, Ex.22.21; 23.9, Le. 19.34 ;- -
Sonow, just causes of,,A's1' 9. 136, weapon of the wandering Arabs, Jos. tual improvement, Ps. 84. 1, 2; n9. properly means copper. The Chaly- promises to, De.10.18; Ps.146.9.
158:Phi.2.27;-good eff'e , Pi;.5r. 8. 18; I Sa.17.7~ ~6.7; 2 Ch.n.12; Jn 97. bes, near. the Euxine, far north of Strangled Animals, or those choked
•1: 126.6; Ec.7.3; 2 Cc, -~bad ef- 19.34. Spitefully, maliciously, with rancour Palestine, mixed copper with brass, or killed without the blood being dis-
fects of, Pr.12.25; 15. ,lf; 17. 22:- Special, particular, De.7.6; Ac.19.u. and hatred, Mat.22.6; Lu.18.32. and thus formed a hard metal like charged, uot to be eaten, Ac. 15.20.
not to be indulged for the death Speckled, spotted with various co- Spitting upon one, an expression .of our steel; alluded to, Jc. 15. 12.- Stratagems, or imposing artifices,
of pious friends, ~~-4- 13;-none in lours, Ge.30.32; 31.8; Je. 12. 9; Zee. the highest contempt, Nu.12. 14: De. bows made of, 2 Sa.22.35; Job 20.24; practised at the taking of Ai, Jos.8.
heaven, Is.33.24jfe:7'.17. 1.8. 25 9; Job 30. 10; Is. 50. 6; Mat.26. 67; Ps 18.34. 3, &c. ;-of the Gibeonites, 9.2, &c.;
- - , g-odly, spt~ngs from views of Spectacle, a public show, or gazing• 27.30. Stem OF JESSE, the royal family of -by Gideon, Ju. 7. 16;-practiscd
the dishu,,our dene to God by sin, stock, I Co.4.9. Spoil, plunder or booty; how much David his son, J,;.1 1 .1. against Gibeah, 20. 29;-of Michal
Ps. 51. 4; 2 Co. 7. to. Sre REPENT• Speech, the proper government of, Ps. taken from the Moabites, Nu.31.32; Stephanas, stCfa-nas fcrowned], one to save David, 1 Sa. 19. 13;--of David
ANCE. 34· n; Pr. 4. 24; 15. 4; 17. 20:18. 6,7, -from the Hagarite~. r Ch. 5· 21 : - of the first converts at Corinth, who, among the Philistines, 21. 12 ;-by
Soeipater, so-slp'a-ter, a native of 21; Ec.10.12,13; Mat.12. 36; J a. 1.26; from the Ammonite!>, &c., 2 Ch. 20. along with his family, was baptized Jehu to decoy the priests of Baal,
Berea, Paul'!> kinsman, to whom he 3. 2; 1 Pe.3.10·-not to be profane, 25. by Paul, 1 Co. 1.16;-J,c and others 2 Ki.10.18.
sent his salutations, Ro. 16. 21 ;- E p. 4. 29; 5. 3; Col. 3. 8 ;-not hasty or - - , how to be divided, Nu.31.27. visited Paul at Ephesui:;, 16. 17. Straw. to scatter or spread abroad,
thought to be the same person called passionate, Pr. 18. 1 ;; Mat.;:.22; Tit. Spokesman, one who speaks for an- Stephen, st~fen [a crown], one of the Ex ..F 20, 2 Ch.34.4; Mat.21.8;25 24;
Soj,ater, who accompanied Paul into 3.2,-not trifling, Pr.10.10.19; 18. 2: other, F x.4 1h. first seven deacons, Ac. 6. 5 ;-is ac• -the stalk on which corn grows, Ge.
Asia Minor from Greece, Ac. 20.4. -should be edifying, Ep.4.29; Cnl. Sport, diver;ion, Ju.16.25,27; Pr. 10. cused, n;-defendshimself, 7.1,&c.: 24.25; Ex.5.7,u; Is.11.7.
Sosthenes, sl'ls'then-es, the chief ruler 4.6; 1Th.5.11,-the benefit of, whrn 23: :.>6.19. -is stoned, and commi~s his soul to Stream, a running water, or hrook,
of the Jewi!.h syna_(!;ogue at Corinth, seasonable, Pr. t2.25; 15.23; 16.24; 25. Spouse, a husband or wife, Ca.•· 8,9; Christ, 59:-prays for his murderers, Nu. 21. 15: Job 6. 15; Lu. 6. 48 ;-of
when Paul was in that city on his se- 11, rs 5.1, Hc.4.13,14. 00. \Vas the "first martyr." Egyft, ls.27.12.
cond journey into Greece, and one Speedily, with haste, 1 Sa. 21. 1; Ps. Spout.a.. See WATER-SPOUTS. Stem, the hindmost parl of a ship, Streets, the broad ways in cities and
of the earliest convert,; in that city, 31.2: 79.8; Ec.8.11; Lu.18.8. Sprinkling,ofblood, blood and water. Ac. 27 29. towns between the rows of houses,.
Ac. 18.17;-he appeara to have left Spices, vegetables or drugs fragrant oil, &c., ni11ch used in ceremonial Steward, one who manages the af- Ge.19.2; De.13.16; 2 Sa.1.20; Mat.6.
that city and accompanied Paul, 1 to the smell, and hot or pungent to p1,1.rificat1ons, Le.14.7,16; 16. 1_.: Nu. fairs of a superior's family, particu- 2,5.
Co.1.1. the taste; Ishmaelites traded in, Ge. 8. 7; 19. 18, 19;-the purifying opera- larJy with respect to money, Ge.15.2; j Strength and staturr., remarkable jo.
201
ISUBMIT
atances of: in Samson, Ju. xiv., &c.;
-Saul,~ Sa.9.2;-lshbi-benob, 2 Sa.
SUN
Suborning, procuring by secret fraud
or hire, Ac.6. 11.
SWALLOW
about twenty-five days;-it and the
moon created, Ge. 1. 14 ;-described,
SYR0-PHENICIAN
Je.8.7;-its twittering alluded to, Is.
38.14.
TABOR
Carthaginians. The woman
mended for her f~.i~h is called in.MUl·
r
21. 16;-a brother of Goliath, 19;- Subscribe, to write the name under, Ps. 19. 5 ;-not to be worshipped, De. Swan, a large water-bird, frequents 7.26 a Syro-Phe111c1an, and in Mat at.
David's mighty men1 1 Ch. II. 10, for tonfirmation, ls.44.5;Je.32.10,12, 4,..19;17.3; Job 31.26; Eze.8.16,18;- lakes and rivers; was unclean accord- 22 a Canaanitish woman. •lS,
&c. 44. stood still, Jos. 10. 12;-went back, 2 ing to the law, Le.11.18; De.14.16.
Strength continued to old age, in Mo- Substance, that of which a person or K.i.20.9;-darkened, Lu.23.44;-out- Swarm, a great number of flies, one
ses, De.34.7;-in Caleb, Jos.14.n. thing consists, Ps.139. 15, 16;-a per- shone by a greater brightness, Ac. 26. of the plagues of Egypt, Ex.8.21;-
- - - , or ability for duty, and sup-
port under trials, promised, Job 17.9;
son's wealth, Ge.12.5; 13.6; De.n.6.
Subtilty, craftiness or cunnin:;; of the
13;-fig,1ratively, the civil and ec-
clesiastical state of the Jews, Joel 2.
of bees in the carcass of.a lion, Ju.
14.8.
T.
Ps.27.14; 29.u; 41.3; ls.40.29,31;41. serpent, Ge.3.1;-of Rebekah, 27. 6; 31. See PLANETS and STARS. Swearing R,whly and Unlawfully,
10: 2 Co. 12.9. -of Laban, 29. 23;-of Rachel, 31. Sundry, several, various, He.1.1. censured and forbidden, Le. 19. 12;
Btretcheth, extendeth, Job 15. 25; Pr. 34 ;-of Joseph, 42. 7 ;-of Elymas, Ac. Superfluity of Naughtiness, over- Mat.5.34; Ja.5.12;-hateful to God, Taanach, til-a'nak [sandy soilJ, a ro al
3t.20; ls.40.·22; 44.13. 13.10. flowing of malignant passions, Ja.1. Zee. 8. 17;-saints abstain from, Jos. city of the \an~anites, Jos. 17 . ; 1.
Strife, contention or quarrelling, Ge. Suburbs, among the Jews, included 2,. 9. 20; Ps. 15. 4;-punishment for, Ps. 21.25;--_B~ra~ s v_,ctory gained near:
13.7; De.r.12; Lu.22.24; i: Co.3.3; Ga. both the buildings without the walls Superfluous, unnecessary, or more 59.12,13; 109.17,18. Ju.5.19,-1t v.a!> s1tuatedou the south
than enough, Le. 21. 18; 22.23; 2 Co. Swearing Lawfully, before a court west border of the plain of J ezre :
5.20;-to be avoided, Pr.:17.1,14; 20.3:
26.17: Ro.13.13, Ja.3.16;-whence it
0f a city, belonging to it, and the
pasture grounds, Le.25.34; Nu.35.3, 9.1.
Superscription, a writing placed
of justice, ought always to be with
solemn awe of the name of God, by
(~Esdraelon\ 4 miles south of
g1ddo, Ju.1.27; 5.19.
M;~
proceeds, Pr.10.12; 22.10; 26.20; 23. 7; Jos.14.4.
29,30;26.21; 28.25; 1Ti.6.4; 2Ti.2. Subvert, to overturn, or to turn away above, or on the outside; as the motto which we swear, De.6. 13;-in truth, Taanath-ShL.oh, ta-a'nath-shl'lo~
23; Ja.4.1;-what it may lead to, Le. from truth, La. 3.36; Ac.15.24; 2 Ti. above the head on a coin, Mat.22.20; judgment, and righteousness, Je.4.2; [~ppro~ch to Shiloh], a place Illen~
24.10, rr; Ex.21. 18,22: Hab.1.3,4; Ga. 2.14; Tit.I.II; 3.11. Mar.12.16; Lu.20.24;-or the crime -and that some important end may ~1;het~7i!i_s.16.6; probably identical
5.15:Ja.3.16. Examples mentioned, Succeed, to come into the place of for which anyone was crucified,which be served, He.6.16 See OATHS.
Ge.13.7; 26. 20; 31. 36; Ex. 2. 13; Ju, another after he is dead or removed, was written on a label, and placed Sweat, man to earn his subsistence Tabeal, ta-be"al [God i! good], a per.
12. 2; 2 Sa.19.41-43; Ac.15.2; 1 Co. 1. De.2.12,21; 12.29; 25.6. above his head, on the cross, Mar. by, Ge. 3. 9;-Christ's, as of blood, son mentioned by Is;iiah, Is.7.6.
n; 6.6. Success, or wc.rldly prosperity, Jos. 15.26; Lu.23.38. Lu.22.44. Taberah, ta-be'rah [a burning], an en-
Strike, to give a heavy and violent 1.8. Superstition, usually means the prac- Sweep with the besom of destruction, campment of the Israelites in the
blow, De.21.4:Job 20.24; Mar.14.65; Succoth, suk'koth [booths], (I_\ A place tice of religious rites not required, or with hail,&c.,completelyto ruin, Pr. wilderness. where judgment by 'the
-to touch gently, 2 Ki. 5. u. in Egypt. where the Hebrews first abstaining from what is not forbid- 28.3; Is.14.23; 28.17. fire of the Lord' was inflicted on the
Striker, or one easily excited to come encamped after their emancipation, den; censured, Ec.7.16; 11.4; Je. I0.2; Swerve, to wander, to deviate, 1 Ti. Israelites for their murmuring, N" u.
to blows; a minis.ter of Christ must Ex.12.37.-(2) The name ofa city or Mar.7.3; Ga-4-10;-but in the New 1.6. rr.3; De.9.22.
not be, 1Ti.3.3; Tit.1.7. valley on the east of Jordan, and Testament it has a milder sense, and Swine, a well known animal, the use Tabering, beating the breast, as one
Striking, laws against it, Ex.21.18. south of the Sea of Galilee, where denotes simply religion, Ac.25.19;- of which was forbidden to the He- does a drum, Na.2.7.
Stripes, inflicted with a scourge, not Jacob pitched his tents, Ge. 33. 17; and superstitious means religious, brews, Le.11.7: De.14.8;-devils per- Tabernacle, -. movable tent or lodg.
to exceed fony, De. 25. 1-3;-the Ps. 6o. 6:-it belonged to the tribe of 17.22. mitted by Christ to possess a herd of ing, formed of poles covered with cloth
Jews, lest they should tram,gress this Gad, Jos.13.27. Opposite the mouth Superstitious, or weak-minded and them, and to destroy them, Mat.8. or skins, Nu. 24. 5: Job II. 14; 12.6
,aw, inflicted only thirty-nine, 2 Co. of U--~ady Ydbes, on the west bank of partially informed persons,to be treat- 30; .l\Iar.5.11; Lu.8.32;-to'cast Aiat. 17.4;~./iguratively, the body in
11.24. the Jordan, are ruins called SakUt, ed gently, Ro.14.1; 15.1; 1 Co.9.20- pearls before swine,' Mat.7.6. which the soul lodges, as in a taber-
Stripling, a tall slender youth, a which probably mark the site of Suc- 22. Swoon, to faint, La.2.n. nacle, 2 Co.5.1,4; 2 Pe.1.13,14.
young man, 1 Sa.17.56. coth. Supper, the last meal of the day, and Sword, a well known instrument of - - - - , that beautiful and costly
Striving, or exerting with vigorous Succoth-Ber.oth, suk'hcth-be'noth commonly the principal one amonv. war, Ge.34.25; Ju.8.10;-the symbol tent erected for the wor'>hip of God
effort, required in the business of [the tabernacles of daughters],an ob- the Jews as well as the Romans, Mar. of war and judgment, Le. 26. 25, 33; whiJe farad were in the wilderness'
salvation, Lu. 13. 24; Ro. 15.30; Phi. scene deity which the Babylonians 6. 21; Lu. 14. 12, 16; Jn. 12. 2 ;-the Je. 42. 16;-the word of God, Ep.6. ordered to be built, Ex.25.2;-its cur:
1.27; Col.1.29; He.12 4. set up in Samaria, 2 Ki. 17.30. Lord's Supper, so called because in- 17; He,4.12. tains, 25.1 ;-its boards, 15; 36 20;-its
Strugglmg. c::arnestly exerting, Ge. Succour, to relieve in distress, :1 Sa.8. stituted immediately after Christ and Sycamine, a tree common in Syria vail, 26. 31; 36. 35;-its door, 26. 36;
25.22 5; 18.3; 21.17; 2 Co.6.2; He.2.18. his apostles had eaten the paschal and Egypt, the black mulberry, Lu. 36. 37;~its courts, 27. 9; 38. 9;-free
Stubble, the short part of the straw, Succourer, a helper, Ro.16.2. supper,Jn.13.2; 1Co.11.20;-o.fthe 17.6. gifts for, 35.5, &c. ;-the sum offered
attached to the root, which is left Suckling, an infant who sucks his great God, the destruction of the Sycamore, the fig 1nulberry, Ps. 78. by the , heads of the tribes for, 3s.
on the field after the corn is reaped, mother's breasts, De.32.25; 1 Sa.15.3; enemies of the church, Re. 19. 17;- 47; Is.9. 10. Its fruit resembled the 21 ;-set up. 40. 1;-the ark of the cove.
Ex.5.12:-wicked men compared to, 22. 19:Je.44.7;-praise to be perfected Htarriage su_/)_/)er ef the Lamb, the fig, but was woody and indigestible. nant put in it, 3;-anoimed, 9;-a
Job 21.18; Ps.83.13: Is.40.24; Mal.4. from, Ps.8.2; Mat.21..;;,:6. happiness of the church during the It is lofty and shady, Lu. 19. 4;-its cloud covers, 34 : - the offerings at
1;-false doctrine, 1 Co.3.12. Sudden, hasty and unexpected; the millennium, 9. wood of little value, 1 Ki.10.27; 2 Ch. its dedication, Nu.7.1, &c. ;-of tes-
Stubborn, obstinate and incorrigible, final ruin of the wicked shall be, 1 Supplant, to trip up the heels of an- 1. 15 ;-to be distinguished from the timony, Ex.38.21 ;-of witness, Nu.
De.21.18; Ju.2.19: Ps.78.8; Pr.7.:u. Th.5.3. _ other, or to get into his place by English sycamore, which is a species 17. 7, 8, i.e. the law which was laid
Study, diligent application to books Sue, to prosecute by Jaw, Mat.5.40. stratagem, Ge.27.36; Je.9.4. of maple. up in the tabernacle, and testified to
and leai-ning, Ee. 12. 12 ;-earnestly Su:fferings, or afflictions, how to be Suppliants, humble petitioners, Zep. Sychar, si'kar [falsehood],Jn-4-5. The God's holiness, &c. The tabeniacle
to endeavour, Pr. 15. 28; 1 Th. 4. u; borne, 2 Co. 1. 4; 4. 8, 16; Ja. t. 12; 1 3.10. Shechem of the O. T. continued at Shiloh t1ll the period of
2Ti.2.15. Pe.2.19; 3.14; -4-.12, &c. See AFFLIC- Supplication, a petition or prayer Syene, sI-e'ne [opening or key], an the judges; became again movable
Stuff, household furniture or property, TION. humbly presented, 1 Sa. 13. 12; 1 Ki. ancient city in the southern frontiers after it had lost the ark of God; under
Ge.31.37; 45.20; Lu.17.31;-material - - - - OF CHRIST, for our re- 8. 28, 30, 33, &c.: Ac. 1. 14; Ep. 6. 18; of Egypt, on the east of the Nile, and Saul was settled at Nob, 1 Sa.21.1-
for work, Ex. 36. 7;-corn or provi- demption, included the persecutions Phi.4.6; 1 Ti.2.1; 5.5; He.5.7. about 500 miles south of Alexandria, 6;-found its way to Gibeon, 1 Ch.16.
sion, 1 Sa.10.22. of his infancy, Mat. 2. 13-15 :-the Supply, to furnish what is wanting, Eze. 29. 10. The modern city of As- 39;-after erection of a new tabema•
Stumbling-block, anything which poverty of his life, 8. 20;-the re- 1 Co. 16.17; 2 Co. 11. 9; Phi. 2.30; 4. wan stands near its ruins. de at Jerusalem, in which was the
may caui.e another to stumble or fall, proach of his character, n. 19;-the '9· Sympathy, er fellow-feeling and com- ark, 2 Sa.6.17; 1 Ch.21.9, the old ta•
Is. 57. 14; Eze.7.19; Ro.n.9; 14.13; pains of his body, 26.67; 27. 27-35;- Support, to uphold or assist, Ac. 20. passion,recommended, Ec.7.2,4; Ro. bernacle still remained at Gibeon,
1 Co.1.23; 8. 9; Re.2.14;-not to be the desenion of his friends, 26. 56;- 35; , Th.5.,4. 12.15; 1 Co.12.26; Ga.6.2; He.13.3; 1 where Zadok the high-priest offici-
put in the way of the blind, Le. 19. 1..4.• the assaults of devils, Jn. 14.30; Col. Suppose, to imagine or take for grant- Pe.3.8. ated, 1 Ch. 16.39. The two taberna-
Stumbling-stone, Christ was to the 2. 15;-the weigt t of his people's sins, ed, without examination or proof, 2 Synagogues, places in which the Jews cles continued all the days, of David,
Jews, the humbleness of his appear- Is. 53.6; 1 Pe. 2. 24;-his agony of soul, Sa.13.32; Lu.12.51; 13.2; Ac.2.15. assembled for religious worship ;name• and till the temple was built, when
ance being ~o different from their and the hidings of his father's face, Supreme, the! chief or highest, 1 Pc. ly, for prayer, reading the Scriptures, they were either taken down, or left
false expectations, Is.8.14; Ro.9.32, Lu.22.44; Mat.27.46. Su DEATH OF 2.13. and for teaching and exhortation. to natural decay.
33; 1 Pe.2.8. CHRIST. Sur [a turning, yielding], the name of They were built in every place where Tabernacles (FEAST OF), Le.23.33;
Stump, the part of any solid body Suffice, to be enough or sufficient, one of the gates of Solomon's temple, a sufficient number of persons could De. 16. 13 ;-lasted for ,seven days,
which remains after the rest is taken Nu.n.22; De.3.26; 1K.i.20.10~ Ru. 2 Ki. u.6;-called 'gate of the foun- be found to form a congregation; and, but was followed by a day of holy
away, 1 Sa.5.4; Da.4.15,23,26. 2.14,18: 1 Pe.4.3. dation,' 2 Ch.23.5. to preserve order in them, every one convocation; during this feast the
Subdue, to conquer or bring into sub-. Sufficiency, or competency, what is Surety, one who is bail or security of them had its stated governors and Jews dweJt in booths formed of the
jcction, Ge.1.28; 1Ch.17.10; Ps.47. deemed such, Ge.28.20; Pr.30.8; I Ti. for another, Ge.43. 9; 44. 32; Ps. n9. presidents, Ps.74.8; Mat.4.23; 6.2,5; boughs oi tl-ees, &c.--offerings on,
3; Phi.3.21. 6.8. 122 ;-J esuswas, of the new covenant, 10. 17; 12.9; 13.54; 23.6, &c. Nu. 29.12, &c. ;-kept after the cap-
iubject to, to be under, Lu.2.51; 10. Suit, a set of clothes, Ju.17.10; Is.3. He.7.22. Syntyche, sin'ti-ke, a woman of note tivity, Ne.8.16;-to be observed by
17,20; Ro.8.7; 13.1,5; Ep.5.24; Tit.3. 22;-a petition, Job 11.19;-a contro- Suretyship, the office of a surety: the mentioned by Paul, Phi.4.2. all nations in future time, Zee. 14. 16;
1; I Pe.2.18; 3.22; 5.5. versy to be decided, 2 Sa.15.4. danger of it, Pr.6.1; n.15; 17.18; 20. Syracuse, sir'a-kuse, a noted city on -calh:d the ~ feast of ingathering,'
Submission TO THE WILL oF Goo, Sukkiims, suk'ki-ims [dwellers in 16; 27.13. the south-east coast of the island of Ex.23.16; 34.22.
or the yielding up of ourselves wholly tents], one of the three great nations Surfeiting, eating to excess, Lu. 21. Sicily; here Paul tarried three days, Tabitha, tab";-tha [gazelle]. the Ara
to his disposal; our duty, Ja. 3. 18; of which the army of Shishak wa'i 34. Ac.28.12. In the modern town, which mean name of a female disciple a'
Job 1. 21; 2, 10; Ps. 39. 9; Mat.26.42; composed, 2 Ch. 12. 3. Surmising&, suspicions of something is a place of some imponance, are to Joppa;-called Dorcas in Greek, Ac.
Mar. 14.36; Lu. 22.,4-2; Ac. 21.14;-it Summer, that season of the year in bad, 1 Ti.6.4. be found some ruins of the ancient 9.36,42.
includes acquiescence in his sover- which the days are longest and warm- Surname, the after name, or name city. Tables, for meals, the posture of the
eign right to give or withhold his fa- est; and duringwhich,in Canaan,the which a person commonly takes from Syria, sir''i-a, an ancient kingdom, ancients at, was not that of sitting,
vours, Job 1. 21 ;-an acknowledgment days are intensely hot, and even the his family, Mat.10.3; Mar.3.16; Lu. situated on the nonh frontiers of Ca- as with us, but of reclining-, by rest•
t;>[ his unerring wisdom, Ro. 11. 33; nights so warm that the inhabitants 22.3; Ac.1.23; 12.12. naan; and of which Damascus, for a ing on the left elbow on a couch, Lu.
-persuasion of his love and care, Ps. often slept on the hou.!.e-tops in the Surprise, to take unawares, Is. 33. 14; long time, and afterwards Antioch, 7.36,38; }11.13.12,13.
\03-I 3; 1 Jn.4. 10;-diligentendeavour open air, Ge.8.22; Ps.32.4; 74.17; Pr. Je.48.4i; 51.41. was the capital. It was known to - - of Show-bread, a part of the
to know his will, Ro.12.2; Ep.5.10; 6.8; 10. 5;--;/ruits, a prophetical em- Susannah, su-san'nah, a pious woman the Hebrews under the name of furniture of the tabernacle, on which
--guarding against impatience and blem, Am.8.1. who ministered to Christ, Lu. 8. 3. A ram ;-conquered by David, 2 Sa. the show-bread was placed, Ex. 25.
despondency, He. 10. 36;-fully sur- Sumptuously, expensively and with Susi, sii'si [a horseman), the father of 8. 3, 6; 10. 6, 16;-its king distresses 23. See SHOW-BREAD.
rendering ourselves to his disposal, delicacy and splendour, Lu. 16.9. Gaddi, one of the twelve spies, Nu. Ahaz, 2 Ch. 28. 5;-~Christ's fame spread - - of Stone, containing the ten
2Sa.15.26;-for motives to this duty, Sun, the great source of light and IJ.II. through, Mat. 4. 24;-letters sent to commandments, ;Ex. 31. 18: De. 10. 1;
.. ee RESIGNATION. heat. Its diameter is about 883,ooc, Sustain, to uphold, or to supply with the brethren in,Ac. 15.23;-Paul went -broken, E.11:.32.19;-renewed, 34.1.
- - - - to spiritual guides, 1 Co. miles. Its distance from our earth is provision, Ge.27.37; 1 Ki.1.,. q; Ne.9. through, -4-1; 18. 18; 21. 3; Ga.1. 21;- Tablets, valuahle ornaments, or boxes
16.1~; He.13.7,17;-to rulers, Ro.13. 92 millions of miles; so that light, 21; Ps.55.22: Pr.18.14. prophecies regarding it which have for perfume, or tippets, Ex. 35. 22;
1, &c..; Tit.3.1; r Pe.2.13, &c. which flies at the swiftness of 2000 Sustenance, suppon or provision, Ju. been fulfilled, Is.7.8-16; 8.4-7; 17.1- Nu.31.50: Is.3.20.
- - - - , in some measure, to all miles in a second, requires 8 minutes 6.4; 2 Sa.19.32; Ac.7.11. 3; Je. 49. 23-27; Am. 1. 3-5; Zee. 9. 1. Tabor, ta'bor (mound, quarry), {1) A
men, Ro. 12. 10; Ep. 5.21; Phi.2.3; 1 to reach our earth. Spots often ap- Swaddle, to put on the dress of new- The Euphrates, Orantes, Barrady, celebrated mountain in Palestine, on
Pe.5.5. pear in the sun, sometimes so large born infants, La.2.22~ Eze.16.4; Lu. &c., rendered it a delightful country. the confines of Zebulun and Issa·
Submit, to yield to the wilt and au- as to be visible to the naked eye; and 2.7. Syro-Phenician, si-ro-fl-nish '1-an. char, and 6 miles east of Nazareth. It
thority of another, Ge.16.9; 2 Sa.22. their motions prove that it revolves Swallow, a well known bird of pas- The Phrenicians of Syria are distin- rises on the northern side of the plain
45; Ps.66.J; 08.3<>; Ep.5.». on its own axis, in the course- of la.ge; knows its time of mi~tion, guished from those of Africa, the of Esdraelon, and has a graceful
202
TAPPUAH TEBALIAH TEMPLE TESTL\101\¥ THREE-TAVERNS
_.-.-Ae<f summit. Its height above or Ephraim, Jos.17.8.-,'.2' A tOwn in tector], one of the porters of the tem- Temple, figuratively, Christ's body, Tetrarch, a person who has the fourth
JUUi.... is i86s feet. Here Barak thR tribe of Judah, not far from He- ple, 1 Ch.26.n. Jn. 2. 19, 21;-the church, Ep. 2.21;- part of a province or state comn1it1ed
the ~led his army, and defeated bron, now called TifUh, J os.15. 34. Te beth, te 'beth [ winter, the ccild heaven, Ps.11.4; Re.7.15. to his government, without wearitig
- : : Ju.-4.6,i 4, 15;-supposed, but Taralah, tar'a-lah [reeling), a cny of month], the tenth month of the Jew- Temporal, not eternal, 2 Co.4. 18. the diadem or assuming the title of
Jrobably 00 insufficie~t grounds, to Benjamin, Jos. 18.27. ish sacred year, and the fourth of Tempt, to try for their imj>rovement, king. There are three to whom this
P hat 00 which Chnst was trans- Tares, a kind of pulse or darnel, hurt- their civil, commencing with the full as God does his people, Ge. 22. 1 ;-to title is applied in the N. T., Herod
be ~d, and which is called by Peter ful to corn;-the parable of, l\,lat.13. moon in December, Es.2,16. try for their hurt, as Satan does man- Antipas, l\1at. 14. 1; Lu. 3. 1, 19; 4. 7;
fi~e.i.i8 the Ju,ly mount, !dat. 17. 1; :..>4-30. Tedious, wearisome, Ac.24.4. kind, r Ch.21.1; 1Th.3.5;-to try the Ac. 13. 1;-Philip and Lysanias, Lu.
I~ . Lu. 9.28.-(2, A city of the 'larget, a kind of buckler_. less than Teil-tree, the same as the lime or patience of God, as men do by sinning 3.1.
i~-t~~\n _Zebul~n, at ~he foot of :::t shield, worn in war for defence on linden. Its leaves resemble the lau- boldly, Ex.17.2; Nu.1-4.22; De.6.16; 1'haddeu.s, thad'eus, a surname of the
he mountam, I ~h_. 6. 77 ,-pro':la~ly the left arm, r Sa.17.6; 1 Ki.10.16; 2 rel, and it has flowers like the olive, Ps.78.18; 95.9; 1o6.14; l.s.7.12; .Mat. apostle Jude, also called Lebbeus,
!dentical with Ch,slot~-Tabo:--.13) Ch.,4.8. ;s. 6. ,13_ _;-ren<lered 'elm,' Ho. 4. 13; 4.7; 1 Co.10.9. J\.lat.10.3;1\Iar.3.18; Lu.6.16.
~n oak or grove of oaks m BenJamm, Tarpdites, tiir'pel-ites, a people of oak, Ge.35.21. Temptation, or TRIAL, the remark- Thankfulness, a state of being thank-
Assyria sent to colonize Samaria, Ezr. Tekoa, or TEKOAH, te-ko'ah [a pitch- able one of Jesus, l\lat.4.1; Mar.I. 13; ful, Ac. 24. 3.
1
~;~\~·;·kind of small ~rum usuaily 4-9- ing of tents], a city of the tribe of Lu.4.1. Thank-offerings. See OFFERINGS.
Ta at on as an accompamment to the Tarry, to abide, or stay behind, Ge. Judah about 6 miles south of Bethle- Temptations, whence they arise, Ja. Thanksgiving to God for his mercies
~pe, &c., Ge. 31. 27; 1 Sa. 10.5; 18.6; 19. 2; ~5- 9;-God and his salvation hem ;-a widow from, persuaded Da- 1. 13, 14; Pr. 28. 20; r Ti. 6. 9;-Satan to us and others, a duty, De. 8.10;
Job 17.6; Js.5.12; 24.8~ 30.32. . do not, Ps.40.17; 70.5; ls.46.13; He. vi<l to recall Absalorn, 2 Sa. 14. 2;- the author of, 1 Ch.21.1; 1\1at.4.1; 1 Ps.51.14; 69.30: 92.1; 139.14: 147.1;
TabrimOD, tab'rl-mon [pleasing to 10.37. repaired and fortified by Rd10boam, Th. 3. 5 ;-presented by poverty or Is. 25. 1, &c.; Col. 3. 17; 1 Th.5.18; 1
RimmonJ, the fat~er of Benhadad, Tarshis!,, tar'shish [hard], (1) These- 2 Ch. n. 6;-near it Jehoshaphat's prosperity, Pr. 30. 9;-saints enabled Ti.4.4; He.13.t5; 1Pe.2.9, &c.
king of Syria, 1 K1.15.18. cond son of J a van, and supposed to enemies massacre<l one another, 20. to bear, 1 Co. 10. 13;-to be guarded Theatre, the only mention of, is in
Taches, hooks, clasps, or loops and have founded Tarshish, or Tarsus, 20;-Amos the prophet was a herds- against, Mat. 6. 13; 26. 41; Ep. 6. 10, connection with the popular outbreak
button~, Ex.26.6,n~33; 36. ;3: 39·3?- Ge. 1,.). 4; 1 Ch.1.7.-{2) 'An old cele- man of, Am. 1.1;-its ruins bear the &c.; 1 Pe.5.9. at Ephesus, Ac.19.29,31;-a place of
Ta,chmonite, t~ch mo - mte, chief brated, opulent, cultivated, commer- name of '.reku'a. Tempter, one of the uames of Satan, amusement where public assemblies
mongthe captarns, 2Sa. 23. 8;-called cial city, which carried on trade in Tel-abib, tel-a'Lib [a heap of grain], Mat.4.3; 1 Th.3.5. were held.
~Jashobeam the Hachmonite,' 1 Ch. the 1\1.editerranean, and with the sea- a city of Chaldea on the river Che- Tender.hearted, easily affected, 2 Ch. Thebez, the'bez [brightness], or THE-
ports of Syria.' This was probably bar, where the Jews were kept pri. 13.7; Ep.4.32. BES, a city of the tribe of Ephraim,
T ~ g . the ropes of a ship, Is. 33. the city of Tartessus in Spain, a ~oners, Eze. 3. 15. Tenons, the ends of pieces of timber situated near to Shechem and 13 miles
Phcenician colony, Ps. 72. 10; Jonah Tela.ssar, te-1.is'sar [the hill of AsshurJ, cut to be fitted into others, Ex.26.17, south.west of Bethshan;-at the siege
23 : Ac.27.19. .
Tadinor, tad.'mor [palm-t:ee], a city r. 3; 4. 2:-·Solomon sent fleets to, 1 a city of Asia, conquered by the As- 19; 36.22,24. of which Abimelech was killed by a
once in great ~enown, bmlt by Solo- Ki.10.22; 2 Ch.9.21; 20.36,37. syrians, 2 Ki.19.12; Is.37.12. Tenor, or TENOUR, sense or purport woman, Ju.9.50-54. It is represented
mon, in the midst of a desert, about Tarsus, tar'sus, the capital of Cilicia Tel-harsa, tel-hilr'sah [forest-hill], a of a speech, Ge.43.7; Ex.34.27. by the modern village of Tubds.
half-way between Damascus and the in Asia l\Iinor, on the banks of the city of Chaldea, Ezr.2.59; Ne.7.61. Tent. See TABERNACLE. Theft, or the act of stealing, forbid-
Euphrates, at the foot of a range of river Cydnus, the native place of Terna, tE:'mah [south], (1) A son of Ish- Tenth-deal, a tenth part of an ephah, den, Ex. 20.15; De.5.19; Ep.4.28;-
chalky hill~, 1 K1.9. 1~; 2 Ch.8.4. It Paul, Ac.21. 39. As a seat of Greek mael, Ge. 25. 15; I Ch. 1. 30.-(2) The the same as an omer, Le.23.17. laws relating to, Ex.22.1; Nu.5.5.
retained this name till the conquest philosophy and literature it ranked place where his descendants lived, Terah, te'rah [turning or wandering], Theophilus,the-off'i-lus[loverofGod],
of Alexander the Great, when it was with Athens and Alexandria. called after his name,Job 6.19; Is.21. the father of Haran, N ahor, and an eminent Christian to whom Luke
changed to Palmyra. I ts ruins, Tartak, t!ir'tak [hero of darkness), an 14; Je.25.23. Abraham, Ge. n. 24, 26, 27 ;-though addresses his Gospel history and the
which have been visited by several idol of the A vites, introduced by Teman,te'man [ontheright,thesouth], originally an idolater, yet, when God Acts of the Apostles, Lu.1.3; Ac.1.1; ·
travellers, exhibit innumerable and them into Samaria, 2 Ki.17.31. ( 1) The grandson of Esau, by his son called his son Abraham, he accom. -styled 'most excellent,' probably as
most magnificent specimens of archi- Tartan, tJ.r'tan [commander•in-chiefJ, Eliphaz, and parent of the Temanites, panied him to Haran in Mesopo- denoting official dignity, Ac. 23. 26;
tecture, covering several miles. The an A-.,.yrian general who stood in rank Ge.36.n,15, : Ch.r.53.-(2) The land tamia, where he died (n.c. 1921), aged 24.3.
natives give to the place the name next to the king, and commanded the of EdorP thus cailed, Je. 49. 20; Eze. 205 years, Ge.11.31,32. Thessalonica, thes-a-lo-ni'ka,thecapi-
of T.7dmor. army in his absence, comp. Is. 20. 1; 25.13; AnJ.I.12. Tera.phim, te'r'a-fim [maintainers, tal city of Macedonia, situated on the
Tahapanes, ta-hipFa.n~, an ancient 2 Ki.18.17. Temanite, an inhabitant of Teman, nourishers], a kind of tutelary deities, Thermaic Gulf (Gulf of Saloniki). It
citv of Lower Egypt, to which the re- Task-masters, overseers who appoint as was Eliphaz, Job's friend, Job 4.1; j>enaies, or household gods, objects was anciently calle,I Tkerma. Here
beiliou'i Jews under Johanan, retired; to others their task, or the work re• 15.1; 42.9. of idolatrous ~orship: of Laban, Ge. Paul, SiJa<;, and Timothy planted a
and which Nebuchadnezzar soon after quired of them, Ex.1.11; 3.7; 5.6-14. Temper, to mix properly, Ex.29.2; 30. 31. 34;-of Micah, Ju. 17. 5; 18. 14:- church, Ac. 17.1-5;-to the Christians
took, Je.2. 16:-called Tehaphnehes, Tatlers, idle and foolish talkers, re- 35: 1 Co.12.24; Eze.46.14. used to favour the e.cape of David, here Paul sent two epistles, 1 Th. 1.
Eze.30. 18;-Tahpanhes, Je.43. 7; 44. proved, 1 Ti.5.15. Temperance, moderation in eating l Sa.19.13. r; 2 Th. 1. 1. Its modem nam~ is
1 ; 46. 14 ;-and Hanes, Is. 30. 4. Tatnai, tat'nI [gift), a governor of Sa- and drinking, and the restraint of our Terraces, flat roofs, or raised ascents, Saloniki, with a population of about
Tale-bearing, or officious or malig- maria; obstructs the rebuilding of the affections and passions, recommend- balustrades, 2 Ch.9. n. See HouSES. 70,000.
nant carrying of stories from house temple, Ezr. 5. 3;-writes to Darius ed, Pr.23.1; I Co.9.25; Ga.5.23; Ep. Terrestrial, belonging to the earth, 1 Theudas, theu'das, an impostor, who,
to house, censured, Le.19.16; Pr.11. against the Jew~, 6. 5.18: Tit.1.8; 2.2; 2Pe.1.6;-it is con- Co.15.40. along with 400 followers, were put to
13; 17. 9; 18.8; 20. 19; 26.20,22; l Ti.5. Taunt, a common byword, scoff, or ducive to health of body, Pr.3.2,8;- Terrible, dreadful, frightfuI,Ex.34.10; death, Ac.5.36.
13; 1 Pe.4.15. reproach, Je.24.9;Eze.5.15; Hab.2.6. advantageous to the powers of the De. 1. 19: 7. 21; Job 37. 22; Hab. 1. 7; Thimnathah, thim'na-tha [a thing al. ,
Talent, a wdght among the Jews Taverns (THE THREE), a place on the mind, r Pe. 2. II ;-profitable to the He.12.21. Jotted, a possession], a city in the tribe.
equal to 3000 shekels, 93 lbs. 12 oz. Appian Way about 33 Roman miles w011dly estate, Ps. 112. 3; Pr. 3. 16;- Terrify, to make afraid, Job 3.5; 9.34; of Dan, Jos. 19.43.
avoirdupois; and consequently the south of Rome:-some of the 'breth- a defence against many temptations 31.34; Lu.24.37; 2 Co.10.9. Thirst, to feel want of drink, Jn.4.13;
value of a talent of silver, at 2s. rd. ren' came thither from Rome to meet and evils, Pr.23.29-35. Terror, great fear, or dread, Ge.35.5; -ardently to desi;-e,. Ps. 42. 2; 63. 1;
a shekel, will be .£312. 1os. sterling; Paul, Ac.28.I:3-15. Tempest, violent wind, either with or Ps.91.5; Ro.13.3; 2 Co.5.11. Is.55.1; Ma'-5.6; J:,.7.37.
and one of gold twelve times as Tax, money or goods exacted from without rain, hail, or snow, Jonah 1.4; Tertius, ter'shr-us fthe third], the Thistles, well-known weeds, a part
much, or £1750, Ex.25.39: 38.24,27; subjects by their governors, 2 Ki.23. Mat.8.24; Ac. 27. 18, 20;-p"g-t,rative- name of the person who wrote, from of the curse, Ge. 3. 18;-parable of
2Sa.12.30; 1Ki.16.24;20.39; Mat. 35; Da. u. 20;-the telos, a tax on ly, heavy affliction, Job 9. 17; Is. 54. Paul's dictation, the epistle to the one, 2Ki.I4.9; 2 Ch. 25. 18;-an em-
18.24; 25.15. merchandise and travellets, Mat. 17. 11 ;-terrible judgments on the wick- Romans, thought to be the same as blem of wicked men, Mat.7.16; Lu.
Talitha t.'umi, tal'i-thah k1l'mi, two 25 ;-j>koros, the annual tax on pro- ed, Ps.11.6: 83.15: Is.30.30. Sila.,;, Ro. 16.22. 6.43.
words in the Syriac or Aramaic lan- perty, Lu. 20. 22; 23 2;-krnson, the Tempestuous, boisterous, Ps. 50. 3; Tertullus, ter-tul'lus, a Roman law- Thomas, tom'as [a twin], called Di-
guage then spoken in Palestine, mean- poll•tax, Mat.17.25;22.17;:Mar.12.14; Jonah 1.11; Ac.27.t ◄. yer or 'orator,' employed hy the Jews tfymus, one of the twelve, Mat.10.3;
ing' Damsel, arise,' Mar.5 4. -and the temple.tax, the didrackma Temple, that magnificent house for to conduct the prosecution of Paul -his observation on the sickness of
Talkers, praters, Eze.36.3; Tit.1..10. = ½ shekel paid by every male of the worship of God, built in Jerusa- before Felix, Ac.24.1,2. Lazarus, Jn. 11.16;-asks the way to
Ta.Imai, ta.I'mI [full of furrows], (1) twenty years old and upward, Mat. lem on Mount Moriah, 2 Ch.3.1; Ps. Testament, the deed or •will of a peI"- the Father, 14.5;-his disbelief of the
Son of Anak, of the race of giants, 17.24-27, comp. Ex.30.r3,14. 132. 13, 14. The preparations for it son, by which he determines how his resurrection of Jesus, 20.24,25;-his
destroyed by the Israelites, Nu. 13. Teach, how God does his people. See were immense. David and his princes property shall be disposed after his subsequent confession and adoration,
22: Jos. 15. 14--(2) King of Geshur, INSTRUCT. contributed 1o8,ooo talents of gold death. The original word, thus ren- 28;-sees Jesus at the Sea of Gali-
was the father of Maacah, whom Da- Teacher, a tutor, master, or instn1ctor, and 1,017,000 talents of silver. About dered several times in the New Tes- lee, 21.2.
vid married, and by whom he had 1 Ch. 25.8;-a minister of the gospel, 184,&x, men were employed seven tament, occurs very frequently, and Thorns, a general name for many
Absalom and Tamar, 2 Sa.3.3. Ep.4.n; 1 Ti..2.7; 2 Ti. 1. u years in building it. Proposed to be is commonly translated covenant, kinds of prickly shrubs, Ge.3. 18;-in
Tamar, ta'mar [a palm-tree], (1) The Teache.rs,false, foretold, Mat. 24 11, built by David, 1 Ch. 17.1;-his pre- Mat. 26. 28; Mar. 14. 24; Lu.22.20; I Ps.58.9 it denotes the sham11us or
daughter-in.Jaw of Judah, by whom 24; Ac.20.29; 1Ti.4.1; 2Pe.2 1; 1 parations for it, 22.3;-built by Solo- Co. u. 25; 2 Co. 3. 6-14; He. 7. 22; 9. buck.,thorn;-used to inflict punish.
she had Pharez and Zarah, Ge. 38. Jn. 2. 18; Jude 17;-their character mon, 1 Ki. 6. 1, &c. ;-the dedication 15-20; Re. n. 19. It ought to have ment, Ju.8. 7,16;-.fi![7'ratively, great
6-30 -(2) The daughter ef David, described, and Christians warned of it, 8.1 :-at what time from leaving been always thus translated (under- difficulties and impediments, Ho.2.6;
ravished by Amnon, 2 Sa.13.1, &c.- against them, Mat.7 15; 24.4; Ro 16. Egypt, 6 T; - repaired by Joash, 2 standing by the word arrangemc:nt, -the 'thorn in the flesh,' 2 Co. 12.7-
(3) Tludaugiiteroj Absnlom,of great 17; 2Co.n.13; Ga.1.7; Col.2.8,18: 1 Ki. 12.4;-burned by the Chaldeans economy, or order of things). Thus 9, was some corporeal infliction sent
beauty, 2 Sa. 14. 27. -{4} A city of Ti.1.7; 4.2; 6.3; 2Ti.3.2-5,13; Phi.3. B.C. 588, after it had stood for 424 translated the appropriate name of to keep the apostle from spiritual
Jude-a, about the southern point of 2; He.13.9; 2 Pe.2.1, &c. years, 25.9; 2 Ch.36. 19;-the founda.. the Bible is, the Old and tM New pride.
the Dead Sea, Eze. 47. 19: 48. 28;- Teaching OF THE HoLv SPIRIT, may tion ofa new, laid after the captivity, Covenants; namely, the Mosaic and Thoughts, of men, known to Christ,
thought to be the same with Eng"edi. be distinguished from all merely hu- Ezr.3.8;-finished B.C. 515, Ezr.6.15; the Christian, Mat.26.28; Mar.14.24; l\Iat.9. 4; 12.25; Lu. 5.22:6.8;9 47,
Tammuz, tam'muz, (1) A Syrian idol, man instruction; - it humbles the -the dedication and feast on the oc- Lu.22.20: 1 Co.11.25; He.7.22; 9.15- n. 17 ;-govern the actions, and there-
the same with the Phcenician Adonis; heart, 2 Sa. 7.18-21; Job 40.4,5; ls.6. casion, 16 ;-the treasure in it weigh- 20; Re.11.19. fore to be attended to. Pr.4.23: 23. 7:
-mourning for him, Eze. 8. 14.-(2) 5 :-transforms the soul into the died,8. 33;-the chambers in it cleansed, Testator, one who leaves a will: but Mat.5.28, &c.; 15.18: Ac.26.9: Ro 2.
The fourth month of the Jewish sa- vine image, 2 Co. 3. 18 ;-powerfully Ne. 13. Q;-the people reproved for the original term, thus rendered, 15;2Co.10.5; 1Ti.1.13.
cred year. and the tenth of their civil, and abidingly influences the practice, neglecting to build it, Hag.1.2, &c.; ought to have been translated vic- Thousands, TEN THOUSANDS, &c.,
beginning with the new moon in July. Ja. 1.22-25;-produces a desire after -encouraged in building it by Zecha- tim, or appointed sacrZ:fice, He.9. 16, are sometimes put for great numbers
Ta.nhumeth, ti\n-hU'meth [comfort], a greater acquaintance with divine riah, Zee. 8. 9 ;-its glory to exceed T]. See TESTAMENT. in general, Le.26 8: De.32.30, Ps.68.
fathet of Seraiah, 2 Ki.25.23. things, Ps. n9. 18-20:-awakens con- that of the former, Hag.2.9;-a future Testify, to witness or certify, Nu.35. n; Is.30.17; 6o.22; 2 Pe.3.8.
Tanner, one who prepares hides for cern for the spiritual instruction of one described in vision to Ezekiel, 50; Lu.16.28; Ep.4.17; Re.22.r6. Threatenings OF MEN, or denounce-
use, Ac.9.43; :ro.6,32. others, 34.8; Jn.4.29. . Eze.xl. :-in the vision of John, Re. Testimony, evidence or proof, Ac.14. ments of evil against persons, Ac. 4.
Tapestry, cloth beautifully figured in Tear in pieces, or utterly destroy, Ps. n.r:-the tabernacle so called, 1Sa. 3;-tl.~ len commandments, and the 17,29; 9. 1;-to be fo1borne, Ep.6.Q;
the loom, or with the needle, used 7.2; 50.22; Ho.5.14. 1 9; Ps.27.4; 29.9. The second temple, book of the law, which testify of God's. 1 Pc.2.23-
to cover beds, to hang rooms, &c., Tears, the couch watered with, Ps.6. after it had stood for about 500 years, will and man's duty, Ex. 25. 16, 2:r; 2 _ _ _ _ _ OF Gon, though avert-
Pr 7.16; 31.22. 6;-put into God's bottle, 56.8;-they was repaired by Herod the Great. Ki.11. 12;-the ark in which the Jaw ed when men tum from sin. yet cer-
Taphath, ta' fath [ornament], the who sow in, shall reap in joy, 126.5; The whole work of the repair occU• was deposited, Ex. 16. 34: 30. 6.-the tainly executed against the impeni-
daughter of Solomon, 1 Ki.4.u. -none in heaven, Re.7.17; 21.4- pied forty-six years, Jn. 2. 20. Was whole Scriptures, Ps. 19. 7; n9. 2, 14, tent, Is.,.6.11. Je.1. 12; 39 16; 51. 29.
'l'appuah, tap'pu-ah [an apple], (1) A Teats, b~asts or paps, Eze.23.3,21;- destroyed by the Romans A. o. 70-71, 22, 24, 36, ◄ 6, 59, 78, 88;-the gospel of La.2.:r7: Eze.:r2.2.:,;2Pe.3.4-10.
city on the frontiers of the tribe of figuratively, prosperity, Is.32.12. Je.26,18; Mat.24.2. Its site is occu- Christ, t Co.1.6; a.1; 2 TL1.8; Re.I. Three-Taverns. a plac'" on the Apo
ManaSseh, though it belonged to that Tebaliah, tCb-a-li'ah [Jehovah is pro- pied by a Turkish mosque. 2,9. pian Wa7, about 33 miles sou.;J. oi
203
TIMBREL
Rome, w ~ some brethren from the
TITHES
Time, to us is short, Job 14.1; Ps.89.
TOSS TREASON
to be eaten at the place of public con• Tossed,deeply afflicted, Ps.109.23; Is.
TROAS
liah, ~ Ki. 11. 1, I4;-Shallutn, 15.10,
T
city met Paul, Ac.28. r,s. 47; 102.3,u;-uncertain, Pr.27.1; Ja. course, 22;--dedication to be made 54.n;-unsett!ed, Ep.4.14;Ja.1,6. 14.
l'hreah, to beat out com from the -c..14:-to be improved, 'Ec.12.1; Mat. at the presentation ofit, 26.12. Tottering, shaking, feeble, Ps.62.3. Treasure, a store nr collection
car or pod, ls.41.15;-to punish, Je. 5. 25; Lu. 19. 42;Jn.9.4; 12.35; Ro. 13. Tithes, were to be conscientiously Tow, more correctly \VICK, ls.43.17, goods, Je.41,8;-a .store of gold,~~
51.33. u: 2 Co. 6. 2: Ga. 6. 9: Ep. 5. 16: Col. patd when due, De.14.22; Ne.10.37; Towel, a cloth to wipe hands, &c., ver, &c., Ge. 43. ~3; Eze. '22. 2 s;--lll
Threshold, an entrance or gate, Ju.
19.27: I Sa.5.4; Eze.9.3; Zep.1.9.
Throne, that chair of state, richly
4- 5;-for several purposes, Ec.3.r.
Ti.mes, and seasons, respecting the
.Messiah's kingdom, not to be curi-
13.10; Mal.3.8; Mat.23.23; Lu.11.42;
tian church, r Co.9.14.

Jn.13.4,5.
-nolawrespectingthemintheChris- Tower, a high and strong building,
or a fortress, Ge.n.4,5; 2Sa.22.51;
the temple, 2 ciJ.5.1;-in what ou
should consist, M.at.b.19; Lu. 12
Col.3.1.
,j:•
adorner!, and covered with a canopy, ously inquired into, Ac. z. 7;-0/ the '.ritle, a name, character, or inscrip. Ps. 61. 3; Pr. 18. 10;-of Siloam, Lu. Tr,..,as~y. f;';_lat in which ,reasures arc
on w~1ich sovereign princes usually restitution (regulation or consumma• tion, 2Ki.23-17; Job32.21,22;Jn.19. 13.4;-Edar,Ge.35.21;-P<:!nuel, JU.·, Jaidup,Jo:;.6.19;J..:.38.1t,Mat. 276 .
sit to receive the homage of their tion) of all thing-s, at the end of the 19,20. 8. 17.-Shechem, 9 46:-Thebez, 50, Mar 12_41 · •
subjects, to give audience to ambas• world, 3.21. Tittle, the least part or point, Mat. 51,-David, Ca. 4- 4;-Lebanon, 7. 4; j Treaties, or covenants, of Jacob and
sadors, and to dispense justice, 1 Ki. Timnath, tim'nath [portion assigned], 5.18; Lu.16.17. -Jenee!, 2 Ki.9.:r7;-Hananeel~ Je. : Laban, Gt!.31.44:-of the Gibeonite
2.19; 10. 18,20;-heaven is God's, Ps. a city of the tribe of Judah, called Titus, tI'tus, an eminent evangelist, a 1 31.38;-Syene, Eze.29.10. with the Israelites, Jos.9. 15,J 9 . s
u.4; Is.66.1: Ac.7.49;-Christ is set also Timnah, Jos.15.:0,57. In the Gentile by birth, and Paul's assist- To wit, an old expression, 'that is to Treatise, a written tract or book1 Ac.
down in, Re.3.21. time of King Ahaz it was occupied ant, 2Co.8 "23.-left m Crete, Tit.I. say,'Ge.24.21; Ex.2.4; 2Co5 . .19;- 1.:r.
!'hrong, a crowd, Mar.3.9; Lu.8.45. by the Philistines, 2 Ch. 28. 18. It is 5:-not circumcised, Ga. 2. 3 ;-ex• 'we do you to wit,' means, we give Tree, o_f life in Eden, Ge. 2. 9; 3 22 •
~a.gh.ly, exactly, fully, Ex.2:i.19; represented by the modern village of horted to be diligent, Tit. 2. 1;-his you to understand, 2 Co.8.1. -of knowledge, 2.17; 3.3;-qf l'jfo U:
Job 6.2; Mat.3.12; 2 Co.u.6. Tilmeh, about 2 miles west of Beth• affection for the Corinthian Chns• Trachonitis, trak.-o-nI'tis lrugged re- heaven, Re.2.7; 22.2,14;-known by
Thrust, to push, drive, Ex. u. 1: Ju. shemesh.-The residence of Sam.. tians, 2 Co. 7.13, 8.16;-equally dis- g1onJ, a small rocky district east of itsfruit,ormen bytheiractions,Mat
3.21; Is.13.15; He.12.20. son's wife, Jos.14.1. interested with Paul, 12. 18;-Paul Jordan, of which Philip was tetrarch, 12.33; Lu.6.44- ·
Thummim.. See URIM, Timnath-Serah, tim' nath-sC'rah [a sent an epistle to him, Tit.1.4. Lu.3.1. Identified with the modem Trees, £n Canaan, when fit for use
1'hunder, th~ noise occasioned by the portion of abundance], called also Toh [good], a small distnct in the Le.1ah,south o~Damascus, and in the after the conquest of the country
discharge of electricity from a cloud TIMNATH-HERES (portion of the south-east of Syna, to which Jeph.. centre of the kmgdom of Bashan. Its ~e.19.23;-/ruit, not to be cut do~
Jositive!y charged, or which has more sun],acity of the Ephraimites, where thah withdrew when exp<:!1led from Hebrew name was Arg-oh. m war, De.20.r9;-that are to grow
than its natu.ral share of it, into one Joshua was buried, Jos.19.50; 24.30; Gilead, Ju. u. 3,5;-called lsh-Tob, Trade, or lawful business, the duty of near the river that is to flow from the
which is neg-atively charged, or has Ju.2.9. 2 Sa.10.6,8. those concerned in it, Le.25.q, Pr. sanctuary. Eze.47.7.
less than its natural share; the flash Timon, tr'mon [honourable], one of the Tobiah, to-bI'ah [the Lord is goad], 20.14; Eze.28.16; Ho.12.7;-of Tyre, Trench, a ditch abo1:t a camp or city,
is called lil{htninr, and the repon first seven deacons of the church, Ac. a Samaritan, strenuously opposed the E2e.27.1, &c. I Sa.17.20; 26.5, I K1.18.32; m Lu.
19
tltunder. Remarkable, in the plagues 6.5. Jews in their attempts to rebuild the Traditions, doctrines or ceremonies 43, means a palisade or rampart. ·
of Egypt, Ex. 9. 23; Ps. 78. 48;-at Timothy, tim'oth .. y [honoured of temple, Ne. 2. 10; 4. 7; 6.1 1 12, 19. handed down from age to age, as the Trespass, an offence or sin, a depar.
Mount Sinai, Ex. 19. 16;20. 18 ;-at the God), a noted evangelist, whose father Tochen, tO'ken fa measure], a place Jews pretended, from the time of ture from duty, Ge.31.36; 50. 17 ; Mat.
defeat of the Philistines, I Sa. 7. 10; was a Greek and his mother (Eunice) in the tribe of Simeon, 1 Ch.4.32. Moses, to whom they were spoken 6.14; Ep.2.1; Col.2.13.
-seven, in the ,•ision of John, Re.10. a Jewess, born at Derbe or L ystra, Togarmah, to.gar'mah, the third son by God, without being committed to Trespass-offering, rules concerning
3;-called the voice of the Lord, 2 Sa. Ac. I6. 1 ;-circumcised, 3 ;-sent by of Gomer, and grandson of Japheth. writing, and which they called their it, Le.7.1.
22.14; Job37.5; Ps.18.13; 104.7;-its Paul to Philippi, Phi.2.19;-exhorted Ge.10.3; I Ch. I. 6;-his descendants oral law; t!1e· Pharisees set them be- Trial, a test of virtue by suffering, 2
awful majesty, and powt:rful effects, to diligence, 1Ti.4.13;6.11;2Ti.1.6: traded with Tyre, Eze.27.14. fore the wntten k.w, Mat.15.3; Mar. Co.8.2; He.n.36; 1 Pe.1.7; 4.1 2.
Ps.29.3-9. -advised to drink wine for his health, Tohu, tO'hW. [humility, modestyl an 7.9;-not to be much regarded, Mat. Tribe, a class of people sprung from.
l'hya.tira, thi-a-ti'1ah, a city of Lydia, I Ti. 5. 23;-his mother and grand- ancestor of the prophet Samuel, 1 Sa. 15.2 1 &c.; Mar. 7.5, &c.; Col.2.8; Tit. one origin, as the descendants of each
in Asia Minor, about 27 miles north mothe:r (Lois) commended, 2Ti.1.5; I. I, 1. 14; I Pe. 1. J 8. of the twelve sons of Jacob, Ex. 28.
of Sardis, and 56 north-east of Smyr• -two epistles addressed to him by Toi, tl'li [error, erroneous way1 the Traffic, merchandise, 1 Ki.10.15: Eze. 21; 39. 14.
na;-Lydia was from, Ac. 16. 14:- Paul, 1Ti.1.2;2Ti.1.2. king of Hamath in Syria,sent his son 17.4; :28.5,18. Tribes, blessed by Jacob, Ge.49.1,&c.;
Christ's message to the church there, Tin, a white metal, harder than lead, with presents to David, 2 Sa.8.g-n. Train, a company of attendants, I Ki. -by Moses, De. 33. 1, &c.;-their
Re. 2. 18. Its modem name is Ak• lighter than almost any other metal; Toil, labour Or fatigue. Ge. 5. 29; 4r. 10.2; ls.6.1;-to educate, Pr.22.6. boundaries, Jos. 13. 15; 15. 1, &c.;-
Hissar [white castle], with a popula• -an article of Tyrian commerce, 41. Traitor, one who betrays his king, the numbers and orders of them, Nu.
tion about 15,000, between 300 and Eze.27.12;-first mentioned, Nu.31. Token, a 6ign or mark, or memorial, master, or friend, Lu.6.16; 2 n.3.4- 1.1;26.1,&c. :-twelveprincesofthem
400 of whom are nominal Christians. 22. In Zec.4.1othesame Heb. word Ge.9,12; 17. 11; Ex. 3. 12: 12. 13; Ps. Trance, or ecstacy, a state of mind in under David, 1 Ch.27.16.
f.'hyine-wood., the wood of an ever• denotes an instrument for measuring, 86. 17; Mar. I 4.44; 2 Th. 3. 17. which a person is wrapped into visions Tribulation, sore vexation or distress,
green resembling the cypress, the aplummet. Tola, tO'lah [worm],(1) The eldest son of future or distant things, while the De.4.30; Ju.10.14; 1Sa.26. 24;-the
,:itrus or citron-wood of the Romans; Tingling, feeling in the ear, a sharp of Issachar, Ge.46.13; I Ch.7~I.-(2) body seems insensible, Ac.10, 10: 11. lot of all saints, Jn. 16. 33: Ac. 1-4. 22 ;
is aromatic, and very hard, Re. 18. u. pain, 1 Sa. 3. n; 2 Ki. 21. 12; ls.3.16; The tenth judge of Israel, Ju.10.1. 5; 22. 17. The word occurs also in -awful, threatened to sinners, Ro.
liberiaa, ti-be' ri-as, (1) A city on I Co.13.1. Tolerable, what may be borne or en- Nu. 24. 4,16, but only as supplied by 2.9.
the western shore of the Lake of Gen.. Tiphsa.h, tifsah [a passing over], (1) dnred, Mat. 10. 15; n. 22; Mar. 6.:n; the translators. Tribute, a tax or impost, exacted
nesareth. It was built by Herod A city of the tribe of Ephraim, which Lu.10.12,14. Tranquillity, quietness, Da.4.27. from the Canaanites by Solomon, 1
Antipas, the murderer of John the shut its gates against Menahem; but ~oil. a tax paid for passage,or liberty Transfer, to apply to one what relates Ki.Q.21,22; 2Ch.8.8,9:-that imposed
Baptist, in honour of the emperor TI• was taken and put to the sword, 2 to sell goods in a market or fair, Ezr. to another, 1 Co. 4. 6. by the Romans on the Jews was a
bcrius, and during the Roman SU• Ki.15.16.-(2) A large and opulent 4. q,20; 7.24. Transfigure, to change the figure and civil tax, the poll-tax payable by
prcmacy was the metropolis of Ga• city on the west bank of the river Tomb, a grave, or place for depositing appearance, as Christ did on the every one whose name was in the
lilee. It was noted for several cen• Euphrates. It is identical with the the dead, Job 21.32; Mat.8.28; 23.29; mount, Mat.17.2: Mar.9.2; Lu.9.28; 'census,• Mat. 17. 25; Mar. 12. 14;-
turies after the destruction of J ernsa• Thapsacus of the Greeks and Ro. 27.6o; Mar.5.2,3; 6.29. 2 Pe.1.18. the 'tribute-money,' Mat. 17. 24; Lu.
lem for its rahbmical academy. Here mans, which is probably marked by Tongue, the importance of governing Trapsform, to change the form, as 20.22, was an ecckstastical tax, 'the
the Jewish Mishna was completed. the modem Surij,elt, 165 miles above it, Ps.39. 1: Ja.3.2, &c. ;-double, cen- Satan and his ministers do, by put• double drachma,' equal to two Attic
The modern city is called Tul,arieh. Deir. It was the frontier of SolQ.. sured, 1 Ti.3.8. ting on a pious appearance, 2 Co.u. drachmas, and corresponding to the
In I837 it was nearly destroyed by mon's kingdom, I Ki. 4. 24. Tongues, confusion of, at Babel, Ge. 13-15;-applied to the saving change Jewish "haJf-shekel,' payable for the
an earthquake, 6oo of the inhabitants Tire, a dress for the head, 2 Ki.9.30; n.1, &c.;-gift of, foretold, Ps.28.n: of the mind into the divine image, maintenance of the temple services
perishing in the ruins. It contains Is.3. 18; Eze.24. 17,23. Mar. 16. 17~--conferred, Ac. 2. 4; to. Ro. 12.2. by every male Jew from 20 years old
about 2000 inhabitants, of whom a Tirha.kah, tir-ha'kah, a king of Cush 46; 19.6;--not to be exercised in pub-- Transgress,togooverthelimitswhich and upwards, Ex.30.13,14; 2 Ch. 2+
few are Christians, 8oo Jews, and the or Ethiopia, came to assist Heze- lie worship, 1 Co. 14.2. the law prescribes, Nu. 14. 41; Ne. I. 6,9.
rest Mahommedans. It is one of kiah, but was defeated by Senna- Toothfor tooth, the law of retaliation, 8; 13.27; Mat.15.3; Ro.2.27; 1Jn.3.4; Trickle, to run down in drops, La.
the four J,oly cities of the Jews (the cherib, 2 Ki. 19. 9. Ex. 21. 24 ;-1 cleanness of teeth,' fa- -to disobey is to refuse to do what 3.49.
others being Jerusalem, Hebron, and Tirahatha, tir' sha-tha [august], an mine. Am.4. 6;-children's 'teeth set the law enjoins, He.2.2. Trim, to fit out, to adjust, ortoadom,
Safed), in which prayers arc offered officer of state, a Persian title borne on edge,' children suffering for the Transgressors, foretold that Christ 2 Sa.19.24; Je.2.33; Mat.25.7.
for the world twice every day.-(2) by Nehemiah and Zerubbabel, Ezr.2. sins of their father, Eze.18.2. should be numbered with, Is.53.12:- Trinity, or tlt.ree i11 unity, a term,
The lake, called the t Sea of Tibe• 63:Ne.7.65,70: 8.9. In Ne.5.14,18; Topaz, a precious and transparent this accomplished in• his crucifixion though not found in Scripture, yet
rias,' Jn.6.1,23- 12. 26 the title 'governor' is a transla- jewel, third in value to the diamond, with two thieves, Mar.15-27,28; Lu. properly enough used to signify the
fiberiua, t"i-bc'ri.us, C.£s AR, the third tion of the Heb. feclta, a word a]so Ex.28.17;39.rn;Job28.19; Eze.28.13; 23.32,33. three persons in the one Godhead,or
Roman emperor, stepson and sue• of Persian origin represented by the Re.21.20;--the cairngorm is a species Translate, to remove from one.place divine Essence, Mat. 3. 16, 17; 28.19;
cessor of Augustus, Lu.2. 1;-John modern j>asha. of. or post to another, 2 Sa3.10; Col.1. 2 Co. 13. 14; 1Jn.5. 7;-besides these
he Baptist preaches in his reign, 3. 1. Tirzah, tir'zah [delight], (1) An an- Tophel, tO'fel [plaster,mol"tar],aplace 13; He.11.5. plain texts, numerous intimations of
l'ibhath, tib'hath [extension, level], a cient royal city of the Canaanites, supposed to be in the country of Translation, or removal from earth this doctrine are given in other parts
city of Syria, 1 Ch.18.8. See BETAH. Jos.12.24;-the principal residence of Moab, De 1.1. to heaven, of Enoch, Ge. 5. 24;-of of Scripture, Ge.1.26; 3.22; n.7; Is.
fibni, tib'ni [an intelligent one], son Jeroboam, I Ki.14. 17;-its site was Tophet, tO'fet, or more correctly To- Elijah, 2 Ki.2.1, &c. 48.16; 34.16; Zec.13.7; Mat.3.16; Lu.
of Ginath, proposed for king in a noted for its beauty, Ca. 6. 4. Has PH ETH, 2 Ki.23. 10:-a place on the Transparent. what may be seen . 1.35; Jn.14.16,17,26; 15.26; Ga.4.6; J
time of civil war, 1 Ki.16.21,22. been identified with Telluzalt., a south-east of Jerusalem, in the 'val• through, clear as glass, Re.21.21. Pc.1.2;Jude 20,21,&c.;-and in addi.
tidal, tt'dal [splendour, renown], one town 6 miles north-east of Nab/as. - ley of the son of Hinnom' by 'the Travail, labour, Jabour in childbirth, tion to the evidence from these pas.
of the allied kings whom Abraham (2} A daughter of Zelophehad, Nu. entry of the east gate." Je. 7. 3r, 32; Ge.38.27; Ps.48,6; Jn. 16.21: Ga.4.19; sages, we have the most convincing
conquered, Gc.14. I. 27.1. 19. 2. It became in later times the I Th.5.3., proofs of the impreme Deity both of
fidings, news or reports, Ex. 33. 4: I Tishbite, tish'bite, an inhabitant of scene of sacrifices to Baal. It received Travel, a journey, labour, or toil, Ex. the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Su
Sa.4.19; u.-4;-g-lad, the gospel, Lu. Tish be, a city of Naphtali, which is its name from toph, a drum, which 18.8; Nu.20.14; Ac.19.29; 2 Co.8.19; CHRIST and HOLY GHoST. Salv,11.-
1.19; 2. 10: 8.1; Ro.10.15. supposed to have been the birth. wac; beaten to drown the cries of the I Th.2,9. tion the work of, 2 Th.2. 13, 14; Tit.3.
l'igla.th - Pileser, tig' lath-pi.Jc' 2er place of Elijah, 1 Ki.17.1. victims. Traverse, to go hither and thither,Je. 4-6; I Pe. 1. 2. God himself, who alone
[mighty prince of the Tigris], king of Tisri, or T1zR1, the first month of the Torch, a kind of flambeau, Zee. 12. 6; 2.23. comprehends his own mode of exist•
.Assyria, invades Israel, 2 Ki. 15. 29; Jewish civil year, and the seventh Na.2.3,4; Jn.18.3. Trea.cherous, perfidious, false, Is.21. ence,has revealed this doctrine to us;
-called Tilgath•Pilneser, 2 Ch. 28. of their sacred, answering to our Torment, lastingpainoranguish,Mat. 2; Je.3.7-n; Zep.3.4- and what he says we are bound to
20, September-October. In I Ki.8. 2 it 4.24; Lu. 16. 23, 28; I Jn.4.18; Re.9.5; Treachery, perfidy,or breach of faith, believe. In its nature it must be in-
files, used to cover houses, were is called Ethanim, i.e. the month of 14. u; 18.7,10. to be guarded against, 1\fal.2.16;Je. comprehensible- to us, for everything
broad stones or bricks, Eze. 4.1; Lu. streaming rivers. Tormentors, agents of the Jewish 9.4; 12.6; 2 Ti.3.3. respecting an eternal and infini#
5.19. Tithes, or tenth _/)arts fro1l" the pro.. court of justice, whose duty it was to - - - - of Simeon and Levi to the God is so; and either to reject it on
l'ill, to turn over or plough the ground, duce of their fields, gardens, vine.. administer sentences, Mat. 18.34. S~c:chemites, Ge. 34. 13 ;-of Ziba, 2 this account, or to attempt to compre-
Gc.2.5: 3.23: 2 Sa.9.10. yards, and herds, to be given to reli.. Tortoise, the sea one is not mentioned Sa. 16. :r, &c. ;-of Ishmael to Geda• bend or explain it, is alike impious
7'illage, the act of ploughing and man• gious purposes;-given by Abraham in Scripture, but that which livt"~ on liah, Je.40.13; 41.5. and absurd, Job n.7--9.
uring land, 1 Ch.27.26; Ne. 10.37; Pr. to Mclchizedec, Ge. 14. 20;-vawed land, and which is called by ~ome the Treason, disloyalty, the act of betray- Triumph, to shout with joy on ac-
13·33· to God by Jacob, 28. 22;-the Mo- land crocodile,and by others thegreen ing a sovereign; of Absalom, 2 Sa. 15. count of victory over an enemy, Ex.
Timbrel, a musical instrument resem- saic laws concerning them, Le.27.32; frog, a species of!~ard, Le.n.29. 1: i:8.9;-Sheba, 20.1,"22;-Adonijah, 15.1; 2 Sa.1.20; Ps.25.2: 47.1; 2 Co.2,
bling the modem tambourine, Ex. Nu.18.26; De.12.6. 'foas, to agitate ~olently, Is.22. 18; Je, 1 Ki. 1. 5; 2. 13, 23:-Baasha, I Ki. 15. 14; Col.2.15.
•s.:zo. - - q f tire third year, De.14-28;- 5.22. 27; 16.1;-at Tirzah, 16.9,18;-Atha- Troaa, trO'as, maritimecityofPhrygia
204 lM
TUTOR UNBELIEF UNION UPHAZ UZZIEL
Mrsia on the shores of the Archi- child, and his estate, while he is un- Unbelievers, infidels, or those who visible, Ep. s. 32;-.Jur,- ,urable, J: Jn.
identical with Ophir, Jc. to. 9;;Da..
or 1ag ; little to the south~west of der age, Ga.4. 2. discreditthe gasp "!,Christians should 3. 1, 2;-profitable, 2o. 3. 21-23;- ro.5.
pt: J~uespont. and about 25 miles Twain, two, 1 Sa.18.21: 2 Ki-4-33; Is. not marry with th.!m, 2 Co.6.14,15,19; s.fintual. the Hal.:- Spirit being its Upper, higher in place, Ex.12.7; Le.
tbe h of Assos ;-here Paul several 6.2: Mat.5.41; 19,5; 21.31; 27.31,51; -to be shunned, l\Iat. 7. 15; Ro. 16. actuating source~ _nd bond, 6. r7; 12. 13.45; Mar.r4.15; Ac.1.13; 19.1.
~ s visited, Ac.16.~; 20. 5; 2 C?.2. Ep.2.15. 17; 1Ti. 6. 5; Phi. 3. 2; 2Th. 3. 6, 14;- 13; 1Jn.3.24;-vztal, in thatourspiri- Uppermost, the highest in place or
• ~ Ti. . 13• Near 1t stood ancient Twilight, a dim light after sunset, or how to be distinguished in order to tua! life is sustaiJ.ied and actuated by power, Ge.40.17; Is. 17,6; Mat. 23.6;
12 4
T~- It is represented by the mo-- before the sunrise, I Sa. 30. 17; 2 Ki. be avoided, 1 Th. 5. 21; 1 Jn. 4. 1-3;- the life of Christ through the indwell- Mar.12.39; Lu.u.43.
d m Eski-Stamboul. 7.5,7; Pr.7.9; Eze.12.6,7,12. threatenings of God against, Pr.3.34; ing of his Spirit,Jn.14.19; Ga.2.20;- Upright, straight up, honest, righ 1_.
~gyllinm, tro-jil'le-um, a town (and Twinkling, a moment, 1 Co.15.52. 19. 29; Je. 14. T5; 23. 32 ;-obstinate, indissoluble, ]n. 10. 28; Ro. 8. 35-37; eous, Ge.37.7; 1 Sa.29.6;Job 1.1; .t's.
romontory), at the foot of Moui:it Twins, two brought forth at a birth, their fate, 1'-Iar.16.16; Lu.12. 46; He. 1 Th.4. 14,17. Its evidences are-love II.7.
trycale, on the west ~oast of ~s1a Ge.25.24; 38.27; Ca.4.2,5; 6.6. 3.r9; 4.1; Re.r9.20; 20.10; 21-8. to Chrisl, Jn.r4.21;-atta(.·hment to Uproar, a tumult, 1 Ki.r.41; Mat.26.
Minor, where Paul tarned one_ night Tychicus, tik,.i-kus [fortunate], one of Unblamable, without blame or fault, his people, 1 Jn.5.1;-delight in his 5; Ac.17.5.
on his way from Troas to M1letus, the primitive disciples, accompanied Col.1.22; 1Th.3.13. word and ordinances. Ps.27.4; 84.1; Ur [fire, light], an ancient city ot
Paul, Ac. 20. 4 ; - sent by Paul to Uncertain, doubtful, 1 Co. 14. 8 ; - -imitat1"on of his example, 1Jn.2.6; Chaldea, the native place of Terah
;~;-~band of men, especially war- Ephesus, Ep. 6. 21; 2 Ti. 4. 12 ;-sent changeable, 1 Ti.6.r7. -aadfruitfulness in holiness, Tit.2. and Abraham, Ge.u.28; 15.7; Ne.9.
riors or robbers, Ge.49.19; I Sa. 30.8; by Paul to Colosse,Col.4.7;-to Titus, Unchangeable, that cannot bechang- 14. 7; I Ch.n.35. It has been identified
zSa. 2 . 25 ; 3.22; Ho.7.1. . Tit.3.12. ed, He.7.24. Unite, to join, Ps.86.n. with llfugheir, some desolate mounds
Tropb.imu.s, trof"i-mus, a native of Type, a figure or symbol of something Unchangeableness, an attribute of Unity, the being in concord, Ps. 133. situated about 6 miles west of the
Ephesus, who was conve:ted by Paul, future and distant, or an example de- God only,Nu.23.r9, .:Sa.r5.29;Mal. 1; Ep. 4. 3, 15;-the oneness of the Euphrates, and midway between the
and became,~is companion, Ac 20.4; signed to prefigure that distant thing; 3.6; He.r.12; Ja.r 17. Godhead. See Gon ruins of Babylon and the Persian
21.28,29; 211.4.20. -the .Mosaic institutions were a Uncircumcised, not circumcised, Ge - - ef the church, Jn.10. 16; Ro. 12. Gulf.
Trouble. See AFFLICTION. shadow of things to come, Col.2.17; 17.14; 34.14; Ex.12.48;-not fit for 5; I Co.10.17; 12.13; Ga.3.28; Ep.1. Urbane, ur-ba'ne, a disciple at Rome
Trow, to imagine o_r think, Lu.17.9. He. 10. 1 ;-things which happened to the service of God, Ex.6.12; Je.6.10; 10; 2.19; 4.r3; 5.23, 30; Col. 1. 18,24;-mentioned by Paul, Ro. 16.9.
rruce-breakers, violators of engage- the fathers were examples or types, 1 Eze.44.7; Ac.7.51. amongChristians,rt!commended, Ro. Urge, to entreat earnestly, Ge. 33. u;
ments, 2Ti.3.3. Co. 10. :p ;-the lifting up cf the ser- Unclean PERSONS, ceremoni"ally, to 12.16; 15.5; 1Co.1.ro; 2Co.13.n; Ep. Ju.16.16; 19.7;-to provoke, Lu.II.
Trump, or T1n:MPE~, an instrument pent in the wilderness was a type of beremovedfromthecamp,Nu 5.1;- 4.3;Phi.1.27;2.2: rPe.3.8. 53.
used in martial music or to convene _federally, as the heathen and their
Christ's crucifixion, N u.:z:;:.9; J n.3. 14, Unity ef the faith, agreement in be• Uriah, eu-ri'ah [fire of the Lord], a.
assemblies, Nu. i:o. r-10;-sound of, 15 ;-those things which were tran• children were, who were not God's lief, Ep.4.13;-efthe S.fin't, a union Hittite, the husband of Bathsheba, 2
at the giving of the law on Sinai, Ex. sacted in the tabernac!.:! prefignred covenant people and church, 1 Co.7. of jud~ment and affection among the Sa.u.3;-resi.sts David's attempts to
• 6; 20. 18 :-at the resurrection, r spiritual and heavenly things, He.9. r4 ;-morally, Ep. 5. 5 ;-meats that members of the spiritual body. or impose on him, 6-13 ;-is treacher-
19 1
Co.15.52; 1 Th.4.r6. 11,12,23,24. were so, Le.11,1, &c.; De.14.3, &c.; church of Christ, 3;-is the gift of ously slain, by David's orders, 14-
Trumpets (FEAST OF], Le. 23. 23;- Tyrannus, ty - riin 'nus [reigning, -what is so under the gospel, l\Iat. God,Je.27.39;-is to besought after, 25;-called Urias, Mat.1.6.
offerings on it, Nu. 29.1. prince], a teacher at Ephesus, in 23.27; Ro.6. 19; 2 Co.12.21; Ep.4.19; 2 Co.13.n. Urijah, eu-ri'jah [firt of the Lord], (1)
--,seven,in thevisionofJohn, whose school Paul preached for two 5.3,5; Col.3.5; 1 Th.4.7; 2 Pe.2.10. Unjust, partial, not just, Ps. 43. 1; The idolatrous high-priest, who, at
Re.8.6. years, Ac.19.9. Uncleanness, want of cleanness, Le. Mat.5.45; Lu.16.8,10; Ac.24.15. Ahaz's request, fanned an altar for
Trust, reliance on the care of another, Tyranny, or severe and cruel govern- 5.3; 14.19; Mat.23.27; Ro.1.24; 6.19; Unlawful, contrary to law, unjust, idol-worship like one at Damascus, 2
laws concerning it, Ex.22.7; Le.6.1. ment, in Pharaoh, Ex.5.6;-in Reho- Ep.4.19; 5.3; Col.3.5; 1Ti.2.3; 2Pe. Ac.10.28; 2 Pe.2.8. Ki.16.10-16.-/2) The prophet, son of
_ tn Gad, or reliance on him, a boam, 1 Ki.12.14- 2. ro. Unlearned, ignorant, Ac. 4. 13; I Co. Shemaiah, of Kirjath-jearim, his case
duty, Job 38. 41; Ps.22.4; 31.19; 37.3; Tyre, fire, or TYRUS, tr'rus [rock], an Unclothed, the soul is, when the body 14.16; 2 Ti.2.23; 2 Pe.3.16. mentioned, Je.26.20,21.
56.3; 91.2; ro4.27; n5.9; 118.8; 125. ancient and flourishing city of Phre. is put off, 2 Co.5.4. Unleavened. See LEAVElf. Urun and Thummim [light, i.e. re-
1; 1 47.9; Pr. 16.20; 28.25; 29.25; 30.5; nicia, on the coast of the Mediter• Uncomely, not graceful, r Co. 7. 36; Unmerciful, or unkind and cruel, velation, and truth or perfection], pro-
Jc. 17. 5, 7; 39 18;-ought to be, not ranean Sea. There were two cities 12.23. threatenings against, Ps. 109. 12, 16; bably something attached to the
presumptuous, but the fruit of faith of the same name:-one, the most an• Uncondemned,notprovedguilty,Ac. Ho.4.1; l\lat.23.23; Ja.2.13. breastplate of the hi~h-priest, by
io Christ, Ep. r. 12, 13 ; - exercised cient, was situated on the mainland, 16.37; 22.25. Unmindful, negligent, De.32.18. m.eans of which he lear1.,;;;(.l the divine
through Christ, 2 Co. 3. 4;-with the and was destroyed by Alexander the Uncormptne&a, freedom from error, Unmovable, fixed, Ac.27.41; r Co.15. will on occasions of national import..
whole heart, Pr.3.5,6;-without any Great; the other stood upon a smalI Tit.2.7. 58. ance, or even of private concern.
reserve, 1 Pe.5. 7 ;--continual, Is.26.4; island,about 2ooyards from the coast. Uncover, to expose to view, or to de. Unni, un'ni [depressed], a singer in Some suppose that this was done by
-motives to it are, his ability to help It is called the daughter of Zidon, Is. file, Le.18.6-19:-the head of a wo- the temple, r Ch.15.18. rays of light from the Shekinah fall-
in every case, Is. 50. 10; Je. 32. 17,27; 23.r2;-a very splendid city, 7,8; Zee. man uncovered with a veil in an as• Unoccupied, not possessed, Ju.5.6. ing on the stones of the breastplate,
-his fatherly compassion, Ps.ro3.13; 9. 3,4 ;-Solomon broughtHiram from, sembly of men, according to eastern Unperfect, imperfect, Ps.139.16. or on some !etters inscribed on it.
-his promise, 34.22; r25.1,2; Pr.28. 1 Ki. 7. 13, 14;-its destruction foretold, manners, shameful, 1 Co.n.5,13. • Unprepared, not ready, 2 Co.9.4- Others that the U rim and Thummim
25; 29. 25; Na. r. 7;-his everlasting Is. 23. 1, &c.;-favour to be shown to Unction, anointing, the grace of God Unpro.:fi.table, useless, tending to hurt,only qualified the high-priest for pre-
strength, Is. 26. 4 ;-his lovipg-kind- it after seventy years, 17;-and in the bestowed on believers, r Jn.2.20. Job 15.3; Mat.25.30; Ro.3.12; Phile. senting himself to receive answers
ness, Ps. 36. 7;-thc richness of his latter days, r8;-threatened for insult. Undefiled, perfectly pure, and free n; He.13.17. from the mercy-seat, which were given
bounty, 1Ti.6.17;-thc experience of ing Jerusalem, Eze.26. 1 ;-to be con- from stain, He. 7. 26; 1 Pe.1. 4:-holy Unpunished, not punished; the wick• in audible voice, Ex. 28. 30; Le.8.8;
his people, Ps.13.5,6; 22.4; 28.7;- quered by Nebuchadneua~. 7;-its. in a high degree, Ps.119. 1; Ca. 5. 2; ed shall not be, Pr.11.21; 16.5; 17.5; Nu.27.21; De.33.8; Ezr.2.63; Ne.7.
blcssings resulting from, mercy, Ps. great commerce, 27.1, &c.;-its ruin, 6.9. ,9.5. 65,
32.10;-peace, Is. 26. 3;-safety from 26; - God's judgments against its Undergirding,encirclingtheshipwith Unquenchable, fire that cannot be Usurp, haughtily to claim power with•
enemies, Ps. 37.40;-prosperity, Pr. princes, 28. 1;-threatened, Am. 1. 9; ropes, Ac.27.17. put out, Mat.3.12; Lu.3.17. out right, r Ti.2.12,
28.25;-rejoicing in God, Ps.5. 11; 33. Zec.9.3;-the 'coasts of Tyre' once Undersetters, supporters, or feet, 1 Unreasonable, withoutreasonorcorn• Usury {the Heb. word so rendered
21;-happiness, Pr.16.20. visited by Christ, Mat.15,21-29; sec Ki.7.30. man sense, Ac.25.27; 2Th.3.2. means biting), the gain taken for the
--,declarationso_/it, by Hezekiah, also Mat.n.2r,22; Mar.3.8: Lu.6.17; Understanding, natural, not suffi. Unrebukable, not blamable, or not loan of money, corn, &c.;-the Jews,
:z Ki. 18. 5;-by Asa, 2 Ch.14.u;-by -the gospel was received there, Ac. cient to determine in matters of reli. liable to censure, r Ti.6.14. who were not a commercial people,
Job, Job 13. 15;-by David, Ps. 3. 6; 21. 3--6 ;-the predictions against, have gion, 1 Co.t.19; 3.19;-but requires Unrighteous, unjust or wicked per• and who borrowed only in cases of
27. 3; 57.1; 61. 4;-by Isaiah, Is.12.2; been so fully verified that it is now a assistance, De.4.6; r Ki.3.9; 1 Ch.22. sons, Ex. 23. 1; Ps. 71. 4; Is. 55. 7;- necessity, were forbidden to exact it
-by Paul, 2Ti.1.12; 4.18. miserable ruin, unoccupied except by 12; Pr.2.6; 2 Ti.3.15. _ threatenings against such, De.26.16; from their brethren, Ex. 22. 25; Le.
- - , in anything- besides God, cen• a few fishermen as 'a place to spread Understood, knew, Ge.42.23; Job 42. Ro:1.18; 2.8; 1Co.6.9; 2Th.2.10,12. • 2 5. 36; De. 23. 19;-censured, Pr. 28. 8;
sured.Job 31.24; Ps.33.16; 44.6; 49.6; nets upon.' Eze. 26. 14. Its modern 3; Ps.81.5; Mat.13.5r. Unruly, not governed, 1 Th. 5. 14: Eze.18.8,13,17; 22.12;-may be taken
5:z.7;62.10; n8.8; 146.3; Is.30.1; 31.1; name isS1'r. Undertake, to engage, Is.38.14. Tit.1.6,10:Ja.3.8. of strangers, De. 23.20.
Je.17.5: r Ti.6.17. Unequal, not equal, Eze.18,25,29. Unsatiable, that cannot be satisfied, Utterance, the act of uttering words,
Truth, or sincerity of sj,eeclt., Ps. 15.2; Unfaithful, treacherous, Pr. 25. 19; Eze.16.28. pronunciation, Ac.2.4; 2 Co.8.7; Ep.
51.6; Pr.3.3; 8.7; 12.17,19; 1 Co.5.8; Ps.78.57. Unsavolll'Y, tasteless, Job 6.6, 6.19: Col-4-3.
Ep-4-25.
- - , purity of intention, Jos.24. 14; u. Unfeigned, true, sincere, and without
dissimulation, 2 Co. 6. 6; r Ti i. 5; 2
Unsearchable, that cannot be sou3ht
out, JOb 5.9; Ps.145.3; Ro.11.33; Ep.
Uttermost, extreme, most remote, 2
Ki.7.5; Mat.5.26; He.7.25.
r Sa.12.24; Ps.15.2. Ti.1.5; 1 Pe.1.22. 3.8. Uz [sandy, soft soil], (r) Son of Shem,
- , Cftri.rtian faith, J n. I. 17; Ga. Unfruitful, barren, M:at.13.22; 1 Co. Unseemly, indecent, Ro.1.27; I Co. Ge.10. 23.-(2) A country in Arabia.
3.1; Ja.5.19; 1 Jn. 2.21: 2Jn.2;-how Ucal, eu'kal [one that has pined away, 14.q; Ep.5.n;Tit3.14; 2Pe.r.8. 13.5. where Job resided; its situation is
lo be treated, believed, 2 Th. 2. 12, 13; sorrowful], a person to whom Agur Ungirding, loosing of the girdle, Ge. Unskilful, wanting knowledge, He. uncertain, but probably it adjoined
1Ti.4. 3:-acknowledged, 2 Ti.2. 25; addressed his words, Pr.30.1. ~µ ~~ Bashan on the east, Job 1. 1;-first
-obcyeJ, Ro.2.8; Ga.3.1;-loved, 2 Ula.i, eu'II (pure water], a river of Ungodly, contrary to God's will and Unspea.ka.ble, what cannot be uttered, mentioned, Ge. ro. 23;-colonized by
Th.2.10. Susiana (identical with the Eulaeus image, 2 Sa. 22. 5; 2 Ch.19.2; Ps. r. i, 2 Co.9. 15; 12.4; I Pe.1.8. the descendants of the son of Aram.
i'ry, to examine or prove, Ju. 7.4; 2 of the Greeks and Romans}, on the 4,6; Ro.-4.5; 5.6. Unspotted, free from spot or blem• 1Ch.1.17.
Ch. 32. 31; Job 7. 18; 12. II: Ps. tr. 4; banks of which Daniel had a vision, Unholy, common, wicked, Le.10.10; ish, Ja.1.27. Uzal, U'zal [a wanderer], a son of Jok.
26.2; La.3.40; 1 Pe.4.12; 1 Jn.4.1. Da.8.2,16. 1Ti.1.9;2Ti.3.2; He.10.29. Unstable, inconstant, not fixed, Ge. tan, Ge. ro. 27; r Ch.1.21, whose de.
Tryphena, tri-~'nah, and TRVPHOsA, Ulam, eu'lam [solitary], (1) One of the Unicom, an animal with one horn, as 49.4; Ja.1.8; 2 Pe.2.14; 3.16. scendants settled in the district of
trl-fo'sah, two distinguished Christian posterity of Manasseh, 1 Ch.7.16.- the name signifies; noted for its Unatopped, opened, Is.35.5. Arabia called Yemen, the capital of
women at Rome, who laboured in the (2) Of Saul, 1Ch.8.39. , strength, Nu.23.22; 24.8;-ferocity, Untempered, not properly mixed which was called U zal. 1t is now
cause of the gospeJ, Ro.16.12. Ulla., ul1a [a burden], one of the po. Is.34.7;-agility, Ps.29.6;-wildness, and wrought together, Ezc.13.10,11, called Sanaa, with a population of
Tubal, tu'bal [a flowing forth], the sterity of Asher, I Ch.7.39. Job 39.9;-supposed to be the rhino- 14,15; 22.28. about 15,000 Jews.
fifth son of Japheth, Ge.10.2; ls.66. Unaccustomed,not used to,Je.31.18. ceros, more probably the wild buf. Unthankfnl, not disposed to acknow• Uzzah, uz'zah [strength], and AHio,
19; Eze.27.13; 32.26. His descend. Unadvisedly, rashly, without delibe. falo. ledge favours, Lu.6.35; :a Ti.3.2. the sons of Abinadab, smitten for
ants probably peopled the country ration or advice, Ps.1o6.33. Union to Christ, the connection be- Untimely, happened before proper touching the ark, I Ch. 13. 9; 2 Sa.
lying between the Black Sea and the Unawares, secretly, Ge. 31. 20; Jude tween him and his people; described, time, Job 3.r6; Ps.58.8; Re.6.13. 6.3.
Caspian. 4;-suddenly, not expected, Ps.35.8; by Christ being in his people, Ep.3. Untoward, perverse or rebellious, Ac. Uzzen-Sherah. uz' zen-she'rah [ear of
Ta.bal-Cain, tii'bal-kane, the son of Lu.21.34; He.13.2;-without design, 17: Col. 1. 27;-his people being in 2.40. Shem], a small city of Ephraim, near
Lamech, and the inventor of the art Nu.35.n; De.4-42. him, 2 Co.12.2; 1Jn.5.20;-it is com- Unwalled, without walls for defence, Beth-boron, r Ch.7.24.
offo~ing iron, Ge.4.22. Unbelief: the calling in question or pared to the union of the body with De.3.5; Es.9.19. · Uzziah, uz-zi'ah [strength of the
Tumult,a riot, or a confused and noisy discrediting of the Divine veracity; the head, Ep. 4. 15, 16;-a building Unwittingly, without knowing or in• Lord], reigned over Jodah for fifty-
rabble, r Sa.4.14; 2 Sa.18.29; Ps.65.7; or the treating of God as if he were with its foundation, 1 Pe. 2. 4, 5;-a tending, Le.22.14; Jos.20.3. two years. During his reign a great
83.2; Mat.27.24; Ac.2r.34. a liar, in what he has testified, pro- vine and its branches, Jn. 15.4,5;-the Unworthy, aot meet for, not deserv• earthquake: referred to, Am. r. 1;
Turtle-dove. famed for its kind dispo- mised, or threatened, 1 J n. 5. 10 ;- conjugal union, Ep.5.23;-the head ing of, Ac.13.46; 1 Co.6.2. Zec.14.5. See AZARJAH.
sition and chastity, to be offered in causes of, Jn.5.44; 2 Co.4. 4; Ep. 2. 2; and members of the body, 4.15,16;- Upbrai~ to reprove sharply, Mat. 11. Uzziel, uz'zi-el [might of God], (1)
sacrifice,Ge.15.9; Le.1.14; 5.7; Lu.2. 2 Th. 2. 12; He. 3. 12;-consequenccs the union between the Father and 20; Mar. 16. 14;-to scoff and scold, The fourth son of Kohath, Ex.6.18:
24 ;-is a bird of passage, Je.8. 7; hence of, Mat.24.n,12: 2Ti.3.2-5; 2Pe.2. Son, Jn.17.t1,2r:-identity of body, Ju.8.15: Ja.1.5. Nu. 3. r9: 1 Ch. 6. 2, 18.-(2) One of
Ca.2.r2, 12:-danger of, Mar.16.16: Lu.12.46; 1Co.12.12,27;-identityofspirit,6.17; Uphaz, eu'faz, a place from which the sons of Ishi, I Sa14.48: 15.7; ::iiSa.
~tor 1 one who takes charge of a Jn.8.24; Ro.1.28; 2Ti.2.12. -in its nature it is hidden and in- I .fine gold was brought, supposed to be XS.1a.
205
VENTURE VIOLEXCE vows WARE WAX
Verified, proved to be true, Ge.42.20; Ps. II. 5; Lu. 3. 14; -earnest endea• Vows, of a person, Le. 27. 2;---of a Ne.10.31; 13.16,20; Je.10.17: Eze. 27_
l Ki.8.26; 2 Ch.6.17. vour, !\-Iat.u.12. beast, g;-of a house, 24;-of a field, 16,18,33.
Verily, truly, Ge. 42. 21; Ex. 31. 13;
Mat.5.18; 6.2,5;-when doubled, as
Viper, a kind of serpent which brings
forth its young alive. Its bite is very
I 16:--of Jacob, Ge.28.20;--of Jeph·
thah, Ju.11. 30,35;-of the Israelites
Ware, to be aware, Ac.14.6; 2 Ti.4-,
V. it often is by Christ, it approaches to poisonous, Job 20. 16; Is. 30. 6; 59. 5; against the Benjamites, 21. 1, &c. ;--
,5.
Warfare, a state of war, t Sa. 28. :r.
the solemnity of an oath, Jn.1.51; 3. Ac. 28. 3;-the Pharisees compared of the Rechabites, Je. 35. 6;-of the -the Christian life is a warfare wit~
3,5,u; 5.19,24,25; 6.26,32,47,53, &c. to, l\Iat.3.7; 12.34;23.33; Lu.3.7. Israelites, for the destruction of the spiritual enemies, 1 Co.9.7; 2 Co. 1o,
Vaga.bond, one who wanders about Verity, truth, Ps.n1.7; 1 Ti.2.7. Virgin, a woman who has had no 'Canaanites, Nu. 21. 2;-of Hannah, 4l 1 Ti. 1. 18;-the flesh, Ro. 7. 23; 1
without a settled habitation, Ge. 4. Vermilion, a lively red colour, J e. carnal commerce with man, Ge. 24. concer,iing Samuel, 1 Sa. 1. I I ;-of Co.9.25-27; Col.3.5;-the world, jn.
12,14; Ps.109.10; Ac.19.13. 22.14; Eze.23.14. 16;ls.7. 14;-figuratinly, the church, David, Ps.132.2. See OATHS. 16.33; rJn.5.4,5;-the devil, 2Co
Vail, a covering which the Jewish Vessels ef tlte temple, foretold to be or people of Israel, 2 Ki. 19. 2r; Is. Voyage, travel by sea, Ac.27.10. 2. n; Ep.6.11 ;-powers of darkness.
women wore over their heads and carried to Babylon, Je.27.19;-used 23.12; 37.22; Je.14.17; 18.13; 31.4,21. Vu]ture, a large bird of prey, of the Ep. 6. 12 ; - the armour described'
faces, in token of mode~ty, and re- in Belshazzar's feast, Da. 5. 2;-re- Virginity, purity, Le.21.13; De.22. eagle kind, with a long neck almost 13-17; Ro.13.12: 2 Co.6.7; l Th.s.8~
verent subjection to their husbands, stored, Ezr.1.7. 15; Lu.2.36. bare of feathers, and with the legs -how to be conducted. He.2.1 0 ; 1
Ge.24.65;1Co.n.3,6,7,10;-in Ru. - - - ef WYath, the wicked so Virgins, parable of the ten, Mat.25. covered with feathers to the feet, and Ti. 1. 18, 19; 1 Pe.5.8; 1 Th.5.6; 2 Ti.
3. 15 means a mantle or cloak;-the called, who fit themselves for destruc- r, &c. ;-four d::tughters of Philip, which feeds on carrion. The Heb. 2.4; Jude 3.
curtain which divided the holy place tion, Ro. 9. 22;-o.f mercy, the right- who were prophetesses, Ac. 21.9:- word so rendered denotes a clamor- Warning, to be given to sinners, Eze
from the holy of holies, Ex. 26. 31; eous, prepared by God for glory, 23. persons of either sex not married, 1 ous bird of prey. It was probably 3.17,18: Col.1.28; 1 Th.5.u.
Le. 16. 2; Mat. 27. 51; He. 6. 19;-a Vestments, robes for the idolatrous Co.7.25; Re.14-4- the species of falcon called by the W arrior1 a man for war, 1 Ki. 12. 21
darkness on the mind, 2 Co.3.14-16. priests, 2 Ki.10.22. See CLOTHES. Virtue, moral probity of manners, Arabs y12y11. i.e. the Falco a-salon, Is.9.5.
Vain, unprofitable or worthless, De. Vestry, the place where the robes of Phi.4.8;-Christian courage or forti- the English merlin, De. 14. 13; Job Wars of the Lord (BooK OF THE:'1 a.
32. 47; Ps. 33.17; 6o. II;-proud and the priests lay, 2 Ki.10.22. tude, 2 Pe. r. 4 :--power or efficacy, 28. 7; Is. 34. 15;-rendered 'kite' in document quoted, Nu.21.14. ·•
foolish, Job II. 11,12; Ps.39.6; Pr.12. Vesture, a dress, chiefly an upper Mar.5.30; Lu.6. 19; 8.46. Le.u.14. The word 'vulture' in the Washing, the feet of strangers, cus-
n;-=wicked, Ju.9.4; 2 Sa. 6. 20; Ps. robe, Ge.41.42; De.22.12; Ps.22.18; Virtuous woman, one who is chaste, same verse is a different word in tomary in eastern countries, where
26.4. 102.26; Mat. 27. 35; He.1.12; Re.19. pious, and industrious, Ru.3.n; Pr. the original, denoting a ravenous they journeyed barefoot,oronlywith
Vainly, without effect, foolishly, Col. 13,16. 12. 4;-her character described, 31. bird of rapid flight. sandals, Ge. 18.4; 19.2; 24. 32; 43. 24;
2.18. Vex, to distress by provocation, 10-31. -the hands, the superstition of the
Vajezatha, va-je's'a-tha [pure, white], frowns, wkkedness, &c., Ex.22. 21; Visage, the countenance, face, or look, Jews with respect to it, Mar. 7. 3;
the youngest son of Haman, Es.9.9. Le.18. 18; Nu.25.17,18; Is.63. 10; 2 Pe. ls.52.14: La.4.8; Da.3.19. Lu.11.38 ;-figurafi'lle/;1 , the purifica-
Vale. See VALI.EY.
Valiant, brave, courageous, intrepid,
2.7,8.
Vexation, the cause of trouble and
Vision, a supernatural appearance,
exhibited to the eye of the body or w. tion of the soul both from the guilt
and the defilement of :.in, ls-4-4; Ep.
5.26; Tit.3.5; Re.1.5.
1 Sa.14.52; 16.18; 2 Sa.2.7; 23.20; He. uneasiness, De.28.20; Ec.1.14,17; Is. mind while the person is awake, Nu.
11.34. 9.1; 28.19; 65.14. 24.4; rSa.3.1,15; 2Sa.7.17; Mat.17. Wash-pot, the vessel in which the feet
Valley, low ground lying between Vial, a kind of vessel, in the form 9; Lu.r.22; 24.23; Ac.10.17;-Valley Wafer, a thin cake of fine flour, an• were washed ;-applied to Moab, to
hills:-as of Siddim, where stood So- of a bottle or censer, 1 Sa. 10.1;-seven ef. Is.22. t. ointed, or baken with oil, and used point out its abject and degraded
dom and Gomorrah, Ge. 14. 3 ;-of of them, representing the last plagues, Visions, or appearances of God to in the consecration offerings of the state, Ps.6o.8.
Shaveh,orthe King's dale, 17;-Esh- Re.15.t;-poured out, 16.1, &c. man, in various ways;-to Adam, pro~ priests, Ex. 29. 2, 23;-in the meat- Waste, a desolate place, De.32. to;Job
col, Nu. 32. 9;-Jezreel, Ho. 1. 5;- Vices, or faults and sins, many enu- bably in a human form, an<l by an offerings, Le.2.4;-in thank.offerings, 30.3; ls.24.1;-loss, not to be made,
Bochim, Ju. 2. 5:-Gad, 2 Sa. 24. s merated, Mat.15.19, &c.;·Mar.7. 21; articulate voice, Ge.2.16; 3.1:?; 4.9; 6. 7.12;-in the offerings of Na.zarites, Pr. 18.9; Jn.6.12.
(margin):-Jericho, De. 34. 3;-Le- Ro.1.19, &c.; 1 G-:>.6.9; Ga.5.19, &c.; 13:-to Abraham, 12.1; 13.14;-in a Nu.6.15. Waster, one who spends lavishly,
banon, Jos. n. 17 :-the Passengers, 2Ti.3.2; Tit.3.3; 1 Pe.2.1;4.3,15; Re. vision, 15.1; 17.1; 20.3;-as an angel Wages, money or goods given for ser- Pr. 13. 9;-anythi11g which destroys,
or Hamon-gog, Eze. 39. 11 :-Achor, 21.8. to Hagar, 16.7; 21.17;-to Abraham vice, Ge.29.15; 30.28: 31.7,8; Ex.2.9: as a desolating army, &c., Is.54. 16.
Jos. 7. 24; Is. 65. 10; Ho. 2. 15;-Aja- Victory, or conquest of enemies, from as a traveller, 18. 1, &c. ;-probably -not to be kept from a hired servant Watches, the J e1vs in ancient times
lon, Jos. 10. 12;-Sorek, Ju. 16. 4;- God, 1 Sa.17.47; Ps.33. 16; 46. 9; 6o. in a vision, 22.1;-by an angel, n; for even one night, Le. 19. 13. divided the night into three: the
Eiah, 1 Sa.21.9;-Rephaim,orgiants, 12; 76. 6; 108. 13;- 144. 10; Ec.9.n;- -to Jacob in a vision, 28.12;-Laban Wagging OF THE HEAD, imported evening, the 11uddle, and the monz•
Jos. 15. 8; 18. 16; 2 Sa.5.18; Is.17.5;- over death and the grave, 1 Co.15.55, in a dream, 31.24;-Jacob in a hu- insult and mocking, Je.18.16; La.2. ing, each including four hours. Ex.
Berachah, 2 Ch. 20. 26;-Hinnom or 57· man form, 32. 1, 24;-perhaps in a 15; Zep. 2. 15; Mat. 27. 39; l\.Iar. 15. 14.24; Ju.7.19: 1 Sa.n.n;-after the
Tophet, Jos. 18. 16: 2 Ki. 23. 10; Je. Victuals, meat, food, sustenance, Ge. vision, 35.1,9;-in a vision by night, 2g. captivity they adopted the Roman
7. 32; - Megiddo, 2 Ch. 35. 22; Zee. 14.u; Ex.12.39; Le.25.37; De.23.19; 46.2;-to Moses in a burning bush, Waggons, sent by Joseph for his fa- custom, and divided the night into
12. 11;-Salt, 2 Sa.8. 13;-Succoth, Ps. Mat.14.15. Ex. 3. 2;--Balaam by an angel, Nu. ther, Ge.45.19,27;--offered by the four watches, Mat. 14.25 ;Mar .6.48 ;-
6o.6;108.7;-Baca, Ps.84.6;-Gibeon, Vigilant, watchful, attentive- to duty, ·22.31;-Joshua by an angel,Jos.5. princes for the service of the taber- to a person sleeping soundly the time
Is. 28. 21;-Jehoshaphat, or Deci- tTi.3.2; 1 Pe.5.8. 13;-Samuel, 1 Sa. 3. 2-15;-Gideon nacle, Nu.7.2-8. between the watches seems but a
sion, Joel 3. 2, 14; -Shittim, 18:- Vile, worthless,.base, or wicked, De. by an ::tngel, Ju.6. 12;-Daniel in a Wailing, mourning aloud, accom- moment, Ps.go.4.
Moab, De. 34. 6;-Zephathah, 2 Ch. 25.3; Ju.19. 24; r Sa. 3. 13; Job 40. 4; vision, Da.8.1;-Isaiah, Is. 6. 1-8;- panied with wringing the hands, beat- Watchfulness, vigilance, or care to
14.10:-Zeboim, 1 Sa. 13. 18;-Gerar, .Ps. 15.4; ls.32 5,6. Ezekiel, Eze.1.4-14; 8.2-14; 37.1-10; ing the breast, &c., Es.4.3; Je.9.10, avoid surrounding enemies and clan•
Ge.26.17;-Hebron, 37.14. Village, a small town without wans, xl.-xlviii.;-Amos, Am.7.1-g; 8.1-6; 18; Eze.27.31.; Mar.5.38. gers; a duty, Mat.24.42; 25.13; Mar.
Valour, personal bravery, prowess, Nu.32.42: De.3.14: Jos.13.30; Ju.10. -Zechariah, Zee. r. 8; 3.1; 4.2: 5. 2; Waiting ON Goo, attending on his 13.37; Lu.12.35; 21.36; 1 Co.10.12;16,.
Ju.3.29; 6.12: u.1; 2 Ki.5. 1; 2 Ch.17. 4; 1 Ki.4.13. In the N. T. the word 6. 1 ;-Joseph by an angel, Mat. 1. worship, ls.40.31; Pr.8.34;-trusling 3; Ep.5.15; 1 Th.5.6; 1 Pe.5.8; Re.3-
17. is used of Bethphage, Mat. 21. 2:- 20; 2. 19;-Paul, Ac.9. 3,6, 12; 16. 9, in his promise, and patiently expect- 2; 16.15.
Value, the worth of a thing, Job 13.4; Bethany, Lu. 10. 38;-Emmaus, 24. 10; 18. 9; 22. 18; 2 Co.12. 1-4;-Anani~ ing its fulfilment, Ps. xxv.; 3.5; 27. Water, turned into blood, Ex.7.19:-
Mat.10.31. 13:-Bethlehem, Jn.7.42. The word as, Ac. 9. 10-12;-Peter, ro. 9"-17;- 14; 33.20; 37.7,9; 40.1; 62. 1; 69.3,6; made to appear as blood, 2 Ki.3.2s;
Vaniah, to cease to be seen, to dis- "villages,' in Hab. 3. 14, should be John, Re.1.12. 130.5,6;-blessings to be waited for: -bitter made sweet, Ex. 15. 23;-
appear, Job 6. 17; 7.9; ls.51.6; He.8. 'captains.' In Le. 25. 31 'villages' Visit, to go to see and meet with an- pardon, Ps.39.7,8;-mercy, 123.2;- turned into wine, Jn. 2. 3:-brought
13; Ja.4.14. is more correctly rendered (as in 34) other, Ju.15.1; Ac.7.23;-God visits gnidance and teaching, 125.5;-pro- out of a rock, Ex.17.6; Nu.20. 7;-
Vanities, heathen idols, De.32.21; I 'suburbs.' In Eze.8.11 it means pro- men, by bestowing on them mercies, tection, 33. 20; 59. 9, 10;-salvation, miraculously brought to supply an
Ki.16.13,26; Je.14.22; Ac.14.15. perly • open country.• Ge.50.24; Ps.80.14; 106.4; Lu. 1. 68; Ge.49. 18; Ps. 62.1,2. army, 2 Ki.3.20:-divided and made
Vanity, what is unsatisfactory and Villany, wickedness, baseness, Is. ~2. Ac.15.14 ;-by inflicting chastisement Walk WITH Con, to live as in his to stand on an heap, Ex.14.21:Jos.3.
perishing, Ec.1.1, &c.;-subjects of, 6; J e. 29. 23. or punishment, Ex.32.34; Ps. 89. 32; sight, and in obedience to his wi!:, as 13; 2 Ki.2.8,14;-supports iron, 2 Ki.
named, Ps.39.6,11; 6o.11: fo.9;94. Vine, a plant which bears clusters of Je.5.9; 14.10. did Enoch and Noah,Ge.5.22; 6.9;- 6.6;-Jesus walks on it, Mat.14.25;
:n; Pr.10.2; 21.6; Ec.2.1,3,4-u; 4.4; grapes, out of which wine is pressed; Visitation, a judicial visit, a judg- n.fter t!te Spirit, to follow the teach- Mar.6.48; Jn.6. 12;----of jealousy, Nu.
6.12: Is.57.12; Je.23.32;-or conceit and which so abounded in Palestine ment, Nu. 16. 29: Job 10.12; Is.10. 3; ing of the Holy Ghost in his Word, 5. 17, &c. ;- •Of purification, 19.1, &c.;
and boasting, censured, De.8. 17; 9. that almost every family had a vine• Je.8.12; 10.15; Lu.19.44; 1Pe.2.12. and to depend on his assistance, Ro. -of life, Re.22.1.
4; Ps.62.10: Pr.25.27; 26.12; 27.2; 30. yard, Ge.40.9,10; Le.25.5; 1 Ki.4.25; Visiting others not to be frequent, 8.1,4; Ga.5.16,25;-in ChriSt, to ad- - - , figuratively, trouble, Ps. 6g.
8: 1Co.8.2; 2Co.10.17; R~.3.17;- 2 Ki.18.31;-lsrael compared to, Ps. Pr.25.17; T Ti.5.13: Tit.2.5. here to his truth, and to tread in his 1;-a multitude of people, Is.8.7;-
very common, Pr.20.6; Jn.7. 18. 8o.8; Is.5.1,2; Eze.15.1, &c.;-Christ - - - the sick, &c., recommended, steps, Col.2.6;-by faith, to be habi- the doctrines and ordinances of the
Vapour, moisture, like a cloud, ex- compares himself to, Jn.15.1. Mat.25.35; 2 Ti.1.16; J a. 1.27. tually impressed with the realities of gospel, 55. 1 ;-the refreshing influ•
haled by heat, Job 36. 27, 33; Ps.135. Vinegar, weak red wine, Nu. 6. 3;- Vocation, calling by the Spirit and the eternal world, 2 Co.5.7. ences of the Spirit, 12.3; 35.6,7; 44-3
7; 148. 8; Ac.2.19;-life compared to, provided for the Roman soldiers, Jn. grace of God, Ep. 4. 1. .See CALL Wallow, to roll in the mire, or to tum Jn.7.37,3S.
Ja.4.14. 19. 29;-'mingled with gail' w::ts of- (EFFECTUAL). from side to side, 2 Sa. 20. 12; Je. 6. Water-spout, a large mass of water
Variableness, inconstancy and lia- fered to our Saviour on the cross. Voice, q/God, thunder, Ps.18.13; 29. 26: 48.26; Eze.27.30; Mar.9.20; 2 Pe. collected into a sort of column, one
bility to change, none with God, J a. This mixture of gal1, or rather myrrh 3, 4, 7--9:-his word and command- 2.22. end of which is on the sea or land,
1.17. -a soporific usually administered to ment, De. 30. 8; Jos.5.6; 1 Sa. 28. 18; Wander, to rove, or go without know- and the other in the clouds; and by
Variance, discord or dissension, Mat. deaden the sense of the tortures en• Ps.106.25. ing whither, Ge. 20. 13; Nu. 14. 33; which water, in the former case, is
to.35: Ga5.20. d ured-wa.5 refused by our Lord, - - f r o m heaven, at the baptism De.27. 18; He.n.37,38. sometimes raised into the clouds, and
Vashni, v8Sh'ni [Jehovah is strong], Mar. 15. 23; Mat. 27. 34;-at a later of Jesus, Mat. 3.17; Mar.1.10; Lu.3. Want, poverty or indigence, De. 28. sometimes, in both cases, descends
the son of Samuel, 1 Ch. 6. 28;-call- period in his sufferings a sponge filled 22;-at the transfiguration, Mat.17. 48,57; Job 30. 3; Lu. 15. 14;-to be from them in torrents ;-a phenome-
ed Joel, 1 Sa.8.2. with a mixture of this acid wine and 5; Mar. 9. 7; Lu.9.35; 2Pe.1.18;-in borne with patience, Job 1. 21; Phi. non frequently seen on the coasts of
Vashti, vash't1 [beauty], the queen water was put to his month by one of the temple, Jn. 12. 28;-addressed 4.12. Syria, Ps.42. 7.
of Ahasuerus, refused to appear at the by-standers, who held it up on a Saul, Ac.9.4. Wantonness, or lasciviousness, cen- Waters, a vision of, Eze.47.1, &c.;-
his command, Es. 1. 12;-on this ac- stalk of hyssop; this was done in kind- Void, empty, or without, Ge.t.2; De. sured, Ro.13.13; Ja.5.5; 2 Pe.2.18. living, Zec.14.8; Jn.7.38; Re.7.17; 21.
count degraded from her royalty, 19. ness to refresh him amid his agony, 12.28; Ps.89.39: Ac.24.16; Ro.3.31. War, the laws of it, De. 20. 1, &c. ;- 6; 22. 1, 17;--of Jealousy, Nu. 5. u-
\raunt, to boast, Ju.7.2; 1 Co.13-4- Mat.27.48;-poured on nitre or soda, Volume, something rolled up, as was wickedness not to be practised in it, 31 :-of separation, 19.9.
Vehement, violent, eager, ardent, Ca. Pr.25.20. the ancient form of books, Ps.40. 7; 23.9;-who are to be excused from Wave-offerings, so called from the
8.6; Jonah 4.8; 2 Co.7.u. Vintage, (1) Season for making wine, He.10.7. See BooKS. fighting, 24. 5:-the original cause of particular motion used in presenting
Vein, the stratum or course of metal or the produce of wine for the year, Voluntary, willing, done from free in- it, Ja.4.1. them;-a sheaf, and also portions of
in a mine, Job 28.1. begins in Syria in the middle of Sep- clination, Le. 1. 3; 7. 16; Eze. 45. 12; - , tften a <livine judgment, Le.26. sacnfices, to be waved in various di-
Vengeance, punishment, or penal re- tember, and lasts two months, Le. 26. Col.2.18. 25; Ju.3.8,12; 4.2;6.1; 10.7; 2Ch.16. rections by the priests, Ex.29.24; Le.
tribution, Ge.4.15: De. 32. 35, 41, 43; 5; Is. 16. rn; 24.13: Mi. 7. 1.-(2) An Vomit, to discharge or throw up, Job 9; ls.5.25;Je.5.15; Eze.14.17. 8.27.
Is.34 8; 2Th.1.8. emblem of judgmerrts, Re. 14. 18. 20.15; Pr.23.8; 25.16; Jonah 2.10. Ward, a prison, Ge. 40.3; 41.10; 42. Wavering, unstable or unsettled, He.
Venison, the flesh of deer, or of beasts Viol, a stringed instrument of music, Vows, solemn engagements to ·God, 17; Le.24.12;-a watch or guard, Ne. 10.23; Ja. 1.6.
of chase, Ge.25.28; 27.3,19,25,33. probably the same as the psaltery, Is. to perform some duty, or to abstain 12.25; Is.21.8; Ac.12.10:-a class of Waves, billows, or swellings abon
Venom, poison, De.32.33. 5.12; 14.u; Am.5.23; 6.5. from something sinful; not to be persons who serve together, Ne. 12. the level of water, Ps.107.25; Mat.8.
Venomous, po~sonous, Ac.28.4. Violate, to break or transgress, Eze. broken, and rules concerning them, 24; 13.30. 24;-affiictions, Ps.42.7: 88.7;--over-
Vent, passage, outlet, Job 32.19. 22.26. Nu. 30. 1, &c.: Le. 27. 1: De. 23. 21; Wardrobe, a place where clothes are whelming enemies, J e.51. 55 ;Eze. 26. 3-
Venture, a hazard or chance, t Ki. Violence, applic~tion of ~trength t~ / Ps. 50.14; 56. 12; 66. 13; 76. I I ; n6. kept. 2 Ki.22.14; 2 Ch.34.22. Wax, (1) Thesubstanceofwhichbeet
""·"" zCh.18.33. do hurt, Ge.6.11, Le.6.2, 2Sa.22.-1~ 18; Ec.5.4; Je. ,s.6. Ware, something exposed to be sold, form their cells, Ps.22.14; 68.2. 97.5-
206
WHATSOEVER
l{i.i.,4.-(2) To grow or mcrease, Ge.
~. 13 ; Ex. 1,7.-(3) To become., Nu.
I WIDOWS
Wheat! a well-known grain, ofwhic:h
bread 1s usually_mad~, Ex.9:32:Ju.6.
WINGS
146. 9: Pr. 15. 25; Je. 49. n;-proper
objects of chanty, Ex. 22. 22; De.24.
WITHSTAND
army, Is.8.8;-the swift motions of
the wind, Ps. 18. 10; 104.3.
Winking with the eye, is expressive
Witness, a persou who gives his r.wi
dence or testimony, Jn.1.7; Ac.1.22,
2.32; 7.58; IO 43;-a martyr for the
II, ; Jos.23. 1; 1 ~a.2.5.
23 n;-parable of 1t, mixed with tares, 17; 27.19; Job a2. 9; Is.1. 17, 23; Je.7.
way is put for a Journey, Ge.24.42; Mat.13.25. 6; I Ti. 5. 3; Ja J. 27;-their qualifi- of mockery, or of giving a token to truth, or one who suffers death for hi,
..2.2;;-custom, or manner. 6.12;Je. Wheels,forchariots,&c.,t~rollupon, cations for offices in the Christian hurt others, Pr.6.13; 10.10; Ps.35.19; testimony ,Re.1.5; 3.14;-a testimony,
~. 2 :-human conduct, Is.59.8; Ps. ~x.14.25: 11!-5·28;-a species of pun- church, 1 Ti.5.4, &c. -oJ God at the times of ignorance, evidence, or proof, Ex.22. 13; De. 31.
_ ; Pr. 2.8. 1shment mfhcted by, Pr.20.26;-i;~- Wife. See MARRIAGE, and WIVES. his patient bearing with the heathen 19; Mar. 14. 55;-Jalse, laws against
16 it, Ex. 23. 1; De.19.16, &c.;-strictly
W-1.yfaring, trnvelling,Ju.19.17;2Sa. p~~yed by potters, Je.18.3;-seen m Wilderness, the Heb. word midbar, world, Ac.17.30.
r.1. : Js.35.8; Je.9.2; 14.8. v1s1on, Eze.1.15,16; 10.10. usually translated 'wilderness,' is de- Winnow, to clean corn from chaff by forbidden, Ex.20.16: Pr.6.16,19: 19.5,
4
-Nays OF THE LoRD, his laws and Whet, to m~ke sharp, De.32.41; Ps. rived from a root which signifies 'to wind; the grai11 being taken up in a 9,28; 21.28; 25.18;-Christ the 'faith~
commandments, 2 Sa._22. 2?; Ps. 18. 7.1~; 64._3; Ec.10.10. . . lead to pasture;' and means a pas- ~hovel, and thrown in the wind, Ru. ful and true witness,' Re.1.5; 3.14.
1. 13 8. 5;-hi!; providential allot- Whirlwmd, a strong wmd which toral country or district as distin- 3.2; Is.30.24. Witnesses, not to be fewer than two,
~~nts, 145.17;~are always right, Ho. moves rapidly ~bout in _a circ~lar guished from an agricultural. The Winter, in the Holy Land, extends Nu.35.3o;De.17.6; 19.15; l\lat.18.16;
2 Co.13.1; 1 Ti 5 19;-two, that pro-
14 _9 ; Ac.1 3.10. manner: ai:id which sometimes raises midbarof Syria and Arabia was in- from the beginning of December to
phesy, Re.11.3, &c.
Weak IN FAITH, how to be treated, h_eavy bodies f:om the ground, car- habited for the most part by nomads, the end of January, when the wea-
Ro. 14.i; 15.1; 1 Co.8.7; 9.22; 1 Th.5. nes them to a distance, and produces who lived in tents . .Mention is made ther is variable, and often remark- Wittingly, knowingly, by design, Ge.
great devastation, 2 Ki. 2. 1, 11; Job of the wilderness of Arabia, Shur, able for its heavy rains, falls of snow 48.14.
\V~ess, a defect, feebleness, 1 Co. 37. 9; 38. 1; 40. 6; Ps. 58.9; Pr.1.27;- Paran, Jericho, Judah, Engedi, Ziph, and hail, and excessive cold and frost Witty, ingenious, skilful, Pr.8. 12.
1. 2;; 2 Co.12.9; He.7.18. figurati'l 1ely, destruction by foreign l\.Iaon, Beersheba, &c., Ex. 14. 3; 15. in the mountainous parts, though in Wives, not to be slandered, De. 22.
Wealth. See RICHES. armies, &c., Je.25.32; Eze.1.4; Da. 22; Nu. 10. 12; 13. 3; 14. 2,29; De.1. the lower ground it is compara- 13;-when not to cohabit with, Le.
wean, to deprive a child of the breast, 11.40. 19; 32. IO; Lu. 8. 29;-the Hebrews tively mild, Ge.8.22; Ps.74.17; Ca. 12. 1-5; 20. 18;-their duty, Ge.3.16;
Ge. 2 1.8; 1 Sa.1.22; Ps.13I.2; Is.u.8. Whisperer, one who secretly bears thus named the common ground near ---z.T,; Mat.24.20; 2 Ti.4.21. Ep.5.22;Col.3.18;Tit.2.5; 1Pe.3.1;
Weapons, or armi; of the Christian. tales, an odious character, Pr.16.28; cities and villages, which remained Wisdom, prudence and discretion to -good ones are of the Lord, Pr. 18.
warfare, not camal, ~ Co. 10.4. Ro.1.29; 2 Co.12.20. uncultivated, and was destined for perceive what is proper, Ec.2.13,14; 22; 19.14;-a blessing to their bus~
Weariness, fatigue,or lassitude; much Whit, the least point, jot, or tittle, I feeding their cattle, 1 Ki. 19. 15; Is. -knowledge of sciences and arts, Ac. bands, Pr. 12. 4; 31. 10-12, 23;-good
study i~, Ec.12.12;-wicked men ac. Sa.3.18; Jn.7.23: 13.IO; 2 Co.n.5. 40. 3; Mat. 3. 1; 15. 33; Lu. 15. 4;- 7. 22;-quickne~s of invention, and ones mentioned, Ju.13.10; 1Sa.25.3;
count the service of God, Mal.1.13. White, stone, the token of acquittal .figuratively, the world, Ca.8.5. dexterity in the execution of curious Es. 2. 15-17; Lu. 1. 6; Ac. 18. 2, 26; 1
Wearisome, tedious, tiresome, Job from a charge of guilt, Re. 2. 17;- Wiles, crafty tricks, Nu. 25. 18;-en- works, Ex. 31. 2, 3;-craft and cun. Pe.3.6;-bad ones mentioned, Ju.14-
raiment, the emblem of complete ticing temptations, Ep.6. II. ning, 2 Sa. 13. 3; Job 5. 13;-genuine 15-17; 2Sa6.16; 1Ki.21.25; Job 2.9i
7-3· victory, immaculate purity, and fes- Wilily, artfully, Jos.9.4. l\lar.6. 17.
Weasel, a small well-known animal, piety, Ps.go.12; Job 28.28;-this de-
but in Le. 11. 29 supposed to be the tive joy, 3.4; 4.4; 7.9,13; 15.6; 19.8, Will OF Gon, his sovereign pleasure, scribed, De.4.6;Job28.28; Ps.111. Wizards. See WITCH£$.
mole. 14. Da.4.35; Ac.21.14; Ep.1.5;-his pur- 10: Pr. 9. 10; 28. 7; Je. 9.24; l\.Iat.7. Woe, pronounced upon the covetous
weather, the state of the air, Job Vlhithersoever, to whatsoever place, pose and decree, E p. t. r 1;-his written 24; Ja. 3. 13, 17;-the advantage of oppressors, &c., Is. 5. 8-22; Hab.2.9;
37.22; Pr.25.20; Mat.16.2,3. Pr.17.8: Mat.8.19; Re.14.4. word and law, Mat.7.21; Ep.5.17; 6. gaining it, Job 28. 12, &c.; Pr. 3.13; -by Jesus on Chorazin, &c., l\.Iat.
Weaver. one who works webs of Wholesome, contributing to health, 6; 1 Th.-4,. 3; 5. 18. 8.n; 16. 16,24; 3. 14; Ee. 7. n: 12. n; I 1.21,&c. ;-on the scribes, Pharisees,
cloth, Ex.35.35; 1 Sa. 17. 7; Job 7. 6; Pr. 15.4; 1 Ti.6.3. - - OF l\IAN, that faculty of the soul -better than folJy, 2. 13; 7. 19; 9.13; and hypocrites, 23. 13-29;-on the
Is.38.12. Whore, described, Pr. 2. 16; 5.3; 7.5; by which he freely chooses or rejects, -the way to obtain it, 1 Ki.3.9: Ps. rich, full, &c., Lu. 6. 24-z6;-tkre1
Wedding, the marriage ceremony, 9.13. Le.1.s: 19. 5;-as he sees not the ex- n9. 98; Pr. 2. 1, &c.; Ee. 2. 26; Da. 2. upon all the earth, Re. 8. 13 ;-the
Lu.12.36; 14.8;-garment, furnished - - - . the great mysti"cal one, cellency and importance of divine 21, &c.; Ja. t. 5;-j.>ersonified, her first of them past, 9.12;-the second
by the host, Mat.22.3,8,u. judged, Re.17.1; 19.2. things, till his mind be enlightened complaint, Pr. 1. 20;-her invitation, past, u.i:4.
Wedlock, the marriage state, Eze.16. Whored om, every species of illicit by the Spirit of God; so, till this be 8. 9;-her promises, 2.3;-a spurious Wolf, a fierce and cruel beast of prey,
38. commerce between the sexes, for. the case, he· cannot choose them, and deceitful kind, Je. 8. 9; 9. 23; 1 of the dog kind, 1s of a quic:;k smell,
Week, natural, the space of seven bidden (see ADULTERY, FORNICA• Ps.no.3; I Co.2.1-4; Ro.8.5-8. Co. 1. 19; 2 Co. 1. u; Ja. 3. 15 ;-the can loug hear hunger, and which in-
days, Ge.29. 27, 28. The Jews gave TION, and INCEST}; this sin disgraces Willow, a well-known plant, which marks of, in the works of God, Ps. habits the forests of Palestine, and ot.
no special name to the days of the and destroys the body, Job 31. 12; grows in moist places, and by the 104. 1, 24; 136.5; Pr.3.19; Je. ro. 12;- every country of Europe except the
week, simply designating them as Pr. 5. II: r Co. 6. 18;-stupifies the brinks of rivers, Le. 23. 40; Job 40. ef God, the gospel so called, 1 Co. 1. British Isles, from which it has been
first, second. &c. :-j,roj,hetical, Da. conscience, and hardens the heart, 22; Is.15.7; 44.4;-the 'weeping wil- 24; 2. 7 ;--creatures accounted wise, exterminated, Ge.49.27; Is.n.6; Je.
I
9.24;-ftast al weeks=feast of Pen- Ec.7.26; Ho.4.II ;....:.blots the reputa- low,' called the • Babylonian willo.v,' Pr.6.6; 30- 24. 5.6~ J n.10. 12;-wicked rulers,judges.
tecost. tion, Pr.6. 32, 33;-wastes the estate, with reference to Ps. 137.2. - - - -. men celebrated for it in dif- persecutors, and false teachers, com•
Weeping, accompanying contrition, 5. 10; 6.26;-Ieads to all manner of 1m• Will-worship, religious rites and ser- ferent respects, Bezaleel and Aholiab, pared to wolves, Eze.22.27; Zep.3.3;
Ps.6.6; 6-). 10: Joel 2.12 1 17; l\fat.26. piety and villainy, 5.8-14;-involves vices not commanded, Col.2.23. Ex. 31. 21 &c.;-Ahithophel, 2 Sa.16. Mat.7.15; 10.I6; Lu.10.3;Ac.20.29;-
75. whole families in shame and misery, Wimples, hoods or plaids, ls.3.22. 20, &c. ; - Solomon, I Ki. 4. 30 ; - the rapacity of Benjamin compared
- - - of Hagar, Ge. 21. 16:-of Ge. 34. I-'J ;-brings many Lo an un- Wind, a sensible motion of the air, Ethan, Heman, Chalcol, and Darda, to that of wolf. Ge.49.27.
Esau, 27.38;-of Esau and Jacob, 33. timely end, Pr.6.26; 7.26;-expose!; Ge.8.1; Ex.15.10;-figuratively, de- 31 ;-Hiram from Tyre, 7. 13;-Da- Woman formed, Ge.2.21;-a virtuous
4:-of Jacob, 29. u ;-for the loss of to the wrath of God, and to ever• struction, Je.49.36; 51.1; Da.7.2. niel, Eze.28.3. one described, Pr. 31. 10, &c. ; - the
Joseph, 37.35;-of Joseph on seeing lasting perdition, He. 13. 4; Re. 21. - - , a most destructive, called the Wise Men, or MAGI, come from the mischief arising from a wicked one,
his brethren, 42.24; 43.30; 45.2,14;- 8; 22.15;-to guard against this sin, simoom or samiel, which appears east to Jerusalem, to see Christ, l\.Iat. Ee. 7. 26;-one clothed with the sun,
'.cm meeting his father, 46.29;-over we ought to be deeply impressed with like a purple haze, advances with 2. 1,2;-were sent for by Herod, who or the church, Re.12.1;-one clothed
him when dead, 50. 1 ;-of the daugh- its evil nature and consequences, Ge. great rapidity, and, though it rarely attempted to deceive them, 7. 8 ;- in purple and scarlet, sitting upon a
1ter-in-law of Naomi, Ru. 1.9,14;-of 39.9;-to watch against indulging it lasts more than seven or eight min- were guided by a supernatural star beast. 17.3.
, Elisha before Hazael, 2 Ki. 8. I I ; - in thought, Pr. 4. 23; Mat. 15.19;-to utes, is so poisonous in its effects, or meteor, 9, IO; - worshipped the Women. immodest, punished, De.25.
of Hezekiah, 20.3;-of the old Jews, avoid seeing or hearing what might that it instantly dries up and withers Saviour, and presented to him gifts, II :-how they should behave in as-
Eze. 3. I3;-of the disciples of Jesus, prove an incentive to it, Job 31. t; everything over which it passes, and Ir :-were warned of God not to re- semblies for public worship, 1 Co.n.
Mar. 16. 10;-of Jesus at grave of La- Mat. 5. 28 ;-to shun idleness and in. suffocates all who inhale it. Camels turn to Herod, 12. 5,&c.;-j.,O'Wer (exousia) on the head
zarus, J n. 11.35;-over Jerusalem, Lu. temperance, Pr.23.31,33; I Co.9.27;- and other animals instinctively per- Wishes, g(J(Jd and commendable, 2 of, i.e. the kerchief or head covering,
19..p;-of Peter, Mat.26.75; .Mar.14- to cherish the belief of the presence ceive its approach, and bury their Co. 13. 9: 3 J n. 2 ;-evil, to be sup- the sign of her dependent or subordi•
72; Lu.22.62;-of the elders of Eph- and all-seeing eye of God, Pr. 5. 20, mouths and nostrils in the ground; p1 essed, Job 31.1,30; Ps.40.14. nate position, II. 10;-not to speak in
esus, Ac.20.37;-of Paul, Phi.3. 18. 21;-to meditate often on death, the and travellers throw themselves on Wist, thought, knew, or understood, public, 14. 34; 1 Ti.2.u;-aged, their
Weigh, to find the heaviness of any- grave, and the final judgment, Job the sand, with their faces wrapped in Ex.16.15; 34.29; Le.5.17;Jos.2.4; 8. duty, Tit. 2. 3:-young, theirs, 2. 4; I
thing by balance, or scales, I Ch. 20. 30.23; Ro. 14. 10;-to be frequent in their clothes, till it be past. Though 14; Ju. 16.20: Mar.9.6: 14.40; Lu. 2. Ti.5.14;-how to adorn themselves,
2; Ezr.8.29;~0 determine the worth prayer for the help of the Spirit, Ps. not mentioned in Scripture by either 49; Jn. 5.13; Ac.i:2.9; 23.5. 2. 9; I Pe. 3·.J :-wi"sea~tdf>n'!e'!t onrs,
of a character, or an action, 1 Sa. 2. 19.13;-and when circumstances ren- of the above names, yet it is plainly Wit, we do you to wit, we inform Deborah, Ju.4.-4,&c.,-Ab1gail, I Sa.
3: ls.26.7; Da5.27. der it proper, to marry, 1 Co. 7. 9;- referred to by its awful effects, 2 Ki. you, 2 Co.8.1. 25.3,14, &c. ;-the woman that inter•
Weights, required to be just, Le. often signifies the idolatrous prac- 19.7,35; Ps.103.15,I6; Je.4.n. Witchcraft, sorcery, or wicked arts ceded for Absalom, 2 Sa.14.!!, &c.;-
19.35; Pr.u.1; 16.JI; 20.10,23; Eze. tices of the professing people of God, Windows, passages for admitting light and cheats, Ga. 5. 20; Re. 18. 23;- one that advised the surrender of
-45. rn: Mi. 6. 10;-d.iverse kinds of, Je. 3.9; 13. 27: Eze.16.33; 23.8,17; 43. into houses, were made of lattice- strictly forbidden, Le.19.26,31; 20.6; Sheba to Joab, 20.16;-the queen o(
prohibited, De.25. 13. 7 ,9, &c. work before the invention of glass De.18.10; Mat.3.5; Re.21.8; 22.15;- Babylon, Da.5. IO;-,Pious ones, Eliza-
Welfare, happiness, success, Ge. 43. Whoremongers, they who converse (see LATTICE), and opened not upon instances of it, and of similar acts, I beth, the wife of Zacharias, Lu. 1.6;
27; Ex.18.7; Ps.6g.22: Je.38.4. with fomicators, 1 Ti. 1. 10; He.13.4; the street, but upon the court within, Sa.28.7; 2Ki.9.22; 17.17; 21:.6; 2Ch. -Mary, the mother of Jesus, 27;-
Well, of Jacob, Jn. 4. 6, 12 (it is dug Re.21.8; 22.15. Ge. 6. 16; 8.6; 26.8; Jos.2.I5,21; Ju.5. 33.6; Ac.8.9; 16.16; 19. 19. Mary Magdalene, and others that at.
in the rock, and is about 75 feet deep Whosoever, any without restriction, 28;-oflua·ven, the cloud,;, Ge.7.n; Witches are women, and WIZARDS tended Jesus, Mar. 15. 40: Lu. 8. 2:-
and 9 feet in diameter);-Beer-lahai. Mat.n.6; 13.12; Ro.2.1; Re.22.17. 8.2;-abundant effusion of blessings, are men, who practised secret arts, Martha and Mary, the sisters of Laza.
roi, Ge. 16.14;-Bethlehem,·2 Sa.23. Wicked, or ungodly persons, charac- Mal.3. to. and pretended to do so by the assist- rus, Jn. n. 5;-Dorcas, Ac. 9. 36;-
15; 1 Ch. n. 17;-Beersheba, Ge. 21. terized, 2 Ki.19.26:Job24.2; Ps.10.3; Wine, the juice of the grape, pre- ance of some evil spirit, who was ever Lydia. 16.14;-Priscilla, 18.26:-arl-
30, 31;-Elim. Ex. 15. 27;-Hagar, 22. 12; 36.1; 37. 21: 50. 17; 58. 3; Pr. 2. pared by fermentation, forbidden to ready at their call, 2 Ki.9.22; Is.8.19; fulones, Rebekah,Ge.27.6;-Michal,
Ge.21.19;-Haran, 29. 3,4;-Marah, 12; 4.16; 6.12; 16.27: 21.IO; 24.2; Is. the priests while officiating in the ta- 29. 4; 47. 9, 12; Mi. 5. 12 ;-associated 1 Sa. 19. 13;-wicked ones, Jezebel, 1
Ex.15.23;-Rehoboth, Ge.26.22. · 59.3; Eze. 18. 10: 22 6-12; Ro. 1. 29: 3. bernacle,Le. 10.9;-intoxicates Noah, with idolatry, De.18.g-14; 2 Ch.33.5, Ki. 2r. 7, &c.,25;-Athaliah, 2 Ki. 1r. 1.
Wells, of water, of great value in 11, &c.;-compared to despicable Ge.9.21;-the proper use of it, Ju. 6;-of Endor, 1 Sa.28.7;-'a woman Wonderful, surprising or astonishing:
eastern countries, where the people things, Ps.1. 4; 58. 4; 59. 6; Is. 57. 20: 9. 13; Ps.104. 15; Pr.31.6; Ee. 10. 19; who had a familiar spirit,' literally, 'a -God's testimonies are, Ps.u9.129;
are much exposed to heat, Ge.21.30; Je.6. 30: Eze. 2. 6; Ho. 13. 3; Mat. 7.6, I Ti. 5. 23:-a type of God's anger, mistress of the Ob,' to be cut off, Ex. -things that are so,Pr.30. 18;-Christ
z6.15,18; Ex.15.27: Nu.20. 17; Jn.-4- 26;-not to be envied, Ps.37.1; 73.2; to be drunk by all nations, Je. 25 . 22.18. so called, Is 9 6.
6 ,-----""!_./ salvation, or the word and or- Pr.23.17; 24.t,i:9;Je.I2.1;-no peace 15;-bymystical Babylon, Re.t6.19. Withal, likewise, or at the same time, Wonders, signifying miracles, Ex.3-
dinances of Christ, Is. 12.3;-wisdom to them, Is. 57. 21;-their punish- The Jews had a great variety of 1 Ki. 19. I; Ps. 141. to;Ac.25.27;-with, 20: 4.21; Ac.2.22,43; 4.30;--.rz&n.r or
a ·well-spring-eflife, Pr. 16.22. ment, 27.13-23. See PUNISHMENT. wines, all of which were fermented. or by means of, Ex.25.29; 30.-4,. tokens, Is.8.18.
Vt'en. a fleshy excrescence, or hard Wide, the gate and way to destruc- They also made cenain syrups or Withdraw, to remove or take away, Wont, accustomed or used, Ex.21.19;
knob, Le.22.22. tion, Mat.7.13. molasses from thevine, but these were 1 Sa.14.r9; Job 9.13; 13.21; Pr.25.17; Nu.22.30; 2 Sa.20.18; Mat.27.15.
Wench, a young girl, 2 Sa.17.17. Widow, a woman whose husband is never called wine. 2 Th. 3.6; I TI.6.5. Wood, the timber of trees, Ge.22.U,7;
Whale, the largest of fishes, some- dead, Ge. 38. II; Ro. 7. 3;-of Zare- Wine-prellB, to tread, or press the Withered, sapless, dried up, Ge.41. -a forest, Jos. 17. 18; t Sa.23. 16; 2
times measuring above i:oo feet in phath, her meal and oil multiplied, juice out of the grapes, Ne. 13. 15; 23: Ps.i:02.4; Mat. 12.rn: Jn.5.3. Sa.18.8.
length, Ge.1.21~-the Hebrew word and her son raised to life, 1 Ki. 17. Job24.n:-figuratively, to execute Withhold, to refrain, hold back, or Woof, the threads that cross the warp
thus translated signifies any monster 8, &c. ;-of Nain, her son raised to judgment with great slaughter, I~. keep from, Ge. 23. 6; 2 Sa.13.13; Ps. in cloth, the weft, Le.13.48,51, &1!.
of the deep, Job7.12; Ps.74.13:148. life, Lu. 7. 12:-one that gave her 6~.1-6; La.1.15: Re.14.19,20; 19.15. 40.n; 8-4.n; Pr.3.27. Wool, the fleece of sheep, Ju.6.3?; r
7; Is.27.1; Eze.29.-:t: 32.2; Mat12.40, mite commended by ,Jesus, Mar.12. Wings, are figuratively used to signify Withs, willowtwigs,ertwisted boughs, Ki.3.4; Pr.31.13; Is.1.18.
compared with Jonan 1.17. 42. the spreading and warming beams Ju.16.7-9. Word of God (the Log"-<),one of tho
Whatsoever, that, Ge.31.16; Nu.22. Widows,destitute, butunderthecarc of the !Un, Mal. 4. 2;-protection, Withstand, to oppose or resist, Nu. titles given to the Lord Jesus Christ.
<7; P..8.8; Mat.5.37; 7.12. of Providence, De.10. 18; Ps.68.5; Ps.17.S:36.7:57.1:61.-4;63.7;-?.vast 22.32; 2Ch.t3.7,8:Ac.11.17: Ep.6.13. expressive of his being the t«cl,e,
207
YEAR YOUTH ZAREPHATH ZEDEKIAH
md h1terpreter of the a;.~ ~T1m, J.ea5Ul"C forgotten. aml the poor meet so that two months included two evil from, Ge.8. 21 ;-sins of, bewailed, 4.26. It is represented by the IQo.
wd will Jn.1.1,14; 1Jn.5.,, Re.IQ. 1 on the same level with the rich, Pr. moons, and the one of these years 354 Job :13.26; Ps.25.7;-wife of, Pr.5.18; dern village of S urefend.
13 ;- the Holy Scriptures# Lu.+ -t, 22.2; Ja. 2. 1-5 ;-brotherly love is pro- days, and the other no less than 383 Is. 54. 6; Mal. 2. 14, 15 ;-husband of, Zaretan, zar'e-tan [cooling], the plac.,
Ep. 6. 17; 1 Pe. 1. 23;-th~ gospel of moted, Ps.122.1, &c.;-we place our- days. As the former of these falls Joel 1.8. where the waters of Jordan r0se
Christ, Lu.5.1; Ac.4-31; 6.7; 8.14; 13. selves within the reach of many en- eleven days short of the true or solar in an heap, and its channel for a 1/P
7;-a revelation of some particular couraging promises, Ex. 20. 24; Ps. 36. year, they were compelled, in order time made dry., Jos.3. 16;-called ~
message from God, 1 Ki.12.22; 1 Ch. 8: 92.13; 132.13-16; ls.40.31; 56.3-7; to keep their festivals at the proper Zartanah, .1 K1.4.12:-Zarthan, . .
1 7·3· Mat. 18. 20 ; - sinners are thus con-
Words OF M1m, shall be judged by verted, Ac. 16. 13, 14;-saints are re-
season, to add a whole month to the
year as often as it was needful, com- z. -Zereda, 11. 26;-Zererath, J,..1. 7,22'
Zareth-Shahar,za'reth-sha'har[sple ·
7 46
God, Mat. 12.36,37. freshed and strengthened, Ps.63.1-5; monly once in three, and sometimes dour of t_he dawn], a city of Reube:·
Workmanship, manufacture, skil1, 1 84.1, &c.; Is. 40. 3i;-the honour of once in two years. This intercalary a few miles south of Heshbon, JoS'.
Ch. :n. r: · ls.44. r r; Ac. 19. 25. Christ's ordinances is maintained, Ps. month was added at the end of the Zaanaim, U-a-na'im [removals], a 13.19.
Woru OF Goo, in creation and provi- 72. 17-19; ls.56.4-7. year, after the month Adar, and was 'plain' (or more correctly 'tere- Zatthu, zJ.t'thii [lovely, pleasant] on.
dence, great and unsearchable, Job Worthy, deserving of, Ge.32. 10; De. therefore called Veadar, or a second binth '), where Heber, the Kenite, who sign~d the covenant with Neb
5.9; 37.5; Ps.89.5, &c.; 104.r; Ec.8. 25. 2; 2 Sa. 22. 4;-valuable, I Sa. 1. 5; Adar. The year was also distin- pitched his tent, on the border of miah, Ne. 10. t4. e-
17; Je.rn.12;-lead to their Author, -suitable, or answerable to, Lu.3.8; guished into the civil, and the sacred Naphtali, not far from Kadesh; call- Zeal, ardour of mind for or against
Ps.11.1; 75.1; 145.10;Ac.14.17;Ro.r. Ep. 4. i; Col. 1. 10;-good or pious, or ecclesiastical year. The civil year ed also Zaanannim, Jos.19.33; Ju.4. a person or caus~, 2 ~a. 21. 2; 2 Ki.
19;-m redemption, Ac. 2. IT ;-great l\lat.I.J.II,13; Lu.7.4. commenced on the fifteenth of our Ir. ro. 16;- that which 1s good, corn.
and marvellous, Ps.139.14; Re.15.3. Wot, to know, or be aware of, Ge.21. September, because it was an old tra- Zabad, z.l.'bad [God-given], one of mended, Nu. 25. II; 2 Ch. 31. 21; Ee.
- - OF MEN, they are to be judged 26; 39.8;44.15; Ex.32.1: Nu.22.6;Jos. dition that the world was created at David's mighty men, I Ch.u.41. 9. 10; l\.Iat. 5. 6; 1 Co. i:6. 13; Ga. 4. 1 g.
by them, Job 34.II; Ps.62.12: Pr.24. 2.5; Ac.3.17; Ro.n.2; Phi.1.22. that season; and by it they computed Zabd.i, zi1.b'di [gift of Jehovah], the Tit. 2. 14; Jude 3; Re. 3. 19;-Chrz/
:12; Is.3.10; Je.17.10: 32.19; Eze.7.8, Wrap, to roll up in a covering, Ge. their jubilees, and dated all contracts, father of Carmi, Jos.7.r. timi, includes scriptural knowledge
27; z~. 14; Mat.16.27; Ro.2.6: 2 Co. .38.14; r Ki.19.13; Mat.27.59; Lu.2.7: the birth of children, and the reign of .Zabu.lon, zab'u-lon, ]r-fat.4.13,15, the of that for w~ich we are zealous, Ro.
5.10; 1Pe.1.17; Re.2.23; 20.12; 22 12. -to roll together, 2 Ki.2.8; Jn.20.7. kings. The months of this year, con- Greek form of Zebulun. I4. 5 ; - unfeigned concern for the
- - - , f?Ood, must be such as are re- Wrath of Man, extreme anger, sisting alternately of twenty-nine and Zaccheu.s, zak-k~ ....s [just], a chief glory of God, t Co. 10. 31;-fervent
quired of God, De.6.24;-must spring prompting to revenge, Ge. 49. 7; Es. thirty days, are exhibited in the fol- publican resident in Jericho, seeks to desire to promote the spiritual inte.
from love to him, II. r :-be performed 2.1; 3.5; 7.10,-just punishment, Ro. lowing- table, with the corresponding see Chris,, Lu. 19. 2-4;-is called by rests both of ourselves and others
from the heart, 10. 12;-and must be 2.5; 13.4,5. months of our year:- him, 5;-entertains Jesus, and avows Ro. 10. i: ;- active exertions in the us~
done •o his glory, r Co 10.31; Phi. r. - - - of God, his holy indignation at 1. Tisri, to part of Sept. and Oct. concern for the poor, &c., 8;-is en- of appointed means, 11. 14; I Co.9.20-
i:i:;-are wrought by God, Is.26.12; sin, and righteous punishment of it, 2. l\Iarchesvan or Bul, Oct.and Nov. couraged by him, 9. 10. 22 ;-exertions proportioned to the
Phi.2.13;-only spring from abiding De.9.7;Jos.22.20; 2 Ch.19.2; 24.18;- 3. Chisleu or Kisleu, Nov. and Dec, Zachariah, zak-a-rt'ah, or ZECHA• importanc~ of our .object, Mat.23. 34 ;
in Christ, Jn. 15. 4, 5;-are evidences denounced on impenitent sinners, Ex. 4. The bet, Dec. and Jan. RIAH [remembered of Jehovahl, (.c) -the motwes to 11, are: the divine
of the g00d!less of men's principles, 22.24; Ezr.8.22; Lu. 21. 23; Jn. 3. 36; 5. Sebat, Jan. and Feb. The fourteenth king of Israel, suc- command, Ga. 4. 17; Re. 3. :19;-God
Mat. 7. 17; 12.33·-absolutely requir- Ro.1.18; 2.5,8; Ep.5.6. 6. Adar, Feb. and Mar. ceeds his father Jeroboam the second, abhors and threatens the want of it
ed, 5.16; 2 Co.9.t Ep.2.10: Col.r.ro; Wreaths, a kind of net~work in the 7. Nisan or Abib, Mar.and April. 2 Ki. 14. 29 ;-after a wicked reign of Am. 6. r; Re. 3. t5, .c6 ;-the exampl~
I Ti.2.-0; 2 Ti.2.21; 3.17: Tit.2.14; 3. form of garlands or chaplets,, with 8. Jyar or Zif, April and May. six months, was slain, 15. 9, ro.-(2} of Christ, Ps.69.9; Jn.2.17;-the im.
8,14; He.13.16,21 ;Ja.2.17. See0BED- artificial sprigs, leaves, flowers, and 9. Sivan, MayandJune. Son of J ehoiada, high-priest of the portance of religion, Lu. 10. 42; Phi.
I£NCE. fruit, Ex.28.14, &c.; 1 Ki.7.17; 2 Ch. 10. Thammuz, June and July. Jews, is supposed to be the same 3.7-g:-the difficulties which attend
- - - OF THE LAW, will not justify, 4.12,13. n. Ab, July and Aug. with Azariah, rCh.6.10,n;-was put our salvation, Ep.6.12;-the advant.
Ro.3.20; 4.2; 11.6; Ga.2. 16; Ep.2.8,9; Wrest, to twist by violence, to tum 12. Elul, Aug. and Sept. to death in the temple by order of age of it to ourselves and others, 2
-men said to be justified by, Ja.2. by force in a wrong way, Ex.23.2,6; Y car, the sacred or ecclesiastical, be- J oash, 2 Ch. 24. 20, 21; Mat. 23. 35.- Co.9.2,6; Ja.5.20;-the glory which
24. Se1 JusTJFICATION. De.16.19; Ps.56.5; 2 Pe.3.16. gan in Murch, or the first day of the (3} The son of Jeberechiah, who unit brings to God, Jn.15.8; Ga.1.::>4; 2
World, the whole material universe, Wrestle, to struggle with one for vic- month Nisan, because at that time I derstood the visions of God, 2 Ch. Th. I. 11, 12 ;-co11tmendable, exam-
Jn. r. 1..... :-this globe which we in- tory, Ge.30.8; 32.24,25; Ep.6.12. they departed out of Egypt, Ex.12.1; 26. 5;-attested Isaiah's writing, Is. ples of: in l\Ioses, Ex.32.20:-Ptine-
habit, 1 Sa.2. 8; Ps. 24. r; go. 2;-the Wretched, miserable, Ro. 7. 24; Re. Re. 23. 5 ;-by this year they com- 8. 2.-(4) One of the minor prophets, has, Nu.25.n-i:3;-Caleb, 13.30; 14.
Roman empire, Lu.2. r; Re. 13. 3;- 3· 1 7• pt!ted their festivals, and the pro- was born in Babylon, returned with 6-g;-David, Ps.u9.139;-Paul, Ac.
Gentile.;, R::::. rr. 12, 25;-earthly and Wring, to twist or turn round with phets also occasionally dated their the first band of exiles under Zerub- 20. 24 ;-Epaphras, Col. 4. 12, 18;~-the
sensual possessions and enjoyments, violence, Le.1.15; Ju. 6.38; Ps.75.8; oracles and visions, Zee. 7. i. The babel; and, while yet young, be_';an Corinthians, :i Co.14.12; 7. n; 9.2;-
1 Jn. 2. :15;- the corruptions which Pr.30.33. months of this, with the correspond~ to prophesy soon after Haggai, Ezr. e.xcessive, its bad effects, l\Iat.10.3 5;
prevail on earth, Ga.1.4; Ep.2.2; Ja. Wrinkle, a furrow of the skin or face, ing months of our year, are here pre- 5. 1;-greatly encouraged the Jews in Lu. 21. 16; Jn. 16. 2 ;-improfer, re-
1 27 :-ungodly men, Jn. 7. 7; q. 17, caused by age or emaciation from di- sented:- building the second temple, Zec.1.12, proved, Lu. 9. 55; Ro. i:o.;_, J;---erron.
~9.22,n: 15.18,19;-to it the followers sease, Job 16. 8;-any roughness or r. Nisan or. Abib, Mar. and Apr. &c.; 8.r, &c. eous,examples: of Saul in slaying the
of Christ are not to be conformed, deformity, Ep.5.27. 2. Jyar or Zif, Apr.and May. Zacharias, an ordinary priest of the Gibeonites, 2 Sa.21.1,2;-ofthe Jews
Ro. 12.2; Ga.6.14; Ja.1.27; 4.4; 1Jn. Writing, was originally practised on 3. Sivan, MayandJune family of Abia,and the father of John against Stephen, Ac. 7. 55 ;-of the
2. 1 5; 5.4. hard substances, snch as stones and 4. Thammuz, JuneandJuly the Baptist, his character, Lu. 1.6;- heathens of Ephesus, 19.28;-of the
Worldly, hum~~, bent upon theworld, metals;-the decalogue was written 5. Ab, JulyandAug. his vision, n;-his prophecy, 67. Jews at Jerusalem against Paul, 21 •
Tit.2.12; He.9.1. on two tables, or smooth flat pieces 6. Elul, Aug.and Sept. Zadok,za'dok [justJ,(t) Son of Ahitub, 28; 22. 22;-his own zeal for the law
Worms, job's flesh wa,; covered with, of stone, Ex.34.1; De.10.4. The book 7. Tisri, Sept. and Oct. a priest in the time of David, whom before his conversion, 9.:1, &c.; 22.3;
Job 7. 5 ;-Herod was eaten of, Ac. of Job is supposed by some to be the 8. Marchesvan or Bul, Oct. and Nov. he accompanied in his flight from 26.5; Phi.3.6;-h;:Pocritical, in Jehu,
u. 23:-one which d1eth not, or an most ancient •written document in 9. Chisleu or K.isleu, N av.and Dec. Absalom, 2 Sa. 15. 24 ;-put in the 2 Ki. 10. 16 ;-ef God, his fixed and
accusing conscience, Mar 9.44,46,48. existence; others believe that the 10. Thebet, Dec. and Jan. place of Abiathar as hi;;h-priest, 1 earnest concern for hi~ ow.n glory,
Wormwood, an herb of the genus documents embodied in the first part 11. Sebat, Jan. and Feb. Ki. 2. 35;-anoints Solomon, r. 39;- and the good of his people, 2 Ki. 19.
A rtemista, distinguished for its ex- of the book of Genesis are the earliest 12. Adar, Feb. and Mar. his descendants to be high-priests in 31: Is.9.7; 59.17; 63.15; Eze.5.13.
lreme bitterness of taste; destructivt exrant. See BOOKS. - - , sabbatical, or every seventh, future time, Eze. 44. 15.-{2) Also a Zealous, ardent, Nu. 25. II, 13; Ac.
to wonns;-anything bitter and pain- Wrong, an injury, Ge.16.5; Je.::?:.:.3, Ex. 23. 10; Le. 25. 1; De. :15. I ;-o.f priest, the ancestor of Ezra, Ezr. 7. 2. 21.20; rCo.14.12; Tit.2.14; Re.3.19.
ful compared to, De. 29. 18; Pr. 5. 4; 13; La.3.59; Mat.20.13:-what is im- Jubilee, Le.25.8. See JuBILEE. Za.ir, zl'ir [little], a city or place in the Zealously, with passionate ardour,
Je. 9. 15; 23. 15; La. 3. 15, 19; Am. 5.7; proper or unjust, De.:19.16; Hab.1.4. Yearning OF THE BoWELS, imports land of Edom, where Joram defeated Ga.4.17,18.
Re.8.11. Wrongfully, unjustly, Job 21.27; Ps. the movings of tender affection and the Edomites, 2 Ki.8.n. Zebah, ze'bah [sacrifice], a Midian-
Worship, civil, the honour and l"C- 35. 19; 38.19; n9.86; Eze.22.29: :i Pe. compassion, Ge.43.30; I Ki.3.26. Zalmon, za.J'mon [shady], a lofty hill itish prince, Ju.8.5. See ZALJ\HJNSA.
verence given to a ~uperior, .Mat.18. 2.19. Yell, to cry like a young lion, Je.2. near Shechem, which is often covered Zebedee, zeb'e-dee, the father of the
26; Lu. 14. 10;-reli'gious, to be paid Wr~ angry or irritated, Ge. 4. 5; 1 5: 51.38. with snow, J u.9.48;-ca]Ied Salmon, apostles James and John, Mat.4.21;
to God only, Ex.,30.14; Mat.4.10; Lu. 31. 36; 40.2; Ex.:16.20; Is.54.9; 64.5; Yesterday, a thousand years are as, Ps.68.14. 10.2; l\lar.1.19,20.
a4.8; Ac.10.25; 14. 13; &c.; Re.19 10; Mat.18.34; 22.7. , with God, Ps.90.4;-to-day, and for Zalmmma, zal-mun'nah [shelter is Ze boim., ze bo'im, (1) The valley o/
22.8;-not to be given to angels, Col. ever, Christ is the same during, ex- denied him], and ZEBA, kings of [ valley of hyenas], one of the wild
2. 18:-refused and reproved when pressive both of his eternity and im- Midian, after whom Gideon pursued, ravines which run down the eastern
offered to them, Re.19.10; 22.8,9, mutability, He.r3.8. Ju. 8. 5, 6;-conquered and slain by slope of Benjamin into the Jordan
- - - , .family, in which all the
members of a household meet to read Y. Yield, to produce, Ge.I.II; 4.12; Le.
19.25; 26.4,20;-to surrender or re-
him, 10-21; Ps.83.II.
Zamzummima, zam-zum'mims [noisy
plain, 1 Sa. 13. 18. - (2) The citJ' o/
[city of roes], one of the five cities of
the Holy Scriptures, and to join in sign, 2 Ch.30.8; Pr.7.21; Mat. 27.50; people], a race of giants, dispossessed the plain, and grouped with Sodom
prayer and praise; exemplified by Ro.6.19. by the Ammonites, De. 2.20;-called and Gomorrah, Ge. 10. 19: De. 29. 23;
Joshua, Jos. 24. 15;-by David, 2 Sa. Yarn, linen, brought from Egypt by Yoke, a cun·ed piece of wood laid on Zuzims, Ge.14.5. Ho. n. 8. The names of the valley
6. 20;-by Daniel.Da.6. 10;-by Christ Solomu11, 1 Ki . .co.28; 2Ch.1.14. the neck 01 cattle, and bound to it by Zanoah., zan-0'ah [marsh], two towns and of the city respecth,ely are in the
and his disciples, who were his house- Yea, YEA, and NAY, NAY, our speech thongs, for drawing waggons, &c., thus named in Judah, Jos. 15.34,56; Hebrew radicaily different words.
hold, Lu.9.18;-itscbligation is plain- required to be; or our affirmations Nu. 19. 2; De. 2r. 3 ;-figuratively, Ne.3.13. Zebul, ~'bul [habitation], governor of
ly acknowledged, in the judgment and denials to be simple, and free bondage or servitude, Ge.27.40; Le. Zaphnath.Paa.neah, z/!f'nath-pa-a- the city of Shechem, Ju.9.28;-calls
threatened for its nf"glect, Je. to. 25,- from oaths, Mat.5.37; Ja.5.:12. 26.13; Ac.15.10; Ga.5.1; 1Ti.6.1;- ne'ah [discoverer of secrets], the name Abimelech to fight against Gaal, 'JCr
pul,lic, required, De. 26. 10, 11; 2 Ki Year, is either solar, or lunar, or civil. calamity, La.I.1<4; 3.27;-a propheti- which Pharaoh gave to Joseph, Ge. 41.
17.36; Ps. 22. 22, 25; 35. 18; 95. 6; 107. The solar year is measured by the cal emblem,Je.27.2;-ofChrist, easy, 41.45. Zebulun, zeb'u-lun [dwening), the
32; 116.1<4; 122.1,4; Mat.18.20; Ac.I. apparent motion of the sun through Mat.n.30; Ro.12.1; 1Jn.5.3. Zaphon, za.'fon [the north], a city of iixth son of Jacob by Leah, Ge. 30.
14; 10. 33; He. 10. 25:-ought to· be the twelve signs of the zodiac, and Younger, more young, Ge. 9.24; 19. Gad, a few miles east of the Sea of 20: 35.23;-his sons, <46.14: Nu.1.:,0;
rokmn, not light and trifling, Le. 10. consists of 365 days, 5 hours, and 48 31,38; Job 30.1; Eze.16.46,61; Lu.15. Galilee, Jos.13.27;-called Shophan, -prophetic benediction of his father
3; Ps. 89. II: Ee. 5. 1;-sincen, and minutes. The lunar is measured by 12,13; 1 Ti.5.1,2; 1 Pe.5.5. Nu.32.35. respecting his offspring, Ge.49.13:-
not hypocritical, Eze.33.31,32;-with twelYe lunations, or revolutions of Youngest, Ge.42.13,15; 44. 2, 12; Jos. Zarah, za'rah or ZERAH [a rising of the borders of the teiTitory of the
lwly cMnfulness, and not with for- the moon from change to change, and 6.26; Ju.9.5; I !:u 16 ·: light], the son of Judah by Tamar, tribe of, described, J os.19. 10-16.
bidding gloom, Ps. 33. 1; 100. 1, 2; is eleven days Jess than the solar, con- Young Persons, their duty, Le. 19. and twin-brother of Pharez, Ge.38.30; Zechariah.. See ZACHARIAH.
1<47. I; - and with simplicit7 and sisting of 354 days, 8 hours, and 48 32; Pr.r.8; Ec.12.1; La.3.27; Tit.2.6; -his posterity, 1 Ch. 2.6. Zedad, ze'dad [mountain side), a city
jJMrit7, Mat.15.9; He.10.22. minutes. And the civil is that which, 1 Pe. 5. 5;---examples of good ones: Za.red,zil'red [exuberant growth], Nu. of Syria, on the north-eac;t border of
- - - , /mhl1c, advantages of: by it for convenience, computes by whole Obadiah, i: Ki. 18. u;-Josiah, 2 Ch. 21. 12;--caJled also Zered, De. 2. 13, Palestine, Nu.3a4.8: Eze.4-7.1,15.
QUr knowledge of divine things is days; and among us consists of 365 34. 3;-David, Ps. 71. 5, 17;-Jesus, 14;-a valley separating Moab from Zedekiah. zCd-e-ki'ah [the justice of
increased, Pr.8.33,34· Mal.2.7;-our days, and every fourth year of 366. Lu.2. 52;-Timothy, 2Ti. 3.15;-bad Edom. the Lord], (1) The son of Josiah, and
attention is called away from worldly Among the Hebre:ws the year wa& ones: Er, t!,e son of Judah, Ge.38.7; Zarephath, za'.r' e - fath [smelting- fast king of Judah, succeeds Jehoia-
ohjects and purmits, and directed to partly lunar and wandering, and part- -the sons of Eli, 1 Sa.2. 12; 3.13,22; house), called also Sarepta (Lu.4.26), chin, 2 Ki. 2a4. 17; 2 Ch. 16. 10;-rebeb
the concerns of eternity, Ps.85.8; Ac. ly ~olar and fixed. It consisted ordi- -Absalom, 2 Sa. 15. 2, &c. ;-those a city of the Phc:enicians on the coast against Nebuchadnezzar, 13; Je.52. 1;
Jo. 33, -our devotion is enlivened, and narily of twelve, and occasionally of that mocked Elisha, 2 Ki. 2. 23. See of the Mediterranean, between Tyre -his captivity foretold, 34. 1: 37. 17;
our ze:tl excited, Pr.27.17; Is.40. 31; thirteen synodical months,altemately CHILDREN. and Zidon, where Elijah lodged some Eze.12.8; 21.25;-sends for Jeremiah.
-worldly distinctions arc in some of twenty-nine and tainy days each, Youth, early life, imagination of men time with a widow, I Ki. 17.9,10; Lu. Je.21.1;-taken,and his eyes put out,
208
ZEBA.H ZIF NOIZ ZOBA:11 ZUZIM&
JCL 95· ,, &c.; Je. 39- -t 52· 8.:-C:r) The 13--(2) King of Ethiopia or Cush, part or our April, l Ki. 6. 1, 37: also habitation of the redeemed, He. 12. o( which Saul fought, 1 Sa. Lt- -tr.-
, pbe 4 reproved. z KL. 22. n. invaded Judah with 1,000,000 of in.. called J yar. 22; Re.14.1;-daughter of Jerusalem, David smote the kingo~ aSa.u. 3::,.
~(1;'Another false prophet, aw- fantr),-, and 300 chariots, but was de•
feated by Asa, • Ch.14-9-15,
Ziklag, zik'lag (pressed], a city in the
south of Judah, allotted to Simeon,
Is.1.8.
Ziph, zif [a flowing], the name oJ. a
Ki.u.24.
Zoheleth,zo'he-leth [aserpenti a stone
~y denounced by Jeremiah, Je.29-
Zered. See ZAREU. Jos. Jfli. 31. 19.5;-wasgiven byAchish, city of the tribe of Judah a few miles by En-Rogel, 1 Ki.1,9.
sr,t2. ,w'eb [wolf], and 0:REB, two Zereda, zer-e'da [cooling1 a town in king of Gath, to David for an asylum from Hebron on the borders of the Zophar, zO'far [sparrow], one of Job's.
~b, of Midian taken and slain, Ephraim, I Ki.11.26; 2Ch.4-17:-prer from the rage of Saul, I Sa. 27. 6;- wilderness of Ziph, where David con- three friends who came to visit him.
pr.aces bably the same as Z::tretan, Jos.3.16; was burned by the Amalekites, 30.1: cealed himself from Saul, 1 Sa.23.14, called the Naamathik, probably l"lt:-
Ju-'Z· 2 ~'Jah [a rib, a side1 a city of -Zererath, J11.7.22,-Zartan.ah. 1 Ki. -David repaired and dwelt in it, 2 15,19; Ps.54. title. cause he came from Naa111a, pro-
lelaJl. "be of Benjamin, probably the 4.12;-anct Zarthan,7.46. Sa.1.1. Zippor,zip'por [small bird],the father bably some place in Jdumea, Job:.
the_ tn laccofkingSaul,notfarfrom Zeruah, ze-ru'ah [leprous], the mother Zillah, zil1ah [a shadow], one of the ofBalak,kingoflioab,Nu.22.2;23. 11;-answers, Job 11.1,&c.;- h1~
pauve fem ·-here Saul was buried in of Jeroboam, I KL u.26. wives of Lamech, and mother of Tu.. 18; Jos.24.9. second speech, 20.1, &c
1:s:epul~hre of Kish his father,' 2 Zerubbabel, ze-rub'ba-bel [born in
Babylon], or ZoROBABEL, the son of
bal-Cain, Ge.4. 19.
Zilpah, zil'pah [a dropping], the hand-
Zipporah, zip-pa'rah [little bird], one
of the seven daughters of Jethro, and
Zophim., z6'fim rw".l:....ners]. a plaet: on
the 'top ,:,!' ?1sgah' to which Balak
5t"i,~had. ,e-lO'fe-had [first-born], Shealtiel, and of the royal race of
David, Ezr.3.2~ Mat.1.12;-the same
maid of Leah, and concttbine ofJacob,
Ge.29.24; 30.9,10; 35.36.
the wife of Moses, Ex.2.21;-bare to
him two sons, 22; 4.20;-circumcised
'b:-oLight Balaam, Nu.23.14-
Zorah, zO'rah [hornet's town], a city
'!:~n of Hephar, died wit~o1;;1t so~s,
but left five daughters: their mh~nt• withSheshbazzar,hisChaldean name, Zilthai, zil1 thi [shadow, i.e. protection, them, 25;-she with her sons were of the tribe of Dan, near the border
ance, Nu. 27 , 1;-to whom mamed, Ezr.1.8,u; 5.14,16;-to his care Cy- of Jehovah], one of the posterity of brought by her father to Moses in the of Judah, not far from Eshtaol, Jos.
rus committed the sacred vessels sent Benjamin, 1 Ch.8.20. wilderness, 18.r-6.. 19. 41:-here Samso~, was born, and
ti~:S. ze-Io'tes [zealous]! the sur.
narne of Simon the Canaanite, one of
back to Jerusalem which had been
carried to Babylon, to th~ number of
Zimran, .Gim'ran [celebrated in song],
son of Abraham by Keturah,Ge.25.2.
Zithrl,zith'ri (protectiOQ. of Jehovah],
son of Uzziel, Ge.6.22.
buried, Ju.13.2-25~ 16.31;-men sent
from, to spy the Jand, 18.2:-rebuiJt
he apostles, Lu.6.15. See SIMON. 5400, 1. 1-u;-with him went up from Z ~ zim'ri [celebrated in song], (1) Ziz [a flower], a hill in the south of and fortified by Renoboam. 2 Ch. n.
i:el.Z&h, zCl'zah [shade from the sun], Babylon to Jerusalem 42,36o Jews, A general in the army of Elah, king Judah, near which the Moabites and 10;-called Zare~.h, Ne. u. 29;-Zo
place near Rachel's sepulchre, on together with 7337 servants, 2.64,65; of Israel, murders and succeeds him, Ammonites were destroyed by God, reah, Jos.15.33.
ah boundary of Benjamin, I Sa.10.2. -was zealous in rebuilding the tern.. I Ki. 16. ro;-burns himself, 18.-(2) for the help of Jeho,haphat, 2Ch.20. Zuph, zuf[hon,.y-comb], (,) A Levite.
~~a.inl, zem•a•r4'im [double• pie, Ezr. 5. 2; Hag. 1. 12:-was en- The son of Salu, a prince of a chief 16--25. the great-grar.dfatherof Elkanah, the-
ount forestJ, a city of the Benja. couraged by the prophets Haggai house of the Simeonites, slain by Zoan, zO'an [low], a very ancient city I father of Samuel, 1 Sa.1. t; 1 Ch 6.34.
:ites, near Bethel, Jos.118.22;-near and Zechariah, Hag. 1. I, &c.; Zee. Phinehas for criminal connection with of Egypt (built seven years after 35.-(2) The place where his posterity
it was a mount of the same name, 4.6-10. Cozbi, the daughter of Zur, a prince Hebron), not far from the Mediter- dwelt was thus named, t Sa.9.5.
t~ the foot of which 500,000 of Jero- Zeruiah, ze'r-u-i'ah [wounded], one of ofMidian, Nu.25.14,15. ranean, near the mouth of the Tanitic Zur [stone], a prince of Midian, whose
~·s army were killed, 2 Ch.13.4, David's two sisters, and mother of Zin [a low palm•tree], a wilderness to branch of the Nile, and long of great daughter was killed by Phinehas for
Joab, Abisha4 and Asahel, 2 Sa. 2. the south-west of the Dead Sea;-the note, Nu. 13. 22; Ps. 78. 12,43; Is. 19. criminal connection with Zimri, Nu .
.;]~. zlfoas, a_ disti~.211ished. Chris- 18; 3.39: 8.16: 16.10: I Ch.2.16. Israelites come thither, Nu. 20. 1;- II~ 30. -4; Eze. 30. 14 ;-was called 25.15;-was himself slain, 31.8.
tian mentioned m Scripture, T1t.3.13. Ziba, ze'bah [statue], servant of kini rebelled in, 27.14; De.32.51. TANIS by the Greeks; nowSdn, aa Zurishaddai, zii'ri-shad'l (the Al-
Called a 'lawyer, as being skilled in Saul, his treachery, 2 Sa.16.1: 19.24- Zion, zI'on [dry, sunny mount], called insignificant village. mighty my rock], the father of Shalu 4
the Jewish law. Zibiah, zib-i'ah [seven], the mother of StoN in the New Testament, the Zoar,zO'ar[smallness],origiualiycalled miel, chief of the tribe of Simeon at
g.phalliah, zef-a-nT'ah [defended of king Joash, 2 Ki.12.1. highest point inJ erusalem, being 2539 Bela, one of the five cities which re.. the departure of the H¢brews from
the Lord], (1) One of the minor pro- Zich.ri. zik'ri [remembered], the name feet above the level of the iiediter.. belled agaiast Chedorlaomer, Ge.14. Egypt, Nu.r.6; 7.36.
phets, who lived in the time of Josiah, of several of the posterity of Benja- ranean. This height was the Salem 2;-for its safety Lot interceded, and Zuzims, zil'zims [the prominent ones],
king of Judah, Zep. 1. ,, &c.-(2) The min, 1 Ch.8.19,23,27; also 2 Ch.17.16. of Melchized.:c, and was afterwards to it he fled, 19.20--23:-it seems to a race of giants who dwelt beyond
deputy high-priest, under Seraiah, 2 Zidkijah, rid-kl' jah [the justice of the occupied by the Jebusites till it was have stood near the base of the Jordan, and who were conquered by
Ki. 25. 18; Je. 52. 24;-by him Zede- Lord], one who sealed the covenant taken by David, 2 Sa.5.9; 1 Ch.11.7; mountain range at the s. E. comer of Chedorlaomer and his allies, Ge.14. 5;
kiah eonsulted the prophet Jeremiah, with Nehemiah. Ne.10.1. -sometimes denotes the whole city, the Dead Sea, De.34. 3; Is.15 5. -supposed by some to be the :.R.mc
21.r; 29.29; 37•3· Zidon. s~e SIDON. Ps.149.2; 88.2: ls.33.14;Joel2.2;- Zobah, zffbah [station], a portion of with the ZAMZL'MMIMS, De.2.20,21
~rah. ze'rah (rising], (1} The son of Zif [bloom-month], the second month after the captivity the name given to Syria constituting one of the king.. -were allied to the Rephaim and
Simeon, and father of the Zarhites, of the Jewish sacred year, and the the eminence on 'which the temple domsof Aram, lying between Hamath other gigantic races ·who originall.Y
"1led also Zahar, Ge. ¢. xo; Nu. a6.. eighth of their civil year, agreeini to was built. Symbolically &iven to the and the Euphrates;-against the kings Inhabited Palestine.
209
ARDENS OF DAMASCUS. [Genesis, ii:8-14.]-"And the Lord God planted a city of which we know; and from th.e mountain we see here nsmg from the gardens
G garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed."
The Garden of Eden was located, it is supposed by some, in the northeast of
Arabia, at the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Its real position, how-
of Damascus, an observer can see the mountains on the borders of the Eastern
desert toward the confines of Mesopotamia, where the original Garden ·of Eden
is supposed by some to have been situated. The gardens of Damascus are little
ever, is in doubt. The picture, "Gardens of Damascus," is given here because enclosed plantations which encompass the city and extend for several miles into
Damascus comes nearer il]u~trating for us what an Eastern garden is, than anv other the plain.
THE FIRST BOOK OF MOSES, CALLED
GENESIS,
fbat is, GIINEBATION (Heb. BERllSHITH, in the beginning). In this book we have the writings of Moses covering 2369 years, viz. the creation of all thing3;
the original happiness and fall of man; the expulsion from Eden; the progress of various arts, the general corruption of society, and the deluge sent to punish it;
the preservation of Noah and his family in the ark, and their repeopling the earth; God's confounding of languages at the building of the towel" of Babel, with h.i.i;
arvellous providences towards the families of Lot and N ahor, but especially of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph.
111
BEFORE CHRIST, 4004.-JULIA.N PERIOD, 710.-INDICTION, 5.-CREATION FROlll TISRI OR SEPTEMBER I.
B.C.4004-
CHAPTER I.
&C.4004,
the waters which were under the firmament
7 ln the clouds.
1 The cre.ation of heaven and earth, 3 of the light, 6 of the fi,rma-
CHAP. L
8 From heave, be-
from the waters which were above the firma-
_,t, 9 of the earth Sf'f)arated from the waters, 11 and made fruitful, l-:11:gt:_~fi:i."Ji1i!: ment :1 and it was so.
cause the heavens, in
relation to the eanh,
11.3- are heaved or ex•
14 of the sun, moon, and stars, 20 of fish a.nd fowl, 24 of beast& and
cattle, 26 of man in the image of God. 29 Also the appointment of 6Job26.13-
panded upwards.-
C.
8 And God called the firmament 8 Heaven.
food·
c2Co.4-6.
9 Theonlyinstance
in which the work of
And the evening and the morning were the
l Heb. !Jel"lwen the
N the beginning "God created the heaven light the day is not, at its
second day. 9
I
and between the
darkne.rs. ~~i!~ef1";o~o/. f)i°;
and the earth. · 2 ,:e. shiningwarm- reasonoftheomission
seems to be, that the
9 ,r And God said, Let the waters under the
er.
2 And the earth was without form, and 3 continues into the heaven be gathered together unto •one place,
process of dividing
as t;_~ ;i~~~~-~ next day, when the
void; and darkness was upon the face of the -i.e. time of howling separation of earth and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
deep; and the bSpirit of God moved upon the 4 Minrlin;r, be- ~e~e~~a
or uncertainty.
ti!>eei!toJ~~
pronounced zood.- 10 And God called the dry land Earth ;1 and
cause comvosed of C.
face of the waters. ~ht and darkness.- e Job38.8.Pr.8.29. the gathering together of the waters called ho
3 ,r And God said, •Let,.there be light: and f5 Lookinr out, fn downward. 1 i.e. pressing low
Seas :2 and God saw that it was good.
reference to the sun. t ,: e, straight
there was light. -c. spreadc:r5. 11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth
4 And God saw the light, that it was good: ing,8 'And it was even- kinds of products are grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree
3 Three distinct
and it was morn- here specified :-1.
and God divided the light from the darkness. 1 ing, is man1fest allusion the green tender yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed ·is in
one day.' There The • grass;' that is,
to the Jewish mode blade of that species
5 And God called the light Day,2 and the day of reckoning. Their
is from sunset to :n~ch j~icrre:r1!;:f~
itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
darkness he called Night. 3 And the evening4 sunset. The word without artificial aid 12 And the earth brought forth grass, an<l
and the morning5 were the first day. 6 ;r=:;~t::~;i~f~ or cultivation.
2.
time between sunset ~~~~•tr~h~sg~!i:id1~a herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree
and dark. This in- vegetables, which
6 ,r And God said, aLet there be a firma- of troduces one section must be sown or yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his
the day- the planted. 3. The tree,
other; the two minent feature and kind: and God saw that it was good.
' morning' introduces whosefruit is a pro- 3
ment in the midst of the waters, and let it the together constitute characteristic. The
divide the waters from the waters. the
A
complete day.- writer ascends from
the lowest to the
13 And the evening and the morning were
7 And God made the firmament, and divided highest species of the third day.
vegetable life.-P.
CHAPTER I. Ver. 1. That is, in the begin- -a mere heading to the chapter; for it mentions the observed laws of motion both on earth and in
ning of time, God created the elements out of which- 'heaven' first, whereas in the following verses •·the the heavens; but never can account for its origin.
all things in heaven and earth were formed. Ac- earth' is first spoken of. This of itself is sufficient to Moses, divinely instructed, ascribes it directly to the
cording to the teachings of chemistry there are show that ver. l refers to a prior act of God-an twent Spirit of God; From him originates also every spiri-
about seventy different kinds of atoms which are the anterior to those described in the subsequent part of tual movement of the soul in returning to God and
elements God used as material to build the uni- the chapter. The tenns 'heaven and earth' may entering his kingdom. Jn. 3. 5. C.--And the earth
verse. He. II. 3, 'Through faith we understand mean the universe of mind and matter. Then was, or had become, waste and desolate. Its physical
that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so heaven would include the celestial spheres with features were reduced to utter confusion: its elements
that things which are seen were not made of things angels and spirits, and the earth would include were in complete disorder-chaos reigned entirely.
which do appear;' Ps.102.25, 'Of old thou hast laid all the animals which the researches of geology Darkness was upon the .face ef the deep. This im-
the foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the have brought to light, entombed in the various plies that there was some dense mist or cloud hovering
work of thy hands;' 2 Pe. 3. 5; Je. IO. 12; 51. 15; Ex. strata. The 'heaven and the earth,' whose creation over the earth's surface, so as totally to exclude light
31. 17; 20. II; Ps. 33· 6, 9; 89. II, 12; 146. 6; 148. 1--6; is thus simply announced, embraced the whole from without. The introduction of light, and the suc-
ls. 44 24; Zee. 12. 1; Ac. 14- 15; 17. 24; 4- 24; Is. 42. 5; pre-adamic universe. The fact of its creation cession of day and night, prove that at the very com-
Re.4- II; IO. <i; 14- 7; Ro. I. 19,20; 11. 36. The word at some undefined past age is recorded; and then mencement of what is usually called the creative week
ELOHIM, here rendered God, is plural, and denotes the it is indicated that from some cause the earth the sun existed, and the dinrnal motion of the earth on
WORSHIPFUL 0:-<ES, the Divine Persons, who equally having been reduced to chaos, God put forth anew its axis was in operation. P.]
concurred in the creation of all things. I Co. 8. 6, 'The creative power, and prepared it for a new race of ani- Ver. 3. 2 Co. 4- 6, 'God commanded the light to
Father,ofwhomareall things;' Mat. 11. 25, 'Heis Lord mals, and for the noblest of all-man. P.] shine out of darkness.' It, as well as all things else,
of heaven and earth;' Ep. 3. 9, 'God created all things Ver. 2. Earth, deep, and waters, signify the same was produced by Christ, who is God's personal Word,
by Jesus Christ;' Jn. I. 1-3, 'In the beginning was the mingled mass of earth and water. 2 Pe. 3. 5, ' The Jn. I. 3; his wisdom and power, I Co. I. 24- God
Word (the Son), and the Word was with God, and the earth standing out of the water, and in the water. '-It created all things through Jesus Christ. The Son
Word was God : all things were made by him, and was without .form; without any agreeable shape, order, is not only the Mediator of Redemption, but also of
without him was not anything made that was made;' or ornament: and void, without either vegetables to Creation, Administration, and Consummatioll. He
Col. 1. 16; Pr. 8. 27-30; Job 26. 13, 'By his spirit he furnish it, or animals to inhabit it. And the Spirit of is the Alpha and the Omega.
garnished the heavens;' Ps. 33. 6, • All the host of them God in His almighty power proceeding from the Ver. 4- God divided the light .from the darkness, by
were made by the spirit of his mouth;' 104- 30.-[This_ Father as the source of all and through the Son as making them to take different places by turns; the light
verse is the introduction to the whole Bible. It is the the Mediator moved upon this mingled mass, always shining upon the one half of the mingled mass,
introduction to history, for it marks the boundary be- to prepare it for the intended separation of earth and the darkness covering the other; in much the same
tween time and eternity. It cannot be, as has been and water, and for the production of vegetables manner as our sun by turns illuminates the one half of
genen.ll,- supposed, a mere summary of what follows and animals. - [Philosophy can explain the the globe and leaves the other in darkness.
Ver. S· The time of the first revolution of the darlt-
"ol. 1-14 211 1
The creation. GENESIS I. The creation.
14 1 And God said, Let there be Ylights in B.C. 4004. 8
forth abundantly the moving creature that hath
the firmament of the heaven, to divide the day dayE4 Heb.
Ps.74.16;136.7.
bet-ween the
attd between the
8 Or, creepi1t£. life,9 and fowl that may fly above the earth in
4
from the night ; and let them be for signs,5 and sign i~ some•
night.
5 A
9 Heb. sold, the open firmament of heaven. 1
for seasons, and for <lays, and years: thm;that represents,
cun!Irms, or foretdJ;,
1 Heb. fa,e of the
fir1na1nent0Jitea't:t:1i. 21 And God created2 great ,vhales, and every
another, Ro.4.1r. Ex.
15 And let them be for lights in the firma- heavenly
3.12. Mat.16.1-4. The
ligi1ts, so
2 Here the word liYing creature that moveth, which the waters
created is used for the
ment of the heaven to give light upon the earth: attractive and glori-
ous in their pecu1iar
arrangemF.nts, are
first tune smcethe re·
cord in the first verse.
brought forth abundantly after their kind, and
All that had been
.and it was so. of the power,
wisdom, and good-
SIJ.'1t-S
done in the interval
was a n.•-arrang-ement
every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw
16 And God made two great 6 lights; the ness of God, P;,.19.1.
of direction-si![JtS
of matter; now l(/e is
introduced, and 1t re•
that it u·as good.
greater light to rule the day, 7 and t-he lesser ~1 tha:~le~s~ii~,; ;Jf;~l~
are prod uce<l by the
quires nots1mplv con-
structive, butcrl!ative
power. The three
22 And God iblessed3 them, saying, Be fruit-
light to rule the night: he made the stars also. angle of the earth's
axis to the plane of
expressions, great
whales, every lz-;,,1nz
ful, an<l multiply, and fill the waters in the
its orbit; signs ol
17 And God set them in the firmament of count whereby
days,
our labour ;
we
creaturethatmovdh,
and every w~·nged seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
fowl are introuuced'
the heaven, to give light upon the earth, si1.;ns of
whereby we count
years, so as to embrace ail
forms of animal hfe in
23 And the evening and the morning were
our Ii ves. Lord, so
18 And to hrule over the dav and over the our
0
teach us to number
days that we may
air and water.-P.
the fifth day.
night, and to divide the light from the dark- apply our hearts to
wis<lom!-C.
£ ch.8.17;9.1.
24 1 And God said, Let the earth bring forth
C reat, not as 6
ness: and God saw that it was good. bodiesc(,mpared wi1h
other ht:avenly orbs;
3 The first bless-
111z-that is a gift the living creature after his kind, cattle, and
19 And the evening and the morning were but;;reatashg-hts,
rdation to the earth
in f~1f~~i~/ufi~i;~,t~oan~
sisting in (r) fruitful•
creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his
from which they are
the fourth day. seen.-C.
7 Heb.fartherule
ness, (2/ muitiphca·
tion, (3) right t.o oc- kind: and it was so.
cupany in sunab.e
20 1 And God said, Let the waters bring Q/theda_y,
It Je.31.35.
&c. place!>.-C. 25 And God made the beast of the earth after
ness and of the light were the first day; for both the sense here. It sif,111ifies 'lan<l,' as contradistinguished full of his riches,' minerals, vegetables, animals. • St
light and the darkness existed together at the same from 'sea;' whereas in ver. I it signifies 'world,' as is this great !-,ea, wherein are things creeping innume.
time, but on different parts of the mingled mass. contradistinguished from 'heavens.' P.] rable, both small and great beasts. There is that levi,
Ver. 6. This firmament includes the region of the Ver. 11. Ps. 104, 14, 15, 'He causeth the grass to a than,' whales, crocodiles, and other sea monsters; Ps.
sun, moon, stars, and comets: and the air or atmo• grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man; 50. 10, 11, • Every beast of the forest is mine, and the
sphere which surrounds our earth, and separates be- that he may bring forth food out of the earth, wine, and cattle upon a thousand hi!ls. I know all the fowls of
tween the water which is in the clouds and that which oil, and bread;' Job 28. 5. The purpose of the writer the mountains; and the wild beasts of the field are
is in the seas and rivers. Ps. 33. 6, 9, • By the word of of Genesis was not to give a scientific description of mine,' by creation; Job 40. 15. God's blessing gave the
the Lord were the heavens made, and all the host of the order of Creation, but it was to make it clear animals a power to propagate their kinds. Ps. 107. 38,
them by the breath of his mouth. He spake, and it that God was the author of all things. Moses saw that • He blesseth them, so that they are multiplied greatly;'
was done; he commanded, and it stood fast;' Job 37. God and not chance was the creator of all. Job 43. 12; Ps. 144. 13, 14.
18, • He spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a Ver. 26. The plural is not here used for the singu-
molten looking-glass;' Job 26. 13; Ps. 136. 5; Je. IO. Ver. 14. According to verse 14Godappointed the lar in the manner of some modem kings. Ther~ is
12; 51. 15; Zee. 12. 1;Je. IO. 13, 'There is a multitude sun to be the great light in the firmament and the not in Scripture one instance of a sovereign's speak.
of waters in the heavens, and he causeth the vapours moon to reflect that light. The sun is in ing of himself only in the plural number, we, us, our.
to ascend from the earth;' Job 26. 8, • He bindeth up itself a very extensive body of light; and the moon, But the plural us here denotes a consultation of the
the waters in his thick clouds, and the cloud is not rent though it hath no light in itself, enlightens our earth divine Persons concerning the production of that species
under them;' 38. 22-26, • Hast thou entered into the by reflecting the light ot the sun; and both are called of creatures which was to be the most perfect under
treasures of the snow, and of the hail, which I have great lights, since by reason of their nearness they ap- heaven, and in which the glory of God was to be for
reserved? \Vho hath divided a water-course for the pear to us much larger than any of the stars. These ever most illustriously manifested in his work of re-
overflowing of waters, to cause it to rain upon the lights not only form the day and night, but also form demption. -The image of God on man includes, (I) The
earth?' Job 37. 11; Ee. II. 3; Ps. 148.4.-[The firma- or mark out the seasons of sowing, planting, reaping, resemblance of his soul, in respect of spiritual substance,
ment, or more literally 'the expanse,' is the atmosphere. sailing, travelling, or the like; and are for signs of the understanding, and will. (2) The happiness of his
At first the body of water on the earth's surface seems weather, and sometimes of remarkable phenomena. state, and his honourable dominion over the creatures.
to have been in contact with another form of water like Ps. 136. 7-9, • God made great lights-the sun to rule (3) And chiefly the moral conformity of his soul to
a dense mist, hovering over the earth. By the atmo- by day, and the moon and stars to rule by night;' 74, God, in spiritual knowledge, righteousness, and holi-
sphere, and the light acting upon it, the mist was ab- 16, 17, 'The day is thine, the night also is thine: thou ness. Ee. 12. 1, 'Remember thy Creators,' Heb., i.e.
sorbed, and raised in the form of clouds high above the hast prepared the light and the sun. Thou hast made Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, • in the days of thy
earth. The Hebrew word translated •above' in ver. 7 summer and winter;' 104, 19, 20, • He appointed the youth;' Joh 35. 10, 'Where is God my Makers?' Heb.;
signifies • upon,' as a sustaining power-, thus describing moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down. Is. 54, 5, 'Thy Makers, the Lord of hosts;' I Jn. 5. 7;
with _scientific precision the action of the atmosphere Thou makest darkness, and it is night;' De. 4. 19, Ee. 7. 29, 'God made man upright;' Col. 3. 10, • Re-
in supporting the water. P.] 'The sun, moon, and stars, even all the host of heaven, newed.in knowledge after the image of him that created
Ver. 7. [The use of the word •made' in this and God hath divided unto all nations,' far use; Job 38. 12; him;' Ep. 4, 24, 'The new man after God is created in
other parts of the narrative must be carefully noted. Ps. 8. 3, 4; 148. 3, 5; 119. 91; Je. 31. 35; 33. 25; Mat. righteousness and true holiness;' 2 Co. 3. 18 with Ex.
It must not be confounded with •created.' • In the be- 16. 2, 3, • Vvhen it is evening, ye say, It will be fair I 5. II; Ge. 5. I; 9. 6; Ps. 8. 4-8, • Man-thou hast
ginning God created the heavens and the earth.' He weather, for the sky is red. And in the morning, It made a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned
called the universe into existence; but all his subse- will be'f<>u1 weather to-day, for the sky is red and low- him with glory and honour. Thou madest him to have
quent work upon inanimate matter was a work of re- ering;' Lu. 21. 25, 26, • There shall be signs in the sun, dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put
arrangement, which is expressed by the word made, or and in the moon, and in the stars: men's hearts failing all things under his feet; all sheep and oxen, yea, and
some such phrase as • let there be.' P.] them for fear, and for looking after those things which the beasts of the field, the fowl of the air, and the fish of
Ver. 9. Job 38. 8-11, 'Who shut up the sea with are coming on the earth;' Mat. 24, 29; Is. 13. 10; Eze. the sea; and whatsoever creeping thing passeth through
doors, when I made the cloud the garment thereof, and 32. 7; Joel 2. 10-31; 3. 15; Ac. 2. 19, 20; Jos. IO. 13. the paths of the sea;' Ge. 2. 19, 20; 9. 2; Job 5. 23; Je.
thick darkness a swaddling-band for it, and brake up Ver. 16. [The specific object of the two great lights 2 7. 6.-[The order of creation was from the lowest form>
for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, and is mentioned; that of the stars is not. The former had of vegetable and animal li:e upwards. Man, a.s the
said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further?' 26. IO, an important bearing upon the earth as the abode of highest of all, was made last. But man's creation is
• He compassed the sea with bounds;' Ps. 24, I, 2, man; the latter had not, and consequently the writer distinguished in another way. It was not merely ac-
• The earth he founded upon the seas, and established simply mentions them to show that they are the work complished by a divine thought-it was also
it upon the floods;' I 36. 6, • He stretched out the earth of God. In the I 7th and I 8th verses allusion is made the subject of a divine council; 'Let us
above the waters;' Ps. 104- 5-9; 33. 7; 2 Pe. 3. 5; Je. mainly, if not exclusively, to the sun and moon. They make man.' As in the divine name Elohim,
5. 22; Pr. 8. 29. But the whole globe of earth and sea are the rulers of the day and of the night-regulating so in this form of expression there seems
was hung upon nothing, Job 26. 7. The approbation of their length, the amount of their light or darkness, and to be distinct indication of plurality in tile Goct11ead.
the second day's work was deferred till the separation the intensity of their heat or cold. P.] And yet the whole structure of the sentence shows that
-0f the waters was completed; and we have it, ver. 10. Ver. 20. [The Hebrew words may be more intelli- there is unity joined with plurality; for in ver. 2; it _is
- [Let the waters gather- themsel7!es. No direct force of gibly translated, • Let the waters swarm with swarms ,aid, • So (as had been decreed in the divine council)
living agency is employed upon the waters; but such an of living creatures.' There is no allusion to any pro• God created man in his own image.' It will be ob-
arrangement of the earth's surface is implied as would ductive power in the water-s. God was the producing served that the word 'created' is here again used. \\ e
bring the waters together by the law of gravitation. cause; the waters were merely the place in which that can scarcely suppose that the two words 'image' and
Some portions of the earth's crust were depressed, some cause operated. The next clause ought to be rendered, ' likeness ' are synonymous. It seems rrobable that
upheaved. The sacred writer takes no notice of this. • And let fowl fly above the earth,' &c. The original the former was intended to express mans likeness to
He has nothing to do with geology. But the Psalmist does not signify that the fowls were produced in the God i11tdlectually and physically; he was in his kno"'.-
ilppears to indicate the way in which the waters wer-e water. P.J ledge and eommanding aspect God's representative, hJS
made to gather themselves. See Ps. 104, 7-10. P.] Ver. 21-2 5. Ac. I 7. 2 5, 'He giveth to all life, and image upon earth. The other word most probably ref~
Ver. 10. [The term earth is employed in a restricted breath, and all things;' Ps. 104 24-26, 'The earth is to man's moral nature, in which he al.so resembl
212 God. P.]
t'he creation of Man. GENESIS II. The Sabbath is instituted.
his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every B.C. 4004. B.C. 4004,
I have given every green herb for meat:
,e VeJ!etabiu and
thing that creepeth upon the earth after his ra.nged are
each ~fler his
ar-
an 1·mats CHAP. II. and it was so.
kind: and God saw that it was good.
4 ktnd, and referred to a ch.1:.19. Ex. 20.n; 31 And God saw every thing that he had
~h~~ ~~~ 31,17.2
1
26 1 And God said, JLet us make man m ti~n~i1i[

Ki. 19.15. 2Ch.
2.12. Ne. 9- 6. Jub12.9.
is to be formed, we Ps. 33 6, 9; Sg. 12, 13;
read, m ver. 26: 'Let Io6. 26; 136. 5-8; 146. 6,
made, and, behold, it was very good. And the
our image, after our likeness; and let them usfrnajfe make man in our Is. 40.26;42,5;45.12;48.
So Cod creat- 13. Je.ro.12,16. Ze. 12.
evening and the morning were the sixth day.
have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over ed man m his own
image.' Now what i;.
this image? The
Ac. 4. 24- See ch,
1.
I.I. CHAPTER II.
the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over 3, 'The Son is the 1 Host. The stars,
apostle tells us, He.r.
I The.first sabbath. 4 The manner oj the creation. 8 The planting
image of the &r:., De. 4. 19, which of the garden oj Eden, lO and the rfrer thereof. 17 The t,·ee o;
all the earth, and over every creeping thing that express
Father's person.' He are
is farther described,
marshalled as a
host or army on i;, knowledge on/11 forbidden. 19, 20 The naming of the creatures. 21
creepeth upon the earth. Ti. ~- 1 'God earth; also, angels,
16, a!> The niaking oj woman, and institution oj marriage.
manifest in theflesh.' Lu.2.13, who are the
thus ever !>een armies of heaven.
27 So God created man in his own image, in m~ein~
the image of God created he him: "male and '>titutes
female created he them.
the eternal pur- D<.1..4-35.-C.
pose, Eµ.1.9, he con-
the glorious 2 In this verse the
on:::-i~al after which historian take;, as it
m:rn1:;formed. Ofthe were a retrospective
THUS athe heavens and the earth were
finished, and all the host1 of them.
And on the hseventh dav God ended his
2
2
t"mag,-of(-;otlinman, luok at all that had

knowledge, righ~- been done as related
28 And God blessed them; and God said eousness, and hoh- in the precedmg
nessare the principal chapter;-the crea-
work which he had made: a;1d he rested3 on
1 features, Ep. 4- 24; tion of the univers;e
unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and re- Col. 3. 10; but every 'in the begmning, • the seventh day from all his work which he
other attribute of ~~~t t~1 {he:r!:~fu~~
plenish the earth, and subdue it: and have Job God, even eternity,
ro. 28, is, m
had made.
created measure, ex- ~1~f~~~•of ~~;~~abJ~;
1
dominion over the fish _of the sea, and over the hibited in man.-C. and _ammals during- 3 And God blessed the seventh day, and
the days.-P. SIX
fowl of the air, and over every living thing that II.7.
j ch. 5, r; 9.6, I Co.
b Ex. 20. u; 31, 17.
sanctified it; because that in it he had rested
5
moveth upon the earth. k ~fat.r9.4,
l ch.9.z.
De.5.14.He.4.4. from all his work which God created and
29 1 And God said,6 Behold, I have given ti6 ItHeb, creepdh.
is to be remark- opposed
3 Not resting-, as
to wean·- made. 4
ness, for that is im-
ed, how, at every possible
you every herb bearing seed,7 which is upon successiveactof cre-a- with God;but 4 , These are the generations 5 of the heavens
tion, ver. 3, 6, 9, n,14, ~~ai~~"~;.~osed
the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the 20,24,26, God speaks,
Ps. 33. 9, that is,
and of the earth when they were created, in
4 Heb. c:reated to
which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; "to with'The IYo:rd that was
God (Pr 8. make. 22- the day 6 that the LORD God made the earth
31), and was God, and
you it shall be for meat. · without whom was 5 Account of the
not any thing made beginning. - (Order
and the heavens,
30 And to every beast of the earth, and to that r.3.-C.
was made,' Jn. and manner of pro-
duction.)-C. 5 And every plant of the •field before it was
every fowl of the air, and to every thing that in Heb.sttding-slld.
ch.9.3. 61;'ime. in the earth, and every herb of the field before
8 Heb. a livintr
creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, 8 soul. cPs.104.14- it grew: for the LoRD God had not caused it
Ver. 28. Pr. IO. 22, 'The blessing of the Lord mak- as an abridged world, into a monument of redeeming CHAPTER II. Ver. 2. [This signifies that God
eth rich,' i.e. numerous and happy; Ps. 128. 1-4, 'Bles- mercy, to the praise of the glory of his grace ! Am I ceased from his work during the seventh day, having
sed is every one that feareth the Lord-thou shalt eat a Christian philosopher? Let me, as I have access, completed it in six days. The whole of the seventh
the labour of thine hand-thy wife shall be as a fruitful contemplate the creatures of God, in their almost in- day was a rest, as is stated in the second clause of the
vine, thy children like olive plants round about thy finitely diversified natures, qualities, and uses! Light verse. P.]
table,' many, healthful, comely, and prosperous; 1 Ch. and celestial luminaries, in their mysterious nature, ex• Ver. 3. [Blessed. This is the third recorded blessing,
26. 4-8. Obed-edom had a large and happy family, tensive range, prodigious but duly proportioned dis- see ch. r. 22, 28; and when applied to the Sabbath-day,
for God blessed him. And 1 Ch. 4- 10; Job 42. 12; Ps. tance, rapid motions, and powerful influences-Air, endows it with the gift of peculiar fi·uitju!ness and
107, 38; Ge. l. 22; 8. 17.-[Thesecond blessing-, adding fixed and unfixed, inflammable and uninflammable, in multiplication of good. The honour or dishonour of
to the former (ver. 2l), conquest over the earth, and its fluidity, weight, elasticity, and usefulness for form- the Sabbath has ever been the means and the evidence
universal dominion over the living creatures. C.] ing of wind, promoting of animal life, transmission of of a fruitful or barren, a growing or a withering, church,
Ver. 29. Ac. 17. 25, 28, 'He giveth all things. In light, and the like-Water, in its fluidity, plenteousness, -Seventh. Here commences that remarkable reference
him we live, and mo\>'e, and have our being;' Ps. 104- dispersion, saltness or freshness, penetration, and fit- to the number SEVEN, that will he found to continue
14, l 5, 'He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, ness for forming rains, dews, sea-productions: and for to the end of the Scriptures. Six days of blessed work,
and herb for the se•vice of man, that he may bring promoting trade and intercourse between nations- closed by a seventh of sanctified rest, is the original
food out of the eanh--wine, and oil, and bread;' Ps. Earths, stones, metals, moul<ls, in their adhesion, duc- week of creation, and well represents every form of
145. 15, 16, 'The eye,, of all wait upon thee, and thou tility, forms, colours, and uses-Vegetables, in their perfection exhibited in the subsequent working of God.
givest them their meat in due season;' 147. 9, 'He giv- structure, growth, curious parts, almost infinitely diver- -Sanctified. This sanctification includes the separation
eth to the beast his food;' Pr. 30. 8; Ps. l rr. 5; Mat. sified forms, colours, and uses-Animals, in their curious of the day from common uses, and th@ dedication of it
6. rr, 25, 26; Ac. 14- 17; Is. 33. 16. But it doth not parts, connected structure, mysterious hfe, and depend-
l
appear that either men or animals would have eaten ence on food; their tnotions in limits, fitness for pro•
flesh during the state of innocency. creation and self-preservation, beautiful forms, melodi-
Ver. 30. (There is a difference betwe the food as- ous, awful, or plaintive sounds, exquisite and diversified
signed to man and that given to the I er animals. smell and taste: and, along with these, the unlimited
to the service of God. C.]
Ver. 4- [This is the commencement of a new section,
and also, as it appears, of a new narrative, to a large
extent complete in itself. It is a narrative of creation
from a human point of view; whereas the first section
The former had the higher classes of vegetable products divisibihty of matter, the laws of air, attraction, gravi- of the book contains a narrative of creation from a
-the cereal grain and fruits; the latter had 'every tat10n, electricity, magnetism, of muscular motion, and divine point of view. The first narrative embraces the
green herb.' There is no mention of animal food hav- of nervous influences-Rational spirits, in their powers universe, giving a full account of the origin of the vege-
ing been permitted. P.] of thinking, willing, recollection, sociality, and union table and animal world. The second is mainly con-
REFLECTIONS.-Stand still, my soul, and con- with bodies-as proofs of the existence and manifesta- cerned with man, and those things necessary for his
sider this wonderful work of God ! 0 how his eternal tions of the mysterious nature and manifold perfections support. In the first the divine Being is uniformly
power and Godhead shine forth in forming so vast, of God, my God in Christ, of whom, through whom, called Elohim, a name expressive of i11Jinite jmt. er; in
1
so well furnished worlds of creatures, rational and and to whom, are all things. Let me always consider the second he is called Jehovah Elohim, expressing
irrational, animate and inanimate! \Vhat infinite wis- his creatures as memorials of his creating, preserving, power in conjunction with immutability, so as to inspire
dom appears marked in the vast variety, the comely and ruling powers, and as means of delightfully and man with implicit faith. Jehovah is the incommuni-
order, and the mutual subserviency of all things to the awfully impressing my heart with his presence, observa- cable name of God; it is not, and it cannot be, given to
good of one another, and to his glory! What good- tion, and influence! Let me rejoice to view all creatures another. In our version it is almost universally rendered
ness, in forming such multitudes of beings to partake of as formed and fitted for subserving and promoting God's LORD.-This section terminates with the fot1rth chapter,
his bounty as their all in all ! and especial! y towards great and principal work of our redemption through and its subject is the history of man from his origin to
man, in forming him after his own image, and in so Christ, and multitudes of them as instituted emblems the end of Cain's posterity. P.]
preparing this lower world to be a commodious lodging of his persons, perfections, relations, and operations, as Ver. 5. God; by his creative power, brought the vege-
for him in his way to the mansions of light! Let me, manifested in it! Let me, by faith, appropriate a tables at first to perfection through the exercise of his
then, in all things-in heaven, in earth, in air, in sea, particular new covenant-right to and property in them will acting through soil, sun, rain, and other natural
and in land-in grass, in herbs, in trees:in sun, in moon, all, in and through Christ as my head and husband, as causes.-[Plant. The creation and ordering of sun.
in stars, in fishes, in fowls, in cattle, and creeping means of my present and pledges of my future and moon,stars, and earth,aremightyworks,not unworthy
things-'-in angels and in m:,,n-behold the excellences everlasting enjoyment of God as my ALL IN ALL: as of omnipotence; but the lowliest plant or herb enually
of my God! Let me enjoy God himself in all things, means of exciting and leading me habitually to think owes its origin and qualities to God: rightly considered,
and all things in God ! Let me use them all as his on, admire, adore, and live to his glory, while I re- it no less illustrates his wisdom, power, and goodness.
property, his product, and for his glory and honour! main here in his lower sanctuary on earth ; and to There is no difference to God between the formation
And notwithstanding my nothini:ness, confusion, dark- be always mild and humble, as brother and sister to, of a sun and a blade of wass.-Rain. Rivers, springs,
ness, and deadness, let me hope that my all-creating and dependent on, the meanest animal, insect, or atom rain, :rn<l dew, are appropriate e.mblems of grace.
God-Father, Son, and Holy Ghost-will fashion me, in it! They are formed without man's aid, they are continued
213
The garden of Eden. GENESIS II. Adam put in Ede11.
to rain upon the earth, and there was not a B.C. 4004· B.C. 4004-
Gihon: the same is it that compasseth' the
man to till the ground.7 w!nJ:go !~i~~! ';~~:
nomy of creau?n at
4 Runs along the
side of.
5 Heb. lush.
whole land of Ethiopia. 5
6 But there went up a mist from the earth,8 this period-ram
moi.,;ten, aad man to
to 6 Or, eastwa,,.-d to
Assyrta
14 And the name of the third river i.,
and watered the whole face of the grmmd. till the ground. The
place of the rain is
7 Or, Adam, which
signifies red earth, Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the
east of Assyria. 6 And the fourth river is Eu-
supplied, acc.ording beautiful, or ;obud
7 And the LORD God formed man do/ the ato mz"st our translat10n, by
going up by
ui tove.
8 Heb. eating thou
dust 9 of the ground,1 and breathed into his d~C:.dinfh/gt!~tu~:
exhalation, and de- shatteat.
9 ""-' e are accus•
phrates. .
nostrils the breath of life; and 'man became a gint translate it by a
word signifying 'a
tamed to say, a man
ts dying-, just cl:S we 15 And the LoRD God took the man,7 and
say a fire is dymg--
living soul. spring or fountain,'
and other high au-
~~~~l~tise foJ1~j~s'. put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it,
thorities translate it
8 ~ And the LoRD God planted a ugaraen from 'afiood,'wh1ch, rising
the earth,
till finally the whofe
expires. Just so is and to keep it.
man, since death en-
eastward in Eden; and there he put the man watered the garden.
In whatever sense we tered by sin. Every
moment of his life,
16 And the LoRD God commanded the
understand it, Moses
whom he had formed. ascribes the effect, some part of the
man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou
9 And hout of the ground made the LORD monly
not to what is com•
called nature, h~~~ti:!t i!:~t~U;
dying; and this pro• mayest freely eat ;8
but traces it directly
to God.-C.
God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the went 8 Or, a mist which f:s~~ Wk~s ~h°e t!~a:~
perishing in the midst 17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good
up from, &c.
the ashes its own
sight. and good for food; the tree of life also 47.Ec.12.7.
d ch. 3. 19. r Co. 15. of
burning has rro• and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day
in the midst of the garden, and the tree of ground. 9 Heb. dust (lf the
~u~;_~{i;~i~{f~\\~ 1~J that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. 9
1 The formation of man returns to the
knowledge of good and evil. man from dust or
earth, rendered in-
<lust from which he
was taken.-C. The
peculiar grammatical
18 1 And the LoRD God said, It is not good
coherent from dry-
10 1 And ;a river went out of Eden to ness, and subject to
be carried about by
construction of the
Hebrew here - the
that the man should be alone; I will make him
water the garden; and from thence it was every wind, is re•
vealed and recorded
finite verb being pre•
ceded by its own in· an help meet for him. 1
parted, and became into four heads. as a wonderful ex-
ample of the work :~~l~~~if~~e~g;e:!~~ 19 And jout of the ground the LoRD God
that God can produce tence. It conveys the
11 The name of the first is Pison: that is it from
mising
the most unpro-
materials;
idea of absolute cer-
tainty. Spirt"tual
deatlt is implied, and
formed every beast of the field, and every fowl
2 whilst it is no doubt
which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, allintended to repress
pride, and incul-
it took effect imme•
diately upon the act
of the air, and brought them kunto Adam,2 to
where there is gold; cate humility.-C.
e1 Co.15.45.
of disobedience.-P.
l Heb. ,is lllfore
see what he would call them: and whatsoever
g- ch.4- 16. 2Ki. 19.
12 And the gold of that land is good: there 12.Eze.27.23.
h See ch.r.n,r2.
him.
j See ch. r. 20,21,24,
Adam called every living creature, that was the
£s bdellium3 and the onvx-stone. i Ps.46.4.Re.22.1.
2 Runs along the
,5.
k ch.r.26,28;9.2. Ps.
name thereof.
side of. 8.4-8.
13 And the name ~f the second river is 3 A gum, or pearl. 2 Or, the man. 20 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and
without his help, and they produce, by their dH- tree of lift, so called.because of the invigorating nature' primeval Cush in Central Asia, and a later Cush (called
lusion, a universal fruitfulness, which no plan of human of its fruit, and because it was madt, a sacramental Ethicpia) in Africa. The former was the original home
wisdom and no combination of human agency could pledge of man's eternal life in heaven, provided he of the Cushites; the latter was the country to which
ever possibly effect. Springs (Jn. 4- 14), rivers (Jn. 7. kept the command which God made to him ;-and the the great body of the nation migrated, and in which
38), rain (Is.55.10),dew (Ho.4-5), are appropriate. C. tree o.f knowledge o.f good and ez·il, so called, because, they permanently settled.--Ver. 14. The Hebrew
--This clause may be translated, 'No plant of the by the fruit thereof, God tried Adam's obedience, and word is radically identical with the motlern Arabic
field was yet in the land, and no herb of the field put by the eating thereof man knew the good he had fallen name of the Tigris. P.]
forth shoots; for,' &c. The meaning is, that while from, and the evil he had fallen into.--fVer. 8. The Ver. 16, 17. Here we have God entering into a cove-
herbs and plants had been originally formed by an im- topographical notice here, though very brief, is definite. nan! of works with Adam, and with all his natural pos•
mediate exercise of supernatural power, they were left Eden was a large district. The garden was in the eastern terity in him. This is the covenant afterwards published
to propagate and spread naturally. Hence moisture part of it. A river flowing through Eden entered the from Sinai, and which gendereth to bondage, Ga. 4- 24-
and cultivation were requisite. This explanation garden; and either in the garden, or after emerging This is the covenant which Adam transgressed, Ho. 6. 7.
appears to be given as introductory to the account of from it, separated into four distinct channels. Two of The breach of this covenant was necessarily supposed
the planting of the garden of Eden, and the arrange- these bear lhe names of two well-known rivers, the by the remedial one, published after the fall, Ge. 3. 15;
ments made for its irrigation and culture. P.] Euphrates and Tigris; but by no legitimate mode of Ro. 5. 12-21. The annexing of death to a positive
Ver. 7. God, with most exquisite art and skill, formed interpretation can they be identified with those rivers command of abstinence from fruit, indifferent in itself,
man's body of the dust, and created, in personal union as th~v ntrdJ exist. There is no known spot whose by an infinitely good, gracious, and wise God, inferred
with it, a rational soul; and so made him a human phisical features accord with the description of the likewise the annexing of a glorious reward to his obedi-
person, capable of exercising the functions of all sorts of text; it is vain therefore to speculate about the site of ence: and in this the form of a covenant consists. The
life. Is. 64. 8, 'Lord, thou art our Father; we are the Eden. P.--Ver. 9. Tree of lift. The tree of life is an adjoining of the tree of lift, and o.f knowledge of good
clay, and thou our potter; and we are all the work of emblem of Christ, • that eternal life that was with the and t"CJil, to this transaction, as confirmatory seals of
thy hand;' Ro. 9. 20; Ps. 100. 3, 'God made us, not Father, and was manifested to us,' I Jn. 1. 2.. Kmrw- life or death; the frequent republication of the moral
we ourselves;' Ps. 139. 14, 15, 'I am fearfully and ledge o.f good, as emanafing from obedience; evil, as la"•, in a covenant form, to men, when they could
wonderfully made;' I Co. 15. 47, 'The first man is of emanating from disobedience.--Ver. 10. Eden. No- not keep it as such, Le. 18. 5; De. 27. 26; Mat. 19. 17;
the earth, earthy;' Job 33. 6, 'I am formed out of the thing with certainty is known of the precise situation Ga. 3. IO, 12; Ro. IO. 5; 3. 27, but especially the
clay;' 4- 19, ':Men dwell in houses (bodies) of clay; of Eden, but two points: that it was situated some- crediting of Adam's first sin to his natural posterity
their fmrndation is in the dust;' Job 33. 4, 'The iipirit where on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris. To Ro. 5. 12-19, plainly establish this point. Here we
of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty t:_.-, Euphrates !'.loses refers, ver. 14, as to an object of have the parties of a covenant: God, manifesting his
hath given me life;' 27. 3, 'The spirit, or breath, of perfect familiarity to the people whom he was leading supreme authority, his unbounded goodness, and in•
God is in my nostrils;' Zee. 12. 1, 'The Lord formeth from Egypt; and Hiddekel is identified (Da. IO. 4) finite condescension, on the one hand; and Adam, as
the spirit of man within him;' hence he is called (He. with the Tigris. The Pison has been supposed to be without sin and righteous, capable of performing
11. 9)"'the Father of spirits;' Nu. 16. 22; 27. 16, 'The the Phasis, a river running into the Euxine; the Gihon, whatever God required, Ge. I. 26, 27; 5. 1; Ee. 7.
God of the spirits of all flesh. '-[From a divine point to be the Araxes, which runs into the Caspian. This 29, and as the common head and representative o(
of view, man is created in the image of God-his soul account cannot be received, as it appears from ver. 10 all his posterity, Ro. 5. 12-19; I Co. 15. 22, on the
immortal, his moral nature pure and perfect, his that a single river went out of the garden, which was, other.-Here ,ve ha,·e a conddion required-abstinence
intellect capable of apprehending truth. From a in its course, parted into four heads.--Ver. 12. Gold. from the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and
human point of view, he is composed of a body of dust The Bible is essentially a geographical book, and this evil, which supposed and implied perfect obedience to
formed from the kindred dust of the earth, and of a is the most ancient specimen of geography on record. the whole law of God written on man 1s heart, or
living spirit breathed into it by the Creator. .P. J Moses, who wrote by diYine inspiration, for the instruc- revealed to him. The end of this covenant being to
Ver. 8-16. Man being thus formed, the Lord -graci- tion of a people familiarly acquainted with working render mankind happier than the duties of the natural
ously placed him in a garden which was an emblem of in gold and precious gems, describes the lands watered state necessarily entitled them to be, it was proper that
the heavenly state, called the paradise o.f God, Re. 2. 7; by the rivers of paradise, by means of these natural some positive institution should be added to the natural
in a garden, which himself had planted on the third productions. God has gifted different lands with laws inscribed on the heart of Adam at his creation,
day, ch. I. 11; in a garden, eastward from Canaan, different forms of riches, yet exposed every country to and which might promote obedience to them. This
in Eden, a spot o.f pleasure, which probably lay not some inconvenience or want, and by this means he has institution, relative to the tree of knowledge, which,
far from the anc1enl Babylon, where the rivers Euph- provided that, where better principles are wanting, the bemg in the midst of the garden, was almost continu•
rates on the west, and Hiddekel or Tigris on the east, self-interest of nations shall promote social intercourse ally in his view, was extremely proper, as it tended,
joined into one, and watered the garden ; and after and prevent want. The possession and right use of ( I )To manifest the high government of Godovermen,
running a little southward were parted into the two riches 1s good, it is the love of money that the apostle as one who could enact his good will into an exact
streams of Gihon on the east and Pi son on the west; pronounces 'the root of all evil.' C--Ver. 13. It law. (2) To renderAdam'sobedienceordisobed1ence,
in a garden decked and enriched with every choice may be inferred from this passage, and from the geo- and consequently the justice of God in rewarding 01
and fruitful vei;elable; the principal of which were, the graphical notices in Ge. 10. 6-12, that there was a punishing him, more conspicuous, Ro. 3- 4 (3) To
214
Eve formed. GENESIS III. The Serpent deceiveth Eve.
to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the B.C. 4004- B.C. 4,004.
1 The word serpent

CHAPTER III.
field: 3 but for Adam there was not found an 3 Man's knowledge
signi~es crupmc .-
and ts, in ordmary
1 The serpent deceiveth E,·e. 6 Man's shameful fall. 9 Godar-
mu!>t h.ave beeJl very language, useu to raigneth them. 14 The serpent is cursed. 15 The promised seed.
help meet for him. extensive, and his
languag-e must have
describe the manner
of progression of a
16 The punishment of mankind. 21 Their first clothing. 22 Their
21 And the LoRD God caused a 1deep sleep been fully deveto)J.eJ, great varn:ty of ani- casting out of paradise.
when he accom1,!ish- mals-some vc::norn-
ed this wondrou<;
ow the serpent was more asubtile than
1
to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took
N
ous, and some in-
task. Both know• noxious. In seeking
kdge and language, the meaning of a
one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead therefore, must have
been of divine origin.
scriptural word, we
should a!ways have
any beast of the field which the LoRD God
-P.
thereof. refen:nce, not
common use or re•
to
had made. And bhe said unto the woman,
l ch. 15. 12. r Sa. 26. presentation, but to
22 And the rib, which the LoRD God had 12. Job4 13;33.15. Pr.
19.15,
the Scriptures them-
selves. Accordmgly,
Yea, 2 hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every
taken from man, made4 he a woman, nand in Re. 20. 2, v.-·e read
of 'the drag-on, that tree of the garden?
old serpent, the devil,
brought her unto the man. 4 Heh. builded, i.e.
skilfully Jvrmed and Satan;'
consequently, we find
and 2 And the woman said unto the serpent,
tnost comely a1ld de-
23 And Adam said, This is now bone of my lighiful. that the tempter was
called the serpent, not We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the
because of employing
bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called n Pr.18.22.He.13.4-
the ./vrm or body of
an animal, but be-
garden:
Woman; because she was taken out of man.
0
o 1Co,u.8.1Ti.2.13.
caus<? of the subtle,
cunnmg, hidden, and 3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the
creeping manner in
24 Therefore Pshall a man leave his father j, Mat.19.5. Mar.ro.
which he effected his midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not
wicked purpose.-C.
7.rCo.6.16.Ep.5.31.
and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife; a 2Co.r1.3.
b Nu.rr.2r.
eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
0
and thev shall be one flesh; 5 Where there is

2 Heh. Vea,{,ecause,
&c. [In the English 4 And the dserpent said unto the woman, Ye
tongue yea is clern,ed
25 A°iid they were both naked, the man and no .sin, there is no
shame.-C.
from a word that
signifies hear.-C.]
shall not surely die:
his wife, and were not qashamed. 5 cch.2.17.
d 2Co.rr.3.r Ti.2.r4. 5 For God doth know, that m the day ye eat
mark that, even in paradise, he held all which he enon the part of man, of a moral faculty capable of com- ship him in the beauty of holiness. How easy is it for
10ved of God as his great Creator and Father, and prehending that law, and of a will capable of obeying him to work, with or without means, as he pleaseth !
0 ,.;ght to do nothing without his allowance. (4) To be it. P.] But O how great his kindness to man ! In him the
a standing monitor to Adam, that he was fallible, and Ver. 18. [A help suitable to man, intellectually, animal and the angelical natures were united; the best
needed to take heed to his ways, and watch against morally, and physically. P.] of this world was allotted him for his residence; and
every spiritual enemy; that he was not come to his full Ver. 19. [Their bodies were formed of dust. So far • while its choicest fruits were assigned him for his food,
happiness and rest, since, even in paradise, he was it was a formation, not a creation; but the life was a the multitudes of its animal inhabitants were subjected
under remarkable restraint;. that his happiness lay in creation. P.] to his dominion and service. A woman, everyway
God himself alone; and that nothing was to be desired, Ver. 20. [Gave, Heb. called. It is amazing how an-. perfect, was provided for his comfort, and for the j,:;.
but in submission to his will, and for his sake. (5) To swerable their Hebrew names are to their appearance crease of mankind. Nay, God himself entered into
be a summary of the law of natur,e, by obedience to and nature. C.] familiar fellowship and a gracious covenant with him,
which he might honour God, loving him with all his Ver. 21-24. God formed the woman of a rib, with the in which everlasting happiness was promised to him
heart, soul, mind, and strength, and loving himself, flesh thereon, out of Adam's side, to note the wife's and his posterity upon the easiest terms. But in this
and his posterity as himself. Here is a penalty threatened equality with her husband, and that she is his com- first Adam, as in a figure, do I not behold the second,
in case of disobedience-certain, manifold, and dread- panion, and to be treated with the utmost kindness and the Lord from heaven, Jesus the Redeemer? He is
ful death, viz. (I) Death l~zal, or a sentence of con- affection. He brought her to Adam, to honour the insti- indeed the Son of God, the express image of his
demnation fixing upon the covenant-breaker in the very tution of marriage, and to teach us that children ought Father's person; the image of the invisible God; the
moment he begins to transgress. (2) The execution of to marry by the disposal or consent of their parents, and new thing created in the earth, and the blessed fruit of
this sentence in real death; which is either spin~ual, allonlyintheLord, ch.21.21; 24-4;28.2;Ju. ·4-2; it, excellent and comely. He, as Mediator, is the
comprehending everything relative to the soul's loss I Co. 7. 38, 39; Adam accepted her as a help m.et.for. great product of Jehovah's counsels, the illustrious
of God's· favour and image, and to its defilement him, suitable to his nature, acceptable to his person, and . ornament and glorious centre of all his works. He is
and misery in this life, Ro. I. 28-31; 3. 10-18; 8. useful on all occasions for their mutual comfort and the our head and representative in the second and better
7, 8; Ep. 2. I, 3, 12; or natural, which comprehends propagation of their species. And God, by Adam, covenant, established upon better promises. He is our
every calamity on the body, and whatever its comfort declared the general law of marriage, requiring the spiritual parent, who communicateth to us his indelible
depends upon in this world, Ge. 3. 16, 19; De. xxviii.; most affectionate cohabitation, inseparable union, and image, and entitles us to all the fulness of God. He
Ee. 12. 7; 2 Pe. 3- 12; or eternal, comprehending all intimate communion during life, as if the parties were is our great Prophet, Priest, and Governor, to whom
the misery of loss or of pain, to which the lost are but one person. I Pe. 3. I, 7, 'Wives, be in subjection all things in heaven and earth are subjected for our
for ever subjected in hell, Mat. 25. 41; Re. 14- IO, to your husbands. Husbands, dwell with them accord- sake. Having by his blood purchased and by his
I 1.-In the express annexing of so great a death ing to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife as to Spirit planted a gospel-church, he dwells there, and
especially to the breach of the positive part of the !av the weaker vessel, and as being heirs together of the cultivates the sam·e; and having regained the celestial
of the covenant, a p,-omise of a life directly opposite grace of life;' Ep. 5. 22-28, 'Wives, submit yourselves paradise, there we shall be for ever with the Lord. In
as the reward of perfect fulfilment of the condition unto your own husbands as unto the Lorcl; for tJ,e him are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge;
was implied; comprehending the continuance of the husband is the head of the wife. Let the wives be and having all life and fruitfulness in his own person,
natural and spiritua ! life, which he had, in all the subject to their own husbands in everything. Hus- he giveth to us power to eat of himself, the 7)-ee qj lift.
vigour, comfort, and prosperity of it; and the enjoy- bands, love your wives: as Christ loved the church, and Being by the infinite love of God cast into the
ment of a more glorious and eternal life in heaven, in gave himself for it, so ought men to love their wives as deep sleep of suffering and death in this world, his
consequence of his finishing his course of unfailing their own bodies. He that lovelh his wife Joveth him- church was formed out of his broken body and pierced
obedience. Thus the sum of the covenant was, Mat. self.' Ge. 3. 16; I Co. 14- 34; 7. 16; Tit. 2. 5; Col. side. She is divinely brought and espoused to him;
19. 17, 'If thou wilt enter into life eternal, keep the 3. 18, 19; I Ti. 5. 8; 2. II, 12; Mal. 2. 14-16; Mat. 19. and to her he cleaves, at the expense of once leaving
commandments;' Ga. 3. 10, 12, 'The man that doeth 3-9; I Co. 7. 14, 15.--[Ver. 23. The 'deep sleep' his Father in heaven, and of now leaving his mother,
these things shall live in them;' 'Cursed is every one must have been, in its effects on the whole system, the people of Israel.
that continueth not in all things written in the book of somewhat similar to the state produced by chloroform.
the law to do them;' Eze. 18. 4, 'The soul that The man was unconscious of all that occurred. But CHAPTER III. Ver. 1-6. Serpents in general
sinneth, it shall die.' The fruit of the tree of life, as it would seem that immediately after awaking the Lord have a natural subtlety beyond other creatures. Mat.
a seal of the covenant, confirmed the promise of life revealed to him what had been done, and at the same 10. 16, 'Be. wise as serpents.' But this one had an ex-
upon condition of perfect obedience; and the fruit of time presented the woman. Adam, knowing how she traordinary measure of it, being actuated by a fallen
the tree of knowledge confirmed the threatening of had been formed, and perceiving her complete adap- angel who had just apostatized from his holy and happy
death annexed to disobedience. The representation tation to his felt want, exclaimed, with joyful and state. Re. 20. 2, 3, 8, 'The dragon, that old serpent, the
of all Adam's natural posterity in him was most reason- thankful surprise, 'This, at length, is the very thing; devil and Satan, goeth out to deceive the nations;' 2 Co.
able and kind; as it was the shortest, and, humanly bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh.' F.] I I. 3, 'The serpent beguiled Eve through his subtlety;'
speaking, the safest means of securing their eternal Ver. 25. They had no cause of shame; as there was Jn. 8. 44, 'The devil was a murderer from the beginning,
happiness. The whole tenor of this covenant was so neither deformity in their bodies, nor guilt on their a liar, and the father of it;' 2 Co. 2. II, 'We are not
highly equitable and gracious, that man's uncorrupted consciences, nor any sinful inclination in their hearts. ignorant of his devices;' I 1. 14, 'Satan is transformed
conscience could not but approve of it; his love to REFLECTIONS.-In the faith of God's institu- into an angel of light.' In the temptation of our first
himself and his posterity could not but incline him to tion and blessing of the Sabbath, let me always ob- parents, Satan acted with the utmost subtlety. (1) He
it; his perfect conformity to the divine image could not serve it as in his sight, ceasing from my own works, chose a serpent, which was seemingly simple, but really
but make him consent to whatever terms God proposed, as he did from his. Let me never prefer the example subtle, and perhaps beautiful, which might make Eve
and to receive his favours in a method so answerable of a wicked generation to that of God; nor prefer take it for an angel, to be his instrument. (2) He ac-
to the divine perfections.-[God speaking to the man the pleasures of recreation or sloth, or the profits of costed the woman-who perhaps had only hearcl the
implies the man's comprehension of God's words; and carnal Jabour, to fellowship with, and enjoyment of, terms of the covenant from Adam-in the absence of
here we have the first record of human intelligence and God and his blessings. Let my care be to receive.out her husband. (3) According to some, he improved
language. C.--Ver. 17. We have here the first in- of his fulness, and grace for grace; to remember his their being more naked than the wild beasts of the earth,
dication of law. There is implied also the possessioh, mighty works of creation and redemption, and to war- to render them discontented with their condition. But
215
God arraigneth, Adam and Eve. GENESIS III. The punishment of sin.
thereof, then •your eyes shall be opened; and whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest
e ver.7.Ac.26.18. k ch.2.22.
ye shall be as gods, knowi~g good and evil. ./Sight often tempts.
Jos.7.:n.Ju.r6.r,2.1Jn.
/Ge.44. 15;31. 26;1
Sa.13.u. 2 Sa.3.24. Jn.
not eat?
6 , And when the woman 1 saw that the 1 It is hence pro-
1 2.16. 18.35.
7 This is the first 12 And the man said, The woman, kwhom
tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant2 babl~ that our first
parents avoided to
instance of. a curse;
and from the details thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the
aPiJroach or look of its ;,everal µarts,
to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make knowle~ge
upon the tree of
of ~ood
ha;, no duubt contn• tree, and I did eat.
buted still further
one wise, 3 she took of t,he fruit thereof, and did and evil. God 1s of
purer eyes than to
than the word serpent
to suggest the i<le~ of 13 And the LoRD God said unto the woman,
look upon iniquity, that arnmal ha nng
eat; and 9gave also unto her husband with her, 1ma~e.H.J.[,. 13; rna!1, his
and hzs ser-
1. been employed as an 1What is this that thou hast done?
instrument of the
And the
and he did eat. 1.int, must not con-
~~°?s'.~~;_35i~d~D 31,
the curse were pro- woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I
temptation. But if
nounced against a
7 And the eyes of them both were opened, 2 Heb. a desire. mere animal, the seed did eat.
v./ the woman must
S The temptation
and they knew that they were naked; and they form. now assumed '.1 triple
lt assailed the
bndse that very ani-
mal's head and the 14 , And the LoRD God said unto the ser-
4 same animal must
sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves appetite---' the tree
was good for food;'
bruise hu heel. Be- pent, Because thou hast done this, thou art
sides the curud ser-
5
aprons. the eye-' it was
pleasant to the eyes;'
and the intellect,
7
enmity with the seed cursed above all cattle, and above every beast
pent has a seed at
ef the woman, a cir-
8 And they heard the hvoice of the LoRD craving which has a natural
for know•
cumstance totally in- of the field: upon thy belly shalt thou go, and
applicable to any
God walking in the garden in the cool6 of the ledge-it was' a tree
to be desired to make
one wise.' Dazzled
examine the consti- dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
mere animal. Let us
tuents of his curse.
day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves and deluded by these
newfee!ings,Godand
1. U°j,on thybellyshalt
thou go. This phra,;e,
15 And I will put enmity between thee and
from the presence of the LoRD God amongst the his holy law were for
moment forjlot-
when applied to
the woman, and between thy seed and her seed:
ten, and the forbid- :ha;tn;tate rit:~:~~:
the trees of the garden. den fruit was eaten.
-P,
ment under righteous it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise
{;gc!m;~~isl w~:~~
1
9 , And the iLoRD God called unto Adam, g4fastnred ver.17.1 Ti.2.14-
011. 2. Dust shalt thou his mheel.
~
eat all the da_ys ofthy

and said unto him, Where art thou? 6 Or, thi1t/["Sfog-1Y'd
about. [The Hebrew life. This phrase is 16 , Unto the woman he said, I will greatly
~~dhin;~hat it;l!t
employed to signify
10 And he said, I heard thy yoice in the about the person, a conqueror, as in multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in
reluctant yielding to
garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; small.

whether large or
It
to a sword-belt, Sa.
applied ts
1
Ps.72.9, 3. An unholy
enmity of Satan sorrow thou shalt bring forth children: and thy
against the human
and I hid myself. 17. 39, and to a gar•
ment of sackcloth, Is.
race, and specially
desire Bhall be8 to thy husband, and he shall
:feat~~~~ Ch~fst~
11 And he said, Who told thee that thou 15.3--P.] h Ps.29.3,4,5. which unholv enmity "rule over thee.
6 Heb. wt-,td. is encounteied by a
wast naked ? Hast thou eaten of the tree 21;16.8. ich.-4-9; 5; 18. zo, II. holy enmity in Christ
against all evil. 4-
The bruising of Satan's head, the ,eat and emblem of his usurped dominion over the
world.-C. m Ge.49.17. 8 Ur, subj«! t(}thyhusband. n 1 Co.14-34-
it is more certain that he moved the doubt relative to able covenant of friendship with himself. (3) It was consciences being touched with a sense of the heinous-
God's prohibitory charge in such ambiguous terms that very early committed, perhaps on the same day they ness of foeir sin, whereby they had defiled their souls,
it was hard to discern whether he intended merely to were created, Ps. 49. 12. (4) It was committed against and of the greatness of that misery which they had
ask if God had really forbidden the use of that fruit,- God's most express command, and when they had the brought upon themselves and their posterity, they began
or to insinuate that the forbidder could not be the true fullest warning of the danger thereby incurred to them to be ashamed of their nakedness, which they now
God, who had kindly created them but just before,-- and their seed. (5) It was committed in paradise, found to be an occasion of sinful motions and affections;
or to suggest that God was a hard master, who had where God dwelt as in his temple; and where every- and covered with fig-leaves those parts by which the
forbidden them to eat of the fruit of the trees of the thing concurred to proclaim his infinite kindness to corruption' of nature is propagated, upon which, for
garden in which he had placed them. (4) Finding that mankind, and invite to obedience. (6) It was com- that reason, God hath put the deepest impression of
the woman adhered to the command, he endeavoured· mitte upon a very slight and but one single tempta- shame, that fruit of sin;-and to which he appointed
to make her believe that the threatening was dark in tion. (7) It was occasioned by an object of very small circumcision, the sacrament of remission, regeneration,
its meaning, and uncertain or false with respect to its importance, which man had no need of in paradise. and mortification, to be applied, ch. 17. I I. (2) When
execution. (5) He pretended a great regard for her and (8) It respected what had been solemnly separated to the Son of God, probably in human shape, as a pres•
her husband's welfare, as if he had been extremely the service of God, and so amounted to a sacrilegious age of his future incarnation, came to seek and to save
desirous of promoting their knowledge and happiness. robbing of him. In this manner, I Ti. 2. 14, • The them, they, sensible of guilt and dreading punishment,
(6) Perhaps he pretended that himself had acquired woman being deceived, was.first in the transgression;' foolishly sought to hide. themselves from him. But
what knowledge he had above other brutes by eating Ro. 5.12-19, 'By one man sin entered into the world, 'there is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the
of that prohibited fruit. It is certain he attempted to and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, workers of iniquity may hide themselves,' Job 34- 22;
confirm his contradiction of the threatening by a solemn for, or in whom, all have sinned.-Death reigned over Am. 9. 3; Ps. 139. 7-9; Pr. 15. 3; Je. 23. 24 (3) When,
appeal to God; (7) Having prevailed with the woman, them which had not sinned actually after the similitude ·o convince them further, he questioned them concern•
he by her means tempted her husband, who complied, of Adam's transgression. Through the offence of one 1g their conduct, they attempted to excuse themselves,
not from any such fondness for her as rendered him many be dead.-The judgment was by one to condem- nd shift the blame upon their tempters; andi Adam
willing to transgress with her, but as deceived: and nation.-By one man's offence.death reigned by one.- ppears inclined to lay the blame of his fault upon God
the rather as he saw she did not immediately die npon By the offence of one, judgment came upon all men to himself, as if he had given him a tempter under t1e
her eating of the fruit. This sin of our first parents, condemnation.-By one man's disobedience many were character of an helpmeet for him, Job 31. 33; Pr. 19. '!-
in eating this forbidden fruit, was exceeding great. It made sinners;' I Co. 15. 22, 'In Adam, by his first sin, --[Ver. 8. 'The voice of the Lord' may signify, as in
contained, ( 1) Horrid unbelief to such a degree that all die. '--[Ver. I. The character of the temptation Ps. 29. 3, some manifestation of his presence in terrible
the devil, in the form of a beast, was believed in op- strikingly illustrates the wiliness of the 'old serpent.' commotion of the elements, which filled the guilty pair
position to the solemn declaration of God. (2) The There is nothing at first to awaken suspicion, or to with fear; or it may perhaps be the name of the second
most presumptuous pride, ambition, and bold curiosity; shock the moral sense. There is a sly insinuation person of the blessed Trinity, and thus equivalent to
they were in paradise, and lords of the lower world- calculated to excite natural curiosity. Then there is the Greek Logos.-'The wind of the day' is in the
they knew and enjoyed very much-but nothing would an assertion embodying a direct lie, combined, how- East the evening, when a cool refreshing breeze always
content them but to be as God in knowledge and ever, with just enough of truth to give it plausibility: springs up, and makes walking agreeable. P. J
happiness. (3) The most shocking ingratitude and 'Ye shall not die; for God doth know,' &c. The Ver. 14-19. In this condemnation of the criminals,
discontent; God had given them everything proper for temptations of Satan still exhibit the same fatal crafti- the serpent, which had -been only an irrational instru-
conveniency and delight-he had made them the lords ness-the same knowledge of the weakness o' human ment, is cursed, as a mark of God's high detestation of
of animals and earth, the companions of angels-and nature.-It will be observed that while by the historian the crime; as Ex. 21. 28, 29; Le. 20. 15. Perhaps he had
yet they revolted at the inconsiderable reserve of a God is called :Jehm,ah Elohim, Satan only uses the one formerly moved upon the hinder part of his body, and
tree. (4) The most contemptuous apostasy from and name, Elohim. P.--Ver. 3. Some have supposed so was numbered among the wild beasts which eat
rebellion against God; they renounced his covenant of that Eve h~re stated the first untruth, by adding to the herbs, and are distinguished from creeping things, ch.
friendship, and threw off all subjection to and professed commandment of God (ch. 2. 16, 17); but there is no 1. 25, 30. But now he and all his kind must henceforth
dependence on him. (5) In this one act the whole law reasonable ground for this charge, as God may have be reckoned most despicable and detestable. They
of Gc,d was transgressed. The authority of God, which is graciously added those other limitations which she must creep along the earth, take down part of its dust
the foundation of it, was trampled under foot; the love, here enumerates, though not previeusly recorded by with their food, Is. 65. 25; Mi. 7. 17, and must be the
which is the complete fulfilment of it, was neglected, Moses. C.--Ver. 5. The translation here tends to stated objects of the hatred of mankind. But this sen·
and hatred established, J a. 2. 10. The symbolical law, create a misconception in the mind of the English tence, directed against the serpent, chiefly respected
which was a summary of and a fence to the moral, reader. It would leave the impression that polytheism Satan and his angels. He is cursed abuve all the irra-
was expressly contemned and violated. Nay, each of was already known-'Ye s!,all be as gods.' The fact tional animals; is left under the power of invincible
the moral precepts was plainly broken. The aggrava- is, however, that it is the same Hebrew word which in folly and malice; and is in disgrace depressed below the
tions of this sin were no less remarkable. (I) It was the first clause of the verse is rendered 'God,' and in vilest of beasts, and appointed to misery, when they
committed by persons newly made after the image of the second 'gods.' The proper translation is, 'Ye have perished in death. He goes on his belly, and eats
God; perfectly without sin, and capable of con- shall be as God.' P.] dust. His actions are base and troublesome to him-
tinuing so. (2) It was committed by them just after Ver. 7-13. Here we have their wretched evasions self: he can never ascend higher than this world. He
he had graciously received them into the most honour- after their fall (I) When their 't>''" w,re opened-their is trampled under the feet of Christ and his people.
216
HE ABANA RIVER PASSING THE GARDENS OF DAMASCUS -THE . white mulberry, and alternating with these fruit trees, rose bushes and other
T · CITY KNOWN TO ABRAHAM. [Genesis, iii:23.]-"Therefore the Lord flowering shrubs stand thick upon the ground. Because of this it is not difficult
God sent him forth from the Garden of Eden to till the ground from whence
he was taken." In the blooming season, the trees which stand in the Gardens of
to persuade one's self that Damascus represents more in a living way the paradise
in which our first parents lived for a while, than any other city upon earth. The
Damascus are very attractive, because .of their great variety and the lux1.1riance of Garden of Eden was created and perpetuated by the rivers of Mesopotamia, and
their foliage and flowers. The Damson or Damascene plum gets its name from Damascus is created and kept green by the Abana river.
growing in the Gardens of. Damascus. Here we have the orange, the apricot, the
The punishment of sin. GENESIS III. Man driven fr= Eden.
B.C. 40Cl4- B.C. 4004-
17 And unto Adam he said, Because thou the LoRD God make coats of skins,' and clothed
hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and l This is thes«ond th! ~i~~P:t~h~1~i: them.
mals that God taught
curse, and is inflicted
hast eaten of the tree of which I commanded on the ground for
man's sake; and from
~ffer~~ p:~rilsce~ 22 , And the LORD God said, Behold, the
1
thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it; cursed is ithimself.
comes upon man
Let us ex•
:!~::~1~tbes:~ifisciJ man is become as one of us, 5 to know good and
the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou amine greditnts,
its bitter in-
eaten in sorrow ail
Bre.i.d 1. r~ ;'.,'.'..'.c.'he ptie eYil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and
were, in the law,
0 st
•
eat ef it all the days of thy life: our davs. Thorns

and th.istles contend-
2. ,Ju':ho was a, one take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for
6 The former at•
18 Thorns also and thistles shall it bring2 forth of~ifn~~ ~i~hpth~ t:~b :!~P\~f b~ac~;;:r'i; ever ;6
the field allotted
~i~ :;iar ~e~e~it}~
0
to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. exhaustion
for food. 3. Toil and
through-
23 Therefore the LORD God sent him forth
19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat out C.
life. Death.- 4, -~~~
fh :'~;~~h;}h1r,~~ ri from the garden of Eden, to till t e ground
0 h
bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out ~ifr~ Gtd ~;·i~~ls h~~,: ffom "\\~hence he "~as taken.
2 Heb.causetobud. 0
vf it wast thou taken: for •dust thou art, and t;n;~~:'u'f;f.'.~e.:'~d'
flaming sword inter-
~ 24 So he drove out the man: and he placed
unto dust shalt thou return. o ch. 7; 27. Ee. 2. 18. ~i/'};/0\h~•;:'.~; ;J at the east of the garden of Eden cherubims,
12.7. Job 17,.13-16. Ps. !if~ was an emblem h d
20 And Adam called his wife's name Eve ;3 22.15,29- of Chtist, Re. n. ,; and a flaming Psword w ich turne eYery way,
because she was the mother of all living. 3 Heb. Chavah,i.e.
~~e c:~;:t~m,
r,nces and powm. to
1:~rn: k h f
eep t e Way O t e tree O lie. h f 1 ·"
21 1 Unto Adam also, and to his wife, did
llvety, or quickener, t;l~e'}~~~JiJ;&;;;.,:;J, death in the han? of an ang~I, Nu. 22.:23, or an angel, so called, according to the words of
either an emblem of] Paul, He. 7.-L.
I. P Nu.:22.23.Jo».5.13. 1 Ch.2J,16,17. .
His power is restricted to earthly men, or to killing of tations, stirs up persecution and trouble against the by the GREAT SEED of the woman over Satan-' I-r
the bodies of believers-for their souls he cannot kill; human nature of Christ, and against his people, while shall bruise thy head,' after a conflict. P.]
nay, their temporal death promotes the destruction of they continue on the earth: or their bodies, crushed to Ver. 20. Having heard, and perhaps believed, the
sin in them. He takes such pleasure as he is capable the dust of death by his influence, lie in the grave. But promise relative to the seed of the woman, Adam gives
of in seducing reprobates to the basest wickedness, and at the last day he and his agent death shall be quite over- his wife a new name, importing her being the mother
in vexing the godly with his abominable temptations. thrown and swallowed up in eternal victory. He. 4- 15; of Jesus, the quickening spirit, and author of eternal
God further threatens that the very woman whom he 2 Co. 13. 4; Is. 53. 4, 5; Jn, 16. 33; Ac. 14. 22; Is. 25. life, and of his Jiving members. J n. IO. IO; Ir. 25.
had seduced, and many of her posterity, should, by 8; l Co. 15. 25-57. The woman was condemned to a Ver. 21. The Lord, who had taught them to offer
their free justification and their reconcilement and con- multitude of sorrows and pains, particularly in the con- animals in sacrifice, as a figure of Jesus' oblation of him-
version to GO"d, be made stated enemies to him and his ception, bearing, and bringing up of her children; and self for the salvation of men, taught them to make coats
friends, and enabled, through Jesus Christ, to tread on to a further degree of subjection to her husband, whom of the skins, as a memorial that by sinfully hearkening
his policy, power, and his life of permitted authority on she had overlooked in parleying with the serpent as her to the serpent they had made themselves as the beasts
earth. to his great grief and agony of mind, notwith- instructor. I Ti. 2. 12, 15; I Co. 7. 28; 14. 34; Tit. 2, 5; which perish, and that there could be no salvation from
standing all he should be able to do to oppose them by l Pe. 3. 6; Ep. ii. iv.; Mai. 19. 8, &c. To punish Adam, shame and danger but by the garment of Jesus' blessed
temptation or persecution, But the principal part of the proprietor, the whole ground was cursed with respect atonement. Is. 61. IO; Ro. 13. 14-
Satan's curse lay in the ruin brought on him by Jesus to its soil and product. The whole lower world, being Ver.22. Perhaps we have here no ironical derision of
Christ, the eminent seed o.f the woman, in his redemption defiled under its inhabitants, was devoured by the curse, man's folly in attempting to become wise as God: but
of mankind. Jesus Chcist is called the seed if the woman, and subjected to the bondage of corruption. Is. 24- 5, 6; God's affectionate lamentation over his ruined condi-
not only to import the reality of his manhood, and his Ro. 8. 20-22; Ge. 5. 29; Job 31. 40; He. 6. 8; Je. 12. 13- tion, and gracious resolution to tum him out of paradise,
close connection with believers-who are also called Himselfwas condemned to much grief and sorrow. Ps. Jest his vain hopes to fortify himself against death, by
her seed, as followers of her in faith and holiness-but 127. 2. To eat the herbs of the field, instead of the eating of the tree of life, should tern pt him to neglect
chiefly to signify that he was none of Adam's natural del1cious fruits of paradise; and to be occupied in hard the great salvation which was offered to him in the cove-
posterity represented in the covenant of works, and labour in the cultivation of them till he died. 2 Th. 3. nant of grace. Ro. 9. 30-32; IO. 2, 3. - [ One if us,
that he would be born of a virgin. He, by fulfilling IO; Ep. 4- 28; Ee. r. 1, 2, 13, 14;"2. II, 17, 21, 26. Thus ,vhen in ch. 1. 26 God said, 'Let us make man in our
the broken law-which is the strength of sin-in our in these few verses we have a predictory description of image,' the counsel of the DIVINE ELOHIM, or Holy
•tead, by making atonement for sin, and hy removing the agency and success of Satan the destroyer, and of Trinity, in the formation of man is revealed. When in
the curse, has undermined the whole power and autho- the incarnation, offic€, state, and work of Jesus our Re- ch. 3. 22 God says, 'The man is become as one of us,
rity which Satan had over the world as the execu- deemer; and in fine, of the whole fate of this lower to know good and evil,' the word 'us' must refer as in
l10ner of God's justice. And as by the word of his world, particularly of mankind, from the fall of Adam the former case to the Godhead, but who in the God-
power he dislodged him from the bodies of multitudes till the end of time. Nor can any one seriously review head had knowledge of good and evil? even the Son,
-and by the word of his grace in the ministration of the state of the world--of fields, of persons, of families, whose eternal delights were with the children of men
the gospel did and will expel the worship of him from of churches, or nations, for almost six thousand years (Pr. 8. 31 ), who loved his people 'before the foundation
multitudes of nations; so by the powerful application past, but he must perceive a constant and exact accom- of the world,' and who in the fulness of time was 'made
of his word, Spirit, and blood, to men's consciences plishment thereof. Nor are the subsequent predictions, a curse for us, that we might be made the righteousness
and hearts, he casts him and his works down from their whether of mercies or judgments, anything else but a of God in him.' The word evil here does not signify
throne in them, and by the influences of his grace gradual opening and explication of this; the latter moral evil, but that sorrow, toil, and death, inflicted a,
enables his people to resist the devil, and make him always pointing out more clearly and circumstantially natural evils, with which alone he that 'knew no sin,'
flee from them; and to mortify the deeds of the body what had been contained in the former; nor are the yet who 'bore our griefs, and catried our sorrows,' was
that they may Jive. Thus, l Pe. 5. 8, 'Our adversary histories aught else but an account of the fulfilment. acquainted. C.--The plural form of the name of God,
the devil goeth about seeking whom he may devour;' But one thing is remarkable, that in this declaration of Elohim; the expression, 'Let us make man;' and here
Job r. 7, 'Going to and fro in the earth, and walking Jehovah now before us the first intimation of a Saviour, again the statement, 'The man is become as one of us,'
up and down in it;' Jn. 8. 41, 44, 'Wicked men are of and salvation through him for mankind, is not directed all appear to shadow forth the wondrous doctrine of
their father the devil, and the lusts of their father they to Adam or Eve, but is included in·a threatening directed plurality in unity-three persons, and yet one God.-
will do;' Ac. 13. IO; 1 J n. 3. 8, IO; Mat. 13. 38; Ro. 9. 8, to Satan, plainly intimating that the work of our re- It would undoubtedly appear from this statement that
'Only the children of the promise are counted for Eve's demption remarkably aggravates the misery of our there was some inherent virtue in the fruit of the tree
seed;' Ga. 4- 29; Pr. 29. 27, 'An unjust man is an abomi- original destroyer, and that we are not immediate of life calculated to preserve life indefinitely. It would
nation to the just; and he that is upright in the way is parties in the covenant of our recovery, nor doth it, seem too as if man before the fall was rendered immor-
an abomination to the wicked;' Jn. 15. 18; Mar. 13. 13; either in point of reality or application, depend on tal by eating of the tree of life; for if he was created
but, l J n. 3. 5, 8, 'The Son of God was manifested to our work, but on the blood of Jesus Christ, and the jmmortal, the tree of life was unnecessary. P. J
take away sin-to destroy the works of the devil;' Is. 7. faith we exercise in it. Ro. 5. 20, 21; Ep. 2. 1-8. Ver. 23, 24- The words used for the turning of man
14, 'A virgin did conceive, and bring forth a Son- --rVer. 14. It is worthy of observation here, as out of paradise import that he was turned out as a
Immanuel;' Da. 9. 24, 26, 'The Messiah shall be cut off, elsewbere in Scripture, that the curses consequent upon divorced woman from the house of her husband, never
not for himself, but to finish transgression, and make sin are not pronounced or executed solely upon rational to be admitted back to a state of happiness under the
~n end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, beings; irrational creatures, and even the fn1its of the broken covenant of works. Perhaps while the flaming
and to bring in an everlasting righteousness;' Ps. 91. 13, field, and the very earth itself, are visited by divine sword turned every way to keep men from the tree of
'The lion, adder, and dragon shall be trampled under judgments. The serpent is cursed because Satan had life, the divine Majesty, as reconciled in Christ, mani•
feet;' Col. 2. I 5, 'Having spoiled principalities and assumed its form when tempting Eve. The earth is fested himself between the cherubims, as on his throne
powers, he made a show of them openly, triumphing cursed because it is the habitation of sinful man- of grace, to encourage them to humble and familiar
over them;,, his cross;' He. 2. 14, 'That thr,ough death ' Cursed is the ground for thy sake.' P.--Ver. 15. fellowship with himseli. He, 4- 16.--[Ver. 24. Heb.
he might destroy him that hath the power of death, Bruise his /tee!. By coming behind him stealthily, and The cherubim and the flaming sword which revolved.
that is, the devil;' Jn. 12. 31, 'Now shall the devil, the bruising him through his false followers, Ps. 49. 5; J n. Cherubim is a plural fonn, and denotes an order of
prince of this world, be cast out,' o.f ltzs kingdom and 13. 18. C.--It is a remarkable proof at once of the celestial beings distinct from angels, and apparently
autltonfy in and over men; J n. I 6. l l ; Is. 49. 24-26; Lu. wisdom and of the love of God, that the first curse pro- higher in dignity, They are represented as closely
10. 18, 19; Ro. 16.20, 'God shal! bruise Satan under your nounced on account of sin embodied in it the first pro- attached to God, standing beside his throne, and bear·
feet shortly;' I Jn. 2. 13, 'Ye have overcome the wicked mised deliverance from sin, The words are prophetic, ing him. Carved figures of cherubim with outspread
one;' I Pe. 5. 9; Ja. 4. 7; Ps. 91. I 3. While Satan receiv- indicating first, a Jong and hard struggle between the wings covered the mercy,seat; hence God was said to
eth the ruinous bruise in his head, he bruisetlt tlte !tee! children of the devil-' thy seed,' and the children of dwell 'between the cherubim.' The exact fonn of
of the seed of the woman; that is, he assaults by temp- God-'her seed;' and second, a complete victory gained these figures is unknown; but it has been conjectured
218
The death of Abel. GENESIS IV. Tl1e punishment of Cain.
CHAPTER IV. .1..M. 2. B.C. 4003. A.M. :129. B.C. 3875.
IO And he said, '"7hat hast thou done? the
./ ch.3. 13.J os. 7.19.
1 The birth, trade, and religion of Cain and Abel. 8 The murder
if Abel- 11 The curse of Cain. 17 Enoch the first city. 19 Lamech
CHAP. IV. 3 Heb. bloods, ch. voice of thy brother's blood 3 crieth unto me
:nd his two wives. 25 The birth of Seth, 26 and Eno,.
I i.e. gettt"nE,
2 Heb. Hebel, i.e.
18. 20. Re.6.ro. 2 Ki. 9.
26.Job 16.18.He.12.24.
g Ga.3.10.De.28.16-
from the ground.
AND Adam knew Eve his wife: and she con- vanity. 20;27.16-26.
4 The third in-
11 And now art thou g cursed 4 from the
3 Heb.afteder,ch.
1:l. ceived,
and bare1 Cain, and said, I have 46.32.34;37-13.
4 Heb. at the end
stance of a curse,
con~isting in (1) The
earth's m1µerfect re-
earth, which hath opened her 7mouth to receive
gotten a man from the LoRD. of days, perhaps on
the Sabbath.
turn for labour; (2)
The expulsion of the
thy brother's blood from thy hand.
\Vhen thou tillest the ground, 'it shall
6~~~~M~~'l::i not12henceforth
culprit from the pre-
2 And she again bare his brother Abel.2 z Pr.3. 9. Ex. 13. IZ,
Nu.18.17. ~~~rt¥J'
And Abel was a keepe:r3 of sheep, but Cain was 5 Heb. .rherl>, or
g-oats.
the earth.-C. yield unto thee her strength: ka
h Re. 12. 16.Job 16.
8 tiller of the ground. a Mat.20.r5.Job5.2.

,s.
t" cl1.3.17. De. 28.
23,
fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the
3 And in process of time4 it came to pass, 6 For a sinner, as
Cain was, to do well,
24.Ro.8.~.
k Ps.109. xo. Mat. 8.
earth.
is to appreht:nd the 20. Is 5;.20.21. Ps.107.
that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an revealed mercy of
God in Christ, and to
4;1QOJ.23.De.28.65. 13 And Cain said unto the LoRD, My pun-
5 Or,Mllre z"mquity
is J[reater than that ishment is greater that I can bear.
turn from his sin to 5
offoring unto the LoitD. God. Then is the
chief of sinners ac• it may be forg{ven,
4 And Abel, he also brought of •the firstlings cepted in the Beloved.
-C.
Re.16.9,II,21.
I Ps.109. 10. De.28.
14 Behold, thou hast driven me out this day
of his fiock,5 and of the fat thereof. And the 7 Or, have the ex-
65, See ver. 12.
from the face of the earth; and from thy face
no wT:i;o~~~~ ~;~~fi
cellency. 6
LoRD had respect unto Abel and to his offering: B Puntshment. year_ (compare ch. 4. shall I be hid; and I shall be a !fugitive and a
9 Magee and others 25 with 5.3) the num-
5 But unto Cain and to his offering he had understand by sm ber of inhabitant~ vagabond in the earth: and it shall come to
lyz"Jt![ at the door, an may readily have
souls. For as in the pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay
amounted to 6
not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and animal for a sin-offer•
ing couchz"ng- or lair·
100,000
space of 215 years, 70

1Kg at hand. The
his countenance fell. comparison of the person!> became up- me.
text with Mat. 24. 33 wards of 6oo,ooo fit
6 And the LORD said unto Cain, aWhy art and Ja, 5. 9 seems for the army, Nu.1.3,
15 And the LoRD said unto him, mThere-
t~ml1:r~uJi~d d~~h~;
rather to indicate the
nearness and un-
thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen? avoidahle position this increase), we can fore, whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall
of unrepented sin, have no difficulty in
7 And the LoRD
7 If thou doest well, 6 shalt thou not be which, as it were,
meets the sinner at antediluvian descen- be taken on him sernn-fold.
concludin_g that the
dantsof Adam,whose
accepted? 7 and if thou doest not well, sin8 lieth the door, whether he
go out or come in,
and hes there unre-
lives were so pro- set a mark
longed, might have
8
upon Cain, lest any finding him
at the door. 9 And unto thee1 shall be his 100,000, in a period of should kill him.
movable, unless he now amounted to
cease to do e-ml, and
five ordmary genera-
desire, and thou shalt rule over him. learn to do we/1.-C.
I Or, suQject unto
tions.-C. 16 1 And Cain went out "from the presence
m Ho.1.4- 1Ki.16.7.
8 1 And Cain btalked with Abel his brother: th~e, ch.3.16.
b Ps.55.21;~.3.2Sa.
Mat.26.52.
7 with great sever.
of the LoRD, and dwelt in the land of Nod,9 on
ity, ver. 24- Ps. 79. r:::. the east of Eden.
and it came to pass, when they were in the 3.27;20.9,10.M1.7.6.
c Mat.23.35.Judeu.
Pr. 6. 31, Le. 26. 18,21,
24,28.
field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, 1Jn.3.12.
8 gave a sign to. 17 And Cain knew his wife; and she con.
dch.3.9. 1
96.6,8.1Ch.16.29, from ceived and bare Enoch : and he builded a city,
n I Jn. 1. 3 with Ps,
and "slew him. e Jn.8.44.Pr.28.13.
God's ordinances and
9 And the LoRD said unto Cain, dWhere is 2 This is a direct
falsehood,and proves
church.
9 i.e. wandering.
and
0
called the name of the city, after the name
Abel thy brother? And he said, I •know not: 2 1 Heb. Ckanoch, of his son, Enoch.
that Cain was a true
child of the devil,
1Jn.3.12, who wa,;the i.e. dedfr:ated.
Am I my brother's keeper? father of lies, Jn.8.-44.
-P. ,..o Ps. 49. n. 2 Sa. 18. 18 And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad
that they had a human face, the body of an ox, and divine arms of infinite and everlasting love, shall for as affectionate as ever. While they talked in the field,
the wings of an eagle, and that they were thus similar ever shut me up to the most immediate fellowship of Cain, still enraged in his heart, murdered his righteo~
to the great human-headed winged bulls which Layard Jesus the Tree of Life, which beareth twelve manner of brother on account of his piety, Ps. 55. 21; I J n. 3. 12.
discovered in the palaces of Nineveh. .P.] fmits every month, and whose leaves are for the heal- Abel's blood cried to God for just vengeance upon
REFLECTIONS.-Be sober, be vigilant, my soul, ing of the nations. Cain, He. 12. 24- God, notwithstanding Cain's denial
lest thine adversary the devil get an advantage of thee, and insulting pretence that he had given him no charge
and beguile thee through his subtlety. Never encounter CHAPTER IV. Ver. 1. If Eve thought that in of his brother, condemned him to punishment, and
him, separated from Jesus, or in thy own strength. Cain she had gotten THE MAN-JEHOVAH, THE MES· cursed the fields which he should cultivate into a further
Never dally with, but boldly and immediately resist SIAH, as the words in the Hebrew may bear, she found degree of barrenness, Ps. 9. 12. Cain never lamented
him, and he will flee from thee. Never indulge the herself sadly mistaken.-[Some translate 'I have gotten the heinousness of his sin, but complained that it could
smallest doubt of the veracity or importance of what a man-Jehovah,' and believe,that Eve supposed him not be pardoned, aud that his punishment was to~
the Lord hath spoken. Let me always be content with to be the promised seed, who was to bruise the serpent's great; and that now everybody would be ready to kill
such things as I have. It is not in becoming a god, head. But the passage will not bear such a rendering. him, as the public enemy of mankind, and devoted of
but in enjoying God, as my ALL AND IN ALL, that my The emphatic word is kanithi, 'I have gotten;' hence God to destruction. But God marked him with some
happiness consists. In what shame, what misery, sin the son was called Cain, which comes from the same visible token, and denounced a still heavier vengeance
always issueth !-Behold how the offended majesty of root; and the sense of the whole is, 'I have gotten a against the person who should kill him. Thus, Job.
heaven flies on the wings of infinite love and mercy for man from (or with the assistance of) Jehovah.' .P.] 18. II; 15. 20--24. Terrors made him afraid on every
the immediate relief of self-ruined men, and to proclaim, Ver. 3. By instruction from God, more or less ex- side, and drove him to his feet. He travelled in pain all
offer, and bestow upon them redemption through the press, several of the Mosaic rites were practised long his days, &c.-Le. 26. 17, 36. 'But God slew him not,
blood of his Son ! But alas ! how they flee from him, before the giving of the law at Sinai; as the distinction lest his people should forget,' Ps. 59. I 1.--[Ver. 5.
and by covering their transgression, endeavour even to between clean and unclean beasts, Ge. 7. 2 ; priests, Why was this? The apostle Paul replies, 'By faith
evade his favours! Blessed Jesus, if thou arraignest altars, burnt-offerings, and drink-offerings, 8. 20; 14. 18; Abel offered unto God a more excellent (literally, a
me, let me always fly into thy bosom of mercy and 22. 13; 35. 14; abstinence from blood, 9. 4; oil for confi,!!er) sacrifice than Cain.' The .faith was shown in
kindness; let me glad! y entertain thy convictions, and secration, 28. 18; 35. 14; marriage of brothers' widows, the nature of the offering. Cain's was an acknowledg-
acknowledge my offence, that I may not fall into the 38. 8, 9, 20. ment of God's sovereignty-it was the offering of a
condemnation of the devil! Let all the troubles which Ver. 4- He. 11.4, 'By faith-as to the divine af>- Deist. Abel's, in addition, was an acknowledrment
affect this world call my sin to my remembrance, and pointment, efwhich their father had in.formed them, ai,d of guilt, of the necessity for an atonement-it was the
deeply affect me with it! Blessed be Jehovah that his by.faitlz in the promised Messiah, signified thereby-Abel offering of a humble, conscience-stricken sinner. P.--
only-begotten Son became the seed of the woman, Im- offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain; Ver. 7. Rule over him. There is no cause for jealousy,
manuel, God with us-that he had his heel bruised, (perhaps more proper in its matter, and certainly so in its for Abel, though specially honoured <Jf God, is still
travailed in pangs of woe at Love's delivery of a lost manner), by which he obtained witness that he was ready to obey Cain, as his elder brother. C.--
world, was made to endure suffering, a man of sorrows, righteous, God testifying of his gifts.' Perhaps the This very obscure sentence appears to be connected
and acquainted with grief-was crowned with thorns, Lord testified his respect by consuming his sacrifice with what immediately precedes-'Sin lieth at the
•nd being in an agony did sweat great drops of blood with fire from heaven, as in the case of Aaron, Le. 9. 24; door.' Sin is personified. Cain is represented as
-that dust he was, and to dust he returned--and all Gideon, Ju. 6. 21; David, I Ch. 21. 26; Solomon, 2 Ch. making it his slave, and employing it to execute his
for men-all for ME! Let my naked soul put on, not 7. 1; and Elijah, I Ki. 18. 38. own wicked purposes; and the result is the murder of
the fig-leaves of my self-righteousness, but his law- Ver. 5-15. Full of rage against God and his brother, Abel. .P.--Ver. 8. Field. The field, and not the
magnifying atonement. Bewailing the tremendous fall Cain's looks became sour, dejected, envious, and angry. altar of worship, as painters frequently represent, i,;
of my race, and turning my back on the law as the To convince him of his fault, God showed him that it mentioned as the scene of this melancholy transaction.
ministration of death, and on this blasted world as was his own want of faith and sincerity which hindered Does not this suggest the probability that the im-
emptied of all enjoyments, let me embrace the better his acceptance; and that, if he did not repent, his sin mediate occasion of quarrel was some division of the
covenant, founded on better promises, and seek a better would quickly subject him to punishment; and that in land, becoming necessary in consequence of the different
Oaradise, where not merely angelical cherubims, but temporals A be! continued as subject to him and was occupations of the brothen,-pasturage and til1>.ge ? - -
219 .
Li,~ of Seth. GENESIS V. The genealogy of A.dam, we,
begat Mehujael: and Mehujael begat Methusael: ,,rn.
I A-"· ' 94· s.c. 1 _A·_"·_'·_•-_c._•004
_·_ blessed them, and ccalled their name Adam,1 in
and Methusael begat Lamech. 2 . Ith~;:.';):~-;.~,::\:~'. of Adam, and gives
a geue~logical table
the day when they were created.
19 , And Lamech took unto him two wives :3 . ;;-;:ic&':r.'essed and extendmg down to
~odh. It commences, 3 1 And Adam live~ a~ hundre_d and thirty
'This the book or
the name of the one was Adah, and the name , ~,Jti irif;;,~~1;1~ :,v:;:i~t !c lf:::i~: th
t!>
0 years, and begat a son m h1s·down likeness, after
0 0
of the other Zillah. . appearsmpolygamy, 11,aving the impres- his image; and called his name •Seth.
~~1Jt:t ~o:~~~;~1::
tenmnatmg m j~a•
4 4 And the days of Adam, after he had be.
20 And Adah bare J abal: he was the father ;h~!~'te~~g ~urdne~ and 2
It1s complete in itself;
f h 1 , d ,f' h I or wounding, m. the would seem to

gotten Seth, were eight hundred years; and he
0 sue as d we 1 m tents, an 0 suet as ltave ;~~~~;:.'.'."c:•tramed have been embodied
bv Moc.es in its en-
tirety.-?. 1 begat sons and daughters.
cattle. • ,.e. F;rstim•ento,
21 And his brother's name was Jubal: he !n~ctt~:t~1u:Ucfro~~~~ c ch. 2.23.Ac.r7.26. 5 And all the days that Adam lived were
was the fathe:r5 of all such as handle the. harp m: ;~:::~ventorand beautiful, 1 Red,
joined m
earthy, gnine hundred and thirty years: and he hdied.
and organ. teacher of music.
Jove.
6 1 And Seth 2 lived an hundred and five
22 And Zillah, she also bare Tubal-cain, an 6 Heb. whette,, d Job 14.4- Ps. 14-2,
3;51.5.Ro.5.12. years, and begat Enos.
7 Lame ch 's family 3874.
instructor' of every artificer in brass and iron: was remarkable. His
sons were celebrated
7 And Seth lived, after he begat Enos, eight
and the sister of Tubal-cain wais Naamah. 7 for their inventive
hundred and seven years, and begat sons and
genius, and his
daughter was distin-
23 And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah guished for personal
beauty, a'> the name
/Ge. 1.28;9.7; II.II. daughters.
and Zillah, hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, P.Naamah implies.- ~:.- 127. 3; 1.28.3,4; 144· 8 And all the days of Seth were nine hun.
hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man BOr,Iwoulds!ay With Ir. ver.8,n,r4,r7,&c.
Ps. 90. :a:o. De.30.
dred and twelve years: and he died.
to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. 8 aifj"fJJ.u"':.;'::::.":'!;. 20,
9 1 And Enos 3 lived ninety years, and begat
24 If Cain shall be avenged seven-fold, truly 9With far greater Cainan. 4
Lamech seventy and seven-fold.9 severity, Mat.,S."2. IO And Enos lived, after he begat Cainan,
25 1 And Adam knew his wife again; and aip;l,:'~c1.sheth, ,.e. eight hundred and fifteen years, and •begat sons
she bare a son, and called his name Seth:1 Hatherofsaints. and <laughters.
For God, said she, hath appointed me another W:.,~;:dn~:':.sh, ,:,. 11 And all the days of Enos were nine hun-
seed2 instead of Abel, whom Cain slew. 4 Or,tocatl them- • Heb. Kman, 1-:e. dred and five years: and khe died.
26 And to Seth, to him also there was born iZ"J:Ji;,1'.'nameoj lamentation, Ezr.9-4;ch.6.u.
:a: Ch.1.2.
12 t\f And Cainan lived seventy years, and
a son; and he called his name Enos : then 8
iSee ver.,e. begat Mahalaleel. 5
began men to call upon the name of the LoRD.' J:See ver.5- 13 And Cainan lived, after he begat Maha-
CHAPTER V.
CHAP. V,
6 Or, Malelul, Lu. laleel, eight hundred and forty years, and 1begat
1 The genealogy, age, and death of the patriarch3 from.Adam unto
A.M, l, B.C. 4004-
gle;t: the praising sons and daughters.
a History, Mat.1.1;
Noah. 24 'I'he godliness and translati.on of Enoch, ch.2.-4;6.9;10.1. /See ver.-4- 14 And all the days of Cainan were nine hun-
T HIS i8 the a book of the generations of dred and ten years: and mhe died.
6 See ch. l, 26, 27.
Adam. In the day that God created man, ...

Job15.i,._;25.5. Ec.7,
., See ver.5-
•354, 15 1 And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five

6 We have here the
in the blikeness of God made he him:5 beginning of a new
document which goes
'l HeJ.i. 7ered,:a: Ch.
:a:. 2, t,e. the coming-
years,6 and begat Jared. 7
2 Male and female created he them; and back to the creation down.
16 And Mahalaleel lived, after he begat
Ver. 15. S,venfald. Why was not Cain sentenced to on other occasions.-[It is evident from this passage a just God! No falsehood can deceive him, nor
death, accordmg to Ge. 9. 6? Simply because his that at the birth of Enos some remarkable change took force withstand him. · Nor can all the carnal expedients
crime, however aggravated, was not murder, but man- place in the manner in which the people of God paid on earth relieve a conscience divinely charged and
slaughter. C.] their homage to the divine Being. It would seem that burdened with guilt. Never let me envy the pros-
Ver. 19. Contrary to God's original institution of hitherto the worship had been chiefly ritualistic-by perity of the wicked, their cities erected, their numer-
marriage, and the stated equality preserved by his pro- sacrifices and oblations; and that this had largely de- ous and thriving families, their artful inventions, or
vidence among the males and females of mankind, generated into a cold and heartless formalism. Now, pleasures of sense ! But when Jesus adds to his church,
Lamech, the descendant of Cain, to gratify his intem- however, the true nature of God, as expressed by the or reforms the worship of it, let me rejoice thereat
perate lust, first took a plurality of wives, and intro- name JEHOVAH, began to be fully apprehended; and Meanwhile, in the name, the employ, the sacrifice, and
duced a custom which still remains in many places of the consequence was that spiritual worship was given death of Abel, let me behold Jesus appearing in the
the world; and with which not a few of the pious He- to him-' Then it was begun to invoke the name of' :Je· likeness of sinful flesh, and sullied with the vilest re-
brews, inadvertent to the sinfulness thereof, complied; hovah.' The phrase is impersonal. In the Hebrew proach !-Jesus, as the great Shepherd of his Father's
Ge. xvi. xxix.; 2 Sa. iii. v. I Ki. xi., &c. But Christ fully there is no equivalent to 'men.' The mode of invoca- ·church :-Jesus, as the faithful offerer of himself unto
laid open the iniquity of this practice, and restored tion was doubtless by prayer, both private and social; God for a sacrifice of a sweet-smelling savour :-Jesus,
mamage to its original-form: Ge. 2. 18-24; Mal. 2. 14, and God was invoked as JEHOVAH-the immutable, the hatred and murder of whom, by his brethren the
15; Mat. 19. 8. promising, and faithful God. The descendants of Cain Jews, issued in the curse of their country, the rejection
Ver. 20. [Houses were of earlier origin than tents. devoted themselves to the pursuit of the arts and sci- of their church, and the scattering and misery of their
The tent is here connected with the keeping or rearing ences, but the children of Seth rose to a true sense of nation,as a lasting monument of the justice of lieavenl
of cattle as a trade. The reason of this will be ap- man's dignity as an accountable and immortal being.
parent to those acquainted with the East. Large flocks They saw that God was a Spirit; and they worshipped CHAPTER V. Ver. 3, Seth was begotten, not in
requi're a constant supply of grass throughout the year. him in spirit and in truth. P.] the image_ of God, in which Adam had been created,
This cannot be had in one locality. Shepherds there- REFLECTIONS.-Let me believe the promise of but in the image of fallen Adam, that is, with tenden·
fore must move from place to place-southward in God; but never sinfully hasten to obtain the promised cies to evil in him, 'He was shapen in iniquity, and
winter, northward in summer. A wandering life re- blessing, lest I grasp a devil, a murderer, instead of in sin did his mother conceive him,' Ps. 51. 5. 'A child
quires a movable habitation; hence the necessity for, the great God my Saviour! Never let me partially of disobedience-by nature a child of wrath, even as
and the invention of, the tent. P.] esteem children, or anything else, lest what I regard others,' the pr'!fane descendants of' Cain not exc,Pted,
Ver. 23, 24 To deter his wives from hurting him, or become the plague of my soul, or my house; while Ep. 2, 2, 3.-What was born of flesh, corrt,pted parents,
to render them fearless of his being hurt by others, he what I contemn as vanity be highly favoured of the was flesh infected with sinfa! corruption, Jn. 3. 6; Job
boasts that he was well able to take care of himself; Lord! Let me train up my children betimes in proper 14 4 Observe: believing parents produce children ac•
and that God, who took so much care of Cain, would callings, and especially in the fear and service of God ! cording to their nature, not according to their grace. .
certainly take much more care of his life, who had never Let me always honour the Lord with the best I possess, Ver. 22-24 The pure use of conjugal life does not
been a murderer. Perhaps for this purpose he puts ever remembering that 'without faith it is impossible hinder the strictest practice of holiness. Amidst all
it to them as a question, 'Have I slain a man to my to please him!' If he show a superior regard to others, the cares and pleasures of a family, Enoch walked wit/,
woundmg, or a young man to my hurt?' &c. never let my eye be evil because he is good, but let me God as his intimate and glorious Friend and Companion,
Ver. 26. The professors of the true religion, descended ascribe righteousness to him, and take to myself shame who manifested to him his amiable perfections in their
from Seth or others, called themselves the chddren o/ and confusion of face ! But how great is the strength new-covenant form, and bestowed his gracious blessings
God, as a mark of distinction from the profane descend- of enraged natural corruption! Nothing is so base, so and influences upon him, Mi. 6. 8; Ge. 6. 9. He walked
ants of Cain; and they set up or re-established the more impious, so unnatural, but it will attempt it. How after God, imitating him as his perfect and engaging
public and solemn worship of God on the Sabbath, or fearful for guilty transgressors to fall into the hands of pattern, and always dependent on his drawing and
220 2
T HE PILGRIMS-TENTING IN THE CITY WHERE CHRIST WAS
BROUGHT UP. [Genesis, iv:20.]-"He was the father of such as dwell in
tents." In the twentieth verse of the fourth chapter of Genesis, tents are men-
tioned for the first time in the Bible. Many people continue to live in tents in
who were sent to Bible lands to get the pictures of Bible places which illustrate
· this work. This modern tent, with apartments, carpets, iron bedsteads, and every
convenience necessary to comfort, is as far from the tents of the Bedouins in
Palestine, as Western civilization is from the primitive civilization of the crude
Palestine, and the tents used by the natives to-day do not vary much from such as sons of the desert. The modern tent we here see stands in Nazareth, near the
WeTe use~ in the early histor~ of the cout?-try. They are ~oven of goat's hair and last Greek Church, and just above the Fountain of the Virgjn .
._ ).ong t.\.nu:.. ~he pu:.t.ure g\ven above 1s of the travehng tent used by the parties
The genealogy of Jared, &c. GENESIS VI. The genealogy of LamMk,
A.M. 490- B,C. 3SI4- A.M. 1o86. B.C, :zgt&,
Jared, eight hundred and thirty years, and 28 ,- And Lamech foed an hundred eight.}'
n See ver.4- '12918.
begat" sons and daughters. "See ver.,s. 8 Gr. Noe, Lu. 3.36;
17.26 27. Eze.14-14,20.
and two years, 7 and begat a son;
29 And he called his name Noah,8 sa}ing
1
3382.
17 And all the days of Mahalaleel were eight 9 u. the dedicated 3.ls.54.9. 8
He.11.7. 1 Pe.
20; it signifies rest
and comfort.
hundred ninety and five years: and 0 he died. p Sec ver.4, ch.3-17-19.4-12. 9
This same shall comfort us conc..,ruing our work
18 t And Jared lived an hundred and sixty g See ver.5, u See ver.4-
l 2353-
and toil of our hands, because of the ground
13317.
and two years, 8 and he begat Enoch. 9 t Gr. Mathusata,
xSee ver. .5-
2 ,..a
which the LoRn hath cursed. 9
Lu. 3. 37, t.e. at his
19 Ar:d Jared lived, after he begat Enoch, death ':>hall be the 30 And Lamech lived, after he begat Noah
~h:fl~i~! out, viz. of
eight hundred years, and Pbegat sons and r He. u.5- Jude 14, CHAP. VI.
Cain's posterity S
five hundred ninety and five years, and "begat
daughters. ,5.
b~:; oYilie fesh1~~
3 The briefest and 1.13;J.6.-C.~
sons and daughters.
20 And all the days of Jared were nine hun- ligious
most expres»ive re-
biography Seth's posterity. 4 31 And all the days of Lamech were seven
hmtdred and sixty- h~:i i;n:h:fs;~~:
upon record. Three
dred sixty and two years: and qhe died. jive years of believ- Jn. 3. 6, by faith,
hundred seventy and seven years :1 and zhe died,
21 t And Enoch lived sixty and five years,1 wa/kin,:
ing, humble, holy Ga. 3. 26, have been
wzth &od, from the beginning- 32 ~r And.Noah was five hundred years 2old:
have all their events, the only real d1v1-
and begat Methuselah. 2
. vicissitudes, hopes, sions of the human
fears, joys, and sor• race. Butasbelieven
and Noah begat Shem, Ham, nnd Japheth.
rows, conflicts and ~~~ b~ffh! g;;~;re;-
22 And Enoch walked with God, after he victories,compressed CHAPTER VI.
one brief sen- men, so hypocrites
begat Methuselah, three hundred years, and into tence l-C. and unbelievers are
by temptation,
1 The wickedness of the world, which prcn•oked God's wrath, an,t
caused the flood. 8 Noah findetk gmce. 14 The order, form, an,j
-13130,. Mat. xiii., discovered
begat sons and daughters. amongst the sons ef
Heb. Lemech, not God, their apostasy
5
end of the ark.
23 And all the days of Enoch were three the ckscendant of in principle
ND it came to pass, when men 3 began to
A
de- s001<
Cain,ch.4.18,z:e.poor, generat~s into sensu-
depressed, and smit• ality of practice, and
hundred sixty and five years. ten. whilst power is ex- multiply on the face of the earth, and
.r Seever..(.. tended, riches in•
24 Aud TEnoch walked with God, and he was 6Thisi»thelongest creased, and luxury
indulged, mere?;' is
daughters were born unto them,
life on record, yet the
not: for God took him. 3 biography of fyiethu- b~tf~~fic;1i~~ ;e!di
S'!lah is com nsed in to smite.-C.]
2 That the sons of God 4 saw the daughters
25 t And Methuselah lived an · hundred four things: he had a a z Pe. 3. 18,19- Ga, of men that they were fair; and they took them
h~to~s f::n~J;,' ~: 5.16,r7.
eighty and seven years,4 and begat Lamech. 5 lived nine hundred·
and sixty-nine years, come.
5 Before the flood wives of all which they chose.
26 And Methuselah lived, after he begat and he died Had the The word trans-
lives of Enoch and lated g-iants, is de-
6 3 And the LoRD said, "My Spirit shall not
Methuselah been rived from root that
Lamech, seven hundred eighty and two years, fables;
• cunningly devised signifiestofall,orfall
the inventor upon; and conveys
a
always strive with man, for that he also is flesh:
and •begat sons and daughters. would have adorned the idea of apostasy
them with all µoss1ble from true religion, yet his days 5 shall be an hundred and twenty
attractions. Moses and violent invasion
27 And all the days of Methuselah were word!>,
dismisses in a few of others' rights and
what in the properties--apostate
years.
6
nine hundred sixty and nine years: and the hands of a fabulist pe,secutors and ty-
would have filled rants.-C. 4 There were giants 6 in the earth in those
many volumes.-C.
died. / See ver.5.
God's warning,
ver.3.
7 days; and also after that,7 when the sons of
supportmg grace, De. 13. 4; Ca. I. 4; 8. 5. He walked first mentioned, because of his piety, and his being one on the daughters of Cain, who seem to have been ex-
before God, as his Master, Witness, and future Judge, of the Messiah's progenitors, and because his posterity tremely handsome and _iovial, Ju. 14- I; 2 Pe. 2. 14;
alwa.ys deeply impressed with a lively sense of his are the principal subject of Moses' writings; for the Mat. 5. 28; and, regardless of God's direction or allow•
authority, presence, and purity, ch. I 7. I; 24. 40; Ps. same reason Abram, though born sixty years later than ance, they followed their fancies, and married them.
16. 8; 116 9. He walked worthy of the Lord, fruitful Haran, is put first in the family of Terah, ch. II. 26 with Such unequal marriages of professors with the carnal
in every good word and work, answerable to what God 12. 4- In the early ages of the world Providence wisely and profane are expressly prohibited by th,, law of God,
was tc him, and had done or had promised to do for ordered it that people should Jive long, for the speedy and have been a common plague to families, nations,
hi11'1, Col. 1. 10,-answerable to his clear foresight of replenishing of the world, and for the more effectual and churches, I Co. 7. 39; 2 Co. 6. 14, 15: Mal. 2. II;
th, future judgment, Jude 14, 15; 2 Pe. 3. II, 14- He propagation of the true religion anct other useful know- De. 7. 3, 4; Ex. 34- 16; Jos. 23. 12; Ge. 24. 3; 26. 34,
wa:ked m Christ, living by faith on him, and through ledge; and, no doubt, the superior wholesomeness of 35; 27. 46; 28. I, 2; xxxviii.; 2 Sa. 3. 3; with 13. 28,
the grace of God • denying ungodliness and worldly the air, and of their diet, and their temperance in the 29; xv.; I Ki xi.; Ezr. 9. 1-3, 12; Ne. 13. 24-27.
lusts, and living soberly, righteously, and godly,' Col. use of it, contributed to promote this longevity. Ver. 3. God's S/i~,t strove wzth them by his inward
2. 6; Ga. 2. 20; Tit. 2. II, 12. Publicly to approve and REFLECTIONS.-Whilst I read, let me with deep good motions, by the checks which he caused their
reward his holiness, and to render him a type of Christ's concern cry out, 'How is the gold become dim, and consciences to give them, and by the counsels and
ascension, and a pledge of the complete and eternal the most fine gold changed !' Behold how death reigns, warnings given them by Noah, the preacher of right•
glorificat10n cf the samts, G0d took him out of this through sin, from Adam to Noah; and how sure, eousness, 01 others, I Pe. 3. 18, 19; 2 Pe. 2. 5; Ne. 9. 30.
world to heaven, both soul and body: He. I I. 5, 'By though sometimes slowly, it strikes! Ah! what a They were jfesh, not only frail and weak in their nature,
faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see nothing must I, my age, and all my labours be in his but exceedingly and obstinately corrupt. carnal, and
death, and was not found on earth, for God had trans- sight, before whom the long, long lives of ten patriarchs sensual in their heart and life--under the reign of
lated him to heaven; for he had this testimony-that and replenished world make so insignificant a figure ! actual sin, which is calledflesh, Ro.8.1,4,7,8; Jude
h pleased G0d. '--[Ver. 22. There is a peculiarity in To be born, to breathe, to rear up a family, and give 19-and mad on practising the manifest works o_f tltt
the Hebrew word here. It has the article; 'Enoch up the ghost, how mean! Yet this is all of man! and jfesh: adultery, fornication, &c., Ga. 5. 19-21.-[The
walked with the Elohim.' Probably this may be in- how few. in a replenished world, are worthy of God's action of the divine Spirit upon inert matter is men•
tended to show that idolatry was already practised, and love! Let therelore Enoch, who walked with God, tioned in ch. I. 2-he orii:-inated motion. His action
that false gods were worshipper! by many. Enoch --or rather Jesus, the dedicated servant of God,-J esus, upon man is here indicated. He strives with his
devoutly worshipped and faithfully followed the true who set the Lord always before him, and did always sinful nature by internal, moral suasion; or, as it is
God . .P.] the things which pleased the Father-] esus, who fore- called, the voice of conscience. God left man to him•
Ver. 29. Noah brought rest and comfort by the told the breaking forth of the floods of wrath upon self; he 'gave them over to a reprobate mind,' Ro. 1.
buildmg of his ark, in which the seminary of both the Judah, and the world of the ungodly-Jesus, who 28. The doctrine of the Holy Spirit is thus developed
world and church did rest and was saved, Ge. vii. viii. clearly predicted the last judgment, and the procedure in the opening chapters of the Bible. P.]
ix. And by his invent10ns in husbandry he freed men in it, and who, 'having by himself purged our sins, Ver. 4- Theseg,ants, or huge-bodied men, in the pride
lrom much of their tot! occasioned hy the curse on the sat dow;, on the right hand of the Majesty on high'- and confidence of their stature and strength, became
ground. Ge. 9. 20 with 3. 17, 18. And, as a type and a be my pattern in life, and my forerunner to glory! despisers of God and goodness, and oppressors of man•
preacher of righteousness, he was a mean of directmg And let him be my rest and consolation to comfort me kind.-[The Hebrew word nephiltn, ('giants') occurs
them to everla.::;+-ing 1est and consolation in Christ, I Pe. concerning my labour and toil, to take away the curse only in one other passage (Nu. 13. 33), and there it is
3. 18-20.-[Moses does not mention that Enoch was a from all my enjoyments, to afford security and rest unquestionably used to denote men of extraordinary
prophet, but this information was supplied by Jude 14- through all my trials, till he bring me to his new world stature :-'There we saw the 11ephilim, the sons of
So Moses does not expressly say of Lamech (not the of righteousness and glory! Anak, who came of the nephilim, ::.nd we were in our
son of Cain of the same name, but of Methuselah) own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their
that he was a prophet. Yet the name 1Voah, which he CHAPTER VI. Ver. 1, 2. The descendants of sight.' The statement of the sacred writer is strikingly
gives to h1,; son, sign:fying rest or comfort, mtimates a Cain, or other profane persons who had joined them, corroborated by eastern tradition. The nephilim
prophetic foresight of the work he was destined to ac• are here called men, because they had quite cast off all existed previous to the mixed marriages; and were
complish in the salvation of the church by water (He. regard to God and his ways; and the professors of the therefore a different race from the 'mighty men-men
i:. 7; I Pe. 3. 20, 21), at the very time when his faith true religion are called the sons tif God-they had a of renown.' P.]
condemned, and water destroyed an unbelieving and visible relation to him, lived in his church, and pro- Ver. 5. Je. 17. 9, IO, 'The heart is·deceitful above
rebellious world. C.] fessed to he born from above, and to be ready to yield all things, and desperately wicked. I, the Lord search
Ver. 32. Japheth was the eldest of Noah's sons, ch. a cheerful and evangelical obedience to his commands, the heart, and try the reins, to give to every man •~-
10. 21, and Ham the youngest, ch. 9. 24: but Shem is ch. 4- 26; De. 14- I; 2 Co. 6. 18. These wantonly gazed cording to his works;' Ro. 8. 7, 'The carnal mind IS
222
']'ht wickedness of the world. GENESIS VII. Noak builds tke ark.
1:556, B.C. 2448. 9
God crune in unto the daughters of men, and A.M. ' '· •- ·
55 0 2448 A.M.
make it of: the length of the ark shall be three
9 lts length "'.as an
they bare children to them, the same became ,~.~;: st<ength and hundred and eighty· hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits,
one yards and a half,
niiuhty men which were of old, men of re- t!i~~;at!~!. w1~: its breadth near and the height of it thirty cubits.
Z, 7 ~~~re:otwo~~ltgt~i;
~~irth~~;hta!~l1t~~~
yards and one-fourth 16 A wiudow 1 shalt thou make to the ark,
nolVIl, d h h
•k d f
5 And Go saw t at t e WlC e ness o man ~~;,f•rPmsandd,-
inzag-111afi(.)n,L,utal.:,o part. It could well
contain the animals and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and
and their food.
was great in the earth, and that every imagina- 9 Heb. ,very day. 1 Zahar, translated
the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side
WHtdow,signifiesalso
tions of the thoughts of his heart was only evil I We must ,emem- thereof: u·ith lower, second, and third storiea
n9 ber in interpreting
splendour. light, and
never o..:cur~ in the
singular but in this shalt thou make it.
continua Y· ~~![ af;",\;;e~".f!Ja;:; 0 one place. The Sep-
6 And it repented .the LORD that he had wh:~"~s~da~~de.i::
tuagint tran~lators
have declined to fix 17 And, behold, •I, eYen I, do bring a flood
made man on th e earth - , an d 1't grieve
· d h"
nn at scribe
its meaning in Greek,
~;::~_,1,the;:~st"~;;; i;:
attributes, perhaps for want of a
correspondent word.
ln a case where the
of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh,
his heart. 1
~~\e1if:;:~~/nTi~! ~~: description is so gen- wherein is the breath of life, from under hea-
era!, may we not
7 And the LoRD said, I will destroy man, K~~' ;;t;a~~e ';.~d,h!
repentance of man.
suppose it to have
been a roofed and lat-
ven; and every thing that is in the earth fshall
whom I have created, from the face of the earth, ~~es~~~~~;;::~r c::~ 0
ticed verandah going
round the uµper die.
both man an d b eas t ,2 an d th e creeping• th'1ng, -a stories of the ark, and
of the Etemal Sµi,it
prn,ess. too,'" a serving ai: once for 18 But with thee will gJ establish my cove-
an d the fowl_s of the air·. for it repenteth me :;;;;~~":c"_a
ance; but which I
1l :'e~,_":;iat 0
light and ventilation?
Query. Does not the
whole roof of the ark nant :2 and thou shalt hcome into the ark; thou,
-rn~~~~-
IS,
rise in a conical form
;~~/~a~~; ~;e~~~~~~r~
1
that I have made them. till it terminates in .a
cubit?-C.
and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives
- h foun d grace m
8 1 But Noa . the eyes of the· ~~:,~c;:;;; J';U;;,~~: with thee.
0 e Ps. 29.IO; 93.4;J07.
Lo RD. . ~~ri:t~ll~hC~-~~~e of f>t~\:i~~f1°t2~~·~~t
:;,4.39. He.u.7. r Pe.3.
19 And of every living thing of all flesh, 3 two
9 These are the generations 3 of Noah: Noah unto 2 Heb. from man
bea.st, Je. 4. 2"-<1-
20. ls. 54.9; ch.7.4,21-
,3.
of every sort sha1t thou bring into the ark, to
was a just man, and perfect4 in his generations, Zep.1.3-Ro.8.20,22.
27; 12. 3, 4. Hos. 4. 3. /Ro. 6.23; 5.12;8.20,
22.Seever.7.
keep them alive with thee; they shall be male
ond -x oah bwalked with God. 8 History, seech.5. ,gch.9.9,u;17.4,7. and female.
10 And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, '':
0
;:~-~p".,-"'· 2 Of preservation.
h ch. 7. I, Is. 26. 20.
Mat. u. 28. He. 6. 18,
20 Of fowls •after their kind, and of cattle
and Ja pheth. b See ch. 5.24' ,p; 19;11.7. ls.4.6. 1 Pe.3. after their kind, of every creeping thing of the
11 The earth also was corrupt before God, ..,,.,s,K'- 3·'-L"-'·6· 20.2Pe.2.5.
a At least earth after his kind; two of every sort shall come
1
and the earth was filled with violence. 2/;s~r;J'J~!:i, ;/i~
~Pe.2.5-
i ch. 1:. 24; 2. 1:9; 7.9.
Ac. IO. II, 12 with Ps,
unto thee, to keep them alive.
12 And God looked upon the earth, and, <ich.49.5.Hos,g2; ;2cri~.:::10. ~e.7.9. 21 And ktake thou unto thee of all food that
behold, it was corrupt: cfor all flesh had cor- veq,n,». k ch. 7. 2, Ps. 36. 6;
u2.5. is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and
.5 Or, from the
rupted his way upon t1rn earth . '"'"'· lch.7.5.Ex.40-16 19,
21, 23, 25. De.12.32. 1 it shall be for food for thee and for them.
Jn.5.3.
13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all an'ct'W'f~!;~h~h{/!' 22 Thus1 did Noah; according to all that
flesh is come before me; for the earth is dfilled u;'~: .-~:~. CHAP. VU.
a Is.26.20. Eze. 9. 4,
God commandeJ him, so did he.
with violence through them: and, behold, I will 6 That the ark was CHAPTER VII.
destroy them with the earth.5
t:,;:.-7~~~/l~~J: ;:
:g~;.',;t:,;ali e~~~.;!\~
ated with sufficient
10.Ac.2.39.
1 Noah, with his family, and the living creatu,•e.,, enter into tM
b ch. 6. 9. Ps. 33. 18.
14 1 Make thee an ark 6 of gopher-wood: eh~• :.ill .;'~a~: 0
0
;;h1\~Jjj~6.ff;e~ "o!{y
ark. 17 The beginning, increase, and continuance of the flood.
r:0ms 7 shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt ~~"!a~~,w~,a•,,:,~~ have I found, in this
corrupt and depraved
age, free from the
AND the aLORD said unto Noah, Come thou,
Pitch it within 8and without with pitch. :;>,:',';~~~'~,:i,.;•;g;;
any but young ani-
common infection of
wickedness, and sin-
1l_ and all thy house, into the ark: for thee have
15 And this is the fashion which thou sha1t I;;;,~d."-'-~wd be se- cere-hearted towards
rne.-Bp. Hall. I bseen righteous before me in this generation.
enmity against God, and is not subject to his law, blessed righteousness of Christ: Hab. 2. 4; He. I 1.7; Cod in an open and presumptuous manner; without any
neither indeed can be;' Mat. 15. 19, 'Out of the heart Ro. I. 17; 3. 22, 24; 5. I; 8. 33; Ro. 5· 19, 'By the obe- fear of him; nay, in defiance to his justice. So the
proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, dience of one {Christ) shall many be made righteous;' wickedness of Nimrod and the Sodomites was com-
thefts, false witness, blasphemies ;' Ps. 58. 3, 'The 2 Co. 5. 21, 'For God made him to be sin for us, who mitted, ch. 10. 9; 13. 13; 19. 13.
wicked are estranged from the womb; they go astray knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness Ver. I 3. The end of al! Jl,·sh is come before me. The
as soon as they are born;' 53. 1-3, 'The fool hath said of God in him;' Is. 14. 24, 25; Je. 23. 6; 33. 16; Phi. 3. time for the destruction of mankind and animals, fixed
in hi; hean, There is no God. Corrupt are they, they 9. He was perfect, upright, and sincere, a man of great in my purpose, is near at hand; as Je. 51. 13; Eze. 7.
have done abominable iniquity. God looked down integrity and godly sincerity, having his hean wh0lly 2, 3, 6; Am. 8. 2.
from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there consecrated for God, entire in his obedience to all God's Ver. 22. He. I I. 7, 'By faith Noah, being warned of
were any that did understand, that did seek God. commandments, and watchfully keeping himself un- God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear' o.f tht
Every one of them is gone back, they are altogether spotted from the world, as ch. 17. I; De. 18. 13; Job 1. 1, approaching flood, and notwitltstanding manifold saffe
become filthy; there is none that doeth good, no, not 8; Ps. 37. 37; 119. 1, 5, 6; Pr. 2. 21; !\lat. 5. 48; Lu. 8. .f;•om his neighbours, 'prepared an ark to the saving of
one;' Ps. 14- 1-4; Is. I. 2-6; Ho. 4. I, 2; Mar. 7. 21- 15;2Co.13.11; 2. 9; Ep.4. 11, 12; Phi. 3. 15; Col. I. his house.'
23; Ro. 1. 28-31; 3. 10-19; 8. 8; Ga. 5. 19-,-21; Ep. 28; 2Ti. 3. 17; He. 13. 21; I Pe. 5. 10; Re. 3. 2; Lu. 1. 6, REFLECTIO~S.-Behold the dreadful fruits of
2. 1-3; Tit. 3. 3. 'Righteous before God, and walking in all the com- professors' intimacy and matrimonial connections with
Ver. 6, 7. God's repentance denotes not any change mandments of the Lord blameless;' 2 Co. I. 12, 'In the carnal and profane! How sin transforms this world
of his purpose or will within himself. In this respect simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, into a kind of hell, filled with corruption, wickedness,
he is unchangeable, and cannot repent, Mal. 3. 6; Nu. but by the grace of God, we have had our conversation and disorder! Behold how quickly it ripens it for a
23- 19; I Sa. 15. 29; J a. I. 17. But it denotes the change in this world.' Noah was perfect in his generation, destructive deluge of divine wrath! How long and how
of hi, providence correspondent with his fixed purpose, amidst men extremely wicked, aad notwithstanding patiently Goo bears with the manners of these monsters
I Sa. 15. 11; Ps. 1o6. 45; Je. 18. 10; ·De. 32. 36; Ho. their ~vii counsels, examples, and persecutions. Phi. 2. of impiety, after they seem ripened for ruin! But how
II. 8. It is a word suited to our capacity; and here it 15, 'Be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, with- sad their case when his Spirit ceaseth to strive with
denotes God's detestation of sin, and his fixed resolution out rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse gen- their consciences for their conversion and reformation!
to_punish it, after man had made himself quite another eration, among whom ye shine as'lights in the world;' I ,vhat a blessing are upright saints in the midst of a
thmg than God had made him at first. Pe. 2. 15, 'That with well-doing ye may put to silence crooked and perverse generation ! How high! y regarded
Ver. 8. To find {;!·ace in the eyes of the Lord, is to be the ignorance of foolish men;' 3- 16.-[We have appar- and honoured of God! And what distinguished means
freely loved and delighted in by him, in order to pre ently another ancient document commencing here in of preserving families, nations, churches, or , ~e::1 !he
servation from some remarkable destruction, or to the the usual form, 'These are the generations,' &c.; see world, from utter ruin!
bestowal of some distinguished blessing, Ge. 19. 19; ch. 2. 4; 5. I; 10. I; I I. 10, &c. Let it be observed that
Ex. 33. 12, 13; 2 Sa. 15. 25; Lu. 1. 30; Ac. 7. 46; 2 Ti. two distinct Hebrew words are translated 'generations' CHAPTER VII. REFLECTIONS. -Behold,
I. 18; He. 4- 16; thus Pr. 8. 35, 'Whoso findeth Christ in this verse. The first signifies 'families,' or 'race,' my soul, the goodness and severity of God! His good-
findeth life, and shall obtain favour of the Lord;' 12. while the second signifies 'the period of a man's life.' ne.!;s-in saving the man whom his own grace had qua.
2, 'A good man obtaineth favour of the Lord;' 3. 4; Noah was a perfect man in his period or age. P.] lified for that mercy-in saving others, even the wicked
18. 22. Ver. II. Multitudes of the most enormous sins part of his family, for his sake-in saving the brute
Ver. g. Noah was a just man, justified by faith in the abounded among all ranks, and were committed before animals in proponion to their serviceableness tc lllan.
223
Noah and his family enter the ark. GEXESIS VIII. The.flood.
A.M. 1656. B.C. 2348.
2 Ofc every clean beast thou shalt take to o Beanng down
creased greatly upon the earth; and the ark
thee by sevens, the male and his female; and of c De.14.Lc n.ch.6. everythmg them.
before went upon the face of the waters.
19-21.Ac.10.rr,12,
beasts that are not clean by two, the male and quarter.
~ine yards and a -i 19 And the "·aters 0 prevailed exceedingly
his female. 4 This is not at 4 p ch. 6. 7, 13, 17. Lu.
variance with the !7.27.Job 22.10.2 Pe.2.
uprn the earth; and all the high bills that were
3 Of fowls 5 also of the air bv sevens, the command recorded
in ch.0.19. Thespint
5;3.6. Ro.5.12,14;6.23;
2,1,22. Is. 8, z4. 1--0, 19. under the whole heaYen were coYered.
of that command, if Jc.4.22-27; 12.3,4. Ho.
male and the female; to keep se~d alive upon the effect that the Zep.1.3.
not tfle letter, is to 4. 3. Joel r. 17-:.m; 2. 3. 20 Fifteen cubits 4 upward did the waters
the face of all the earth. ammals should be
taken in by pairs;
5 Heb. the b,·eath
o./the spzrit o./ lljc.
prevail; and the mountains were coYered.
~ere more specific
4 For yet seven days, and a1 will cause it to given,
mstrucnons
and the
are q See ver.21,22,
I).U~-
21 "IT And Pall flesh died that moYed upon
rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; cated-seven
ber of pairs indi- 6 'I conclude that
pairs of if there be a fact well
the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of
anJ one of establ)shed in get>·
and every living substance that I have made clean, unclean.-P. logy, 1t is this, that
the surface of our
beast, and of every creeping thi11g that creepeth
6
will .I destroy from off the face of the earth. 5 Clean ones.
globe has suffered a
great and sudden re• upon the earth, a11d every man:
nilution, the period
5 And Noah did •according unto all that the of which cannot be
dated farther back
22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of
LoRD commanded him. d ch.6. t7;2.5. Am.4. than five or six thou-
7.Job 28. 23;22. 16;30. sand years. '-Cuvier. life,5 of all that was in the drv land, died.
6 And Noah was six hundred years old when 27,28,32;37.u,12. r 2 Pe.2.5,9. Eze.14.
14. Pr. 11.4. Pe. ,.~o. 1
23 Andq every living subst;nce was destroyed
He.n.7. JoL s 19. P».
the flood of waters was upon the earth. 6 Heb. blotout,Job 9r.1,9,10.Is.z6.2c.,. which was upon the face of the ground, both
22. r6. ch.6. 7, 13,17;ver. s ver. u. Ge. 8. 3,4.
7 "IT And 1 N oah went in, and his sons, and 21,23. Ps.29.10. man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and
his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the Ex.39.32,-1-2; 40. 16, CHAP. VIII.
e
the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed
ark, because of the waters of the flood. with Mat. 3. 15. Jn. S.
28,29.Plu.2.8.He.5.8. a Ps. 36. 6. Jonah 4.
11.Ro.8.20-22.
from the earth:6 and •Noah only remained alive,
8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not / I Pe.3.20. Pr. 22. 3. P::>.lOJ..7,8,9,
b Ex.14.21 Pr.25.23. and thev that were with him in the ark.
clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that He. u. 7 . .Mat. ::q. 38.
Lu.17. 27. ver.13-15.
c Job38.37.Mat.8.9,
2
24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth
'20,27.
creepeth upon the earth, Pe.2.5.
':'" Ileb. in g-oi1tl[ •an hundred and fifty days.
and rdun:iftE.
9 There 9 went in two and two unto Noah n.6.ch.2. 19. Je.8.7. Is.
ff
ver. 16. Ac.10.u, CHAPTER VIII.
into the ark, the male and the female, as God 2a.CoL3-rr.Re.7.9.
12. Ps. :22.27-31. Ga. 3. 8 One of them, ch.
19.29.
1 The waters assuage. 4 The ark restet.h on Ararat. 7 Th, raven
and the dove. 15 Noah, being commanded, l 8 goelh forth oj the ark.
had commanded Noah. e Armenia, ls.37,38.
Je.5J.27.:2Ki.19.37. 20 He buildeth an altar, and uj/'ereth sacrifice, 21 which God ac-
10 "IT And it came to pass after seven days, 7 dtiy.'l Or,imtls,.seventh mount::un 9 Supposed to be a
of Arme-
cepteth, and promis-eth to curse the earth no more.
thath the waters of the flood were upon the earth. nia. C.-The Ara•
rat of the Bible is a AND God remembered Noah, and aevery
/r. Job22.16.Zec.1.5,
11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, 6.ch.6.17; ver. 4-,17-20.
Lu.I7. 27. Mat. 24. 38,
province. including
the highlands of Ar-
menia, around and
1:l. living thing, and all the cattle that was with
in the second month, the seventeenth day of the 39. between the sources
of the Euphrates and him in the ark: and God made ba wind to pass
Araxes. It is men-
month, the same day8 were all the ifountains of 8 About 28. Is. NOT.
tioned in 2 Ki. 19. 37;
37 . .]R; but in both
over the earth, and the waters assuaged:
the great deep broken up, and the windows9 of rz1::tVer~~6n i!~t?X~: 2 The cfountaina also of the deep, and the
menia. • It is a moun.
heaven were opened. 1 tainous region, the
highest peak in it
windows of heaven, were stopped, and the ram
12 And the rain was upon the earth kforty bemg the traditional
Ararat, which has an from heaven was restrained:
elevation of 17,n2 ft,
days and forty nights. The great elevation
of this region made it
3 And the waters returned from off the earth
13 In1 the self-same day entered Noah, and l The causesofthe
terrible inundation
a natural resting-
placil for the ark; and continually;7 and dafter the end of the hundred
tts geographical posi-
Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, are described in the
tion, affording e ~ and fifty days the waters were abated.
and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons
~~h:&:gE:~~esr~:
first clause conveys fe~etti ~r:i:~:~
of
the globe, fitted it in 4 "IT And the ark rested in the seventh month,
the idea of the sea-
a remarkable manner
with them, into the ark: ' the great deep ·-
swelling beyond its for the impartial dis-
tribution of the prim-
on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the
natural boundaries,
14 They, and every beast after his kind, and and, in consequence
of some physical con•
eval races.-P.
1 Heb. 'tllN"e in
mountains8 of •Ararat. 9
all the cattle after their kind, and every creep- vulsion, covc:nng the g-ofng- and decreas- 5 And the waters decreased continuallyi until
~:[onf1°ci:~~ 1;~: ing.
ing thing that creepeth upon the earth after his plies that rain of un•
exampled heaviness
f ch.6.16. the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the
2 The word trans-
kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird poured incessantly
from the cloud.-P.
lated wz'ndow in this
verse is not zo/t.,rr,
first day of the month, were the tops of the
of every sort. 2 as in ch. 6. 16, hut
hhalan, as in Da.6. mountains seen.
10, which was the
15 .And they went in unto Noah into the k De.9.9,18.1 Ki.19.
8, Mat.4-2, ver.17. name given to the
onening towards Jer-
6 "IT And it came to pass at, the end of forty
ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein i's the l Seever. 7--9,,
uSa!em, at which
Daniel prayed; and days, that Noah 1opened the wmdow 2 of the ark
which, thouih not
breath of life. ~!~~i!e~o bb!v~
liJti~
which he had made:
16 And they that went in, went in male and 2Heb.wt11,t'. versal!y prevailed in
Jewish oratories, and 7 And he sent forth a 9raven, which went
therefor~ mo,;t pro ha -
female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: m Ps.91.1-10.Jn.10.
b!y originated from
~oah. - See Bibho-
forth to and fro,3 until the waters were dried up
and the LORD mshut him in. 27-29.rPe.1.5.Ju<le 1. tluca Bibhca, vol. ii.
g-1Ki.17.6.Job38.
from off the earth.
17 "IT And the flood 3 was forty days upon the s Deluging rain.
41.Ps.1-47.9. 8 Also he sent forth ha dove from him, to see
ver.12, 3 Heb. in g-ot1IJ[
earth; and the waters increased, and bare up /orth and nturnmc. if the waters were abated from off the face of
h ver.10,n,12. Mat.
the ark, and it was lift up above the earth. n Ps. 104-. 6. Job 22
16.Ex.14.28,29.
11>.16 Song2.u,12. the ground:
18 And nthe waters prevailed, and were in- / 2a~//1~.;3~6. Mat. n. 9 But the dove ifound no rest for the sole of
in adding seven days' space of repentance to the wretched escape thither for my life, and bring with me, of my benefit, according to his promise, as here, :md ch. 19.
profligates who had abused the former reprieve of 120 fellow-sinners, all whom I can. The day is at hand 29; 30. 22; Ex. 32. 13; Ne. 13. 14, 22; Job 14- 13; Ps.
year•, and, after all, bringing the flood gradually on when the earth and the works thereof shall be burned 132. I; 1o6. 4; 136. 23; or in a way of wrath for their
them, for their awakening, and to give them still further up, and the door of mercy for ever shut. God forbid punishment, Ps. 137. 7; Am. 8. 7; Re. 16. 19; 18. 5·
space to repent! But let me tremble at his righteous that I should be among those multitudes who shall then Ver. 12. [It is important to note the periods of seven
judgments! How the clouds from above, the wells be shut out into outer darkness, where there is 'weep- days which are repeatedly mentioned in this narrative.
from below, so long beneficial to mankind, now concur ing, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth!' They indicate that the creation week still regulated the
to destroy them ! What multitudes who had despised smaller divisions of time, and that the Sabbath was
his warnings now perish by his hand ! And how in- CHAPTER VIII. Ver. 1. God's rem~bering- per• observed by the family of Noah. P.]
effectual is every attempt to escape ! While the ark of sons or things denotes his manifesting his notice of Ver. 14. [It thus appears that the rain continued forty
God's testament, his new covenant, is open, let me them, either in a way of mercy for their deliverance or days, the waters prevailed during one hundred and tift7
224
Koah erects an altar. GENESIS IX. God blesseth Noah and his sons.
A.M. 1657. B.C. 2":147·
her foot, and she returned unto him into the Plain country. A.M. 1656. B.C. 2348.
and the LoRD said in his heart, I will not again
4 3 So curse.
ark; for the waters were on the face of the whole to 6come. Heb. caused lur r ch.6.5. Mat. 15.19.
Ro.8.7,8. Ps.51. 5. Ep.
curse3 the ground any more for man's sake; for
earth.' Then he put forth his hand, and took k 8. 17; 26. 3. Ps. 40.1.
11,.
2.1-3.Je.17.9.
s 2 Pe.3.6, 7. Job 22. the •imagination of man's heart is evil from his
20.ls.54.9.
her, and pulled her5 in unto him into the ark. 20.t Ps. Ne.8.15. Ro.ro.15,
89. 15. Ep,1.13.
4 Heb.as-yetallthe
days efthe earth. Ps.
youth; neither will I again smite any more
IO And he kstayed yet other seven days, and Is.57.19. 6 For this reason
74.16,17. Song 2.u,12
every thing living, •as I ham done.
CHAP. lX.
again he sent forth the dove out of the ark: the o!Jve leaf or
branch l.'> the emblem a ch. I. 22, 28; 8. 17; 22 \Yt::.19 the earth 4 remaineth, seed-time and
of peace, and th~ ver.7.Ps.128.3,4;r12.1.
11 And the dove came in to him in· the joy.~P. do,•e the emblem of b ch. 35. 5. Le. 20.6,
22. Job5.23. Ho. 2.18;
harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and
evening; and, lo, in her mouth was zan olive- m _la. 5. 7, 8. Job 35. 14. P.<>. 27. 14; 130. 5, 6.
ch.1.28.Ps.8.4-8; du.
28;2. 19. Eze.34.25.
winter, and day and night, shall not cease.
5 Fit for eating,
leaf6 pluckt off. So Noah knew that the waters 1s.8.17;30.18. ; 2347. Le.2z.8;r1.2,3.
cch.1.29,3u. Ps.104. CHAPTER IX.
1zch. 7. n, 13, 14.
were abated from off the earth. About the beginning
of December.
14,15.
6 Our first parents 1 God blessethNoah. 4Blood and murder are forbidden. S Go/£,
in Paradise were evi•
12 And he mstaverl vet other seven davs, and o Zec.9. 10.Ps.gr.n; dently restricted to c@enant, 13 sirmijied by the rainbow, 18 Noalt rep/e,,isheth tho
121.8. \ t>g-etdble food, chap. world, 20 planteth a vineyard, 21 i., drunken, aud mocked of hi,
sent forth the do;e, ,~hich returned not again 14;1c7.J8. p ch.r.22. Ps.144.13, 1.::,,9, and a!ter they
l iaJ .<.inned, a similar son, 2i\ cu,•seth Canaan, 26 blesseth Shem, 27 praueth Jo,· J apheth,
restriction seem5 to 29 and dieth.
unto him any more. Heb.famz"llt"s.
The calendar of
8
be implied, chap. 3.
18, and to have con-
13 1 And it came to pass in the six hundredth thi» melancholy year
has been calculated
9
tinued, at least a•
mongst th-~ descend-
AND God abJessed Koah and his sons, and
follows by Bas-
and first year,7 in the first month, the first day asSept.
nage: 1656.
Methuselah
-A. M.
ants of S<1 h, till thb
time, whe,_. we have
the fir.<.t recorded
1l_ said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply,
of the month, the waters were dried up from dies. Oct. :r-.·oah en-
ters the ark. Kov.
permission to use
animal food.-C.
and replenish the earth.
off the earth; and Noah removed the covering the 17th, the fountains of
great deep
dLe. 17. 10,12,14; 3.
17;7.26.De.12.16,23. 2 And btJ1e fear of you, and the dread of
broken open. Dec. 7 When God grant-
of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of ~S· ~~~ti~~~~et~tj ~:0~1;/r~~n;!rf:~t~~g~ you, shall be upon every beast of the earth, and
retained the tree ef
the ground was dry. days. Jan. all men
and beasts on earth the knowledl(e ()Jgood upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth
peri~h. Feb. rain con- and evtl, r- royalty,
14 And in the nsecond month,on the seven and tinued.
waters
March, the
remained
as it were, to attest
his own &upreme
upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the
twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried. tainscovering: the moun-
ull the 27th,
lo~dship, a11,J to re-
mmd Adam of the sea: into your hand are they delivered.
when they began to conditions of his ten•
15 1 And God spake unto Noah, saying, abate. April Ijth, the
ark rests on Ararat,
ure. Now, when he
extends to Noah the
3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be
0 May, the waters are
16 Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, receding. June 1st,
permission to us~
animal food, he like• meat5 for you; even as the cgreen herb6 have I
mountain tops ap- wise retains a portion
and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. pear. July nth, Noah -the blood, which is given you all things:
~els foov! ra;hk\ rs;~: the hfi, to testify that
17 Bring forth with thee every living thing turns; 25th, the dove he is the alone giver
of life, to remind man 4 But'1 flesh with the life thereof,7 which i:'I
returns with an olive that he is sub:ect to
that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of leaf. Aug. 2d, the
dove let out, returns
the sentence of ~feath,
and to lead him to
the blood thereof, shall ye not eat.
cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth no more. Sept. 1st, the blood of • the
5 And •surely your blood of your lives will
ti.;:t~~ N ~fhJ:::~~
Lamb (in purpose,
promises, and types)
upon the earth; that Pthey may breed abun- family.-C. the ark with his slain from the foun•
dation of the world.'
I require :8 at the hand of every beast will I re-
dantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply 1Pe.2.5,9.
q He.13.10.Ro.12.1. -C.
e Ps. 9.12. Ex.21.28,
quire it, and at the hand of man; at the hand
with Ac.17.26.
upon the earth. The language of
the original is here
I 8 Satan was• a mur-
derer from h1e be•
of fevery man's brother will I require the life of
18 And Noah went forth, and his sons, and altar veryexpressive. The
was dedicated
ginning,' Jn.8.44, and
man, when he be- man.
to JEHOVAH, Noah'.i came his slave and
his wife, and his sons' wives with him: covenant God, of
whose faithfulness he
subject, becamie like• 6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall
wise his imitator in
19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and had now experimen-
tal evidence. The
this evil propensity;
hence aggressive his blood be shed: gfor in the image of God
offering consisted of wars and .ft/;hlln;:s
every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the species one at least of every
of clean am-
become
fame, and glory.
honour, made he man.
earth, after their kinds,8 went forth out of the mals which he had
takenintotheark. It
God therefore multi-
plies the fences for 7 And you, hbe ye fruitful, and multiply;
9 was, besides, as the preservation of life,
ark. Hebrew word sjgp_i- in proportion to the
tendency to its de-
bring forth abundantly in the earth, and mul-
20 1 And qNoah builded au altar unto the efcsti!shb~i~u;;h~h;
0
struction.-C.
/Mat.26.52. Re.13.
tiply therein.
~ft~~~e~o!h nth~~~
LoRD, and took of everv clean beast, and of ti::I~~ex(o~es;!~p!f";f~ 10.N u.35.25. Ro. 13:4.
g ch.1.26,27;5.1:and
so the murder of man
8 1 And God spake unto Noah, and to his
every clean fowl, and off~red burnt-offerings on all deliverance, devoted
that was saved to
isan attack upon God
himself.
sons with him, saying,
God.-P.
the altar. 1
2 Heb. a savour ef
Ii ver.1:ch.1.28;8.17.
i ch.6.18; 17.7;22.17. 9 And I, behold, •I establish my covenant
rest. Le.1.9,r3,17.Ep. Is.54.9,10. Je.3r.35,36;
21 And the LoRD smelled a sweet savour ;2 5.2. 2 Co.2.15. Song 4.
10,11.
33.:20, i.e.make it firm
and sure.
with you, and with your seed after you;
days; and the whole period from the time Noah entered abound ; that as sin had reigned unto death, grace is the gate of access to him revealed in the gospel ! and
the ark till he left it was a lunar year and ten days, or might reign through righteousness unto eternal life, what abundant room is there in his saving power, his
just one solar year of 365 days. P.] through Jesus Christ our Lord.' love, his blood, his intercession, his covenant, and pro-
Ver. 20. It was common for the patriarchs to erect Ver. 22. How remarkably exact over all the world mise, for endangered sinners of mankind! His stories
altars and offer sacrifices of thanksgiving for mercies hath been the fulfilment of this prediction for more than are his ancient undertaking, his humiliation, and his
received, and for the expiation of their own guilt, as in 4000 years past ! endless· glory. No light is in him but what is of a
the case of Abraham, ch. 12. 7, 8; 13. 18; Isaac, 26. 25; REFLECTIONS.-How graciously God remem- spiritual and heavenly nature. By exposing himself to
Jacob, 35. 7; and Moses, Ex. 17. 15. These were typi- ber~, anct 1n mercy visits, his people in aue time::! the deluging rains, the fearful billows, of his Father's
cal of Christ our New Testament altar, as the sacrifices Therefore, though the vision tarry, let me wait for it. wrath; to depths wherein was no standing, till at last
were of his oblation of himself, He. IO. IO- I 5. How easily, and often gradually, the Lore! accomplishes he rested in his grave, and at his Father's right haw!
Ver. 21. The Lord accepted it as a thing pleasant his merciful designs ! As he never wants instruments he bears up and saves sinners. How many despise
and delightful, proceeding from faith and gratitude, of affliction and ruin, so neither of gracious deliverances. him and his atonement! But by the ;,ower of God
I Sa. 26. 19; Le. 26. 31; Am. 5. 21. God would here• Whatever means I may use of informaticn, or of affect- all who believe, both of Jews and Gentiles, are saved
after improve the sinfulness of mankind a-; an occasion ing my conscience and heart, let me in all my ways by him, and made heirs of new promises, inhabitants
of manifesting his patience and mercy, Ps. 103. II-14; acknowledge God, and wait for his direction out of of a new covenant state, and an eternal world of bles•
25. 21; Ex. 34- 9; Is. 43. 24, 25; 44- 22; 48. 8, 9; 7. 17, straits as well- as in them. If I receive deliverance, let sedness !-And is not the same a figure of the gospel.
18; I. 18; Je. 3. 1, 4, 5, 14, 22. Thus, Ps. 1o6. 6--8, my heart be lifted up in his way, and my thanksgivings church, in which, reared by Jesus' labours of love, the
'Though we have sinned with our fathers, have com- wait for him in Zion! Let my hopes of future favours nations of them that are saved do live in this world
mitted iniquity, have done wickedly, nevertheless he wholly ctepend upon his tender mercy, not on my 'till the winter be past, and the floods be over and
sa!ed, for his name's sake, that he might make his own or others' reformation: for, alas! blessed or chas- gone?' And, happy period, when, after tossings un-
mighty power to be known;' Eze. 16. 6o-63, 'Never- tised, we are flagrant rebels still! But in this patriarch's numbered, the Lord shall call us forth into our fields,
theless, nofwitl,;landing innumerable and grievous pro- ark do I not disceJ'l} Jesus Christ? He is the absolutely 'our house eternal in the heavens,' where rain~, where
vocations, I will remember my covenant with thee; I necessary mean of our escaping the justly deserved and storms, where nights, where winters, where curses never
am pacified towards thee for all that thou hast done;' destructive floods of God's everlasting wrath. Every- enter!
20. 4-44, 'I have wrought with you for my name's thing in his mediatorial person and office was devised
~ake, not according to your wicked ways, nor accord- and appointed of God. He wa.s gradually reared up CHAPTER IX. [Ver. 4- This restriction seems
ing to your corrupt doings;' compare 36. 16--32; Ro. 5. in promises before he was actually incarnate, and gradu- also to imply that the animals intended for food should
20, 2r. 'Where sin abounded, grace dld much more ally he finished his all-covering atonement. How wide be regularly killed by drawin;; off the blood; it thus
225
God's covenant with Noah. GENESIS IX. The sons of Noah.
A,M, :r657. B.C. 2347. A,M. 1657. B,C. 2347.
IO And with kevcry living creature that is token of the covenant which I have established
with you: of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every n ch,5,32;10.1. 1 Ch.
1.4. between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
beast of the earth with you; from all that go 2 Heb. Chanaa,i. 18 , And the sons of Noah, that went forth
out of the ark, to every beast of the earth. k ~: 145.9;:36.6. Job
xxxvm x.li.Jn.4.u:.
o Pr. 12. n.ch.5.29;
4.2. Is.28.26.Ec.5.9-
of the ark, were "Shem, and Ham, and Japheth:
11 And zI will estiiblish my covenant with 3 2247. and Ham is the father of Canaan. 2
you: neither shall all flesh be cut off any more p ch.6.9. 1 Co.10.12. 19 These are the three sons of Noah; and
Pr.w.1.Lu.21.34.
by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any t ls.54.9;ch.8,2r,22. q Pr.to.7;30.17, with
of them was the whole earth overspread.
more be a flood to destroy the earth. Ga. 6. 1. r'r. 25. 9, 10.
Mat.18.15. 20 , And Noah began to be an °husband-
12 And God said, This is the token9 of the r Gal.6. 1,2.rTi.5.r. man, and he planted a vineyard :3
covenant which I make between me and you, 9 The rainbow now
s ch.48.15-De.28.18. 21 And he drank of the wine, and was
became a token thc1t Jn.8.34.
and every liYing creature that is with you, for there should uever be
another tlooc.i; anJ,as • We find in Jacob,
Pdrunken; and he was uncovered within his tent.
perpetual generations: such, it rcpresenteJ
the covenant of ~~f p~ ~~t1biuiJ1~~~ 22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the
µartia!ity, at least a
13 I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall grace, Re.4. 3;10.r.
strong and!>pec1alat- nakedness of his father, and qtold his two
~~c~~~e:ot;t t~/h~~~~d
be for a token of a covenant between me and age. May not this brethren without.
furnish us with the
the earth. 1 , reason why the pro-
phetic denunciation
23 And •Shem and Japheth took a garment,
14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring 1 The Hebrew verb
is in the i.,ast ten:.e,
of~oah is110tngainst
Ham, the immediate and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went
transgressor, but
a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be and ought rather to
be tran:,Jated 'I have against Canaan, ch.
ro. 6, as his yo1mgut
backward, and covered the nakedness of their
set.' Themeaningis
seen in the cloud: not that it was placed
there for the first
son? The wicked-
ness of the father is father; and their faces were backward, and they
punished by the bad
15 And I will remember my covenant, which time; but that it was
then appointea or hi~u;i~'. 0
:n~etfi~:~~~
saw not their father's nakedness.
constituted a sign of
is between me and you and every living crea- God's covenant.-P. sequences to which it
conducted both him 24 And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew
and his posterity.
ture of all flesh; and the waters shall no more 1Vote.-The good or
evil in parents is not
what his younger son had done unto him.
become a flood to destroy all flesh. merely personal, but
is propagated by edu- 25 And he said, •Cursed be Canaan; 4 a ser-
cation through re-
16 And the bow shall be in the cloud; and ni Ge. 8. 21, 22. Ex.
mote generations.-
C.
vant of servants shall he be-unto his brethren.
I will 1ook upon it, that I "'may remember the 28.12.ver.9,10,11. Thi:,;
26 And he said, tBlessed be the LORD God
everlasting covenant between God and every
covenilnt of !>afety to
the world w;is typical
of the covenant of
,,.tPs. r44- 1:.5. He.I.I.
of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. 5
grace, Is. 54- 8-10. Ps. 5 Or, servant to
living creature of all flesh that is upon the "9.3,4.28. th,,n. 27 God shall enlarge6 Japheth, and he shall
earth. 6 Or, ,Persuade ,E p.
3.6,13; 2. 14,19. Ro.11.
dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall
12; 15. 12, with He.11.
17 And God said unto Noah, This is the 9,ro.Mal.1.11.ls.11.10. be his servant.
prohibits the cruel practice of mutilating animals by Vando.l descendants of Japheth. For eleven hundred have been remarkable. The most rjch or fertile parts
cutting away part of the flesh for food while they are years past they have been enslaved by the Ishmaelite of the world fell to their share. They formed the As-
yet alive. P.] Saracens descended from Shem, or by the Seljukian syrian, Chaldean, Persian, and Saracen monarchies,
Ver. 9. [By covenant, we are not here to understand and Ottoman Turks descended of J apheth. And what which in their turns enslaved the offspring of Canaan.
a mutual compact and agreement, but a simple and multitudes of the Western Africans were formerly For two thousand years, from the death of Noah to
gracious promise, see Nu. 18. 19; 25. 12. C.] bought for slaves by the English, and further by the that of Christ, the knowledge of the true religion and
Ver. 18. [The last clause of this verse is manifestly Spaniards, the French, Portuguese, and Dutch, and the new covenant relation to God, as his church and
inserted as introductory to the painful incident which condemned to the hardest drudgery in their American people, were almost wholly confined to them, particu-
is narrated below. The mind of the writer being spe- plantations! It was Canaan, I suppose, who first saw larly to the Jews; and from them the Messiah, the
cially directed to that incident, he naturally connects the nakedness of Noah, and told his father of i,. His Lord from heaven, had his human descent; and from
Canaan with Ham. It would seem, too, from the tenor posterity first settled in the west of Asia, and the curse them the apostolic founders of the gospel church did
of the whole narrative, that Canaan must have been in hath pursued them in a still more remarkable manner. spring. The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog,
some way implicated. Probably he was the first who About A.M. 2079 Chedorlaomer and his Elamite de- Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. Their
discovered .'.\' oah, and then told his father. .P.] scendants of Shem rendered t1ibutary the Canaanitish descendants, the Celts or Gauls, the Tartars, l\ledes,
Ver. 24- [Some suppose that this expression, which kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Turks, &c., prodigiously mul-
may be translated 'his little son,' applies to Canaan, and Zoar. Upon their revolt he invaded and pillaged tiplied, and peopled the whole of Europe, the n011hern
Noah's grandson. This, however, is contrary to the their country, Ge. xiv. Not long after they, Zoar ex- half of Asia, and I suppose most of America For
idiom of the Hebrew. There can be no doubt that cepted, were destroyed with fire and brimstone from many ages they have been settling themselves in the
the words apply to Ham, and ought to be rendered heaven, for their unnatural lewdness and other abomi- original habitations of the posterity of Shem. The
'his youngest s<,n,' thus indicating Ham's' position in nations, Ge. xix. The Hebrews, chiefly under Moses, Medes, assisted by the Chaldeans, overturned the As-
the family of Noah. P.] Joshua, and Barak, cut off most of the other Canaanites, syrian empire; and afterwards, m:,sisted by the Persie.ns,
Ver. 25-27. These predictions are greatly extensive: and seized on their ~ountry, Nu.. xxi. ; Jos. vi. -xix. ; Ju. whom they had subdued, ruined the Chaldean. Per-
almost every prediction in Scripture relative to the iv. The Gibeonites and others, whose lives were spared, haps it was their Scythian brethren who about two
Egyptians, C'lnaanites, Tyrians, and Sidonians, is com- were subjected to slavery, Jos. ix.; Ju. i.; 2 Sa. v. Solo- hundred years after founded the powerful monarchy of
prehended in this repeated curse of Canaan. Almost mon had more than I 50,CXX> of them employed as slaYes the Parthians in Persia and the pieces about; while
every prediction relative to the Assyrians, Chaldeans, in the building of the temple, I Ki. 9. 20, 22; 5. 15, 16. multitudes of the ov,;rstocked Gauls from Europe in-
Persians, and Arabs, and especially what relates to the They who settled in the north-west of Canaan, and vaded Asia, and partly took up their residence in ~leso•
Jewish nation and Jesus Christ, is included in the bles• formed the once flourishir.g states of Tyre and Sidon, potamia. About three hundred and thirty years before
sing of Shem. Almost every prediction relative to the were by the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians, but the birth of our Saviour, the Greeks, under Alexander,
Greeks, Romans, Goths, Tartars, and Turks, and espe- chiefly by the Greeks, Romans, Saracens, and Turks, overran Asia to the river Indus, and for several ages
cially what· relates to the gospel-church among the reduced to great misery and bondage, till at last they held it in subjection. Next the Romans pushed their
Gentiles, is contain"'1 in the blessing of J apheth. The were totally ruined, Is. xxiii. ; Eze. xxvi. xxviii. They conquests into Syria, Assyria, and Canaan; and for
fulfilment of these ;,re,iictions is no less remarkable. who fled from Joshua, or afterwards to Northern Africa, more than seven hundred years retained what they
:Much of the scripture:; of the Old and New Testaments, and formed the Carthaginian and other states, were, could of it. · For many ages the Tartarian Huns and
much of the hist:,ry of nations, is no more than an ac- after much contention and mutual erislavement, reduced. Turks continued to pour themselves into Persia and
count of it. The descendants of Ham, by his sons by the Romans to the basest servitude and misery; and the countries about. In the eleventh century of the
Cush, l\lizraim. Phut, and Canaan, peopled Africa and for about two thousand years that country hath been Christian reckoning, the Seljukian Turks formed them·
part of \Vestem Asia. For about four thousand years one continued scene of slavery to the Romans, Vandals, selves into the four kingdoms of Bagdad, DamasCU\,
past the bulk "Jf the Africans have been abandoned of Saracens, or Turks. The Phcenician Canaanites, who, Aleppo, and Iconium, and qurckly extended their
Heaven to the most gross ignorance, rigid slavery, pushing their fortunes, settled in the Mediterranean dominion as far as the Indus. Meanwhile Mahmud·
stupid idohtry, and savage barbarity. Scarcely ever islands, or in Greece, Italy, or on the border of the Gazni, with an army of Tartars and others, invaded
hath a state formed of them made any respectable figure Euxine Sea, have shared a similar fate of thraldom and India, and founded there a mighty empire, which con·
-the Egyptians and Carthaginians excepted; and even misery from the Persians, (;reeks, Rom:.ins, Saracens, tinued about two hundred years. In the I 3th century
they had little dominion over any part of the descend- Normans, or Turks. But the countries of Persia, As- J enghis Khan and his sons, with their Tartar troops,
ants of Shem or Japheth. Formanyagesthenorthern syria, Chaldea, Lydia, Syria, Arabia, India, and I sup- conquered the greater part of Asia. The empires which
parts of Africa were enslaved or harassed by the As- pose most of China, were peopled by the posterity of they founded in China and in Persia continued ahout
syrian, Chaldeav, and Persian descendants of Shem; Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram, sons of nine generations, In the beginning of the 15th centUl:1
and next by two Creeki, but especially the Roman and Shem. The blessings bestowed upon them by God Tamerlane with his Tartars overran great part of Asia,
226
'J'l,,e descendants of Japheth. GENESIS X. The descendants of Ham.
28 ,r And Noah lived after the flood three A.M. 1557, B.C. 2447, A.lf. 1786. 13.C. 2218.
1O And fthe beginning of his kingdom was
hundred and fifty years. --2~ ~~tt}~~?;t· 11
/ Mi.5.6.Je.50.2t. Babel,1 and Erech, and Accad, and gCalneh, in
6 B. C. 1998. 1 Gr. Babylon, Mi.
29 And all the days of Noah were "nine 4.10.h.39.1. the hland of Shinar.
E Is.10,9.
hundred and fifty years: and he died. 6 CHAP. X. h ch.n.2;14.1. Zee. 11 Ont of that land went forth Asshur,2 and
a Historical ac- 5.II.
2 Or, Ju went out builded iNineveh, and the city Rehoboth,3 and
count, ch. 2.4; 5.1; 6.9,
CHAPTER X. Mat.1.r.
:'nto AsJyna.
1 'l'M generations of Noah. 2 The son.• of Japheth. 6 The sons

b Ch. 1.5-7.Eze.38.
1
2, 6,15; 27.13,rg. b.66. i Na.2.8; 3.7. Jonah
Calah,
19.From tht'sesprung I 3.3 Is.37.37.
of Ham, 8 .Nimrod the fir.,t monarch. 21 The sons of Shem. the Gomenam,, Tar- s Or, tlte streets ef
12 And Resen, between Nineveh and Calah:
tars, Medes, Creeks, thec:ty.
OW these are the agenerations of the sons the same is a great city.
N
Italians, &c.
; They were 4 Father of the
of l\'oah; Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and And Mizraim4 begat kLudim, and Ana-
c Zep.2.11. Je,.25.22. I k Ch.1.n,12.Je.46.
Greeks. Egyptians, &c. l 3
I
unto them were sons born after the flood. ls.42.4;49. 1;6o.9;59. 18. 9.Eze.30.5. mim, and Lehabim, and l\" aphtuhim,
d I Cb.I. 8-16;4.40.
2 ,r The bsons of Japheth; Gomer, and Ma- Ps. 105. 23;1o6.22;78.51.
From these sprung
l Is.u.n.Je.4,4..1.
14 And 1Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of
m Je. 47.4. Am.9.7.
gog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and the Ethiopians or De.2.23.
Cushites, the Egypt- whom came mPhilistim,) and Caphtorim.
ians, \Vest Africans, n Ch. 1.13. Jos.n.
:Meshech, and Tiras. and Canaanites.
1
8.Is.23.4 15 1 And nCanaan begat Sidon his first-born,
8 i.e. the rebel,
3 And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Mi.5.6. About :;mB.
8;;4~~~~ti~;j~/i!:t 0
and Heth,
6. eJ:~.~~·.:t c~~.:~;
24.Nu.34-2-15.
Riphath, and Togarmah. , 16 And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and
4 And the sons of Javan;7 Elishah, and Tar-
25.7.2Ch.28.22.
9 Nimrod is de- 2/ 21zi;.-
scribed as a hunter, Eze.47.16,17.
:rt· ls~;~~~: the Girgasite,
shish, Kittim, and Dodanim. an employment that
in thinly peopled 5 The Hittites (from 17 And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the
sary for self-defence ~:tt;t~s. d!~~~i~:~ Sinite,
countries is as neces-
5 By these were the isles of the Gentiles
0
as for subsistence. and H1vites, settled
divided in their lands; everv one after his There appears from in Palestine, and re-
the statement of mained there till the
18 AndP the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and
Moses no good rea- exodus. The Arkites
tongue, after their families, in their nations. son for understand- sertled in the north· the Hamathite: and afterward were the families
ing the phrase in a ern part of Lebanon;
Lad sense. Our Lord the Sinites dwelt be- of the Canaanites spread abroad. 5
6 1 And a the sons of Ham; Cush, and tells thf' dis.ciples side them; the Arva-
thcyshould be.fishers dites occ:upied the
Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. o/men, a phrase as island of Arvad on 19 And qthe border of the Canaanites Wt s
indicative of aggres- the Syrian coast;
~ion as hunter. The and the Hamathites from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto
7 And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, words be/ore the gave their name to
Lord express God's the great city of
and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtecha: and visible or acknow- Hamath.-P.
ledged presence in a
Gaza; 6
as thou goest unto T Sodom, and Go-
the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. place or ordinance, tJ De.32.8. ch.15.18- morrah, and Adma, and Zeboim, even untl'
chap. Ex. 23. 21. Nu. 34. 2-15. Jos.
18. 22 ..
17,andseelll mtended
8 And Cush begat Nimrod; 8 he began to be to ascribe to Nimrod xiv.xxi. Lasha.
G~Jli~ohis rr~~~}~~~
6 Heb. Azzah. ·
a mighty one in the earth. ployment as a hun- rch.z4-2. 20 These are the sons 7 of Ham,8 after their
9 He was a •mighty hunter before the Lord; }~~'nd~~io~ay~f th~~ Africa and part of families, after their tongues, in their countries,
7 They peopled
ener1i;:y of character the south-west of
wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty ~a~!~d h~~r~~iv:~~ Asia. and in their nations.
throne of the first 8 Black or burnt.-
hunter before the LoRD. 9 empire.-C. C. 21 1 Unto Shem also, the father of all the
Jnd founded an empire in Per,ia, and another in West- shouldst be so mindful of him and his concerns l that most remarkably to confirm its strict accuracy, and to
ern India, which still subsists under the Great Mogul: thou shouldst so care for his welfare and his life l that illustrate its statements. .P.]
For about three hundred years the Ottoman Turks thou shouldst so familiarly covenant with him, and so Ver. 2. Uapheth was Noah's oldest son. Of his
have been masters of Assyria, Syria, Canaan, and the often repeat thy declarations for the strengthening and children Gomer was the ancestor of the Cimbri and
places about; while the Portuguese, the Spaniards, the confirmation of his faith l May I always accept thy Celts; Magog of the Scythians and Mongolians; Madai
English, the Dutch, the Danes, and French, have been favours with thankfulness, and obey thy command- of the Med es; 7avan of the Ionians and Greeks; and
rendering themselves masters of islands or settlements, ments with cheerfulness ! But ah, how quickly do we Meshech of the Muscovites or Russians. P.]
almost innumerable, in the East Indies. Thus there forget his mighty works! how fearfully do the best Ver. 5. Europe, Lesser Asia, and the islands of the
is scarce one single country of note which originally stumble and fall, if the Lord uphold them not mightily! Mediterranean Sea, are these isles oj the Gentiles. The
pertained to the offspring of Shem but is now possessed How readily do fools trample on every tie of relation Jews called countries situated on the sea-shore, or
or governed by the enlarged posterity of J apheth, Ara- or duty, in order to make a mock of sin ! But dreadful parted from their own by sea, isles, J e. 47. 4, 'Country
bian Hejiaz excepted. Multitudes too of the posterity is the curse, lasting and extensive the disfavour, which (Heb. isles) of Caphtor; 25. 22. To these isles oj the
of Japheth in Asia and America, but chiefly in Europe, awaits those who contemn and deride their aged parents! Gentiles the gospel promises are peculiarly directed,
have been persuaded of God to embrace the true reli- whi;e blessings shall be on their head who regard them, and on their inhabitants they have been peculiarly
gion, and become his church, ever since the Tews were and cover their infirmities. But let me not bid adieu fulfilled, Ps. 72. IO; 97. I; Is. 24- 15; 42. 4, IO, 12; 49. I;
rejected. The far greater part of that race 'known to to the dying patriarch, till in him I contemplate the 51. 5; 6o. 9; 66. 19; Zep. 2. I I, &c.
us do, and for many ages have, at least in word, made .great God my Saviour! His name is a bed of rest, Ver. 6. [The word Ham signifies 'warmth ;' and
profession of the Christian faith, while very few of the and source of comfort. He is the distinguished favourite Ham's descendants all migrated southward. Of his
descendants of Shem or Ham have so much as pretended of Heaven. In the midst of a crooked and perverse sons Cush was ancestor of the Ethiopians; Jl:fizraim of
it. Nor do I remember that the Christian religion generation he dared to be singularly good : at once he the Egyptians; Phutof the Lybians; and Canaan of the
ever had a public establishment from one of them, the gave an unblemished pattern of uprightness, and boldly Canaanites, of whom there were many sub-tribes. P.]
Abyssinians excepted. \Vhat an exact, an explicatory, preached righteousness in the great congregation. To Ver. 8, 9. Perhaps Nimrod first made himself popu-
and confirming counterpart is the whole providence of him mankind owe their recovery from ruin. By him lar by hunting down the wild beasts which began to
God to his word ! What understanding of the divine the church is gradually built up as the mean of our infest the country, and then openly, and without fear
authenticity of the scriptures, and of the love and faith• salvation, and his believers are rendered true members of God, he usurped the government over his neighbours,
fulness of God, may I attain by a wise and careful thereof. Upon the savour of his sweet-smelling sacri- and became so cruel an oppressor or persecutor, Je. 16.
observation thereof !--[Ver. 2 7. This remarkable pro- fice God hath promised no more to curse the world. 16; La. 4- 18; Eze. 13. 18, that his name became a pro-
phecy is given in the form of a short poem, and con- With him and believers is the new covenant for ever verb of r~proach; comp. 2 Ch. 28. 22.
sists of three parts-a curse upon Canaan, and a blessing established; and to them are the inheritance and rules Ver. IO. [Babel is Babylon; Erech is the ruin Warka,
upon Shem and Japheth. But it will be observed that of the new covenant state conferred. Ry him is the about 90 miles S.E. of Babylon, on the banks of the
each blessing embodies, while it illustrates, the first church, the vineyard of the Lord of hosts, planted and Euphrates; and Ca!neh, now called Niffer, is situated
curse. Canaan appears to be mentioned as the repre- cultivated; and in his word is irreversi:,Jy declared the about 6o miles N. E. of Erech, in the plain of Mesopo-
sentative of the whole Hamites-the head of that section everlasting fate of his faithful ones. Behold how tamia. These great cities are now desolate heaps. .P.]
of the Hamitic race with which the Israelites came those who love his person, and hide the infirmities of Ver. 12. [The ruins of Nineveh cover the plain on
specially into contact. The whole prophecy has been his saints, are olessed with all spiritual blessings! the east bank of the Tigris, opposite Mosul. About
remarkably fulfilled in the history of mankind since it Behold how the curse of sin pursues both wicked Jews 6o miles farther south, on the right bank of the Tigris,
was uttered. The Hamites as a race have been and carnal professors, who stumble at this corner-stone, lie the ruins of Calah. Between the two, 20 miles
'servants of servants,' i.e., as the Hebrew idiom implies, who tum his grace into licentiousness, ar.:I the infirmity from Nineveh, are extensive ruins called Nimrud, which
they have been in a state of perpetual servitude under of his saints into ridicule! and what everlasting ruin it are probably identical with Resen. P.]
the Shemitic Israelites, and the J aphetic Greeks, entails upon them. Ver. 21. The children oj Eber are the Hebrews, who
Romans, and Saxons. J apheth has been enlarged. being followers of him in his faith and holiness, and
HIS descendants occupy at this day the territories of CHAPTER X. [\"er. I. This is the commence- the peculiu people of God from whom the Messiah
Shem, and constitute the leading nations of the civilized ment of a new document. It contains the genealogy sprung, were the principal descendants of Shem, and
world. P.] of the nations of the world, and thus forms an intro· / those on whom his blessing was chiefly conferred, NIL
REFLECTIONS.-Lord, what is man, that thou ducfion to ethnology. Recent researches have tended 24. 24- \\'hat nations these descendants of Noah
Vol. 1-15 227
The descerulants of Shem. GENESIS XI. The descendants of SMTn.
ehildren of Eber,8 the brother of Japheth the A."·'786· •.c..,,,. A.M. 17,s8. li.C. ~ -
found their language, that they may not nuder
• ,.J b 8 From Eber is
stand one another's speech. 5
el der, even to_ him were chiluren orn. 9 :lf,~,:~~~;n:;~:
22 The •children of Shem; El~1 and As- oftbeJ:~-e. & It would seem
from the real signifi- 8 So the LoRD 9scattered them abroad frolll
cation of the origmal
shur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram. 2 .;.~i~::;';;'}ot;: word:, in this anu the thence upon the face of all the earth: and they
iJ~;cei~~fu:for:e, ~:!
23 And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul,
and Gether, and Mash.
24 And Arphaxad begat Salah ;3 and Salah
~E=
/,;/l,~':'sl~!~ii'S:~~r.
ans, ChalJeans, Lyd-
Sy:;~;n';,ed
:~t g~~~u:;r ttne ~r
gris, between Assy-
caused by creating a left off to build the city.
vant>ty in the forms,
inriection£>, and pro-
nunciat10n of words,
9 Therefore is the name of it called 6Eabe]
and not by intrnduc- because the LoRD did there confound the Ian
mg an entirely new
set of root. words.
begat Eber. f~~it"1t t~a:e:1;:~ The language in fact guage of all the earth: and from thence did the
remained radzcally
25 Andt unto Eber were born two sons: the ::~~~Js~~~.t:~;; the same, The most LoRD scatter them abroad upon the face of a!J
advanced researches
name of one was Peleg; for in his days was
5
':';;::·::;n,,y or in philolo~ tend to
confirm thlS opinion. the earth.
-P.
the earth divided,· and his brother's name was ~t~hem tl~t:;~:a~ 10 1 Theseh are the generations of Shem
Joktan, er~ ::~~;::,ah.
mia and north-east-
E vcr.4,9-De.32.I. Shem was an hundred years old, and bega
26 And "Joktan begat Almodad, and She- c{.:,~":,'.· •o ..._,,, Arphaxad two years after the flood.
leph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, u,ch.•.=·
v2Ch.9-10,13.Job
8 That is, co,ifu- 11 And Shem lived,7 after he begat Ar
si"on. Is. xiii.xiv Je.l.li
27 And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Dildah, ».24 ,,s.,s. He made them to phaxad, five hundred years, and 'begat sons and
forget their wonted
a, 1 Sa.15.7.ch.2.n
terms, and affix new
28 And Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba, •In A,abia Felix namestothings. Such daughters.
as spoke the same
29 And ~Ophir, and wHavilah, and Jobab: all ,a~J;~;.;t.'l1~;t!;,e lang-uage went with
one another, ch.10.5,
12 And Arphaxad lived five and thirty 8years
these were the sons of Joktan. ..~;9~'.,;L";'.:X'cho 20,31.
and begat Salah.
30 And their dwelling was from Mesha,' as CHAP. xi. 13 And Arphaxad lived, after he begat Salah
It rCh.1.I7-27.Lu
thou goest unto Sephar, a mount of the east. , Het."i,;:.,o. 3.34-36. four hundred and three years, and begat sons
31 These are the sons of Shem,6 after their 7Heb. w,mt,.
8 Not from east di-
and daughters.
familieS, after their tongues, in their lands, after ,ectly ..,,,,. but from 14 And Salah 'lived thirty years,9 and begat
fh~ ~~? ira1!:L~~
0
their nations. • •
whe,e Moses wwte,
or of the Euphrates,
Eber.
i ch.1.28;9.7;5.4-Ps.
32 These'" are the families of the sons of :!',~h~'h~~hb~u~d:ir. I2J 3;28.3,4;144,12, 15 And Salah lived, after he begat Eber
Noah, after their generations, in their nations: ~.:'!\l:.~h. :,;::~ th,;,J;; four hundred and three years, and begat sons
and by these were the nations divided in the
earth after the flood.
:7.f:ii~~~h
~o;,4-,.l~u.u.Da.,.
~i:
0
I 23u.
and daughters.
16 Andk Eber lived four and thirty 1years
a Pr.r.n. Ps.xi.;64,.
5.Is.41.6,7,notas He. and begat Peleg 2
CHAPTER XI. 10.:24;3.13-
;r.
7:· '¾l. 1;~ ~4~
1 8 k Ch. ch. 17 And Eber lived, after he begat Peleg, four
1 One language in the ,oOTld. 3 The building of Bahel. 5 The con- s~
l 1. 19,. 10.
21,25-Nu.24-24,,
(,uion of tongue,, 10 The goneratwns of Shem. 27 The generatwns
The building-~ of the
E~t are generally hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and
of Terah the J,;,the:r of Abram. 31 Terah goeth from Ur to Haran. bnck or clay.
1 There are various daughters.
kinds of bitumen, but
6 all,
18 And Peleg lived thirty years,3 and begat
AND the whole earth was of one language, more or less, akin
to the mirleral .tar
_ and of one speech. 7 contained in several t Called, Lu. 3- 35, 1Reu.
kinds of pit-coal. One Pliakc.
of these bitumens,
And it came to pass, as they journeyed
2 the slime used in the
building of Babel, is
19 And Peleg lived, after he begat Reu, two
from the east,8 that they found a plain in the believed to have been
the aspltaltum found hundred and nine. years, and begat sons and
in great abundance
land of Shinar;9 and they dwelt there. around the Dead Sea
(see Ge. 14. 10), and
daughters.
3 And they said one to another, "Go to, let ofTrinidad,
in Albania, the island
&c.-C 20 And Reu lived two and thirty years,' and
c Very high, De.
us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And 28;9.1.Da.4-u. i:,
begat mSerug.
they had bbrick for stone, and slime1 had they and2 God's bles.c;ing
direction to man 21 And Reu lived, after he begat Serug, two
was to rl!jJ/entsA the
for mortar. earth, here i!5 a reso-
lution to prevent the
hundred and seven years, and begat sons and
4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city tural
fulfilment; an unna-
resolution, that daughters.
must soon h.i.ve led
and a tower, whose top may reach •unto heaven; straints
to unnatural
upon the
re- 22 And Scrug lived thirty years, 5 and b~gat
and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered growth of popu~a-
tion, and the exercise 45 An idolater, Jos.
Nahor. 6
abroad upon the face of the whole earth.2 ~~dwti~ :1i;~~fo~~ 24.2.
23 And Serug lived, after he begat Nahor, two
God in great mercy
5 And the LORD dcame down to see the city interposes
vent.-C.
to pre•
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters.
and the tower, which the children of men builded. Ps~,:~~4~~~{~ ife1 24 And N ahor lived nine and twenty 7years,
13-
6 And the LoRD said, Behold,3 the people is JO~I!.0 tdf~[D~~t~- n Lu.3-34.TJiam:. and begat "Terah.
one, and they have all one language; and this J.1.9- 25 And Nahor lived, after he begat Terah,
they begin to do: and now nothing will4 be re- terrogative1y,
te!c~alcn~J~~ ,~:
thus: an hundred and nineteen years, and begat sons
Will nothing be
strained from them, which they have imagined slr'ained
-e.
from them 1'
,-e.
• Jos.24.2.1Ch.:1.26. and daughters.
to do. &
cb.1.36; J. ls.6.~ 22.. ....
ch.12.4,s; a2.~; :aQ.
26 And Terah lived seventy years,8 and •begat
7 Go to, let 'us go down, and there Icon- Ps.33.ro.
/Jobn.20;5. I2,r3- Abram, Nahor, and Haran.
formed, and what countries they inhabited, may be of God upon them! Neither floods, nor flames, nor a parent of ambitious and tyrannical hunters, or of
ICCil in ch. 9• 25-27, sword, nor famine, nor pestilence, but Jesus' blood and numerous Canaanites devoted to misery and ruin.
Ver. 2 5. [Eber was the progenitor of a large section Spirit alon", can extirpate our sinful inclinations. How
of the Arabs of Arabia, through J'okt4n; and of the insatiably do carnal men covet and grasp at powP.r or CHAPTER XI. [Ver. 2. Shinar embraced the
Hebrews through Peleg. Many of the Arab tribes are property! and the more they have, the more they hunt great plain on both sides of the Euphrates, which was
&till known as Bene-Kalztan, 'children of Joktan.' P.] after l But let me remember, that all my hunting after afterwards called Babylonia. Bitumen (or 'slime')
REFLECTIONS.-How quickly God can repair these vanities is against, as well as bifor,, the Lord. wells are still found in it. Some of the most ancient
the most remarkable breaches in external things, and How often God prospers the wicked under their bricks in the desolate mounds of Babylonia antl Chai·
make families increase and spread when he pleaseth ! energy and industry, and also by the same means pro- dea are 'thoroughly burned,' and are usually inscnbed
But alas I how soon human pride and lust of dominion vides wealth for his people l But much happier is it to with the name of the reigning monarch. P.]
~ve, notwithstanding the most tremendous judgments be with Eber. a father of saints, than to be with Ham, Ver. 5. God's <ominz down 14 s« their work denote5
228
20 6 10 70
c; C
D
D
E E
THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE
POSTERITY OF NOAH.
GENESISX.
F Cbuntrie, occupied by the ducendant., qf F
SHEM colored Green
HAM Yellow
JAPHETH " Pink
Scale ol
English Stat. Miles
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ,,..,..tlln lb., JfngN., Cit.
8 10
a fO 6 so
M OUNT GERIZIM-WHERE THE SAMARITANS WORSHIPED. [Genesis,
xii :6. ]-"And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Si chem, unto
the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land." The "place
of Sichem" referred to was afterward known as Shechem, and now is called Nablous.
the history of God's chosen people. Abraham erected an altar here and consecrated
the place to the worship of Jehovah, and after the children of Israel took possession
of the country, the bones of Joseph were deposited at Shechem, in the parcel of
land which Jacob purchased of the children of Hamor, the father of Shechem, for
Shechem, or Nablous, is built between the mountains Eba! and Gerizim. It is a hundred pieces of silver. (Joshua, xxiv:32.) This mountain is notable because
more completely at the foot of Mount Gerizim. The mount really slopes down it is the one to which the woman of Samaria referred in her conversation with our
into the town. This is the first town mentioned in Palestine connectin~ it with Savior at Jacob's well.
The descendants of Terah. GENESIS XII. God calleth Abram.
27 1 Now these are the generations ofTerah: 2 Andb I will make of thee a great nation
A.M. 2008. B.C. 1996.
P Ne. 9. 7. ch. 15. 7. b ch.13.16;15.5;17.5;

Terah begat Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Ac.7.2-4. 9
18.18;2:.i.17,18;26.4;27.
Their brother 29; 28.3,14; 35. u; 40.3.
VlZ.
and I will bless thee, and make thy name great'.
Haran begat Lot. Haran's daughters.
q Ge.17.15:20.12.
Ex.r.7.Nu.24.9.
c Ac. 3. 25. Ga. 3. 8, and thou shalt be a blessing: '
r Ge.zz.20;24.15. 72.17. Ep.1.3.
16.Ps. 1
28 And Haran died before his father Terah t ch.25.21;
Sarai, Ge.20.12.
29.31. Ju.
s Co.1.30. Col.3 n. Re.
7.9.
3 And I will bless them that bless thee
O
in the land of his nativity, in PUr of the 13.2.1 Sa.1.2.

1 cir. 1926,
4 This seems to be
the second appear- and curse him that curseth thee; and in the~
A~- ~ ~. ili~:~ d~~t~ I Abram, as it removes
1 ance of the Lord to
Chaldees. first appearance and ' him from Haran,
shall all families of the earth be blessed.
29 And Abram and N ahor took them wives : ~~t~for~ h! 1
9 \\-here the family of
0
d!~tt j T er.th had settled. 4 1 So Abram departed, as the LORD had
in Charran. We learn I They had retained,
the name of Abram's wife was qSarai; and the from Jos. 24. 2, that at least, some part of
Terah and his pro- their idolatry <"'.h. (SEC
spoken unto him; and Lot went with him: and
name of N ahor's wife '"Milcah, the daughter of fa~~~~o~~e~~(~~s~1~ \\l1i)~ i the
31. 30), and therefore
total separation of Abram was seventy and five years old when he
cail; and from this Abram became abso-
Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Tverse, 31,we find that lutely necessary for
erah · took A hram him'>elf and his fa.
departed out of Haran. 4
Iscah.• his son, &c., from Ur, mily.-C. See next
to mto the land of note.
1;0 5 And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot
Canaan. Is it n0t ,'\."ote.-It is oit:en
i>
30 But Sarai was tbarren; she had no child. therefore reasonable a sore trial tt~ flesh his brother's son, and all their substance that
to conclude that Te- and blood to ;-,epa-
1 2
31 1 And Terah took Abram his son, and verted by the testi- from irreligious rela-
rah had been con- rate, in any de:::ree,
they had gathered, and the souls that they had
Lot the son of Haran his son's son, and Sarai mony of Abram his ti\·es; but if their
son, when he not principles and ex-am-
mere'y accompanied, ple tend to injure
gotten in Haran ; and they went forth to go
his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife; "and the promised land? dren,
but took him forth to ourselves or our chil-
the sacrifice
into the land of Canaan ;5 andd into the land of
they went forth with them from Ur of the -C. must be made. It i~
u He.u. 8. 'Se. 9. i• one form of that
Ac.7.2-4- ch.12.1. Jos. denial of self and
Canaan they came.
Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan; and 24.2,3. taking up of the
v cb.24.10,15; 27. 43; cross, Mat. 16. 24, es-
6 1 And Abram passed through the land
29.4, 5- Ac. 7.
they came unto vHaran,3 and dwelt there. death of these ten
The sential to the follow-
2.
of our Lord.-C.inl[ unto the place of •Sichem, unto the plain of
mentioned, as their A~;.~ s~~~~;~!it1
patriarchs is not
32 And the days of Terah were two hundred lives were much ch.10.19.
Moreh. And the 1Canaanite was then in the
~orter than in ch.5.
and five years: and Terah died in Haran. Haran, or Char-
ran, situate in the
3
e ch. :n.18. Ju.9.:1. I
Ki.12.1.Jn.4.5- land.
fch.10.19;15.18-21.
CHAPTER XII. north-west of Meso- ch. 13.4. Seech.8.
!;
20.
7 And the LoRD appeared unto Abram, and
~~t~~:~~h';'i~hta}i~~~
1 God calkth Abram, and blesseth him ulith a promise of Ohrut.
6 We learn from
Th~at~:C!~ :~da~~: Jn. 1. 18 that no man said, Unto thy seed will I give this land: and
4 He departeth with Lot fi·om Haran. 6 He journeyeth through hath seen God at any
Oanaan, 7 which is promised him in a viswn. IO He is driven by a mans cai,ed it CarrO!.
It is mentioned in
time; but • the oniy
beg0tten Son, who is
there builded he an 9altar unto the LoRD, who
fu.mine into Egypt. 11 Fear maketh him feign his wij, to be his sister. Eze.27.23, as a tJlace in the bosom of the
appeared unto him. 6
14 Pharaoh, having taken her f1·om him, by plagues is compelkd to lreai}:~1~d ;ttJJ:1~ Father, he hath de-
clared (or educed)
rutore her. (12th cent.) found it
altoget~er decayed;
him.' Therefore the
LORD who appeared
8 And he removed from theuce unto a moun-
ow the aLORD had said unto Abram, Get in 1766 It was report.
tain on the east of hBeth-el, and pitched his
N
to Abram, whatever
ed to Niebuhr as a was the manner of
sma!l place much fre- that appearing, was
thee out of thy country, and from thy kin- quented by Jews.-C. the Son of God, and
as such received
tent, hm:ing Beth-el on the west, and Hai on
dred, and from thy father's house, unto a land CHAP. XII.
Abram's worship. -
C. the east; and there he builded an altar unto the
a Ac.7.2,3.Ps.45.ro, It ch. 28.1:9. Jos.7.2;
that I will show thee. n. Lu.14-26. He.u.8.
~e.9.7.Is.41.2.
8. 17; 18. ~2. Ne. 11.31.
Is.10.28.
LoRD, and called upon the name of the LoRD.
his manifesting his notice of it in his deliberate and just Terah, who set out for Canaan, died by the way, let me and prosper the friends of Abram and his natural seed,
judgments upon them for it, ch. I 8. 20, 2 I. tremble, lest, a pr~mise being left me of entering into but especially of Jesus Christ and his spiritual seed;
Ver. 28. [The Hebrew word is Kasdim, but our God's rest, I should seem to come short of it !-tremble and did and will remarkably punish their enemies, Jos.
translators have adopte<i the name Chaldea from the lest I should be almost, but never altogether, a Chris- 2. 9; Ge. 15.13, 14; Ex. 17. 8-16; Mat. 10.42; 25.41-
Greek. As a geographical term it has a wide signi- tian, not far from the kingdom of God, but never a 46. All the .families ef the earth are blessed in Abram.
fication, embracing the whole country of Mesopotamia, true member thereof here, or partaker of it hereafter! He was of great service to the Canaanites, in impart-
with the region extending southward to the Persian ing revelation to some of them, or in setting before
Gulf. Chaldea proper was confined to the plain on CHAPTER XII. Ver. 1. While Abram was in them all an engaging example of virtue. His seed of
both banks of the Euphrates from Babylon southward Ur of the Chaldees, God appeared to him, probably in promise, and especially his spiritual seed, are useful on
to the Tigris. The city of Ur has been recently identi- human shape, Ac. 7. 2, as he did at least eight times that account, and have been and are still the means of
fied with the vast mounds of Mugheir or Mugayer, afterwards, Ge. 12. 6, 7; •3. 3, 4; 15. I; 17. I; 18. I; 21. the prosperity or protection of nations, Is. 6. 13; 19. 24,
about go miles S. E. of Babylon, on the west bank of 12; 22. 1, 15, and called him to leave his country and 25; Mat. 24- 22. But it is properly in his seed (Christj
the Euphrates. On bricks dug up from the mounds of his father's house, which for some time past had been that men are blessed. Multitudes of nations receive
Mugheir the name Ur has been discovered by Loftus. infected with idolatry, Jos. 24- 2; 2 Co. 6. 17; Re. 18. 4; much outward happiness, and the dispensation of gos-
It is worthy of note that Mugheir signifies 'Mother of Is. 41. 2; Ne. 9. 7. He readily surrendering all for the pel ordinances, in consequence of his undertaking for
Bitumen.' P. J sake of Christ, Ps. 45. II; Lu. 14- 26, in obedience to his people, Mat. 24- 24; Is. xxxv. xlix. Ix. ; 6. I 3-
Ver. 31. [Terah, instead of striking right across the the divine command, and relying on his direction and And believers, gathered out of all nations, are blessed
Arabian desert to Palestine, went north-west along the protection, went forth, not knowing whither the Lord in him with temporal, spiritual, and eternal blessings,
banks of the Euphrates. It is the route an Arab tribe intended to lead him, He. I I. 8. But as they had Ga. 3. 16; Ac. 3. 25, 26; Ep. 1. 3; Ps. 72. 17-19; Is.
would still follow; because in the desert there is little stopped too long in Haran, I suppose the call here 45. 17-25. It is easy to see, that the subsequent pro·
pasture for flocks, and no water. Haran still retains mentioned was one which he received anew after the mises and threatenings, nay, the doctrines and laws,
its ancient name, and some relics of former greatness. death of his father. ' · mentioned in Scripture, are but an enlarged exposition
It is now a small and poor village standing on the Ver. 2. Abraham was made a great nation. His of these two verses; and the whole fate of the Jewish
bank of a small river called Belik, which flows into posterity by Ishmael, by the sons of Keturah, and by and ~ospel church, nay, of the saints in heaven and
the Euphrates about 50 miles to the southward. P.] Esau, were exceedingly numerous, ch. 16. 10; 17. 20; lost m hell, are but one continued fulfilment thereof.
REFLECTIO'.',S.-How awful the presumption of 21. 13; 25. 1-18; xxxvi.; Nu. xxxi.; Ju. vi. vii. His Ver. 3. [The command given to Abraham involved
sinners, who dare attempt to withstand the known com- seed of promise, by Jacob, were as the stars of heaven great personal sacrifices-country, kindred, and home;
mand and purpose of the Almighty! Deeply should and the dust of the earth in multitude, ch. 13. 16; 15. 5; and also great faith-he knew not where he was going.
it affect us that we find the serpent's seed so harmoni- 22.17; 28.3,14; 32.12; Nu.i.; 23.rn; He.11.12; 1Ch. But the blessing promised was most cheering and com·
ous and active in wickedness, while the children of xxi.; I Ki. 4- 20; 2 Ch. xvii.; J e. 33. 22. His spiritual prehensive. It embraced himself, all who favoured
promise are so divided and inactive in holiness. But seed, followers of his faith and obedience, are still more and honoured him, the whole nation that was to spring
with equity and ease the Lord frustrates the devices of numerous, a multitude which no man can number, Ps. from him, and all the families of the earth. Abraham
the crafty, and tumeth the counsel of the froward head- 2. 8, 9; 22. 27-30; !xii. xcviii.; Is. xlii. xlix. Ix.; Re. by faith saw in this last promise the most glorious and
long, while he causes men's sinful attempts towards fame 7. 4-9; II. I 5.-All the spiritual children of Jesus, blessed of all truths-the atoning work of the Messiah,
and power effectually to issue in their infamy and weak- his eminent seed, are included herein, Is. 53. 10-12. Ac. 3. 25; Ga. 3. 8. P.]
ness. \Vhat a mercy that, as the confusion of tongues God blessed Abram, (1) with the numerous seed Ver. 6. [Sichem, or Shechem, or Sychar, was situated
effected the dispersion of mankind, the miraculous gift mentioned; (2) with Canaan, as the future property of in a beautiful valley between the mountains Eba! and
of tongues contributed to spread the gospel, to gather part of them; (3) with Christ as his eminent seed, Ga. Gerizim. It was called by the Romans Neapolis, and
,inners to Jesus, and to build up his church throughout 3- 16; (4) with all spiritual blessings in Christ, Ga. 3. its modern name is N abulus. A mile east of it, at the
the earth ! Behoid how the blessing of Noah begins 14, with Ep. I. 3. Abram was a blessing, (1) to his opening of the valley, is a broad and fertile plain-no
to operate in the family of Shem, and will do till after friends and servants, "'ho were instructed by him, Ge. doubt the place where Abraham, and afterwards Jacob,
the ascension of Christ! How proper to remark the 14- 14; 18. 19; (2) to his posterity, who were blessed pitched their tents. P.]
providences of God in the names of our children, or for his sake, Ex. 3. 6---8; Le. 26. 42; Ge. 17. 20; ·(3) to Ver. 7. For about four hundred and seventy yean
otherwise ! How precious are the saints, the church, the world, as an eminent pattern of faith and holiness, after, the Canaanites remained fixed in the possession
in God's sight! They are allowed far more room in Ro. iv., and as the progenitor of Christ the Saviour, of Canaan; during which time Goc, for the confirrna•
his inspired registers than all the world besides. If Ga. 3. 13, 16.-Gf'd did and •11iii remarkably befriend tion of his people's ,aith, renewed this igant of their
230
HE GREAT PYRAMID OF EGYPT-A MONUMENT ABRAHAM SAW. built by Cheops as his tomb. This is the largest of all the pyramids; covers about
T [Genesis, xii:11.]-When Abraham made his first visit to Egypt, 1921 B. C., the
Great Pyramid, according to the estimate of Wallis Budge, Assistant Keeper
of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, had been
thirteen acres of land, and in the center of it is what is called the King's Chamber,
where Cheops was buried. It is the first object that meets the eye when approaching
Cairo, and is one of the monuments that the traveler never forgets. There is enough
standing 1,812 years; so while we look at the Great Pyramid to-day, we may know at stone, it is said, in this great pyramid to build a wall all around the frontiers
least that we are beholding one monument seen by Abraham. This pyramid was of France. Much of this material has been used in the building of modern Cairo.
•
.Abram sojourne,th in Egypt. GENESIS XIII . Abram nturns to Cana,a,11,,
9 And Abram journeyed, gomg on' still A.M.2083. B.C.192r. !I A.M.2086. B.C.1918.
CHAPTER XIII.
toward the south. :-- Heb.it:Eoin1rand CHAP. XIII.
l Abram and Lot return out o.f E.rtYpt. 7 B.~ di.sa[fl'eeme:nt the
IO 1 And there was a ifamine in the land:
.founuyz"ni!, He. n.
14-Ps.105.13.
a ch.12.9;20.1;21.33.
Jos. ~o.40;18-5-1 Sa.27.
~a.24. 7. 10.2
part asunde,·. lO Lot goeth to u:icked Sodom. 14 God ,·eneweth
promise to Abram. 18 He removeth to Hebron, and there buildeth an
u!
i This was a new The word here 3
and Abram went down 8 into Egypt to sojourn trial of his faith, Ps. rendered 'south· is
107.34.Ac.14-22.Jn.rQ. in reality a proper
altar.
there; for the kfamine was grievous in the land. 33.Ps.34.19.
8 The phrase is rountry
name. It ought to be
' towards 1Veg-eb.'
N egeb embraced the
AND Abram went up out of Egypt, he, and
11 And it came to pass, when he was come most accurate. He southen1 along border of
the
ll._ his wife, and all that he had, and Lot with
' went down' from Palestine from Gaza
near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto the uplands of Palec,- to the southern end
tme to the low and of th~ Dead Sea. It him, into the asouth. 3
Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou fiat -P.
delta of the Nile. is the same word
which is translated 2 And Abram wa8 bvery rich in cattle, in
1
art a fair woman to look upon: I.~ S~:~:~:4i"kt~~:;: ~!~°;~~
2 Ki.8.1.Je.14.r.
l~~i/ 2~iht
passages, where it is
silver, and in gold.
12 Therefore it shall come to pass, when the I ver.14; ch.39.7. Pr. b ch.24.35.
a JJroµer name.-P.
Pr.10.22. 3 And he went on his journeys from the
Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, 31.30. m 1 Sa. 27. r. Pr.29.
Mat.6.33. 1 Ti.4-8. Pr.
3.9, 10.J ob 1.3;22.21-25.
4Neg-eb.
south4 even to Beth-el, unto the place where
This is his wife; and they "'will kill me, but 25.nMat.10.28.
Ro. 3.6.8. Col.3.9.
cSeech.12.7,8. his tent had been at the beginning, between
they will save thee alive. Jn.8.44.Ro.6.23. Eze.
18.4-
'f~~/J;;9~'tfi~!~~:
Is.58.9.
2.
Beth-el and Hai;
About 1915. ~
13 Say," I pray thee, thou art my sister: cuse9 Howthisshalldisingen-
we ex• e Servants dwelling
in tents,Je.49.29.
4 U-nto the cplace of the altar, which he had
uousness in Abram?
that it may be well with me for thy sake; and itatall.
We may not excuse
/ch.36.7.
g ch.21.25. Ex.2.17.
TheSµiritof Ja.4.1;3.16. Tit.3.3.
made there at the first: and dthere Abram called
my soul shall live because of thee. 9 C..-od records it with·
out comment," not be- 18-21.
h ch. 12.6; 10.19; 15. on the name of the LoRD.
14 1 And 1 it came to pass, that; when cause
it is to be com- i r Co.6.7.He.12.14.
mended, or m any Mat.5.9. Pr.15.1. Ja.3.
form imitated, but as 17,18.
5 And Lot also, which went 5 with Abram,
Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians tive of the weakness ren.6 Heb. mm breth-
a mere fact, 0
illustra- had flocks, and herds, and •tents.
of man, and his need
beheld the woman that she wa8 very fair. k ch. 19. 17. Is. 51.3.
of more faith, and of Eze. 28. 13; 31. 8. Joie}
the power of grace 2
6 And the fland was not able to bear them.
15 The Pprinces also of Pharaoh saw her, out that can bring good ·f° The view from the
of evil, and the crown of the ridge that they might dwell together: for their sub:
mercy that can par• between Bethel and
and commended her before qPharaoh: and the don iniquity, trans- Ai is most command-
r.e!>Sion, and sin.- ing. It embraces a
stance was great, so that they could not dwell
woman was taken into Pharaoh's house. 1 About r920.
large Section
Southern Palestine,
of togethe:i:-.
16 And he entreated Abram well for her c Mat.5.28. ch.39.7; and
3-6.
the whole valley
of the Jordan around 7 ~r And there was a 9 strife between the
Jericho. The refer-
sake: 2 and 'he had sheep, and oxen, and he- jJ Pr. 29. 12. Est.2.2-- ::::ai,t~J~:J~t: ;se ~==
herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of
16.1 KL1.2.Hos.7.4,5.
asses, and men-servants, and maid-servants, and The king, ch. 40. ~~it~e~his 6;5s:fo~e~
f/
Lot's cattle. And the hCanaanite and the Periz-
who was familiar with
she-asses, and camels. 2;41.1. Ex.2.15. 1Ki. Eg-ypt, or by Abra- zite dwelt then in the land.
,,.
3.1. 2Ki 18.21. Je.46. ham himself, who had
17 And the LoRD •plagued Pharaoh and his The valuab)e ac• that country. The just returned from
8 And Abram said unto Lot, ;Let there be
2 rich and well-watered
house with great plagues because of Sarai, quisitions made by valley of the Jordan
Abram in Egypt were bears in places a no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and
not a consideration striking resemblance
Abram's wife. paid by Pharaoh for to the valley of the
permission to espouse Nile; and tt seems
between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we
18 And Pharaoh called Abram, and said, one that was taken that resemblance was
for Abram's sister; even greater before
be brethren. 6
1 for a brother appear_s the destruction of So-
What is this that thou hast done unto me? not to have had such dom and the enlarge• 9 Is not the whole land before thee? Separate
why didst thou not tell me that she was thy a~orf:\!n~:~~~~ a~ mentoftheDead
All difficulty is re-
Sea.
thyself, I pray thee, from me: if thou wilt talce
~
of generosity, moved from the pas-
wife? like that made to La- sage if we translate
ban, Ge. xxiv.-Har- according- to the the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if
grammatical con-
19 Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so I r ch.13.2;24-35- Job struction of the He- thou depart to the right hand, then I will go
brew, thus: • Lot ••.
might have taken her to me to wife: now there- 1.3-Ps.144-13,4- beheld all tlu
ef Yordan towards
.Plain to the left.
s Ps. 105- 14- ch. 20.
fore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way. 18.Job34-19.He.13-+ Zoar, that it was well
watered,' &c. From 10 1 And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld
ch. 20. 9, 10; 26. 10; ;~:dz~~ ;;\1~t~~
20 And Pharaoh commanded his men con- 31.t 26;].13;4,10;44-15- kall the plain of Jordan, 7 that it was well watered
ly beyond the plain,
cerning him: and they "sent him away, and his Jos.7..19.1 Sa..14,43- or• circuit' of the Jor-
dan, hence it is said, every where, before the LoRD destroyed Sodom
u Ex.18.27. Pr.21.1. 'All the circuit of
wife, and all that he had. Ps . .105-.14,15. the Jordan towards
Zoar.'-P.
and Gomorrah, even as the garden of the LoRn,
country, times almost innumerable, to Abram and his religion is prevalent, or if it may be so called, fashion- part, the all, of my business in life ! Let no earthly
seed, Ge. 13. 15; 15. 7, 18; 17. 8; 22. 17; 26. 3; 28. 4, able, who yet totally lay it aside in another place or enjoyment-no, not a land flowing with milk and honey
13, 14; 35. 12; 46. 4; ,48. 21; 50. 24; Ex. 3. 8,17; 6. 8; company, where religion is less regarded, or perhaps -be the portion of my cup, but JEHOVAH himself, and
12, 25; 13. 5; 20. 12; Le. 25. 2; De. 2. 24; 4- I, 21; II. altogether despised. Abram testifies for God wherever the Canaan above, where wants are never known!
Io, 17-31; 15. 4, 7; 8. 7, 9; 9. 1, &c. Canaan was he goes. C.--Bethel is 20 miles south of Sichem, and Never let me, for the sake of carnal relief or advantage,
granted as a pledge of heaven to him and his spiritual IO north of Jerusalem. The site of Abraham's camp quit the place or the station in which God hath fixed
seed, Ro. 9. 6-8; Ga. 4. 22, 31.-[The land of Canaan, was about a mile east of Bethel, on the broad summit me, without his plain warrant. If I presume to direct
so called from the son of Ham, had the Mediterranean of a rocky ridge . .P.] , my own way, or choose out my own lot, let me dread
to the west, Egypt to the south, Arabia to the east, Ver. I 3. Sarai was his siiter in some sense, as Lot snares to my conscience and plagues upon my concerns!
and Phrenicia and Syria to the north. From Dan on was his brother, ch. 13. 8; 14- 12, 14, being his father's If in such cases the Lord hath ever granted me deliver-
the north, to Beersheba on the south, it is in length grand-daughter, ch. 20. 12; I I. 29; but it was not in ance, let me bewail my folly, and praise him for the
about 150, and its average breadth is about 90 miles. that sense, but in the common acceptation of the words sovereignty of his grace !
But this did not include the entire possession promised sister and brother, they sinfully wished thB Egyptians
· to Israel, as appears from Jos. I. 4, which extension to understand them. CHAPTER XIII. Ver. 7. It was not proper these
was realized in part to David, and completely to Solo- Ver. I 7. Thus the Lord rebuked the king; ordered heathens should be scandalized by a strife between such
mon, I Ki. 4- 21.-Butlded he an a/tar. That Abram, him not to touch his anointed, or to do his prophets as were brethren both by natural relation and by pro•
before this time, knew and worshipped God, there can any harm, Ps. 105. 14, I 5; and punished his intended fession of the true religion.
be no doubt; but this i~ the first a)tar erected by him; whoredom with such distempers as prevented the defile- Ver. 8. Ps. 133. 1-3, 'Behold how good and how
that is, the first decided and public establishment of ment of Sarai, perhaps with a kind of emerods, ch. 20. pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity r
the worship of Jehovah in his family.-Note. It is well 18; I Sa. 5. IO. . He. 13. 1, 'Let brotherly love continue;' Ge. 45. 24,
known, that young Christians, who worship God in REFLECTIONS.-How ready and cheerful ought 'He sent his brethren away, and said unto them, See
private, often find considerable difficulty in commenc- our obedience to be, when God plainly calls and power- that ye fall not out by the way;' Ac. 7. 26, 'Ye are
ing family worship. Let them remember Abram's fully encourages to it! What secrets of his grace brethren, why do ye wrong one to another?' Ro. 12. 10;
faith, and Abram's altar, and Abram's blessing, and and providence does the Lord manifest to such as fear Ep. 4- 3; I Th. 4- 9; He. 6. 10; I Pe. I. 22; 2. 17; J 8,
take courage. C.] him! And with what earnestness ought they to do 4- 8; 2 Pe. I. 7; 1 Jn. 2. 9, 11; 3. 14-19; 4 7, 20, 21,
Ver. 8. Abram called on God, i.e. worshipped him good to all around them! Surely no discouragement, Ver. 14- [From the spot on which he stood, on the
by prayer, by preaching to his family, and by offering or apparent enemy, should ever make us to distrust the mountain east of Bethel, ch. 12. 8; ver. 3, Abraham
sacrifices for himself and them, ch. 18. 19; 21. 13.- promise or protection of such a God ! How gracious, saw a large section of Mount Ephraim on the nort!-.,
(Abrarr., in his new habitation, erected a second altar frequent, and familiar are the visits of God to such as Benjamin and Judah to the west and south, the J ordaa
to God.-Note. It is not uncommon for men to speak remember him in all their ways! May his kindness valley and the long range east of the Jmdan frc,r.l.
and act religiously in one company or place, where attach my heart to his service, as the first, the principal Edom on the south almost to the base of Hermon. r.1
232
fi,ii;;;,.•-"•·""-·--,,-----------,-,..,..-,---------
t
►
ETHEL- WHERE ABRAHAM WENT WITH LOT AND HIS WIFE. City. It is a desolate looking place, and the ruins of the ancient city are about three
B [ Genesis, xiii :3.]-When Abraham went up out of Egypt with Lot and his wife,
his cattle, his silver, and his gold, he went on his journey from the South, even
to Bethel, unto the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel
or four acres in extent. These consist of foundations, fragments of walls, and large
heaps of stone. In the picture we are looking toward the northeast. South of the
village· there ·is a great reservoir. Every stone and ruin about this old place speaks
and Ai. In the picture we have a view of Bethel as it is to-day. It is twelve miles of the past. Bethel means "The House of God." Hence so many churches all
from JeTusalem, and is a place where tourists take lunch the first day out from the Holy over the world have been called Bethel.
Gocfs promise to Abram. GENESIS XIV. Abram defeats the fcmr bing,.
1913.
like the land of Egypt, as thou comest 1.lllto A.M. 2o86. B.C.1918. A.M. 20(,II, B.C.
smote the Rephaims4 in Ashteroth Karnaini,
Zoar. 7 l ch. 14- 2; 19. 20,22.
De. 34. 3. Is. 15.5. Je.
• Or, giants, De. 2.
11,20,22.2Sa.5.18,22. and the Zuzims in Ham, and the 9Emims l11
11 Then Lot chose him all the plain of Jor- 7 This land is de-
8 48.,34,
If" Dr:.2.:ro,n. 5
Shaveh Kiriathaim,6
5 Or, t~ ptat'n o/
dan; and Lot journeyed east: and they separ- scribed as well
tt:red as the g-arden
wa• K i,,.iathaim. 6 And the hHorites 7 in their mount Seir, unto
ated themselves the one from the other. of the Lord, which
had four rivers (ch.
and as the land
2.10),
6 The R ephaims,
Zuzims, and Emims El-paran,8 which is by the wilderness.
were different fami•
12 Abram dwelt m the land of Canaan,9 being of Eg-ypt, which
annual,!y over-
lies of. that gigantic 7 And they returned, and came to En-mishpat.
which zs iKadesh,9 and smote all the country of
aborig-malracewhich
and Lot dwelt in the cities of the plain, and rendered thereby one
flowed by the :,.;ile, is inhabited Syria in
prehistoric times.
of the most fertile re• Ashteroth - Karnaim
pitched his tent toward Sodom. g-ions of the eanh.-
C.
was in Bashan: Ham
and the plain of Kiri-
the kAmalekites, and also the Amorites that
13 But the men of Sodom were mwicked, and s About :1915. athaim lay east of the
Dead Sea. When dwelt in 1Hazezon-tamar. 1
the Israelites under
sinners before the LoRD exceedingly. e~b<;!~!jn onf/ fi;!
0 Moses entered Pales- 8 And there went out the king of Sodom,
14 , And the LoRD said unto Abram, after rountry lying to the
west of the valley of
~bneek~p1{a~~~r!f'~e°J
over Bashan; and at and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of
the Jordan.-P. a much later period
that Lot was separated from him, Lift up now m ch. 18. 20;•19.5. 1 Goliath and other
descendants of the
Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king
thine eyes, and look from the place where thou Sa. 15. 18. Eze. 16.49.
Mat. 9. ro,13. Jn.9.24,
Rephaim still lived
among the Philis• of Bela, (the msame is Zoar;) and they joined
31. 2 Pe.2.6,7,ro. Jude tines.-P.
art, northward, and southward, and eastward, J~~i3, ~::·ile~!i1:I!: 1
k ch.36.20-30. I Ch.
battle with them "in the vale of Siddim;
and westward: · 3.9. :r.38-42;16.7;21.21.
9 With• Chedorlaomer the king of Elam, and
7 Horites, 'dwellers
15 .For "all the land which thou seest, to 26.4.De.34-4-
n See on ch. 12. 7; in caves,' the prim-
eval inhabitants of
with Tidal king of nations, and Amraphel king
thee will I give it, and to thy seed •for ever.1 See ch.17.7,8. 0
Mount Seir. or Edom.
They were doubtless of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four
the original excavat-
16 And I Pwill make thy seed as the dust of JewsThe title of the
to the land uf
1 ors of those remark-
able grottoes which
kings with five.
the earth: so that if a man can number the Canaan is as valid sti!l abound in Petra.
10 And the vale of Sid dim was full ef Pslime
:r~~~e~hby1~h~:
-P.
!~
dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be adverse
vah to Abram, as no
po~ses~ion of
8 Or, the plain (if
Paran. pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah
numbered. the Gentiles can in•
validate the rig~t of
z· ch.16.14; 20.1. De.
1.19,40.Nu.20.1. fled, and qfell there; and they that remained
the Creator to give it
17 Arise, walk through the land, in the length The
to whom he pleases.
return of the
9 Situated in the fled to the mountain.
valley of Arabah, on
of it, and in the breadth of it; for I will give it Jews to Canaan is an the western border of
Edom. The Israel. 11 And they took all the goods of Sodom
:':ti~ ~~:rtri~~~;:; ites long encamped
unto thee. (see especially Ez~.
37 .2r ,22); so that the tr
at the fountain of
Kadesh, which ap-
and Gomorrah, and all their rvictuals, and went
18 , Then Abram removed his tent, and for title /~r ever, though
a time suspendecl,
pears to have been,
as the name implies, their way.
will, in God s good
came and dwelt in the plain2 of Mamre, which time, sumed.-C.
be finally re-
an ancient • holy
place.'-P. 12 , And they took •Lot, Abram's brother's
'l8 in Hebron, and qbuilt there an altar unto the fl ch. 12.2; 15,5;17.6, I
k Ex.17.8.Nu.1-4,45.
Sa.xv.xxvii.xxx. son, (who dwelt in Sodom,) and his goods, and
LoRD. 3 16;18.18; 22.17;26.4;28.
l 2 Ch.20.2. Eze.47. departed.
it~~!.3;~ Ki.3f.;2 /~l
1
8,9.
CHAPTER XIV. 21.5.2 Ch.17.14-18.Ge.
xxv. xxxvi.; 17. 20; 21.
1 Afterwards called 13 And there came one that had tesc,aped
I The /Jattle of four kings a_qainst .fi"•· 11 Lot is taken priaoner. 13.Ju.6.3,5. :r~'h1£i~t-~.:_~_untain
and told Abram the Hebrew; for "he dwelt in
H .Abram rescueth him. 18 Me/chic .,,< blesseth .Abram. 20 .Abram : Heb. plains. m ver. 2;ch. 19.20,22.
giveth him tithe. 22 The rest of the spoil, his pa,·tners having had See ch. 13. 10. the plain of Mamre the Amorite, 2 brother of
their po,•tions, he restoreth to the king of Sodom. 9 See ch.8.20;12. 7,8; n Seever.3,10.
ver.4-Ps.16.8. I Ti.2.8.
o See ver.1.
Eshcol, and brother of Aner: and these were
AND it came to pass, in the days of Amra- a Dwelt by the
oaks, or, as others
p ch.u.J. confederate with Abram.
think, the turpentbu q Jos.8.24- Ps.e3.10.
ll_ phel king of aShinar, Arioch king of bEila- trees of M.i.mre. Note
-Wherever Abram
ls.24,.18. Je.48.44- Am. 14, And when Abram heard that his ~brother
5.9.
sar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal 0 dwells, the altar to
Jehovah is erected.- r De.28.31,33,51. was taken captive, he armed3 his trained' ser
king of nations; C. s ch.u.27;13.u.Re.
18.-4,Nu.16.26.
vants, born in his own house, three hundred
2 That these made war with Bera king of CHAP. XIV.
t Job L15.1 Sa.4-12. and eighteen, and pursued them unto wDan.
u ch.13.18.
Sodom,a and with Birsha king of dGomorrah, B.C. 1913. 2 Or, Emorite, ch. 15 And he divided himself against them, he
10.16.
Shinab king of aAdmah, and Shemeber king of a ch.10.10;n.2.Zec.
5-11.Is.u.u. v Nephew, ch. u.
and his servants, by night, and smote them, and
Zeboiim,a and the king of Bela, which is Zoar. 31;12.5;ver.12,16.
3 Or, led forth, Is.
pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the zleft
3 All these were joined together in the •vale c ch. 10. 22. Is. 2:r. 2;
22.6;u.11.J e.-49.34-39.
41.2.Ps.68.12;45.3,4.5- hand of Damascus.
Or, iiistructed.
of Siddim, which is the salt sea. f
16 And he Ybrought back all the goods, and
4 Twelve years they fserved Chedorlaomer,
f:~~~::~'. }1·;.~:/t: no~J~~t~~~rt~1 also brought again his brother Lot, and his
20~
This is the first war
we read of. Canaan.
and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. ever.3.10; ch.19.24-
x North of it, ch.
15-2.:r Ki.15.18,
goods, and the women also, and the people.
5 And in the fourteenth year came Chedor- Nu.34,.12. I)e.3.7. Jos.
3.16, y ls.41.2. 1 Sa.30.8,
,9.
17 , And the •king of Sodom went out t.o
laomer, and the kings that were with him, and /ch.9.25,26. z Pr.19.4;14-20. meet him (after his return from the slaughter of
Ver. 17. Abram's survey of Canaan was a mean of new survevs of the Canaan above, will more than make called Laish, did not get the name Dan till the time of
strengthening his faith, and of enabling him to discern up my loss. Meanwhile, wherever I go, let me set the the judges; but there was another ancient city in the
the glories of heaven thereby represented. Lord always before me, and attend to his worship and same region called Dan-jaan, which may perhaps be
Ver. 18. [The original name of Hebron was Kirjath- service, as my principal employ; then shall his blessing that alluded to in this passage and in De. 34. I. P.]
Arba, that is 'the city of Arba,' a celebrated chief of go with me, and render every change on earth a pleas- Ver. 18. Who this }Ielchizedek was, this priest of
the Anakim. It was also called Mamre, though this ing earnest of the promised inheritance. God among the Canaanites, greater than Abram, the
appears to have been the specific name of a place beside friend of God, who were his parents or his successors,
the town, opposite Machpelah, see ch. 23. 19; 35. 27, CHAPTER XIV. [Ver. I. These princes were all is on purpose ~oncealed by the Holy Ghost. And
once possessed by a powerful Amorite chief called from Mesopotamia, and one of them was from Elam, hence he is without father or mother, predecessor or
Mamre, ch. 14- I 3. P.] or Chaldea, Abraham's native country. It is a successor, in historical account, in order that he might
REFLECTIONS.-Mark, my soul, what a load, remarkable fact that within the last few years bricks typify the incomprehensible dignity, the amazing pedi•
what an occasion of strife, the riches of this world are! have been found in the ruins of Mugheir (Ur), the gree, and unchangeable duration of Jesus Christ, our
And how sinful and imprudent it is for the children of capital of Elam, bearing the name of a king, apparently great High-priest. He. 6. 20, 'Jesus was made an
God to indulge contention before a carnal generation! contemporary with Abraham, and closely resembling high-priest after the order of Melchizedek;' 5. 6, 10;
Better to be losers in outward things than strivers about Chedorlaomer. It is written Kudor-Mabuk. The first Ps. 110. 4; He. 7. 1-24, 'For this Melchizedek, king
them! Never let me dare to mingle myself with mons- part is evidently identical with the Hebrew Chedor. of Salem and priest of the most high God, met Abra·
ters ot wickedness for the sake of carnal advantage, This prince also has a title which signifies 'ravager of ham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and
lest, where I expect a paradise, I should find a hell I the west.' The direct distance from Elam to the Dead blessed him; to whom also Abraham gave a tenth part
If, by yielding for the sake of peace, I submit myself Sea is about 8oo miles. P.] of all the spoil: first being llfe!chiudek, which is, by
to the worst, new visits from God, new promises, and Ver. 14. [Tb.e well-known border city, anciently interpretation, king of righteousness; and after that
234
B EDOUIN VILLAGE NEAR JERICHO-THE PLAIN LOT SELECTED.
[Genesis, xiii:10.]-"And Lot lifted up his eyes and beheld all the plain of Jor-
dan, that it was well watered everywhere, before the Lord destroyed Sodom
and Gomorrah." In the above picture we have a view of a Bedouin village as it
gate this plain, pass through this village. It would be hard to conceive of a village
with a more tumbled-down, wretched appearance than this, and the people who live
in the village are as degenerate looking and degraded as one would judge them to
be from their place of abode. These houses are seven or eight feet high, and are
appears to-day, that stands in the very plain of Jordan that Lot saw well watered built of stone, and are then covered with thorny acacia trees. This is about eight
everywhere. The waters from Elisha's Fountain, that have always been used to irri- miles from the ancient site of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Melchizedek blesseth Abram. GENESIS XV. Abram's vision.
Chedorlaomer, and of the kings that were with A.M. 209r. B.C. r9r3.
2 And Abram said, Lord GoD, "what wilt
c Ps. 127. 3. ch. 30.2;
him) at the valley of Shaveh, which is the a Not that, 2 Sa.rs. 25.21.:c Sa.1:.u. thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the
,3. d With di. 12. 2; 13.
king'sa dale. 16, Pr.13.12. He.10,35, steward ofmy house i8 this Eliezer of Damascus?
b He.7.1-21; 5.6,10; 36.
18 And bAfelchizedek king of Salem brought 6.20.Ps.no.4-
e ch. 14-1,._ :Ee. 2. 7.
Pr.30.23-
3 And Abram said, aBehold, to me thou hast
forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of 2 Salem was one of
the primeval names /2Sa.7.12. ch.~.~ given no seed: and, lo, •one born in ruy house
of Jerusalem, Ps.70.3; 21.12,
the most high God. 2 and it appears to
have been close to Ro.4.18.
g- See ch.:z:2.2; r3.16. is mine heir.
19 And he cblessed him, and said, Blessed ~?:! tb~kpi~~e.i¥hf~ 6.Ja.2.23.

h See Ro.4-3. Ga.3. 4 1 And, behold, the word of the LoRD came
has been questioned
be Abram of the most high God, possessor of by some late authori-
ties, but without just s ~ighteousnes.s,
unto him, saying, This shall not be thine heir•
heaven and earth: cause.-P. accordmg to the com- 1
position of the word, but he that shall come forth out of thine o~
signifies a full per-
20 And dblessed be the most high God, which c Nu.6,:24-26. Ps.72. formance of what ir bowels shall be thine heir.
17,19.He.7.6,7. ordered-afu{fitling
of the whole will of
hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. d cb.9.26. Ps.68.19; God. Abram believed
in the Lord, and it
5 And he brought him forth abroad, and said
144-1;72.18,19.
And he gave him "tithes of all. was counted to him, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if
not as standing in•
~
He.7.4,6.Ro.15.16. stead of righteous-
21 1 And the king of Sodom said unto 3 Heb. sout.r.
ness, nor as becom- thou be able to number them. And he said
ing righteousness,but
Abram, Give me the persons,3 and take the as conducting unto unto him, gSo shall thy seed be.
righteousness, that
/Swem, De. 32. -40. is, to Christ, the pro-
goods to thyself. Da.12.7.Re.10.5,6. mised Seed, whose 6 1 And he hbelieved in the LoRD; and he
22 And Abram said to the king of Sodom, ~Wa~t;~~ ~:i~J~ counted it to him for righteousness. 5
8.56, and who alone
! 1 have lift up mine hand unto the LORD, gthe is 'the end of the law
for righteousness to 7 1 And he said unto him, I am the LoRn
every one that be-
most high God, the possessor of heaven and lieveth,' Ro.10.4--C. ithat brought thee out of Ur of the 6Chaldees,
enrth, i ch.u.3.1; 12.1. Ne.

i'Pr.3,27. Ro.13,7,8. 9.7.Ac.7.3,4-He.u.a
Ma.t.7.12.
to give thee this land to inherit it.
23 That hJ will not talce from a thread even 6 See ch.12.7; .13.1:5,
.17.Ps.105.u.Ne.9.8. 8 And he said, Lord GoD, kwhereby shall I
to a shoe-latchet, and that I will not take any k Ju.6.:r:7,36--40,2Ki. know that I shall inherit it?
20.8. Is.7 .
.II. Lu.:z:.:r:8.
thing that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I CHAP. XV. Ps.86.:17.
7 All the animals
9 And he said unto him, Take me an heifer
:e.C.
have made Abram rich. I9II.
were afterwards ap- of three years old, and a she-goat of three years
here enumerated
Da.io. .1-16. Ac•.10.10. h;t~:ter of~h1~h old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtle-
a Nu.1.6. 1Sag.9.
24 Savei only that which the young men have He.1.1. Abram, by anticipa-
eaten, and the portion of the men which went tion, now receives an
b ch.26.!?4;.¢.3. Ex. outline.-C.
dove, and a young pigeon.7
14-13.1Ch.28.20.Is.35.
with me, Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre; let them t ch.vu. Sa.26.:12.
4;4.1.10,.13;43-.1,5;42, Job4-13;33-15-
&He..1j.5.
i:
10 And he took unto him all these, and
take their portion. 8 Theeffectofthese divided them in the midst, and laid each piece
• This is the first miraculous interposi-
time in the Scriptures tions was to isolate one against another: but the birds divided he
CHAPTER XV. that tke Word of the Abram'• mind. en-
Lord is employed as tirely from earthly
1 God encourageth Al»-am, who complaineth for want of an heir. a descriptive title of scenes and thoughts, not.
4 God promiseth him a son, and a multiplying of hissted. 6 Al»-am him • that was with and to bring him into
u jw,t,fied by his faith. 7 Canaan is promised again, and confirmed God, and was God,' immediate communi-
see Jn. 1.1. It is im- cation with God. God
11 And when the fowls came down upon the
possible to read and alone was seen; his
to him by a sign and a vision.
believe this chapter, voice alone was carcases, Abram drove them away.
and deny that the heard; the mind was
AFl'ER these things the word of the LoRD 'Word' IS Jehovah. filled with the one
In ver. I tlie Word subject to the exclu•
12 1 And when the sun was going down, a
11. came unto Abram in a °Visjon, saying, Fear ef Ike Lord comes, sion
~teidf~Jh~(v~
of all else. Thus 1
the divine promise deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, an horror
8
not, bAbram: I am thy shield, and thy exceed- 2) Abram addresses ~~d:~eal!\richtn~ of great darkness fell upon him.
!iim as the Lord God; pressed it indelibly on
see also ver. a-c. the mind of the patri-
ing great reward. 4 4,
arch.-P. 13 And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety
also, king of Salem, which is king of peace; without to forget the injuries which we have received; and to promised me, so long as I have no child of my own,
father, without mother, mentioned in history, without risk, or even .to lay down, our lives for the brethren! but only this Syrian servant, to be myheir.--[Ver. 3-
genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end What honour-what comfort-what blessings-attend The full force and meaning of Abram's words can only
of life, recorded in scripture, but made like unto the such a conduct!-But in this Melchizedek, king of be seen by considering his position in connection with
Son of God, who abideth a priest continually. Con- Salem and priest of the most high God, let me behold the promise originally given to him. He was not only
sider how great this man was, unto whom even Abra• Him who is a priest for ever-Jesus, without father as childless, but to all human appearance hopelessly so.
ham gave the tenth of the spoils, and who blessed him man, without mother as God-the Lord from heaven! God had promised him that his seed should be as the
that had the promises. And, without all contradiction, He is King ef Righteousness. In his obedience and stars of heaven for multitude. As yet there was no
the less is blessed of the greater. Levi, who receiveth suffering he made reconciliation for iniquity, and sign, and as he thought, no hope of its fulfilment.
tithes, paid tithes in Abraham. After the similitude of brought in an everlasting righteousness; in righteous- Conse1uently when the Lord now says, 'I am thy
Melchizedek there ariseth another priest, even Jesus, ness he rules his subjects, and causeth them to work shield, &c., Abraham replies in the bitterness of hope·
who is made, not after the law of a carnal command- righteousness. He is King ef Peace. By his blood he lessness, 'What wilt thou give tµe ?' What can make
ment, but after the power of an endless life; am!, secured our peace with God, with our conscience, up for the want of a child? 'The heir of my house is
because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable and with one another; in his intercession he pleads for this Damascus-Eliezer'-my slave must be my heir.
priesthood.' it; and by his word and Spirit he effects it. He is our Abram's complaint just amounts to this : All gifts and
Ver. 22. In matters of importanc.:, it is sometimes incomparable High-priest, who received not his office promises are nothing to me since a child is withheld. .P..l
necessary to interpose an oath for the confirmation of from any creature, nor leaves it to another. In and Ver. 8-15. Moved by the Spirit of God, he asked
our assertions or engagements, He. 6. 13-17; ch. 21.31; by him we are blessed of God with all spiritual and this sign. The beasts he presented to God were em•
26. 31; 31. 53; I Sa. 20. 17; Nu. 5. 21; Ex. 22. 11; I Ki. everlasting blessings; and with his bread and wine, blems of his -seed: the hei.fer prefigured them in thei,
8. 31; 2 Ch. 6. 22, &c. • All oaths are to be sworn by presented in the gospel-his flesh, which is meat indeed, patience, labour, and proneness to backsliding, Ho. 4
God alone, and import a taking of him to witness the and his blood, which is drink indeed-he refresheth 16; the goat in their mischievousness and lust, Je. 5.
truth of what we declare or engage, and calling him to our souls while we are engaged in and after our warfare 7, 8; the ram in their strength and fortitude, Nu. 24,
avenge himself upon us if we utter falsehood, or ne- with sin, Satan, the world, and death. And to him is 8, 9; the doves in their simplicity and harmlessness in
glect to perform our engagement, ch. 31. 53; De. 6. 13; due, from every minister and saint, the voluntary tithes their purest state, Ps. 74- 19. The division of the four•
10. 20; Is. 45. 23; 65. 16; Je. 12. 16; Ps. 63. II; He. of everlasting praise. footed animals ( 1) represented the torn condition of his
6. 13-17. In some cases, the putting of the hand of seed, by the division of their kingdom, &c., ·1 Ki II.
the inferior under the thigh of his superior was the CHAPTER XV. Ver. 1. Fear not, ind:ilge no 12, 13; (2) ratified the covenant made with him and
declaratory sign used in swearing, ch. 24- 9; 47. 29; slavish or excessive terror on account of thine enemies, his seed, in God's passing between the pieces, in the
but lifting up of the hand was the common sign, Ex. wants, or dangers; or on account of the awful appear- symbol of the burning lamp. The pieces being laid
17. 16; De. 32. 40; Da. 12. 7; Re. IO. 5, 6. ances of God, Is. 43. 1; 41. 10; Mat. 28. 5; Re. I. 18. over against one another, imported that God would in
REFLECTIONS.-How dreadful is the curse of I am thy shield, infallibly to protect thee, Ps. 3. 3; 84- due time join the separated and scattered Hebrews into
God! After four hundred years' respite, it breaks II; 9 I. 4, and thy exceeding great but gracious reward one body, Eze. 37. 15-22. The fowls which attempted
forth upon the sinners of Sodom and the places about. of thy piety and love, giving myself, in all that I am to light on the pieces, denoted the Egyptians, and
From what distant quarters does God bring the execu- and have, to thee, as thine everlasting all and in all, other enemies of Israel, which should in vain attempt
tioners of it! How short-lived is that pleasure or quiet Pr. II. 18; Ps. 19. 11; 16. 5, 6; 142. 5; De. 33. 26-29; to devour them, Eze. 17. 3, 7, 12. The horrorefgrtal
which saints attempt to procure by unnecessary con- Is. 41. IO; I Co. 3. 22; 15. 28, 58; Col. 2. 9, IO. darkness which fell upon Abram, signified their great
11ections with wicked men! How becoming an.d godlike Ver. 2, 3, What avails it what outward comforts be distress and vexation in Egypt, and under their subse-
:!36
RIDGE AT DAMASCUS-"JN THE OLDEST CITY OF THE WORLD." throughout the ages of being regarded as the oldest city in the world. In Damascus the
B
[GENESIS,
xv:2.)-"AndAhram said, Lord God, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go child- peculfar manners and character of the orientals are seen to perfection. Here we have
less, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus?" In this second the houses built around an open court, which is planted with trees, with a trickling foun-
verse of the I~th chapter of Genesis, Damascus is mentioned for the first time in tain in the center. Here are bazaars, coffee houses, goldsmiths and silversmiths and
tbe Bible. Tbus we see that two thousand years before Christ, this city was known to manufacturers of sword blades. About a quarter of a mile from the eastern gate of the
#/:;~•aham, ~ather o{ the Faithful, Because of this Damascus has enjoyed the honor city a spot is pointed out as the scene of the conversion of Saint Paul.
1111
·.ttbrrim's vision. GENESIS XVI. Hagar jleeth from Sarai,
,._n_.c_.,_._"_· !
thatm thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that _A_.M_.___ A.M. ~3- B.C. 19u.
the LoRn hath •restrained me from bearing: l
ch.20.18;30.2.
is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they ,,, Ac.7.6. Ps.105-13 h Heb.bebutta'edby l pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that
:-43- He.11.8-13. Ex..i.
shall afflict them four hundred years. u.v.;12.40,41.
II ~r, _ct·1~·1t Eb~i~~
Sarai's bond-sl.ii.ve,
I may obtain children by her. 1 Aud Abralll
14 And "also that nation, whom they shall xiv.;12.35,36.
n ch. :z:lvi. Ex. vii.- her children would
De.4-20; be S,i!ai"s children,
chearkened to the Yoice of Sarai.
serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they !:.,~~7~ 9}S~~;t.J.Nti:; Iacconhng custom of
to
1
tl,e
these 3 And Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar her
-u. times.-PatnCk.
come out with great substance. c ch.3.1-6. maid, the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten
o ch.25.8.Job5.26.
15 And thou shalt go to thy fathers 7 in
0
6.
d Concubine,ch.25.
years in the land of Canaan, and gaYe her to
'i It ha!S been in-
peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age. caut10usl This act, revolt-
y adrr1it~ed ing though it be to
by some Chn..,tian
2
her husband Abram, to be his dwife. 2
feelings, is not
16 But in the fourth 8 generation they shall wnters, and mali- our uncommon in the 4 , And he went in unto Hagar, and she
f,~fiJ~fu, tliS:trt11%~~ aay.-P. the present ~a,;t at
come hither again: for the iniquity of the Amor- immortality.
make::. no mention of
That e Pr.30.20,21.
conceived: and when she saw that she had con.
ites is not yet full. Moses ne~·er uses the /1 Sa. 24. 15. 2 Ch.
word zmmortahty, is 24.22. Ps.7.8; 35.23; 43. ceived, her mistress was 'despised in her eres.
admitted ; but the
17 And it came to pass, that, when the sun fact is taken for
granted and asserted
g Pe.3.7.Pr.15.r.
L
I 5 And Sarai said unto Abram, My w~ong
went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking throughout all that he 3 Heb. That which
wrote. To Abram it is .1rood m tltzne eyes. be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy
furnace, and a burning' lamp that passed be- the,-s;
was promised, thou
shalt go to thy fa-
but his fathers
Heb.a.illt'ctedher.
5 This is the first
4
bosom; and when she saw that she had con.
tween those pieces. were buried in Meso- mention
potamia, and Abram of the Lord. Angd
of the angel
ceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LoRo
wasburr"edatMamre, is a name not of na-
18 In that same day the LoRD made a cove- ch.25.9,10. His.J?oing, ture, but of office, and
therefore, to his fa- sil?"nifies nussotger.
1judge between me and thee.
nant with Abram, saying, PUnto" thy seed have separate
thers, declares the
state of ~:. ~:r~n1C:, ~ndJ}i~:
6 But Abram said unto Sarai, gBehold, thy
who concentre gar's declaration,ver.
I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto sp1rits,
around the throne of I),shows that he was maid is in thy hand: do to her as it pleaseth
the Lamb, no matter J made EHO\' AH
the great river, the river Euphrates. how their bodies may manifest. See also
be scattered. See Ho. 12. 4, 5, where of
2
thee. 3 And when Sarai dealt hardly with 4her,
19 The Kenites, and the Kenizzites, and the C.Co.5.1-8j Re.6.9--u.- Jacob, the prophet
says, 'He had power
(the power of believ-
she fled from her face.
Kadmonites, I! Eleazar and Caleb
ing prayt!r) over the
ang-d, and prevailed:
7 , And the angel of the LoRD5 found her
the fourth gene- he wept, and made
20 And the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and were
ration from those who supplication to him-
left Canaan, ch.xlvi. even the LORD God
by a fountain of water kin the wilderness, by
the Reyhaims, · of hosts, the LORD
is his memorial. '-C.
the fountain in the way to Shur.
9 Heb. a lamj of
21 And the Amorites, and the Canaanites, fin. h Ex.15.22. Sa.15.
7.ch.25.1b. u.33. 8. ~
1 8 And he said, iHagar, Sarai's maid, whence
and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites. ich.3.9;4,w, earnest thou? and whither wilt thou go? And
k Ec.10.4.Ep.6.5,6.
CHAPTER XVI. lch.17.20;21. 13; 25.

12-18.
she said, I flee from the face of my mistress
1 Sarai, being barren, giveth Hagar to Abram. 4 Hagar, being 6 The Arab tribes,
very many of whom
Sarai.
affl,icted for despising her mistress, runneth awa11. 7 An angel sendeth
ker back to submit herself, and telleth her of he,· child. 15 Ishmael
are the descendants
of Ishmael, occupcf.
9 And the angel of the LoRD said unto her,
is born. f~; fr~:tA1e~~~n t~
the Arabian sea. and
kReturn to thy mistress, and submit thyself
OW Sarai, Abram's wife, bare him no chil- under her hands.
N dren: and she had an handmaid, an Egyp-
tian, whose name Hagar.
was
a CHAP. XVI.
from Egypt to the
Gulf of Persia. l t is
18oo miles long and
900 broad. Besides,
there are multitudes
of Arabs in various 1
10 And the angel of the LoRD said unto her,
1 will multiply thy seed exceedingly,6 that it
a Bondmaid, ch.21. parts of India and
10,12,Ga.4,22.
2 And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the north of Africa.
-C. shall not he numbered for multitude.
quent oppressors, Ps. 55. 3-5; Da. 10. 8, 9; and hence same phre.se is used. In the latter passages the He- who is the messenger of the new covenant, ch. 22. 11;
they are like to a bush burning and not consumed, Ex, brew word signifies 'torrent-bed,' and not river; and 48. 16; Ju. 2. 1; 6. 11; 13- 3; Is. 63. 9; Zee. I. 12; 3. 5;
3- 2, 3. The burning lamp denoted their manifest Wady el-Arlsh is meant. National sin prevented the .Mal. 3. I.
J.nd joyful deliverance, Ju. 6. 21; Is. 62. I; the smoking Israelites from possessing the whole country originally Ver. 8, 9. He puts her in mind of her relation to
fi,rnace, their affliction in Egypt, De. 4, 20; J e. I I. 4, . promised to Abraham, Ex. 23. 20-33, with Jos. 23. 13- Sarai, to render her sensible of her fault, and dispose
Abram went to his fathers in death, his soul to the 16; Ju. 2. 20-23. The country as promised here to her to a dutiful return and subjection to her, Tit. 2. 9;
world of spirits, and his body to the grave, where they Abraham was much more extensive than lfl:.t described I Pe. 2. 18; Ep. 6. 5.
were gone before him, He. 12. 23; Ee. 12. 7; ch. 25. by .Moses in Nu. xxxiv. P.] Ver. 10-12. Here it is foretold that Ishmael and bis
8, 17; 49. 29; Nu. 20. 21; 27. 13; Ju. 2. 10; I Ch. 23. Ver. 19, 20. It seems the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kad-seed should be wild free men, ltke wild asses; mischiev-
I; 29. 28; Job 42. 17; Je. 8. 2. And it was in peace, monites, and Rephaims had either been mostly extir- ous to all around them, and extremeh· numerous. For
without remarkable trouble; and in peace with God pated before the time of .Moses, or were blended with almost four thousand years the fulfilment hath been
and his own conscience, and with his neighbours, Ps. the seven nations which he mentions, De. 7. 1, 17-24; amazingly remarkable. Ishmael had twelve sons,
37. 37; Is. 57. 2; 2 Ki. 22. 20. It was also in a good Ex. 23. 23; 33. 2; 34. I I., who gave rise to as many tribes or nations, called by
old age; when he was fuli of years, weary of this world, REFLECTIONS.-Blessed indeed are they whose their names, and who dwelt southward in Arabia,
and ready and longing for heaven, yet free from any God is the Lord ! There is no woe, no want, to them before the face or in the presence of their near relations,
of the infirmities of old age, and falling like ripe fruit that fear him! How happy the issue of familiar in- the Ammonites, .Moabites, descendants of Keturah,
in the time of gathering, ch. 25. 8; I Ch. 29. 28; Job timacy with God ! Before they call, he answers; and Edomites, and Jews, ch. 17. 20; 21. 13, 18; 25. 11-18.
5. 26. whilst they are yet speaking, he saith, Here I am. All along they have been a nuisance and plague to
Ver. 16. Iniquity is fall, when it is arrived at such Scarcely will he do anything important without reveal-the nations around them; infamous for theft, robbery,
A number of acts, such a degree of aggravation, and ing his secrets to them. How he condescends to our revenge, pillage, and murder. It hath therefore been
time of continuance, that God, in consistence with his weakness, in giving us signs in ordinances, signs in pro-
the continued and common interest of mankind to
purpose or honour, can no longer forbear to punish it, vidence, for the confirmation of our faith in his promises!
extirpate them from the earth. But though almost
Je. 51. 13; Da. 8. 23; Joel 3. 12; Mat. 12. 32; 1 Th. 2. 16. But even his faithful ones must often wait long for every noteg conqueror who hath appeared in the world,
Ver. 17. [ Those pieces. The first emblem, a .rmoking the beginning or the full accomplishment of these whether Hebrew, Egyptian, Assyrian, Chaldean, Per-
furnace, was an apt representation of the state of promises; and through manifold trials it must be ob- sian, Grecian, Roman, Tartar, or Turkish, hath pushed
Abram's seed under the Egyptians and the Gentiles, tained. .Meanwhile, then, let me wait with patient his conquests to their borders, or even beyond them
see Je. II. 4; Zee. 13. 9. The second, a burning lamp, expectation; and, with the patriarch, look beyond a into Egypt or Arabia Felix, not one hath ever been
was a no less expressive emblem of that word of which numerom, seed, and an earthly Canaan, to Jesus, and able to subdue these Ishmaelites, or deprive them of
they were made the preservers (see Ps. I 19. 105; Ro. 3. the travail of his soul, and to the better country above,
their freedom. The mighty Shishak, King of Egypt,
7; 9. 4), of that Light of the world (Jn. I. 9) that was the everlasting pleasures of which shall more than was obliged to draw a line along their frontiers for the
to arise amongst them, and of that finally glorious state balance all the dis.:ouragements I can meet with by protection of his kingdom from their ravaging inroads.
of light, that, in the promise of truth and mercy, still the way. The Assyrians under Shalmaneser and Sennacherib,
awaits them, Is. 6o. 1-3; 62. I. C.] and the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar, greatly
Ver. 18. Through their sloth and wickedness they CHAPTER XVI. Ver. 5. Since you indulge your harassed them, and almost extirpated some of their
never, but in the reign of David and Solomon, possessed concubine in her contempt of me, may God plead my tribes, Is. 21. 11-17; Nu. 24, 22; Je. 25. 23, 24; 49·
the whole territory here assigned them, Ju. i. ii. iii. cause, and avenge the injury done to me on both you 28-33. Provoked with their contempt, Alexander the
iv., with 2 Sa. viii. x.; 1 Ki. 4. 21, 24; 2 Ch. 9. 26.- and her, I Sa. 24, 12, 15; Ge. 31, 53; Ex. 5. 21; De. Great made vast preparations for their utter destruc·
[The river ef Egypt is the Nile. The Hebrew word 32.36; 2Ch.20. 12; Re.6.10. tion; but death cut short his purpose. Antigonus, one
is different from that employed in Nu. 34. 5; Jos. Ver. 7. Here, and in many other places, the Angel of his valiant captains and· successors, provoked with
35,4; 1 Ki. 8.65, though in the English version the ef IM Lord, or Angel Y,hotJali, denotes Jesus Christ, their depredations, more than once, but to his repeated
238
Ishmael is born. GENESIS XVII. God's covenant with Abram.
A.M. 2093. B.C. I9II. A.M. :lI07. B.C. 1&J7
11 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, 0
CHAPTER XYII.
~ehold, thiJU art with child, and shalt bear a hear.7 That is, God shall CHAP, XVII, 1 Go,l, reneweth the covenant. 5 Abram's name is changed, in token
of greater /.lessings. 9 Circumcision is instituted. 15 Sara i's name
son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; 7 because m ch.29.32,33.Ex.2. a ch.35.11; 18.14-Je. is chan[Jed, and ,,he bussed. 17 lsaac is promised. 23 Abraham and
the mLoRD hath heard thy affliction. 23, Z4; 3· 7. 22. 24; Ji/J:/l l;.a;. 31t,/1b
P,., Ishmael are circumci8ed.
mercifully .regarded lI,7,
thy affliction and
12 And he will be a wild man; his hand will therein,
heard thy prayers
Ex.3,1.
b ch.5.24:6.9: 48. rs.
Job1.18.1 Ki.3.6. Lu.1. AND when Abram was ninety years old and
6. Is.38.3. Ac.23. 1; 24.
be against every man, and every man's hand 1b.2Co.1.1:::.M1.6.8.Ps.
116.9.He.12,28,
ll_ nine the Lo RD appeared to Abram, and
against him: "and he shall dwell in the presence o ch.22.14. Ex. 34- 6, said unto him, I am the aAlmighty God; bwalk
7.
of all his hethren. 8 That is, the wdl
before me, and be thou perfect. 2
c ch.9.9; 12.2; ver. 4,
13 And she called the name of the LoRD and
0
of hzm that lzVeth 5,6.1Co.4-7.
suth me, ch. 24.
2 And cI ·will make my covenant between me
that spake unto her, .Thou God seest me: for seeing- (God) and Nu.14.5; 17.16. :n,45,Ju.
62 Lrather, the well of
dver. Le. 9. 24, and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.
ltvinJI,-P.]
she said, Have I also here looked after him that 13.20.1 Ki.18.39.
3 And Abram dfell on his face: and God
ch, 25, 12. 1 Ch. I. jJ e See ch.12.2; 13.16;
seeth me? ,s. 22. 17; 32. 12; 35.n; I~.
rn; ver.20; XXV. XXXVI.
talked with him, saying,
14 Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai- vided into two primi-
9 The Arabs are di- Nu.i.xxvi. 4 As for me, behold, my covenant is with
roi;8 behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered. tive familie<; or races, 3 Heb. mulh'tude
the Joktanites,called of nations. thee, •and thou shalt be a father of many na-
hy native writers
15 'If AndP Hagar -bare Abram a son: and /s/imadiles,
'pure Arabs;' and the
called /Ro.4- 17. Ne. 9, 7. tions. 3
• mixed Arabs,' be- ver.13. Is.62.2,4-Re.2.
Abram called his son's name, which Hagar bare, cause their mother 17.ch.32.28.2
Nu
Sa.12.25.
13 16 Jn.1 42.
5 Neither' shall thy name any more be called
was an Egyptian
lshmael. 9 ~at~Ja~gi'~~~~~-~ I 4 An high father - Abram; 4 but thy name shall be Abraham:5 for
16 And Abram was fourscore and six years p C.5 Father of a great I a father o: many nations have I made thee.
1 r9lo.
old when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram. 1 multitude -C.
6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful,
dishonour, attempted to subdue them. Flushed with a state of uninterrupted hostility with all men; seeking God. This is the first time Jehovah calls himself Al-
his eastern victories, Pompey, the famed Roman general, no home but the desert, submitting to no law but their mighty; or, as some render it, and the word will bear,
attempted to reduce them; but his army being recalled will, and acknowledging no right but their sword; All-sujjident. It is important to remark, that God,
when they had hopes of gaining their purpose, these 'their hand against every man, and every man's hand whose perfections are infinite, can never, in the language
wild Arabs pursued them, almost at their heels, and against them.'-And he sltall dwell in the presence of of a finite bez'ng, fully bring out the catalogue of his
dreadfully harassed the Roman subjects in Syria. Au- all ltisbretltren. To ascertain the meaning of this phrase, attributes. But, on all occasions, he puts forth that
gustus, the renowned emperor, made one or more fruit• we must recollect that one peculiarity in the prophecies special view of his perfections which is best calcu-
Jess attempts to subdue them. About A. D. I 10, Trajan, concerning the Jews-another branch of the Abrahamic lated, in his special circumstances, to be the pillar
one of the most powerful emperors and valiant generals tree-was, De. 28. 64, 'And tlte Lord shall scatter thee of the believer's faith. Abram was a stranger, and
that ever filled the Roman throne, with a mighty army, among all people, from the one end of the earth even surrounded by enemies, God therefore declares him-
determined if possible to subdue them, and laid siege unto the other.' Now this was foretold of the child of self the Almighty, able to protect him in all dangers,
to their capital. But storms of hail, which are scarcely the promise, the descendants of Isaac; but of Ishmael, as well as to ful~ all his promises. C.--El-Shaddai,
ever seen in that country, thunder, lightning, whirl- the son of the bond-woman, it is said, He shall dwell in 'God-Almighty, was the name by which the Lord
wind, swarms of flies, and dreadful apparitions in the the presence ofall his brethren; that is, while Israel shall announced himself or made himself formally known to
air, terrified or repulsed his troops as often as they be scattered, dispers{d, and outcast, Is. II. 12, from the Abram and to the early patriarchs. It indicated the
repeated their attacks. , About eighty years after, land promised to Abram, Ishmael shall abide in the special relationship in which he s:ood to them:-he
Severus, another warlike emperor, determined to punish land promised to Hagar. The event has verified the was their omnipotent Protector and Provider in a
their siding with Niger, his rival, by an utter reduction prediction, and proved that it proceeded from him who strange land. P.]
of them. But, after he had made a breach on the wall 'determined the bounds of their habitation.' Israel is Ver. 2. God's making a covenant here, and in many
of their principal city, an unaccountable difference scattered in judgment as chaff of the thrashing-floor; other places, denotes the enlargement, renewal, estab-
between him and his beloved and faithful European Ishmael abides immovable as Sinai. C.] lishment, or confirmation of it. It cannot be imagined
troops obliged him to raise the siege, and leave the Ver. I 3. Have I, in this desert as well as in my that, in the various instances in which this phrase is
country. In the seventh century of the Christian era, master's family, and notwithstanding my misbehaviour, used, he had not respect to his former declarations of
these lshmaelites, under Mahomet, their famed im- received a gracious visit from God, as my powerful the same kind as still in force, Ps. 105. 8- 10; Ge.
postor, and his successors, furiously extended their guardian and kind benefack• t and have I duly con- 15. 18; Ex. 34. 10-27; I Ki. 8. 9; Je. 31. 33; Ho. 2. 18;
empire, and their new and false religion, through a sidered, and thanked him for, and improved the same? Ge. 6. 18; ver. 7, 19, 21; Ex. 6. 4; Le. 27. 9; De. 8. 18;
great part of Asia and Africa, and even some countries Ps. 9. I 3; Lu. I. 48, 49. Eze. 16. 6o, 62.
of Europe, Re. 9. I-II. Since the fall of their empire, REFLECTIONS. - The best of saints too often Ver. 3. He fall on his face, in token of his fear and
the Turks have made repeated attempts to subdue degrade themselves to obtain what they desire before reverence, as being afraid and ashamed to look upon
them; but instead of succeeding, they have been God's time, and with some plausible pretexts endeavour God; ver. 17; Ex. 3. 6; Le. 9. 24; Nu. 22. 31; Jos. 5.
obliged, for near three hundred years past, to pay them to conceal their guilt. An uneasiness of temper, and 14; Ju. 13. 20; Eze. I. 28; 3. 23; 9. 8; 42. 3; Da. 8.
a yearly tribute of forty thousand crowns, for procuring too much affection to creatures, often induce us to 17; Mat. 17. 6; Re. r. 17; Ps. 89. 7, 'God is greatly to
a safe passage for their pilgrims to Mecca, the holy comply with their sinful proposals. But the best in- be feared-to be had in reverence of all that are round
city, where 11ahomet was born. If, to fulfil his promise, tended transgressions will quick] y issue in shame and about him;' 95. 6, 'Let us worship and bow dowr.
God hath done so much for protecting the temporal trouble to the guilty, especially if saints; while our before the Lord;' Ps. 96. 4, 9; 91. 9; Re. 15. 4,
liberty of miscreants, what will he not do for the salva- tempters prove our first and principal accusers. How Ver. 4. Abram was not only the natural parent ot
tion of his people !--[Ver. 12. The 'wild ass' (pere, transcendent the mercy of God, in visiting transgressors multitudes, and the example and teacher of faith to all
the Hebrew word here translated 'wild') was the in the very troubles which they had drawn upon their believers, but was the covenant-head with respect to
emblem of wild, rude, uncontrollable freedom-total own heads! Yet remember no happy deliverance is the lsraelitish nation, and was typical of Tesus Christ
disregard of law and social restraint, Job 24. 5; II. 12. to be expected but in the way of returning to our duty. as the covenant-head and father of all wbo believe,
Such has ever been, and is still, the character of the Let me never therefore hope for comfort in children, ch. 12. 2; Ro. 4. 16, 17; Ga. 3. 28, 29.-[This was ful-
Arab. He roruns free through his native desert. No or in anything besides, but in the Lord's way. Let filled to the letter. Abram was the progenitor of the
power has been able to control his movements, or to me always leave it to him to give his promise a proper Ishmaelites, the Jews, the several nations of the Ketur-
induce or compel him to adopt the settled habits of and honourable accomplishment in the season which ites, the Edomites, &c. P.]
civilized life. His hand has been, and is, against every he thinks fit. And if he grant me undeserved visits, Ver. 5. God's giving names to persons, imports
man who, without his protection, enters his country; while the yoke of my transgressions is wreathed about his making them to correspond with them in their con-
and the hand of every surrounding ruler has been my neck, let me with wonder remark his kindness, and dition or usefulness, ch. 32. 28; 2 Sa. 12. 25; Is. 62. 2,
and is against him. Yet he dwells to this day, as take to myself shame and confusion of face. 4, 5; Re. 2. 17; Je. 20. 3; 23. 6; 33. 16; Mat. I. 21.
he has done for nearly forty centuries, in the pre- Abram signifies high father; Abraham, the highfathe,-
sence of all his brethren. He meets them on the east, CHAPTER XVII. Ver. 1. The name Shaddai, ef a multitude; Sarai, my princess; Sarah, princess ofa
west, north, c..r.d south; and none can extirpate or rendered Almighty, denotes all-sufficiency, as well as multitude.
subdue him. P. --Against every man, and every infinite power. And what strong encouragement to Ver. 6. The Ishmaelites, Midianites, Edomites,
man's AJnd against him. The descendants of Ish- the study of perfecting holiness in the fear of the Lord Hebrews, and their kings, ver. 20; Nu. xxxi.; Ge. xxxvi.,
mael were divided into tribes, after the manner of is it, that God is all-sufficient and almighty to prepare Mat. i., but chiefly Jesus and his spiritual subjects, Re.
the Jews, differing to a certain extent in dispositions, us for, assist us in, and reward us for it; 2Co. 12. 8, 17. 14; 15. 3; II. 15; I. 6; I Pe. 2. 9; Ps. 45. 16.
habits, character, and government. Many of them 'My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is Ver. 7, S. lsa.ic and his Hebrew descendants were
made great advances in civilization and lean1ing; and made perfect in weakness;' Phi. 2. 12, 13, 'Work out properly the natural seed with whom this covenant was
exhibited the ordinary aspect of powerful, settled, and your salvation with fear and trembling, for it is God established, ver. 21. By it God in Christ became, to
regular communities. Still there has been a vast which worketh in you, both to will and to do, of his the Hebrews in general, the head of their nation and
numb~r, of whom the Bedouins are most generally good pleasure;' I Co. 15. 58, 'Be steadfast, unmovable, church, and assumed them for his peculiar people: he
known, who have, in all ages, practically and literally always abounding in the work of the Lord; knowing bestvwed upon them the land of Canaan as his land,
realized this prediction, and lived, as they still do, in that your labour is not in vain in tlt, f m
'-[Almighty / in the enjoyment of which they tasted his goodness,
239
Males to be circumcised. GENESIS XVII. God's prmnise to Abram.
A.M, .:1107. B.C. 1&)7. A,M. 2107. B.C. 1897.
and I will make nations of thee; and kings shall 1 Heb. she shall
be a mother of nations ;1 kings of people shall
come out of thee. become natzon.s. be of her. ·
o See l'er. 3. Le.9.24-
7 And gI will establish my covenant between 75.g Ps. Ro.9. 8. Lu. 72- Nu.14.5;
105.8-10. M1.7.
1.
lb. 22,45.
,.18, 25. Ju!>. 5.14; 7.6.
De. 17 Then Abraham 0
fell upon his face, and
me and thee, and thy seed after thee, in their ;;o. Ps.81.10. He. 8. 10.
Eze. 28. 20, Ac. 2, 39.
Mar.10.14-
)~ti\\~~~E:;~,-2~~D!: laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be
8.17. ~Iat.2.io.Re.5.8;
generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be a n.16;14.19. born unto him that is an hundred years old?
p ch ro; ver.
God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. h See ch. 7: 13. 12.
and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear?
18.
.:1.h.0.r,1.9.
21.2:
8 Andh I will give unto thee, and to thy seed 15,17;15.7-21. q ch.16.10; 21.13;25.
1..:-10, 18 And Abraham said unto God, Oh that
after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger,6 AraL:. as a nation is Ishmael might live before thee!
The idea of the 2
6 Heb. of tlty so- generally formt!d

tuo
all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting pos- JourninJ:s. from what
by traveller,; of the
rdated 19 And God said,. PSarah thy wife shall bear
1:,
session; and I will be their God. form. however, but thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name
wild Bedouin::.. They
one <;pec1men of thi:,
9 1 And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt am7 about i.e. This which I most extraordinary Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with
to mention pe,)pie. They wen;
keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed the covenant; as the in the sense in which him for an everlasting covenant, and with his
is a sign or token of really a great nation,
pa3chal lamb is called naho11al J;reatnus is
after thee, in their generations. 'the passover of the understood, at an seed after him.
Lord,' Ex. that earlv period: that
12. II,
10 This is my covenant,7 which ye shall keep, is,the theangel's

mnno-riat of is, ti1ev were numer-
passing- ous; they were edu 20 And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee:
them over, when he cated in arts and
between me and you, and thy seed after thee; smote the Egyptian SC1ences; and, ifthey Behold, I have blessed him, qand will make him
children.-PatnCk. did not carry their
Everyi man-child among you shall be circum- were valiant and unfruitful, and
arms abroad, they
will multiply him exceedingly:
conqu_ered m defence
cised. of their homes. The twelve princes shall he beget; and I will make
i Ac. 7. 3. Ro, 4- II. Egyptian, the Per-
sian, the Grecian, and him a great nation. 2
11 And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your ver.n. the Roman armies
were each in their
foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant II Heb. of eie-ht turn compelled to 21 But •my covenant will I establish with
retire before them.
betwixt me and you. day, From them also Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this
sprung Mahomet,
who, to scourge an
12 And he that is eight days8 old kshall be heretical and apos- set time in the next year.
k Le.12.3. Lu. 2. 21. tate church, was per•
circumcised among you, every man-child in Jn.7.22.Ro.2.28. rr..:~:ed to rise to un-
precedented great-
22 And he •left. off talking with him, and
ness. and to fulfil
your generations, he that is born in the house, the threatened judg. God went up from Abraham.3
ments of Christ, and
or bought with money of any stranger, which 12.44;22.4-l ch. 14. 14; 15. 3. Ex. with a mighty and
irresistible haiid to
23 ~f And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and
dlestick out of its all that were born in his house, and all that
'remove their can-
is not of thy seed. µlace.'-C.
13 He that is 1born in thy house, and he that 12,25.ch.32.28,
m Seever. 5- Sa.
r Ro.9.5,6, 9. Ga. 3. were bought with his money, every male among
2
29.ch. IS. l0;21.2,3--

is bought with thy money, must needs be cir- the men of Abraham's house, and tcircumcised
1/6~~JJ:r;;;~~-~ u. the flesh of their foreskin in the self-same day,
cumcised; and my covenant shall be in your
s:,::i~i1 ct~~b~}~f. 1i d!i fa7:~1 '[{;~t~~
0
4
flesh for an everlasting covenant. probably signifies comment on thi:, pas- as God had said unto him.
·stru_ggling' or 'con- sage is foun<l in Ac.
14 And the uncircumcised man-child, whose thus indicate a wo- recorded that the Son
tendmg-,' and would 9, rn; in which1. it is 24 And" Abraham was ninety years old and
difficulties. Sa- surrection and forty nine when he was circumcised in the flesh of
man who struggled of God, after his re-
flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul amid
rah means 'queen ' days' converse with
shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken orminine• princess;' the fe. his disciples, 'wa!. his foreskin.
of Sar, a taken up, and a cloud
my covenant. 'prince.' The name received him out of
is most expressi\·e. their sig-ht ;' and in 25 And Ishmael his son was thirteen vears
Sarah was to be the which it 1s prophesied
15 1 And God said unto Abraham, m As for mother nations.-P.
and head of that 'he shall come old when he was circumcised in the flesh ~f his
in like manner as ye
Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name have seen him go into
heaven. '-C. foreskin.
9
Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be. n ver.6; ch.:r. 28; 12.
tver.10-1-4-;ch.34-14;
ver.26,27. Pr.27.1. Ee. 26 In the self-same day was Abraham cir-
Pe. 3. 6. Ga. 26. 9.10.Ps.119.00.
16 And nI will bless her, and give thee a son Ro.9.9- 2. 1 4,
• "'97. cumcised and Ishmael his son;
also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall u Ro. 4. 11. Ps. 119.
6o, with ch.12.4.
27 And all the men of his house, born in the
and had access to conten1plate the glories of the new- for his people, and promised them pardon of sin and Ex. 31.14; Le. 18. 29; 19. 8; 20. 3, 5,6, 17; Nu. 15. 30, 31.
covenant state, and of the heavenly blessedness, Ex. sanctification of their nature and life, Ro. 4. 11; Ex. And surely there is no injustice that a presumptuous and
19. 5, 6; 20. 12. But, as it respects Christ, and believers 19. 5, 6; De. IO. 15; 30. 6; Col. 2. I I. On the part of obstinate rebel against a fundamental law of the church
in him, it implies God's interesting them, in all his the persons circumcised, it imported their acceptance and nation of God should be punished wit~ death.
persons and perfections, by every amiable relation, and of God in Christ as their God, and of redemption through Ver. 17. Abraham laughed, in virtue of his firm
his giving them all that he hath, and doing all his the blood of his Son; and their engagement to have no belief of the promise, and his satisfaction therein, Ro.
works, for their happiness and comfort, Ps. 89. 27; Ep. longer intimate friendship with the world which lieth 4- 19, 20; J n. 8. 56; but Sarah laughed in unbelievi.ng
1. 3; He. 8. 10; Ps. 144- 15; 16; 5, 6. This covenant, in wickedness, but to mortify their lusts, and to apply ·derision, ch. 18. 12.
as it respected the Hebrew nation, together with the themselves to the most internal and spiritual piety, Ver. 18. Let Ishmael live, and prosper in thy favour,
possession of Canaan, and the various ceremonial Phi. 3. 3; Je. 4- 4; Ro. 2. 29. Females were considered and under thy special care, ch. 48. 15; Ps. 31. 22.
ordinances by which they were marked the peculiar as represented in the males, with respect to this ordin- REFLECTIONS.-How infinite the extent, how
people of God, and in the observance of which they ance. But children were not to be circumcised till the rich the mercy, of God's granting himself, as God Al-
were to enjoy their rest and prosperity in Canaan, is eighth day; to teach us that neither circumcision nor ,nighty, God All-su.fficient, to be my God, and the God
represented as everlastingorjorever: but in these pas- baptism is absolutely necessary to salvatiQn, and be- of my seed! Let me by faith heartily and hastily cattl.
sages no more than a long time is meant, ch. 48. 4; cause till that time children and other animals were the word at his mouth, and cry-'My Lord and my
Ex. 12. 14; 21. 6; 31. 17; 32. 13; 40. 15; Le. 16. 34; reckoned too weak or impure for dedication to God, God, and the God of my seed! Thrice blessed herit-
25. 23, 30, 46; Nu. 10. 8; 15. 15; 18. 19; 25. 13; De. 4. Ex. 22. 30. age of the hosts of nations, secured to us as our por-
40; 15. 17; 18. 5; Jos. 4. 7; 14. 9, &c. But as this cove- Ver. 14- Not infants, who could not circumcise them- tion for ever!' Though neither my house nor my heart
nant respected Christ, and believers in him, it, and all selves, but such as wilfully neglected this ordinance be so with God as they ought, yet he hath made with
the spiritual· blessings contained in it, are everlasting when they were grown up, wouw nationally be cut ojj me the everlasting covenant, ordered in all things and
in the strictest sense, He. 13. 20; 9. 12, 15; I Pe. 1. 4; from their people. Such as renounced the distinguish- sure: and this is all my salvation and all my desire
2 Pe. I. II. And it is perhaps chiefly because the ing badge of Abraham's seed, renounced their covenant- U pan this foundation let me and mine be sealed to the
covenant of peculiarity with Israel, and the ordinances alliance with God, and fellowship with his people. day of redemption, by receiving the circumcision which
and blessings thereof, prefigured these eternal relations Nothing could therefore be more reasonable than that is of Christ. Through his blood shed for us, and his
and privileges that they are represented as everlasting. they should be excluded from the privileges of the Spirit applied to us, must our natural corruptions be
Ver. 9-13. Circumcision is called God's covenant, Hebrew church and nation, and accounted as heathens. mortified, our hearts purified, and our souls saved.
because it was a token and confirming seal of it. On And this is perhaps the whole import of cutting offfrom Without this we can in no wise enter the kingdom of
God's part, it imported that he would give them his people, in most of the passages where we find it, God. Nor let me ever forget to entreat that the lsh-
the promised Messiah out of the loins of Abra- Ex. 12. 15, 19; 30. 33, 38; Le. 7- 20, 21, 25, 27; 17. 4, maels of my carnal relations may be made alive to God
ham; who, being a true man, should be cut off for 9, 10, 14; 22. 3; Nu. 9. 3; 19. 13, 20. But, in some through Jesus Christ our Lord; be partakers of his
the salvation of his people; that, being reconciled in cases, death, by the immediate hand of God, or of the covenant-blessings now, and live before him for ever
Christ, he gave himself to be their God, accepted them magistrate, is certainly included, or therewith connected, hereafter.
240
Abrakam entertaineth three angels. GENESIS XVIII. The destruction of Sodom revealed.
! A.M. 2107. B.C. 1897. cording to the time of lifo, and Sarah shall have
house, and bought with money of the stranger,
were circumcised "with him. a son.
xch.18.19. t ch.4,.9.Col.3.9. Ep.
CHAPTER XVIII. 4,.25.Pr.28.13. 15 Then Sarah 1denied, saying, I laughed not:
1 Abrakam enf-e1•taineth th,·ee ange/,S. 9 Sarah u reprooed Jo,• m Am.3.7. Ps.25.14,.
for she was afraid. And he said, Nay; but thou
/atl!lhing at the strange promise. 17 The destruction of Sodo,n i,;
,ev'eakd to Abraham. 23 Abraham maketh int,erce,sion for the men CHAP. xvm.
Jn.15.15. didst laugh.
tJ,.ereof.
a He.13-2. ch.19.1. n ch. 12. 3; 22.17,18; 16 And the men rose up from thence, and
AND the LoRD appeared unto him in the Ju.,3.3,9. 26.4- Ac.3.25. Ga.3.8,
Ep.1.3.P~.72.17. looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went with
11. plains of Mamre: and he sat in the tent- bRo,,.,,. ch.'3.7; o Ps.1.6; n.4; 34,15. them to bring them on the way.
door in the heat of the day; l~'.~}liti.:.~;"·'" Jn.10.14.2 Ti.2.19. 17 "IT And the LORD said, "'Shall I hide from
2 And" he lift up his eyes and looked, and, evidence 5 Guided by some
of superior- P De.6. 7; 32.46. Pr. Abraham that thing which I do;
ity, Abraham ad- 22.6; 6.20-22. Ep.6.4,. 1
Io, three men stood by him: and, when he saw dresses but one, Ch.28.9. Ps.78.2-9- ls. 18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely become
t~ough three visit 38.19-
them, he bran to meet them from the tent-door, ~d;p:~~d~~ ~i~~~~~ a great and mighty nation, and "all the nations
pitality to alL-C. f Judgment was of the earth shall be blessed in him?
and bowed himself toward the ground, now ahout to com-
3 And said, My Lord,5 if now I have found where 6 In countries mence on the de-
sandals, and scendants of Canaan,
19 For 0 1 know him, that he Pwill 4command
ch.I0.6-19, whu had
favour i:u thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, acces<.; not shoe!>, are worn,
to the feet for unscrupulous Ham; his children, and his household after him, and
washing is easy; and the
been educated by the
LORD therefore
from thy servant. in warm chmates, as contrasts
that of Canaan was, opposite with it the they shall keep the way of the LoRD, to do jus-
be most refresh- Abraham,character of
4 Let a little water, I pray you, be fetched, must ~ ~1{i~dtrth\~C~~~~ c3ildren
as one who tice and judgment; that the LORD may bring
would 'command his
and hoU!,e-
continue in the hold to keep the way upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him.
and wash your feet,6 and rest yourselves under tom ~~ of our Saviour. of the Lord.' But
the tree; i~fng ~inR~im,' :i~i! 20 And the LORD said, Because qthe cry of
5 And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and •Heb.Slay. 'that which he had Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because
person and posterity,
spoken ofhirn,' Aotc,
comfort7 ye your hearts; after that ye shall pass c ch.•9·•;33-'°· Parental education, their sin is very grievous,
consisting in word,
0 8
on: for therefore are ye come to your servant. 1!,'!,Zb. .YO" hav, ample, temper, patience, ex-
and prayer is 21 I will rgo down5 now, and see whether
the all and mail of a
9
And they said, So do as thou hast said. 9Thehospitalityof r;h~i:~ ::e :w~ ;e1!:~t they have done altogether according to the cry
0
6 And Abraham hastened into the tent unto :g~,!'':!'i;~e:r;.;if'l~ ers--God To parents it is said, of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will
and man.
h d •d M k d 1 • kl ,uh tents, is proverbial. ' Train up a child in

that he know.
Sara , an sai , a e rea y qmc y ··~ ree ~~,!'f:::/':1~,';Zi~~~ should ~,'and the way
to the
measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes f.-;: ,ec;;;~;:1;;i,r"\'!; f}b; ~~sait :1J5e:~ 1 0
22 And the men 6 turned their faces from
enter. l have many taught of God. '-C.
upon the h earth . ~;ei~=~•~it:r,"1~ thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham
7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and ~:t!l,~~::/i!•~~~ 5.7;J.9-je.q q eh.,t..10; 13.13. Is. •stood yet before the LoRD.
r h d
e a ca}f "ten d er an d goo d , an d gave it text.
. . 7.Ja.5.,t.
1etc The Bedawfn
~;g.~!ife' .'5 th¥h~; 23 1 And Abraham drew near, and said,
1
unto a young man; and he hasted to dress it. :::;';'';i'i'g';.'ii."J.'~;1 Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with the
8 And he took butter and milk, and the calf ~t~t• profuse
.. .,!~~f'
in
':.~~
the use of
wicked?
which he had dressed, and set it before tl;iem; f:;~•:i:~ ~~::;;i:S:;~ ittftnite
0
5 Whenever the 24 Peradventure there be fifty righteous
Ith 'my lo,d.' In the;, himself tofini'fe God reveals
a~ d h e st ood b y th em un d er the t ree, an d ey ~;::37i,::;.o.1 !~:: God mu.st needsman, pre- within the city: wilt thou also destroy and not
did eat. 2 ~~1:t!t~Jere resent himself within
finite limits.
only begotten Son
The spare the place for the fifty righteous that are
9 1 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah l Hcb. Jia.stn,,. must then declare therein?
lu'm. On this prin-
thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent. aMat, . .
3 33
~!~{ec~\~daiP:h:clJ-~ 25 Thatt be far from thee to do after this
cumstances, not of
finite bet"ng-, but of manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked;
10 And he 9 said, I will certainly return unto ,Mat.,.,.. ch.,9.3. .Jini"fe manifestation,
thee according to the time of life ;8 and, lo, Sarah Ju.,3-16. and consequently
J:Otng and comi·nr. and that the righteous should be as the wicked,
and · .seei"E, become
thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard it fch.,9.3.Lu.24.43. God's necessary, not to that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of
knowledge, but
in the tent-door, which was behind him. • An Arab chief sion.-C.
to man's comprehen-
all the earth do right?
11 Now hAbraham and Sarah were old and ~::~;c~dh~~e!~~ 26 And the LORD said, "lf I find in Sodom
We11 StTIC . ken lll. age; and lt . Ceased to be Wlt . h ::1~; ::~~ ~re:J;;~: e Two created an- fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare
ing the riew of his gels, ch.1.9.1..
Sarah after the manner of women. own bospitality.-P. all the place for their sakes.
s Je.15.1. Ps.1o6.23.
12 Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, ,9~~;?;.8 •9·ch.,1-1o. Eze.22.30.1Ti.2.1.. 27 And Abraham answered and said, "'Be-
saying, iAfter I am waxed old shall I have • To fulfil myp,o- t Eze.xi.47. Job 8,3; hold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto
pleasure, my lord being old also? 34-17. Ro.3.5,6, ver.25.
miseinduetime.-C. De.32-4,Ps.u.5-7. . the LORD, which am but dust and ashes:
13 And the LORD said unto Abraham, Wbere- 8 !.~:~~:-~11:°c;t.;t u Is.1.9,24:65.8;6.13. 28 Peradventure there shall lack five of the
fore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety 35• Je.5-1.Eze.s:2.30.MaL fifty righteous: wilt thou destroy all the city for
24,22.
bear a child, which am old? 6.ik."i~;;~rv.,'.;;.·3- lack of five? And he said, "If I find there forty
x Ps.8.4;14,4.1,.Job4-
14 Jsk any thing too hard for the LORD? At .tMat.14-3,. LuB. 19.ch.2.7;3-19.Ec.12.7. ls.6,4.8.
and five, I will not destroy it.
the time appointed I will return unto thee, ac- r~.r~r.:;;.~K';'}~t... 29 And he spake unto him yet again, and
CHAPTER XVIII. Ver. 2. When there were no after travelling was common and needful, ch, 19. 2; meant either his bringing the persons concerned to a
24- 32; Ju. 19. 21; 2 Sa. I I. 8; I Ti, 5. ro; Lu. 7. 44 proper sense of their condition and conduct, Ge. 3. 9;
public inns for travellers to refresh themselves, or lodge
in, it was necessary and common for hospitable per- Ver. 8, Abraham stood by them as their servant, to 4- 9, ro; 16. 8; I Ki. 19. 9, 13; Jn. 4- 4, 9; or it marks
sons to invite them at noon or at eventide to their give them what they needed, Ne. 12. 44; Ga. 5. 13; the wisdom, patience, and equity of his procedure, ch.
own houses, ch. 19. I, 2; 24- 30, 31; Ju. 19. 20, 21; Lu. 17. 8. II. 5, 7; Ex. 3· 8; 33, 5; Mi. I. 3-
Job 31. 32. · Ver. 10. Nine months hence, by my providence, Ver. 22, 23. Abraham'• sfandingbeforeand drawing
Ver. 3- The persor. to whom Abraham addressed and in fulfilment of my promise, Sarah shall have a near to the Lord, imports his bold and familiar inter-
himself, and who was at least the chief speaker, was son, ch. 17. 21. cession with him, I Sa. 14. 36; Ps. 73. 28; He. 7. 19;
the Son of God and Judge of the world, ver. 25, with Ver. II. In respect of her age, and of the constitu- 10. 22; Ja. 4- 8.
Jn. 5, 22. tion of her body, she was past all hopes of child-bearing, Ver. 25, Whenever the righteous are cut off with
Ver. 4- As people in those countries went barefooted, ch. 17. 17; He. II, II; Ro, 4- 19. the wicked in public calamities, it manifests them to
or with sandals, because of the heat, washing the feet Ver. 20, 21. By God's inquiring into things, is have been partakers with them in their sins, Am. J. •;
241
.Abraham intercedes jM SoaQTT1,. GENESIS XIX . Sodo-rniks stricken blind.
said, Peradventure there shall be forty found A.M.21o;. B.C. 189;. II A.~L 2107. B.C.1897.
8 Behold now, mr have two daughters which
there. _ And he said, YI will not do z"t for forty's m Ro.3.8. Ji... ro.24- have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring
ch.42.37. .
sake. them out unto you, and do ye to them as is
7 That temptation
30 And he said unto hinz, 11Oh let not the may lead a wise man good in your eyes :7 only unto these men do
to say a foolt~h tlung,
LORD be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure a Is. 65. 8. Ja, 5. 16.
and a good man to
purpos~ or do an evil nothing; for therefore came they under the
Mat.;. 7, Ex. 32. 9, 1
there shall thirtv be found there. And he said, II.
10,1..4; 3)-l3,l4i 34.9,10. ~~~~~'in ~h~fhi~to~~h;r shadow of my roof.
frail humanity. There
111 will not do it if I find thirtv there.
I\u.14-11-20.
can be no excuse, nor
should any be at•
tempted, for Lot in
_9 An~ the~ said, nStand bac~. And they
31 And he said, •Behold n;w, I have taken this ofter. To violate said again, This one fellow came m to sojourn
3 The progress of hospitality would. nu
0
this intercession is doubt, have been

upon me to speak unto the LoRD: Peradventure wdl calculated to en- wrong-; hut one sin and he will needs be a judge: now will we deai
courage penitent sin• cannot be remedied
there shall be twenty found there. And he spau; but the c,essa- of good men may be worse with thee than with them.
ner~ and prevent de• bv another. The sin:, And they
tion of it at ten, is
said, I will not destroy it for twenty's sake.
0
equally calculated to
alarm the thought-
recorded, but never
palliated.-C. pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and came
32 And he said, YOh let not the LoRD be less, and prevent pre-
sumption. How bless- n ls.63-5- rSa.17.44- near to break the door.
8
ed that saying. 'If Mat.7,6.Je.3.3;6.15.
angry, and I will speak yet but this once: aper- anym,m sin, we have
an Advocate with the
10 But the men put forth their hand, and
a ch.13.u, Pe. 2.7,
2
adventure ten shall be found there. And he Fdther. '-C. 8,
pulled Lot into the house to them, and shut to
said, I will not destroy it for ten's sake.
0 angels inflamed their the door.
8 The beauty of the
Just.
33 And2 the LoRD went his wav, as soon as 11 And they smote the men that were at the
9 Blindnesses, 2 Ki.
he had left communing with Abraham: and CHAP. XIX. 6. door of the house with blindness,9 both small
a ch.rB.1-3,22.
Abraham returned unto his place.3 p Is.57-10.Je.2.36. and great: so that they Pwearied themselves to
4 The sacred his-
torian, tracing the Ex.12.31.Jos.6.22. Re. find the door.
q ch.7. Nu. 16. 26.
I.
CHAPTER XIX. ~~ofur°fs~~:a~f;~~ 18.4.Yer.17,22.

1 Lot entertaineth two angels. 4 The vwious Sodomites are stricken been silent as to Lot. 12 1 And the men said unto Lot, qHast thou
Though he had un- ,- Is.3.u. Ps. u. 5,6.
vnth blindness. 12 Lot is sent for safety to the mountain. 18 He ob- generously taken the ch.18.20;13.13. Ro.3.8, here any besides? son-in-law, and thy sons, and
I
taineth leave to go into Zoar. 24 Sodom and Gomorrah are de,stroyed. preference over 9.Eze.3.4,8,9.Jude7.
26 Lot'• w(f, is made a pillar of salt. 30 Lot dwelleth in a cave. Abrah.1.m, and sin-
fully chosen the rich thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the
:n The incestuous origin of Moab and Ammon. s Re.18.4- Nu.16.26.
h~a:~ c~\1~11in5,cJ;: ver.17,22. Lu.19.42,
ture a 'righteous
city, bring thenz out of this place:
AND there came "two angels to Sodom at ma , vexed with its t1Th.5-3. Mat.24-
wickedness,' and as 38. 2Ch.36.16. Eze.20. 13 For •we will destroy this place, because
1l_ even; and Lot4 satb in the gate of Sodom: such he must be de• 49.Je.20.7.
livered.-/. the cry of them is waxen great before the face
u Nu.16.26.Re.18.4.
and Lot, seeing thenz, rose up to meet them; b Job1x.32.He.r3.2, ver.17,22. of the LoRD; and the LoRD hath sent us to
and he cbowed himself with his face toward the cch.18.2. 1 Heb. a,-efaund. destroy it.
ground; dSee ch.18.4- 2 Or,punisJmunt.
14 And Lot went out, and spake unto his
2 And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn e Lu.24-28,29. x Ps.u9.59:6o. Zee.
2.3.Jn.6.44- sons-in-law, which married his daughters, and
:-, In many warm
in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and climates, it is cu::.tom•
S Lot presents a re-
said, •Up, get you out of this place; for the
~~~nt~i:.::..t. in the markable instance of
tarry all night, and dwash your feet, and ye the conflict bdween LoRD will destroy this city. But he tseemed
f Ac.1:6.1,5.Lu.n.B; {~thHa;~ ~fr!~t:ac~;
shall rise up early, and go on your ways. And 24- 28,29. depart immediately,
as one that mocked unto his sons-in-law.
they said, •Nay; but we will abide in the street 2
he does not refuse,
J:.~~~:5~J: He. 13. yet he ting-ers still. 15 And when the morning arose, then the
all night. 5 Lot had been
~; ~ut~r;~t!I~~~ angels hastened Lot, saying, "Arise, take thy
to escape to the
6
1
3 And he !pressed upon them greatly; and trained to tent life. ;'~~:~~:si:s ~el~~ ~! wife, and thy two daughters, which are
He had the feelings a city of the /darns.
here;
they turned in' unto him, and entered into his of a ge11uine Bedawy But the weakness of lest thou be consumed in the iniquity2 of the city.
in regard to the man is overruled to
claims of hospitality. magnify the mercy
house; 9and he made them a feast, and did bake He acted in the city of the LORD, who
as he would have hearkens to his hum.
16 And, "'while he lingered,3 the men laid
unleavened bread, and they did eat. 6 acted in the desert- b!e intercession, and hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his
he not only invited, spares the city for
4 1 But hbefore they lay down, the men iof h~~~;.erN~oi!~[t;t:;;~ of this city, fom1erly wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters;
but he pressed, the his sake. The name
was given b?; any of :h~':;g;;?· :i· '.za:!~ the LoRD Ybeing merciful unto him: and they
2
the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the
weir~~t:a~ne~~tfhi~ ;hic~o~~~~r~if~~
house round, both old and young, all the people ~t~~ng~~ . !ri~\~ b~ I ~~erc~;hich1i.~t p~~~
brought him forth, and set him without the
from every quarter. left to he m ~he strt:et sented.-Nate, Every city.
?fa la_rge city, while work is easy to
5 And kthev called unto Lot, and said unto 1f passing through an omnipotence; every
Arab encampmen_t gy,mt is little to the 17 And it came to pass, when they had
h_e wo~ld _get_ a pres- richness of mercy.
him, Where "are the men which came in to :~fry t';;t~t;n to See Ep.2.4--C. brought them forth abroad, that he said, •Escape
thee this night? bring them out unto us, that h Pr.6.18;4-16, Mi.7. y Ex. 34. 6. Is. 63. 9. for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay
Mi.7.18,19. Ps. 103. 10;
we mav know them. 3.Ro.3.15,
106,8;86.5,15. Lu.6.35, thou in all the plain; escape to the mountain,
36,
6 A°i-id Lot went out at the door unto them, z ver.14,15,22. Ki. lest thou be consumed.
I
k Is. 3. 9. Ju. 19. 22.
and shut the door after him, 22; 20.13- Je.3.3;6.15. 2 ,.
19.3. Mat.24.16, Ac.27.
Ro. 1.27.Jude 7. Le.18. 31. Lu. 9, 62. Phi.l.13, 18 And Lot said unto them, aQh! not so, my
7 And said, I pray you, 1brethren, do not so Ti.3.13-
a Ac. 10. L1- ch. 32.
Lord.
wickedly. / ver 4. Sa. 30. 23. 26.b.45.11.
I
Is.:,8.7.Ac.17.26. 19 Behold now, thy servant hath found grace
Re. 18. 4; and yet it is in everlasting mercy to their the most abandoned transgressors is gradual and slow, 28, 29; and Paul and Silas, when constrained by Lydia,
S01'ls, Is. 57. I; Phi. I. 23. readily he grants whatever forbearance his favourites lodged in her house, Ac. I 6. I 5.
REFLECTIO~S.-Whilst I highly esteem the kind can ask on their behalf-but much more what is asked Ver. 8. It was the confusion he was put into that
simplicity and humble modesty of these ancient times, on behalf of his children. What a deep sense of their led him to make this sinful offer, rather than have bis
let me chiefly admire the kindness of my Redeemer, in own meanness and pollution familiar intercourse with guests abused, Mar. 9. 6.
so frequently visiting our world in human shape, before God produceth in the choicest saints! His presence Ver. I I. It was such a dimness and confusion of
the jitl11ess of time for his being made of a woman! must always fill them with a holy fear, while, as their sight as that mentioned 2 Ki. 6. 18; Ac. 13. II; Mar.
But alas, that ever his messages of peace should be covenant God, they dare to plead before him, assured 8. 24; Lu. 24. 16.
laughed to scorn !-laughed to scorn by a saint ! 0 of a ready audience and a gracious answer. Ver. 14. Either Lot's virgin-daughters had been
what infinite mercy and patience, that he did not only betrothed to them, or Lot had other daughters
strike her-that he doth not strike us-dead in the CHAPTER XIX. Ver. 2. They meant, that they who perished in th.e flames.
very act of unbelief! How great is the honour and did not desire to trouble him, nor would consent unless Ver. 17. The angel Jehovah was now come up from
kindness which God hath prepared for such as are they were pressed. Thus Christ, when constrained Abraham, and charged Lot and his companions to de-
careful to win souls ! While his procedure to punish by his disciples, went in to tarry with them, Lu. 24- part with the utmost haste, and without the smallest
-l
242
◊~-,
'2 '
·I
i
HE DEAD SEA-WHERE SODOM AND GOMORRAH ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN fire fell upon these cities, we are told in the nineteenth chapter of Genesis ana
T SITUATED. [GENESIS, xix: 29.]-"And it came to pass, when God destroyed the
cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of
the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelt." The cities of
the plain are supposed to have been Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, and they
destroyed them.
of it.
The sites, especially of Sodom and Gomorrah, are now' sup-
posed to be under the waters of the Dead Sea at the upper and northern end
This part of the sea is represented in the view given above.
awful doom of Sodom and Gomorrah ia held up in numerous passages in
The
were situated in the midst of the garden-like plain that lies between the Moab mountains ~e Old and New Testament as warnings, as Mark, vi : 11; II. Peter, ii : 6; Jude
and the Judean Mountains, just to the north of the Dead Sea. A shower of brimstone and 1: 7.
Lot flees to Zoar. GENESIS XX. Origin of the Moabites and Ammonite,.
A.M. 2107, B.C. 189". A.M. 2rn7. B.C. 18g7.
in ~hy sight, and thou •hast magnified thy ; We: have said, on
311 And t?e first-born said u_nto the younger,
b Ps. xviii. xL ci1i.
mercy, which thou hast showed unto me in cvi.cvii. ex.vi. the ev1dc:nce of Peter, Our father 7 2s old, and there 2s Pnot a man in
c De.31.17. z Ki.9.9.
~~~~ L;~;\asb~tnff~t:
saving my life; and I cannot escape to the Am.1.6.
d Ps. 145. 19; 34. 15; is the character con- the earth qto come in unto us after the manner
102.17.Is.45.u. Lu.n. ;.1'.'.tent with this. hor-
mountain, lest ·some evil take me, and I die. 8.
a Heb. thy face.
rible narrative? Sim- of all the earth;
ply on the same
20 Behold now, this citv is near to flee unto, e ch.32.26.28. Ex.3::?.
10. Is.45.n; 65.8. Mar.
ground that Peter·,;
bla;,phemous dnual 32 Come, let us make our father 'drink wine
6.5.Ps.91.1-10. of our Lord, 26.
l'vfat.
and it is a little one: Oh! let me escape thither, 4 The incapacity is 70,74, is cons1c.tent and we will 'lie with him, that we may preserv~
not from want of with his afterwards
(is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live. power, but of wz/l. weep mg
when fesus turned seed of our father.
bttterl,y,
~~~cy fourt°ite mu~~ and toOked on him.

21 And he said unto him, dSee, I have ac- precede the purpose The Scriptures re-
of Judgment on ths: cord the c.ins of men,
33 And they made their father drink wine
cepted thee3 concerning this thing also, that I wicked cities.-C.
/Is.47.u. Th. 5.
teli truth; and they that night: and the first-born went in, and lay
because they must
1 2,denounce their pun-
will not overthrow this city, for the which thou ~-Ps. 73,18,19. Job 34. ishment or display with her father; and he perceiYed not when she
thc:ir evil conse-
hast spoken. g- Job 18. 15. De. 29.
23. ls.1.1. 19. Je. 50. 40;
49,1S. Eze. 16. 49. Ho
the repentance of the lay down, nor when she arose.
quences, or record
sinner, to teach us to
22 Haste thee, escape thither; for •I cannot II. 8. An1.4.II. Lu. 17. flee from the wrath
29. Jude 7. Job r8. rs; tocome.-C.
34 And it came to pass on the morrow, that
do any thing4 till thou be come thither: there- 20.16.Ps.11.6. Zep.2.9.
La.4.6.2 Pe.2.6.
5 The rami1tg- of
q ch.4.1;6.4; 16, 4- the first-born said unto the younger, Behold,
p ver.28.Mar.9.6.
2,
fore the name of the city was called Zoar. brimstone and fire D~-~'h?9.21. Pr. 23. 31- tJ lay yesternight with my father: let us make
from heaven, has 33;20.r.1 Co.IO.II.
23 The 1sun was risen upon the earth when been made the sub-
ject of ridicule bv
s Le. 18. 6, 7, ro;
12.
him drink wine this night also;. and go thou in,
20.
thoughtless infidel~. t Je.3.3;6.15;8.12;5.

Lot entered into Zoar. Yet would thev re- 8.Is.1.9.
flect for a moii1ent, u Ps.8.4.Ec.7.20.Pr.
and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of
24 9if Then 9 the LORD rained5 upon Sodom they would remem-
ber how it is said,
24.16.
8 113¢.
our father.
TM rain cometh x ver 8, withJu.1.7.
and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from duwn, mid the snow
from heave,t, Is. 55. l iaolr~;:t!f1;];~·
35 And they made their father drink wine
the Lo RD out of heaven: that snow were pre- iii~ ~~--:ift;-;J\ii_Ju. "that night also: and the younger arose, and lay
10. Yet that rain and
viously exhaled from
25 And he overthrew those cities, and hall the waters. In like
manner, may not the
1Son of my people,
z De.2. 19. Ju. xi.
g,
with him; and he perceived not when she lay
8
the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, brimstone have first
been ejected from them were accursed down, nor when she arose.
1Sa.xi.2Sa.x. Bothof
earth, where its ter- ~l~t~~I~;: ~~~-2ie3e ~~~

the bowels of the
and that which grew upon the ground. rible stores abound, troduction.
36 Thus'" were both the daughters of Lot
26 , But his wife iJ.ooked back from behind and then again be
literally rained from with child by their father.
heaven 1-C.
him, and she became a pillar of salt. 6 h ch.13.rn;14.3.
i He.xo.38.Pr.14.14.
CHAP. XX.
a ::h.18.r.
37 And the first-born bare a son, and calted
9
271 And Abraham gat up early in the morn- Burning sulphur country of N egeb. ' - his name Moab : the same is the father of the
Lu.17 32. 2 'Toward the
6
produces a vapour P.
ing to the place where he stood kbefore the Lo RD: which, if it once fill b De. 19. ch. 14.7, YMoahites unto this day.
1.
the lungs, is instantly 16.14.1Sa.J5.7.
28 And he looked toward Sodom and Go- de'.'.tructive to life.
Lot's wife, looking 13,14.
c ch.26,1.20.2Ch.14.
38 And the younger, she also bare a son, and
back, while the va- 3 Gerar was situ- 1
morrah, and toward all the land of the plain, pour followed, was ated in a pastoral called his name Ben-ammi : the same is the
accordingly suffocat- valley about twenty
and beheld, and, lo, the 1smoke of the country ed. This vapour, and miles south-east of father of the zchildren of Ammon unto this day.
the bituminous fire Gaza.-P.
(see De. 29. 23), would d ch.12.13; 26.7. Pr.
went up as the smoke of a furnace. literally convert the 24-16. 2Cr.19,2; 20.37.
body mto a salt. And Ep.4.25.Col.3.9. CHAPTER XX.
29 And it came to pass, when God destroyed the bodf being de- 4:'\\'e may not ex-
cuse A bra ham for this 1 Abraham sojourneth at Gera,•, and denieth his ,oife, and l08dJa
b~~;!i~1tri~idn•i~n~ second instance of her. 3 Abimelech taketh her, but i.• reproved of God in a dream.
the cities of the plain, that God "'remembered standing po'.'.ture.
and (it may be, sur-
equivocation,
more than for the
any
9 He relniketh Abraham, 14 restm·eth Sarah, and reproveth htr.
Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the rounded and sustain-
ed by various vol-
first, ch.12.13: but we
can account for it by
17 He i8 healed at Aln·aham's prayer.
fear, ver. n, rising
overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in the canic products)
would literally be-
come a j>t'llar, or
again'.'.tfaith, see ch.
15.1.-/1/0/e, The over-
AND Abraham journeyed from athence toward
which Lot dwelt. statue, of salt.-C.
k ch,18.22---33.
ruling wisdom and
grace of God con-
1l_ the south country, 2 and dwelled between
30 ~r And Lot "went up out of Zoar, and J Re.18.18;19, l, Ps.
107.34-Jude7. Re. 14-
10,u.
verting the fault of
Abraham into an oc-
casion of manifesting-
bKadesh ·and Shur, and sojourned in cGerar. 3
dwelt in the mountain, and his two daughters m ch.8. 1; 30. 22. Ps.
7-4- 1; 32.r; ::?5.7; 1o6.4;
his being and provt•
dence, and of incul-
2 And Abraham dsaid of Sarah his wife, She
with him; for he feared to dwell in °Zoar: and 136.23; 105.8,42.Ne.13.
14,22, ~f~~o::ipotlt:t ";~~~~
important public vir-
is my sister:4 and Abimelech king of Gerar
n ver.17,19-23.
he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters. o ch.14-2; 13.ro. De.
34-3- Is.15.5.Je.48.,14.
tue,matrimonialfidel-
ity. See ver.3-7.-C.
sent and took Sarah.
regret, from that rich country abounding with sensual large masses of bitumen mingled with gravel. These pious may be found! How encouraging to entertain
pleasures, Lu. 9. 62; Phi. 3. 13, 14; Mat. 24- 16-18. overlie a thick stratum of sulphur, which agnin overlies strangers, when •some have thereby entertained angels
Ver. 20. Its inhabitants are few; and their guilt less; a thicker stratum of sand strongly impregnated with unawares!'' To what shocking impudence, in the vilest
nor could it be a noted example of thy vengeance. sulphur.' He says that the bitumen is calcined, and abominations, men's corruptions can carry them, and
Ver. 24. "Then the Lorct raineu upon Sodom and bears marks of having been subjected to extreme heat that notwithstanding sharp corrections or remarkable
Gomorrah brimstone and fire," etc., Jn. 5.19;Ps. IL -'The whole appearance points to a shower of hot deliverances, ch. xiv. How readily those who reprove
6; Job l 8. I 5 ; as a figure of their eternal sufferings sulphur, and an irruption of bitumen upon it.' The sin by their godly conversation are an eyesore to the
in hell, Jnde 7; 2 Pe. 2. 6; Re. 14. 10, 19, 20; 21. 8. sacred writer farther says that the vale of Siddim be- wicked ! How quickly the protectors of God's mes•
Ver. 25. The vale ofSiddim was burned up and turned came the Salt Sea. Suppose the vale to have sunk a sengers are rewarded with remarkable protection or
into a salt sea, ch.14. 3; Nu. 34.12; De. 3. 17;Jos. 3. 16. few feet, or the water to have risen a few feet, after the with rescue from danger! How prone are hardened
Ver. 26. A lasting monument of God's wrath against burning of the cities, either supposition would accord sinners to sport with the most serious warnings of rui~
her disobedience, unbelief, and love to the world, Lu. with the biblical narrative, would not be without a near and terrible !-and even saints, if strongly attached
17. 32; Nu. 16. 38. parallel in the history of countries exposed to earth• to worldly things, to defer or shift the means which
Ver. 27. [This place was a few miles east of Hebron, quakes, and would not be opposed to any results of have been prescribed by God for their safety! But let
on the brow of the mountain ridge which commands modern observation. It would accord, besides, with us remember that it is infinitely hazardous to be under
that section of the valley in which the doomed cities the views of ancient writers and with uniform Jewish the reigning power, or even the prevalence, of a carnal
stood. P.] tradition. P.] and unbelieving heart ; for though God wonderfuHy
Ver. 28. [Recent researches have thrown some little Ver. 29. God showed his regard to his own promise restricts the range of his judgments for the sake of his
light on this wondrous catastrophe. The Dead Sea of making him a blessing, ch. 12. 3, and to his inter- people, and in answer to their prayers, yet he is and
occupies the lowest part of a long deep valley-so deep cession in behalf of Sodom, ch. 18. 25, and to Lot's will be just in depriving them of that wealth which they
that the surface of the water is no less than 1292 feet relationship to him, ch. 14. 14, 16. sinfully attempted to increase by mingling themselves
below the level of the ocean. The northern section of Ver. 30. [The character of Lot is marked by timidity with the wicked, ch. I 3. IO, 1 I. Yea, he causes men
the sea is very deep, and the southern very shallow, (compare ver. 19 and 30), yet was he a righteous man, to be quickly wearied of the shifts which themselves
only a few feet of water covering a slimy plain, along 2 Pe. 2. 7.-Note, Grace, in conversion, seldom takes devised for their safety, and obliged to take that at last
whose shores are salt-springs and fragments of sulphur away the original character of the natural man; but which he at first prescribed them. But how dangerous
and bitumen. In this southern section once stood the merely overrules its deficiencies to humble him and is drunkenness! for it readily issues in whoredom and
cities. The plain around them was filled, as we are warn others; and refines and elevates its excellencies; lasting shame.
· told, with bitumen pits. Bitumen 1s inflammable, and and thus, by the Spirit, mortifies the old while it
when ignited would burn fiercely. Mr. Tristram visited quickens and establishes the new man. C.] CHAPTER XX. Ver. 3. God often intimated bis
a wady at the southern end of the sea, which he thus REFLECTIONS.-What an advantage it is for the mind in dreams, ch. 28. 12; 31. 24; 37. 5; 40. 8; 41. I;
describes: 'There are exposed on the sides of the wady world that in very wicked places some persons truly 1 Ki. 3. 5; Jc. 23. 25, 28, 32; Da. 2. l; 4- 5.
244
Jlll'riham sojnurns in Gerar. GENESIS XXI. Birt!i of I:saac.
A.M. 2ro8. B.C. r8Q6.
3 But •God came to Abimelech in a dream
A.M. 21o8. B.C. 1896.
14 1 And Abimelech took sheep, an<l 0xen,
by night,3 and said to him, Behold, thou art 14.Jn.3.4, ~
Ps.105.14. Eze.33. 9 ch.13.9,. and men-servants, and women-servants, and
but a dead man: for the ~o~an which thou hast S God seems often ; Heb. as is l[Ood
tit thzne eyes. gave them unto Abraham, and restored him
taken; for she- is a mans wife. to have made known
his will by dreams, m
r ver.3.Pr.27.5. Sarah his wife.
4 But Abimelech had not come near her: and ordinary cases, as
distmct from pro•
8 Thepresentcfc;il-
ver being 'destined•
15 And Abimelech said, Behold. my land is
1
be said, LoRD, wilt thou slay also a righteous Such phetical intimations.
th\ngs may be
to the purchase of a
r:overi·n;; of the eyeJ,
qbefore thee; dwell where it pleaseth thee. 7
done still. But a!J
nation? such supposed com-
munications must be
or veil for Sarah ant.I
all her married house-
hold, seems to have
16 And unto Sarah he said, Behoid, ! have
5 Said he not unto me, She is my sister? and bletried b\· the infalli-
staridard of the
been a parabolic act.
-C.
given thy Tbrother a thousand pieres of siher:
Word of God, which
she, even she herself said, He is my brother: for liveth and abideth
ever.-/. s Jn.1.6. behold, he is to thee a covering8 of the eyes
in the integrity' of my heart, and innocency of fch.14-24. 2Sa.4.n, 9 The reproefseems
to be in calling- Abra-
unto all that are with thee, and with all other.
my hands, have I done this. with ch.18.25; ver. 17,
,a.
ham her brother, and
thereby reminding
•Thus she was reproved. 9
6 And God said unto him in a dream, Yea, 4 Or st"mplici~y. or her of having joined
in his equivocation. 17 -,r So Abraham tprayed unto God: and
-Note, The wife who
J know that thou didst this in the integrity of sincerity, I Ki. 9. 4, r
Ch. 29. 17. Ps.24.4; 7J.
was appointed an
help med for man in
God healed _Abimelech, and his wife, and his
13;86.2.
thy heart; for I also gwithheld thee from sin- innocency, should
not now become his maid-servants; and they bare children.
helper in sin ; or the
ning against me: therefore suffered I thee not 34~~~-§~?d/Ji6~Pr~~: husband. who is con-
stituted head of the
18 For the LoRD had "fast closed up all the
to touch her.
1.ch.39.9.Ps.51.4,. Le.
6.2,withPs.81.12.2Th.
2.7,u.
wife, should not per-
vert his authoritv to wombs of the house of _Abimelech because of
weaken, but eml)loy
7 Now therefore rnstore the man his wife;" for h Ps. 105. 15; 25. I,4. 1t to strengthen and
confirm her, in good.
Sarah, Abraham's wife.
he is a hprophet, and he shall ~ray for thee, and He.I.I. -C.
CHAPTER XXI.
t Ja. 5.:r6. Mat. 7. 7.
thou shalt live: and if thou restore her not, Is.45.n. 1 Isaac is born, and circumcised. 6 Sar<m's joy. 9 Hagar antl
Ishmael are cast forth. 15 Ha_(lar in distress. 17 The angel com•
know1' thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and u ch.12.17j30,2;-6.2.
See ver.7. forteth her. 22 Abimelech'• covenant with Abraham at Beer-sheba,
all that are thine. 33 who calleth upon the Lord.
k ver. ch. 18; 12. 17,
8 Therefore Abimelech rose early in the Ps. 105. 14. Job 34- 19,
He.13.4, AND "the LORD visited Sarah as he had said,
morning, and called all his servants, and· told
5 It appears by this
CHAP. XXI.
11.. and the LoRD did unto Sarah as he had
all these things in their ears :5 and the men were wh ?le history
Ab1melech, that he
of
a Ps.12.6. ch.17.19; spoken.
18. 10. Ro. 4, 17, 18, 19,
sore afraid. was a man pf great
virtue in those days, 20.Tit.1.2.Ro,4-19. 2 For Sarah bconceived, and bare Abraham a
and not an idolater,
9 1 Then Abimelech called Abraham, and but a worshipper of
the true God, as Mel-
l,Ac. 7. 8. Ga. 4.22.
He.rr. n. ch.17,21; 18.
son in his old age, at the set time of which God
1
said unto him, What hast thou done unto us? chizedeck, the high
priest of the coun-
10,14.Ro.9.9.
had spoken to him.
try, was; yet not so c ch. 17. 19; ver, 6, 7,
And what have I offended thee, that thou hast divinewell acquainted with
revelation as
1:.:. Ro.9.7. Ac.7.8.Jos. 3 And Abraham called the name of his son
24.3.
brought on me, and on my kingdom, ma great Patrick. Abraham was. -
l Isaac means
that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to
1
sin? thou hast done deeds unto me that ought cated in Sarah's him, Isaac.
laughter, as is inc.ii-
words gi.ven in ver.
0
l ch.12.18;26.ro.
not to be done. ~~~ev~tr, i~o~aif~~~::
4 And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac,
10 And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What Le.m w.ch.:19.9.Sa.He.13.4. IO. 2 12. 10,
sion, but of heartfelt
joy.-P. being eight days old, das God had commanded
sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing? 6 u.Ro.2.14- d ch.17.10,12. Lu.I. him.
6.De.12,,32.
11 And Abraham said, Because I thought, postulationIS Abimelech's ex-
and re-
5 And Abraham was an •hundred years 2 old
Surelyn the fear of God is not in this place; ::~ficttb~;iAt~::
1nonstrance were
2 About 1896.
when his son Isaac was born unto him.
and they will slay me for my wife's sake. 6 , And Sarah said, /God hath made me to
G{Jt· ::: v~.2:~. t.
ham's answer im
plied criminal dis- I~
12 And yet indeed she is my sister; she is less
0 trust of God, ground-
suspicion of the Sa.2.I-IO. Lu.1.46-55. laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me.
Jn.16.21,:1:1:.
Gerarites, and a
the daughter of my father, but not the daughter settled plan of mis-
tonduct; and his ex- S IYeamd is de-
7 And she said, Who would have said unto
of my mother; and she became my wife. cuse was tinctured rived from the Saxon Abraham, that Sarah should have given children
with equivocation.- awendan, signifying
/. to remove from one
13 And it came to pass, when God caused place to another, as a suck? for I have born him a son in his old age-
grown child is re-
me to wander from my father's house, that I moved from its mo-
ther's breast to other
8 And the child grew, and was weaned :3 and
said unto her, This is thy kindness which thou nourishment.-C.
Abraham made a ggreat feast the same day that
E ch. '!9.3; 26.30; 29.
shalt show unto me; at every place whither we 22;40.20. Ju.14-10,12. I Isaac was weaned.
Sa.25.36. 2 Sa.3-20. I
shall come, Psay of me, He is my brother. jJch.u.13- Ki.3.15.Es.1.3. 9 , And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the
Ver. 4- He was afraid that he, or even his subjects, · he said, Behold, I have given to thy brother a thousand with sinful unwatchfulness and fear of man, which
however innocent in this point, might for his·sake, 2 shekels of silver: behold, he is to thee a protection, and causeth a snare I And if I have been once overcome
Sa. 24. 17; r Ch. 21. 17; Je. 15. 4, be destroyed as the to all who ace with thee, and with all: and thou wilt by them, let me take heed to my steps, lest my last
Sodomites had been. be recognized.' His exposition is as follows:-' Since error be worse than my first; but especially if I have
Ver. 7. Abraham was a prophet and interpreter of Sarah deserved likewise a compensation for the anxiety real grace, let me beware of becoming a tempter to the
God's will, Ex. 7. I l, and one to whom he freely and suffered by her in the house of the stranger, he gave to profane or graceless! How much God detests unclean•
familiarly manifested his perfections and purposes, Am. Abraham for her a thousand shekels of silver, and ad- ness ! To prevent it he inflict• judgments upon and
3- 7. . dressed to her a remark embodying the experience gives extraordinary warnings even to heathens. How
Ver. I!. The true .fear o.f God is not a slavish dread which he had just made, and the respect with which it pitiful are the best excuses which men, particularly
of him, as ch. 15. 1; but an abiding, kindly, and rever- inspired him; he said, though she might profess that saints, can make for their sinning! And it must b{
ential awe of him, wrought in the heart by his Spirit- Abraham was her brother, he was her protector against considered as an infinite mercy that God, though he
disposing and enabling to keep his commandments, and every man; she might be taken by others as his sister, sometimes puts his people to shame for their folly, takes
to hate and avoid whatever is sinful, J e. 32. 40; Ee. 12. but she would soon be known and convicted of being more care of their honour, and especially of the honour
13; Pr. 8. 13; 16. 6; Ge. 22. 12; 39. 9; 42. 18; Ne. 5. 15; his wife by the supernatural interference of God, who, of his promises, than they do. And the prayers of peni-
Job I. l ; Ro. 3. 18. both in his case and that of the Egyptian king, had tent saints are profitable to the greatest men upon earth.
Ver. 16. Either he gave this present of about £u5 watched over her ~rity.' P.]
sterling to Sarah, to purchase veils for her and her REFLECTIONS.-In my wanderings through this CHAPTER XXI. Ver. r. God visited Sarah, ;_,._
maidens, for the concealment of their beauty; or to world let me commit myself and all my concerns to granted the mercy he had promised, ch. I. 24, 25; Ex.
Abraham, as a memorial for Sarah to take heed hence- God, as my God! If Jehovah be my God, my shield, 4- 31; Ru. I. 6; I Sa. 2. 21; Job IO. 12; Lu. I. 68.
forth to own him, not as her brother, but as her hus- and my exceeding great reward, I have no need of as- Ver. 3. i.e. Laughter, so called because of his father's
band, as the best safeguard of her chastity.-[Kalisch sistance or protection from Satan, nor of any evasive believing and his mother's unbelieving laughter at the
gives what appears to be the true meaning of this oh- arts to shelter me from danger. Never therefore let promise of his birth, and because of their great joy at
scure passage. He translates it thus:-' And to Sarah remarkable favours from God be immediately followed the fulfilment of it, ch. 17. 17; 18. 12; ver. 6; Is. 54- 1.
245 ·
Hagar and Ishma.el cast forth. GENESIS XXII. Abimelech's C()l)enant with Abrah(]JfTI.
A.M, 2Io8. B.C. 1&:,6. A.M. 21o8. B.C. 13¢.
Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, God, that thou wilt not deal falsely with me
"mocking. 4 h Ga.4.29.He.11.36.
Ne.2.9;4.r,2.Ps.:::2,6,
a He.6.16.Ro.12.1b.
ch.14.13. nor with my son, nor with my son's son: but
10 Wherefore she said unto Abraham, iCast b ch.26.15-22; 29.8.
Ex.2.15-17.Ju.1.15. according to the kindness that I have done unto
4 HeQ. laughing-,
out this bond-woman and her son:· for the son mockery,-P.
but evidenuy in
m!r ~~~~tist~ea:e~°l~
thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land
of this bond-woman shall not be heir with my extremely scarce in
the ~outh of Pales- wherein thou hast sojourned.
son, even with Isaac. '!7\~~~~-~;.2~~~~?-!b'. tine. The only sup-
ply for flocks and 24 And Abraham said, aJ will swear.
n. Jn.8.35. rJn.2.19. herd~ is got from
Mat.8,11,12;22.13.
11 And the thing was very kgrievous in deeµ wells. many of
which are excavated 25 Ar.cl Abraham reproved Abimelech bbe-
thro11gh the rocky
Abraham's sight because of his son. k ch. 17. 18, with 16.
2.He.12.u.Jn.13.~. strata to a depth of
more than 100 feet.
cause of a well of water. which Abimelech's ser.
12 And God said unto Abraham, Let it not [his makes them
vants had violently taken away. 8
~~~~tsvd!~atb~!J fi;i
be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and m ch.16.10;17.20;25. fruitful sourc"es of
quarrels and bloo<l-
26 And Abimelech said, I wot not who hath
0
because of thy bond-woman; in all that Sarah 12-18. s:1(:;'d among Arab
tribes.-P. done this thing; neither didst thou tell me
hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice: n Ps.n9.6o.Ec.9.10. c ch.13.7.2 Ki.5.22. neither yet heard I ef it, but to-day. '
for in Isaac shall thy seed be called. 5 The eastern bot-
tles were not g-!as!>.
d Pr. 18. 15, 24; 19.6;
17.8;:n.14-
e ch. 31. 44-48. Jos.
27 And Abraham dtook sheep and oxen, and
13 And also of the son of the bond-woman according to the mo-
dern European useuf 24-27;22.27. gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them
the word, but skub 9 That is, the well
willm I make a Itation, because he is thy seed. waterproof.-C.
ingeniously rendered efthe oath, ver.14;ch.
:;.,6.31. Jos.15.28. Ju.20.
made a covenant.
14 And Abraham "rose up early in the morn- 1.2Sa.1i.II. 1 Ki.4 25.
It was the south bor-
28 And Abraham set seven ewe-lambs of the
der of Canaan.
ing, and took bread, and a bottle5 of water, and fch. 14. 13; 31. 53. 1
flock by themselvei.
p Pr.21.16. Lu.15.14
gave it unto Hagar, (putting it on her shoulder,) -17.ls.4q,
1Ki.3.26.
15.z.,c.12.10.
Sa.18.3.
l About 18:)4.
29 And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What
and the child, and sent her away: and she de- q ch.16.11.Ex.22.23, IOr,tne. mean these seven ewe-lambs which thou hast
parted, and wandered in the wilderness of 32.Ps.65.2;50.15;
0 27. Ki.13,4- Mat.15. 2
91.15.
E See ch.12.8.
h Ro. 16. 26. 1 Ti. 1
set by themselves?
Beer-sheba. ,. See ch.15.1. ls.41.
17; 6.16. Ps.go.2. Is.57.
15;40.28. 30 And he said, For these seven ewe-lambs
15 1 And the water was spent in the bottle, 16.Re.1.18.
1.2;41.10,13,14- Mar.5. i He.II. 9. Ps. 39.12.
1 Pe.2.n.1 Ch.29.15. shalt thou take of my hand, that they "may be
and she cast the child under one of the shrubs. 6 In ver. 9 we find a witness unto me that I have digged this well.
hhmael
16 And she went, and sat her down over ;i:~ir:t~u~ mockm1:,
G:·j~: CHAP. XXII. 31 Wher~fore he called that place 9Beer-sheba,
against him a good way off, as it were a bow- secutlOll of haac.
Mocking being to a
B.C. 1872.
o He.n.7.2Sa.24.1,
because there they sware both of them.
delicate and sensitive
shot: for she said, PLet me not see the death of one
mind, as was Sarah\
with Ja.1.13. 32 Thus they made 1a covenant at Beer-sheba:
of the most griev-
the child. And she sat over against him, and cutionous forms of perse-
against herself
3 'God,' says James,
1. Il, 'is not tempted then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief
of evil, neither lempt-
lift up her voice, and wept. and her child. But
no"' happily, in this
verse, we find Ish- ~i~w ~henanJoe~fhi~
captain of his host, and they returned into the
17 And qGod heard the voice of the lad: and Godmael praymg-, and
hearmg- and
consort with the
statement that God land of the Philistines.
the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, j,romi'sing-. - Note,
~:,::;;,pte~_,!>~~h~~~ 33 1 And1 .Abraham planted a grove2 in Beer-
~:r~n~~f PY ~t~it~~ to evil; but God frl'dh
and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar? ment, when not dic-
tated by passion, but
thtt faith of his chil-
dren by labours, diffi- sheba, and ,called there on the name of the
culty, affliction, self-
fearr not; for God hath heard the voice of the approved
ed of God.-C.
and direct-
demal, and sacrifice.
-C.-'Try' would
LORD, hthe everla:sti11g God.
lad where he is. 6 s ver.13;ch.:16.rn;17.
be a more appro-
priate word here than 34 And Abraham isojourned in the Philis-
'tempt.• Temptation,
18 Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in 3,. 20;25.12-18. i:Ch.1.29-
as we understand it,
implies 'inducement
tines' land many days.
thine hand; for •I will make him a great nation. t Lu. 24- 16, 11. Nu. to sin.' Nothing of
thekind is,orcan be,
CHAPTER XXII.
22.31. 2Ki.6.17,18,20. implied here. Trial
19 And God topened her eyes, and she saw a ls.35.5. is often man's best
teacher. He knows 1 Abraham is tempted to offer Isaac. 3 He {liveth proof of hi,
well of water; and she went and filled the bottle 2,21.Ju.6.12.
u ch.17.20; 16.12;39. not his own weak-
ness and want on the
faith and obedience. 11 The angel staveth him. 13 I.aac i, ...
changed with o. ram. 14 The place is called .Tehovah-jireh. 15.Abra-
one hand, nor his
with water, and gave the lad drink. 'I Paran lay along
own courage and
faith on the other,
ham is blessed, again. 20 The generations of Nahor, from wluna
came Rebekah.
20 And "God was with the lad; and he grew, of the southern border
Palestine, extend•
until he has been
tried. Trial there-
anddweltinthewilderness,and becameanarcher. anct ing to the valley of
Arabah on the east.
to the mountains
fore is a wholesome
rliscipline to the per-
son tried. Besides,
AND it came to pass after these things, that
21 And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran :7 -P.
of Sinai on the south. God i'i pleased to in-
struct the world by
11. aGod did tempt3 Abraham, and said unto
aridz his mother took him a wife out of the land xch.24-4,;28.2.Ju.14. examples as weU as
~e dir~~~m~l!cep~f
him, Abraham. And he said, Behold, here 1
of Egypt. 2.1Co.7.38. A bra ham's faith and
devotion to God has
am. 4
22 1 And it came to pass at that time, that 3-Jos.3.7.
,, ch.26.28; 20.17; 39.
2Ch.1.1.Ro.
cheered and in-
structed the univer- 2 And he said, Take now bthy son, thine only
sal church.-P.
Abimelech, and Phichol the chief captain of his 8.31. He.13.5. 1Co.J"4-
25.Is.45.14- son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into
host, spake unto Abraham, saying, vGod wwith z ch.14.22,23; 26.28;
4 Heb. behold me.
the land of 1\'.Ioriah, and offer him there for a
b ch. 21.22. Jn. 3,16.
0
Ro.5.8.1Jn.4-9,.10.
thee in all that thou.doest: r-44,53• sa.30.15.
H~-~-~t J~~~·B;~l: 1
I ::?
burnt-offering upon one of the mountains which
th~ ~;!i~ -!as J:::t:
23 Now therefore •swear unto me here by 13. ward built. I will tell thee of.
Ver. 12. • Isaac, as thine heir, shall bear and propa- times takes to delay the fulfilment of promises, till it mise ! Let us Gentiles rejoice that while the Hebrews
gate thy name; and the promi!;ed seed and land, and becomes, humanly speaking, improbable, if not im- are, like Ishmael, cast out, to be wandering, wild, and
the spiritual prerogatives, shall be entailed upon him, possible, for the trial of our faith and patience; but he hated, we are called to the fellowship of the sons of
Ro. 9. 7, 8; He. 1 I. 8. never defers it a moment beyond the due time; and the God ! Here likewise kt us observe how sharply God
Ver. 14- Bread and waler include all necessary pro- joys which attend the seasonable fulfilment thereof are corrects those who have been insolent despisers of
vision; of which it is probable they had sufficient to great and certain: and yet even then our attempts to others, and how near the most seasonable mercies ma7
have served them till they had gotten to Hagar's friends anticipate it often mingle our joys with wormwood and be, whilst we perceive them not!
in Egypt, had they not lost their way. gall! How proper in all our straits to consult the
Ver. 25-30. In these hot countries a well was of Lord, and to request and hope for his watchful care CHAPTER XXII. Ver. I. God tempts no mall
great value, ch. 26. 18, 20, 21. Abimelech's acceptance over our relations, particularly such as are exposed to by enticing him to sin, J a. 1. 13; nor doth the won!
of the seven ewe-lambs imported his renunciation of dangers ! Let my care be to honour God in all my nissah here used ever signify any such thing, but to
all claim to this well. · conduct, and he will take care to honour me before try exquisitely; nor doth God trv men in order to pr&-
Ver. 33- The planting of groves for the opportunity the world, as is good in his sight! And while Sarah mote or confirm his own knowledge of them, but to
of greater retirement when worshipping God, being and her family rejoice over her son, let me, let all the manifest what they are to themselves and to the world,
afterwards abused to promote idolatry and superstition, redeemed, rejoice that 'to us a Child is born, to us a that his rewarding or punishing them may appear th&
was forbidden, Ex. 34- 13; De. 16. 21. Son is given, whose name is Wonderful;' and that God more wise and equal, or his blessing them the moit
REFLECTIONS.-What a pleasure God some- in him hath made us, like Isaac, children of the pro- gracious, De. 3. 2; I 3. 3; Ju. 2. 22; :i Ch. 32. 31; Ps. 1 39-
246
HE ROCK IN THE TEMPLE-WHERE ABRAHAM IS SAID TO HAVE STARTED TO God's command, and here in later days David bnilt his alta:.: upon the threshing :floor
T SACRIFICE ISAAC. (GENESIS, xxii: 3.]-"And Abraham rose up early in the

morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac
his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the
place of wh\ch God h:<d to~d h\m." This Rock in the Temple is now inclosed by the
of Araunah the Jebusite, where the angel of the pestilence stayed his hand. Here
stood the first temple in which Jehovah dwelt. It was at this place that God said,
"Here will I dwell, for I have desired it." And in the sacrificial victims which for
hundreds of years were offered on this spot, there was remembrance made of the promise
of a nobler sacrifice which could alone nrocure the remission of sins.
~-•'Moaq_ue of Omar. It 1s cla11ned that upon this rock Abraham prepared to slay his son at
~~;}
.Abraham commanded to offer Isaac.
. GENESIS XXII . Isaac's death divinely prevented.
A.M. 2132. B.C. 1872.
B , And Abraham drose up early 4 in the A.M. 2132, B.C. 1872,
thou hast not withheld thy son, thine onlv son
morning, and saddled his ass, and took-two of d ch. Ps. n9. 21. 14- P Is.30 21;Yer.8. Ps.
Sg.19,20. 1 Pe.1.19. Pr,
from me. " '
his young men with him, and Isaac his son, 6o.Ec.9.10.He.r1.19, s. 23,31. Ps.40-6-8. )e.
30.21. 13 And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and
and clave the wood for the burnt-offering, and the4 The early rising,
saddimg- of the q Ex. 17. .r.5- Ju.6.24- looked, and, behold, Pbehind him a ram caught
rose up, and •went unto the place of which God ass and cit:avut)t the
wood, andcontmuin~
Eze.4K35.
in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went
had told him. · three days on th<c
journey, are remark-
able instances of the
'lThatis,tluLORD and took the ram, and offered him up for a
wiil see or provide,
4 Then on the 1third day Abraham lifted up deliberate
of Abraham.-C.
obedience
i.~~1~,' :J~ ~:~:ti burnt-offoring in the stead of his son.
Le seen, or the Lo RD
his e_ves, and saw the place afar off. will provide. He
was seen m covenant
14 And Abraham qcalled the name of that
5 And Abraham said unto his young men, 34-ever. De.
2. Mar. ro.28-
µ. Jn.8.29. 12. whom he provided a place J ehovah-jireh:
mercy to Isaac, fur 7
as it is said to this day,
substitute.-C. •
Abide 9 ye here with the ass; and I and the He.5.8.Phi.2.8. 'In the mount of the LoRD it shall be seen.
lad will go yonder and worship, and come again fEx.19.:n,:r5. Le.7. r De. 32.36. Ps.135.
14-Jn.1.14- 1 Ti.3.16. 15 1 And the angel of the LoRD called unto
17. Nu. .19.12,19; 31.19.
to you.5 2 Ki.20.5.Ho.6.2.1 Co.
15.4- s Ps.105.9. Lu.1.73.
Abraham out of heaven the second time,
He. 6. 13,14- Ro.4-13-
6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt- ,7. 16 And said, •By myself have I sworn, saith
offering, and h}aid it upon Isaac his son; and u.19.
g- Mat.9.16.He.:12.1;
the Lord; for because thou hast done this thing,
he took the fire in his hand, and a knife: and and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son;
S Abraham told no
they went both of them together. untruth in promk.ing
that he and Isaac
u Poweroverthem,
ch.24,6o.De.21.19. Ps.
17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in
7 And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, accounted
would return, as 'he 2.8,9.Da.2.44,45 . .1 Co. multiplying tJ will multiply thy seed as the
that God 15.57.
was able to raise him
and said, My father. And he said, Here am :h~n~~e ~i:idh:r~: stars of the heaven, and as the sand which i8
I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and ure.•
ceived him in a fig-
He.:u.19.-C.
8 Every term most
expressive of an in- upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess
calculable multitude
the wood; but where is the lamb 6 for a burnt- appears appropriat- "the gate of his ·enemies :8
ed lo the race saved
offering? h Is. 53. 6. Jn.19.:r7.
Lu.24.26,27. Pe.2.24; 1
in union with Abra-
ham, through the vir- 18 Andz in thy seed shall all the nations of
3.18.2Co.5.21, tue of the one Seed.
8 And Abraham said, My son, 'God will pro- Thus they were to the ea~th be blessed; because thou hast obeyed
be as the panicles of
vide himself a lamb for a burnt-offering: so I Or,.tid, Rlobe, ch. 13. 16; and my vmce.
dust covering the
here, as the stars in
they went both of them together. i2Ch.25,9, ch.18.
the firmament, and
the sand on the coasts
19 So Abraham returned unto his young
9 And they came to the "place which God 14,.Mat.1:g.26. orrivers.-Davzdson. men; and they rose up and went together to
of the octans, lakes,
had told him of; and Abraham built an altar k ver.:1-4- Mat. xxi. vBeersheba: and Abraham dwelt at Beersheba.
there, and laid the wood in order, and bound xxvi.xxvii. 20 , And it came to pass after these things,
Isaac his son, and 'laid him on the altar upon l Ja.2.21:-23- He. u. that it was •told Abraham, saying, Behold,
17-19- ls. 53- 4-6, IO,
the wood. Mat.8.20;xxvi.xxvii. 2
Co.5.21. Ga.3.13- Phi.
y See ch.21.31. Jos.
15-28.Ju.:io..1. aMilcah, she hath also born children unto thy
IO And Abraham stretched forth his hand, :J~\.~3,~·£·10;9,28. z Pr.25.25. brother N ahor;
and took the knife to slay his son. a ch.n.29;24-1:5,24- 21 Huzb his first-born, and Buz his brother,
11 , And the mangel of the LoRD called ,o.mch.:r6.7;2L17;ver. l, Job1.t;J:i!.2. and Kemuel the father of cAram,
unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, n He. :rt. :r9. 2Co.8. 22 And Chesed, and Hazo, and Pildash, and
Abraham! And he said, Here am I. <.::0.10.1:3-Job 5.19.
1:2.:i
d ch.24-15,24;28.5. Jidlaph, and dBethuel.
12 And he said, "Lay not thine hand upon e ch.24-:r5,24,67.Ro.
g.10.
23 And Bethuel begat •Rebekah: these eight
the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: /Half-wife, ch. 16.
Milcah did bear to Nahor, Abraham's brother.
for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing
0 3.with2,s.6.
24 And his f concubine, whose name was
23, 24; I Co. ro. 13; Ex. 15. 25; r6. 4; Ja. r. 12; r Sa. Ver. 12. After lying under a sentence of death three dition, between wives and harlots; a kind of half-wives,
3- 4, 6. By this command God tried the faith of Abra- days, Isaac was released by the orders of Heaven, as a sharing in bed and board, but not in the government
ham with respect to his believing that in Isaac his seed figure of Christ's resurrection on the third day, I Co. of the family, ch. 25. I, 6; 30. 4; 35. 22; Ju. 19. I; I Ki.
slwuld be called; and that through the death of the 15. 3, 4; Mat. 16. 21; 17. 23; 20. 19; Lu. 13. 32. I I. 3; I Ch. 1. 32. They served under the lawful wives,
Messiah he and other believers should obtain everlast- Ver. I 3. This ram was directed hither by divine if alive, ch. r6. 6, 7; 32. 22; and their children had no
ing salvation ; and tried his obedience in the most providence, as a figure of Christ appointed of God, and title to the inheritance, ch. 2 5. 5, 6.
tender point that could be conceived-his deliberate engaged to make atonement for our sins, r Pe. 1. 19; REFLECTIONS.-How necessary to count the
slaying of his darling, his only son by his wife, his only Job 33. 24- cost when we enter upon a religious life ! for who knows
son now left in his own house, ch. 21. r, 12, 14- Ver. 14- In .the extremities of distress God interpos- how many and how great our trials in it may be, since
Ver. 2. [Moriah signifies ' the vision' or 'manifesta- eth as an helper and deliverer, De. 32. 36; Mi. 4- 10; trials are increased in proportion to men's faith and
tion of Jehovah.' The name is here given to 'the Mat. 15. 32. And on Mount Moriah in the temple spiritual comfort. Those trials are most afflicting to
land' on one of whose mountains the sacrifice was to God was long manifested in the symbols of his presence, the believer which not only fly in the face of natural
be offered up; it is also given to the mountain on which 2 Ch. 3- 1; Ps. 76. 2; and there Jesus often appeared affection, or of outward honour and pleasure, but even
the temple was built. The common belief is that these while in the flesh, Hag, 2. 7; Jn. ii. v. vii.-x. threaten to frustrate the promises of God; yet thrice
two places were identical, and we see no reason to Ver. 16-18. He. 6. 13-18, 'When God made pro- happy are they who, under the sorest trials, heartily
doubt or question it. Mount Moriah is an oblong- mise to Abraham, because he could swear by no greater, acquiesce in the will of God, and firmly cleave to his
shaped hill, or rather point of a ridge, having the deep he sware by himself, saying, Surely blessing I will bless promise, who, though he slay them, yet will still trust
glen of the Tyropreon on the west, and the Kidron on thee, &c.-an oath for confirmation is an end of all in him ! For often when the nights of trial are at the
the east. The glens unite at the foot of the hill on the strife; wherein God, willing more abundantly to show very darkest, the Lord steps in, compasseth them about
south. The elevation of the summit above the bottom unto the heirs of promise the immutability of his coun- with songs of deliverance, and blesseth with all spiritual
of the glens is about 350 feet. Moriah is now crowned sel, confirmed it by an oath, that by two immutable blessings in Christ Jesus. But while I admire the faith
by the Great Mosque. and is one 'of the most venerated things, his word and oath, in which it is impossible for and obedience of Abraham, and the cheer.ul submission
sanctuaries of the Mohammedans. P.] God to lie, we might have a strong consolation.' The of Isaac-while I place these bright examples before
Ver. 5. He firmly believed that God would restore promises here solemnly confirmed by oath almost me--my faith directs me to more glorious objects, let
his son to life from the ashes into which he expected wholly related to his Hebrew and his spiri•.ual seed, me with astonishment think of JEHOVAH bringing his
he would be burned, and cause him to come back with ch. 21. 12. To possess the gates o.f their enemies, is to only begotte::i Son into this world, permitting him to
him, He. Ir. 19. obtain their country, or have dominion over them, and be laid on the altar, and through his sacrifice forgiv-
Ver. 6. As Isaac bore the wood, so Christ bore our rule among them, ch. 24. 6o; De. 21. 19; 22. 24; 25. 7. ing our sins! Let me behold Jesus caught, season-
sins and his cross, the cause and means of his suffering, The Jews had temporal dominion over their enemies ably caught, in the thickets of men's wilful transgres-
Is. 53. 6; 1 Pe. 2. 24; Jn. 19. 17; and so we ought to in the time of Joshua, David, &c., Jos. vi.-xix.; 2 Sa. sions of his own com passion, and of our transgressions
bear our cross, Lu. 14 27. viii. x. And Christ and his people have a spiritual resting on him, and borne in our stead! Letme listen
Ver. 9. Isaac, though able to resist, yielded up him- dominion over theirs, Ps. 2. 8, 9; 22. 27-30; Da. 4- 34, to the new testament in his blood, in which JEHOVAH
self, as typicaJ of Christ's voluntary oblation of himself 35; Col. 2. 15; I Co. 15. 25, 57; Ro. 8. 37. swears that men shall be blessed in him, and all nations
for us, Phi. 2. 8.; Ep. 5. 2; Ac. 8. 32. Ver. 24. Concubines were women of a middle con- shall call him blessed
248
6 7 8 37
T~
THE LAND OF J
D ii D
CANAAN.
~,µ,
English Stat, Miles

;;-o--fi10~~20073100----:4fco1 550
E
E
VJ
f-.t
<(
~ ss
~
0
F
lq F
~
f..,
IJ.t
\,. $1
)
~}
·,
G
; (
}
Rehaboth0
\ IJ.1
·-
IJ.1
_a,_
34 6 IJ.6 7 8 37
I
l
The death of Sarah.
ReUIUah, she bare also Tebah, and Gaham, and
Thahash, and Maachah.
GENESIS XXIV.
A. M. 2144,. B. C. 186o.
CHAP. xxm.
a Sarah is the only
A.M. 2144. B.C. t86o.
I 2 Sa.::!4.24- Phi.4-8.
Col. 4.5. He.13.5. Ro.
13.8.Ac.20.35-
Abrariam purchases Machpela//,.
ence of the petlple of the land, saying, But if
thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me: 11 will
give thee money for the field; take it of me, and
CHAPTER XXIII. woman whose :,.ge 1s
recordcdmScriµture,
6 i. e, forty-five
lings and ~ixpence, I will bury my dead there.
pounds twelve shil-
1 The age and dea(h of Sarah. 3 The purchase of Machpelah, 19 ch. 17. 17 ;15. i:5;2,5.8.
l:A. 30, 15. E.z:t.4').22.
1Dhert Sarah wa1 buried. b ch.13-18.Nu.13.20.
Jos,14.14,15-
[.'.\ow equal
;j.LJout £00 British
to 14 And Ephron answered Abraham, saying
A~D Sarah was "an hundred and seven and 2Sa.c ch.50.20. De.34.8.
lUolley.-C.J
unto him,
Jl_ twenty years old: the8e were the years of Je.22,:r8.
1.12,17. Jn.11.35. 6 Silver in thin
plates, and rolled up 15 My lord, hearken unto me: The land is
hke paper, and that
may Le easily unro1l• worth four hundred shekels of silver ;5 what is
~he life of Sarah. , rl Le.25.23. 1 Ch.29.
15.Ps.39.12;.ft9.i9;105. ed and cut mto any
small uncoined in- that betwixt me and thee? bury therefore thy
wtight, and also m
2 And Sarah died in °Kirjath-arba; the same 12,13.He.u.13-16,
17,8. Pe.2.u:.
ch.
.1
gots, is still used in
is Hebron in the land of Canaan: and Abraham 6.3.Jobe ch. 3.19. Ec,12.5,7; many parts of Asia. dead.
30.23. -C.
came to <mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her. Heb. a prince (?/ 8
m Mat. 7. 12. Ro. 13.
8.Phi. .4.8. r Th.4-6.
16 And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron;
3 ~i And Abraham stood up from before his Jn.3.1,2.
God, ch.21.22. ls.45. 14-
1 n ch.49.32;50.13;25.
and Abraham weighed 6 to Ephron the silver,
dead, and spake unto the sons of Heth, saying, 16.4.1
fch. 18.2: 19.r. 2 Sa.
9.Ac.7,16.ver.20.
which he had named in the audience of the
Pe.3.8. Pr.18.24. o Je. 32. 7, 9. ver.20.
4 I am a dstranger and a sojourner with you: Ro,12.17,18.He.12.14. P5.II2.5.Ep.5.15.Mat. sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver,
10.10.Col.4.5.
give me a possession of a burying-place with rivedMachj)dah, if de-
from the He-
9
p Ru. 4- ch.
I. 34-20.
mcurrent money with the merchant.
brew ,signifies double,
you, that I may •bury my dead out of my sight. soand may have been
called from one
Je.32.12,
17 And nthe field of Ephron, which was in
5 And the children of Heth answered Abra- cave being situated
within, or be.ide an-
q ch.3.19. Ec.12.5,7;
6.3.Job 30.23- Machpelah, which was before Mamre, the field,
other. If derived from
ham, saying unto him, the Arabic, itsignifie,;; r ch. 25. 9; 49, 31,32; and the cave which was therein, and all the
shut or walled. up, as 50.5,13,24,25.
6 Hear us, my lord: Thou art a mighty iscountries,
common m eastern
to prevent
trees that were in the field, that were in all the
prince 8 among us; in the choice of our sepul- thieves from har•
houring in them, or
to protect them from CHAP. XXIV.
borders round about, were 0 made sure
chres bury thy dead: none of us shall withhold violation.-C. B.C. 1857. 18 Unto Abraham for a possession, in the
a Abraham was
from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest money, now an hundred and presence of the children of Heth, before J>all
1 Heb. full ef
Ro.13.8;12.17.
forty years old, and
Isaac forty, ch. 21. 5; that went in at the gate of his city. ·
burv thy dead. -C.
2 And Ephron sat. 25.20.
7° And Abraham stood up, and 1 bowed him- s Cities with walls 7
days.
Heb. rone into 19 -,r And after this, Abraham •buried Sarah
self to the people of the land, even to the chil- fmd :n. his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah,
,ratu indicate
the m:1ghbourhood of b ch.12. Pr.
2. IO,
1Ti.4-B.Mat.6.33-
dren of Heth. warlike or predatory
tribes, and the ph_rase
-all that went in al cch.15.2.
before Mamre: the same i8 Hebron in the land
8 And he communed with them, saying, If the d ch.21.23; 26.31; 31, of Canaan.
gate--seems to in-
timate the exclusion
it be your mind that I should bury my dead ofgerous strangers as dan-
to peace or
!ti~~;~~~~~IIc[.t~;: 20 And the field, and the cave that is there-
property.-,.Yote, Let De. 6. 13; 10.20. ls. ,45.
out of my sight, hear me, and entreat for me us pray for the bless- 23;65.16.Je.12.16.
in, were made sure unto -Abraham '"for a pos-
2/1~~~- 3~.il'. is~~: session of a burying-place by th~ sons of Heth.
~111t~~~;:,n~hi::~r~f. 3
to Ephron the son of Zahar, vation will God ap-
point for walls and 3- See ch.6.2.
9 That he may give me the cave of Mach- e. bulwarks,· Is. 26. :i.-
8 Abraham's care CHAPTER XXIV.
pelah,9 which he hath, which is in the end of his ch.24-10.
Mat,9.1. Lu.2.3,4-ff
about the marriage of
haac, suggests an 1 Abraham aweareth hia ,ervant. 10 The ,ervant'• journey: 12
important parental
field; for as much money 1 as it is worth he h Sa. 24- Is. 2 21-24-
duty. The rich Ca-
naanites that dwelt
Hia prayer and sign. 15 Rebekah meeteth him, and fulfilleth hia
sign, 22 receivethjcwel,, 23 showet,h her kindi·ed. 25 and inviteth him
shall give it me, for a possession of a burying- 32.8. around him, and who
:~~~th~~a;ins[':~fi~;
home. 26 The servant ble,sseth God. 29 Laban entertaineth him.
4-Thereadypresent 34 The •er11ant showeth his me,s,age. 50 Laban and Bethuel appruve
place among you. which Ephron makes
of hi,;; field, with the
connection amf influ.
ence, he utterly re- of it. 58 Rebekah consenteth to go. 62 Isaac meeteth her, and
· 10 And Ephron dwelt 2 among the children taining
uncertainty of ob-
it expressed
jects; and directs his
attention to a distant
bi-ingeth her home.
of Heth. And Ephron the Hittite answered by isAbraham in ver.
to be explained
13,
land, and a family
comparatively poor.
Education and prin-
AND Abraham was "old, and well 7stricken
by custom still pre-
Abraham in the audience of the children of eastern countries,and
vailing in several
a
ciple, not riches and
power, were the 11. in age: and the LoRD had 0blessed Abra-
Heth, even of all that went in &t the gate 3 of even in some pro-
vinces of Spain, of ~~o~~i;h~r:n s';~~~~ ham in all things.
offering as a gift his son's domestic
hisu city, saying, whatever stranger
praises, or seems rle-
a happiness and pros-
perity. The language
2 And Abraham said unto his 0eldest servant
of Laban, ver.31, and
11 Nay, my lord, hear me: The field "give 4 ~br~ha~ ~Jjj~~~fy 0
of both Laban and
Bethuel. ver.50, 51, in
of his house, that ruled over all that he had,
understood the offer-
I thee, and the cave that i8 therein, I give it edplimentary
g-iflas a mere com-
mode of
which they ascribe Put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh;
~~~nt~u!~nfiie foR~\
thee; 'in the presence of the sons of my people expression, without
but above all their 3 And I will make thee dswear by the LORD,
~~~ ~ffe~~h~~~a
0
thit parting blessing- in
give I it thee: bury thy dead. be accepted.-C. the name of the
LORD, ver. 6o, ex-
the God of heaven, and the God of the earth,
hibit the quality of
12 And Abraham kbowed down himself before that religious system
under which Re-
•that thou shalt not take a wife unto my son of
the people of the land. bekah was nurtured,
and the grounds of
the daughters of the Canaanites,8 among whom
k ch. 18.2;19.1. See the choice that Abra-
13 And he spake unto Ephron, in the audi- ver.7. ham made.-C. I dwell:
CHAPTER XXIII. Ver. 3-20. Abraham wanted one of the holiest shrines of Mohammedanism, and stranger and sojourner in this world. Let me so be-
to purchase a !Jurying-place in Canaan, and to have consequently neither Jew nor Christian is permitted have as to make my friendship valued and sought for
the claims thereto ascertained, that he and his nearest to enter it. The Prince of Wales was admitted within by all around me. Never let Hittites or other heathens
relations might have their dust laid there apart from the walls, but was informed that the entrance to the outstrip me in humanity or kindness, but let good man-
the heathen natives; and might have it as a pledge and cave had long been walled up, and that no person can ners, civility, modesty, and the strictest regard to equity,
earnest to confirm their faith in God's promise of their now gain admission. P.] adorn my profession, and mingle themselves with all
possession of the whole country in his due time, ch. 25. REFLECT! ON S. -Ponder, my soul, how the clouds my behaviour. Let me carefully avoid being a burden
9; 47. 29, 30; 49. 31; 50. 13,24,25.--[Ver. 10. In an- of trouble return after the rain; how death parts the to my neighbours, or being too much indebted for
cient times the gate of a town or village was the place nearest and most affectionate relatives ! The marriage favours to carnal men; and though I be heir of the
where the elders or judges sat, ,\·here cases were heard state is but the forerunner of death and sorrow; it is world through the righteousness of faith, let me be
and a.djudicated, and where all matters "ffecting the but a porch of entrance into eternity! Tears and grief content with little of it now, and rejoice that the Ca-
public welfare were discussed, Ge. 34. 20; De. 16. 18; are the tribute which we owe to our departed friends. naan above, where neither death, nor famine, nor war
Ru. 4 I. At the present day in many of the outlying But if they and we be Christ's, let us not 'mourn as ever enter, is my inheritance! If my flesh rest in hope,
villages of Palestine, where primitive customs are still those that have no hope.' 'Blessed are the dead who it is enough if I am allowed a grave on earth.
kept up, I have seen the elders sitting in the gates con• die in the Lord'-they are not lost, but gone before us.
ducting public business.--Ver. 19. Machpelah still How death changes the comely countenance, and makes CHAPTER XXIV. Ver. 2. This form of swear-
~xists, encompassed by a high and massive wall, which the dearest body loathsome! Let the death of others ing might import the subjection of Eliezer the servant,
must have been built before the Christian era. It is always remin<l me of my own; and let me live as a and that the Messiah should proceed from his master·s
249
--~
..::'t',
,,, .
1. .
.,), . .
( i.
HE OAK OF MAMRE; ABRAHAM'S OAK-WHERE ABRAHAM is very charming. This oak of Abraham was revered as far back as the
T PITCHED HIS TENT AND BUILT AN ALTAR. [GENESIS, xxiii :

20.]-Abraham lived in Hebron, and buried there Sarah, his wife,
in the cave of the field of Machpelah, before Mamre. The garden
in which this oak stands belongs to the missions, who have here
16th century and is undoubtedly of great age. It is a fine old evergreen
tree measuring 26 feet in girt, while its thick branches extend over an
area 96 feet in diameter. The location is near the head of Wady Sebta,
and there is a fine old well of sweet water just behind it. The Jews ol
built a hospital for pilgrims. The drive to the famous oak, through Hebron hold picnics here, upon the s9ft grass that is allowed to groW
the beautiful and extensive vineyards lying north and west of Hebron. beneath this old oak of Father Abraham.
Abraham sendeth f,o seek a wife for Isaae. GENESIS XXIV. His servant's interview with Rebekah.
A.M. 21-47. B.C. 1857.
4 But thou shalt go unto my country, and to A.M. 2147. B.C. 1:857.
17 And the servant ran to meet her, and said,
my kindred, and take a wife unto my son Isaac. EL20.7.Ec.5,2;9.2.
f]e. Pr. o ·water was of
4, 2. IJ. I6, Let me, I pray thee, drink a little water5 of thy
rr;a~ovu~~rie~ ~~~~~
1
5 And the servant said unto him, Peradven- g-He.n.9.ch.12.1-7; 35.6,7;41.17 xxvi. Is. 21.14; 30. 25; pitcher.
.x8;-49.10.
ture the woman will not be willing to follow 13,15;15.18-26.4- x Lu.2.x9,51. 2Sa.7.
xB---20.Ps.34.1--0; u6.1-
18 And she said, Drink, my lord: and she
roe unto this land: must I needs bring thy son Ps.34.7;
h Ex.23.20.He.1.14.
32.0;73.24. Pr.
7;107.1,8,15,,43, hasted, and let down her pitcher upon her hand,
Or,je-wel for tlte 6
again unto the land from whenc&thou earnest? 3.5,6. foreluad, Pe.3.4.Ex.
32.2,3.h.3.21.
r and gave him drink.
£Jos.2.17.
6 And Abraham said unto him, Beware thou £18, ss. The
7 19 And when she had done giving him drink,
k To Mesopotamia weight of the orna-
that thou bring not my s_on thither again. north-east of Canaan
whence I came, Ac. bekah appears extra•
put upon Re- mtnt~
she said, I will draw water for thy camels also,
ordmary. But Char-
7 The LoRD God of heaven, which gtook me 7,2. ver.4--6. dm a!>!>Ures us that
throughout all Asia
until they have done drinking.
from my father's house, and fi:om the land of tributed the earth in- and bracelets of as
9 God, who has dis- the women wear rings
20 And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher
to different climates, great weight, and
roy kindred, and which spake unto me, and h.i.::. given to every even heavier. Some-
one animals and times the arm is cov-
into the trough, and ran again unto the well to
that sware unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will plants suited to its ered with them from
peculiarities. The the wrist to the draw water, and drew for all his camels.
camel has, accord- elbow. The poor
I give this land; he hshall send his angel before ingly, been denomi- people wear as many
nated the ship of tlte of glass or horn.
21 And the man, zwondering at her, held his
thee, and thou shalt take a wife unto my son IUsert. It moves with They hardly ever
great speed, carries a take them off, they peace, to wit whether the LoRD had made his
heavy burden, drinks are their riches.-
from thence. a~ much water at a Harmer. See ver.
drauifht as wi!l sup- 30.
journey prosperous or not.
8 And if the woman will not be willing to days,ply 1t for several
and is so docile y ch.n.29; 20 23. 22. 1
22 ~r And it came to pass, as the camels had
that it wi;J kneel ver.x5.
follow thee, then thou shalt be iclear from this unladen,
down to be laden or z ver.,48,52.Ex..4.,:11;
or to rest.- 12.27;34 8.1 Ch.29.20.2
done drinking, that the man took a golden ear-
my oath: only bring not my son thither again.k C. Ch.20.18;29.30. Ps.22.
29;72. 9;66.4;95.6. Mi.6. ring6 of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets
Hebrew Aram- 6.Phi.2.11.
9 And the servant put his hand under the Naharaim, 'Aram a ch.9.26; 1
Ps. I4- 20.
for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold,7
of the two rivers.' 68.19;72.18,x9.1 Ch.29.
thigh of Abraham his master, and sware to him rendering
Mesopotamia, the 10-13. Ep.l. 3· l Ti. I.
of the Seµ- ,,.
23 And said, Whose daughter art thou? tell
concerning that matter. . tuagint and Vulgate
Versions. has unfor- There is often a 8 me, I pray thee. Is there room in thy father's
10 ~r And the servant took ten camels,9 of the -P.
tunately been adopt- remarkable simi-
ed by our translators. larity between the
characters of master
house for us to lodge in?
camels of his master, and departed; (for all the l Haran, Ge. 31; vant insensibly, or by
and servant; the ser-
II,
24 And she said unto him, I am the 11daughter
direct imitation, im-
goods of his master were in his hand;) and he 29.:1,4- bibing a portion of
the master's spirit,
of Bethuel the son of Milcah, which she bare
1 m To rest them- sentiments, and man-
arose, and went to Mesopotamia,1 unto the city selves,Pr.12.10.Ge.33.
13,14
ner. The conduct of unto Nabor.
Abraham's servant
of Nabor. · well illustrates and
Women go out to confirms this obser-
2
25 She said moreover unto him, We have
11 And he made his camels to mkneel down draw water. In most vation. His diligent
countries there are application to busi- both straw and provender enough, and rooin to
certain kinds of la-
bour appropriated by !dl• a':i~~e~~• ~• tf~
without the city by a well of water, at the time common lodge in.
•consent, conduct of Abraham,
of the evening, even the time that women go some to men, others ch. 5, while his
to women. In Meso- piety in the 12, 27, 42,
22.
26 And the man •bowed down his head, and
2 potamia and most 48, and 52 verses of
out to draw water. eastern countries this chapter, beauti-
generally, it seems fully corresponds to
worshipped the LoRD.
12 1 And he said, 0 LoRD "God of my astheadrawing of water, the invariable prac-
domestic work, tice of Abraham in 27 And he said, aBlessed be the LoRD God
was the woman's building an altar,
master Abraham, I pray thee, •send me good wards part; while, as after- and calling on the
appears, the name of the LORD,
of my maste:r8 Abraham, who hath not left
speed this day, and show kindness unto my care of the flocks wherever Providence
was allotted to the ordered his lot.- destitute my master of his mercy and his truth:
laan.-C. Note, How common
master Abraham. is it to hear com- I being in the way, the LoRD led me to the
n ch.15.1;r7.7,8.Ex. plaints of unfaithful
13 Behold, Pl stand here by the well of 3.6.2Ki.2.14-Mat.7.7. serv;ints. Let those 0
house of my master's bbrethren.
water; and ·the daughters of the men of the "Ps IZJ- x. Th. 3. ;~~be~ tlif~8}~ithf~i
servant of Abraham
1
-the pious example
28 And the damsel ran, and told them of her
u.ch.27.i:o.
city qcome out to draw water: and instruction by
which, under grace,
mother's "house these things.
pver.7,43-Ps.37,5. his character was
14 And rlet it come to pass, that the damsel l..a.3.25.Pr.3.6. formed.-C. 29 1 And Rebekah had a brother, and his
to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I q Ex. :z. i:6, Ju. 5-u. Ex.2.u,13- b Kinsfolk, ch.Y3-B.
name was Laban: and Laban ran out unto the
i:Sa9.u:.
pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, c Tent, ver, 67; ch.
31. 33. The women man unto the well.
had tents separate
Drink; and I will give thy camels drink also: from the men. 30 And it came to pass, when he saw the
d ch.26.29. Ru.3-10.
let the same be she that thou hast appointed for The servant ap- Ps.u5.15-
S
ear-ring, and bracelets upon his sister's hands,
From the circum- 9
thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that pears to have been stance
and when he heard the words of Rebekah his
ei~h ~i:1Ysplri~p~~~ tioned,
0
ofthemothN's
house being men-
thou hast showed kindness unto my master. 3 faith of his master.
He looked to God ~h:te her cf~~t~~~uJ3f
ver. 28, some
sister, saying, Thus spake the man unto me,
15 1 And it came to pass, •before he had for guidance, and thuel, was dead, and
trusted in him alone that he came unto the man; and, behold, he
for success. It 1s a the person called
done speaking, that, behold, Rebekah came out, noblepeople of God in all ~i!~~~; b:~th~t·n:
lesson for the stood by the camels at the well.
possible; but the
who was born to Bethuel, son of Milcah, the ages.-P. mother's house might
be mentioned were
IS
31 And he said, Come in, thou dblessed of the
wife of Nahor, Abraham's brother, with her Da.9.23. sver. 45. Ju.6."16-40. even the father alive;
ls.58.9; 65.24. for in Asiatic coun- LoRD; wherefore standest thou without? 9 for I
tries the women have
pitcher upon her shoulder. Ps.145,i:8;34-15;65.2.
apartments entirely have prepared the house, and room for the camels.
t ch. 9. Ex. 2. 16. separate from those
16 And the damsel was very fait' to look Pr 31.27. 29,
of the men, in which
their little children 32 And the man came into the house: and
and grown-up daugh-
upon, a virgin, neither had any man ~known count.enance.Heb. go«/ of ters reside with them.
4
-f.
he1 ungirded his camels, and gave straw and
her: and she went down to the ·well, and filled 1 Laban. provender for the camels, and water 'to wash
her pitcher, and came up. e ch.xS.4; 19,2. Ti.
5.10.
l
his feet, and the men's feet that were with him.
loins, ch. 47. 29.-[The Hebrew zaken, like the Arabic shipped the true God, though they also served their or distrust, but as directed by the Spirit of God, Ju. 6.
slzezkh, though literally signifying 'old,' or 'old man,' idols, ver. 31, 50; ch. 31. 19, 30. 17, 37, 39; 7- 9-15; I Sa. 6. 7-9; 14 8-w; 20. 7; 12. 17;
had the ordinary conventional meaning 'chief,' which Ver. 5, 6. It was extreme! y proper that the servant Is. 7. 11-14; 38. 7, 8, 22; Ex. 4 2-9.
is manifestly its signification here. Probably this should know the full meaning of the oath before he Ver. 22. Jewels and other precious ornaments may
'chief slave' was Eliezer. P.] took it, Je. 4 2; Pr. 13. 16. God had ordered Abra- be worn by us,/rovided they be suited to our station
Ver. 3, 4 The Canaanites were mere heathens de- ham's departure from Mesopotamia; it was therefore and ability, an be not abused as occasions of pride;
voted to destruction, and so very improper to be matched improper that either he or his son should return thither, and providing we principally attend to the inward
with Isaac, ch. 26. 34, 35; 27. 46; Ex. 34 16; 2 Co. 6. where they would be tempted to a partial idolatry. adorning of our heart and life with true holiness, I Pe.
14, 15; but Abraham's friends in Mesopotamia wor• Ver. 14 This token he asked not from presumption 3• 4; I Ti. 2. 9, IO.
251
Lalian entertaineth Abraham's senant, GENESIS XXIV. who showeth his errand_
A.M. 2147. B.C. 1857,
33 And there was set meat before him to
A.M. 2.147. B.C. 1857.
Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bare unto
eat: but he said, 1 1 will not eat until I have /Ep.6.5-8. Pr.22.29.
1 Or,
him: and I put the ear-ring1 upon her face, and
nose-:fnvd,
ver. z2, an ornament
Lu.2i:.J6. 2 Ti.,4.2.Ec. still in common use
told mine errand. And he said, Speak on. 9,J:O. among young women the bracelets upon her hands.r
in many parts of the
34, And he said, I am Abraham's servant. 4 • Abraham had re- East. Chardm says
they are worn in the 48 And •I bowed down my head, and wor.
left nostril, which is
35 And the LoRD hath gblessed my master ~~:iinm~1~~~ifa~~il; bored low down in
the middle.
shipped the LORD, and blessed the LORD God
ofhahor,and wemav
greatly, and he is become great: and he hath suppo!>e they had also
heard of him; but
of my master Abraham, which had tled me in
r Typical of the
given him fl.ocks, and herds, and silver, and authenticated, and Eze.16.12.Ep.5-26.
now the report was church's ornaments, the right way, to take my master's brother's
the particulars ascer- ls.
gold, and men-servants, and maid-servants, and tained. The narra. 62.4,5.
t~ve is b~aut1(ully
daughter unto his son.
camels, and asses. simple; well smted
to recommend Isaac,
s See ver.26. 49 And now, if ye will deal kindly and truly
0 0
36 And Sarah, my master's wife, Abare a son ~~feci ofth eJ~~~n~hy~ t Ezr.8.21. Pr. 3. 5,6. with my master, tell me: and if not, tell me;
The senant s heart Ps.32.8;73-24;48.:14,
to my master when she was old: and unto him gaged was so deeply en-
in the busi- that I may turn to the "right hand, or to the left.
ness, that he could u Nu. 1:7; 16.
hath• he given all that he hath. not eat till he had De.2.27.
declared it.-ScoJt.
20. 22.
50 , Then Laban 2 and Bethuel answered and
37 And my master made me swear, saying, Laban is put first,
2 said, The thing proceedeth from the LORD: we
as his father seems to
Thouk shalt not take a wife to my son of the ch.r2.2; 11.2. Mat. !1naev:t
ff cannot speak unto thee zbad or good.
daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I joJg·:.rt:i~'
22.
!':. ~~i~ chieflyle~}totht1ii~a~i;
him. 51 Behold, Rebekah is before thee, take her,
dwell: I,. ch.17,l7jI8 10-14; it2:nru;in!~ f~t and go, and let her be thy master's son's wife,
2
21.1-7.
38 But thou shalt go unto my father's house, termination of God's as the LORD hath Yspoken.
acquiesce in the de-
providence.
and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my 52 And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's
son. ..t See ver.3-9, y Directed, ver. 15.
2Sa.16.IC,. servant heard their words, •he worshipped the
39 And I said unto my master, Peradventure 201ch.s.22;,,-,.,KL16 z See ver.26.Ps.u6.
LoRD, bowing liimse{f to the earth.
the woman will not follow me. .3-Ps. .s. · 1;34.1,2. 53 And the servant brought fotth jewels3 of
40 And he said unto me, The LORD, 'before ,.;:.~.";j.~'.'34-'_He. Heb. ve.rsels.
3
silver, and jewels of gold;' and raiment, and gave
whom I walk, will msend his}I,angelhwith thee, guilt • Freeand from the • 7nuefr. So named them to Rebekah: he gave also to her brother
and prosper thy way; and mou S alt take a violating it, De.29.>2. g~;~~e
curse of ';h~d jee::;
bemg at an carlr and to her mother aprecious things.
period (see EL 28.
wife for my son of my kindred, and of my II Or as the word m the polishing ;34;9.u,17, &c.)expert
and
54 And they did eat and drink, he and the
signifies, • from this
father's house: curse,' the guilt of cutting of precious men that were with him, and tarried all night:
violating the oath, stones, and forma-
the consequent tion of gold and silver
41 Then shalt thou be clear5 from this my and curse that must fol- ornaments, con- and they rose up in the morning; and he said,
low; an oath imply- tinued to be the
and bSend me away unto my master.
oath, when thou comest to my kindred; and if curse ing a sanction or chief artists
to follow on dealers in that de-
the violation of it, partment of trade;
they give not thee one, thou shalt be clear from whether it be ex- ~:!~ct~o;g!ni;~ru;t~ 55 And her brother and her mother said, Let
pressed or no.-/,
of their ingenuity, the damsel abide with us ca few days, at the
my oath.6 ver.31,50,51,6o.-C,
42 And I came this day unto the well, and Ps~;,.%~;:5~ · 8·"· a De.33.13. Ca.-4.13. least ten ; after that she shall go.
said, 0 LoRD God of my master Abraham, if •••,.,.1,,.. 2 Ch.2z.3-Ezr.1.6.
56 And he said unto them, Hinder me not,
now thou do "prosper my way which I go; !, ver.56,59.Pr.22.29. seeing the LoRD hath prospered my way; send
Ec.9.10.Ro.zo.n.
43 Behold,° I stand hy the well of water: and 1t.:t•3-2.,n,.,o. me away, that I may go to my master.
eOr,«fallyear,or
it shall come to pass, that when the virgin cometh 'Markedou~ ten months, ch. 4- 3.
l..e.25--29,1Sa.L3-
5 7 And they said, We will call the damsel,
forth to draw water, and I say to her, Give me, 9Ro.8.2".1Sa.,.,.... and inquire at her mouth. 5
Consent being
5
I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher to drink; ~Zt;!:~!t';J: 1sss. necessary riage.
to mar- 58 And they called Rebekah, and said unto
44 And she say to me, PBoth drink thou, and 8That is to say, e: While Abraham her,6 Wilt thou go with this man? And she
I will also draw for thy camels: let the same be
7
~t}~l::.:)~~1; pays a Just attention said, I will go.
~l:f;ti~~oan)~ia~:
the woman whom the LORD hath appointed out Godinsccrec-I. Laban the brother of 59 And they sent away Rebekah their sister,
Rebekah,speakingin
for my master's SOll. 9BetwecnOnaand her father Bethuel's and her nurse, <land Abraham's servant, and his
45 And before I had done speaking gin mine ~;;.,;:;e ~:1\,. wi~~ ;~e,t~arhsea led~:;;
of his sister. She is men.
which the young openly consulted, and
heart, behold, Rebekah came forth with her h:~in~ ~\?:g~:.ig~; C.
8 0 she freely consents.- 60 And they •blessed Rebekah, and said unto
pitcher on her shoulder; and she went down c~:~: ~~~•• -r~,i~:
mans, who were wan- d Deborah, ch.35.8.
her, Thou art our sister; 1 be thou the mother of
UlltO the well, and drew water: and I said unto !•:i:fe.l.";t;,~•.r•s,:: 1Tb.a.7. . 0
thousands of millions, and let thy seed possess
her, Let me drink, I pray thee. ~~t~C:i°nthem7ethaec; e ch.14-19.Ru.4.10. the gate7 of those which hate them.
46 And she made haste, and let down her ~~inih~~d lik~!i!~
watered our horses. 1=,e.25--.¢.
/ch.22.17. Dc.2t.J:9. 61 And Rebekah arose, and her damsels, and
pitcher from her shoulder, and said, Drink; and t~:~•';i,c~!t'~.h~~ 1 Be conquerol'S of they rode upon the camels, and followed the man:
I W1"}} g1ve
. t h Y Came}S dr"lllk a1SO: SO I dran k , itother parts, but here
appeaced panicu- and rulers over them, and the servant took Rebekah, and went his way.
and she 1nade the camels drink also. 9

~;=i~t;,::;~i~:~~ ch.2:2.17.
62, And Isaac came from the way of the gwell
47 And I asked her' and said ' Whose daugh- :ily we' .l'~~~.e1,ft~: h Or, lo fray. Ps. Lahai-roi: for he dwelt in the south country.
0
obhgmg to tra-
ter art thou? And she said, The daughter of vellm.-Nubuhr, 1.2;104-34;139,17,18. 63 And Isaac went out hto meditate in· the
Ver. 27. God manifested his mercy to Abraham in happiness of multitudes may depend, should be formed to the glory of God, and a dependence on his direction,
promising him all manner of blessings; and his truth in with remarkable and religious attention; for an uncon- than all the wanton dalliances or false and fulsome
performing these promises, as on the present occasion, verted partner in life often proves a dreadful and a flattery in the world ! In religious courtship plain•
ch. 32. 10; Mi. 7. 20. dangerous snare. Happy the families which have dealing is the best wooing; and they who are most
REFLECTIONS.-\Vhat a mercy it is to have at praying and pious members! In difficult cases it is humble, kind, and industrious in the house of their
once a good servant, a good son, and a gracious God ! best to begin with prayer if we wish to succeed. And father, are likely to prove most amiable and useful in
A noble foundation these for truly happy success in our it manifests no small prudence to look for and follow the house of their husband. In children's marriages
llesigns ! In weighty cases it may be proper to inter- the direction of God's providence; for the Lord kindly parents ought to advise, but not to constrain. It is useful
pose an oath, but that carefully explained, solemnly answers the prayers of faith when put up in behalf of to commemorate past mercies to encourage us in a pre·
administered, and judiciously taken. The marriages his dear favourites. In order to obtain a truly happy sent dependence on God's care and kindness for future
of true believers, on which the temporal and eternal marriage, how much more efficacious are a single regard ones: and the more mercies we ,eceive, the more we
252
J,[eetin[J' of Isaac and Rebekah. GENESIS XXV. The generations of Ishmael.
field at the eventide; and he lifted up his eyes, A.M. 2148. B.C. 1856. A.M.2183. B.C.18::n.
I
10 The field which Abraham purchased of
,/ch.,,'' ' 4'" "'
i Ju.1.14.Jos.15.18.
and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming. kDenoting- mo-
the sons of Heth: there was Abraham buried,
desty, r Co.u.5,6. l ch.16.14;24-62.
64 And Rebekah lifted up her eyes; and l Typical of the m ch. 16. 10-12; 1;. and Sarah his wife.
calling of the Gen- tCh.~.29--31.
20;21.13.
when she saw Isaac, ;she lighted off the camel. tiles mto the church See Introduction. 11 1 And it came to pass after the death of
of God, Is.5.i.1-5. Ro. n ls.6o.7; 42.11. Ps.
65 For she had said unto the servant, What 1r.u,15. (The tents 120.5.
or apartments of the
Abraham, that God kblessed his son Isaac: and
wives in the East are o ls.21.16, 1
man is this that walketh in the field to meet us? separated from those p Or, Hadad, Ch. Isaac dwelt by the well Lahai-roi.
I
of the hu~Dand. Sarah z:.30.
And the servant had said, It is my master: being dead, her tent
wa~ appropriated to q Job6.19.z:Ch.5.19. 12 ~f Now these are mthe generations of Ish-
r ch.1;.20.
therefore kshe took a veil, and covered herself. the use of Rebekah.
-IJ"ail.) 1;23.
2
mael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyp-
66 And the servant told Isaac all things that .r ch.15.15;ver.8.
The juncti:in of
3
tian, Sarah's handmaid, bare unto Abraham.
he harl done. CHAP. XXV.
B.C. 1853.
Ishmael with Isaac
in the Luria! of Abra- 13 And these are the names of the sons of
ham, shows that they
67 And Isaac brought her 1.nto his mother a ch.23-1. Ch.1.,32, must have lived not Ishmael, by their names, according to their gene-
I
33- very far from each
other, and in a con- rations: The first-born of Ishmael, "Nabajoth;
Sarah's tent, and took Rebekah, and she became siderable degree of
c ch.36.25,35; 37.28. intimacy. Hence we
his wife; and he loved her: and Isaac was com- ~il:22.4;31.2,8. Ju. vi.-
~~:s~~~biewi~~ob;biI
and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam,
footed after his mother's death. - d 2Sa. 9. Ps. 83. 6.
Eze.27.6.
2.
ity, that Abraham
and Isaac must have
14 And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa, 0
exercised consider•
Is.6o.6. See Intro- able influence over 15 Hadar,P and qTema, J etur, N aphish, and
CHAPTER XXY. e
duction. the religious opinions
Typical of God's mael. This idea is Kedemah.
and character of Ish-
1 The ,on8 of Abraham by Keturah. 5 The division of his good,. f
7 Hi,s age, death, and burial. 12 The generations of Ishmael. 17 His ~S·~~il C~1.~~~;~Jn\~ further
1 strengthened
by the fact that when 16 These are the sons of Ishmael, and these
age, and death. 21J.,aac prayeth for Rebekah, being barren. 22 The 35;17.2. Mat.u.z;; 28. Esau perceived that
18.Ps.68.18. Isaac was displeased are their names, by their towns, and by their
ehildren strii•e in her womb. 24 The birth of Esau and Jacob.
'O Their difference. 29 Esau selleth hi,s birth,•ight. 7 That is, all that with his Hittite wives,
he had at hfr death ell. 28. 8, he went to castles; rtwelve princes according to their na-
he bequeathed to· hhmael and married
Isaac ; his other sons one of his daughters,
THEN
name
aagain Abraham took'a wife, and her
Keturah.
was
And she bare him hZimran, and Jokshan,
2
he had pre,·iously with the expectation tions.
sent, with sufficient of her being more ac-
means, to the coun- ceptable; what, from
tries eastward of Ca- his knowledge of her
naan. A wise prm·i- father, he could not
17 And these are the years2 of the life of
sion to guard against reasonably have ex- Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years:
pected upon any
and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and
O tgreater,
er~1i~h~s as!~:fn~i~h!
0
well as
n;1i~sd ci::a~~!r r~f and he gave up the ghost and died, and was
Ishmael's family. Ac-
Shuah. ,. indolent neglect apt cordingly, we inter- •gathered unto his people.
against that spirit of
pret the phrase-was
3
3 And Jokshan begat Sheba and Dedan. ~~P~~/e~~:~ateth~ g-ath!!red

an advantage also to -to intimate Ish-
to hz's people
18 And they4 dwelt from tHavilah unto Shur,
the countries of their mael's dyin~ in faith
And the sons of Dedan were IIAsshurim, and adoption, if Abra- and entermg into that is before Egypt, as thou goest toward As-
ham's sons carried rest.-C.
Letushim, and Leummim. with them their
father's activi!Y, in-
4:Hissons. syria: and he died5 in the presence of all his
t ch. 2. u; 10. 29; 2r.
4 ,- And the sons of Midian; •Ephah, and dustry,,and p1ety.-
C, 14, 21; 20.1. I Sa. 15. 7. brethren.
ch.14.zo;16.12.
Epher, and Hanoch, and Abidah, and Eldaah. g Hagar and Ketu-
rah, ch.16.3;ver.1.
Heb.fill.
5 19 1 And these are the generations of Isaac,
x Sa.1.ro. Phi..i.6.
I
All these were the children of Keturah. 8 Emblem of what Ps.50.15;91.r5;65.2. Is. Abraham's son: Abraham begat Isaac.
God gives to repro• 45.11;58.9;65.24-
5 1 And Abraham 1gave all that he had7 unto bates.
9 It would appear
1837.
6 20 And Isaac was forty years old when he
The Hebrew ori-
7
Isaac. that these children of ginal - U - why I took Rebekah to wife, the daughter of Bethuel
Abraham settled in thus J is evidently
Arabia, and became very elliptical; and
6 But unto the sons of the 9concubines, which the progenitors of the words in italics the Syrian of Padan-aram, the sister to Laban
tribes. most of which supplied by the trans-
Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts,8 and sent mated with the Jok- to bring- out the full the Syrian.
gradually amalga- lators do not seem
tanites. Of them a!! meaning. Is not this
them away from Isaac his son (while he yet the .llidia,tifes alone their import? If, I be
attained to hi~tonc
21 ,- And Isaac "entreated the LoRD for his
moth.er
lived) eastward unto the east country. 9 importance.
a in an.J"7tJer
They to j)YayeY (seever.21), wife, b ,..ause she was barren: and the LoRD
settled on the eastern whv am I thus? And
0
7 1 And these are the days of the years1 of borders of Moab and knOwing that God'
Edom, and pastured alone could answer was entr-.:ated of him, and Rebekah his wife
their flocks as far the question,. she
Abraham's life which he lived, an hundred south as the penin- went to inquire of conceived.
;h~~ofS~r:!~/'~~~[ the Lord. - Query,
threescore and fifteen vears. Have believers now
refu~e when he fled no way of inquir•
from Egypt. And
22 And6 the children struggled together
8 Then Abraham "gave up the ghost, and /ae~~ro~a~is i~f:~~r-i~f ~~e~f~r:sc!!-ai~~'!,~
tend.r with them 1
within her: and she said, If it be so,7 why am I
died hin a good old age, an old man, and full the Mitliamtes subse- two: First, God's thus?
Mi,Iian A ser.tion of Job10.12. Theyhave
quently bt:.came Is- word, which is a
And she went to inquire of the LORD.
of years; and was gathered to his people. rael's worst enemies, lamp, a light, and an
and for this a terrible
23 And the LORD said unto her, Two nations
revenge was taken, ~~a5~~0:di;~ ~~lf~: 9
9 And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him Nu.xxxi.-P. amination and self.
are in thy womb, and two manner of people
judgment; for it is
ini the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron l 1821.
written-' ifwejudg-e shall be separated from thy bowels; and the
h ch.15.15; 35.29; 49. oursdves, we shall
the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before ~~d)~t.i~.i/);J!t not be judffed,' Co. one people shall be stronger than the other
11.1.-C.
.1
~Iamre; · ,· ch.29.r6,17,r9;
29.30,50.13.
49,
' 5·
Ro,9.12. Mal.1.2, people; and Ythe elder shall serve the younger.
Y
ought to praise and worship God. Kew relations need rnlargement of his family. These children of Keturah, ists to this day. The Greeks called it Itun:ea, Lu. 3. I,
new prayers; for new joys on earth are connected with and their posterity, peopled a considerable part of and the Arabs now call it Jedur. The other sons of
new griefs. But doubly sweet are the blessings of Arabia to the south and the east of the Promised Land, Ishmael were founders of Arab tribes. P.)
Providence when we receive them with a devout temper under the name of .Midianites, Shuhites, Sabeans, and Ver. 18. •They dwelt all along the south of the
of spirit. How useful for the soul is devout retire- Ashurites. Moabites, eastern .Midianites, Edomites, and Israelites,
ment '. Kone will ever feel the want of company who Ver. 5. Isaac was his only heir by his complete wife, almost from the river Euphrates on the east to the
have learned, through the medium of sensible objects, and his only child by promise, ch. 24. 39; 21. 12; and border of Egypt on the west.-[He died-rather, it
to converse with God himself. Alas, that so few deep- is herein a type of Jesus Christ and his seed, who are (that is, his dwelling-place) fill to him, according to
sworn servants of JEHOYAH should so little resemble heirs of all things by promise, He. I. 2; Jn. 3. 34; Re. divine appointment and prediction, in the presence of
Abraham·s, in their endeavours to woo a bride for his 2. 10; Gal. 3. 29; Ro. 8. 17. all his brethren. C.--Compare with the prophetic
dear Son! How little fervent prayer and accurate Ver. 13. [Naba;oth.was the progenitor of the Naba- words of the Angel of the Lord in ch. 16. 12. The
observation of his word and providence they mingle threans, who, about four centuries before the Christian prophecy was fulfilled in Ishmael's personal history,
with their work! How often their own temporal pro- era, drove the Edomites out of Petra, and constructed as well as in that of his descendants. .P.]
most of those rock tombs and temples whose splen-
visions lie nearer their heart than that sinners should Ver. 20. ['The cultivated plain of Aram.' This
be made willing in the day of his power! May God dours astonish the modern traveller.-The black tents was the name of that district of Mesopotamia in which
make them equally faithful and equally successful ! of Kcdar are mentioned in Canticles; and the people Haran was situated. It ought to be noted that the
are often mentioned by the sacred writers, Is. 42. I I; word 'Syrian' here and elsewhere is Aram(ran in
CHAPTER XXV. Ver. 1-4, 6. The natural vigour Je. 49. 32; Eze. 27. 21. P.] Hebrew. P.]
wherewith God had endowed Abraham, for the pro• Ver. 15. [Jetur settled at the eastern base of Mount Ver. 21-23. For almost twenty years Isaac continued
creation of Isaac, continued with him for the further Ilermon, and gave his name to a province, which ex.. praying for children. Their struggling in their mother's
253 . 5
Esau sells his birthright. GENESIS XXVI. Isaac removes to Gerar.
24 , And when her days to be delivered were
7 A.M. 2183. B.C. t821. A.M. 2200. B.C. 18o4.
CHAPTER XXVI.
7 1836.
fulfilled, behold, there were twins in her womb. 8 Perfectly made. CHAP. XXVI. 1 Isaac. because of_ Jamine went to Gerar. 2 God instructeth a,uj
[Compkud, hairy.- ble.,,eth h,m. 6 He is reproi•td by Ab,rnelechfor den ping his wife. 12
25 And the first came out red, all over like an C.) a ch.12.10.
He woweth rich. 18 He digget!t Esek, Sitnah, and Rehoboth. 26 Abi-
z Ho.12.~. Perhaps not that, b
hairy garment; and they called his name Esau. 8 9 Heel-holder or ch.20.2~~1.·..r.t-32. ntetah uwl-.:eth a CO'lH!nant with hirn at Beer-sheba. 34 Esau's 'Wii·e,,
supplanter. ~
26 And after that came his brother out, and 1 Twenty vears 20.I.-f'. See above on ch.
AND there was a famine in the land, besides
his• hand took hold on Esau's heel; and his after his marriag"e.
a Heb.venison
I!:.~~-12.7;17.1;18.1,
was
1l. the °first famine that was in the days of
name was called Jacob: 9 and Isaac was three- 4.in lus mou1h, ch. ~7. ch.12.Ps.3i,3•
d As A bra.m did,
Abraham. And Isaac went •unto Abimelech
score years old when she bare them. 1 2 It is truly wonder-
ful to obst:rvt:, UJJOn
Ps.32.8;37.3-6;ver.
12,14.
e king of the Philistines unto Gerar. 9
what apparent!)_' un-
27 , And the boys grew: and Esau was a circumstances
important and tnflmg ./Sef: ch. 12.7; 13.15,
the 17;15.rn;xi.8;22.16.
2 And the Lord cappeared unto him, and
cunning hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob greatest evtnts de-
pend. Jacob pre parts 1 Canaan was given said, Go not down cljnto Egypt; dwell in the
a mess of µottate, to Abraham, baac,
was a plain man, dwelling in tents. " Esau returns hung-ry, and JacoL, in fall
their cl1aracters are right, and to their
land which I shall tell thee of.
and their !~;~o!~ actual pos-
28 And Isaac loved Esau, because ahe did eat exhibited,
own future lives, and 3 Sojourn in this land, and •I will be with
lhe conditions of their
of his venison; but Rebekah loved Jacob. descendants, are de-
cided. Jacob com- 5,18;
g ch.12.2,3;13.16;15.
17.4----23; 18.18; 22. thee, and will bless thee: for unto thee, and
7,ra 1
2
29, And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau came Esau profanely sells,
mercially buys, and
ch. 18; :i:9.
h 22. 18. I
unto thy seed, 1 1 will give all these countries;
the patriarchal birth- Co. 15.58.Ps.128.2-6.
from the field, and he was faint. right. Esau, as a
man of the field, is £ ch.12.:i:3; 20.2,5,1:2,
and I will perform the oath which I sware unto
30 And Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray justly condemned be- 13. Pr. 29. 25. Mat. 10.
cause he does not 28.Col.3.9.Ep.5.25. Abraham thy father: 1
more manfully en-
thee, with that same red pottage ; for I am while
3
ure little hunger; a
2 Tho'-!g_h
his contempt of a man hvmg in the
pity we 4 And I gwill make thy seed to multiply as
faint: therefore was his name called Edom. 4 ~ivif midst of a lawles;.
;~e~no1 hi~t:~fh people where he is the stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed
indicates man who, afraid to tell the
a
31 And Jacob said, Sell me this day thy own lightly valuin_g his truth, yet we must
rights, ts not condemn him if he
all these countries; and in thy seed shall all the
birthright. likely to respect the
rights of others. Nor rt:Jf:~t~d ~l~~~}{K:
1 nations of the earth be blessed;
32 And Esau said, Behold, I am at the point ~eetc~\-zt1~~~jt'~: rrs·of1·t:•~e~~f~,lr:~ 5 Because" that Abraham obeyed my voice,
to be praised or imi-
to die ;5 and what profit shall this birthright do wron1;
tated in seeking it by !~dim~s•~~ a~tasc:b:
means.-C. jects. fsaac is there-
and kept my charge, my commandments, my
6
to me ? Heb. -with th.at fore to
,·.e. with that
3
red,demned, as Abram
he con-
red
statutes, and my laws.
was under similar
33 And Jacob said, •Swear to me this day; pottage.
-6 Edom, 'The
circumstances. His
prevarication is not
6 , And Isaac dwelt in Gerar.
and he sware unto him: and "he sold his birth- Red.'-P.
5 Heb._£"oin_£"todtt'.
to be defined as a
small fault in i,;o good 7 And the men of the place asked him of his
right unto Jacob. 618o5. :t::;~n'o~ut5 ~s fJi~ea!
character. Lord,
wife; and iie said, She is my sister :2 for he
34 Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage /J He.6.26. ch.14,.22;
24-3,9,
what is man! thy
grace is sufficient for feared to say, She is my wife; lest, said he, the
of ·lentiles ;7 and he did eat and drink, and rose c He.12.16.Phi.3.18,
,9.
u'>\ Remember,Chris-
tian, thou cA.nst do
ail things throug-h
men of the place should kill me for Rebekah,
up, and went his way. Thus Esau despised 7 A kind of pulse.
-C.
Christ strengthening
thee. Be valiant,
because she was fair to look upon.
his birthright. 8 8 Deliberately pour-
ed contempt on it .
therefore, for the
truth.-C. 8 And it came to pass, when he had been
womb presaged that they and their posterity would .Ver. 30. The name Edom, signifying red, at once sight; while wicked families are loaded with temporal
live at variance one with another, and exceedingly differ marked his origin and colour, and his excessive lust mercies for the sake of their pious progenitors. Pro-
in their religion, laws, manners, &c. The Edomites, after the red pottage, and his selling his birthright to mised events are often ushered in by the most dis•
descended from Esau, were at first the strongest people, obtain them. couraging appearances; and mercies must be long
cq. xxxvi. ; but the Israelites, sprung from Jacob, under Ver. 31-34. This birthright entailed upon the pos- prayed and waited for ere they be granted. It is good
David (2 Sa. 8. 14), under Amaziah (2 Ch. 25. II, 12), sessor a double portion of the paternal inheritance, De. when husbands and wives unite their supplications;
and under Hyrcanus, subdued them.. Nay, Jacob's 21. 16, 17; a claim to his father's principal blessing, for to spread our griefs before a throne of grace is the
obtaining the birthright and blessing, ver. 29-34; 27. and to the, promise of Canaan, and a peculiar relation greatest and surest relief. How often much trouble
29, 37, 40, rendered him and his posterity superior to to God therein. --[Ver. 34. Altogether this is " most and vexati_on attend what is too eagerly desired ! But
Esau and his Edomite seed. painful narrative. One does not know whether most how tender is God, in fixing the temporal, and even
Ver. 2 5. That redness and hair marked the present to condemn the folly and recklessness of Esau, barter- eternal,statesof persons according to their faith! And
strength of Esau's body, and the savage and cruel dis- ing his birthright for a mess of pottage; or the un- how early are children known by their doings! yet in
position of him and his posterity, ch. 27. II, 40, 41; brotherly spirit and grasping selfishness of Jacob, their education great care is to be taken in consulting
Ob. 10; Eze. 25. 12; 35. 3-5. refusing to a fainting brother a mouth:ul of food until their tempers and•dispositions. Parents frequently ex-
Ver. 26. Jacob took hold of his heel, as if he would he had given him all he possessed. P.] pose themselves to future troubles by their partial
have drawn him back, so that himself might be born REFLECTIONS.-Before I part with Abraham, regard to children. But why should we set our hearts
first, or as if he would overthrow and suppress him, as this celebrated patriarch, let me, in him, contemplate on them, or any other worldly comfort, when we must
he afterwards did, ver. 33; ch. xxvii. A:id rightly Jesus the everlasting Father. How astonishing his so quickly leave them by death? At that time it
was he named Jacob, a heel-holder, or supplanter, on meekness-his kindness to men-his intimacy with, should be the concern of parents so to dispose of their
that account, ch. 27. 36. fear of, obedience to, and trust in his God ! He is the effects, that there may be no disputes after they arc
Ver. 27. Esau was a wild, savage kind of man, chosen favourite of JEHOVAH-the father and covenant• gone; and such deserve to have most assigned them as
spending most of his time in hunting, learning the art head of innumerable millions of saved men. To him are likely to make the best use of it. How often the
of ~ar, and the like, ch. IO. 9; 16. 12. Jacob was a all the promises relative to the evangelical and eternal wisest worldlings act the most foolish part, while 'the
sincere, mild, plain-dealing man, keeping mu~h at state of his church were originally made. All obedient Lord preserveth the simple!' How marvellously God
home, attending to his household affairs, and to his at his Father's call, he left his native abodes of bliss, overruleth even the sins of men, to the accomplishment
father's flocks and herds, ch. 6. 9; 46. 34.-[And the and became ~ a stranger and sojourner on earth,' not of his purpose or promise, and the advancement of his
6oys gr,:w. The early development of different propen- having where to lay his head. At his Father's call, he glory! How dreadful, when men, even thQse who
sities in Esau and Jacob is very remarkable, and the offered himself nn acceptable sacrifice to God; by his have had a religious education, gratify their sensual
visible causes of their respective characters may be all-prevalent intercession. and supernatural influence, appetites at the expense of the temporal and eternal
traced to the dispositions and partialities of the parents. he offers men salvation from sin and from the hand ruin of themselves and their seed; and when God per·
Isaac loves venison, and first to please his father, and of their enemies; and, after long patience, he mits them to be afterwards hardened in their sin, and
then to gratify his own acquired habits, Esau becomes wins untold disciples in the Jewish and gospel standing monuments of that affecting truth, that num•
a cunning- hunter. Rebekah loves domestic retirement, church. In his visible family are many professors, uers of the descendants ot God's children are some-
finds her comfort in the society of her infant J a.:ob, and children of the bond-woman, the covenant of works; times left out of his church, and unacquainted with then
forms his future character on the model 6f her own. - who, in the issue, are like Ishmael, or the modem parents' blessings! _ __
Note, These things are to be carefully observed: ( 1) Jews, whose unbelief brings .them to misery and
How early, and insensibly, some part of the character woe; others are children of the free-woman, the cove· CHAPTER XXVI. [Ver. 4 The same promise,
of a father or mother may be propagated in their nant of grace, and are, like Isaac, begotten to God in all its details, which was originally given to Abra·
children. (2) The consequent importance of well con, because of their faith in Christ. Now let me ham, is here renewed to Isaac, set: ch. 12. 3; 22. 17,
sidering all the habits in which a child is indulged or observe, how invigorating is a strong faith in God's 18. P.]
encouraged, as part, and often the most influential promise; for God delights to >1dd abundant blessings to Ver. 12. This fertility was emblematical of fruitful•
part, of its education. (3) The danger of _parental such as, by courageous believing, give him the glory ness in grace, Ps. 67. 6; Mat. 13. 23; and of the
partialities, from which, in this remarkable mstance, of his power and faithfulness. Often the best of men bountiful but gracious rewards which we shall enjoy in
many of the future troubles of Isaac and Rebekah, and have little remarkable fellowship with God in old age, heaven, Ga. 6. 7, 8; Ps. 31. 19; 19. II.
Esau and Jacob, arose. C.] but must live even to the end by faith, and not by Ver. 18. This was typical of Christ's reforming his
254
NTRANCE TO THE GARDEN OF THE VIRGIN-WHERE JOSEPH LIVED. [GitN. xxvi:
E
was near this place that Joseph lived, because it Is only a short distance from Heliopolis
2.]-When Herod issued his cruel decree that all the children in Bethlehem under where Pot,pherah resided, whose daughter Joseph married •. This is a few miles east of Cairo;
two ye·ars of age should be put to death, the Lord appeared unto Joseph in a dream and the village is connected with it by telegraph and telephone. The region about Matariveh
and said, Arise, take the young child and his mother and flee into Egypt. There is a is very fertile, Cotton grows here; orange groves are near by, and only a short distance i~
tradition of long standing that the place of the sojourn in Egypt was at Matariveh. It an ostrich farm kept by a Frenchman. It is a beautiful road from Cairo out to this place.
r
I
OSHPINA-NEAR WHERE JOSHUA CONQUERED JABIN KING OF RAZOR. country that was promised to Abraham, and built as a place of residence for the Jews.
R [GENESIS, xxvi: 3, 4.]-' Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and •vill
bless thee; for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all these countries, and
I will perform the oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father." Nearly four
tho.;~au.i J"ars ftulil the i:ime these wo1ns were spoken to Abraham, we find a village as
It is a striking and interesting commentary upon the covenant between Heaven and
these ancient people, that we find in these the last days of the nineteenth century,
a disposition on the part of the Jew•, which liberal and fortunate men of their race
are helping them to carry out, to go back and poss;,ss the land of their fathers. Rosbpina
shown above, bui!t by the Rothschilds, descendants of Abraham, in Palestine, the stands near the waters of Merom.
Prosperity of Isaac. GENESIS XXVI. Abimelech's covenant with Isaac.
there a long time, that Abimelech, king of the A.M. 2200. B.C. 18o4. I A.M. 22'08. B.C. 17¢.
22 And he removed from thence, and digged
Philistines, klooked out at a window, and saw, k Ki. 9. 30. Pr. 7.6. 9u i.e.Ps.4.1;18.19;u8.5.
2
rooms.
another well; and for that they strove not: and
and, behold, Isaac was 1sporting with Rebekah Ju.5.28. x The south-most
city in Canaan, ch.
he called the name of it Rehoboth ;9 and he
his wife. 1 l Pr.5.18.Is.62.5.Ec.
9.9.
21.31;46, 1,] ll,20. l, said, For now the LORD hath "made room for
y ch.15.1;17.7;24-12.
9 And Abimelech called Isaac, and said, 1 Heexhibitedsuch )la.t,22.32. us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.
z Is.41.ro, 13, 15; 43,
Behold, of a surety she is thy wife: and how asmarks of endearment 1,2;44.t. Re. 1.18, with
were neither com- ch.13.16;22.17. 23 1 And he went up from thence to "Beer-
mon nor allowable
saidst thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said and with brother or sister,
which no man in a ch.8.20;1:.•.7;13.18; sheba.
22.9;35.1;33.20. Ex.r7.
unto hi::n, Because I said, Lest I die for her. such a relation would
use.-/. '~ 24 And the LoRD appeared unto him the
10 And Abimelech said, mWbat is this thou with
It is too common
1
individuals,
same night, and said, YI ant the God of Abra-
hast done unto us? one of the people might m ch.20.9,10;12.18. and families, churches,
nations, to fall ham thy father:• fear not, for I am with thee,
away in religion as
lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldest Ps.105.15.Zec.2.8.
n ch. 6. Pr. 6. 29. they advance
20.
riches and honours.
in and will bless thee, and multiply thy seed, for
have brought guiltiness upon us: It was not so with
Isaac. In the midst my servant Abraham's sake.
2 !tislikelythatthe of all his wealth and
11 And Abimelech charged all his people, remembranceofwhat prosperity he does 25 And he abuilded an altar there, and called
happened m the case not forget God.
saying, He that "toucheth this man or his wife lar of Abraham, in simi- Famz"ly relz"gi"on is upon the name of the LoRD,1 and pitched his
shall surely be put to death. 2
circumstances,
~;~ily e:J:!~1eme~?;
wasnotyetforgotten.
-1. but, like Abraham,
hi,, father, he builds
tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a
12 1 'l'hen Isaac sowed in that land, and Heb.fetmd, 8
his altar, and calls on
the name of the well.
3 LORD; that is, ac-
received in the same year an hundred fold; 0
knowledges, and 26 1 Then, bAbimelech went to him from
o This marks great worsh1µs him in all
and the LORD blessed him. increase, Ps.67.6.Zec.
8.12. Mat.13.23. Ga.6.
his
butes,
revealed attri-
consequently Gerar, and Ahuzzath2 one of his friends, and
seeks not only the
13 And the man waxed great, and went 7,8. promised protection
from the Almighty
Phichol the chief captain of his army.
4
forward, and grew, until he became very great: • Heb. wmt gving. fenceless, God which his de-
and, as it
27 And Isaac said unto them, Wherefore
were, insulated,situa
14 For he Phad possession of flocks, and pJob1.3;42.12. Pr. tion required; but come ye to me, cseeing ye hate me, and haYe
I0.22.ch. 12. 16;13.2. Ps.. the pardon of the
possession of herds, and great store of servants :5 144-13,14- merciful God, which
his sense of hi'> sin,
sent me away from you?
and the Philistines qenvied him. Or, husbandry. 5 ~(~~j~f:c1~e ~~~~ 28 And they said, We saw3 certainly dthat
have dictated to a
15 For all the wells which his father's ser- q Ps.n2.10. Ee.+•· mmd.-C. pi?us and awakened the LoRD was with thee: and we said, Let there
vants had digged in the days of Abraham his Job5.2. b Perhaps not that, be now •an oath betwi.xt us, even behvixt us
r This was con- ch.20.2;21.22-32.
father, the Philistines had •stopped them, and trary to covenant The Targum of 2
and thee, and let us make a covenant with thee;
and oath, ch. 21, 25- Onkelos understand~
filled them with earth. 32. by Ahuzzath not one 29 That thou wilt'' do us no hurt, as we
individual, hut a
16 And Abimelech said unto Isaac, Go from s Nu.32.38.Ho.2.17. party -C.
of his friends. have fnot touched thee, and as we have done
Zec.13 2.Ps.16.4-
us; for thou art much mightier than we. c ver.16.Ju.rz.7.Ac.
7.27,35.
unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee
17 And Isaac departed thence, and pitched "-15.Jn.4-10,n;7.38.
t Heb. liVinE, Ca.
saw.
Heb. See,nE, 3 'WI!' away in peace: thou art now the 9blessed of the
his tent in the valley of Gerar, and dwelt there. .f. ;1th\~!~f l Js. 0
~:
LORD .
18 And Isaac digged again the ·wells of e Le. amtentitm. fie.13.5.1Co.14.25.45.14;6o.14;61.6,9.
30 Andh he made them a feast, and they did
water which they had digged in the days of 7 It is our ignor- 41.He.6.16. e ch. 21. 31, 32; 24- 3, eat and drink.
Abraham his father; for the Philistines had ance of patriarchal
life which makes us
think it unaccount• sit.alt, &c.
Heb. U tlicu 4 31 And they rose up ibetimes in the morn-
stopped them after the death of Abraham: and able to hear, in these
early days, of so 105.15- f ver. u:, 1-', 15- Ps. ing, and ksware one to another: and Isaac sent
he •called their names after the names by which many contests about
wells: for on nearer g ver. 12; ch. 2"- 31; them away, and they departed from him in peace.
his father had called them. ~~S1h~fin ':he!~~~:~ 21.22;12.2;:22.17. 32 And it came to pass the same day, that
I9 And Isaac's servants digged in the valley, a~;~f~~i~g
Ii ch.21.8;31.54. Ro.
~a7e~U w~ :r2.18.He.12.14-
possession of ines-
timable value. Hence i ch. 19. 2; 21. 14; 22.
Isaac's servants came and told him concerning
and found there a well of tspringing water. we find Moses, in 3;31.55-
magnifying the di-
the well which they had digged, and said unto
lt ch.14,122; 21. 23,31,
20 And the herdmen of Gerar did strive with ~i!dr!iunotl ttr!~~ 32;J1.44;25.33-1 Sa.14- him, lWe have found water.
among other pans of 24; 3, 16,17; JO. 15.
20,
Isaac's herdmen, saying, The water is burs: and the inventory, reck- He.6.16.
oning up not on y 1
l Mat.7. 7. Pr. :ro. 4;
33 And he called it Shebah:5 therefore the
he called the name of the well Esek ;6 because cities
• ~reat and goodly 13 4;2.4-
which they
i.e. an oatlt-.
name of the city is mBeer-sheba unto this day.
builded not,' but 6
they strove with him. 'wells!ikewisedigged m. i.e. tlu well <if 34 1 And Esau was forty years 6 old when he
21 And they digged another well, and strove :::.~~B!-~li~tl'.»5~~ •,,...
tlu oath, ver.23-
took to wife "Judith the daughter of Beeri the
for that also:7 and he called the name of it i.e. malicious hadn Itnoseems
8
Judith
children, and Hittite, and Bashemath the daughter of Elon
it.atred.
Sitnah. 8 foe;;f~.:.~.~~~ live the Hittite;
church, and reviving the OracJes, ordinances, and in- IO, yet, like the sun emerging from a cloud, the pre- fear of men, the fear of temporal death, often causeth
fluences of grace, Eze. 47. I-IO; Jn. 5. 10; Zee. 13. 1; vailing excellence of his character is acknowledged, a snare: and we readily rush into the same snares in
14- 8. the blessing of the Lord is visibly perceived to rest on which others before had almost ruined themselve,-.
Ver. 22. [The name still clings to the place. About him, and his integrity is admitted by reliance upon his Yet the kindness of God is infinitely great in rescuing
23 miles south-west of Beersheba is Wady Ruhaibeh, covenant and oath; and a heathen people are led by his people, when they are thus busied in entangling
which is radically identical with Rehoboth. In the his residence among them to the knowledge of the themselves. But what a scandal to a saint to be dis-
valley are some very ancient n1ins, and wells; and true God. C.] covered a dissembler! and how painful to have the
near it are the remains of a city of a later age. P.] Ver. 33. [Beersheba still exists, and retains its snares which we laid for the innocent entangling our-
Ver. 24- Not for the sake of Abraham's merit, but ancient name in a slightly modified form. The old selves, or their sins charged to our account before God!
from respect to the covenant made with him, Ge. 12. wells too are there, of great depth, and of great value To what trouble and expense will envious men put
2, 3; 15. 8; 17. 6, 7. to the surrounding Arabs. P.] themselves in order to gratify their lust. And how
Ver. 26. [The Hebrew word signifies 'councillor.' Ver. 34- This was contrary to the will of God, Ex. often are the most flourishing outward enjoyments im-
The mission of Abimelech was a delicate one, and he 34- 16; De. 7. 3; Jos. 23. 12; Ezr. 9. 1-3; Ne. IJ. 23- bittered by the envy which attends them! What a
took with him those most competent to advise and 25; 2Co. 6. 14, 15; rCo. 7. 39; andofhisgrandfather mercy to have God smiling on us when the world
aid him. P.] and parents, ch. 24. 38; 27. 46; 28. r, 2, 6; see ch. 6. 2. frowns! For, when our ways please the Lord, he
Ver. 29. And since God hath so abundantly blessed REFLECTIONS. - A mixture of providential maketh even our enemies to be at peace with us, and
thee, we hope that thou wilt not remember the small smiles and frowns is ordinarily in the lot of God's to pursue the friendship which they once refused.
unkindness which we did thee. loved children. .llut what a mercy is it to have the The wickedness of children, who break their parents
Ver. 31. [Notwithstanding the defect in Isaac's promise of grace established between God and our hearts when they ought to be their comfort, is great
character, and his sin in the case of Abimelech, verse progenitors, that it may be renewed with us I The and observed by God; and his curse frequently attench
257
·Isaac's car€ to bless Esau. GENESIS X KVII. Jacob obtains the blessing,
A.M. 2208. B.C. 17¢,. I A.M. 2244. B.C. 176o.
35 Which were •a grief of mind unto Isaac 16 And she put the skins of the kids of the
mid to Rebekah. 5 o Heb:" fJitterness
of the people of Alep- goats upon his hands, and upon the smooth of
1 Mostofthe dishes
po are high-seasoned
of spirit, ch.27.46; 28. with salt and spices; his neck.
CHAPTER XXVII. 2,8;6.2. onions and garlic
1 Z.aac •endeth Esau for venison. 6 Rebekah instructeth Jacob to

often complete the
seasoning.-Russetl. 17 And she gave the scivoury 1 meat and the
obtain the blessing. 18 Jacob unde,• the person of Esau obtaineth it. 5 N othingelse could
30 Esau bringeth i•enison. 33 Isaac trembleth. 34 Esau complaineth, have happened. The
bread, which she had prepared, into the hand
and b11 importunity obtaineth a blessing. 41 He threateneth Jacob'• Septuagint has it,
'T!1ey were quarrel- 2 Heb. befon me. of her son Jacob.
life. 42 Rebekah disappointeth it. lint with Isaac and
1 n Is. 48. 9-n. Ro.9.
~aes :i~!y~ ~~lJ':C~~ u,12.He,II,20.
18 , And he came unto his father, and said
AND it came to pass, that when Isaac was violated di-,cord and mischief.
But Esau still further My father. And he said, Here am I; who art
1:l. old,6 and his eyes "were dim, so that he mand the com-
of God in this
respect, by joining
thou, my son?
could not see, he called Esau his eldest son, with the heathen.who is pai.nful
himself in marriage3 This whole scene
and even 19 And Jacob said unto his father, I am
and said unto him, My son. And he said unto ofwere God; thus, in a ~h~~~t~~ify b~tri~~t!~ Esau thy ntfirst-born; I have done according as
under the curse
double sense, merit- in character. In
him, Behold, here am I. ~~~e:h~ lh~h~teifh~; ~~dt~f~-ra~edti~;: thou bad est me: arise, I pray thee, sit and eat
it only resembles
2 And he said, Behold now, I am old, I ~~~~h~e~~~~ ~fG~d: scenes enacted al- of my venison, that thy soul may bless me.
most every dav even
-I.
know not the day of my hdeath. in families uf the
highest station 20 And Isaac said unto his son, How is it
tants of Wc:tern that thou hast found it so quickly, my son?
among th1: 11'1.habi-
3 Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, Asia. The sins of
thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, Esau, Rebekah, and And he said, Because the LoRD thy God brought
Jacob did not pass
diJutt!~e1i1 ~~e:z it to me.
2
and take me some venison;
0
. CHAP. XXVII. their errors and
4 And make me dsavoury meat, such as I crimes during long
years of estrange-
21 And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I
love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that B,C~ 176o. ment, danger, and
suffering -P. pray thee, that I may feel thee, my son, whether
my soul may bless thee before I die. 7 6 Aboµt 1:40 years.
II,12.
p Ca.2. r3; 4-1:2,13;7. thou be my very son Esau or not.
5 And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to q Heb.12.20, Ps.65.9

22 And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father;
a ch.48.10. Sa. 3.2. -13.
t
De. ·n. r3;8.7-9:n.
Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to Ec.r2.3.Jn.9.3_ u,
12. Ho. 1:4.6,7.De. and he felt him, and said, 'l'he voice is Jacob's
32.2. Ps. 133.3.ch.49.20.
6,
hunt for venison, and to bring it.
saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto '°·

b How near it is,
And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, Sa.20.3,, Pr.27.1. Ec.9. extent
Mar.13.35. Is. 38. J.
I
Zec.9.17,
-i The nature and
chal
of the patriar-
birthright,
voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau.
23 And he diEcerned him not, because his
which Esau despised, hands were hairy, as his brother Esau's hands;
ch. 25.34, is here fully
Esau thy brother, saying, 27,
c Heb. hunt, ch.25. exhibited. It conso he "blessed him.
sists, 1. In a propiti-
7 Bring me venison, and make me savoury ous climate, a fertile
soil, with that abun- 24 And he said, Art thou my very son Esau?
dant return that im-
meat, that I may eat, and bless thee •before the d ch.25-~.1Co.6.12. plies an industrious,
peaceable, and pros-
And he said, •I anz. 3
LORD8 before my death.
perous people. 2.
7' Esau, as we read, The service and sub- 25 And he said, Bring it near to me, and I
ch.25-28, had alwa:r,; mission of foreign
8 Now therefore, my son, I obey my voice, gratifying been very c~reful m nations by conquest. will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may
his aged 3. The service and
according to that which I command thee. father's taste in this submission of his own
particular, and Isaac relatives by volun• bless thee. And he brought it near to him,
seems to have wished tary choice. ,4. A
9 Go now to the flock, and fetch me from that his paternal af- curse upon all his and he did eat; and he brought him wine, and
fection might be enemies, and a bless-
thence two good kids of the goats; and I will stimulated to the ut- ing upon all his
most on the present fr1ends.-What a glo- he drank.
occasion, by an act rious emblem of the
make them savoury meat for thy father, such as that should recall to birthright of Jesus l
his mind all the filial Hasten the time, O
26 And his father Isaac said unto him, Come
he loveth: heathen shall be his near now, and kiss me, my son.
attention of his son in Lord l when the
time past.
inheritance, and the
10 And thou shalt bring it to thy· father, utmost ends of the
earth his pbssession!
27 And he came near, and kissed him: and
e In his presence,
that he may eat, and that he may bless thee and by his authority, or Jacob must be he smelled the smell of his raiment, and blessed
rSa.26.19.vcr.33-
-But while Rebekah
praised for valuing
before his death. this patriarchal birth- him, and said, See, the smell of my son is as
right so hig-hly, is
11 And Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, ,,:,;r.~:;;;?::SJ'~~,~ in seeking it so sub- the Psmell of a field which the LORD hath
either to be 1mitated
Behold, Esau my brother is ga hairy man, and ::'~~~:~~\re~,~;'. ~iffPe~e0~. t~e:.~~~ blessed:
but a solemn bene- we must, as it were,
I am a smooth man : ~!~t~~~rG~d~;fb; the withstand them to
face, because 28 Therefore q God give thee of the dew of
they are to be blamed.
12 My father peradventure will feel me, and· ~:prob~3~~ty whi~g The goodnes5 of the heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and plenty
end sought can never
I shall seem to him as a hdeceiver,· and I shall I.~~~:ue;i~t~~~~ ~:~z th
:mp~1:ed: of corn and wine:
4
bring a icurse upon me, and not a blessing. God, who cannot lie,
had already told Re- 29 Let ~people serve thee, and nations bow
13 And his mother said unto him, kUpon /Ep.6.1. Ac.5.29; 4- should
,9,
.serve the down to thee: be lord over thy brethren, and
~h:ah•ef;J~:s-(E~~)
vounger (Jacob), and
me be thy curse, my son: only obey my voice, i-elying upon his truth let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: •cursed
and power, as well as
and go fetch me them. gift, Rebekah should be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be
va!umg his promised
have waited on God's
14 And he went, and fetched, and brought 25-27• h Not upright, ch. means for accom- he that blesseth thee.
plishing his own pur•
them to his mother: and his mother made sa- poses. Her human
wisdom, however,
30 , And it came to pass, as soon as Isaac
voury meat, such as his father loved. i De.27.r8. Je.48.40-
Malr.1.4-
brought its own pun•
ishment. It made had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob
Esau an intending
15 And Rebekah took goodly 9 raiment of murderer, verse 41, was yet scarce gone out from the presence of
and Jacob a banished
.i Sat4-9. Mat.27. exile.-C.
2
her eldest son Esau, which were with her in 5- Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in
r ch.49.8,1:0;9.25,26;
the house, and put them upon Jacob her 9 Heb. t{es:'ralJle. 25.23,33- 22. 17,18. Ch.5-2. ch. from his hunting.
1
younger son. ,I ch.12.3.Nu,24- 19. 31 And he also had made savoury meat, and
those marriages which are made without the consent Ver. 13. The manner in which she imprecates the Ver. 28, 29. In this blessing Isaac at once requested
of parents. curse cannot be justified; but, from the promise of God, and predicted the benefits mentioned. These ternp<>ral
and from Jacob's having obtained the birthright, ch. favours were more remarkable under the Old Testa•
CHAPTER XXVII. Ver. 4 That, invigorated 25. 23, 33, she was confident of a happy issue. ment than under the New; and represented the spiritual
with the savoury meat, I may bestow upon thee my Ver. 27. He regarded the smell of Jacob's garments and temporal influences and fulness of the new cove-
blessing, constituting thee heir of all the benefits pro• as a token that God had intended to bless him abun- nant and of the church of God: He. 14 6, 7; De. ,32.
mised to me and my father Abraham: ver. 27-29; ch. dantly, and to render him a particular blessing to 2; Is. 45. 8; I Co. 1. 30; 3. 22; Re. 1. 6; 5. 10; Ep. 1. 3-
:z8. 3, 4; 48. 15; xlix. De. xxxi. xxxiii.; He. II. 20. others. Ver. 39, 40. This blessing imported that Es8ll and
258
'Fso;u complaineth. GENESIS XXVIII. Jacob sent to Padan-aram.
brought it unto his father, and said unto his I 4
A.M.,,... B.c.,,6o. _A._M_._ _·"_-c_·'-"°- · were told to Rebekah: and she sent and called
22 44
father, Let my father arise, and eat of his son's w~l<H:' ';;na7~';',';:t. was<The
tzng greatly.
info,mation Jacob her younger son, and said unto him,
given to Rebe-
venison that thv soul may bless me. 5lflsaacknewthe ~:,h·1e:,~g'~~'':!:!1i Behold, thy brother Esau, as touching thee,
, 1 • • • prophecy delivered known. Being a
32 And Isaac his father said .unto him, vVho (~n~t'~~k~~~~~/i~~~ ~,~J~=~ta ~eo~~:~,m~: doth ccomfort himself, purposing to kill thee.
art thou? And he said, I am thy· son, thy
1 1
~~~h~ hfs~;~ar~~~: er, she advises 43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice; and
th
;
ofblessmg Esau, a.nd l~~~bth~oi~t~~d~~ti~:
first-born, Esau. ~h: bi~rtilgihl, ~~~ ', j~ry
0
by complaint to arise, flee thou to Laban my brother, to Haran;
• I 4 his father, or private
contrarytoGod'spre- revengt'; but rather
44 And tarry with him da few days, until thy
33 A . Il d I saac trembl ~ d Ver J exceed 1ng y, ~!~j'~~t-ure,wbut m!~ 1te g:Ve place to his
and said,5 v\illo? ,vhere Z8 he that hath taken 6 dfs~~~~r. 'l,1',sol~th~ I ~~~.:~eer~r~i!\~1t:r
b]e and fiery temper
brother's fury turn away;
venison, and brought it n1e; and I have eaten f;/o~;e~s~hisw~sol:a~ fi~~sa~;:~:l:~:orci~ 45 Until thy brother's anger turn away from
of all before thou Ca!J1est, and ha,ve blessed ;;tr1°~t~~~r:~~~ lf~ 0
\:i rs~~~ :g~ thee, and he forget that which thou hast done
paroxysm would be
nd
:i1~th!wr~~~~eJ :~; f;rehi:~~t~~-1:=c~ay to him: then I will send and fetch thee from
1
him? vea, tand he shall be blessed. 0
34 i And when Esau heard the wordti of his ;:~t~ ;;:, ~;7.;e ~~: thence. vVhy should I be •deprived also of you
father, he cried with a great and exceeding
coilecuon of Gods
~:.?nm~s:,;1:;tdof~:. ~!
C
13.16.Pr. 2. 14;4.16; I. 12, both in one day?
a They proved
bitteru cry' and said unto his father ' Bless me ' ~Te ts:,a•~mt!.';; years,
that now seized upon
2G
ch.31.38. 46 And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary
even me also, 0 my father! 2Sa.r4.6,7. ch.9.6; of my life because of the daughters of Heth;
~!b~k~hi\:;ed 1~1!~ 4.tr,16.Ac.:zB.4,
e
35 And he said ' Thy brother came with "sub- ;;01';;,~"•;~:;:,~e";';

effect Gods known
if Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth,
tilty, and hath taken away thy blessing. f,".:-f~';,'e-~~~t w~~~ such as these which are of the daughters of the
'd I h • ·h 1 d neglect any leg>t,-
36 A n d h e sa1 , s not e ng t y name :::::;,, 1~ i:::h;~!,~~ CHAP. XXVIII. land, what good shall my life do me?
7
Jacob? for he hath supplanted me these two ~~~,;;;~~~~,~~0/1t~~' B.C. 1759. CHAPTER XXVIII.
times: he took away my birthright; 8 and, be- m~,~~-;;_c;,••1ed. a ch. 27. 4, 28, ~.33; 1 Isaac blesseth Jacob, and sendeth him w Padan-aram. 6 Esau
48. 15; 49. 28. De.33.1. marrieth Mahala th, the daughter of Ishmael. 10 The vision of Jacob'•
hold, now he hath taken away my blessing.• ~~~:~""' E ~\~:1J:
IO, 28, 29. Ro. 5.20,
Jos.22.7. ladder. 18 The stone of Beth-el. 20 Jacob's vow.
AND Isaac called Jacob, and ablessed him,
10.
And he said, Hast thou not reserved a blessing 21 UHe.r2.r7.1Sa.30. 27.46. b ch. 24. 3; 26. 34, 35;
See ch.6.2.
5 Isaac, in pursu- 11.. and charged him, and said unto him,
4
for me? ·:r;:.~.;~8.2co.4.7.
ance of the system of
37 And Isaac answered and said unto Esau, 10:t~: 7~supplanter. ances founding family alli- bThou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of
on religious
Behold, I have made him thy-lord, and all his it t~!ii' ro, he sold racter, education and cha-
ch. 24. 3, im- Canaan.
5
mediately acts upon
brethren have I given to him for servallts; and ; 'i;~.s;:.~;';~~ 6s. the suggestion of Re- 2 Arise,c go to Padan-aram, to the house of
14
with corn and wine have I sustained 9 him: and ::;;-:; ch. 36.6,8. Jacoh,
bekah, and chargrs
promised blessings, Bethuel thy mother's father, and take thee a
as heir of the
what shall I do now unto thee, my son?

10
:.;;,~_;,-;;;;;~,ss gi:iiaa~~uf~:e~~rd~
not to marry any of
·wife from thence of the daughters of Laban thy
band and wife in all mother's brother.
concurrence of hus-
38 And Esau said unto his father, Hast thou ~{if;A~a~r:~~~~1 family arrangements
but one blessing, my father? bless me, even ::~~~tea° ~;''.ie~"r isportance 0
of the utmost im- 3 And dQod Ahaighty bless thee, and make
ffie a1SO, o my f:ather,f A n d ESaU y lifte d Up wild
to domestic
~a,::~.ravines.
"-rl:'e But
bJ~~r,tt ~N~~~itrkspi:~1~
s{)ares not good ad-
thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou
his voice and wept. !i~~~ tt~e n{~:O~~i~ dependence
vice to his son, his mayest be a multitude of people ;6
h:
for its
39 And Isaac his father answered and said ~ii~::to~ht1::~~d
mits of the rid~es, are c.
~~c~r~i~ /;~d,~
5
4 And give thee •the blessing of Abraham,
unto him, •Behold, thy dwelling shall be the ;~~!bl~w~\h'~~~t~~: c ch. 25.20; 24.10; to thee, and to thy seed with thee; that thou
22.
fatness 1 of the earth, and of the dew of heaven i~~~- ~g,Jg,,w~~3 ~~J.; 29.1; ver.5. Ho. mayest inherit the land wherein thou art fa
fu~'(:~r!ntl;~w Airth:
from above ,· 2 shows how accurate stranger, 7 which God ggave unto Abraham.
40 And by thy sword shalt thou live, and :;;::m~n'i. r: t,!~~-;
blessing: 'Thydwell•
0
5 And Isaac sent away Jacob: and he went
shalt serve thy brother: and it shall come to ~Jls'tt;l.b:a;:,i,!;~ efpeopte. Heb.ana-ssemb,o' to hPadan-aram unto Laban, son of Betbuel the
6
pass, when thou shalt have the dominion, that C:o~e~~;.~?e~~~~

pared with the re• e ch.12.2,3;17.6,7;22.
Syrian, the brother of Rebekah, Jacob's and
thou shalt break his yoke from off thy neck. 3 ~a;Jl,ii7.-edi:"J~~ Ps.72.17.
17,18. Ga.3-14- Ep.r.3-
Esau's mother.
41 , And aEsau hated Jacob, because of the 8 The p,ophecy Ps.105.12,13;39.12. /ch. 17.8. He.u.9- 6 1 \Vhen Esau saw that Isaac had blessed
blessing wherewith his father blessed him: and ~~~t~~~~ein ~~e ~h~ 'T Heb. ef thy so. Jacob, and sent him away to Padan-aram, to
verse was fulfilled
Esau said in his heart, The days of mourning Fntl!";;,;;:"o,;:t;: journ111¥S, take him a wife from thence; and that, as he
r ch.12. 7; 13. 15, 17;
for my father are at hand, bthe'n will I slay my ra:~:·~~:~·Am.r. 15.18;17.18. blessed him, he gave him a charge, saying,
brother Jacob. II~~bs::;!2::;;_:16; h See ver.2. ;Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of
42 1 And these words of Esau her elder son ~;,1\'.;;?;:J:t,,~';
Tit.3.3;1.r5,l6.
i Seever.I.
Canaan;
his seed should inhabit Mount Seir, a soil then moder- rectify the partial affection which we have conceived Lord, while with malice and murder they think to
ately fertile, He. IL 20; ch. 36, 6--8; that they should for our children. How unseemly in parents, especially defeat the purposes of God. How readily this malice
live much by war, violence, and rapine, Mat. IO. 34; if godly, to become tempters of their children to offend reduces to great perplexity and fear such as have been
should, by David, Amaziah, Hyrcanus, &c.-, be sub- God, and to despise the awful curse which he hath the sinful instruments of their disappointment! Stand
jected to the Hebrew yoke, De, 33. 29; Ps. 6o. 8; 2 Sa. annexed to sin! Their evil counsels are a most en- in awe, my soul; seek the Lord's blessing only in his
8. 14; 2 Ch. 25. 11, 12; Oh. 18, 19; but should under tangling snare; and it is unnatural for the dearest rela- own time and method! Let lying lips be an abomma-
Jehoram cast it off, 2 Ki. 8, 16, 20. tions to become deceivers of one another; especially as , tion to me! Never let me despise the heavenly birth-
I
Ver. 41. In this manner Esau hoped to recover both one sin so naturally leads to another still worse; and right, lest I be denied the blessing when afterward I
birthright and blessing; but Isaac nevertheless lived nothing but disorder, grief, or other murderous con- seek it carefully with tears, Is any provoked by or
about forty-three years after.-[Esau was afraid to at• sequences, can justly be expected. The wisdom even unjust! y enraged at me, let me, by yielding,. pacify
tempt any open violence during his father's life. The of God is often remarkably evident in accomplishing great offences; or, by flight, escape for my safety.
disease under which Isaac was labouring had brought his great designs through means of the wicked prac- Perhaps what now seems base or bitter to mv corrupt
on premature debility, and it appears to have greatly tices of men; but the heirs of promise, notwithstand- heart, may yield me consolation in the :a:ter end. Let
affected his sight. He must have in a great measure ing, entail upon themselves the most fearful perplexity intimacy, therefore, and especially marriage-connection,
recovered from it, however, for he lived for forty years and trouble, in taking sinful methods to obtain their with the wicked, be always the detestation of my soul
after Jacob's departure. P.] promised benefits. With what earnestness will the
REFLECTIONS. When dimness of sight, or other most carnal men pursue after spiritual things, for the CHAPTER XXVIII. Ver. 12, 13. This vision re•
harbingers of death, fasten upon us, it is high time for sake of the carnal ad vantages which they hope will presented the peculiar care of God concerning Jacob and
spiritual diligence, particularly in committing ourselves attend them ! But, if disappointed, readily they per- other saints, and the ministration of angels to them, 2 Ch.
and our families to God. But even then it is hard to vert their way, and their heart fretteth against the 16. 9; Ee, 5, 8; Ps. 135. 6; Is. 41. 10; Ac. 18. ro; 2 Ti.+
Vol. 1-17 259
...
"Jacob's dream, ,. GENES18 XXIX. and vaw.
A.M. 2245. B.C. 1759.
7 And that Jacob •obeyed his father and his k Ex. A.M.. 2245• B.C. 1759.
Le. 19.
cBethel: but the name of that city was called
c Thdt is. the house
20. 12.
mother, and was gone to Padan-aram; 3.Pr.1.8.Ep.6.1,2. Lal.
3.20.
(.;od, Ju,
Ho.4.15.
()f 23--26. I. Luz at the first. 5
8 And Esau seeing that the daughters of tlueyu, i Heb. were evz"/ zn
&c. Bethel
It was close to
5
Al.iraham
20 ~f And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If 6God
Canaan pleased not7 Isaac his father, / His posterity, ch. 1,itched his tent, and
25.17;36.13,18. there too h..:
camped when Lot
en- was will be with me,7 and will keep me in this way
9 Then went Esau unto 1Ishmael, and took 89 Or, Bashnnath. separated from him.
Called, Ac. 7. 2, 1t afterwards be-
that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and
unto the wives which he had, Mahalath8 the Charran. ver.18. 2 Co. 5,m
came one of the
gn~at sanctuaries of
I.
the land. At Bethel
raiment to put on,
with Mat.8.20,
daughter of Ishmael, Abraham's son, the sister 1 The distance from Jerol.>oam1dset up one 21 So that I come again to my father's house
Beersheba to Bethel ~;Jis t[~ i~fa~~;t~ d
5
of N ebajoth, to be his wife. is fifty miles as the Israelites so polluted

crow flies, and Jacob it by their idolatry
in peace; then shall the LORD be my Goel:
10 -,J" And Jacob went out from Beer-sheba, could not
waiked that distance
have that
Bethel, it
instead of
called wa:,
22 And this stone, which I haYe set for a
9 in a single day. The in derision, by the
and went toward Haran. narrative does not later prophets, Beth- pillar, shall be God's dhouse: and of all that
11 And he lighted upon a certain place, and Ftr~!~~~;°ort~ Jori;~ f~f;.~~ ;~ i:e no~
ney. The night at ruined and desobte.
0
thou shalt give me I will surely give •the 8tenth
Bethel is sµecially
tarried there all night, because the sun was set: ofmentioned, -• Bethel has come
because to nou)lht,' Am. 5. S·
the events which -P.
unto thee.
and he took of the stones of that place, and put is no unusual- thing in 60r,sfnce.
occurred there. It
N" ot, if God wz'll
7
CHAPTER XXIX.
Pd!estine to sleep in
them for his "'pillows, and lay down in that the open air. Two- be
thirds of the present seems to imply a
nz.e, which wltn
1 Jacob cometh to the u:e/l of Haran. 9 He taketh acquaintance oj
1 do so doubt, though God Rachel. 13 Labanentertaineth him. 18 Jacob cotenantethfor Rachel.
place to sleep. population
durm~ the summer had gn·en his solemn 23 He is deceived with Leah. 28 He ,na,-rieth also Rachel,and serveth
months-on hou:.e- pronuse of protec-
12 And he "dreamed, and behold a ladder tops, in fields, or with tion, but, st'nce God for her sei-en vears unre. :n Leah is fruitful, and buweth Reuben
their flocks on hiil- wzll be -;.11ifh ~.are- Simeon, Levi, and Juda.Ji. '
sides. 1 have often solution founded in
set up on the earth, and the top of it reached seen a shepherd or a believing reliance
muleteer take a stone upon, and grateful
HEN Jacob ,vent on his journey,9 and came
to heaven: and behold the angels of God as- for
cending and descending on it.
0
his pillow; and it acknowledgment of,
~o!for~~b:ean~h:~
the turban is pro-
perly folded.-P.
~C.divine goodness.
13 And, behold, the LoRD stood above it, n ch. 15. 1, 12; 3. 33;33.20;35.1,3,7,14.
d A place for God's
worship, ch. 12. 8; 21.
T into «the land of the people1 of the east. 2
2 And he looked, and behold ba well in the
20.
ch.14.20. De.14.:12,
e
awl said, I am the LoRD PGod of Abraham thy f:/fj~:!.~-~~::i:15; 23.Le.27.30. Heb. tz'thin;r I
1<
field, and, lo, there were cthree flocks of sheep
ch,35.1;48.3. 11
fi.ther, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon 6.Mat.22.32.
/J ch.15.1;17.7.Ex.3.
wz'llhthe.
IJing by it; for out of that well they watered
thou liest, qto thee will I give it, and to thy .aluTiot~h; i~e~1hi~ the flocks: and a great stone was upon the
CHAP. XXIX.
seed; possession, ch. 12. 7;
;~~~~::;-;;,;·;_1.Ac. feet,Heb.ltftedNphis 9
well's mouth.3
Ps.u9.32,6o.
14 And •thy seed shall be as the dust of the r Seed natural, but a ch.28.5,6;25.20;24. 3 And thither were all the flocks gathered:
chiefly spiritual, Ac. w;22.:.10-23.
2
earth; and thou shalt spread abroad •to the u.Nu.23.10.Re.7.4,9.
3.25. ch.13-r6;J2.12;35.
l Heb. children. and they rolled the stone from the well's mouth,
2 • Children of the
west, and to the east, and to the north, and to .sDe.12.20.
2 Heb, brealeforth.
East,' Be,u-Kedem,
is the general name
and watered the sheep, and put the stone again
the south: and in thee, and 1in thy seed, shall 18;26.4-Ga.3.16.
t ch. 12. 3; 1a 18; 22.
Ps.72. ~~~;~~ri~k~:;b~s~
upon the well's mouth in his place.
3 17.Ep.1.3-
all the families of the earth be blessed. 3 Here again the along
Their co,mtry lay
the whole 4 And Jacob said unto them, My brethren,
Lord renews to Ja• eastern border of
15 And, behold, "I am with thee, and will the cob, in all its details, Palestine, extending
promise previ- to the Red Sea on
whence be ye? And they said, Of dHaran are
keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and ously made to A bra- the south, and to the
ham, ch.22.17, and to Persian Gulf and Me• we.
Isaac, ch.26.4. includ- sopotamia on the
will bring thee again into this land: for I will ing not merely a nu- east.-P.
merous posterity.and b ch.24-:n,13. Ex. 2.
5 And he said unto them, Know ye Laban
not leave thee, until I have done that which I the possession of Ca- ,6.
naan, but greatest c Ca.1.7. Ps.23.2. Is. the •son of Nahor? And they said, We know
and best of all, the 49.10.
have spoken to thee of. promise of the MES·
SIAH.-P.
3 Chardin informs him.
us, that in Arabia,
16 1 And Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and Mat.28.:ro.
u ch.31.3; 32.9; 46.4- and other places,
Jos.1.5. Ju. they cover up the
6 And he said unto them, !Is he well? 4 And
he said, Surely the LoRD is in this place, and 6.16. ls.43.2;41. IO, 13, wells lest the sand
which is put in mo- they said, He is well: and, behold, Rachel his
liL:. s. i◊,;t/;: J~: tion by the winds
9
I• knew it not. 10.28,29.J ude 1. should fill and quite daughter cometh with the sheep.
x Little expected stop them up.
17 And he was Yafraid, and said, How dread- it,3.4--7.
Job9.11;33-14-1Sa. dch.:n.31;24-10.Ac.
7.2.
7 And he said, Lo, 9 it is yet high day,5 neither
ful is this place! this is •none other but the 8.35.Re.1.17.
y Mat.17.6. Lu.2.9; e Grands..on, ch. 31.
53;:-4.24,29. is it time that the cattle should be gathered to-
house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. z Here God is
manifested in a re- 2~a.20.9.
_(ch.43.27.r Sa.25.5,
gether: water ye the sheep, and go and feed
markable manner, 4 Heb. is there
18 And Jacob "rose up early in the morning, and there is an in'.et peacetohi'ml
into communion with
them.
and took the stone that he had put for his ,3. him, 1 Ti. 3 . .15. ch.35.
10
~ Ep.5- 1:6. Ga. 6. 9,
8 And they said, hWe cannot, until all the
a ch. 22. 3. Ee. 9. 10. 6 Heb. yd the day
pillows, and hset it up fer a pillar, and poured Ps.119.6o. !~h.~34. 14; 43- 32.
IS
flocks be gathered together, and till they roll
4 b ch.31.41;35. 14,20, Accordmg to our
oil upon the top of it. Is. 19. 19. OS. 24. 26, established order we
1 Sa.7.12.2 a.18.18. cannot do it ; nor
the stone from the well's mouth; then we water
19 And he called the name of that place ingt As a thank-offer- have we sufficient
to God. ability to do it.
the sheep.
16, 17; Ps. 34- 7; 91. 11; Mat. 18. 10; He. I. 14; ch. 32. taining some special benefit, Nu. 21. 1, 2; Ju. 11. 30; they who have him and his angels to be their protectm:s!
1, 2. But chiefly this ladder typified Christ, as Mediator 1 Sa. 1. 11; Pr. 31. 2. No danger can come near them. And, if he love, he
between God and man. He, in his manhood, is of the Ver.21. Owned·and worshipped by me and my family, will never leave us. He is often nearer us than we are
earth, a descendant of Jacob; and in his divine person is as the author of our whole happiness, and as our valu- aware; and his comfortable presence in ordinances is
the Lord from heaven, Is. 7. 14; 9. 6; Jn. I. 14; Ro. 1. 3, able and everlasting portion, Ex. 15.2; Ps. 118.27. the very gate to celestial joys. How effectually near•
4; 9. 5; I Ti. 3- 16; he is the only means of fel,owship REFLECTIONS. How crosses and crowns are ness to God humbles us under a sense of our own vile•
between God and men, Jn. 14.. 6; Ep. 2. 18; 3. 12; I mingled together in the Jot of the saints ! But it is ness and corruption! And happy is it when our fel-
Ti. 2. 5, 6; and he directs and enjoys the ministration comfortable when the blessing of parents and of God lowship with God leaves a lasting impression on our
of angels, Jn. I. 51; I Pe. 1. 12; I Ti. 3. 16,-in his prepares men for their trials; and to have a godly spirits--powerfully constrains us, by solemn engage•
conception, Lu. 1. 31; Mat. 1. 20,-his birth, Lu. 2. 14; friend's house to lodge in, amidst our distress, alleviates ment, to surrender ourselves, and all that we have, to
He. 1. 6,-his temptation, Mat. 4- 11,-his agony, Lu. the grief. What care both parents and children ought his service-and ren~ers us content with a moderate
22. 43,-his resurrection, Mat. 28. 2, 5,-his ascension, to take to prevent unequal marriages with the ungodly! share of the good things of this life! But while I thus
Ac. 1. IO, 11; Ps. 47. 5; 68. 17, 18; Da. 7. IO, 13,- How shrewd the contrivances of carnal men to pro- regard the kindness of his providence, let me here con•
and second coming, I Th. 4- 16; 2 Th.L 7; Mat. 25. 31. mote their temporal advantage! But they who aim template the person and the work of my glorious
Ver. 20. A vow is a solemn promise made to God, only at pleasing men often meet with the most bitter Redeemer, thar Mediator between God and man. Oc
by which we bind ourselves more strictly to necessary disappointments. They who rest on partial reforma- earth, in the condescension of his humanity; in heaven,
duty, or what indifferent things are calculated to pro- tions lie down but the more securely under the wrath in the glory of his divinity; through him I come near
mote it, Ps. 76. II; 119. 106; Is. 19. 21; 44. 4, 5; 45· of God. It is too late to be wise when the opportunity t~ God, and enjoy his p_resence a~d his favour; thro~gb
23; 2 Co. 8. 5; De. 5. 2, 3; 29. 1, 12, 13; Jos. 24- 25; 2 is lost. How amazing the mercy of God, in graciously him I behold the promises of gmdance and protection;
Ki. 11. 17; 2 Ch. 29. 10; 34- 31-34; Ezr. 10. 3; Ne. 9. visiting such as, by their sin, have made their own and after all my wanderings in this world, defended by
IO; Ac. 18. 18; 21. 23, 24; and that either in thankful- homes dangerous for them to tarry at! Easily he ren- his care, shall return to my Father's house in peace,
ueos for some mercy received, Jonah 1. 16; or for ob• ders even trouble sweet with his kindness ; and happy laden with the blessings of eternal glory.
2~q
0 UR TENT NEAR BETHEL-WHERE JACOB SAW THE LADDER AND
THE ANGELS. [Genesis, xxviii:12.]-This is supposed to be the place where
Jacob tarried all the night and where he dreamed and "behold a ladder set
up upon the earth with its top reaching to heaven, and where the angels of God
Who would not sleep on such a bed,
With stony pillow for his ·head,
If they might dream with thee,
\Vhose glad dreaming is no seeming,
ascended and descended upon it." Nor whose sleeping ends in weeping,
The bed was earth, the raised pillow stones, And whose waking is no breaking
Whereon poor Jacob rests his head, his bones, Of the bright reality.
Heaven was his canopy, the shades of night Bethel is on the road from Jerusalem, and along this way our Savior often
Were his drawn curtalns to exclude the light. walked.
Jacob's reception from Laban. GENESIS XXX. Jacob marrieth Leah and Rachel.
A.M. 2245. lo.C. 1759. I A. M. zz5::, B.C. 1752.
24 And Laban gave unto his daughter Leah
9 1 And 'while he yet spake with them, Rachel
came with her father's sheep; for she kept ich. 24 15. Ex.2.15,
16,21.Ca.1.;,8.
y ch.16,1;24-59.
z 1 Co,3.13;4.5.
Zilpah his maid/or van handmaid.
them. k ver. 13; ch. 33- 4-
Ex 4.27.Ro.16.16.
a ch.:.--.1_;. Pr.u.31.
Ju.1.7.Mat.7.2.
25 And it came to pass, that •in the morn.
10 And it came to pass, when Jacob saw /ch 134;43.30;43.2,
i Heb. place. ing, behold, it u:as Leah: and he said to Laban
marriage fe~t, J u.14. What is this thou hast done unto me? did not
fut JU}. b ~even days of
Rachel the daughter of Laban .his mother's Lj.,15,
Kinsman;
m ne- >o.
brother, and the Fheep of Laban his mother's phew, vtr.13; ch.13.8. c Mal.z.15, Le.18.18. I serve with thee for Rachel? wherefore then
Mat.19.5.I Ti.6.IO,
brother, that Jacob went near, and rolled the 2 Heb, heari"nE. ahast thou beguiled me?
8The duplicity of
stone from the well's mouth, and watered the n ch.45.15.Ex.4.27;
18. 7. Lu.j.45. Ko. 16.
Laban in imposing-
upon Jai:ob, and now
26 And Laban said, It must not be so done
flock of Laban his mother's brother. >6.
3 He told him the

l~i~J~~~;og u~m~:;:~~'. in our country,7 to girn the younger before the
ed, or that perhaµs
11 And Jacob kkissed Rachel, and lifted up caus~ of his journ~y, never had a bein~, first-born.
and what had ha,_l- in jw,tifi.cation of lt,
his voice, 1and wept. pened to him by t~1e
way.
is utterly to be con-
demned, The world is
full of du1,lic1ty, Sa}•
27 Fulfil her bweek, and we will give thee
Ii' And Jacob told Rachel that he was her "Mynear kinsman, ing one thing and cthis also for the senice which thou shalt serve
ch.2.23.Ju.9.2.2 Sa.19. meaning another,
father's mbrother, and that he was Rebek- 12.'.\Ii.7.5.Eµ.5.30. ch.
13,8,ver.12,15. kfi3:i:~~g !hi~ct i~~ with me yet seven other years. 8
ah's son: and she ran and told her father. J~n~inlite a~1\ ~~i:~; 28 1 And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week;
4 Heb. a montk ef
days. evib it leads to more.
13 And it came to pass, when Laban heard concentrated affec- and he gave him Rachel his daughter to wife
First. it divides the
p Ho. 12. 12; 3.2. ch.
tions of Jact.. b; then 9
the tidings 2 of Jacob his sister's son, that he 34.1z.Ex.22.17. it introduces him to also.
polygamy, this leads
In modern times, 5
ran to meet him, and embraced him, and "kissed society,
and m Euroµean
the father
to envv between the
sisters: to a farther 29 And Laban gave to Rachel his daughte:t
extension of the first
him, and brought him to his house. And he his <laughter;
g~ves dowry wi~h
in the
a evil; and terminates Bilhah his handmaid to be her maid.
the slavery of
told Laban all these things. 3 times and country
of Laban, the father foseph,
in
and nearly
30 And he went in also unto Rachel, and he
received it for his efin§-~~~7 ~~~ h:~1.
14 And Laban s~id to him, Surely thou art stilldaughter; a custom
prevalent in
row to tile zrave.-C. aloved also Rachel more than Leah, and serYed
Arabia and some
my" bone and my flesh. And he abode with tne». other eastern coun-
9 1752.
with him yet seven other years.
How shall we d De.21. 15. Mat. 6.
him the space of a month. 4 account for this dif-
ference of customs?
24;10.37. Jn.12.25. Lu.
14-26.
31 -,;- And when the LORD saw that Leah wae
ch.20.18;30.22. Ps. hated, he •opened her womb: but Rachel waa
From the system of
15 411" And Laban said unto Jacob, Because polygamy I.
so preva- e
127.3.
lent in the East, which
thou art my brother, shouldest thou therefore til,n
rendered the propor- fch.16, 1; 25. 21. Ju. 1 barren.
of unmarried fe- 13.2.1 Sa.1.5. Lu,1,7.
serve me for nought? tell me, what shall thy males inadequate to
the number of males,
E That is, .ueason,
32 And Leah conceived, and bare a son; and
and enabled covet-
wages be? ous fathers, like La-
ban, to make a profit- 29;42.22,37;.i.6.8,9;49.3, she called his
ch.35. 22,23;37. 21, 22,
name gReuben :1 for she said,
4-
16 And Laban had two daughters: the name able traffic of their
daughters. From 2. 1 Son of n!{ard- Surely the LoRD hath looked upon my affliction;
the nature of the as if his mother, la-
of the elder was Leah, and the name of the servile employments
to which even fe-
menting the coldness now therefore my husband will love me.
of affection in her
younger was Rachel. males of rank (such
as Rachel, ver. 6)
husband, which was
more ardently turned 33 And she conceived again, and bare a son;
were aµpointed. It
son as a token. and and said, Because the LoRD hath heard that l
to Rachel, takes her
17 Leah was tender-eyed, but Rachel was former is evident that, in
times, the makes his name a
beautiful and well-favoured. wife, in eastern coun- memorial of the re• was hated, he hath therefore given me this son
tries, was but a supe-
rior servant, or real 1:;,da~~Ghi ~~~~f
18 And Jacob loved Rachel; and said, Pl will slave, as she still,
down to these days,
obtaining and secur- also: and she called his name hSimeon.
ing the nz-ard of her
serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger therefore
continues to be, and
we can be ~!~~din s~~~~~: 34 And she conceived again,2 and bare a son;
little surprised that ledgment of Gabriel's
daughter. 5 she was purchased
as by a master, for
message (Lu.1.t;,<tsJ and said, Now this time will my husband be
19 And Laban said, qt is better that I give aswhom she was to toil
an inferior, and
;;c~~ sr~ri~d :ne-
saviour. For he hath joined unto me, because I have born him three
not endowed as for a re2arded the low
her to thee, than that I should give her to an- shehusband with whom estate of his hand- sons: therefore was his name called iLevi.
was to live ..s an maiden. '-C.
other man: abide with me. equal.-Note, It was
reserved for Chris- h That is, Marin}!',
35 And she conceived again,3 and bare a son;
20 And Jacob served seven years for Rachel; ~~~n~i~~~ ei~e~t~~~:
vailed, to raise the
ch.34. 25; 35. 23; 42. 24;
46.10;49.5,6, and she said, Now will I praise the LoRD:
and they seemed unto him but a few days, Tfor condition of woman
to her proper rank
2 :1749.
-i That is, jo£ned,
therefore she called his name kJudah, and left
in society.-C.
the love he had to her. ch.34. 25;35. 23; 46.n; bearing. 4
q Ps. 12. 2. Is. 56. n 49.5,6.
21 1 And Jacob said unto Laban, Give me covetous.
He was shameka.sly s 1748.
k That is, praise,
CHAPTER XXX.
my wife, for my days •are fulfilled,6 that I may Co. 7. Ca.8.7
ch.xxxviii.;35.z6;43.8,
9;44.18-34; 46.12; 49.6--
,- 1 13- 1 Rachel, in grief far her barrenness, giveth Bi/hah her maid unto
got in unto her. Ep.5.~
"·4 Heb. stoodfrom Jacob. 5 She bearethDanand Naphtali. 9 Leah giveth .Zilpah, he>
s My seven years' bearini:.
maid, wlw beareth Gad and Asher. 14 Reuben findeth mandraku,
22 And Laban gathered together all the men service,
31..µ.
ver. 18,20; ch with which Leah buyeth her husband of Rachel. 17 Leah beareth
Issachar, .Zebulun, and Dinah. 22 Rachel leareth Joseph. 25 Jacoi
of the place, and made "a feast. desireth w depa,·t. 'Z1 Laban staveth him on a new c,n-enam.
23 And it came to pass in the evening, that , t Ju.15-1. ch. 4-1; 38 . CHAP. XXX.
B.C. 1749-
37 J acoll s policy, whereby he becometh rich.
he took "'Leah his daughter, and brought her u Ju.:t.po.Jn.2.:1,2. Ps.1o6.16, ach.37.u.Nn.n.29.
Ec.4.4- Pr,
,,\ ND when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob
to him; and he went in unto her. x Being veiled, ch
24.65;38,15- Mi.7.5-
27.4. Ga.5.21. 1Co.3.3,
Tit.3.3.Ja.3. 14;4.5. 1i_ no children, Rachel aenvied her sister; and
CHAPTER XXIX. Ver. 23- Leah being veiled, perous the gracious visits of a reconciled God render How little comfort men have ever found in transgress•
as ch. 24. 65, and it being dark, Jacob could not discern men ! Behold the plainness, humility, and kindness ing God's original institution by taking a plurality of
the fraud. Thus he who beguiled his brother, and which once prevailed in the world! How kind is it to wives! Real marriage love cannot be divided. Nothing
imposed on his dim-sighted father, was now, in like assist others unasked; and how unnatural to refuse our can be heavier to an affectionate wife than to have her
manner, beguiled himself. relations assistance in the time of their distress ! The husband's love estranged from her. But readily the
Ver. 25. [By bitter experience Jacob was now taught diligent labourer is worthy of his hire. Virtuous love Lord takes part with them who have least help in man;
how painful, how harrowing to the feelings of others, brings its own reward along with it. Nothing is irk- and makes up in one thing what he denies to them in
was that cunning and duplicity which he himself had some when done in fervent affection. With what another. Let us therefore, like Leah, diligently ob-
practised on his father and brother. From this moment deliberation ought men to proceed in marriage, even serve the providence of God, not only in the birth of
till the day of his death he continued to be the victim when they are assured of God's blessing on it! How children, but in every other thing which may befall us;
of deception and falsehood. Retributive justice seems powerful is the abominable influence of a covetous that we may acknowledge it with gratitude, trust him
to have followed him until, in God's good providence, heart! It will make parents to sell their children or more cheerfully, and praise him to his glory.
it completely purified him. P.] prostitute them as harlots, and men to impose upon
Ver. 31. To punish Leah for consenting to her father's their nearest friends! How justly God marks the sins CHAPTER XXX. REFLECTIONS.-Sinful
deceit, she was hated, that is, less loved than Rachel, of his own people in their chastisements; and yet marriages have sad consequences. Wives chosen for
ver. 30. mercifully tries them with disappointments, that the their beauty often bring a troublesome temper along
REFLECTIONS.-Behold how cheerful and pros• love of creatures may not engross their whole heart I with them. Envious discontentment and disappointed
. 262
Jacob's c<m,eubines and children. GENESIS XXX. His new agreement with Laban.
said unto Jacob, Give me children, ior else I A.M. 2255. B.C. I14Q~ l! A.M. 2257. B.C. :a:747.
with a good dowery; now will my husband dwell
die. b Jobs.z.Pr.I 4.3o. q Thatis,dwdNng, with me, because I have born him six sons: and
c Ep.4-26.Ex.32.r9. ch.35.23; 46.14; 49.13;
2 And Jacob's 0 anger was kindled against dch.50.19: r6.z; 20. called Zabulon, Mat.
4- 13·
she called his name qZebulun.
Rachel; and he said, dAm I in God's stead, who 18;25.21.1 Sa.2.5,6. Ps.
n3.9;1=7.3.2K1.5.7, ,,. That is, judg- 21 And afterwards she bare a daughter, and
ment, ch. xx xiv.; 46.
hath withheld from thee the •fruit of the womb? e De.7.13.Lu.z.42. 15. called her name 'Dinah.
3 And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go myj To be nursed as
own, ch.50.23.Job
sch.8.1. 1Sa.:r.19,
22 'fl And God •remembered Rachel, and God
3.12.
in unto her; and she shall bear 1upon my knees, 5 Heb. be built by 20.ch.21.1.
hearkened to her, and opened her womb.
her.
that I may also have children by her. 5 , g- Concubine, ch.35.
6 1745,
23 And she conceived, 6 and bare a son; and
22;16.3;22.24;25.r,6. t i.e. barrenness.
4 And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to Barrenness was ac- said, God hath taken away my treproach:
It That is,Judg-z"ngr, counted a great re-
wife;g and Jacob went in unto her. ch. 40. 16,17; 35.25; 46.
'3-
proach, as it excluded
from the honour of
24 And she called his name "Joseph; and
5 1 And Bilhah conceived, and bare Jacob a 6 1747.
increasing Abra-
ham's seed, and of said, The LoRD shall ~add to me another son.
iatroducmg the pro-
son. tJ; c~:~- :;;~st~t~~~~ mised Messiah, Lu.r,
25,27.1 Sa. 1.6. ls.4,1.
25 1 And it came to pass, when Rachel had
'd G d h h • d d born Joseph, that Jacob said unto Laban, Send
6 An d R ach el sai , o
earnestness have I
at JU ge me, r;,ct ~"i;J;!;;'. •~~;;e~
and hath also heard my voice, and hath ~iven t:;~nJ'/,~, ";;p;:;:~ u That is, addt'ng-,
ch. 35. 24; xxxvii. me away, that I may go unto mine own place,
xxxix.-xlviii. z; 49. 22-
me a son: therefore called she his name hDan. 6 '' ,"~hatis.mywmt·
0
'6. and to Ymy country.
7 And Bilhah, Rachel's maid, conceived ~;~~;,c~~,1~;,'. \.t~,~~ 5
26 Give me my wives and my children, for
13, Nepkthalzm.
again, an d bare JaCOb a SeCOn d SOn. kForatime,ch."J. whom I have served thee, and let me go :7 for thou
8 And Rachel said, With great wrestlings 7 ,s:ve,.,,. y ch.28.13;26.3, He.
II.9. knowest my se:nice which I have done thee.
/That is, a troop,
have I wrest1ed wit h my sist@r, and I have pre- ~~-~~7l{~;y,ch.,s.,6: 2 7 And Laban said unto him, I pray thee, if
7 His fourteen years
vailed: and she called his name iN aphtali. •,747. of service were now
fulfilled, and he de-
I have 'found favour in thine eyes, tarry.- for I
9 When Leah saw that she had kleft bearing, ,,,:!!;~- '" myhap- sires to quit so un-
grateful a service,and have learned by experience that athe LoRD hath
she took Zilpah her maid, and gave her Jacob c:.:S~'.· 3•·,.·L"·'·""· such covetous exac-
tion of his labours, to
return to the land of
blessed me for th:Y sake.
to wife. ch~;.~~!0~;7,!~~y, his father-the land
of promise-having 28 And he said, bAppoint me thy wages, and
no other substance
10 And Zilpah, Leah's maid, bare Jacob a son. o Precious 1 1
• ••·
fruits, or
than his large family.
God, however, re-
I will give it.
11 And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she :;.eet flowm, Ca 7. wards his toil, and
defeats the covetous- 29 And he said unto him, Thou knowest
called his name 1Gad.8 chow I have served8 thee, and how thy cattle
ness of Laban.-1.
/in' Tii!b.m~~:~.;;\
12 And Zilpah, Leah's maid, bare Jacob a ~~1ten ;;;:f,.i',~t z ch.r8.3;39.21. Ex.
3.21.1\u.II.II,IS- Ru.
was with me.
Some translate the
SeCOil d 80Il • ;~~J;~wothe~~1:fzt-: 2. 13. 1 Sa. 16. 16. I Ki.
u.19.Da.1,9. 30 For it was little which thou hadst before
9
13 And Leah said, Happv am I, for the j,';,~':,'.':,\f;e,,,.fl';;:,~;;
1
I came, and it is now dincreased unto a multi-
a ch.39.3,23. Ps.r.3.
daughters will mcall me bless~d: and she called k\.,ft;~;;~~ ae,c~t~;
the plant commonly
Is.6.13;65,8. tude; and the Lo RD hath blessed thee •since
his name nAsher. 1 ;:: ~ow;nr;:,~r::s~ my coming: and now, when shall I provide for
1
-
lJ ch.29.r5-
14 ~ And Reuben went in the days •
of wheat- l~~:~:·h'.:'v;~ic:,1~:
resemblance, except
mine own house also?
harvest, and found "mandrakes in the field, and i~~:~hel 7;~;a<!t;;~ 0
c I Pe.2.15,18. Tit.2.
9,IO.
31 And he said, What shall I give thee?
brought t_hem unto his_ mother Leah. Then i~:1"~:;.£~i~~ And Jacob said, Thou shalt not give me 1any
Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of ~:r /~h'j,;;~;,1~ei",~ 8 How faithful and
succes.sful my service thing. If thou wilt do this thing for me, I will
thy son's inandrakes. 2 ~}~~l~~ll~npt1; 1
~~~
has been, so that I
now well deserve to again feed and keep thy flock.
• ceedingly ruddy, and be dismissed. -
3
15 And she said unto her, Is it a small ~~u;."i;,t::;i:l;d~: 1Vdt.r.
32 I will pass through all thy flock to-day, re-
matter that thou hast taken my h!1sband? and ~;;~!:~;e:
1t;f; d Heb.
forth, ver. 43-
broken moving from thence all the speckled and spotted
wouldest thou take away my son s mandrakes 'i"te~~du~~e,,,elo~e~ cattle, and all the brown cattle among the sheep,
al~o? Antl ~achel said, 'l'he~efore he shall lie ~;1t,~~:ri~J'~~J.~i'. e Heb, at my feet,
De.II.IO.
and the spotted and speckled among the goats;
with thee to-mght for thy sons mandrakes. 1;;:i:·.;~,~.;~t and ef gsuch shall be my hire. . ·
16 And Jacob came out of the field in the #),~':.~1~:J'/,/:o; f Any stinted wa-
ges, but what God's 33 So shall my hrighteousness answer for me
providence shall dlot
evening' and Leah went out to meet him' and ~:~tflea:.;',':,'h\l:'a~~
occupied the mmd of
me, Ps.u8.8.He.13.5. iin time to come, when it shall come for my hire
said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I ~t~h~~e:"~n°,i~ 0
,~~~ before thy face: every one that is not speckled
. d h
have h ire .h , d k A d Godandhisprnmises, E Speckled young
t ee wit my sons man ra ·es. n .;a;1~~;~}';~~':u';fe~: produced by white
dams, ver. 35. and spotted among the goats, and brown among
he lay with her that night. ~;'~~~~;,~ii;';.°p";;~; the sheep, that shall be counted stolen with me.
17 , And God hearkened unto Leah, and she from ch.,,.'4.-C. It My just dealing
shall appear in the 34 And Laban said, Behold, I would it might
3 These contentions colour of my cattle,
conceived, and bare Jacob the fifth son. 4 ~~~~~:~~''i,"i:'°c,.t'. Is.59.12.
be according to thy word. 9
18 And Leah said, God hath given me5 m.v \~;",t~;,~~,~~'t?J' i Heb. to-mor,-ow, 35 And he removed that day the he-goats
hire, becam,e I have given my maiden to mvJ -
~
,,ah.~ ~-
41747.
Ex.13.14..
that· were ring-straked and spotted, and all the
husband: and she called his name Plssachar. • Instead
knowledging
of her
ac- ! Laban agreed to
this, as he expected
she-goats that were speckled and spotted, and
19 And Leah conceived again, and bare Jacob gii'· ,.~~b~::;:,~e:f that all of these co-
lours agreed upon every one that had some white in it, and all the
the sixth son. hedo,it.
f> That is, an hire,
~h~nfo~k~icvaer~/~~~ brown among the sheep, and gave them into the
more such would be
20 And Leah said, God hath endowed me ~;· 35·'" ••·'" ""'·'4• produced in it.
hand of his sons.
pride make multitudes miserable! Immoderate desire readily imitated than good ones. If we are once over, have need to trust their God, as all others may deceive
of children, or ether created enjoyments, hurry many come by sin, we are apt to yield to it more easily after, them; and reason to desire their heavenly home, as
into fearful disorders! But it is vain ever to expect ward. Many are more governed by the estimation of this world is not their rest. What an advantage to
that happiness from creatures which can be had only the world than by reason or religion. It is very wicked families are servants remarkably pious! How criminal
in and from God himself. No love to persons should for parents to transmit their quarrels to their children. for covetous masters to uefraud them of their wages!
hinder our detestation and reproof of their sins. Even It is no lessening of our guilt that God brings good out What good words worldly men can give to serve their
the godly are apt to fall into snares laid for them by of our evil. People often promise themselves happi• own ends, and how wise they are for their own carnal
their near relations. And bad examples are more ness in that which will be their death or ruin. Saints interests t But their caution is vain when God designs
263
Jacob's policy for becoming rich. GENESIS XXXI.
36 And he set three days' journey• betwixt
himself and Jacob: and Jacob fed the rest of
Laban's flocks. 1
37 ~r And Jacob took him krods of green
poplar, 2 and of the 1hazel and mchestnut tree;
and pilled white strakes in them, and made the
white appear which was in the rods.
38 And he set t!1e rods which he had pilled
before the flocks in the gutters in the watering-
troughs when the flocks came to drink, that
they should conceive3 when they came to drink.
39 And the flocks "conceived before the rods,
and brought forth cattle ring-straked, speckled,
and spotted.
40 And Jacob did separate the lambs, and
set the faces of the flocks toward the ring-
straked and all the brown in the flock of Laban;
and he put his own flocks by themselves, and
put them not unto Laban's cattle. 4
41 And it came to pass, whensoever the
stronger cattle did conceive, that Jacob laid the
rods before the eyes of the cattle in the gutters,
that they might conceive among the rods.
42 Bu: when the cattle were feeble, he put
them not in: so the feebler were Laban's, and
the stronger Jacob's.
43 And the man °increased exceedingly, and
had much cattle, and maid-servants, and men-
serrnnts, and camels, and asses.
CHAPTER XXXI.
I Jacob upon displeasure departeth secutly. 19 Rachel stealeth her
father's images. 2'2 Laban pu,·sucth after him, and cornplaineth of
the w1·ong. 34 Rachel's policl! to hide the imar,es. 30 Jacob's com~
plaint of Laban. 43 The cm•enant of Laban and Jacob at Galeed.
KD he heard athe words of Laban's sons,
A saying, Jacob hath taken away all that
our father's; and of which
that our father's
was
was
hath he gotten all this bglory.

2 And Jacob beheld the countenance of La-
ban, and, behold, it was not toward him c as
before.
3 And the dLORD said unto Jacob, •Return
unto the 11and of thy fathers, and to thy kin-
dred; and I will he gw:.th thee.
4 And Jacob sent and called Rachel and
Leah to the field unto his flock,
5 And said unto them,5 I see your father's
countenance, that it is not toward me as before;
bnt the God of my father hath hbeen with me:
6 And ye know, that \vith all my power I
have served vonr father.
7 And v~ur father hath deceived me, and
changed my
wages ten ktimes; but God 1suf- part, ver.
,· ver. 40,42. Tit.2.0,
10.1 Pe.2.18. Ep.6.5-8.
~.I).
fered him not to hurt me. Col 1-22-25.

Often, ver.4-1.Nu.
R
8 If he said thus, mThe speckled shall be thy 14.:n.
,,.
Leh. :20.6. Ps.I05.14,
wages; then all6 the cattle bare Rpeckled: and 6 The ch.30.32.
most part.
m
to frustrate their purposes; and they often outwit them- providence of God, His blessing can quickly increase of his property to the Lord, and thus in the 'lrdinary
selves who intend to impose upon others. All agree- a little, and make it a great store. • affairs of life to testify his complete dependence on the
ments ought to be made with great clearness and divine will. N0w after a long and hard struggle, when
accuracy, that no stain be thereby occasioned to our CHAPTER XXXI. [Ver. 13. This is a simple wealth was acquired, and by the envy of an unjust
character; and in the use of lawful means to promote statement, but there is most cheering truth embodied master was placed in peril, the Lord graciously reminds
our wealth, our trust should be fixed on the promised in it. He had vowed prospectively to dedicate a tenth him of the vision at Bethel. P.)
·264 6
Jacob i.<; <YVertaken by Laban. GENESIS XXXI. Their. cm:enant at Galeed.
"Jacob had pitched his tent in the mount: and A.!1!. 2:.-65. B.C. 1;3).
•set it here before my brethren an<l thy brethren,
st Sa.12.3,4.1 Th.2.
Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount 20.9,to:26.10. b ch.3. 13;4.ro; 12.18;
Jos.7.19.
IO. r Pe.2. 12; 3 16. He.
13.18.:-;u,1u.15.
that they may judge betwixt us both.
of Gilead. 1Sa.14-43. t Through my care
and God'> blessrng,
38 This twenty years have I been with thee;
26 And Laban said to Jacob, bWhat hast z4-c False, ver.16;ch.2. ch.~0.27. u Eze.34.2-4. thy ewes and thy she-goats 1have not cast their
thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares • Heb. has! st,tm yx Ex.12.4;22.,10,n. Lu.2.8. Ho 12.12. young, and the rams of thy flock have u I not
He.13.17.1 Pe.5.3.
to me, and carried away my daughters, cas Lap- m,. z ver.38. 2Co.u.26. eaten.
39 That which was torn ef beasts I brought
23 25 Co.15.10.
tives taken with the sword? dP,.,6. - · a !:,ee ver.7.
I
5 Heb. to.Pit. This b l;od whom he

27 Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly, tympanum,is :.ui-,po:,ed to be the feared, ch. 27. 33, ls.
<1:0 in-.tru• 8.13.Ps.76.11,12.
not unto thee; I bare the loss of it: of "my
4
and steal away from me, and didst not tell me, our tambourine; it mindFear
ment very similar to is a state of
modified t,y its
j,-
8
hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by
much used in the objecr. A slave may
that I might have sent thee away dwith mirth, conspicuousEast, and occunie<; a fcaY a severe ta!>k•
place in master, a child a ten-
day, or stolen by night.
and with songs, with tabret,5 and with harp? ments,-J. all musical entertain• der parent. This mo-
dificatton of the feel-
40 Titus I was; Yin the day the drought con-
ing of/eaY arise!> fr?m
28 And hast not suffered me •to kiss mv the feelings with sumed me, and the frost by night; and my
which itis c1.ssociated.
1
sons and my daughters? Thou hast now don~ /ver. 3, 13. r Co. 2. ciated In the slave it is asso- sleep departed from mine eyes.
foolishly in so doing. , . with anticipa-
ted severity, in the
child with unques- 41 Thus •have I been twenty years in thy
gPs. 52. r. Jn.19-10, tioned love. In the
29 It gis in the power of my hand to do you n, one it is the fear of
terror, in the other
house: I served thee fourteen years for thy two
hurt: but the hGod of your father spake unto 20,26. the.fear of reverence.
It Dan. 47;3.28;6. There isa/eaY, some-
2. daughters, and six years for thy cattle; and thou
time<; supposed to he
me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that thefia,-o/God, which
is a!tog-ether incon-
hast changed my wages aten times.
i ver. 19.J e. ro. n.Ju. sistent
thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad. 6. 31; 18.24. Nu. :n. 4.
Ex. e.43.
with true reli-
gion. It is not, how-
12.12.J 12.
42 Except the God of my father, the God
ever, the fear of God,
30 And now, though thou wouldest needs k ch.20.u.Pr.29.25, ishment.fear but the of pun-
Thisslavish
of Abraham, and bthe Fear 8 of Isaac, had been
be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy /ver.21; ch.19.7; 13. fear love casteth ut-
terly out of the heart, with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now
1 Jn. 4. 18, while love
father's house, yet wherefore hast thou 'stolen 8.Ac.4.19. r:::~tf~~ \i~t l~r~t empty: God chath seen mine affliction, and the
my' gods? tn ch.24.28,67. ture declares to be
labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yester-
~~~i:d~~. i~~~~1C:of night. -
31 And Jacob answered and said to Laban, n ver.19. ~ ' The Fear
Isaac' signifies 'the
Because kJ was afraid: for I said, Peradventure e The objections of Co<l of Isaac.' The
Hebrew word is m,ed 43 , And Laban answered and said unto
unbelievers ag"amst to denote not merely
thou wouldest take by force thy daughters from the Bible are gcna
a·ly founded on two
the al !>tract idea of
'fear,' but the person
Jacob, These daughters are my daughters, and
me. false princiµles. oro{lject which cauc,es
They enumerate ail it. It has this latter
J.
these children are my children, and these cattle
the weaknesses, er• !.ense here. The re-
32 With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, rors, most
and sins of the bukt; which Jaco!.,
prominent administered to La-
are my cattle, and all that thou seest i8 mine:
let him not live: before 1our brethren discern ters, Scripture charac• l,an was sharp and
as things ap- deserved.-P. and what can I do this day unto these my
JJrnved of God, be·
thou what is thine with me, and take it to c,mse tu,- word.
recorded in cch. 16. 13;29.32. 1Cr.
Presum• 12.17. Ps. 31. 7.Ex.3.7,
2.
daughters, or unto their children which they
thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had must ing that Christians
consequently
d ch.21.32;26.31.
e Heap of stones
have born?
approve and defend for a memorial, ver
stolen them. ~~~Zcef~e;~c~~~i; 4::,,48,52.
44 Now therefore come thou, d)et us make
33 And Laban went into Jacob's tent, and Christi.ms Chri!>tianity
of aprrov-
and /ver.23,32,37,54-
That is the heap ff
a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a
into mLeah's tent, and into the two maid-ser- ~~fat a~d evi:~fen~:~fi o/ f'Je-wirne.,ses, He.
the~e a.ssumption!>are
12.1. witness between me and thee.
i.e. The heap fJJ
vants' tents; but he found them not. Then went erront"r)us in all ca<,cs,
con'>equently errone- witJ1esses. - . [ The 1
9
45 And Jacob took a •stone, and set it up .for
wr,rd G1'/ead signifies
~~:rni~le~~ ach~1~~~~ i
he out of Leah's tent, and entered into Rachel's weak,, superstitious, te111..ted toandindicate
'ru~J!"ed,' wa~ m- a pillar.
tent. and,ala.s! itmayhave the physicala,.pec; of
been covetous, and the country, ofwh1ch 46 And Jacob said unto his I brethren,
it was the original
34 Now "Rachel had taken the images, and :.',~'.n ;\:';~~;~!~~" :~dLah:~t~l!~h~ Gather stones: and they took stones, and made
0
put them in the camel's furniture, and sat upon l~u/ ;,:c,~aJ;~,~ ;i~,: raised covenant, Jacob
the ht>ap of an heap; and they did eat there upon the heap.
t h em. 6 A n d L ab an searc h ed 7 al 1 the tent, but ~~~nn: the S~\~~~e~f !>tones and called it
God in thi, an<l in Galeed, 'the heap of
witness;' thus making
47 And Laban called it gJegar-sahadutha;
found theJll not. ~~t~ 1
~er~~s~~~J·hs~;ee_ the nameofthemoun-
cial sentence of con• tain apply, by a slight but Jacob ca1led it Galeed. 9
35 And she said to her father, Let it not demnation, it is sim- cth~hangc of sound, to
heap he had 48 And Laban said, This heap UI a witness
~}Yc~7ti~s~,.~~~~~:I raised. Such a play
displease my lord that I cannot Prise up before ~~ °,~~;~~'n':.n~;;'. common in the Ea'>t
0
0
upon word<; is very
between me and thee this day. Therefore was
thee; for q the custom of women is upon me. ~~;l,~a~~~~.:>t~n °' called f'ven yet.
the
Jr.rar • sahadutha,
Laban
heap the name of it called hGaleed;
And he searched, but found not the images. winch in his own Ar-
amaic Jan>;uagc: was 49 And ;Mizpah: for he said, The Lo RD
36 , And Jacob •was wroth, and chode with 'Heb.felt. identica~ in meaning
with &ateed. The watch between me and thee, when we are absent
'd L b och.1812.1Pe.2.18; exact spot is 1111-
Laban: an d Jacob answere d an d sm to a an, 1;t 6·'·Le.,,.3. have 2
known ; but it mu'>t
;~;_
been n«ar Ma• one from another.
What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou pLe., 9.,-,. ,Ki.2. hanaim.-P.] It. Or, Gilead, vet. 50 If thou shalt afflict my daughters, kor if
23. De.2.3{>;3.16. Jos.
hast so hotly pursued after me? ••· 13.8,9. thou shalt take other wiYes besides my daughters,
37 Whereas thou hast searched all mv stuff, 'Le.,,;,o.,h.,s.u. ori watch•toweY, That is, a beaa,n
Ho. no man U1 with us; see, God is witness betwixt
~ d f 11 l h h ld ff 'P,.
Wh at h ast t hOU 10\lll O a t lJ OUSe O -Stu '? l ""·' 6·'5·
0
, •. ,. Ep. 4-,6.
5.1.Ju.10.17;u.u.
k Le.18.18. Mat.19, me and thee.
5,with Mal.3.5.
REFLECTIONS.-What stmgs do riches carry under God's direction, we need not fear to return under formed them. \Vhatever wicked men think of foolish
with them, that for them a man is envied of his neigh- his care. But how apt are the best'to forget the dis- mirth and riotous feasting at the parting of friends, it
hour! But base-minded indeed are those wretches who tinguished service of God, unless they be both driven is ordinarily a token of much coldness or corruption in
are ungrateful, and who reckon temporal wealth the and drawn to it! How pleasant when married persons religion. Rough and undeserved reproaches provoke
principal glory. \Vhat an evil world is this, where the dwell together in unity, and do nothing important with· even good men and of calm spirits to vindicate them•
best behaviour cannot secure one's reputation! Too out mutual consent! How strong is our affection to selveswithheat,andtorecriminateontheirreproachers;
often sour looks deprive families of their best supports. idols, when we will rather steal them than want them! and even to utter hasty wishes, which would render
It is a mercy that, in the very crisis of difficulty, God and how despicable those deities that can be stolen and them miserable if they took effect. But God can mar-
visits and comforts his people : that he never changes, hidden among the stuff! God hath in his hand the vellously overrule the rage of men to a most friendly
but wills that we should live near to him. When we hearts of all men; and he will continue to rescue his issue. And with meekness and prudence we ought to
get worldly blessings in a new-covenant channel, they people when upon the brink of ruin, and will restrain cherish even the smallest approach towards peace and
are doubly sweet; and yet, when outward mercies in- their most outrageous enemies. Bad hearts are preg- reconciliation. To forgive and forget injuries, and
crease, we have great need to be stirred up to think of nant with evil surmises; and, if God hinder their mis- render good for evil, is truly Christian; and near rela•
our celestial home. When we have gone safely out chievous designs, they readily pretend that they never tions are doubly bound to mutual forgiveness and liwe
265
Jacob's message to Esau. GENESIS XXXII. ~He prays to God for delivera,IC6.
51 And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this A.M. 2'265. B.C. 1739. 2 5
A.M. "' · B.c m mercies, and of all the "'truth, which thou hast
9
-
I ch. 17. 7. Ex, 3. 6.
heap, and behold this pillar, which I have cast Jos.24-2. mch.24-27.Mi.po; showed unto thy servant; for nwith my staff I
betwixt me and thee;
m See ch.16.5.
n De. 6. 13. ver. 42;
~.;;t~lfilrnentof pm• passed over this Jordan, and now I am become
ch.14-22;:n.24;24.3;26.
52 This heap be witness, and this pillar be zB. n JobB.;;,7.9.P,.4. two bands.
18.Ps.84.7;11:1.35. De.8.
1 A second time
witness, that I will not pass over this heap to God is styled the Fear ,s.m.s. 11 Deliver° me, I pray thee, from the hand
v/ Isaac. The reason
thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap, seems to be, that oPs,6.,;59,:4,-,. of my brother, from the hand of Esau: for I
when Isaac thought
and this pillar, unto me, for harm. of God, a holV ren:r-
ent f<!ar was i:he pre- Pus.,o. fear him, lest he will come an<l smite me, Pand
dominant feeling of 22
53 The1 God of Abraham, and the God of hi,; mind. This b
exemplified, ch. 2i.
4
6," Ho.,o. ' · De. the mother with 9 the children.
.!3- - Note, While
Nau.or, the God of their father, mjudge betwixt true reiigion rc:nu 9 Heb. upon. 12 And 9thou saidst, I will surely do thee
vat es every man, and
us. And Jacob sware nby the Fear of his father the whole man, it
may still exhibit a
, ch.,._ , _, _ Nu. good, and make thy seed as the sand of the sea,
3 5
Isaac. 1 ?H~:~~;·;t,9;;t' which cannot be numbered for multitude.
13,
peculiar ~haracter in
each individual. In
54 Then Jacob o~ered sacrifice 2 upon the ~'.{;-~~i}J~!~i;£~7: rP,-,8.t6;,7,8;2, And he lodged there that same night;
mount, and called his brethren °to eat bread: ~;ei,lb~l~np;~~~;: 96 25
'"' · ·' sa. ·' 7· and took of that which came to his hand 'a
• d a11 n1g
an d th ey d 1.d eat b read , an d t arrie • ht Ill
. '""• but one in the
hvd,,st ,xmis,.-c. 1 Camels of the present for Esau his brother;
the mount. , o,. '"",d ,,,.,ts. most valuable sort. T h d d h d h

~!i:fe ri~i~!!lt~}e ~:~: 14 WO un re s e-goats, an t\\,.enty e-
55 And early in the morning Laban rose up, ,/,g,~\:_, 3, ,5,,,, !h~~~l~,~~l~~~~~!~ goats, t,vo hundred ewes and twenty rams,
and kissed his sons and his daughters, Pand p ch 33 4.Nu.23.5,8,
whok;,ome, forms a
r;i:rP•fh:;' ts~•e:; 15 Th"1rty m1•1 Ch came}sl wit• h t }1e1r
0
• co1ts, 1orty
l'
blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned :~£'s~PNJ.~~-36- A, :;'~~e, t~~~h ~et,,i,;; kine and ten bulls, twenty she-asses and ten foals.
0
unto his place. :;i,•e~;.;';;~~,?t'.'.7°' 16 And he delivered them into the hand of
CHAP. XXXII. s To mitigate his his servants, every drove by themselves; and
CHAPTER XXXII. a Ps.9r.rr:34.7. He.
1 Jacob's vi.siim at Mahanaim. 3 His message to Esau. 6 He is r.14,. J: Co.3. :.22. Eµ. 3. ~~;e:o;~if3fz~;.ep~: said unto his servants, Pass over befOre me, and
II2,5. Mat.I0,16. Pr.2.
afraid of Esau's comin.a. 9 He prayeth for deliverance. 13 He ,o.
a,mdeth a present to E,au. 24 He wrestleth with an angel at Peniel, b Lu.2.13. 2 Ki.6.17.
28
"·"· ·"'· put a •space betwixt drove and drove.
Ps.34.7.Da.ro.20.
ttJhere he is called Isrnel. 31 He halteth. • Heb. myfac,, 17 And he commanded the foremost, saying,
c That is, two hosts
AND Jacob went on his way, aand the angels or camps, Ca. 6. 13.
Jos.21.33. 2Sa. 2. 8,12;
tch
35
,a.,,,_,,._ \Vhen Esau my brother meeteth thee, and asketh
11. of God met him. 17.24,26,27.
~ ch.14.6;3li.8.De.2.
,,,,s'3°- 3· •·•T,. 5.a. thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither goest
2
2 And when Jacob saw them, he said, This uDe.,.37'3.t6.Jos. thou? and whose are these before thee?
22
a Heb.field. 2 2
i8 God's ~host: and he called the name of that 4.Five days' jour- ' • • 18 'Then thou shalt say, They be thy servant
place cMahanaim.
ney distant. J.i.cob
allowed his flocks
and herds to rest
,,:,,~•b. "'"''4 ' Jacob's; it is a present sent unto my lord Esau:
0
3 4lf And Jacob sent messengers before him among the rich pas-
tures of Gilead.-P. xH0<23,Ro8'6, and, behold, also he is behind us.
to Esau his brother, unto the land of aseir, the ; ;.iU~.::t·<-' 5 He. 19 And so commanded he the second, and
1
~ ch.4-7;23.6;ver. 18;
ch. 33. 8. Pf-.15. 1; 6. 3.
countrv3 of Edom. 4 Lu.14-u.
4 Notthewrestling-
the third, and all that followed the droves, say-
4 And he commanded them, saying, Thus 5 And so will of bodily force, to ing, On this manner shall ye speak unto Esau,
neither burden nor oyerthrow an anta-
~i::.credit my rela• gonist; but the wnst-
shall ye speak unto •my lord Esau; Thy servant tions, ch. JO· 43; 31. r,
,6.
ft}tff of mental fer. when ye find him.
vour,toobtainabless-
Jacob saith thus, I have sojourned with Laban, /ver. 8, n; ch. 33. 1. ing from a superior,
Ho.12.4.-C.
20 And say ye moreover, Behold, thy servant
Am.5.19.
and staved there until now: 6 The object ofsuch
Jacob Vs behind us. For he said, I will appease
5 An·d I have oxen, and asses, flocks, and men- a large ~ort was
partly to show his cli".i~~'.II/;;/} 3'" him with the present that goeth before me, and
own di~nity, pdrtly
servants, and women-servants; 5 and I have sent to manifest ireater afterward I will see his face; peradventure he
w1·11 accep t of me. 2
respect for his bro•
z Ex.14.27.Ca.2.17.
to tell my lord, that I may find grace in thy sight. ther, and partly per-
haps for protection
in travelling so far
§ 4lf And the messengers returned to Jacob, throu2"h a dangerous s Heb. as«mtmr
of tke morn mi[.
21 So went the present over before him; and
country. There does
saying, We came to thy brother Esau, and also not appear to have
been the slighte,;t himself lodged that night in the company.
ho'itile intention to-
he fcometh to meet thee, and four hundred men wards Jacob.-P.
a ch.19-22. Is. 41.14;
45 u. Ho.12.3,4- Mat. 22 And he rose up that night, and took 1:his
15.28.
with him. 6 E Ps.30 7;61 2;31.13; two wives, and his two women-servants, and his
7 Then Jacob was ggreatly afraid and dis- ~~:~i.;Jx~~,i~~~:~ t: ,."co.n,.Ps. 30-6• eleven sons, and passed over the ford "Jabbok.
3.12.2Co.4-8,9,
tressed: hand he divided the people that was h ls.28.26.Pr.2.n.
c Ex.32.zn. De.9.14-
23 And he took them, and sent3 them over
Ps.u2.5.Mat.10. 16.
with him, and the flocks, and herds, and the 1 Jacob's prayer is
tu'.t'.~6< ,. ca.' s the brook, and sent over that he had.
camels, into two bands; chiefly characterized
by humility in spedk· 24 1 And Jacob was left alone: and "'there
ing of himself, and 6 Not as if he could
8 And said, If Esau come to the one com- not abide the sun wrestled4 aY man with him until the breaking
fir ~fenf~~fi~~~~ino~ risi~g, as the super-
5
pany, and smite it, then the other company promises when speak-
ing of God.-iVote,
stitious vainly im-
ag-ine concerning •of the day.
Faith does not rest spirits ; but to try
which is left shall escape. satisfied because God
has promised, but ~i~d~;g<tif::i· ~l ;J; 25 And when he saw that he "prevailed not
9 4lf And Jacob said,7 O• God of my father presses to the mark
and habits. Jacob's against him, bhe touched the hollow of his
worldly avocations
~i;h th
~alfl~ize o~f cJ~ faith triumphs-Let
Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, the ~c:hrist, 1'bi. 3. 14. the sun rise and busi- thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out
ness ca!l ; he will
LoRD which saidst unto me, kReturn unto thy r/~~~~;ri;x~;:~· ch. the O,essing is graut- of joint, as he wrestled with him.
abide in prayer till
ed.-C.
country_. and to thy kindred, and I will deal A- ch.31.3,13- 26 And he said, cLet me go, for the day
well with thee: / ch.18.27. I Sa. 9. 8.
Ps.16.2.Lu.17.10. dCa.3,4- Ho ...... breaketh.
Ro.B.37. Lu. 18. I-'7. 2
6
And he said, tlJ will not let thee
10 I am not !worthy of the least of all8 the 8 Heb. / am las
than all.
Co.,z.B,9.He.;.7. go, except thou bless me.
in peace. But solemn c0venants, amongst all, should
to cast him d0\\'11; but Jacob, enabled of God with his condition. Hence, when the church is represented
be undertaken with the greatest deliberation, and ob-
bodily, and chiefly spiritual strength, in fervent prayer as infirm, she is called Jacob, Am. 7. 2, 5, 8; Is. 41. 14;
served with the most heedful attention. prevailed over what opposition Christ gave him. To but when her valour and excellency are signified, she
render him sensible of his weakness, Chnst disjointed is .called Israel, Ga. 6. 16. Thus God gave Jacob
CHAPTER XXXII. Ver. 24-.e8. The Son ofGod his thigh, 2 Co. 12. 7; but after encouraging his sup- strength to overcome, and also the reward and praise
in human form appeared to Jacob as if he intended plications, he changed his name as a token of bettering of the victory.
266
Jarob's name changed. GENESIS XXXIII. He cometh to Succotk.
27 And he said unto him, What is thy name? A.M. 2265. B.C 1739
7 And Leah also with her children came near,
And he said, Jacob. e ch. 3,5.10. 2 Ki. 17.
34; and tt denotes the
fch.32.13-20.
and
2 Heb. lr"kat i5 all
bowed themselves: and after came Joseph
28 And he said, "Thy name shall be called change of h1s conai-
tion to the better, ch. 27. 39. Ec.4,8.
I[
near
flus band to thee I
and Rachel, and they bowed themselves.
no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast ch.17.5,15. Is.62,2,4.
Re. 17. Sa. I:?.
2. 2
Pr.30.15.
25. 8 And he said, What f meanest thou by all
Nu.13-16.Jn.1.42. Heb. much.
3
-iHeb.bethattotktt this drove which I met? And he said, These
2
thou power with God and 1with men, and hast /ch.25.31; 27. 36;31. that thine. is
prevailed. 36-55;33.4- h Our kind meet- are to find grace in the sight of my lord.
ing is very corn1ort-
29 And Jacob asked hinz, and said, 9Tell me, E Ju.13.17,18.De.29. able, and a token Df
God's favour to me,
9 And Esau said, I have 9 enough,3 my
29.Pr.,30.4.Job11.7.
I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Where- Ps.41.u.
brother; keep that thou hast unto thyself:'
choose to tell hb ~/f::.s~~:;9~~-;;~--~r
God does not
5
fore is it that thou dost ask after my name? 5 J-)eople more of hi!Il- 2;; 30. 26. Ki. 5. 15. 2 2
IO And Jacob said, Nay, I pray thee, if now
se!fthan they require Co.9.5,6,
And hhe blessed him there. for sup¥Ort of faith. .k Heb. all. Ro. 8.
I have found grace in thy sight, then receive
-C.
30 And Jacob called the name of the place 31 ,32. Ti.4.8. Co.3.
I
21,22.Phi.4.12,18.
I
my present at my hand: for therefore I have
Jt v~r. 26; ch. 27. 28,
'Peniel:6 for I have seen God kface to face, and 29; 28. 3,4, 13, 14; 46. 3. To Seir, where seen thy face, as hthough I had seen the face of
5
Ho.6.1. I. may ri:quite thy
my life is preserved. i ch.28.19.Ju.8.8.
kmdness.
lPr.12.10. Is. 40.n.
God, and thou wast pleased with me.
31 , And as he passed over Penuel, the sun That is, the face
6
Eze.34.15,16,23-25. 11 Take, I pray thee, my i blessing that is
o/God,
the foot o/ tlu work, brought to thee; because God hath dealt gra-
Heb.according- to
rose upon him, and he 1halted upon his thigh. 6
Ex. 24- n; 33. u. &c.,and according to

,i
32 Therefore the children of Israel eat not Nu.r3. 8. De. 5. 34.
2-4; the ./Oot of the chil- ciously with me, and because I have kenough.
10.Ex.33.20, 23. Ju. 13. dren.
m ls. 40. n. Mat.9. And he urged him, and he took it.
22;6. 23 23. 2Co. 3.1B;
of the sinew which shrank,7 which is upon the 1
4.6. Jn. r.14- Ga. 1. 16.
Ep.1.17.
hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he t Co.12.7,9.
2 38.
P5.
~~;(/!~;g~}J.:!~·15.
Heb. set or place.
7
12 And he said, Let us take our journey,
Heb. Wherefore and let us go,5 and I will go before thee.
11. ver.15,
touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew frthz.sl
8
that shrank. To perpetuate the

7
memory of this hon- nch. 34. :u; 47. 25. 13 And he said unto him, My lord knoweth
our done to ).a.cob, Ru.2. r3.1 Sa.25.8. ~sa.
CHAPTER XXXIII. 16. 4; allow me to go that 1the children are tender, and the flocks
alone.
1 The kindnes• of Jacob and Esau at their meeting. 17 Jacob
cometh to Succoth. 18 At Shalem he buyeth a field, and buildeth an Jacob was still
9
and herds with young are with me; and if men
Ile ha<l lumself prac- should overdrive them one day, all the flock
<listru~tf ul of Esau.
altar called El-elohe-Israel.
AND Jacob lifted up his eyes, and looked, CHAP. XXXIII.
~i!~5i1~~~~:f :~~ te; will die.
a ch.32.7,16. was haras5ed by the
1l. and, behold, Esau came, and with him four Giving the d~arest fear 8
of others, when
in reality there was
no cause. His words
14 Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before
hundred men. And he adivided the children escape. mo~t oprortumty to to Esau must have
left the impression
his servant; and I will lead on softly, 6according
him to Seir at such a as the cattle that goeth before me and the chil-
that he would fol!ow
unto Leah, and unto Rachel, and unto the two /J Jn.10.4,n,15- pace as the cattle
handmaids. c ch.18.2; -:;2.4. Pr.6, and children could dren be mable to endure, until I come unto my
3,I.u.14.11.Ec.10.4- Lear; but the mo-
formidable escort set lord unto Seir.
ment Esau and his
2 And he put the handmaids and their chil- out southward Jacob
dren foremost, and Leah and her children after, mean t This seems to turned westward and
that Jacob, on crossed the Jordan. 15 And Esau said, Let me now leave 7 with
approaching his bro-
and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. 8 ther, stopped
terv.a.ls and bowed,
at in-
-P.
o Not Ex. 13- 26,but
thee some of the folk that are with me. And
3 And he passed •over before them, "and and then advanced Ju.S.5.
and bowed again, he said, What needeth it? 8 let me "find grace
until the seventh bow l That is, /;()of/ts. 9
bowed himself to the ground seven times, until his brought him near to -{Tents orbootks. It in the sight of my lord.
brother. This seems to be recorded
he came near to his brother. 9 was a mark of pro- as a singular circum-
found respect, nor stance, that Jacob 16 So Esau returned that day on his way
need we suppose erected booths for
4 And Esau ran to meet him, and ctembraced there was any simu- does his cattle. His motive unto Seir.
not appear; but
~f ;1~~~a l:
him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him: and if,t~~1; it was, and 1s, unusual
customary for elder in the East to put
17 , And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and 0
brothers to be treated the flocks and herds

they wept. by the younger with under cover. They built him an house, and made booths for his
~~ respect in the remain night and
5 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the mer, in the open air.) cattle: therefore the name of the place is called
day, winter and sum-
1
women and the children, sind said, Who are dPr.16.7;21.1.Ps.34, 7.16. j,Jn. 3,23;4,5, Ac. Succoth.
4, Lu. 15. 20. ch.32,28;
those with thee? 1 and he said, •The children 43.30.45-2. t Called Sychem,
18 , And Jacob came Pto Shalem, a city of
Ac.7.16.-{Shalem is Shechem,2 which is in the land of Canaan, when
which God hath graciously given thy servant. 1 Heb. 11,tJree. now a small village
called Salem, two
6 Then the handmaidens came near, they Ru.4.13.Ps.127.3, e ch. 30.2. 1 Sa.z.27. miles east of the en- he came from Padan-aram, and pitched his tent
Is. trance to the valley
and their children, and they bowed themselves. 8.18.He.2.13- of Shechem.-P.J
before the city.
Ver. 29. He granted his request, and confirmed the worthiness, we must insist on his fulfilment of his word. in wrestling with God, in behalf of myself, my family,
blessings which he had formerly obtained, ch. 27. 28, In danger it is prudent to present a part, if that can my country, or the church of God? What blessings
29; 28. 3, 4, 13-15; and comforted him under the hurt preserve the whole, for peace cannot be bought too and answers of peace have I obtained? Where are
of his thigh, Ho. 6. 1. dear; and a large present is a good recommendation to those Beth,ls and Peniels in which God Almighty hath
Ver. 30. He saw not the divine essence itself, Ex. a worldly mind; since apparent courage and confidence appeared unto me, and I have seen him in the person
33. 20, 23, but Cod in human shape in a most familiar in a man's goodness lay him under a kind of obligation of Jesus Christ, 'as it were face to face,' and been pre-
and friendly manner, Nu. 12. 8. to show it. They who would prevail in temptations served?
REFLECTIONS.-What sore trials saints often must first wrestle with God in prayer. If he exercise
meet with in the very way which God directs them to us with sore trials, we may depend on him, that as our CHAPTER XXXIII. REFLECTIONS.--!! is
take! But •easonable are the visits which God and days are so shall our strength be. A deep sense of prudent to keep out of view whatever might revive
his angels make to his people in such times of need. our insufficiency gives our faith occasion to take more old quarrels; and humble submission powerfully mol-
May Jesus and his angels so meet me in my way to the firm hold of Christ-God loves importunate prayers; lifies offended pride. Cheerfully may we wait the issue
Canaan above! Deep-rooted, indeed, is that resent- and perseverance therein will be crowned with victory. of that which hath been committed to God. He often
ment which neither length of days can wear out, nor How pleasant to have our hearts, and names, and all makes the issue of our trials much better than our fears
the most submissive yielding assuage; and when what things made new ! Such memorials of remarkable suggested; and easily he mollifies the most fierce and
would make a friend rejoice, makes a brother envy fellowship with God are honourable and pleasing; and froward heart. How sweet in itself, and what a token
and rage! Malicious spirits never forget injuries. even children may look back upon their parents' mer- of a pious soul, is it to view all that we have as the gifts
Jealousy is cruel as the grave; and in this disordered cies, as upon their own, with regard and thankfulness. of our gracious God ! \\·hat a distinguished mercy it
world power and policy are often with the oppressors. Let me here ask myself, What experience have I had is to obtain the answer of our prayers, and to recover the
In distress it is necessary to betake ourselves to prayer, of the ministration of God's angels? In what instances favour of offended friends! And how inconsiderable the
and to join the protection of God with our prudent have I broken the bones with a soft answer, and paci- wants, and great the wealth, of those who have God
endeavours; and amidst fear of danger we ought to fied strong wrath with a gift in the bosom? What their portion and guardian! A heart truly Christian is
trust to and plead God's promises; and while com- promises, spoken to my heart, have I pleaded at the open and generous: but, if we have enough of our own,
inemorating our mercies, and conscious of our un- throne of grace? What nights or days have I spent we ought civilly to refuse needless obligations, though
267
Shechem de.files Dinah. GENESIS XXXIV. Deceitjul C!Jnduct of Jacob's sons.
A.M. 2272. B.C. r73z.
19 And he qhought a parcel of a field, where ·_"·_c._, 5
1 _A_.,1._,"'_ 739
_· 1 12 Askn me never so much dowery and 8gift
he had spread his tent, at the hand of the chil- At/ 43'ch 33 ' 9 0
,~.' and I will give according as ye shall say un~
n ch.29.18;31.41; 24,.
dren of 'Hamor, Shechem's father, for an hun- E;;,;:;;:,~~d Ac. ,6. 53.Ex.22.16,17. De.22.
20,29.1 Sa.18.25.
me; but girn me the damsel to wife.
dred pieces 2 of money. 2 Or,tambs.
13 1 And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem
e Among barbar-
ous peuple, and m and Hamor his father deceitfully, and said
0
20 And he erected there an •altar, and called See ch. 8. 20; 12.7; s
the early history of
every nat10n which (because he had defiled Dinah their sister,) '
13.18;:;:1.33.
it El-elohe-Israel. 3 3 That is, God, the afterwards became
God q/ Israel. civilized, the father
of a girl, in relin- 14 And they said unto them, ·we cannot do
CHAPTER XXXIV. quishing her to a hus-
band, conceives he this thing, to give our sister to one that is Pun-
1 .Dinah is ravished b!I Shechem. 4 He sueth to marry her. 13 The ' has a right to receive
losing the Lenefit of circumcised; for that were a reproach unto us:
a compensation for
som of Jacob offer the condition of circumcision to the Shechemites.
20 Hamor and Shechem persuade them to accept it. 25 The sons of CHAP. XXXIV. her sen ices, as well
Jacob, talcing ad11antage thercoi, slay them, and spoil their city. 30 B.C. 1732. as for the trouble and
expense of bringing
15 But in this will we consent unto you: If
Jacob reproveth Simeon and Levi.
for her wants.. The ye will be as we be, that every male of you be
a ch.30,21;46.15. her up and pro1,·iding
antiquity of this
AND aDinah the daughter of Leah, which she 30.36.Pr.9.6;13.zo. usage will appear circumcised;
bTit.2.i:;.Pr.7.11.ch.
13. 1 Ti.5.13. Je.2.
ll. bare unlo Jacob, bwent out to see the cch.33,19;10.17. sis,instance f~ 0
the b~~k ;fsl~~:
although the only 16 Then will we give our daughters unto
in which a
daughters of the land. provision for the fe- you, and we will take your daughters to us, and
d ch. 6. Job 31. 1. male is overlooked is
:2.
2 And when cShechem the son of Hamor the Pr.13.zo.Mat.5.28. gagement with La- we will dwell with you, and we will become
that of Jacob's en-
4 Heb. humbled ban.
Hivite, prince of the country, dsaw her, he took Jiu·. one people.
her, and lay with her, and defiled her. 4 e Heb.toJier heart,
Is.40.2.Ho.2.14-
17 But if ye will not hearken unto us, to be
3 And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter fch.21.21.Ju.14.2. circumcised, th,;m will we take our daughter,
of Jacob; and he loved the damsel, and spake ts The habitual wis- and we will be gone.
dom of Jacob appears
kindly• unto the damsel. inmukingno decision jJ Ge. 17.
Jus.5.9.
20.
II.
Thus
2Sa.1.
reli- 18 And their words pleased Hamor, and She-
till he had consulted gion is pretended· to
sons.-,\"ote, Pa- promote wickedness, chem Hamor's son.
4 1 And Shechem spake unto his father his rental government is
as 2Sa.15.7. 1 ~i.21,9.
undoubtedly a mon-
Hamor, saying, fGet me this damsel to wife. archy; yet in mon- Mat.2.8,13;xriti. 19 And the young man deferred not to do
archy the most ab-
5 And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah titude of counsellors easily
solute, 'in the mul- ff And so the more the thing, because he had delight in Jacob's
persuaded the
his daughter: now his sons were with his cattle the.r-e is safety.' The people, Ge. .µ.
sooner parents pru- K1.5.1.
-4,0, 2
daughter: and he was qmore honourable than
in the field; and Jacob held his peace until ~~~;l~hY/]~~ ~s ~heei;
companions and their rGe,22.17.Pr.31.23.
all the house of his father.
thev were come. 5 counsellors, the soon- Ru.4.1.
er wil! they be pre- 20 1 And Hamor and Shechem his son came
pared to act their part
6 And Hamor the father of Shechem went wisely i~ private and
public ltfe.-C.
s r Ti.6.9,1:0. Mat.8. unto rthe gate of their city, and communed with
19,20;19.21, 22.Jn.6,26.
out unto Jacob, to commune with him. Jl De.2r.21.Jos.7.r5.
Pr.23.4,5;28.:-.io.
the men of their city, saying,
Ju.19.::3;~0.6. 2Sa.13.
7 And the sons of Jacob came out of the 12,13.Pr.7.7. 9The Shechemites
suhmit to the rite 21 These men are peaceable with us; there-
of circumcision from
field when they heard it: and the men were andh Where purity mere selfish con- fore let them dwell in the land, and trade therein;
honour ought to ~ir.lerations, making
a religious profes- for the land, behold, it is large enough for
grieved, and they were very wroth, because he flourish, Ps. 93.5, Ex.
19.5,6.1 Pe.2.9. sion which was in-
had wrought gfolly in h Israel, in lying with in61J!:1,i~::u~{ l ~;ri sincere,
6
0
th,: nature of
Jldic~o:h~~J;:?s~!~l,
them: let us take their daughters to us for
Jacob's daughter; which thing iought not to the narrative to have though the profana- wives, and let us give them our daughters.
been th.ilt of the s&ns tion on their part was
be done. ~a{~~~b•o}hoe~t~:!1s: ~i~ssoorJ:~~-il,in:~~
I 22 Only herein will the men consent unto us
ing it was that of the knew its divme ori-
8 And Hamor communed with them, saying, historia.n, as usual in gin and intention.-/. for to dwell with us, to be one people, if every
his time ; folly or
The soul of my son Shechem longeth for your wickedness in Israel, tMat.7.6. Is.1.u, male among us be circumcised, as they are cir-
b:c~=v~~~c~fh~d Ga..5.6.
daughter: I pray you give her him to wife. obeyed.-/. cumcised.
9 And kmake ye marriages with us, and give 23 Shall• not their cattle, and their substance,
your daughters unto us, and take our daughters and every beast of theirs, be ours? only let us
unto you: consent unto them, and they will dwell with 9us.
10 •And ve shall dwell with us: and the land 24 And unto Hamor, and unto Shechem his
shall be 1be'fore you; dwell and trade ye there- son, hearkened all that went out of the gate of
in, and get you possessions therein. 7 his city: and every male twas circumcised, all
11 And Shechem said unto her father, and that went out of the gate of his city.
unto her brethren, mLet me find grace in your 25 1 And it ca!fie to pass on the third day,
eyes, and what ye shall say unto me I will give. when they were "sore, that two of the sons of
we should never be behind in acts of civility. Parents with personal purity of principle and conduct in all its of a family run wrong when parents' authority is so
ought to manifest a most affectionate regard for their members, is one of the most important public feelings, low that thev must stand in awe of their children I
families, and especially to take care of their ·young and one of the surest indexes of public morals. That How often heathens show more respect to parents, in
ones. Perils of dangers escaped deserve a thankful this noble sentiment may, when dissevered from reli- point of their marriage, than many professed Chris-
remembrance; and wherever saints have houses, there gion, produce deceit and violence, as in the case of tians! Men's rage at one sin frequently jssues in-their
God must be worshipped as their God and their glory. Jacob's sons, ver. IJ, 25, is no charge against the senti- doing what is still worse-in making religious pretences
O, my soul, never fear that anything is too hard for the I ment itself, but rather an admonition to cherish it, in the mean of accomplishing the most devilish villanies;
Lord! but always think, and speak, and act, as one conjunction with that fea, of God without which every or in pretending public welfare in order to obtain private
whose God is JEH0YAH, and who follows peace with human principle of morals is either too weak to insure ends. The hopes of gain will carry some men a great
all men, and holine~s ! .I\eYer, therefore, let houses its observance, or speedily degenerates into some spe- way in religion; and yet. after all. they lose their aim; for
a.nd booths for cattle have the preference of an altar cious vice. C. J the profane reception of the seals of God's covenant
for the Lord. We must not expect earthly enjoyments REFLECTIONS.-Into what scenes of guilt and issues most surely in just and inevitable ruin. Nothing
at free co,t, because we have the heavenly so; but let misery do the pride, the vanity, and lust of young is so treacherous or cruel that indulged malice will not
the faith of God, as my own God, and the God of my persons often plunge themselves and their relations! attempt. But it is still worse when children, aher
seed, be rendered familiar to my heart and life; and One sin naturally makes way for another: and young plunging their parents into disgrace and danger, add
then contentment, and patient expectation, will lead women who are given to gadding abroad, rarely main- to their grief by an insolent justification of their con-
me cheerfully through all. tain their chastity. Yet it is but just that such as have duct. Let parents restrain their children from iU~..:
defiled young women should espouse them in marriage, visits and foolish amusements; let them retain their
CHAPTER XXXIV. [Ver. 7. Were very wroth. and repair their outward injury, though they cannot proper authority; let them transact marriages with ca.1.,
A sensitive regard to family honour, when conjoined lessen their guilt before God. How readily the affairs dour and self-denial-if they wish to be happy.
268
principal structures of the city are mosques. The only Samaritans in the world
ABLOUS-WHERE JACOB HID THE EARRINGS. [Genesis, xxxv:4.J-
N "An<l they g~ve unto_ Jacob al_! the ~trange gods which were in their hand an<l
all their earrmgs which were m their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak
which was by Shechem." Nablous is the modern name of Shechem. It is now a
live here near their sacred mountain, where
did when the woman of Samaria talked with
is a Samaritan synagogue here, where is kept
of the Bible in the world. The whole country
they continue to worship as they
our Savior at Jacob's well. There
what is said to be the oldest copy
in the neighborhood of Shechem or
thrifty, well kept Eastern city with a population of about 20,000, of which 160 are
Samaritans, 600 are Christians, 200 are Jews, and the rest Mohammedans. The Nablous is historic.
TIie Shechernite& massacred. GENESIS XXXV. God appears again to Jacob.
A.M. 2272. B.C. 1732.
Jacob, ..Suneon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, land of Canaan, (that is, Beth-el,) he, and all
k ch.28.22. Ec.5.4,5.
took each man his sword, and crune upon the 29. x Reuben being
milder, ch. 37.
22, :;?6, the people that were with him.
city boldly, and Yslew all the males.
- /Simeon
Levi were full bro•
and z/J~\~!t~·-~\;~- 7 And khe built there an altar, and called
thers to Dinah, and m ch.24-59.
1
26 And they slew Hamor and Shechem his themsdves probably conceived
to be
2 1730.
n 1Sa31.13.Jos.24.
the place El-beth-el; because there God ap-
more concerned m
son with the edge7 of the sword, and took Dinah d~v:en~~nie ~h~~jo ui. 33· That is, the oak of peared unto him, when he fled from the face of
1 11
3
out of Shechem's house, 8 and went out. They were the chief wupt"nff,Ju.2.5.
contrivers and con-
o ch. 28. 13; 31. 3, II;
his brother.
ductors of the ma~-
27 'rhe sons of Jacob came upon the slain, presumed sacre; but it is
to
t~eir do-
be 32.1,24;35.2. 8 ~I But mDeborah, Rebekah's nurse, 2died
and 'spoiled the city, because athey had defiled engaged in the execu- him, that as he had and she was buried beneath Beth-el "under a~
mestic, likewise were • Thus he assured
tion of it. -Stack- prevailed over Esau,
their sister. hou.u.) so he should prevail oak: and the name of it was called Allon-
over those of whom
y ch.49.5-7.Pr. 4.16; he was now afraid, bachuth.3
28 They' took their sheep, and their oxen, 6 34,35. and over every diffi-
culty.
and their asses, and that which was in the city, 87 Heb. mouth.
p ch. 32.28. 2 Ki.17. 9 1 And God 0 appeared unto Jacob again,
Where she had 34-
and that which was in the field, been detained.
5 The reason of this when he came out of Padan-aram, and blessed
z Es.9.zo.1Ti.6.10. second investiture
29 And all their wealth, and all their little a Ex.2.14, with Jos. rael with the name of Is- him.
seems probably
ones, and their wives took they captive, and 7.1,n;22.20. b Nu 31.17.De.8.17, ~~teh~~telf'. ; : {i~
th 10 And God said unto him,4 ThyP name ia
family, had refrained
from using it.-lVote, Jacob: thy name shall not be called any more
18.Job 1.15,16;20.5.
spoiled even all tha,t was9 in the house. 9 Chiefly She- Beiiev~rs, lik~ Jacob
30 1 And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, eye chem·s. .1nd his fannlr, are Jacob, but Israel5 shall be thy name: and he
c Ge. 49. 5-1- Jos. 7. oftentimes negligent
of the use and un-
have troubled me, to make me to stink damong 25.Pr.n.17,29;15.27. d Ex.5.21. 1 Sa.13.4; mindful of the privi- called his name Israel.
legeofthenewnam~.
the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaan- 27.12.1Ch.19.6. have
Ye
discomposed Believers • were by
my spirit, entangled nature childrn, o/
11 And God said unto him, gl am God
my affairs, exposed wrath, even as
ites and the Perizzites: and I being few in me to danger, and others,' Ep.2.3. But, Almighty; be fruitful, and multiply: a nation
'Behold what man-
number, they shall gather themselves together rend~red me odious.
e Ge.49.7.Pr.6.34. ner of love God has and a company of nations shall be of thee; and
~h~~1<1edbetha~~
against me, and slay me; and I shall be de- through faith (Ga. 3. kings shall come out of thy loins:
26) the ch.tldrm if
stroyed, I and my house. CHAP. XXXV.
God,' I Jn.3.2.-C. 12 And' the land which I gave Abraham and
31 And they said, •Should he deal with our a Ps.91.15; 46.1. ch. 4,24; q Ge.17.1;18.14,28.3, Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after
8.3,4; 27.6; 2i-I6;
sister as with an harlot? 31. 3, 13; 22. 14- De. 32. 15.5; T8.18; 22.17;32.12;
36. :~1".~i~1Jh~u.i.xxvi.
thee will I give the land.
CHAPTER XXXV. 27
/J ch.28.1040; 31.13;
•.43- r
1'2. ch. 1; 23. 15,17; 13 And •God went up from him in the place
15.18;28.4,23; 48.4. Ex.
Ju. 10. t6. 1 Sa. 7. i'i1/ os. vi.-xxi. to Ne. where he talked with him.
c Ex. 20.3,4. Jos. 24.
1 God aendeth Jacob to Beth-el; he purgeth hia house of idoT,s. 6 He 15,23.
ln,ildeth an altar at Beth-el. 8 Deborah dieth at Allon-bachuth. 3. 2Co.6.'15,16. 1Jn.5.
9 God blesseth Jacob at Beth-el. 1G Rachel travaileth of Benjamin, 21.Ac.14-15.1Co.10.7. 13.20;6.22. s ch.27.22; u.5. Ju.
Lu.24.31.
14 1 And Jacob tset up a pillar in the place
and dieth in the way to Eda,·. 22 Reuben lieth with Bilhah. The d Ex.19.10,14. Jude t ch.28.18,29. Ex.17. where he talked with him, even a pillar of stone;
twelve sons of Jacob. Z'l Jacob cometh to Isaac at Hebron. 28 The 15.1Sa.7.12.
age, death, and burial of Isaac. !~:ltt~::e~;~~J~:
10.22.
f5 He renews the and he poured a drink-offering thereon, and he
memorial of his faith
AND God asaid unto Jacob, Arise, go up bto bel forgotten and thankfulness, as
It ought not to God had done his poured oil thereon.
that Ja- promise.
.
11. Beth-el, and dwell there; and make there cob had now a large
band of followers-
wives, children, do- o/,Eround.
7 Heb. a littl~ ,#i«e 15 And Jacob called the name of the place
an altar unto God, that appeared unto thee shepherds. mestics, slaves, and
His tribe, 6. Mi.;.} ::l~t~\~i~:
where God spake with him,6 Beth-el.
1t may be called. ,..
2
when thou fleddest from the face of Esau thy ascould scarcely have
x ch.3.16.1Ti.2.15.
16 1 And they journeyed from Beth-el; and
numbered fewer than 7
brother. from two hundred to
three hundred per-
y cb.30.2.p Sa.4-20. there was but a little way to come "to Ephrath:
2 Then Jacob said· unto his household, and r:::~e01tadn!J':r:.fe ,,. ,e cb.30.r. 2 Sa.4-20, and Rachel travailed, and she had 2 hard labour.
from Mesopotamia,
to all that were with him, cPut away the strange and most of them ,.,...,,,,,,
had been trained in
I i.e. Ilse s01, of '10' 17 And it came to pass, when she was in
gods that are among you, and dbe clean, and }~~:1~1I~i:~d lfnntJ~~ ri¥ht a i.e. tlu son efthe hard labour, that the midwife said unto her,
hand, 'lln'Y
sopotamia it is pro- dear, Ps.So.27.
change your garments :1 bahle he had not the
power to prevent I, Jos.19.15.Mat.2.1,
Fear not; thou shalt Yhave this son also.
18.Mi.5.2.
3 And let us arise, and go up to Beth-el; idolatrous practices;
but now, having come c 1Sa. 10. 2. 2Sa.18. 18 And it came to pass, as her soul •was in
and I will make there an altar unto God, who atothecountry another country- 11,18.
in which
power of Jehovah 9 Rachel's sepul-
departing, (for she died,) that she called his
had been so signally chre is still a noted name Ben-oni;8 but his father called hun 4 Ben-
answered• me in the day of my distress, and manifested to him- spot. Jews and Mo-
self and his fathers-- hammedans wiite in
was with me in the way which I went. he felt that he might
safely and effectually !°a~k~~niy it~ !:UaW
Jamm.
4 And they gave unto Jacob fall the strange from eradicate idolatry };;i~d~fit!u~~~~te~
his people.-P. 1 19 And Rachel died, and was buried in the
ison the leading road
gods which were in their hand, and all their ch. 28.12,13. Is. 30. ~~ili1eJ:~~sale~hr!~ way to bEphrath, which is Beth-lehern.
~
19.Ps.91,25;.¢.1;103.1-
ear-rings which were in their ears; and Jacob S, milesfromthe fom1er
and one ftom the 20 And Jacob cset a pillar upon her graYe:
/ All their idols, latter. The original
hid9 them under the oak which was by Shechem. monuments, struments of idolatry,
or in- name of Bethlehem that is the pillar of Rachel's grave unto this
0
5 And they journeyed: and hthe terror of Ho. if/;,C,,a;:h~ h,af~i~fui.~ 9
This gave place to day.
2. q. Ex. 32. 3,
4,
De.7.5,25.Ju.8.24,27.
Eeth-lt"hem, • house
God was upon the cities that were round about r Ex. 32. 20. Jos. 24- ofmodem bread;' which in
times has
21 And Israel journeyed, and spr~ad his tent
them, and they did not pursue after the sons of 26.Ju.9.6. Beit-lahm, beyond dthe tower of Edar.
given place to the
Arabic
n!.~~5~jo!~!.~·1~~ 'house of flesh. '-P.
Jacob. Sa.n.7. 2Ch.14.14;17.
zo, with ch.34.30. dMi.,c.8.Lu.2.8. 22 And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt
6 1 So Jacob came to iLuz, which is in the i ch.12.8;28.19,22. Sa.16.22.1 e ch.49.-4- 1Ch.5.1.
2
Co.5.1.
in that land, that Reuben went and •lay with
CHAPTER XXXV. Ver. 1. He was to go thither the narrative is silent about any such attempt, no one moved his children and household to renounce every
to build an altar for sacrifices of thanksgiving for de- can thence infer that the attempt was never previously rite of idolatry to embrace the truth and worship of
liverances received, and to strengthen his faith in God's made. Let the extent of Jacob's family (for he was a God.-Clean. Compared with Ex. 19. ro, this verse
protection against present fears, ch. 34 30. prince in the land) be considered; let the idolatrous furnishes the first recorded example of washing as a
Ver. 2. Their outward purification was to be attended materials of which it was originally composed be taken ceremonial picture of regeneration. 'Ye must be born
with internal purification of their heart from idols, or into account; and let Jacob be judged, not by those again,' and 'except a man be born of water, and of the
from cruel dispositions. - [Put away. Whilst 'wicked who neglect or despise family religion, but by those Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God,' Jn.
men and seducers wax worse and worse,' Jacob labours who, in circumstances somewhat similar, have most 3. 5-7. C.]
to make the sin and sorrow of his family an occasion of efficiently introduced and most successfully maintained Ver. 7. He had formerly called it Beth-el, i.e. the
family reformation; and thus, out of evil, to extract good. it; and they, instead of censurmg past failure as evid- house of God. Now, to attest his experience of God's
That he did not sooner attempt to purge them from ence of past neglect, i,vill admire that grace of God fulfilment of his promises, he calls it El-Beth-,/, i.e. the
idolatry, cannot be charged against Jacob; for though which led Jacob to reform his tam11yrehg1on, and that God of Bethel.
270
OMB OF RACHEL-WHERE JACOB SET UP A PILLAR. [GENESIS, xxxv:19.)-" And this spot for 3,6oo years. The present square structure is modern, and was repaired a few
T Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. And Jacob
set a pillar upon her grave; that is the pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day."
This tomb is between Jerusalem and Bethlehem, near the latter place. Jews, Moslcms
and Christians all__ agree that here Rachel was entombed. Some monument has marked
years ago by Sit Moses Montifiore. The Jews meet here every Friday to pray. The
building is 23 feet on each side. The height of the wall is 20 feet; the dome is 10
feet high. This is about one mile from Bethlehem and about five miles from Jerusalem.
It is on the road from Jerusalem to Hebron and Egypt.
.Death of Isaac GENESIS XXXVI. The generations of Esau.
9
J:lilhah, his father's concubine: and Israel heard A.M. 2275: B.C. 1729.
In the note on ch.
I A.M. 2245, E.C. z759.
8 Thus dwelt Esau in kmount Seir: Esau i.8
1
it. Now lthe sons of Jacob were twelve.
!:'
.¾- 7 the _1~µortance I ! Edom .
6,!/f~;~~~~·tc't
23 1 The sons of Leah; Reuben, Jacob's ~! fa~~it;:i~~~o~~g:.:; I fi~ l~;~ 1~:;i~:i~b~1: 9 1 And these are the generations of Esau
remar~ed; but the ;
42. 2th 20.10,23. Eze.
first-born, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, rn~ei~ !.;thf ;~:Ya°~~i I foreHeL.Edc,n.
51 Isaacs death.
The mountains
-t
5
the father of the Edomites,4 in mount Seir. 5 •
and Issachar, and Zebulun. k~r~~en,";h~ou~td;~~ / of Seir lay on the
IO These are the names of Esau's sons:
ii~~~toff;~ifte ~~~: [ south-east of the
Dead Sea, and the 1
24 The sons of Rachel; Joseph, and Benjamin. our, practi!>eS deceit, country extended it- Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau,
and joins in revenge, self from thence to
25 And the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's hand- slaughters
city; while, for want Abr,lham·s days the Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau.
the Arabian Gulf. In
a whole
of the other, persona! Horite~, who were

maid; Dan, and Naphtali. ~~!1~ 1 the descendants of
u~iti ! c~/:::~ Seir, had the pos-
0 1
~f
11 Andm the sons of Eliphaz were nTeman,
as foul as that which se~sion of this region; Omar, Zepho, 6 and Gatam, and Kenaz.
26 And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid; he av.enged, with this and therefore we
addit10nal aggrava- mdy suppose, that
Gad, and Asher. These are the sons of Jacob, tion, that he offends after the dep,uture
not against a stran- of Jacob, Esau, who,
12 And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz,
0
which were born to him 9in Padan-aram. ger, but a tatner.- according to the pre- Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz t>Amalek:7
JVote, We must not diction concerning
TTll.'itake indignation him, was to 'live bv
27 1 And Jacob came unto Isaac his father a){ainst one sin for his sword,• expelled these were the sons of Adah, Esau's wife.
spiritual hatred of all the old inhabitants,
unto hMamre, unto the city of Arba, (which is sin: nor zeal for a fa. and mctde himself
vourite virt11e a5 zea!
13 And gthese are the sons of Reuel; N ahath,
for the glory of God. hi~nb~;rhe:re~~~ue:i:~
Hebron,) where Abraham and Isaac sojourned. -c. from Mesopotamia. and Zerah, Shammah, and l\Iizzah: these were
28 ~r And the days of Isaac were an hundred
/ch.29.3r-35; 30.5- I ver.3,4.1 Ch.:r:.35.
24; ver.1',: ch.46.8-z;: m I Ch.1.36, ver. 1:5, the sons of Bashemath, Esau's wife.
49. r-28.Ex.1.1-5:6.14- ,6.
d.nd fourscore years. 1 16. S-u.i.ii.x.xxvi. De.
xxxiii. Jos. xiii.-xxi. I
Ch.2.1,2: 27.16---n; 12.
: 6~:4}{t!r·1,12. 14 And these were the rsons of Aholibamah,
ver.2::u Ch. r.36.
tJ
29 Andi Isaac gave up the ghost, 2 and died, 23-40. Eze. 48. z-28.
Re.7.4-8.
Perhaps not the the daughter of Anah, the daughter of Zibeon,
father of the Amale•
j>
and kwas gathered unto his people, being old Except Benja- kites,ch.14.7. Ex.17.8,
f'
mm, ver.18; ch. 25.20; 14-De.25.17.1 Sa.xv. Esau's wife; and she bare to Esau Jeush, and
28.2;11.18.
in Ge. 14- J aalam, and Korah.
7 The Amalekites
and full of days; and his sons Esau and Jacob hch.Il,18;14-13;18,
1;23.2. Jos.1.4.12-15;:n, mentioned
7 were unquestion-
buried1 him. u. 2 Sa.2.1,3,n; 5.1,3, ably
S·
a much older
race than the Edom•
15 1 These were •dukes8 of the sons of Esau:
1 The record of ite
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Isaac's death is not twoA.malekites.
inserted in its chrono- nations
The
have the tsons of Eliphaz the first-born son of uEsau;
!og-ical order. This been confounded by
and many duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke
1 Esau's family in Canaan. 6 His removal to mount Seir. 9 His will appear from the Josephus
generations in mount Seir. 15 The dukes which descended of kis son,. followmgfacts, which others; but greatly
such mis-
ought to be kep.t in takes tend the Scripture Kenas,
to
20 The sons and dukes of Seir. 31 The kings of Edom. 40 The mind. Isaacwass1xty confuse narrative. Similarity
dukes that descended of Esau, according to their habitations. ~~~rti~~-wJ:~ota~~~ b~ ~~;:rd~~h!sni~t !I! 16 Duke Korah, duke Gatam, and duke
seventy-eight years cases mdicating simi-
when he went to larity of race and Amalek. These are the dukes t!tat came of
N OW these are athe generations of Esau, old
who is Edom.
2 Esau btook his wives of the daughters of seph
Haran, and his father
one hundred and origm.-P.
twenty years, and Jo•

q 1 Ch.1.37.ver.:r7.
~~~~;~t\n J!~~~ 35r ver.2 5,18. Ch. L
~ 1 Ch.1.35. ver.18.
Eliphaz
1
sons of
inJ:
Adah.
the land of Edom: these were the
was seven years 8 The word duke
Canaan; •Adah the daughter of Elon the Hittite, old when he left. Ten literally signifies a 17 And these are "'the sons of Reuel, Esau's
~~~ol~a}~~o /::';;gt ~t;i·~ fur ~6~~1s::
and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah, the ch. 37. and thirteen tains of such a mi- son; duke Nahath, duke Zerah, duke Shammah,
2,
years afterwards he
stood before Pha- gratory people as
the Edomites origin- duke Mizzah.
daughter of Zibeon the Hivite; raoh, ch. 41. 32. He ally These are the dukes that came
was then thirty years and were (see ver. 6),
3 And "Bashemath, Ishmael's daughter, sister old. of such
Consequently, people as they
Isaac was one hun-
a warlike
after- of Rene] in the land of Edom: these are the
dred and fifty-eight wards became.-C.
grandsons of Bashemath, Esau's wife. .
of N ebajoth. t Esau's
~::Ur:n~IJ fr~:nn J~~~~ children were lords
18 And 11these are the sons of Aholibamah,
4 And Adah bare to Esau Eliphaz; and one to Canaan ; he was or princes in mou!lt
hundred and Seir, Ps.37.35, Job :n.
Bashemath bare •Reuel; :~x;r~f:~oidhby {i;
8.
uver.<1-,II,1:z.
xver.4,13.
Esau's wife; duke Jeush, duke Jaalam, duke
brethren; and his
5 And Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, death took place only yver.5,14.rCh.1.35 Korah: these were the dukes that came of Aholi-
about one year before z I Ch. 38-42. ch. i:.
was presented 14, 6. De. 2.1:2,22. ver bamah, the daughter ~f Anah, Esau's wife.
and Korah. These are the sons of Esau, which Joseph to Pharaoh.-P. 22-30.
w The Hr:w,"tes,
were born unto him fin the land of Canaan. i ch.27.r;2t7,8;3-19.
Ee. 12.5-r/ ~~5.'26.
• dwellers in caves,'
were the primeval
19 These are the sons of Esau, (who £s Edom,)
7 occupants of Mount
6 1 And Esau took his wives,3 and his sons, I ch. 23- 19, 20; 25. 9; Seir. They appear and these are their dukes.
c-h.25.8.
,t
and his daughters, and all the 9persons of his 49-3L ~ic h:;~e~e:~1:~!a~
the Emim and Reph- 20 1 These• are the sons of Seir the 9Horite,
aim. The chiefs here
house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all CHAP. XXXVI.
~;r;~~di~ J:~ who inhabited the land;1 Lotan, and Shobal,
0
B.C. 1796. ~~~;;.
his substance, which he had got in the land of 27.39,40.1 a ch.22.17;25.z4,30;

Ch,1.35- ~7i~=~~re J~u ~~~~ and azibeon, and Anah,
quered the Horites,
Canaan; and hwent into the country from the ch./J 26.ch.26. 34;9.:::5,
Or, Bashen..4:":h, seized their country,
t: 21 And Dishon, and Ezer, and Dishan. These
It seem~ and either extirpated
34,
face of his brother Jacob. Judith was dead. them or reduced are the dukes of the Horites, the children of
d ch.28.9;25.13. them to submission.
Not Ex. 18. Nu. The descenrlants of
7 For• their riches were more than that they 10.29. Esau had full poS· Seir in the land of Edom.
e 2.
session of Mount
might dwell together; and the land wherein /c.h,3,5"~!;:r.6. Seir, and were firmly
E Heb. souls. Eze. established in it be-
22 And the children of Lotan were Hori and
they were strangers could not bear them because 27,13.Re.18.13- fore the exodus.-P.
t ch+w~•ife· g~;; 61Ch.1.39,
3 1:913, l &Heman; and Lotan's sister was "Timna.
2, a ver.2,2+,
of their cattle. upi~h~1;~:;.1;:rt· cver.12.
23 And the children of Shobal were these;
REFLECTIONS.-Alas ! how apt arc the best of sweetens our past troubles, and prepares us for future \Vith what cheerfulness he assumed our nature, bore
saints to forget their Bethel-enjoyments and their ones, with the manifestations of his favour; and his our sins and punishments, bore his cross, and laid
Bethel-vows, till the Lord by his providence shuts sweetness never changes, even when the family, the down his life a ransom for men, that he might render
them up, and by his word reminds them of them ! wives, the children, or other created enjoyments, which the everlasting covenant a new testament in his blood,
And yet how precious are such visits, and how fixed we have so impatiently desired, prove deathful or dis- and purchase all spiritual blessings for us! Being
and lasting ought to be our care in maintaining inti- tressing to us. Ah! how plainly men's sins are written raised from death he is espoused to a chosen church,
mate fellowship with God when once we have attained on their judgments; and how infatuated they must be chiefly consisting of Gentile sir.ners; and his blood, his
it! What corruptions and idols have need to be purged who think so little of death, amidst so many births, prayers, and his power produce a most numerous off-
from the best hearts and families on earth, especially deaths, and graves, which all warn us of it! May our spring of spiritual and professed seed. But how great
before solemn approaches to God ! for let us al ways hearts be set upon our Christ, our family, our house is his glory at his Father's right hand! and he will b:
remember, there is no acceptable drawing near to God eternal in the heavens! An old age on earth is so filled glorious in the church below, where he digs the wells
without having on Jesus' righteousness and grace, nor up with sins and troubles that it is scarcely worth covet• of salvation to give drink to his people, notwithstand·
with allowed sin in the heart; and sins must be put ing. But in the now deceased Isaac let me behold my ing the envy of a carnal world. For a time what a
away with a resolution never to return to them. How Redeemer ! How often promised ! how earnestly de- struggle between his Jewish and Gentile church, till at
much better to pay our vows too late than never I sired! how long expected ! how supernatural! and last the former, rejecting their birthright and forfeit•
What deaths, what disorders, may we expect to meet how gladdening to angels and men was his birth! How ing their blessing, were cast 01•.t, and the latter became
with on earth I But sure! y it is a mercy much to be maliciously was he, the .Father's only begotten Son, the highly-favoured but much-~fllicted people of God l
esteemed, that our forgetfulness of God doth not make hated, mocked, and persecuted by his Jewish brethren,
him fori:et his kindness or promises to 1IS. He often at the expense of their ejection from the church of God! CHAPTER XXXVI. REFLECTIONS. -Let
272
The dukes of Seir and kings of Edom. GENESIS XX.XVII. Jacob's lo·1'e of Joseph.
A.:'11. nos. B.C. 1796. A.M. 2276. R.C. 1728.
Alvan/ an<l .Manahath, and Ebal, Shepho, and CHAPTER XXXYII.
CHAP. XXXVII.
Onam. d1Ch.1.40,or Alian•
Shepbi. a Heb. ef his fa-
ther's sOJourn.ings,
2 Joseph is hated of hu brethren. 5 His two d,·eams. 13 Jacob
24 An<l these are the children of Zibeon; e He either, by ch.Ii.8:28.4. b History of what
sendeth him to visit his brethren. 18 Hu brethren conspfre his death,
but Reuben auuth hirn. 26 The,1/ sell him to the Islunee/ites. 31 Hi.s
both Ajah and Anah: this was that Anah •that couplinghorses,
a:.ses and befeil huu in his pos-
procured terity, ch.2.4;5.1;6.9; father, deceived "·" the bloody coat, mourneth for him. 36 Heu sold
8 mules, Le. 19 i:9, or lo.I. to Potiphar in Eu11pt.
found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed attacked gigannc
Em1ms, De. 2. 10, or years after Jacnh
This occurrc:d ten 5
the asses of Zibeon his father. discovered hot baths. return from Haran.-
P.
s
AND Jacob dwelt in the land awberein his
25 And the children of Anah were these; translated 8The Hebrew word c Concubines, ch.
'mules' in 35.22,25,26;30.4,9_
11_ father was a stranger, in the land of Canaan.
6 It JS no just
Dishon, and f Aholibamah the daughter of Anah. given our version
ri::,e to much
ha'>
~~:~g~ha: ?e b:~ uJ I~~
1 2 'l'hese are bthe generations of Jacob. Jo-
controversy. There an evil report of his
26 And these are the children of Dishon; can be little doubt brethren. Had he
that its true sigmfica-
seph, bei11!7 seventeen years old,5 was feeding
1s 'warm water,,,' carried it out of ma-
Hemdan/ and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran: I~tion ~~~~~ lice, however true, the flock ,vith his brethren; and the lad 1cas
;r;~~'f~~ it ha<l been so far with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of
2 7 The· children of Ezer are these; Bilhan, that the springs dis- ' f;~~ abuJes1~;outi~:
covered were those
ofCa!hrrhoe,in \\.' ady ' 1•ar,.wal advice
and Zaavan, and hAkan. Zurka .\lain, near lllh.;ht effect reforma-
t\oli. it wa-, both jus-
Zilpah, his father's cwives: and Joseph brought
the north - eastern
28 The children of Dishan are these; Uz, and an;le
Sea.
of the Dead ~-~dble and rig-ht.-
They are 1
unto his father their6 evil report.7
; Hnw wickedly
Aran. strong!y nupregndt- '
ed with sulphur: ,tn 1 m~h~!"i~~~ 1~~-how 3 Now Israel dloved Joseph more than all
of great mec!!d!Js.tl
29 These are the dukes that came of ithe cov~ry value. Such a d1~-
was of ~utnci-
dJn..13.:._o:-;ci.35.
ech.44.~0;30.n. his children, because he was the •sou of his old
f Ju.5.--;o.2Sa.13.18.
Horites; <luke Lotan, duke Shobal, duke Zibeon, ent importance to ue
noted.-P. Ps.45.13,14.
8 Or, puces --[Co-
age: and he made him a fcoat of maJ1,11 8colours.
duke Anah, lours. A garment
f1 Ch.1.41. ver.2. 5, sevt>ral culnur-, a 1::,
<•I
4 And when his brethren saw that their father
14,18. m.1rk of honl'LIT m al
30 Duke Dishon, duke Ezer, duke Dishan. g-Or,Amram,1Ch. cially countries, more e'>pe-
in the Ea;,t. In
loved him more than all his brethren, gthev hated
These are the <lukes that came of Hori, among I.4I. Europe.every dig'.lity
tias its appropriate him, and could not speak peaceably nut~1 him.
~olour and
5 'IT And Joseph hdreamed a dream, aud he
garnHcnt,
their kdukes in the land of Seir. 42.
h Or, Jakan,1Ch.1.
m every prc,fe'>'>!Oll
and em1,loymo::ntxn i1
31 'IT And these are the kings that reigned :·1 Ch.1. 41, 42. ver. orThismiiitary.
20---28.
C. - -
waS !oni.; outer <1
told it his brethren; and they ;hated him yet
1 robe, made of many
in the land of Edom, before there reigned any k Dukedoms, Is.23. colours. pieces and of brig-ht
It wa'> ex-
the more.
king over the children of Israel.~ 15.Da.7.17,23. Ki.11.
,9.
pensive, showy, and
2
usually worn only by
6 And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you,
32 And Bela the son of Beor reigned1 in
persons ofrank.-P.J
.!.'· ver. 5,20-24. Jn. 7.
7;15.18,19.Tit.3.3.1Jn.
this dream which I have dreamed:
Edom: and the naine of his city was Dinhabah. ·~:;ih~~~~~;:~-- 12. 6. 2
7 For, behold, we were binding sheaves in
33 And Bela died, and Jobab the son of 9 Moses, being a Tu.Ki.7. 3.13,14- 5. Da. 2.2; 4.5.
1
Ps. 25. 14. the fiel<l, and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood
Ain.3.7.
2
Zerah of mBozrah reigned in his stead. prophet, knew there
would be kings ove_r Jn.17.14.
i ver .4, 8; ch. 49. 23. upright; and, behold, your ksheaves stood round
Israel, and propheti- ◄4·
34 And Jobab died, and Husham of the land cally k ch. 42, 6;
anticipates the Th\s sig-nified, that
time of their reign.- wlule they procured
19.
about, and made obeisance to mv sheaf.
of nTemani3 reigned in his stead. C. corn they should
humble themselves
8 And his brethren said to hhn, 1Shalt thou
I About 1900 ur before him,
35 And Husham died, and Hadad the son r700. I Sa. ro. 27; r7. 28. 1 indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have
Lu.r9.14.He.w.29.
of Bedad (who smote Midian in the field of r.7::. Js.34-6;63.1.Am. µ. ver. 7; ch. 41.25, m dominion over us ? And they hated him yet
Moab) reigned in his stead: and the name of 2 This was Bozrah n ch.44.19;46.2<;1; 47.
the more for his dreams, and for his words.
hit~hi·i:· /a~iJ~ ~::;~
0
his city was Avith. of Edom, now Rtt-

,uireh, a small town, should depend on 9 'If And he mdreamed vet another dream,
strongly situated on him.
36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Mazrekah ed a hill which is crown- 9 Partly
by a castle. 25 \~n~i1?i}:,• ~~d fe~~~~
through
and told it his brethren, ind said, Behold, I
reigned in his stead. · miles S. E. of the
Dead Sea. It was the hatred of his have dreamed a dream more; nand, behold, the
the ancient capital of brethren.
37 And Samlah died, and Saul of •Rehoboth Edom. It must not
he confounded with
1 Rachel, Joseph's
mother, was now sun, and the moon, and the eleven stars, made
Bozrah of Moab, dead, ch.30. 24; 34. 19;
by the river reigned in his stead. 4 which became in the hut the custom of the obeisance to me.
Roman age the chief Jews and of other na-
38 And Saul died, and Baal-hanan the son dan.-P. cny east of the Jor- tions, concedes the
title of mother tu 10 And he told it to his father, and to his
one who is not really
of AchLor reigned in his stead. a mother, but merely
n Job 2.11.Je. 49. 7. the wife of a father.
brethren: and his father rebuked9 him, and said
39 And Baal-hanan the son of Achbor died, Am.r.12, with ver.u. -C. o ch.26.14-r6. Ee. 4. unto him, What is this dream that thou hast
4- Ac.7.9. Ja.4.5; 3.14-
and Hadar reigned in his stead: and the name Temani 8 The land
embraced
of 16. Tit.3.3.
In ver. 8 we are ~
dreamed? Shall I, and thy mother,1 and thy
of his citv was Pau; and his wife's name was that section pf Edom told his brethren
which lay S.Juth of hated Joseph for the brethren, indeed come to bow down oursclrns
dream that he told
Mehetab~t, the daughter of Matred, the daugh- Petra.-P. them; now they envy
him for the attention
to thee to the earth?
o Ge.10.n.
ter of Mezahab. he excites in his fa-
ther. Envy being 11 And his brethren •envied him ;2 but his
40 'IT AndP these are the names of the dukes O~k!1~: ~~rs;~: interpreted by its
meaning, signifies a
hoboth which is on standing in any one's
father Pobserved the saying.
that came of Esau, according to their families, the Phrat.' The way, with a desire to
river is doubtless the impede, disappoint, 12 'If And his brethren went to feed their
Euphrates. The (!r injure-with a ma-
after their places, by their names; duke Timnah, kings of Edom were
not all natives of the \~;~t\,fa~ti~0C:-~h!~
father's flock in qShechem.
duke Alvah, duke Jetheth, country.-P. evil wishes or pro-
;ects succeed, and a 13 And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy
suicidal mortification
41 Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, when they are de- brethren feed the jloclc in Shechem? come, and
feated. It is Satan's
42 Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke l\Iibzar, great agent in the
children of disobedi-
I will send thee unto them. And 'he said to
43 Duke Magdiel, duke Iram. These be ,. ver.7,8.De.2.5.Ps. -C. ence, Ja.4- 5; Ep. 2. 2.
p Lu.2.r9,51, Da. 7.
him, Here am I.
theq dukes of Edom, according to their habita- 73.105-12,13-
4, with ch.37.1. Ps. 28.ch.24.21.
V ch.33.18;34-25-30-
14 And he said to him, Go, I pray thee,
tions in the land of their 'possession: he is Esau, Heb. Edom, ch. <'fthy .r
r Ep.6.1-3.
s Heb. seethe .f'~ace
brdhnn, &:c.,
•see whether it be well with thv brethren, and
the father of •the Edomites. 25.30, <h.41.16.
29.;.2Sa.,R.v,
J,u.19.42.Je. well with the flocks; and bring "'me word again.
me remark that if men sin wilfully, they may expect cuts short the account. Earthly honours are not much promise live in distress and want in this world, the
their name to be tainted with infamy, for the purpose of to be coveted, since wicked men have ordinarily the heirs of the curse often attain great power and wealth.
God must stand firm amidst all the changes upon earth. first and largest share of them; and they who join them-
How E<;au, of his own accord, removes from Canaan, selves with heathens may expect to be held by God as CHAPTER XXXVII. Ver. 29, 34- Rending the
leaving that land of promise to the proper heirs; and such. We must wait with patience for the fulfilment upper garments was an emblem of rending the heart,
that where Christ is not concerned, God contemns the of God's promises, for promised privileges come often Joel 2. 13; and was used at funerals, 2 Sa. 3. 31; or
persons and families of men, however dignifietl, antl slowly, however certainly; and while the heirs of upon the news or sight of any great calamity, Job 1.
278
AS EL 'AIN, NABLOUS-WHERE JOSEPH'S BRETHREN WENT TO FEED THEIR
R FLOCK. [GENESIS, xxxvii:12.]-" And his brethren went to feed their father's
flock in Shechem." Here we have another view in Shechem. We see a stream
flowing down in a small channel cut for it from the foot of Gerizim. The springs of
Gerizim make the valley of Shechem the most beautiful and fru:tful of Central Palestine.
summit of this mount fhere once stood a temple built by the Samaritans, when the Jews
returned from captivity and would not allow them to help rebuild the Temple at
Jerusalem because they had become a mixed race,
Gerizim is Mount Ebal.
Across the valley from Mount
Between these two mountains Jesus often passed as he
traveled from Nazareth to Jer:.tsalem. Shechem is the oldest city connected with th•
We see sloping up toward the left of the picture the sides of Mount Gerizim. Upon the histor_v of Palestine.
F
LOCKS NEAR THE PIT lNTO WHICH JOSEPH WAS THROWN BY HIS BRETHREN. them in Dothan." And when his brethren saw him coming, they said: Come, therefore,
[GENESIS, xxxvii: 17.)-Joseph was sent by his father to look after the welfare of his and let us slay him and cast him into some pit.
brethren, and was found by a man wandering in a field at Shechem, and the man \Ve see the flocks still feeding on the hills of Dothan, and the young shepherd we see
asked him saying: What seek est thou? and he said, I seek my brethren. Tell me, I watching them has on his coat of many colors, very much like that which excited the
pray thee, where they feed their flocks. "And the man said, They are departed hence, for envy of Joseph's brethren. The hillside is still dotted, it is said, with rock-cnt bottle-
I heard them say: Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brethren and found shaped cisterns, and it was in one of these that Joseph was thrown hy his brethren.
Joseph hated by his brethren, GENESIS XXXVIII. who sell him to the Ishmeelites.
So he sent him out of the vale of Hel:iron, and 1 It stood al.Jout A.M. 2276. B,C. 1728. A.M. 2276: B.C. 1728.
28 Then there passed by gl\fidianites,8 mer.
he came to Shechem. 1 fifty miles
wardof Hebron; and
north-
g ch. 25. Ju. 6. 3. 2.
chant-men; and they drew and lifted up Joseph
15 And a certain man found him, and, be- here Jacob's sons Or, Medanites.
were in danger, on out of the pit, hand sold Joseph to the Ishmeel-
account of their late
~old, he W(18 wandering in the field: and the chemites.
murder of the She- The Midianites 8 ites for twenty pieces of silver: 9 and they brought
were descendants of
man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? t2Ki.6.IJ. Abraham by Ke-tu-
tah; they were there-
Joseph into Egypt.
16 And he said, I seek my brethren: tell ed
2 Dothan is situat- Jore closely rel<_1ted
in the centre of a to the Ishmaelites. 29 1 And Reuben returned unto the pit;
beautiful little plain, Besides, both people
me, I pray thee, where they feed their jloclcs. in the midst of wood- dwelt in the same
ed hills, 14 miles north country, and were the
and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit: and he
17 And the man said, They are departed caravan
of Shechem. Close dominant
by it runs the ancient there. Both seem to
road from ha \'e been engaged
tribes
rent his clothes:
hence: for I heard them say, Let us go to Egypt. The word with Egypt, and the
northern Gilead to in the caravan traffic 30 And he returned unto his brethren, and
Dothan.t And Joseph went after his brethren, Dothan means 'two company to which
wells,· and beside the Joseph was sold was said, The child iis not; and I, whither shall I go?
village are still seve• evidently made up of
and found them in Dothan. 2 ral ancient cisterns or both Ishmaelites and
Midianites.-P.
31 1 And kthey took Joseph's coat, and killed
;e~~e vaT:if b~tth;~
18 1 And when they saw him afar off, 3 even is among the best in a kid of the goats, and dipped the coat in the
Palestine.-P.
before he came near unto them, "they conspired to recognize h Ps.105.17. Ac.7.9.
They were able Mat.26.15;27.9.
8 blood:
him at
:tgainst him to slay him. a distance by his 32 And they sent the coat of many colours,
~jht-colouredrobe. 9 About £2, 6.r.
19 And they said one to another, Behold, u Ps. :rag. 4; :ros. 25 sterling. and they brought it to their father, and said,
4
this dreamer cometh t Lu.20.14.
i ver. 20; ch. :r3,
This have we found: know now whether it be
4 Heb, master of 4,2.
20 Come now therefore, and let us slay him, dreams. ,36.Je.31.15- thy son's coat1 or no.
~Ps.64.$.Pr.r.u,r2,
and cast him into some pit, and we will say, 16;27.4-,2.
T1t.3.3. 1Jn.3. k Pr. 28. 13- Ps. :ro. 33 And he knew it, and said, It is my son's
,a
SomeY evil beast hath devoured him: and we 24-Pr.10.18;28.13.Ki.
y Ki.I3.24- I 2 2, coat; an 1evil beast hath devoured him; Joseph
shall see what will become of his dreams. ch.42.22;35.22. II
but
1 NotourbrotkD-'s,
son's coat.- thy
is without doubt rent in pieces.
21 1 And •Reuben heard it, and he delivered af:e;:;r':fshoverru~~ 11/ote, Sin always
chooses a word least 34 And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sack-
calculated to disturb
him out of their hands; and said, Let us not the hatred of his
brethren for good, conscience.-C.
this by no means
cloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son
kill him. justifies what may be
called the benevolent l ch.44-28. Pr. 14-15.
many days.
22 And Reuben said unto them, Shed no fearless,
duplicity of Reuben
An open, honest, Jn.13.7.
I Ki.13.24, 2Ki.2.24. 35 And all his sons, and all his mdaughters,
pathetic re•
blood, but cast him into this pit that is in the monstrance mi~ht, rose up to comfort him; but he refmsed to be
~~~ean~ievaiiedk~J~ m ch. 35. 22-26; 31.
wilderness, and lay no hand upon him; that he spared hi. brothers, and 43- comforted: and he said, For I will go down into
himself future
might rid him out of their hands, to deliver him grief. Good kl.ay
come out of evil, but n ch.25.1-6;ver.28. the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his
to his father again. 5 we never should
speak a falsehood to father wept for him.
promote truth, nor Heb. eunuch, 2
23 1 And it came to pass, when Joseph do evil that good chamberlain, cour.
may come.-C. officer. tier,
36 IIJ And -the "Midianites sold him into
was come unto his brethren, that they astripped Ps~~~:a~Mit~].!s:21 Egypt, unto Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's,
Joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours : t~:3:.t}itt;.~·,; ,.,,! ;f,;~_;.h::::t,. t and 3captain4 of the guard.
executionn-s.
that was on him; Am.6.6.
Lord, what is fl CHAPTER XXXVIII.
24 And they took him, and cast him into a sons man I Behold the
of Jacob
Or, chief mar~
shat, see ch.uxix.
4
hating- 1 Judah begett,eth Er, Onan, and She/ah. 6 Er marrieth Tamar.
pit:• and the pit W(18 empty, there was no adonebrother who had
them no evil, B The trespass of Onan. 11 Tamar atayethfo,· She/ah. 12 She fk.
a brother
envyfng- ceiveth Jwiah; 'l:l to whom she beareth twins, Pharez and Zarah.
water in it. because God por-
tended him good-
6
25 And they sat down to eat bread : and in purpose, and pre-
0 murdering a faother
AND it came to pass at that time, that Ju-
~~~~s the~~~ith CHAP. XXXVIII.
they lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, sorrow. ll_ dah awent down from his brethren, and
Yet, in the
a company of dlshmeelites came from Gilead, down to eat bread!
midst of all, they sit B.C. :1735. turned in to a certain Adullamite, whose name
But passion blinds
with their camels bearing spicery, and balm, the eyes, hardens the
heart, and sears the
was Hirah.
and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt. conscience.
The deeds ef men
- Note,
2 And Judah •saw there a daughter of a
differ in comparative 6 See ch.6.2,4; 24-3-
26 And Judah said unto his brethren, •What enormity; but every
heart is desperate!)'
Co.6.:14- 2
certain Canaanite, whose name was cshuah;
profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal wicked till its evil
mortified, Ro. 8. 13,
15
c l Ch.2.3.ch-46.12.
and he took her, and went in unto her.
and its nature renew-
his blood? ed, Ro. 12. 2, by the
Spirit of God.-C. Cir. :r733- li
3 And she 5 conceived, and bare a son; and
27 Come, and let us /sell him to the Ish- d ch.25.16,:rB; :µ. 23; d)fu.:z6.19- he called his name Er.
43.u.Je.8.z;i.
meelites, and let not our hand be upon him; e Ro. 6. Ps. 30. 2:1. 9,
4 Andd she conceived again,6 and bare a son;
6 Cir. 17,32.
for he is our brother, and our flesh. And his ch.4,10.2 Sa.1.16.
/Mat.16.26. Ex. 21. and she called his name Onan.
r Cir. 1131-
brethren were content. 7 16.Ne.5.8.
Heb. hearkened. 7
5 And she yet again conceived,7 and bare a
20; 2. 12; 2 Sa. I. I I; Jos. 7. 6; or in token of sorrow But evil-doers commonly hate such as labour to reform men is a lying spirit! Immoderate love is often
for ~in, Joel 2. 13; E,r. 9. 3, 5; or of detestation of if, them. How often young men's dreams of prosperity followed with obstinate and immoderate sorrow; and
2 K1. 1$. 37; 19. 1; Mat. 26. 65; Je. 36. 24; Ac. 14- make them overlook the trouble that is in the way to yet many of our bitterest griefs are founded upon mis•
13, 14. it! And no less frequently is the fond indulgence of taken imaginations. But shall I not here also turn
Ver. 34- Wearing sackcloth was another common parents repaid with grief or with the most unnatural aside, and behold Jesus the Lamb of God ! Was he
badge of grief among Jews and heathens, 2 Sa. 3. 31; cruelty! But notwithstanding every seeming bin- not the darling of his Father? Did not his Father
I Ki. 20. 31; 21. 27; I.Ch. 20. 16; Ne. 9. I; Is. 37. I,· drance, the Lord's gracious designs and promises to his invest him with the robes of manhood and of media-
2; Re. II. 3. people shall be exactly accomplished; while they who tory office? Did not his brethren of Judah hate him
REFLECTIONS.-How dangerous it is for parents mock at his intimations of his purpose, will but expose for his faithful reproofs, for his prediction of his own
to mark their partial regard to children in finery of ap- themselves to shame. God's providences indeed often future greatness, and on account of the distinguished
parel, or in any other manner; for the Lord chiefly appear darkest when the deliverance is at hand. He regard shown to him by his Father? How astonish•
tries his people in the most tender points; and our makes the common events of providence to become ing his kindness in coming into the world to seek and
trials are frequently rendered doubly heavy in respect critical for the purposes of his glory; and so overrules to save that which was lost? And yet, when he came,
of the instruments which Providence uses to accomplish wicked men as to make one· sin a restraint from a how ungratefully was he driven into Egypt! how.
them. How devilish must be the nature of envy, that greater, and bitter disappointments to issue in mercy. basely betrayed! sold for the price of a slave! and
can make excellency, nay, the favour of God, a reason To what an amazing pitch of insensibility do crying delivered into the hands of sinners to be crucified I
of the most bitter hatred and bloody cruelty, and can sins stupify the conscience! Seldom is a r"rime com-
repay the most affectionate J,,ve with deliberate murder! mitted but a lie is framed to conceal it-so natural to f CHAPTER XXXVIII. Ver. 1. Whether thia
Vol. l-18 2n 1
ENCE AT DOTHAN-WHERE JOSEPH'S BRETHREN SOLD HIM TO
F THE ISHMAELITEISH MERCHANTS. [Genesis, xxxvii:25]-The thorny
cactus everywhere abounds in
pose of making fences. One of the
Palestine, and is used by the natives for the pur-
tallest of these cactus fences we saw at Dothan.
camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry them down to Egypt, to
whom Joseph was sold by his brethren; and it is said that modern Jshmaclitcs pass-
ing in the same way would not hesitate to make such a purchase now. The plains
about Dothan have been used for pasturing sheep in all ages. Here the nomadic
In agreement with the narrative in Genesis, it is remarkable to find that the great shepherd still reigns, while the higher lands are held by a settled population. Elisha
highway from Gibeon to Egypt still passes near Dothan. It was along this road, be- resided at Dothan.
side which stands this cactus fence. that the Ishmaelites came from Gilead with their
Offspring of Judah. GENESIS XXXVIII. His incest with Tamar.
A.M. 2273. B.C. 173r. A.M. :1267. B.C.
don; and called his name Shelah: and he was
ljlj.
bracelets, and thv staff that i8 in thine hand.
at •Chezib when she bare him. y Or, i'n Enajim;
And he gave it l{er, and came in unto her; and
6 And !Judah took a6 wife for Er his first- Mi.r.14-
e Achzib, Jos. 15.«. ver.14-
she conceived by him.
born, whose name wa8 Tamar. r Heb. !Jecome a
c~1uentpt,Pr.ti.32,33. 2
19 And she arose, and went away, and laid
7 And Er, Judah's first-born, was 9wicked1 Sa.12.9. by her veil from her, and put on the garments
in the sight of the LoRD; and the LoRD slew &Cir. 1721.
1 He looked on her
of her widowhood.
him. F Nu.26.19.ch.13.13;
~ a blot and a bur-
Jt:n to h1S fauuly. 20 And Judah sent the kid by the hand <>f
19.13;0.B.
8 And Judah said unto Onan, Go hin unto a Mat.7.1,4-
his friend the Adullamite, to receive hi8 pledge
thy brother's wife, and marry her, and raise up eJn!~e tfe£~al i:i~~~ b ch. 20. 3, 7, 9. De.
from the woman's hand; but he found her
seed to thy brother. recorded; but his fa- 22. 23,24,. Le.21.9. Je.
29.22,23.Ro.2.1; 14-=.
not.
9 And Onan knew that the seed should ;not !~e~it~~itfrJ:::~~~t~
far as intention), the
2Sa.12.5,7.
21 Then he asked the men of that place,
be his: and it came to pass, when he went in and
friend of an unJ>rinci-
pled man, ch, 38. .10,
the husband vf
2 Juctah, as an in-
dependent pastoral
saying, Where is the harlot that wa-s Yopenly by
unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on the an iJolatress,
need nut be surprised
Wt.' prmce. exercises the
power of life and the way-side? And they said, There was no
at the character of death. The death of
ground, klest that he should give seed to his emplary
the son. In some ex-
manner the
l,urni'ng pronoun-
ced against Tamar
harlot in this _place.
brother. Lord slew hz"m,
therein commencin,;;-
would, at firs~ sight,
seem to indicate a 22 And he returned to Judah, and said, I
1 that series of :iJ,Jic. high moral sense of
10 And the thing which he did tlispleased tions which softened
TuJah's heart, an<l
propriety and deep
abhorrence of sin,
cannot find her; and also the men of the placfl
the Lo RD: wherefore he slew him also. brought him back to
God. Contrast his
while on closer ex-
amination we dis-
said, that there was no harlot in this _place.
11 Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter- unfeeling cruelty to
his father, verse 32,
cover that it may
merely indicate an 23 And Judah said, Let her take it to her,
with his generous intense feeling of in-
in-law, mRemain a widow at thy father's house 14, and chap.44,
devotedness,
can we
33,
jury and desire of
revenge{compare ch.
lest we •be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and
till Shelah my son be grown: (for he said, Lest t'ntertainadou' tthat
old thrltgshadf'assed
away from his heart,
34.7,~5), In the pre.
sent mstance the cul-
prit is gui!ty of one
thou hast not found her.
peradventure he <lie also, as his brethren did.) and a!lthinJ[sltaa" be-
come new 1-C.
sin, the jndg-e of two
-the violation of his
24 , And it came to pass about three months
And Tamar went and dwelt in her father's promise, ver. l4, and
the verv sin which he after, that it was told Judah, saying, 1 11amar
so riiorously con-
house. ,6.hDe.25,5-10.Le.18.
Jemns.-C. thy daughter-in-law hath played the harlot; and
12 1 And in process of time the daughter c r Sa.24.17. 2 Sa.24.
also, behold, she is with child by whoredom.
of Shuah, Judah's wife, died: 8 and Judah was 4-'°-i De. 25. 6. Ru.1.n; 17. He occasioned
her sin, tempted to Anda Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her
it, and was panner
comforted,"and went up unto his sheep-shearers
0 in it. be bburnt. 2
to P'fimnath, he arid his friend Hirah the Adnl- d ch. 4-1. :r Pe.4-2,3.
25 "'nen she wa8 brought forth, she sent to
lamite. l2Sa. n. 27. Pr,t4.
Job 40. 4, 5; 3-4-31,32, 2
Sa.16.22;20.3. her father-in-law, saying, By the man whose these
13 And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold, 32.Je.44-4- are anz I with child: and she said, Discern, I
sA candid ac-
thy father-in-law goeth up to Timnath to shear m Le.22.13, knowledgment
his past sin is the
of pray thee, whose are these. the signet, and
his sheep. 9 first symptom of
Tudah's repentance, bracelets, and staff.
BCir. 1718. his faithful avoid•
14 And she put her widow's garments off ance of his sin in fu.
ture marks his con-
26 And Judah acknowledged them, and said,
from her, and covered her with a veil, and sistent
C.
sincerity.-
She hath been more crighteous than I; because
wrapped herself, and sat in q an open place, () :r Sa.25. 7,8,J6.2Sa. •Cir. 17:r7. that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he
which i8 by the way to ,.,fimnath: for she saw 1.3-23-28,39- dknew her again no more. 3
S Or, Wlte,-ifore
that Shelah was grown, and she was not given P Jos.15.35 o:r57; 19. hast thou made this
breack against tkel
27 1 And it came to pass, in the time of her
unto him to wife. 43.J11.14.1.ver.1.
travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb.
15 ·when Judah saw her, he thought her to e 1Ch.2.4-Mat.1.3-
28 And it came to pass, when she travailed,
be an harlot; because she had covered her face. 6 That is, a breach. that the one put out hz'8 hand; and the midwife
q Pr. 7. :r2. Je.3. 2.
16 And he turned unto her by the way, and Eze.16.25- fThe ,,,,,. or,,_ took and bound upon his hand a scarlet thread,
said, •Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto , Jos.15.57;19.43-Ju. ::::t';y:,~11·0~'';/:! saying, This came out first.'
thee; (for he knew not that she ·wa8 his daugh- 14-1.ver.u,12. Jewish and Gentile
h~~'~t•~!~i;;;-;~ 20 A n d 1t
' came to pass, as he drew back h"1s
ter-in-law.) And she said, f\Vhat wilt thou s2Sa.13-n. ~;!~!.'i:~;'~~.~t~~ hand, that, behold, his brother came out; and
give me, that thou mayest come in unto me? ~hil~g~he Ge~~ll:~~
powerfully influenced
she said, How hast thou broken forth? 5 this
17 And he said, I will send thee a kid from ,s.t Eze. 16. 33- De.23- f~. c~~~m,~~;6'".:';9 breach be upon thee: therefore his name was
the flock. "And she said, Wilt thou give me u Lu.16.8.ver.24 Saviou,, Lu. xv. Mat. •called Pharez.6
~~~~:Z'~~- 10.X~d
a pledge till thou send z't? tli~en~:ta~~1ne!h~f 30 And afterward came out his brother, that
18 And he said, What pledge shall I give ver.25,26.
x Lu.r,5.2:2.Je.22.24,. ;gJf ,~~~C:,"';..Je":
rd0
had the scarlet thread upon his hand; and his
thee? And she said, xThy signet, and thy ~~-~r.:~-~~e Lo name was called fZarah.
marriage of Judah took p!ace immediately after, or

rather before, the selling of Joseph, is not absolutely
I REFLECTIONS. - Unhallowed and over-hasty
marriages often issne in fearful and numerous mischiefs;
shame weigh more with them than sin, with all the
sorrow which attends it. So deceitful mdee<l is sm,
certain. and such sins in parents are punished by the like in that hardened s1nne.-s are sometimes the most severe
Ver. 8. According to this patriarchal custom, after- their children. The lusts of the flesh issue in terrible against their fellow, but less guilty, offenders! and
wards enacted into an express law of God, De. 25. 5, 6, plagues and untimely deaths. And extremely foolish' malice against their persons puts on the cloak of zeal
the first-born was accounted legal son and heir to the is their choice who dare to purchase a momentary against their sins. O what a mercy, if such be brought
deceased brother, and the rest of the children reckoned enjoyment of their lust by exposing themselves to to a timely sense of, and return from, their sinfulness
his who begot them. everlasting despair in hell. How tremendous the at last! Especially ought we to exercise much tender-
Ver. 9. His sin was extremely heinous, not only as discernment of God in marking out men for objects of ness and compassion towards such as we have tempted
it proceeded from envy of his brother's honour, an<l his distinguished judgment against sin! And empty into sin. But is anything so astonishing, as that this
contemptofthepromisedseed, but as it was horridan<l professors of the true religion are generally fixed upon enormous wickedness, this unnatural sin, should b~
unnatural in itself. Nor, till the last judgment, will it for this purpose. At what an easy rate do most men used by JEHOVAH as the distant means of the incar•
appear what guilt of this nature hath been committed part with their true honour and salvation, while they nation of his only begotten Son l Behold how-where
among mankind, nor how fearfully God hath punished are mightily concerned about their temporal interests sin had abounded and reigned unto disorder, shame,
the same. or worldly securities l Temporal loss and worldly a!>d death-grace reigns, through righteousness, unt&
277
OFFEE llOUSE IN TIIE GARDEN OF THE VIRGIN AT MATARIYEH-WHERE JOSEPH priest of this temple whose daughter Joseph married, and it was doubtless in this place
C LIVED. fG.UN.ltSIS, xxxix:1.]-" And Jose h was brought down to Egypt; and
Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, captain o'f the guard, an Egyptian, pought him
of the hands of the Ishmaelites which had brought him down thither." We give this
picture of a coffee house in the garden of The Virgin, because Matariyeh is only about a
that Joseph lived and met his father when he ca41e down from Canaan under the
exigency of famine to Jive in ~gypt. '!-'1:tis coffe~ house is for th~ accommo~ation. of
tourists who come out from Cairo to v1S1t Matar1yeh because of its connection with
the sojourn of Joseph and Mary, and with the history of Joseph the son of Jacob
half mile from the site of the Temple of the Sun which stood in Heliopolis. It was a in Egypt.
Joseph advanced by Potiphar. GENESIS XL. He is thrown into prison.
A. M. 2286. B. C. 1718.
CHAPTER XXXIX. 13 And it came to pass, when she saw that
l Joseph ia advanved in Potipha•'• lwuse. 7 He reai.iteth hia mi&• y Disgrace, Ps.r20.
3.2 Co.6.8.Pr. 10.18.Ps. he had left his garment in her hand, and was
tr,,,s' s ten,ptatwn, ia falsely accused by her, and cast in prison. 21 CHAP. XXXIX. 35.n;55.3-
God is with him there. l Heb.zreat.
fled forth,
cti. 37. 28. Ps.105.
AND Joseph was brought down to Egypt; '7•
.s
z Je.4.22.Tit.3.3.Ps.
37.12,32.
14 That she called unto the men of her house,
Jl_ aand Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, cap- 24-/J Ac.7.9,rn.Ps.91.15;
ver.2z;ch.2r.22;-..6.
a Ps.52.2-4;55.3:r20.
and spake unto them, saying, See, he hath
tain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him of 1,3.1 Sa.3.19;18.14- 65. 2,3.1 Ki.18.17. Mat.26.
brought in an Hebrew m1to us to Ymock us; he
the hands of the Ishmeelites, which had brought with 7 • The Lord was
b Pr.29.12,2Th.2.n.
came in unto me to lie with me, and I cried
him,' seen by
him down thither. faith, heard hy hi;.
word, flared as a 35-
cch.4.5,6. Pr.6.34,
with a loud1 voice:
2 And bthe LoRD was with J oseph,7 and he judge, loved as a d Pe.2.19. Ti.2.9.
benefactor, trusted Ps.105.18,19. ch.40,15;
I 2
15 And it came to pass, when he heard that
as a friend. ·-c. 4t.l4-Da.3.2r,22.
was a prosperous man; and he was cin the house 2 This continued im-
I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left hi&
of his master the Egyptian. er Co. 7,20,24- I Ti.
6.1. Tit.2.9,10.
prisonment, followed
by the dehverance of garment with me, and fled, and got him out.
the butler first, and
3 And his maste:r8 sawd that the LoRD was finally of Joseph, in- 16 And she •laid up his gannent by her until
dicates hig-h: deg~ee 3.
with him, and that the LoRD •made all that he great, 8 The advantage of of legal c1v1lizat10n
a faithful servant is amongst· t~e Egyp- his lord came home.
the blessing of tians at this period.
did to prosper in his hand. a religious servant is
greater.
In a despotic govern-
Joseph's ment they would all
17 And she spake unto him according to
opens his master's ~~~e eb~Ji~~~ ~} :~i
4 And Joseph !found grace in his sight, and conduct these words, saying, aThe Hebrew servant,
not only
eyes to see his merit, ger.-C.
he served him; and he made him goverseer over ing but his understand-
to acknowledge
which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto
The character of 3
his house, and all that he had he put into his his God.-C. Joseph stands out as
one of the purest in
me to mock me:
hand. d Mat. 5- :i:6. Phi.
the whole compass of
sacred history. No 2. 18 And it came to pass, as I lifted up my
1'),16, temptation could
5 And it came to pass, from the time that he overcome his high-
toned morality, no
voice and cried, that he left his garment with
e ch. 30.27; ver.2;ch.
had made him overseer in his house, and over 21.22.Ps.1.3- calamity could shake
his implicit faith in me, and fled out.
God. Adversity in
all that he had, that the LoRD blessed the Seecl1.18.3. /Pr. r6. 7. Ne.2.4,5- its; bitterest form did
not unduly depress
19 And it came to pass, when his master
Egyptian's house for "Joseph's sake; and the him, and neither did
the giddiest height of bheard the words of his wife, which she spake
prosperity ~enerate
blessing of the LORD was upon all that he had unset:mly pnde. In
his father's house,
unto him, saying, After this manner did thy
in the house, and in the field. h ch. 30, 27. Ac.27.
Sa. n,
pampered
1
with t:~t ii1t ~°nd51faJ:;ry
24- 2 6. 12,
and servant to me; that chis wrath was kindled.
6 Andi hek left all that he had in Joseph's Ps.72.17j21.6.Ep.i:.3. accused; in the 20 And Joseph's master took him, and <iput
hand;· and he knew not ought he had, save the rrr!~~d
always
p~!!~~' .h~ :~
the same him into the prison, a place where the king's
1
bread which he did eat: and Joseph was a goodly ~;~?{~~in~~d~· tsJ: prisoners were bound :2 and he was there in the
fearing man.-P.
person, and well-favoured. e See ch. 21.22; ver.
prison. 3
9
7 411" And it came to pass after these things, k Lu. 1:9. 1:7; i:6. i:o. 41.10. 2. Da. 6. 22. Is. 43. 2;
Ro.8.31,32,37. 21 411" But the LoRD was •with Joseph,4 and
ch.49.23,24- 1 Pe.414-
that his master's wife mcast her eyes upon Jo- ver.23- 163.13,14,17. showed him mercy, and 1gave him favour in the
seph; and she said, Lie "with me. /1 Sa.r6.12.Ac.7.20.
ch.2~p7.
4 Thisisthesecond
instance of Joseph's
sight of the keeper of the prison.
extraordinary suc-
8 B.ut he refused; and said unto his master's
0
9r718. cess, or as the uorid 22 And the keeper of the prison gcommitted
would call it, good
wife, Behold, my master wotteth not what is m Mat. s. 28.2 Pe.2. fortune. The Scrip-
ture traces his pro-
to Joseph's hand all the prisoners that were in
with me in the house, and he hath committed '4·n Pr. 7.13; :2.1:6; 5.3. !~~~~e. to• Th/f~:J the prison; and whatsoever they did there, he
was with him, showed
all that he hath to mv hand: Je. 3. 3. Eze.16.25,32,
34, ;1~0:~.rcytf:v~~;:. was the doer ef it.
9 There Pis none greater in this house than Pr. I. J:0; 6,25;2.J:6f hf:C;o~~Jo;~~!~
0
0
~} 23 The keeper of the prison looked not to
extreme transpar-
I; neither bath he kept back any thing from me 5.J-8;7.5,25- ency, if we may so
speak; because one
any thing that was under his hand; because the
but thee, because thou art his wife: qhow then T1t.2.i:o.
I ch. 24- r Co.4-2. of unmingled honesty
2.
t;~;n~~;d:eigiod~
Lo RD was with him, "and that which he did,
can I do this great wickedness, and sin against 1remporal
God may deny to his
success the LORD made it to prosper.
God? dearest child, He. 12.
6. Yet still piety
CHAPTER XL.
towards God is the
10 And it came to pass, as 7 she spake to surest way to per-
manent favour and 1 The 1,utkr and baker of Pharaoh in prison are committed to
r Je.3.3. ver.8. Pr.2. Joseph's charge. 5 He inte,preteth their dreams. 20 They come to
Joseph day by day, that he hearkened not unto 14,16. 16;5. 3;7. 5,13; 6.25,26;9.
prosperity.-C.
pass according to hi,s interpretatit>n. 2a The ingratitude of the
/Ex.3.21;u.3;r2.,36.
her, •to lie by her, or to be with her. s2Ti.2.22.1 Pe.2.rr. Da.1.9.
Ps. Io6. 46. Pr. 16. 7. /n,,tleT.
11 And it came to pass about this time, that Pr.1,15;5.8.1 Co.15-33.

Th.5-22.J: Ti.5.i:4,
I
Sa.2.30. Ps.37.3,
u.ver.6,7,
£ AND °it came to pass after these things, that
1
Joseph went into the house to do his business; ;, See ver.2,3- 1l_ the bbutler of the king of Egypt and his
and there was tnone of the men of the house Ep.5-3,12. t Job24-r5. Pr.9.17.
baker had offe1.ded their lord the king of Egypt.
there withm. u Pr. 7. 13. Ec.7.26. CHAP. XL 2 And Pharaoh was cwroth against two of
See ver.8,10.
12 And she "caught him by his garment, say- aAsEs.6,L
l> Cup-bearer, ver.
his officers, against the chief of the butlers, and
ing, Lie with me: and ~he left his garment in 11.Pr.1.15;5.8.1
x2TL2.:n.1Pe.2. 13.Nf".1.u:. against the chief of the bakers.
her hand, and fled, and got him out. 33·
Co.15.
.
PJ.. 16. 14; I9-:t2;27.C
3 And he put them in ward in the house of
inconceivable honour, and everlasting life, by Jesus to grievous and lasting distresses. But to what horrid of the most atrocious crimes. And there is a great
Christ our Lord I lengths, in the most shameful wickedness, will such go readiness in men to believe an evil report, especially
as have once broken through the natural restraints of against the professors of religion. Here the most im-
CHAPTER XXXIX. REFLECTIONS.-What common modesty !-abandoned themselves, they can probable story gains easy credit. How often guilt is
need we have of humble hearts-for who knows how use the most shameless endeavours to draw ethers into honoured, and innocence oppressed and punished !
low and debased God may make our lot on earth! sin. A fiery furnace is less to be feared than a beauti- Yet let me not be weary in well-doing, or in resisting
But the advantage of God's presence and favour is in ful abandoned woman. Flight is the only preservative unto blood, striving ;;,gains! sin; for the bitterest suffer-
every condition chiefly to be desired. If he be with from violent temptations to uncleanness: and surely it is ings, with a good conscience, are to be preferred to all
us we shall be well wherever we are. His blessing better to hazard our life than to wound our conscience. the pleasures of sin. Though persecutors should be
makes rich and honoured; and without it all our labours But in such most ensnaring temptations, a deep sense deaf to· my plea, there is one, JEHOVAH, who seeth
are in vain. Godly and faithful servants are an in- of the evil of sin, as offensive to God and injurious to and judgeth. In his time he will vindicate my charac-
estimable treasure; and such as are wise will not fat] man, is the only thing that will effectually prevent ter and plead my cause. No prison can exclude his
to esteem and prefer them. Providential smiles are compliance. But how hard to obtain protection from presence. He will certainly give me my reward in
often but inlets to fearful and strong temptations, or a lying tongue 1 The best of men have been accused heaven, and perhaps part of it in a prison, where I shall
279
Chief butler and baker imprisoned. GENESIS XLI. Interpretation of tlteir dreams.
A.M. 2286. B.C. 17:r8. A.M. 2287. B.C. J7r7.
the captain of the guard, into the 'ilrison, the land of the Hebrews; and here also have ~1
r ch. 39. 8 -12, 20.
place where Joseph was4 bonnd. Da. 6. 22. Jn. 10. 32.
Ac.24- 12, 13,20;25.10,
done nothing that they should put me into the
4 And the 'captain of the g11ard charged Jo- n.
9 Or,/ull ef holu. dungeon.
fHadbeen. 1 Or, reckon the~.
seph with them, and he served them; and they and take thy office
/romtltee.
16 When the chief baker saw that the inter-
i:Jontinued a season in ward. s De.21.22.Pr.30.17.
tver.13,19. pretation was good, he said unto Joseph, I also
u .i\-iat.14.6. Es. I. 3.
5 1 And they 1dreamed a dream 5 both of See ch.21.8.
2 That 'we take no
was in my dream, and, behold, I had three
them, each man his dream in one night, each note of time, but from
its toss, is a just and white 9 ba;kets on my head:
man according to the interpretation of his ~t1~~~h J~;e~;t~\~:d 17 And in the uppermost basket there was of
is really the loss of a
dream, the butler and the baker of the king of unit from the sum of
our years. Then how all manner of bake-meats for Pharaoh; and the
comes such a loss to
Egypt, which were bound in the prison. g-ch. 4:r. 8. Da. 2, I,
be an occasion of birds did eat them out of the basket upon my
6 And Joseph came in unto them in the morn- 3;4.5;7.28;8.27, ~rfe~~w;~tionChi~fl~
bt';cause worl<ll)-;· head.
minded men seldom
ing, and looked upon them, and, behold, they h I Sa. I. 8. 2 Sa,1:3 retrace the 'time
past of their lives,'
18 And Joseph answered and said, This is the
14-Jn.20.13.J u.18.24-
were gsad. r Pe.4.3, or anticipate
that portion of the interpretation thereof: The three baskets are
future when they
7 And he asked Pharaoh's officers, that were i ch. 41. 16. Is.8.19.
Da.2. 28; 4,8; 5. 12. Ps. mu.s~ give 'account
to lum who (r Pe. 4.5)
three days.
with him in the ward of his lord's house, saying, 25.1:4.Am.3.7. is ready to judge the
quick and the dead,• 19 Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift
Whereforeh look ye so sadly to-day? 6 Joseph loses no
but rather think it
'str:mge' (1 Pe. 4. 4)
if Chnstian converts
up thy head from off thee,1 and shall •hang thee
8 And thev said unto him, We have dreamed opportunityofspeak- 'run not with them on a tree; and the birds shall eat thy flesh from
Wc,JJJ t\~:t t~ltc~~i~: to the same e -..:cess nf
a dream, and· there i's no interpreter of it. And tians had, in this re•
spect, grace, simph-
riot.' But how may
a Christian observe off thee.
a birth-day? Pha,:wh
Joseph said unto them, JJo not interpretations f~Ir;wan~i/~~~Ji~I~~ furnishes a useful
lesson. 1. Heemµlo}-
20 1 And it came to pass tthe third day,
...J'
belonfl to God? 6 tell me them, I pray you. ::vi::mt~t~-';1lfai~~ which was Pharaoh's "birth-dav, 2 that he made
of his household; one
9 And the chief butler told his dream to servant, found inno-
cent, he restored ;
a feast unto all his servants: ~nd he ~lifted up
Joseph, and said unto him, In my dream, be- another, found guilty,
he condemned. So, the head of the chief butler and of the chief
a duty neglected,
hold, a kvine7 was before me; 1 One ancient au-
thor asserts that the
s~ould by the Chris-
tian be zealously re-
baker among his servants.
vine did not grow in
10 And in the vine were three branches: and ~p[qt{iafu~rediihd~:
sumed, a sin disco-
vered, be unreserved- 21 And he restored the chief butler unto his
ly mortified. 2. A
it was as though it budded, and her blossoms scribe it as cultivated
abundantly, and its
year lost from the
amount of a Chris-
butlership again; and he gave the cup into
shot forth; and the clusters thereof brought fthe 11
!eili: ~rn~~~~t~ ~f
subterranean
11 tian's natural days,
should be so much Pharaoh's hand:
l[ained to his experi-
forth ripe grapes. tombs, amidst fami-
liar objects, seems to
ence of the grace of
God. 3. The loss of
22 But he hanged the chief baker; Yas Joseph
put the matter be-
11 And Pharaoh's cup was in my hand: and yond dispute.-C.
the past, should lead
him to 'walk circum- had interpreted to them.
spectly, redeeming,'
I took the grapes, and 8pressed them into Pha- ~hfrohf;[~ftutt~rfc~~
23 1 Yet did not the chief butler remember
raoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's 8 The fresh juice of
grapes or other fruits
'the time, because
the days are evil,' Joseph, but •forgat him.
pressed out, and Ep. 5. 16. 4, Let the
hand. mingled with water,
without fermenta-
anniversary of our
natural birth remind
CHAPTER XLI.
12 And Joseph said unto him, This is the tion, forming a sher-
bet, is still a favourite
us that' unless we be
born ag-at"n,' we can
1 Pharaoh's two dreams. 25 Joseph interpreteth them. 33 Ht
drink in warn1 neither s«, nor enter giveth Phamoh counael. 38 Joseph is admnced. 50 He begetteth
interpretation of it: The three branches I are eastern climates.-
C.
into the 'kingdom Manasseh and Ephraim. 54 The famine be.(]inneth.
three days. of_.?oi~ri;~;;:_-;i:
25.27. AND it came to pass at the end of two full
13 Yet mwithin three days shall Pharaoh I Signify, ch. 4r. 26.
ELr2•.u.1 Co.ro.4, { le~J-:.1tcA~~:
6.Ps.105-19.
1l. years, that Pharaoh adreamed; and, behold,
lift" up thine head, and restore thee unto thy he stood by bthe river.
place: and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup CHAP. XLI. 2 And, behold, there came up out of the
into his hand, after the former manner when n Or, recion, Ps.3.
3-Je.52-31.
a Es.6.1.ch.20.3; 37.
5-9; 40- S· Da. 2. 3; 4.5;
river seven well-favoured kine 3 and fat-fleshed;
thou wast his butler. 1
vii/thi.uJ;_11~. 1t.Ex. and they fed in a meadow.
4-b•
1. Z?; 2. 5; Is.19.5-
14 But think on me when it shall be well
0
.,.orSa.2,S.31. iCo.7.
~d·f~iJe eite~~~ 3 And, behold, seven other kine came up
with thee, and show kindness, I pray thee, unto land of Egypt did not
:!inallordC.::::ire~b~
after them out of the river, ill-favoured and
me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and m{ ~a~-:r~~
ledge or consenL
wii!i:.. on the manner in
which the rfrer Nile
lean-fleshed; and stood by the other kine upon
bring me out of this house: overt1owetl the fields.
3 In the Egyptian the brink of the river.
hieroglyphics the ox
15 For indeed I was Pstolen away out of qthe is the emblem of
agriculture. 4 And the ill-favoured and lean-fleshed kine
be more out of the reach of temptation, and on the wound the stoutest spirits, and make their imagination is God's Fellow, in prison and in judgment, on account
nearest way to my eternal, if not also my temporal, subservient to the ends of his glory and the advance- of his persevering integnty and holiness ! Behold how
preferment. If God be with me, who can be against ment of his people. But distresses are often in the the imaginations of Caiaphas the high-priest, the stiff-
me? Meanwhile, let me, in Joseph, behold how Jesus hearts of sinners, which themselves only know: and in ness of Pilate the Roman govemer with respect to the
was debased and exalted ! How he was in all points his wisdom God sometimes renders his people more inscription on the cross, and even the dream of his
tempted by devils and men like as we are, yet without clear, with respect to the future lot of others on earth, wife, concur to promote his honour ! Behold him on
sin ! How he was persecuted without a cause ! And than with respect to their own. It is a mercy, even the cross moved with deep compassion towards even
how upheld of God, as the man in whom his soul de- in a prison, to have one to compassionate our case: his enemies, and crowning one of his fellow-sufferers
lighted, till, for the sufferings of death, exalted at his and communication of our griefs to godly men is a with eternal life, while the ;mbelief of the other brings
own right hand in glory ! ready way to obtain solntion of our doubts, and re- death! But, 0 JEHOVAH, forbid that I should ever
cover comfort in our afflictions. It is prudent to con- forget the love and compassion of this adorable Jesus,
CHAPTER XL. [Ver. 16. 'Three baskets of ceal the infirmity of our friends, even while we plead but record his mercies in my heart for eternal remem-
white,' i.e. 'of white bread.' On the monuments of our own innocence: and in exculpating ourselves, we brance.
Egypt may be seen representations of bread thus cannot be too careful to avoid reflecting upon those
carried to feasts. Baskets are still universally em- who have injured us. \\,'bat great events are often CHAPTER XLI. [Ver. 1. The fertility and the
ployed in Egypt for such purposes. P.] connected with the transaction of a moment: and often very existence of Egypt depend upon the Nile. No
REFLECTIONS.-Mark, my soul, in what slippery the enlargement of the wicked is at hand when that rain falls in the country, but the want is supplied by
places great men stand; and how sudden may be their of the choicest saints lies at a great distance. Worldly the periodical rise and fall of the river. Having its
fall into destruction; their removal from a palace to advancements render men strangely thoughtless. No source amid the mountains of Central Africa, it is af.
a prison, nay, to a gibbet! It is much safer, as well favour or even gratitude of men, especially of great fected by the tropical rains. It begins to rise about
as sweeter, to be the servants of Christ than of the ones, can be safely depended on. Let me therefore the middle of June. Two months afterwards the water
\oftiest monarchs on earth. Strangely, but in wisdom, always trust in the Lord, and be in his fear all the day overflows the banks and inundates the country. It
are the links of Providence connected. God can easi1y long. But tum aside, my soul. Behold the man who attains its greatest height about the autumnal equinox;
280
Pharal!h a'l'eamet'h twi areams. GENESIS XLI. '/hey are inlcrpr-elea by Jo8epk.
- - - - ,, - - - - - fleshed, such as I never sa\,, in all the land of
A.M. 2289. Il.C. 17I3, ! I A.bl. 2289. B.C. 17r5.
cpd eat up the seVEm well-favoured and fat kine. -• - Heb.fat. A ~ort
~o Pharaoh awoke. of wh~at grow':> 1 Heb. come
Ill the Egypt for badness.
ff)
5 And he slept and dreamed the second ;rirz;1\stt:r;~~~~n~~

inw,:rd paru ef
and b~ar,, a nurnL,'-r
l'<e1n.
20 And the lean and the ill-favoured kine
of ears.
time: and, behold, seven ears of corn came up c Lze. ro; 19. 12. 2 Or, smal.'. 17
did eat up the first sernn fat kine.
upon one stalk, rank4 and good.
Ho.13.1,;.
d ,.:h ...;o.6. Da.2.3; 4.
To this wi~d is
<I 21 And when they had eaten them up, 1 it
;,.;,cnbed ia S~nptur~
e:;;.28;8.2i. ail tne m1;:,cluef done could not be known that they had eaten them;
6 And, behold, seven thin ears, and blasted Ex.7.n;B. 19. Da.
e c9rn or fruit by
to
blastm;;, mildew, &c.
with the ceast wind, sprung up after them. more perni- but they were still ill-favoured, as at the be-
2.2; 5. 7,8. Ac. 17. 16.
,lf,lJ:lClanswere such It wa;,
as pretended t? re-
7 And the seven thin ears devoured the seven vea1 secrets, inter- f~0~,~l:~\ ~fffet/ta~~ ginning. So I awoke.
pret hidden things, c.-1.u:,e it came through
foretel future the \·ast ctesens of
rank and full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and, and ones; and did many Arai.iia.-Patrzck. 22 And I saw in my dream, and, behold,
strange feats Ly
behold, it was a dream. :t:if~;.~to~~h~• g~:1J; [ o~/nanJi~:~c~~~~ seven ears came up in one stalk, full and good:
8 And it came to pass in the morning that as had great learn- hy two several fig-
WlSt: men were such thing 1s represented
23 And, behold, seven ears, withered,2 thin,
ing, ~udgment, and urcs.
hisd spirit was troubled; and he sent and called experience,
34.
Mat. 23. and blasted with the east wind, 3 sprung up after
for all the •magicians of Egypt, and all the wise u;7'!.
/Da.2.ro:_o;.R Is.1q.
q.Ps.25.14. Sec
them.
We may observe
men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dreams; ch.40.s. 5
here. th;:it Joseph di- 24 And the thin ears devoured the seven
Jr ch.40.1,2,14,23. rect;, Pharaoh to look
but there was 1none that could interpret them h ch.3J.20. up to God, as the good ears.
author of all these
And I told this unto the magicians;
in an ordinary but but there was none that could declare it to me.
events ; and that not
unto Pharaoh. ich.40.5,8.
k ch.40.12,19. extraordinary man-
9 ~ Then spake the chief butler unto Pha- l ch.40.20--22. ner; since such ferti-
lity and such famine
25 1 And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The
4
Whilst we must mere natural causes, dream of Pharaoh i's one: God hath showed
<lid not proceed from
raoh, saying, I do remember my gfaults this day: ,ondemn 5
in the chief
10 Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and ~~!~erotijo{~;rtt~t which ~~1tiro~r!ict~;~;~
maJe the river ,
Pharaoh r,vhat he is about•
to do. 5
the ingenuous- t~;;k, ;;e1 ~~~';1, ;i;
40.23, we must com-
put me in ward hin the captain of the guard's mend 26 The seven good kme •are seven year&,
house, both me and the chief baker:
ness with which (vcr. ;,e\·en years together, d th d tl
9) he confesses his
faults. But, alJove .:11 ~~,,'"p1~~;;\'":n~ an ~ seven goo ears are seven years: 46
11 And we ;dreamed a dream in one night, mire that pro,·idence !~~~n r;:arst~~e:a~~ dream Z8 one.
things, we must ad•
I and he; we dreamed each man according to foseph t~~iufnC:~it~iht~~~ !~:7 !'~t1ep,~d~;: :;
1 27 Andt the seven thin and ill-favoured kin1.,
in prison ti!l very sore and long
then employs the in- r~~~n~bjecte'J ,o","o~ that came up after them are seven years; nnd
be ts needed, and
the interpretation of his dream.
him forth to liberty seph, that he was th
e seven emp t y ears blas t e_d WI'th the eas t win
• d
gcnuousne;,s to bring
12 And there was there with us a young and honour.-(.·. n~:~t~r ol~ol~~~~~~ll~
man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain of the m 1Sa.2.7,8. Ps.u3. ~~!~f ~isci:;~~~i~; shall be seven years of famine.
0
7;105.:;ro,
guard; and we told him, and khe interpreted n Da.2.25.Ex.10.16. :!'c:'s ~~ v't'~" m~~;; 28 This is the thing which I have spokei.
0
to us our dreams : to each man according to his Thi5 is one of :."o~~!~e'.~.e

6
,,~~~"'.~~ unto Pharaoh: what God is about to do he
was conscious to h1m-
many passag.:::s in
dream he did interpret. which the truth of !T}fe \~,l~~.~ :~L!d~ sho,veth unto Pharaoh.
the Scripture nqrra- 1
is attested by an ;;~:~~\1,;':,, ih~~.~ 29 Behold' "there come seven years of great
13 And it came to pass, as he inttJrpreted to tive
incidental and slight of Offil.':,SlOn had he
al!usion to remark-
us, so it was; 1me he restored unto mine office, able customs, which rneg!;,"e1e1t"
no mere inventor
plenty .~°a:~
throughout all the land of Egvpt:
would think of no- 5>:.~~;:[• concern.- 30 And there shall arise after them "seven
tmd him he hanged. 5 ti<;ing, or notice
without explaining.
14 1 Thenm Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, ;:~~~~e ~~stC:m r~f s Signify, ch.40.,,, years of famine; and all the plenty shall be for-
and they brought him nhastily out of the dun- which they were ~;,l;;;::~:,.*.~;:;:;.'· gotten 6 in the land of Egypt; and the famine
the Egyptians, ir.
di:;tin!,,'llished from
geon: and he shaved6 himself, and 0 changed his other oriental na- ,v«. 3••••;,, 30 , 3,, shall consume the land:
raiment, and came in unto Pharaoh. ~ih~ri~h':~0th~-i~:~u;:r,
and regarde::! the loss 54, 31 And the plenty shall not be known in
uSeem'6,<7-• · the land by reason of that famine following; for
of it as a deep dis- 9
15 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I have sh.:i g-race. Here Joseph
ves himself in
7
E zyptian. usage, of ,t's~!J~;:,~'.;"'· it shall be very grievous.
dreamed a dream, and there is none that can conformity with an
which this passage
interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that intima'tion.
convevs the earliest fl It shall be as ifit 32 And for that the dream was Vdoubled
ha<l not bec:1 at all,
thou canst understand a dream to interpret it. 7 oEs.4.1,2,4- by reason of the suc- unto Pharaoh twice; it is because the thing is
ceeding- fa.mine.-
16 And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, hearest a dream,
7 Or, when thou .l.."iddt:r.
established8 by God, and God will shortly bring
thou canst :·nterpret Heb.Juavy.
ItP is not in me: God shall give Pharaoh an it. 7
it to pass.
p ch.40.8. Ki. 6.z-,.
answer! of gpeace. 9 Da..2.::£. 1 Co.15. 10.
2
Y ch. 37. 7,9. Job33.
14,15. 33 Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man
2Co.3.5.Am.3.7.
17 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, In my 8 An answer quiet- 8 Or, prepared. discreet and wise, and set him over the land of
d_ream, behold, I stood upon the bank of the ing- thy troubled
mind, and portend-
ing haJ?piness and z Or, .n-erseers,NtL
Egypt.
nver: prosperity to thee.
t::~J.~;;~_' ch. 34 Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint
22
18 And, behold, there came up out of the 42-q ch. 37. 14- Lu. 19. a PL6.6-'1.Lu.t6,5. •officers over the land, and <>take up the fifth
ri,·er seven kine, fat-fleshed and well-favoured; Joseph The character of
9
is instantly
developed in the re-
part9 of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous
9
and thev fed in a meadow: nunciation of self, a Jfihep;1:tidi':ip~I~~ years.
and the exaltation of king's granaries, as
19 A;1d, behold, seven other kine came up God.-Note, In all thy many 0
others in the 35 And let them gather all the food of those
hi~.s andct :lnd!i~ land laid dso up a
part of these plenti-
after them, poor, and very ill-favoured, and lean- 6.-C.
rect thy paths, Pr. 3. ful crops. good years that come, and lay up corn under
and then falling slowly, sinks to its lowest level. The means of his people's deliverance: and wehn his ing wants. In the meanwhile we must esteem it an
ri•e during a good year is about 27 feet at Cairo. A time of delivering his people comes, he causes men to undeserved mercy, that God hath set prosperity and
few feet above this causes a destructive flood; and a remember and to do their duty towards them; and adversity, plenty and famine, debasement and glory,
few feet less a famine. P.] wisely to accomplish his purpose. How am.ab:e the one against the other. How glorious the character
Ver. 2. [Tbe word translated 'meadow' is Egyp- and excellent, when great gifts and great graces are in which extensive knowledge, firm friendship, active
tian, and signifies the 'marsh ~grass' which grows adorned with the deepest humility, referring all the diligence, unshaken fidelity, -forgetfulness of injuries
abundantly along the banks of the Nile . .P.] glory to God, and behaving modestly towards men! received, and hearty acknowledgment of God in all
REFLECTIONS.-Certain, though slow, is the But changeable and perishing are all earthly enjoy, things, are remarkably connected! Happy the nation
.execution of God's purposes of favour to his people; ments, especially desirable ones. Let me then use the management of which is intrusted to such persons I
and by the most insihl'Jlificant, or even extravagant, them with caution, and lay up in heaven a better and But chiefly rejoice, my soul, that Jesus was taken from
means; he often accomplishes them. But when patience enduring substance; for it is infinitely necessary to prison and from judgment, and hath all power given
liath had her perfect work, God can easily furnish the provide without delay against future, against everlast- to him in heaven and on earth, in order to bestow
281
Joseph made rule~ mJer Egypt. GENESIS XLII. Jacob :;ends to Egypt to buy corn.
A,M, 2289. B.C. 1715,
the bhand of Pharaoh, and let them keep food 52 And the name of the second called he
b Power, appoint-
in the cities. ment, Ex.4-13. hls1d~~cice~denJhaW qEphraim:3 For God4 hath caused me to be
1 Heb. be not cut he commumcate with
36 And that food shall be for store to the land off.c Ac.7.10.Ps.105.22. and brothers who hr1ted
sold him, and fruitful in the land of my affliction.
th us doubly 1mb1tter
I'r.ro.20;25.11.
ugamst the seven years of famine, which shaU d Da.4 6;5.u. the old age of his fa.
tiler, by embroiiing
53 1 And the seven years of plenteousness
be in the land of Egypt; that the land perish servants 2 Pharaoh and his him with hi:, whole
were ev,. falllily? Other rea· that was in the land of Egypt were ended. 5
:,uns may have OPl'·
not1 through the famine. dently belie\ers
the true Goel. Tim,
in
rated, but the:,e are
faith, if not derived :,ufficient to explain
54 And' the sernn years of dearth began to
37 And the thing w~s <good in the eyes of frumsomeearlierand and
unrecorded ~ource, lence. That his heart
excuse his ;,i-
come, according as Joseph had said: and the
may be traced to the w<ts with them, hi:,
Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants. visit and sojourning- future conduct will dearth was in all lands; but in all the land of
of Abram, and the dt:clare.-C.
38 1 And Pharaoh said unto his servants, miraculous testi- q That is,fr-uiiful,
mony, Ge.I2.19, which ch.48.16.Is.40.1,2.
Egypt there was bread.
Can we find such a one as this is, a man din Jehov:ih then exhiliit-
ed in the protection 317n.
4 Joseph's connect·
55 And when all the land of Egypt was fam-
of Sarah, and which
whom the Spirit of God is ? 2 Pharaoh implicitly ing an acknowledg-
a,:knowledged in 1us nlt:nt of God with the
ished, the people •cried to Pharaoh for bread:
remon'>trance with birth of each son, is a
39 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Foras- Ahram. This' wiil beautiful example of and Pharaoh said unto all tlie Egn)tians, 1Go
account for the readi- his habitual piety.-
much as God hath showed thee all this, there is raoh listen_s to Jo- heritage
ness with which Pha- • So children are a
ofthe Lord,' unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do.
seph, and lnsservants Ps.127.3.-C.
none so discreet and wise as thou art: acquiesce in his ad- 17o8. 6 56 And the famine was mer all the face of
vancemen~ to pGwer.
40 Thou• shalt be over my house, and accord- aThey received him as
prophet of the true 6,7,27,30,31;
~
Ps.105.16. ver.3,4,
ch.45. n. the earth. 6 And Joseph opened all the store-
Ac.7.n.
ing unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: God.-C. e ch. 45- 8, 9, 26. Ps.
s2Ki.6.26. houses,7 and sold unto the Egyptians; and the
t Ps. 105.zo...z2, with
w5.21,22.Ac.7.10. Da.
only in the throne will I be greater than thou. 2.46,47;5.29. A.68.18. Col.t.19, Jn. famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt.
/Da.2,7,8. Ps.:n3.7. 1.14,16.Phi.4-19,
41 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, fl Job 29. 22, 25. Pr.17.2; 60r, land. 57 And all "countries came into Egypt to
22.29.ch.39.5,22. Heb. all when:i"n
7
have set thee over all the land of Egypt. E Es.8.2.Lu.I5.22. Joseph for to buy corn; because that the famine
8 Or, szlk. u Neighbouring,Ps.
42 And Pharaoh took off his ring from his /, Pr. 31.22,24- Ezc. 105.16,17. ch.42.i:; 50.
9 was so sore in all lands.
'°·
hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and ar- 16.10.Lu.19.16-19.Da.
5-7-
CHAPTER XLII.
3 t Thesewerebadg-
rayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a jjg~ft;is fh:~in;i~ CHAP. XLII.
B.C. 1707. 1 Jacob sendeth his ten sons to buy corn in Egypt. 6 They ctre im-
gold,. chain about his neck :4 particularwasamark
of honour, and sign 5.19.Ac.7.12,
a Heard, Ex.20.1:8;
a
prisoned by Joseph for spies, but set at liberty on condition to b1-ing
Benjamin. 21 They have remorse ;or Joseph. 24 Simeon is kept Jo,·
of his authority to b ch.45.9.
43 And he made him to ride in the second seal what he pleased
m the king's name.
c ch.43.8. Ps.:n8.17.
Mat.4.4.ls.::iB.1.
a pledge. 25 The!I return with corn, and their money. 29 Tl~eir re
lation to Jacob. 35 He is afraid, "''.d refuscth to Bend Benjamin.
chariot which he had; and they cried before him, or, most Or, tender/atkr-;5
blessed. [The
d See ch.35.16-IQ.
ech.3.22;n.4- Ei.
word here emRloyed 22.22,23. .
Bow5 the knee: and he made him ruler over all appears to be Egyp- 7.11;n.z8.
the land of Egypt.
44 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am nor,'
!!adi~ a~~ets ml{!Ji~~f
trans4tes it • gover- 40,41.
which is pro-
/ch.12.ro; 26.1. Ac.
E Ps. zo5. 21. ch. 4-J:.
Next to his_piety,
8
N OW when Jacob" saw that there was corn
in Egypt, Jacob said unto his sons, Why
do ye look one upon another?
bably correct.-P.J Joseph's app1uaho11
6 As sure as I am to busmess forms the
Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up king, none shall be most 6
remarkab!t:
trait in his character.
2 And he said, Behold, I have heard that there
his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt. i~1~hee~d~~~t::tf~ to' Heall itthewas that sold
people.' He is corn in Egypt; get you bdown thither, and buy
of government, or does nothing by
45 And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaph- management of the
stores, without thy fi:~y ~fTEiY~~~u~:~ for us from thence, that we may clive, and not die.
nath-paaneah;7 and he gave him to wife Asen- advice and warrant. narrow plains lying
7 A revealer of se- on the two sides of a 3 And Joseph's ten brethren went down to
8 ~:C~- £~ro5;g;~5; :-i~• ~~~:,r [i;n~;fy
ath, the daughter of Poti-pherah ;priest of On. Mundi, 'Saviour of lttffhway of the king- buy corn in Egypt.
And Joseph went out over all the land of Egypt. thei·or,prince,
world.'-P.] dom-will sufficiently
ch. i:4- account for the possi-
4 But dBenjamin, Joseph's brother, Jacob
bility of his personal
46 "1 (And Joseph was kthirty years old when 18.2Sa.8.18. These
superintendence by
three rotation, at the vari-
8
sent not with his brethren: for he said, •Lest
he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt.) And dearly the nature of dosing for a time at
names mdicatepretty ous places of sale,
peradventure mischief befall him.
Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, the religion at tbat one, anti. then pro-
time prevailin:% in ceeding to another.- 5 And the sons of Israel came to buy corn
and went throughout all the land of Egypt. ~J~ft·. :'cf:~~~ sif; C.h ch.37.7,9; 18.2; "19- among those that came: for the famine was 1 in
XeitJ,,' and ~eith
was the Eg-yptian 1;44.14.
4 7 And in the seven plenteous years the earth means
Minerva. Potipherak
'belonging to with.them.
Heb. 9 tki11g-s
)tar-ti the land of Canaan.
brought forth by handfuls. the Sun;' and
seems to have been
011
ich. 37-5~- 6 ~r And Joseph was the ggovernor over the
identical with the .. k Nu.13.2,18,19.Jos.
48 And he 1gathered up all the food of the Svrian Baal - the u.
Slln•god. TheEgyp- l That J oseph,from
land, and he it was8 that sold to all the people
seven years, which were in the land of Egypt, tians, in fact, were his knowledge of his
;t~;~!}.iven to idol- brethren's character,
of the land: and Joseph's brethren came, and
may have believed
and laid up the food in the cities: the food of k ch. 37. 2. Nu. -4. 3. coming them capable of be-
spies,iswith·
,.bowed down themselves before him with their
the field, which was round about every city, Lu.3.23. l Boug-ht up a. fifth !iliim~_liT;the~1id~~: faces to the earth.
part of 1t, ver.34-- and intended to deter
laid he up in the same. m ch.22.17. Ju.7.12; them from any dan•
gerous comi.Jinations
7 And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew
49 And Joseph gathered corn mas the sand 6.5.Job 21.33.
n ch ..¢.20;48.5.
and projects, his
course was open and them, but made himself strange unto them, and
Or,j>r-ince.
of the sea, very much, until he left numbering; o That is, for.get- his 9 intentions kind.
But as it is said in spake roughly9 unto them; and he said unto
ver. 7 that he spoke
for it was without number. ting-, Is.67.16,
l 1712.
r-oug-Jily to thon, we
rather conclude he
them, Whence come ye? And they said, From
-50 1 Andn unto Joseph were born two sons Ps.45.10, P Ps.30.5,n.Pr.31.7. was fiz~1,mg-; <1;nd
though his design the land of Canaan to buy food.
was good, we may
before the years of famine came, which Asenath, How shall we cx- not 2
excuse one word 8 And Joseph knew nis brethren, but they
9 ~~~Jelt°~~~o~~u~\~ which uf dissimulation by
the daughter of Poti-pherah priest of On, bare Up till the beginning complished.
cat mg with his father? it was to be ac-
Joseph knew not him.
is one of the most
unto him. of the last seven years lovely
he had been a bond- of Scripture and amiahle
charac-
9 And Joseph ~emembered the dreams which
sla\·e ora prisoner, so
51 And Joseph called the name of the first- could not communi- ters, but one alone
he dreamed of them, and said unto them, kYe
1 ~:!:~
born °.Manasseh : For God, said he, hath made fairs ofa palace and was
was perfect, who
N~;;: ti~ri~'- 'knew no sin, neither
guile found in are spies :1 to see the !nakedness of the land ye
of a whole kingdom his mouth.'-C.
me Pforget all my toil, and all my father's house. 2 overwhelm him But
business is not his 25-
l Weakness, Ex.32. are come.
blessings on perishing sinners! Rejoice that God hath and eternity from him without money and without (2) That they might be the more thoroughly convinced
made him to forget his labour, and made him fruitful price. of, and humbled for, their former sins, particularly
in the land of his affliction! He seeth his seed, the their hatred, intended murder, and actual selling of
travail of his soul, and is satisfied. And what a mercy CHAPTER XLII. Ver. 7. Joseph dealt thus himself: (3) To enhance their joy when he should dis•
JS it that all nations have access to him, not to buy harshly with them, (I) That he might hereby procure cover himself: (4) To render the fulfilment of his owo
with mops,y, but to receive all the blessings 0f time a full account of the present state of his father's family: dreams the more conspicuous.
2S.2
RAIN BOATS ON THE NILE- SHOWING HOW CORN HAS ALWAYS BEEN BROUGHT called corn. The wheat is loaded in these boats without being sacked, poured into tht.
G DOWN FROM UPPER EGYPT. [GENESIS, xii: 49.]-" ,And Joseph gathered corn
as the- sand of the sea, very much, until he left numbering; for it was without num-
ber." These grain boats we see on the Nile bring; down from Upper Egypt every
year the same kind of corn that Joseph gathered together during the seven years of plenty,
frame work or body of them, and after the boats reach their destination at Cairo, the
wheat is sacked and carried upon the shore, whence it is shipped to different countries.
The place where these boats land is about a mile above Cairo, near the island of Rhoda,
and near the Nilometer. Standing here we are very near the reputed place where Moses
against the seven years of famine. In our country this is called wheat. In the Bible it is was discovered in the Nile by the daughter of Pharaoh.
... .;....i.':t '1,,
: ::? ~-!..'i;5,,«f"", '~
,t,?· ::'rk~~:-:;~,
. - · - ~ ~ ~:!~~~;:.;:;.::::;::a!lb,i~~
ATER DRAWING IN EGYPT-CRARACTERI3TIC METHOD IN ALL
W
of Hebrew history. Here many centuries later Joseph and the Virgin Mother found rest and
AGES. [GllNESIS, xii: 57.]-"And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for shelter, and here after the crucifixion and resurrection came the messengers of the Gospel to
to buy corn, because that the famine was so sore in all lands." It is very appro- preach peace on earth. This is a water-drawing sce1.e characteristic of Egypt in all ages,
priate, therefore, that the accompanying picture represents a scene near the village of helping ns to see how from the Nile people have been able to irrigate their soil and thus
Matarlyeh where Joseph lived. Here came Abraham with his wife Sarah at the very dawn secure abundant crops while famines came often to other lands.
Joseph imprisons his brethren. GEXESIS XLII. They return with corn.
10 And they said unto him, Nay, my lord;. A.M. 2297· B.c.,,o,.: _A._M_-"_'97_·s_.c_.,_,0_7· money into his sack, and to give them provision
but to buy food are thy servants come. 9 No man would b Ro. 12. 17. Mat.5. for the wav: and hthus did he unto them.
expose ten of his sons 44-zPe.3-9.
11 vVe are all one man's sons ;9 we are true gerous
at once to the dan -
business of 26 And they laded their asses with the corn,
spies.
men thy servants are no spies. We can account
9
and departed thence. 8
l Distress
12 And he said unto them, Nay, but to see weakne:.s, ver. 9- and for this .J'1durr: o/
their heart ou no 27 And as one of them opened his sack to
ground but their ~o:i-
the nakedness1 of the land ye are come. scwusness of gm1t m give his ass provender in the inn, he espied his
13 And they said, Thy servants are ""'twelve ~{;~ ~fckeC: J~!e:~ money; for, behold, it was in his sack's mouth.
1
~
no man pursueth, Pr.
28.1.-C.
brethren, the sons of one man in the land of n Mat. 16, 18. ch. 28 And he said unto his brethren, My money
2.
ch.27.33;ver.36. Le.20. is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and
cCa.5.6. i:Ki.10.5.
Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day 37.30;44-20.La.5.7. 36.Ps.61.2.
with our father, and one "is not. o Job 13. 2, 4; 19. II.
Youraccountofyour-
their 9heart cfailed1 them, and they were afraid,
l Heb. went/c,rth.
14 And Joseph said unto them, 0 That is it selves improba-
ble that it increa.'>eth
j,, 50
saying one to another, What is this that God
the suspicion of your
that I spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies: being spiei,;. 2 As soon as they hath done unto us ?
returned home they
15 Hereby ye shall be proved: PBy the life acquainted their fa- 29 1 And they came unto Jacob their father
s.{.\~~l:tB~·-~~{;: ther with all these
of Pharaoh2 ye shall not go forth hence, except ver.zo.. him the treatment unto the land of Canaan, and told him all that
adventures; they told
they had received 2
your voungest brother come hither. 2 By tlu life ef from the viceroy, and befell unto them, saying,
Pharaoh, 'As Pha• how he suspected
16 •Send one of you, and let him fetch your If an oath, the words ~~~~i~~ th~;\!~
raoh liveth.' Booth. 1 5
~ ~ 30 Theel man, who is the lord of the land,
brother, and ye shall be kept3 in prison, that awould be sinful, and
proof that Joseph ~tre~fb~~ab1fe~~!~i spake roughly to us,
had not altoKether Simeon bound in pn-
3
and took us fo~ spies of
your words may be proved, whether there be tion of the world. But ~~~y a\hmfI~dtri~;~ the country.
escaped the infec-
as the charity 'that Benjamin, to show
any truth in you: or else, by the life of Pharaoh, assign
thinketh no evil• can that what they told
a harmless him of their family
31 And we said unto him, We are true men;
sense, that of a mere was true. These were we are no spies.
surelv ye are spies. assertion (comp. Sa. sa<l tidmgs indeed ;
2
there can be no and what made their
17° And he put4 them all together ginto ward good 20.3),
reason for dog• ooor afflicted father 32 We be twelve brethren, sons of our father:
one is not, and the youngest i8 this day with
matically accusing" breatc. out into this
three days. which he may be in- ~~~~~~h~~hat c~~
Joseph of a sin of
way or other, him
18 And Joseph said unto them the third day, nocent.-C. they ~ad deprived of our father in the land cf Canaan.
his children ; that } o·
This do, and live; for •I fear God. a Heb. 6ound. seph was dead, Stm•
eon was left in Egypt, 33 And the man, the lord of the country,
and now they were
19 If ye be true men, let one of your brethren 4 Heb. zathend.
fi~~ngf:i~a~imBtm~::
said unto us, Hereby shall I know that ye are
be bound in the house of your prison: go ye, 67.g He. r2. zo. Ps.n9, things wise, which were true men: leave one of your brethren here with
too heavy for
him to bear.'-Stack-
carry corn for the famine of your houses: ,,. ch.20.n.Ne.5.15. house. me, and take food for the famine of your house-
20 But •bring your youngest brother unto
dver.7-20.
holds, and be gone;
me; so shall your words be verified, and ye shall Promised to do it. 5
34 And bring your youngest brother unto
Heb. wz'th
JI
not die. And thev did so.5 tHo.5.r5 Job34.31,
32. Ac. Pr.28.13. hard thtnl[S,
z9.18. "' me: then shall I know that ye are no spies, but
r]n.z.9-
21 1 And tthey "said one to another, We are e Mat. r4- 3r. Is. n.
that ye are true men: so will I deliver yeu your
10,1:3,14- Ps.34-19. Ro. brother, and ye shall traffic in the land.
verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we B.28,31. 1Co.10.:r3- Is.
saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought xch.37.:n. 27.9.2 Co.4,17.
35 1 And it came to pass, as they emptied
ych.,t.ro.2Ch.24.22.
us, and we would not hear; "therefore is this Eze. 3. 18. Lu. II. 50. /Two o! them, ch. their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle of
Re. 13. 10; 16. 6. Ps.9. 40.9-
distress come upon us. 12. We shall now be
punished for murder•
money was in his sack: and. when both they and
Let us beware in their father saw the bundles of money, they
mg him.
22 And Reuben answered them, saying, f
relation to temporal
Spakez I not unto you, saying, Do not sin ter• Heb. aH tizterj>re-
was between anJ. pronouncing re- were afraid.
tJ,e,n.
things of forming
solut10ns as to what
against the child; Md ye would not hear? •ch.43-30,Ro.u.1s., Jo. we will or will not
\Ve know not
36 And Jacob their father said unto them,
therefore, behold, also his blood is Yrequired. ro~:{a dE~~ay11::'~~g Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph i8
23 And they knew not that Joseph under- and 22~~-3\~t1· 1

{~ti this
fierce he perhai:;s
wii! not long keep
stem resolve. not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Ben-
had the chief hand ~~j;fti~rc~'S;~~e~:
stood them; for he spake unto them by an in- in Joseph's troubles. :h~~{J• bye ti::Ygr~~~ jamin away. All these things •are against me.
terpreter.6 7 Simeon and Levi of God, resolve upon 37 And Reuben spake unto his father, say-
were the two princi- it; but in things
24 And h" turned himself about from them, pal actors in the where we know not ing, Slay my ftwo sons, if I bring him not to
bloody massacre of let the purposes of God,
ch. 34. 2s, us patiently wait
and •wept; and returned to them again, and Shechem, and Joseph, fro~ his on his providence.- thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will
knowledge of Sime- C.
communed with them, and took from them on's character, may
have chosen to retain
bring him to thee again.
•Simeon,7 and bound him before their eyes. him for fear of his
ij~~r~~lsth~~~isg~~k
38 And he said, 4My son shall not go down
to his father. lee his
25 1 Then Joseph commanded to fill their adruonitior., with you; for 9his brother is dead, and he is
ch. 45-24, Ii or Rachel's chil·
sacks with corn, and to restore every man's -C. dren.
left alone:5 if mischief befall him by the way
REFLECTIONS.-What a mercy it is to be as· to awaken, and thoroughly convince, such consciences mournful is the case of families when mutual trust in
sured that in the Canaan above there is no scarcity, no as have been long asleep and hardened in sin! but the one another i~ weakened. Surely there is great need
want! And here on earth one country can ordinarily fear of God, prevalent in the heart, effectually deter- of a holy disengagement from all creatures; for in
rupply the wants of another. But is it not strange that mines men to equity and benevolence, and restrains proportion to our love to them, will be our fears of
the accursed descendants of Ham should have plenty, from tyrannical cruelty and injustice. Trying pro- losing them, and our distress in parting from them.
when God's faithful people, the seed of Abraham, vidences often recall sin to men's remembrance, and Very often the best of saints distress themselves with
are in want! Yet even this is evidently to bring about render that bitter which was formerly sweet. And it needless fears that all things are against them, when
his purposes for his people, and to show us that all the is indeed a needful stroke that awakens the conscience they are really, nay remarkably, working for their good.
mysteries of his providence shall display his power and to a serious remembrance of former sins. When we And no wonder, when the very children from whom
wisdom, and in the issue bring greater benefits to his share with others in their calamity, it is no small com- distinguished comforts are justly expected, so often, by
redeemed; and, in God's time, the most malignant fort to know ourselves clear of their guilt. How often their wickedness, bring their aged parents with-sorrow
opposers of his designs are made willingly to submit God writes men's sins on their troubles! These to the grave. But now, my soul, when Jesus deal,
thereto, and accomplish the same. But while trusting Hebrews had sold their brother for money, and now roughly with me, to convince and humble my proud
in the Lord, parents and masters ought to provide, his money fills them with dread; guilty consciences spirit, or to try my love to himself and his Father, and
with g,eat care, for the external subsistence, and how being subject to perpetual alarms. There is need of to my fellow-saints, let me always acknowledge my
much more for the religious edification, of their fami- constant preparation for trials, as we often meet with offences with brokenness of heart; and let me bless
lies. What harsh measures are sometimes necessary them when and where they were least expected. But him who hath so planned, and so executes his scheme.
285
Jacob sends Benjamin with his brethren. GENESIS XliIII. T!iey are brought into Joseph's liouse.
in the which ye go, then shall ye bring do,,1n I A.M. =97· B.c. 1707.
h Ps. 90. to.Ec.1,14;

A.M ~"" "c ''
00
Ibrother, and
Benjamin. If I be4 bereaved oJ
my gray hairs hwith sorrow to the grave. 2.20.ch.44-29,31. my children, I am bereaved.
CHAPTER XLIII. I CHAP. XLIII.
h:v~'i:u~~'i/.' as 1 15 ~r Aud the men took that present, and
l Jacob is hardly per.,uaded to send Benjamin. 15 Joseph enter- B.C. 17o6. they took double money in their hand, and Ben-
taineth his brethren. 26 He maketh them a jeast. a ch.41.57. La.5.ro
b Pr.15.10;16.8.1 Ti. 5 Joseph was so en- jamin; and rose up, and went down to Egypt
5.8;6.6---8. gaged with the duties
AND the famine was asore in the land. cch.42.15,:xq..1.23.
7 Heb. protestm::, he could not then, a11d stood before Joseph.
of hi,, office, as that
'
1l. 2 And it came to pass, when they had
protested.
d 2 Sa.3.13;14.24,32.
Ac.::!0.25,38.
eve~ thuug~ he saw
Ben1amin with them,
interrupt 1hem to pay
16 And when Joseph saw Benjamin with
eaten up the corn which they had brought out ~ Cannot, ch.44.26.
8 '? e cannot go over, he wished sti,J them, he said to the mruler of his house, Bring
them attention; more-
farther to conceal
of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again, wantmg lknJamm
without breaking- our himself freim them.- these men home,5 and "slay, and make ready; for
I.
promise and eru.Jan-
buy us ba little food. g-ering our life.
9 As his questions n Sa.25.
1 II. ch. 31.
these men shall dine with me at noon.
3 And Judah spake unto him, saying, <The required.
l Heb. knO'ZV111g, 54;n.s;,o.3o. 17 And the man did as Joseph bade: and
could we know.
man did solemnly protest7 unto us, saying, Ye f Thirty ,years old.
ch.46.21.
2/~~53~tR~-~I~~· the man brought the men into Joseph's house.
1
"'
shall not see amy face, except your brother be gch.44.3::.1 Ki.1.:n,
;~;~1 He.7. 22. Ps. n9. 6 Tilis was a pro- 18 And the men were 0 afraid, because they
cedure altoget)ier 6
with you. 2 Or, twice by tht.r. unusual, and a guilty were brought into Joseph's house:
con~ciencesuspected
and they
h Pr.r8.16;~r.14; r;.
4 If thou wilt send our brother with us, we 8; 19. 6. l Sa.23.~7 ch. dang-er and evil de- said, Because of the money that was returned
termined, and that
.32.20;37.25. De.33.14.
he was C\'idently
will go down and buy thee food : 8 Balm, or balsant,
a general name for
seeking some cause in our sacks at the first time are we brouo-ht
of quarrel with them.
5 But if thou wilt not send him, •we will many of those resin-
ous substances that
-I. in; that he may Pseek occasion against us, and fall
flow from certain
not go down :8 for the man said unto us, Ye shall trees spontaneously p Heb. roll him- upon us, and take us for bondmen, and our asses.
or by incision. Jose. self upon us, Job 30. .-r A d h h
not see my face, except your brother be with phus says the balsam
tree was broug-ht to ,.. 19 11 .>1.n t ey came near to t e steward of
Judea by the Queen
you. of Sheba; and al-
though we find balm
Joseph's house; and they communed with him
0
6 And Israel said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill an article uf com•
merce between G1l- do~:!.~~;caw:e d~"!. at the door of the house,
eadandE~pt, ch.37.
with me, as to tell the man whether ye had yet 25, yet this no more
hroves the balm to
20 And said, 0 Sir, qWe came indeed 7down
a brother? d~~: t{~Iet;J, tb~~; sHe.,,.5.,8.Ro.>,. at the first time to buy food:
7 And they said, The man asked us straitly the other articles,
confessedly of Indian ,,;, 3.s.,Pe.,.,,;,-,6. 21 And it came to pass, when we came to
origin. Pliny thus
of our state, and of our kindred, saying, Is your ch<1racterizes it: •To
all other odours the 2
/l.~thi;;_~·:°L~.~~: the inn, that '"we opened our sacks, and, behold,
s;,..:,0.Jn.2a.,9•"·"'· every man's money u·a8 in the mouth of his
balsam is preferred,
father yet alive? have ye another brother? and produced in no other
part than the land
we told him according to the tenor of these of Judea, and even
there, in two gardens J?!>eph had taught sack, our money in full weight; •and we have
8 It seems that
only; both of them Ius steward and fa.
words. 9 Could we certainly know 1 that he belonging to the king.
one no more than
mily to know and brought it again in our hand.
fear the true God.
would say, Bring your brother down? twenty acres, and the
other still smaller.• 22 And other money have we brought down
Justin describes it as
8 And Judah said unto Israel his father, Send confined to the dista:gi~s~h~ man~~ in our hands to buy food: we cannot tell who
trict of Jericho; and
the 1 lad with me, and we will arise and go; that Marite, in 1766, con-
firms his statement.
trace events to the
providence of God. put our money in our sacks.
This was the great
Honey. Either that
we may live, and not die, both we, and thou, collected by the bee %~~~~s f~ht:::cte~: 23 And he said, tPeace be to you, fear not;
from flowers, or the
and must have been 8
and also our little ones. inspbsated syrup of observed by his ser- your God, and the God of your father, hath
9 I will gbe surety for him; of my hand shalt 1;~~:s. The §!~fi!:
hr
gint transl~tes it a
vant. He did not
know why his mas- given you treasure in your sacks : 9
I had your
ter acted the part he
thou require him: if I bring him not unto thee, ~~~~- ~t;hZ~"lhi~k; covered that it was money.
did. But he had dis- 1
And he brought Simeon out unto them.
it sto-rax, an odorifer-
and set him before thee, then let me bear the ous drug. Myrrh.
A precious gum issu-
i~0ilies~~e~1; ~;t!;~ 24 And the man brought the men into Jo-
blame for ever:
ing spontaneously or
by incision from a
!~~~ff~1!~~0~~=: seph's house, and "gave them water, and they
tree, was used in pre- of him, and treated
cious ointments and them kindly; and
10 For except we had lingered, surely now perfumes. It consti- hringinir Simeon to washed their feet: and he gave their asses
tuted part of the them would be the
fir.st thing to calm
we had returned this second time. 2 t1te~.tr!~ ;~J ~ 0
}~: their fears.-/. provender.
11 And their father Israel said unto them, If 39 it is mentioned
I').
as one of the anides 25 And they made ready the present against
1 Heb.your money J
oseph came at noon: 1or th ey h eard th at t hey
brought to embalm
it must be so now, do this; "Take of the best hisbo<ly. Themyr-rh
in the text, Celsus
mmefom,.
i.'
fruits in the land in your vessels, and carry down concludes to be a

dilforent article, the should eat bread there.
product of the Cts!us
the man a present, a little balm, and a little labdaniferus, and a
beautiful and fra-
x ch.42.6;ver.28; ch.
37.7,9,10. 26 1 And when Joseph came home, they
honey, spices and myrrh, nuts and almonds :3 i~~b~b!~-r~te 1/z~:::
chia, which is nearly
2 Here they are
brought him the present which ira.s in their
12 And 'take double money in your hand; of the size and shape unconsciously fulfil- hand into the house, and "'bowed themselrns to
of the common h.a;::el-
~~ff !tit~~ir:'!h~~ 2
and the money that was brought again in the they not only, as ,e- him to the earth.
nut, with a little
more angularity. lated at ver. 28,
mouth of your sacks, carry it again in your ~h~J( h'fh~ ke~~~f 1i~ ~~:desdag~~~nJhd~~ 27 And he asked them of their Y"relfare, and
er we11 , th e Old man Of Whom
pale green, with an
•d L" th
the;, fathec them- Sal , '..1.8 your 1a
T.
hand;. peradventure it was an oversight: oily agreeable taste,
and considered very
obeisance, but called
vant of Joseph.-1.
nutritive, Almonds.
13 Takek also your brother, and arise, go The well-known fruit
of a tree resembling
yHeb peac,. ch ye spake? is he yet alive?
again unto the man: the pedch.-C. i;:''"Ex.,s.,.Ju.,s. 28 And they answered, Thy servant our father
iPhi.4- 8. 1Th.4- 6.
14 And 1God Almighty give you mercy before H:-~i~:/!&"13-8. z Heb. ;. thm is in good health, he is yet alive: and they bowed
i ch. 39. zr; 17. r: 22.
the man, that he may send away your other I4- Ps.37.5-7. Pr. 21. I. {11~~~-~I~~,r/af/ierl do'\\'Il their heads, and made obeisance.
Es.4-16.Ac.2I.t4-
of redemption, that I am always obliged to return to Ver. 33. They marvelled that he, who had before less interested. What a mercy is bread, that nothing
himself, as my great supplier, in time of need. used them so roughly, should now use them so kindly. earthly can supply the want of it! What then can SUP'.
Ver. 34- Benjamin's large portion might be intended, ply the want of Jesus, the bread of life? In the use of
CHAPTRR XLIII. Ver. 27. Joseph still retained not only to do him honour, but also to try his temper- every prudent endeavour to avoid danger it is proper
his tender atiection for his father and his brethren; but, ance, and whether his brethren would envy him on to commit our affairs to the Lord, and submit ourselves
in order to fulfil the designs of Providence, he had been account of his distinguished preferment. entirely to his disposal; but men, when their con•
restrained of God from inquiring after them, till his REFLECTIONS.-The trials, the sore trials, of sciences are overcharged with guilt, are apt to fear
brethren came into Egypt. God's faithful people, may often last long, and without ground, even where kindness is intended. In
Ver. 32. The Egyptians detested eating with such sink deep, before their deliverance come: but in diffi- every circumstance honesty is the best policy; and
as fed upon the animals which they worshipped, or cult circumstances, where something dear to us is at every success in business should be regarded as a trea•
who neglected their manner of dressing thei.r victuals. stake, it is gGOd to take the advice of others who are sure given by God to us. What tender passions pos-
286
Joseph feasteth his brethren. GENESIS XL IV. His policy to detain Benjamin.
29 And he lifted np his eves, and saw8 his I 2298 "c ' 100 A"
2298 06
·
A.M. L.c. " 9 vVith 6whomsoernr of thv senants it be
b rother BenJ·amin, his mothe~'s son, and said !ti~~~~~.~;
b en 45 8 Ti I. 2
,ch.3<.32.
l
found, both let him die,4 anl we also will be
ls this your younger brother, aof whom ye spake H~:kt;';,'.'/;\:20 Innocence is con- my lord's bondmen. 5
t~r~~berar:~
4
unto me? And he said, God be gracious unto H;·:t.~i\1.ii~

s~t6.
2
=,ri;~~: 1
10 And he said, Now also let it be according
th~ ~hj!~ti~~\~i~:r 1 unto vour words: he with whom it is found
1
thee, bmy son.
30 And Joseph made haste for his 0 bowels ing with th e /k· fid~Jc~e ~fPj~Cl~~onn,•0 shall be my servant; and ye shall be blameless.
; ' ~,;;';''bei~~ ~ebr:;,',~'. [ umh,en in each
did yearn upon his brother: and he sought ~~~ef~;~l~~?ee1"S. !p~~' 1\)1~\r~i~:tr; ic.fa~ ~~1 11 Then they speedily took down every man
L
Wttere to weep; an
dh t d · t h• h b Hebrews were as yet cob's education ofhi.s
e en ere In 0 28 C am er, i~oh~:;u:~c~tfdeo1~; family.-C. his sack to the ground, and opened every macn
and wept there.
1
ii~~~-~f:s_narix- di;~ jch.37.29.Nu.14.6.2 his sack.
. f:
31 A n d h e wash ed h IS nd t t tinctwns still remam Sa.1.2,u;13.19. 12 And he searched, and began at the eldest,
ace, a wen OU , ~ct~~~,,'~~!;!'rnc~;'~::
and refrained himself, and said, Set on bread. ~f1!\ 0t\~~ w~S:~h~ 6 Con~cious of their and left at the youngest; and the cup was found
32 And th.ey set on for him by himself, and f1~I!~a~~s:v~'.In °:ie: own innocence, and
disdainful of so vile
fuse to eat with an. a charge, they put
in Benjamin's sack.
for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians ,;;~~~; t:~ r~l.n'.l',~ short issue: - That
the matter upon this 13 Then they frent their clothes, and laded
which did eat with him by themselves: because ~~;?:1,ectch~:~~;;;>; whoever upon search
should be found to
them, men wou!d, have the c1..1p, should
every man his ass, and returned to the city. 6
the Egyptians might not deat b read with the h~~~ c~~se~~~dunt~ death, be given up to suffer
and them-
14 1 And Judah and his brethren came to
Hebrews; for that is an •abomination unto the ;.,a~n' .~n'. m"l~!" wi\~ 0selves become all the
lord's bound slaves.
Christian countries, So said, so done; the
Joseph's house; (for he was yet there;) and
Egyptians. 9 ~~~~~vme:; gr::~ct! ed, beasts were unload-
the sac-ks were
they 9fell before him on the ground.
33 And they sat before him, the first-born !;P!~"~:;'.l\~'i,~;~:: searched. and to their
great astonishment 15 Andh Joseph said unto them, iWhat deed
India, or the South and surprise, the cup
according to his birthright, and the youn~est ~i,~~sti~i~~ctaen~ :1- was found in Benja•
min's. Tonopurpose
is this that ye have done? wot ye not that such
according to his youth: and the men marvelled \~!:;; a t~;!;a'::,~i;,~ ~o~h tof;:y~~eythf~; 5
a man as I can certainly divine ?7
0 m his own defence,
One at another. L~~d~ ~:ble~s wh~~: upon such a demon-
believers of ail coun- stration none would
16 And kJudah said, zwhat shall we say unto
34 And he took and sent 1messes unto them ;~:!~.. f:r~~s~ntFo~ believe him; and yet,
my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall
l' h B • , ,
from be1ore im: but enJanun S mess was ve one
fl another,' being all concerned
whilst at in the di~race, they
we clear ourselves? God hath found out the
ing mana are one again.and in a mourn-
table, they 'be- loaded their asses
times so much as any of theirs. And they ~~~a1:::'e .:\r b:'t~f ful
I
manner returned
to the city.-Stack• iniquity of thy servants: behold, mwe are my
• h h" ersofthatonebread,' house.
drank , an d were merry wit
9
llll. ';-~s~:;,;;c,;,,_,,_ lord's servants, both we, and he also with whom
z Heb.d,-anklarg-e- the cup is found.
CHA PTER XLIV. (y.Ca.5.1,Jn.,.w. zch,37.7...
1 Joseph's policy w stay his brethren. 18 Judah's humbu auppli- CHAP. XLIV.
5,
h See note on ver. 17 And he said, "God forbid that I should
a Heb. him that
catiun whim. · was <nll'!r his house, do so: but the man in whose hand the cup is
ch.43.16,19. ich.3.13;4,.10.
AND he commanded athe steward of his b ch.42 . .z; 43.2, i.e.
com.
c ch. 42. 15. Mat. 10
7 Or, make trial. found, he shall be my servant; and as for you,
11. house, saying, Fill the men's sacks with 16, with ch.43.33.
l Did you not know
k ch.43-8,9. get you up in °peace unto your father.
food,b as much as they can carry, and put every that he would make
a narrow search for I Ac. 2 37. Job-40.4--
Da.9.7.Pr.1-;.15.
18 1 Then PJudah came near unto him, and
his beloved cup, and
man's money in his sack's mouth: would emp1oya11 that
11 1
said,8 Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee,
2 And put my •cup, the silver cup, in the ~hr;h htt
·mch.37.7,9-
h~s at
vanced himself in n ch.18.25.P<..75.2. speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not thine
power, to discover it!
sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn- 2 Or, maketh trial.
-[Divination, or an "And safety, ch. anger burn against thy servant; for thou arl
26.29.
money. And he did according to the word attempt to foresee
the future by means
p Nu. 14, 28. De.32.
even qas Pharaoh. 9
of certam mysterious
that Joseph had spoken. arts, was greatly 4-4-Ju.17.2. 19 My lord asked his servants, saying, Have
3 As soon as the morning was light, the men r:;;~i:~s- lleir t~a~
vourite mode was 8 Simplicity of nar-
ye a father or a brother ?
from goblets of a rative, pathetic ap-
were sent away, they and their asses. spherical form. 'Small
pieces of gold or sil-
peal, ti.Ital affection, 20 And we said unto mv lord, We have a
and generous devot-
4 .And when they were gone out of the city, stones,
ver. with precious
were thrown
edness, place this father, an old man, and a rchild of his old age, a
into the vessel; after t~o~dgan°fex!~dpi~
and not yet far off, Joseph said unto his st~ward, tations
which certain incan-
were pro•
of excellence. BL1t as little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone
~isel~:r :o~~~~g f~~
b1
Up, follow after the men; and when thou dost nounced, and the evil
demon invoked; the his brethren in the
is left of his mother, and his father loveth him.
latter was then sup- hour of shame. does
overtake them, say unto them, Wherefore have posed to give the an- it not forcibly suggest 21 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring
to a believer the
ye rewarded evil for good ? ;:~~ ~'£ th~ini~na~a~~ pleading of him who, him down unto me, that I may •set mine eyes
ters on the precious m the midst of our
stones. Sometimes
5 Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, the goblet was filled
1 sins, 'was not asham-
ed to call us breth· upon him.
ren,' He. 2. u, and
2
and whereby indeed he divineth ? Ye have allowed to play; anrl
:t~hu~h;a;~~,u~~~ 'who ever liveth to
make intercession for
22 And we said unto my lord, The lad can.
done evil in so doing. 3 the figures which
were thus formed
were interpreted as
usr He.7.25.-C. not leave his father: for if he should leave his
6 1 And he overtook them, and he spake the desired omen '
(Kalisch).-P.] 9 ch.41.-40,44- Pr.19. father, his father would die.
However good 8 12, with)n.5-2:2.
unto them these same words. the intention, and 23 And thou saidst unto thy servants, tEx-
kind the feeling of
t Thou hast as
7 And they said unto him, ti1,Vherefore saith Joseph, we ma)'. not
apl?rove or justify an much power, and art cept your youngest brother come down with
artifice accompanied as much to be dread-
my lord these words ? God forbid that thy and, by a false accusation,
ver. 13, much
ed, as king Pharaoh
himself.
you, ye shall see my face no more.
servants should do according to this thing. i~n;~c{h~Lr~th1;~Ji~
24 And it came to pass, when we came up
feelings. Theresu!t,
8 Behold, the money which we found in our no doubt, established unto thy servant my father, we told him the
them fully in his con- s ch.42. 15,20; 43-:11)•
sacks' mouths we brought again unto thee out fidence, but, as15it ap- Je.40.4- words of my lord.
'of the land of Canaan: how then should we ~~rs~s~:bl1~h
1
ih~ i~
confidence in him.- tch. .,1.2.15,20;43.3- 25 And our father said, "Go again, and buy
C.
steal out of thy lord's house silver or gold? d He.13.18. Pr.n.I.
Ec.7.1.
u ch.43.2,5.
us a little food.
sess the noblest of souls! Their earnest prayers to my alone Saviour. And though he lift me up, and mourning, and woe ! But amidst all its variety of
God for our welfare are a distinguished kindness. cast me down again, fear not, on! y believe, and thou changes, we cannot but observe that God exactly fulfils
And if persons with whom we deal have whimsical shalt see the glory of God. his purpases in his own time, and makes the proudest
scruples, it is becoming to bear with them in love. to bow before the righteous at his pleasure. How
But, 0 my soul, forget not Jesus thy brother! Let all CHAPTER XLIV. REFLECTIONS.-Thejoys pleasant it is when brethren's hearts are so united, that
my troubles and wants oblige me to return to him, as of this world are quickly changed into lamentation, one is willing to bear another'• burdens, however heavy
8 .
287
Judah intercedes for Benjamin. GENESIS XLV. Josrph disrovers Mmself.
A,M. 2298. B.C. 17o6. I A.M . .rn;f<. B.C. 17o6.
26 And we said, We cannot go down: if our
x Rachel. ch. 4D. 19;
with yourselves, that ye sold me hither: •for
youngest brother be with us, then will we go 30.zz-:;q;35.r8. 6 hch.50.20. Ps.ro5.16,
1;.1 Sa.1.r9.2Sa.12.12; God did send me before you to preserYe li.fe.3
down; for we may not see the man's face, ex- yeryJ~J~i{~;j~~l
{ ;t~s
pa%10nately
10. 1o;r;. 14. Job1.21.
Ac.2.24;4-27,28. 6 For these two years hath the famine been
their father's me,an-
cept our youngest brother be with us. choly condition
the loss of his son
tor 6
s0Uh1~;~·~t ~ft~~~~ in the land; and yet there are five years, in the
27 And thy servant my father said unto us, fondness
Joseph; the extreme
he had for
and hatred. how then
doe<; Joseph say that which there shall neither be earing nor harYest.
his son Benj,miir? Cod dzd se11d nu 1
Ye know that my wife ~bare me two sons: the difficulty they
were under to prt\aJI
simply because it was
true. God can compel
7 And God sent me before ym1 to preserve
28 And the one went out from me, and I said, with them,
htm to tru::,t h1111
with
so th,it he
the wickedness and
wrath of man to you a posterity in the earth, and to saYe vour
himc.elf was forced to accomplish his pur-
SurelyY he is torn in pieces; and I saw him not his
become security for
safe return: an,!
poses, Ps. 76. 10; and
while man acts from
lives by a great deliverance. •
since: 9 that, if .he should go
home without him, his
a wickerl motive,God
employ~ his service 8 So now, it uas not mu that sent me hither
father's life was so to accomplish his own
2!1 And if ye take this also from me, and that wraµt up in the child,
he would cer-
grac10us purposes.
tiee Ac. 2. 23. But if
but God: and he hath" made me a ifather t~
mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my tainlyRather,
die with grief.
therefore,
man':, wickerl.ne::isfin-
ally accomp\i,-h God's Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler
than see the g"nef of purposes, arc they
gray hairs with 'sorrow to the grave. his aged father, and neither to be grieved throughout all the land of Egypt.
it~~~
his gray hairs with
30 Now therefore when I come to thy servant sorrOw descending to
the grave,-he offered
~h:it~ns~~t~f
Joseph's me?-ning; he 9 Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say
himself an equivalent merely adHses, 'be
my father, and the lad be not with us; (seeing therefore,
for his brother: ' ~ow,
I beseech
not grieved,
angry with
nor
your•
unto him, 'l'hus saith thy son Joseph, God hath
that ahis life is bound up in the lad's life;) thee, my lord, let me,
thy servant, abide 1
sdves:' such sorrou•
ef!he ?vorld wcrketh made me lord of all Egypt: come down unto
death, wherefore he
31 It shall come to pass, when he seeth that ofhere a slave instead :
the lad, and let
him go up with his
'I
immediately turns
their attention from
me, tarry not:
the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy sh:ill I see my
brdhren; for how
father!
themselves to the
sovereign 11rovidence 10 And thou shalt dwell kin the land of
without him f This : 0f God which might
servants shall bring clown the gray hairs of thy gmoving sµeech and I through gra,e pro- Goshen,4 and thou shalt be near unto me, thou
~~~~~lw ~~~i
·nerous offer were I
servant our father with sorrow to the grave. "hat Joseph's :,nu! I w~~i~Ih
repentance t<J sa 1va- and thy children, and thy children's children'.
could not withstand:,
and therefore, bemg ! tion,' ~CO-i.lO.-C.
32 For thy servant became surety for the lad al1le to contain him- I and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou
self no longer, he i ch. 4r.40,44,45. Ps.
unto my father, saying, bif I bring him not unto ordered all the com-
pany to k,tve the
105.21,22.Ju.17.10. hast:
I
thee, then I shall bear the blame to my father h~~;• :h~ot~: ~:f~t 1
k ch.46.34;47.1,4,6. 11 And there 1will I nourish thee, (for yet
tionate freedom in
for ever. discovering himself
to his brethren.-
4 Goshen seems to
have l,een the most
there are firn years of famine,) lest thou, and
33 Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant Stacklzouse.
z Heb. evil, ch. 42.
eastern f><J.ttof Ll,wer
Egypt, Jymg towards thy household, and all that thou hast, come to
38;ver.31. Ps 88.4. De. Ar:.iliia, and in the
abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; 31.17.
ri2Sa.r8.31.1Sa.18.1.
neighbourhood of the
Red Sea. It was
poverty.
and let the lad go up with his brethren. 1 b ch.43-8,9.
1 From this narra-
selected by Joseph,
l,oth as lying near to 12 And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes
tive, and from the his father (about 120
34 For how shall I go up to my father, and app,:irent apathy of
Bcnpmin hunc.df in
miles from H(l,ron),
an.d as peculiarly
of my brother Benjamin,5 that it is "'my mouth
the lad be not with me? lest peradventure I see the whole affairs
which ~o closely con-
suited fnr a race of
sh~1,her<ls; the land that speaketh unto you.
cerned him, the irn- Lemg elevated above
the evil that cshall come on my father. 2 ferf~ss;h~/s haft:~ b!
the annual overflow-
ing of the ~ilc:, yet
13 And ye shall tell my father of all my glory
mere lad at the tir.it:, so we!! supplied with
CHAPTER XLV. ~%~nre~'.:~;~ ~f t~ streams and springs in Egypt, and of all that ye have seen; and ye
as to afford ahundant
1 Joseph maketh him.,elf known to his brethren. 5 He comforteth
his broth<.rs. This Is
a mistake. He was
pasture for herd!..~
c. shall haste, and nbring down my father hither.
about or nearly thirty
them in Goa's providence. 9 He sendeth for his father. 16 Pharaoh
confi,rmeth Joseph's im.,itation. 21 Joseph furnisheth them, for thtir L~:;;.1;~d~•1
)~ri~ hfa~ I ch.47.6,12.1 Ti.5.4.
14 1 And he fell upon his brother Benja-
0
journey, and exhorteth them to concord. 25 Jacob is revived with the mily. When he went 5 Probablv from min's neck, and wept; and Benjamin "·ept upon
news. ~~~~n !fte;~h~\~·:~~ ~~~ t~i~t~~ri~~;i\~~~
h-:re depicted, his fa- -C. his neck.
~~{;s~~r:t:~~hj~
T
c
HEN Joseph acould not ref~ain himself be~ore
all them that stood by him; and he cried,
b
RUSe every man O go OU
t t f
ram me.
A l
11(
:;,v:~·o}h~fth.:'n:;"~~;
tle temperament,o;ub-
I ~~W;!ir~~t~~~ehi~\~~
,n Not a, ch.42.23.
nAc.7,4-
och.29.11;33.4-
15 Moreover, he Pkissed all his hrethren, and
wept upon them: and after that his brethren
talked with him.
there stood no man with him while Joseph ~~-~~~~nx~~~~l~~aini1~~ P See on ch. 29. II 16 1 And the fame thereof was heard in
made himself kno,vn unto his brethren. ~fv~ hi~ t:i~~}:(; ~~
self-reliance.-?.
~\~r,lg:~u,~h~m
taik freely.
e;~: Pharaoh's house, saying, Joseph's brethren are
2 And he cwept aloud: and the Egyptians 3E~~;{i!~-lij~t 6Heb.was,:-ood,a come .. And it pleased Pharaoh well, 6 and his
and the house of Pharaoh heard. 3
1;{t!~:t ?/M~here
1 th
et!ycsofPlwraoh. servants.
. too, .if tl!ou wilt not ! ch _ 6 De ,.,,., 1
3 An d Joseph said unto his brethren, dl am ~~:"'.:t'.t~'~; '~;/ :::'; Ps'," :;;.; ,, ,.. ' 17 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Say unto
Joseph: doth my father yet live? And his ra,beC<k rve,,,;ch.46,5. thy brethren, This do ye; lade y0ur beasts, and
CHAP. XLV.
bretliren could not answer him: for they were a ch.43.3o,3L 7 These'wa~eons,' go, get you unto the land of Canaan,
troublede at his presence.
"d h" b h C
15: 2
}lt~;:~: 1
;:;:
hisvoi'ce:11-weepmg-,
t~·c{~;~sri:w:~d
~~c~W1re~~y
0
~~~
[:;i;t
18 And take your father, and your households,
4 A n d J osep h Sal unto IS ret ren, ome NudAc'.·,.,,·,9.•Mat.
"'
\vc, ,ha,iots we<e
used in Canaan, but
and come unto me; and I will give you the good
near to me, I pray you. And they came near. 14
/7c>r. terrlflea: as 3IIT~re~t:~ ci~~;~~z of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the q[at
A TI d. h e SRI"d ' I / am Josep h your b roth er, ,vh om Zee. · · Re. 1• 7•
12 10
tion from those em-
~~~f:h'~;!r~i.1\i~~t~h! rloyed for the con- of the land.
y e SO} d int 0 E gyp t • strangenes<; of the
;ovuenndt,ed tqu,eitme, con-
Fif~~;; 0 £°:uc~~~~:~
are found on some of
19 Now thou art commanded, this do w;
5 N OW th ere f'ore lJe gnot grieve • d ' nor angry ' ~,~:1~·:';co,7,u.
tl the most ancient
monuments.-P. Take yon 'waggons7 out of the land of Eg~-pt
and grievous! And it is highly becoming when chil- right hand forget her cunning, if I forget him whose Ver. 5. Be not so immoderately grie\"e<l '":ith your-
dren cannot hear to see the grief and distress of their way is in the sea, and his paths in the mighty waters selves as to overlook the hand of God in sending me
aged parents, but are using every method to promote of darkness and trouble, and who even in these reveals hither to preserve your life, and the lives of many
their peace. Learn, 0 my soul, to walk circumspectly! himself to his people: him who searcheth the hearts others in Egypt and the places about.
Snares may be laid for me where I least expect them. and trieth the reins of his people: him who ever liveth Ver. 6. Directed hy Joseph, the Egyptians did not
If I am wronged by false accusations, let me always to make intercession for us: him who is the surety of cultivate nor sow their fields during the famine, as they
observe and acknowledge the righteous hand of God the better testament; and who, when God had no plea- could expect no crop.
therein. If I am overtaken in a fault, let my submission sure in sacrifices and offerings, said, Lo, I come; I de- Ver. 8. God made him Pharaoh's chief counsellor
be humble and candid. Let me always give honour to ,~-[:ht to do thy will, 0 m;r Cod: thy law is within my and manager of his affairs; and he had the authority,
whom honour is due; and be cautious in that which I heart. power, and respect of a father with him.
utter before them. Let me be always fr,.ithful to my REFLECTIONS.-My soul, let brotherly love con-
engagements, tenderly affectioned towards my parents, CHAPTER XLV. Ver. 1, 4- He desired to continue; let no injuries received, no length of time, extin-
and ready to lay down my life for the brethren. But ceal from the Egyptians the fault of his brethren, and guish or abate it. Let me be tender-hearted, kindly
may my tongue cleavP. to the roof of my mouth, and my the uncommon strength of his affection. affectioned, forgiving my injurious, my abusive, b:eth·
288
Joseph sends fm- his father. GENESIS XL YI. He goes d(lll)n into Egypt.
for your little ones, and for your wives, and A.M.,,,,a.Bc.,, A"'""'·"c.,,,,. ifather: •fear not to go down into Egypt; 3 for I
0
•·
bnng•
your 1aI: th
er, an d come. s Heb. let not your
,,;c h ·'5·'· Is· ' ' " ' " 'w1
;f,',/',"{L!~-.~~- , , · 11 f h
t ere mak·e o f t h ee a great nat1011.
•
20 Also •regard not your stuff: for the e"'lOd ,.'tet_m,ulk,vec ln;Jh~~·h;;'f~,;;;; 4 I will ggo down with thee into Egypt; and
of all the land of Egypt is yours. !;;~t~b::':Cl. e:,~'it~ I will also surely bring 4 thee up again: and
,,-hJ/e~;::/~ifu~:;;~~i;
ar h h dr from gom~down into J h h l
21 11 And t e c il en of Israel did so: and ~\~~;;;,a'tt:,~ue;~'! ~ff'/,'~,::~feh~on~~~~: osep s al put his hand upon thine eres. 5
Joseph gave th em ,vaggons, accor d'mg t o th e mrit~~t':c;;~°,';'.;:ments,andsoneeded
ply with Joseph's in-
,~;~''/'.'!;d :;~e~~;',';; 5 •- A d J
1i n acob rose up from Beer-s he•ba: an d
commandmentt of Pharaoh, and gave them pro- "rt~[ can mecely nd
d>eect his going, a the sons of Israel hcarried Jacob their father,
~ft
0
vision for the wav. :fu"6~~;:;?;,~_1s

;~~;;;;~;;_"'..'c.'ac' and their little ones, and their wives, 'in tha "'
22 To all of th~m he gave each man uchanges ;;,"• 1:;:;'.,,~ee~,:;,!f ,(,;h,,',;,'IJ:'k~•;'): waggons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him.
of raiment=. but to. Benjamin he gave three h~~tf~e~lf[~'.:'ih~; '';:;•;~::·ch,s,s 6 And they took their cattle, and their goods,
hundred7 pieces of s1lver, 8 and five changes ofl ~~;~~-\itc.sequal to , He was. accocd which they had gotten in the land of Canaan,
raiment. !~~ni~rof~~~:~:~~~; and came kinto Egypt, Jacob, and all his seed
Jo:i)hbi1~~17;{t~~~ 0 0
23 And to his father he sent after this I;~~i\~~:;cte~ rh~ ~s;ei ~\7/~~:t~~~~-~ "rith hin1:
~~~: 1
manner; ten asses laden with9 the good things i fa~t.::{i~ fI~I~i~ii ~~:ci~ri,t:'~;:~{#i
7 His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his
Of Egvnt J r '
and ten she-asses laden with corn and ~un,'.~"',;;~~t•1;~~1~ daughters, and his sons' daughters, and all his
~~gd,t\~s°'cirE;i~;
so disnH~~ed
µelah.-C.
all d b rea d , an d meat !Or J! h'lS 1a

J! th
er bY the ;t;u' SJosephshallclose See d , b rought h e WI"th h'lm 111
themtcte'with
nottfih~this1t1mt,~~~
kind · t 0 E gyp t .
~
8 11T1J A n d ! th ese are t }le names Of th e Ch"ld
1
way. /1u":.tjo~!}~~e;;~'._,
up thine eyes
~~::~• and bu,yn I ren
24 So he sent his brethren awav, and they ~~~d~~'ca~:~~_i;,~'.i hch,,,,.,s.E,.rn. of Israel, ,vhich came into Egypt, Jacob and
depart e d : an d h e sa1"d unt o them, "s ee th at ye were ~?et~:;~~ 1~1, &"~~
gladly received
24,26. 01 h"IS sons: mReub en, Jacob' s fl rs t -b orn.
rauz not out b Vthe way. 1 h f ?;-
£ ch.45.19,27.
'.o~scetu;:;,,~on":;;; 9 An d the sons Of R euben; Hanoch' an d
25 1 And they went up out of Egypt, and f,~\~c1::~~,£i~J~ :f;~£~1J
1£l;:\f Phallu, and Hezron, and Carmi.
came into the laud of Canaan unto Jacob their ~ri;;~;~;;i::;;;;;; 10 And nthe sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and
father, r~~t:-:r{t~z~t!r~ft;~ :1l~11~~-~1:1~:~~~~~
Ja1nin, and Ohad, and Jachin. and Zohar, and
26 And told him, saying, Joseph is yet alive, ;,;~e.i:t'/',,,t~g;,~~; Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman.
and he is governor over all the land of Egypt. ~~~~i:EJ:c1{~{i~£f i~~~~~}f{t]'rn'
11 And the sons of 0 Levi; Gershon, Kohath,
And Jacob's heart Yfainted, for he believed them f,;' ·
/~~ i,7e~c~it':•f{
h J0
n ch. 29. ·n; 49. 5-7.
h
and Merari.
not. ~~-~nci:gy~t
will go and see him
!ll~c~}J
Ex. 6 ·15 · 1 Ch.z.I; 4 .~4 -
43-~U.20.I:J,13; 1,6,22,
12 And the sons of PJudah,· Er, and Onan,
27 And they told him· all the words of ~~:~;;ddie'-S/ack ''~ch '9 34'495-7 and Shelah, and Pharez, and Zarah: but Er
Joseph ' which ·he had said unto :.f'b:.,;·.t;:
them: and ,,;_~,:.bi/i,:O:.,;'i:: 6Jo";~ and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And
• viii. Ch. v1-xxi1.-
on account of your l\'. 1
When he sa,v the waggons which Joseph had usrrn°r~jm~~ition xxvi. the sons of Pharez were I-Iezron and Han1ul.
sent to carry him the spirit of Jacob their ;~~t"s°'tn°~~ige 1~i ,t.,;:,i;.:;~;!tt';~ 13 Andq the sons of Issachar; Tola, and
r her reVIve
1at · d. ' t:;;,De.33.7. Nu 26 19-21; Ph
wh::i:~~~~-;;
1·7, 7, 28 -1 Ch.H.-n.
to familif.. s to 'dwell uvah' an d J 0l), 6 an d Sh'1mron.
2
28 And Israel said, •It is enough; Joseph my ;li}'hf :~!,,~'i;~

:{s~~f,~i?i;~t~' 14 And the 'sons of Zcbulun; Sered, and
son is yet alive: I will go. and see him beforel~7,,;~n:h~t 'Pt~'"!) ,,,,.,,.,.,s,;;,.0 Elon, and Jahleel.
I die. ~;,~~;.,;~:.g:,'/t,er~
, o,, Puah and
{;°ssible, as much as
Jashub.
15 These be the •sons of Leah, which she
CHAPTER XLVI. , J;~c,~~1,"\.,\~ ";ii
rch. bare unto Jacob in Padan-aram; with his daugh-
30
_ , •• 20 _ "'"·
~rl'."t';b};_,t;,4; ter Dinah: all the souls of his sons and his
1 Jacob is comforted by God at Beer-sheba: 5 He goeth theu,ewithl m~nc.;c·,.. 4,. Ps.
his family into Eryypt. 8 The number of those that went with him. ,,._ '· Job"'·,._ Be-
,. d
aruwer Pharaoh.
0
t
allct fearofamiS a e.
AND Israel took his Journev with all that he £~i}J!'.k~a~ifi~

l
, ch.35.,,;,,,.3,-35; anghters were thirty and three.
28 Joseph meeteth Jacob. 31 He instructeth his brethren how to.~';;~~~- e,~~ri ofl~i
g~/r:.t!:~t:t}CJ~:
'·'·tch.30.n;35.26;49_ Hago-i,
16 And tthe sons of Gad; Ziphion, and
Shuni, and Ezbon,7 Eri, and Arodi,
J'}_ so appy as to see t,.L
had, and came to aBeer-sheba, and offered l joseph alive.
o1
:;,~;;;1.:';',':'ct;.;,; and Areli.

sacrifices unto the bGod of his father Isaac. 2 J ac.'!.:;~-,.~t;,;i,, 5"- 17 And" the sons of Ashur; Jimnah, and
20
•
2 And cGod spake unto Israel in the visions j ,s!,!}f;~:·::::1,:: '

0
'· ozni. Isliuah, and Isui, and Beriah, and Serah their
of the night and said Jacob Jacob l And he l ~}:,,\;~~h~'.;;',~1';:.'~~'. '°"n~\i';'..'M~~s'.t.f: sister. And the sons of Beriah; Heber, and
'd H > I ' J ~~~ghtbrj~~~I; ~h~ 47;1.13,40,41.1Ch.2.2; l\.IalchI"el.
J
Sal ' ere a;n . 1knowledR"e of God. 7·3D-40· u
3 And he said, I am Gqd, '1the God of thy I s~~;t::/:;_""·" '
E:?:.-:cr:.'J.3'"' 18 Thesez are the sons of Zilpah, whom
ren, as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven me. Le• I Lord, and seeing him as he is, are to the dying saints; and his two sons born in Egypt, and the result is sez-mty,
me carefully conceal their faults from the world; and, and how agreeable the tokens of approaching death the whole of Jacob's family that settled in Egypt, ac-
to the utmost of my power, render them good for evil. are to them on that account. cording to ver. 27. In this statement the wives of
In so doing I shall heap coals of fire on their head; I Jacob's twelve sons are omitted, and they amounted
shall sting, yea, I shall melt their hearts. And let me CHAPTER XLVI. [Ver.27. Werethreescoreand but to nine. For Judah's wife was dead, ch. 38. 12,
carefully provide for the support and comfort of my ten. The statement of Moses in this verse seems not Simeon's also appears to have been dead, ch. 46. IO,
aged parents. Following peace with all men, and to agree with that of Stephen, Ac. 7, 14- Moses and Joseph's wife was already in Egypt. K ow these
keeping death always in my view, let me be such a makes the number ·that came into Egypt to be only nine added to sixty-six give seve11(1'-five, the whole
comfort to them as may contribute to their leaving this threescore and ten, Stephen makes Joseph call his father amount of Jacob's kindred that Joseph called into
world in a cheerful and a Christian like manner. But and all his kindred threescore and fifteen souls. Now Egypt. c.J
let me here behold, as in a glass, with what affection is there here either an error or a contradiction? Ver. 34- [Abomination. Deep, inveterate, and al-
Jesus reveals himself, secretly reveals himself, unto his Neither. Moses first rates the descendants of Jaccb most inconquerable prejudices, against whole nations,
brethren of mankind, who have been his betrayers and who accompanied him to Egypt at sixty and six, who and particular professions and employments, have been
murderers !-and how they are confounded, how they are found thus:-Jacob's mvn children, eleven sons and common in all ages; and have never been eradicated
are love-melted at his presence! how encouraged by the one daughter, 12; Reuben's sons, 4; Simeon's sons, 6; but by Christianity, which teaches, 'in Chri,t there is
gracious words, the exceeding great and precious pro- Levi's sons, 3; Judah's three sons and two grandsons, neither Jew nor Greek, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor
mises, which proceed from his mouth ! Let me behold 5; Issachar's sons, 4; Zebulon's sons, 3; Gad's sons, 7; free; but Christ is all.' The Egyptian prejudices
what desire he and his Father have to place them with Asher's four sons, one daughter, two grandsons, 7; against shepherds are ascribed to two causes: the ont!
himself, in due time, in the best of the celestial abodes! Dan's son, I; Naphtali's sons, 4; Benjamin's sons, 10; recorded by Josephus, the inroads, conquests, and
how reviving the hopes of being for ever with the in all, sixty-six. To these add Jacob himself, Joseph cruelties of the borderers, called shepherd-kings; the
289
Joseph meeteth his father and brethren. GENESIS XLVII. He provideth for them in the land of Goshen.
Laban gave to Leah his daughter; and these A.M. 2299. B.C. 1705. A.M. 2299· B.C. 1703. I
CHAPTER XLVII.
y ch.29.18;30.24;3.::;. Ghizeh, they are
she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls. 18,24.Ex.1.3,5. 1 Ch.2.
,. founrl caricatured as 1 Joseph preaentethfive of his brethren and his father before Pharaoh.
a deformed and un- 11 He gueth the:m habitation and mqintenance. 13 He .aetteth all th,
19 The11 sons of Rachel, Jacob's wife; Joseph, z ch.41.50-52: 48. 5- seemlyBut race IWzlkm-
the cause Egyptians' money, 16 their cattle, 18 their lands for Pharaoh. 22
S()n).
20;49.22-26. De.31.13- of it is not so clear. The priests' land was not bought. 23 He letteth the /.and to them again
and Benjamin. 12-35;
11. Nu.I. 10,
22,21;26.28-37. I Ch. 5.
10.
The must probable Jo,· a fifth oj the increase. 28 Jacob's age. 29 He sweareth Joseph
exµlanation 1s tlut a
20 And •unto Joseph in the land of Egypt 2::t-20;7.14-29. foreig-n race of sheo- to burg him with his fathers.
hertls had got po·s-
Or,j)rince. 8 'ies'>ion of Egypt, and
,HEN aJoseph came and told Pharaoh, and
were born Manasseh and Ephraim, which Asen- a Ch. 7, viii. tyrannized
ath, the daughter of Poti-pherah priest8 of On, 37,
bare unto him.
Nu. 26. 38--40;
33.12,
u,36,
with ch,49.:r7. De.
had for a long penod
I 6--i:2;
inhabitants.
I.
Egyptians had thus
over the
been taught to hate

The 1
said, My father, and my brethren, and their
all shepherds. Joined flocks, and their herds, and all that they have,
9 Ahiram. with this may have
21 Anda the sons of Benjamin were Belah, and 1 Shuphan, or been the fact that are come out of the land of Canaan ; and, be-
Egypt was an ag-ri-
Shuppim. cultural and com-
Becher, and Ashbel, Bera, and N aaman, Ehi,9 hold, they are in bthe land of Goshen.
/J ch. 30. 6; 35. 25; 49. ~e:i~i~fzce~t;~dh~~~t
and Rosh, Muppim,1 ana Huppim, and Ard. 42,43;1.12,J!j,39;
16,17. De.33. 22. Nu.26.
IO. 25.
the shepherd trihes
were rude and bar-
2 And he took some of his brethren, even
22 These are the sons of Rachel, which were Ch,2.2;7.12;12.35. barous were therefore held five men, and presented them unto Pharaoh.
1 nomads, and
2 Shupham. in contempt.-P.
born to Jacob: all the souls were fourteen. 3 And Pharaoh said unto his brethren, What 0
23 A.nd bthe sons of Dan; Hushim. 2 2X:D\_;/~_;?t~~:~t

42,43; 2{i.48,49. Ch. z. CHAP. XLVII.
1
i8 your occupation? And they said unto Pha-
24 And the sons of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and '9-
0 2; 7.13; 12.34- 2Ki. 15.
a ch.46,31;45.16.
raoh, Thy servants are shepherds, both we and
Guni, and Jezer, and Shillem. d ch. 30. 3::?; 35. 22,
25.Ex.1.4,1 Ch.2.2.
b ch. 46. 28, 34- It also our fathers.
25 These" are the· sons of Bilhah, which e Heb. thig-h, Ex.I. ~(E~;te Red Sea.
;g;tt~feth~
4 They said moreover unto Pharaoh, For to
Laban gave unto Rachel his daughter, and she 5.Ge.35.u. c ch.46.33,34- Jon.1. sojourn in the land are we come ;7 for thy ser-
8.2Th.3.10.
/De.Io. 22. Ex. 1. 5;
bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven. 24. Jacobandhissons vants have no pasture for their flocks; for the
ver. 15, 18,22,25. i:.
7
Ac.7.14-
26 All the souls that came with Jacob into There were sixty. j~~~~d:1 3
G~!h:~ ~~i famine i8 sore in the land of Canaan: now there-
the famine should be
six, exclusive of Ja• over; but the k.ind·
Egypt, which came out of his •loins, besides and cob, and of Joseph ness which they re• fore, we pray thee, let thy servants dwell in the
his two sons, ceived encouraged
Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were threescore and seventy, these them to continue : land of Goshen.
four being included.
fi~~t~~~~et!dEfi;
and six; E ch.43.8;44-16-34- 5 And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying,
fo~~:diih~a;isst:;.d
27 And the sons of Joseph, which were born 15.20.Ac.20.37.
h ch.33.4;45.14- Lu. Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee:
him in Egypt, were two souls: fall the souls i ch.45.28.Lu.2,29, IO~ ch.:z:3, 9; XI. :z:5; 34- 6 The land of Egypt i8 dbefore thee; in the
e ch.45,:18,xi;ver.:z::z:.
of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, kch.47.:z:, Jn.17,2. •best of the land make thy father and brethren
With this cau- 4
were threescore and ten. 3 tion he took five of It is not implied to dwell; in the land of Goshen let them 8 dwell:
his brothers along that Goshen was the
8
28 1 And he sent Judah before him unto ing mformed Pharaoh Egypt inprovince
9 with him; and hav- best of
all respects, and if thou knowest any fmen of activity among
that his father and but only that tt was
Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen; and they family were come so the best
far as Goshen, he pre- the Israelites, who
adapted for them, then make them rulers over my cattle.
came into the land of Goshen. sented his brothers were shepherds. It 7 And Joseph brought in Jacob his father,
to the king, who, for was more of a pas-
his sake, received toral than an agricul-
29 And Joseph made ready his chariot, and ly; them very gracious- tural province. Jo- and set him before Pharaoh: and Jacob 9blessed
and when he seph knew this ; he
went up to meet Israel his father, to Goshen, askedfession they were of, province was little Pharaoh.
them "'-'hat pro- also knew that the
they told him that v.alued by the Egyp-
and presented himself unto him: and he hfell astheytheir were shepherds, tians, aad that con• 8 And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old
family for
on his neck, and wept on his neck a good while. many generations 7;~1dntl&c th/h1~~~ art thou? 9
had been; that want cause for jealousy
pasture for their should the Israelites
30 And Israel said unto Joseph, Now ilet of 9 And Jacob said unto Pharaoh, hThe days
tenance for them- ~f ir,utd~lib~:i:t~~
cattle, and of sus-
me die, since I have seen thy face, because thou them leave
selves, had made the north-eastern
of the years of my pilgrimage are an hundred
but that since, as ~~:~~i~~e1:i~t~:
Canaan;
art yet alive. and thirty years: ifew and evil have the days
0
maJesty had been so b~cinr ~~:ry ~b;
they understood, his
31 1 And Joseph said unto his brethren, them hospitable as to give whole of the ittlunus of the years of my life been, and have not at-
reception in his ofSuez.-P.
and unto his father's house, I will go up and dominions,
~h;br!iigb~a~~da,f~!~
they
/Ex.:z:8.21.Pr.22.,29. tained unto the kdays of the years of the life of
show Pharaoh, and say unto him, k:My brethren, as a country most K' This mah include, my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage.
eel to settle in Goshen,
for their ~~> ~1;1~- 1~;;; s<:i
and my father's house,4 which were in the land convenient
purpose : which he 10 And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went
readily granted, and f::;,eN /~~ 2~~s24~fji
of Canaan, are come unto me: offered, moreover, to
make any one of r~;tfs t~v~ur:~M~
out from before Pharaoh.
32 And the men are shepherds, for 1their ~t~~dw~~~iiteh~ 26.26;Lu.22.19, 11 1 And Joseph 1placed his father and his
royal shepherd.-
trade hath been to feed cattle; and they have Stackhouse. • ttn the days of tAC brethren, and gave them a possession in the_
9 Heb. ho-w many
years of thy lift I
brought their flocks, and their herds, and all eflcattle, Heb.t!uyaremm
ch. 13- 2; 30. h He.:z::z:.9,13; :z:3. 14-
land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the
that they have. 43;,36.7. Ps.39.12; 119. 19. Ch. land of Rame!;es, as Pharaoh had commanded.
1
m cb.47.2,3- ~:15. 2 Co.5.6, l Pe.2.
33 Andm it shall come to pass, when Pha- a In Goshen they Job :z:4- :z:. Ps. 90.3- /
12 Ard Joseph mnourished his father, aud
would be near Ca-
raoh shall call you, and shall say, What is your much
naan, and would live
.t ch.25.7;35-28.
1
his brethren, and all his father's household, with
separated from
occupation ? the wicked Egyp-
tians. / Ex.1.11;12.37,with
bread, according "to their families. 1
34 That ye shall say, Thy servants' trade n ch.43,32.Ex.8.:xi. 2,J. Jn.17.2,24; 10.10,28;:i-4-
13 1 And there wa8 no bread in all the land:
hath been about cattle from our vo 1th even 6 As a fact this is :z:Jn.3.17,18.
1 E1.20.t:2.1Ti.4-8.
for the famine was very sore, so that the land
m
until now, both we and also our fa'thers; that ~:;~ t1Ji~p~onl~ " Heb. OCC(Wdin,: of Egypt, and all the land of Canaan, fainted
the !lculptures shep-
herds always appear ttJ the little on.es, C"h,
5
ye may dwell in the land of Goshen : for "every and 'dirty and unshaven;' 50.21.1Th.2.7.
at Beni-Hassan by reason of the famine.
6 and the tombs near 1 Or, as a Jillie
shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians. the pyramids of child is nour~Jud. 14 And Joseph gathered up all the money
other mentioned by Tacitus, the sacrifice by the shep- came liable to the divine judb'lllent some centuries lasting arms be about me, his covenant established
herd nations of the bull and the ram-the one repre- afterwards in the days of Moses. C.] with me, and his comforts delighting my soul. God's
senting Apis, the other Jupiter Ammon, two principal REFLECTIONS.-Leam, my soul, to begin all promises, though they lie long under ground, will
deities of Egypt. The first was most p,obably the sole thy thanksgivings with the beginnings of thy mercies; spring up, bud, and ripen at last. Let me therefore
groun<l of prejudice in the days of Joseph, as there is and let me worship God as not only my own, but also always take care of my whole family, and live in the
no evidence that in his time the Egyptians had sunk the God of my fathers. In all the changes of thy lot firm assurance that on Jesus is the care of all the
into that idolatry, for which, by apostasy from the consult the Lord's direction, and supplicate his pre- churches. Let me hope that, though my beginnings
patriarchal religion of Abraham and Joseph, they be- sence. It is safe to go anywhere on earth if his ever- be small, they will, in God's time, greatly, and cveD
290
PRING OF THE VIRGIN-WHERE JOSEPH MET JACOB. [GEn:s1s, xlvi:29, 30.]- this region is such as has percolated through the soil from the Nile. Eber says
S "And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel, his father, and pre-
sented himself unto him; and he fell on his neck, and wept on his neck a good
while. And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let me die since I have seen thy face,
because thou art yet alive." We give the view of the Spring of the Virgin because tt is in
that this spring is mentioned in records of the highest antiquity. It was believed
for centuries that the balsam shrub could thrive here and nowhere else.
spot has come to be dear to the human race because the holy family sojourned
here during their stay in Egypt, and because of its connection with Moses and
This
the neighborhood where Joseph Jived and where his father met him. The water in Joseph.
Joseph's conduct during the famine. GENESIS XLVIII. Jacob requests Joseph to bury him in Canaa1t-
'
that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the A.M. 2303. B.C. 1701.
field, and for your food, and for them of rn1:u-
land of Canaan, for the corn which they bought: 1 :r702. or had he taken ad-
vantai;e of the.1r ne- households, and for food for your little on~s.
Mat. 6. n. ver. 18, cessities to inflict an
~
and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's Ju.8.5,8, Sa. 25. B; overwhelming- rack-
19,24. I 21. 3; 25 And they said, Thou zhast saved our lives:
house. Phi.4-8. Ro.12.17.
jJ
~h~~~the~~~l1hth~~-~
been ground for a~• let us Yfind grace in the sight of my lord, and
1 cu!>ation; but he d1J
15 And when money failed in the land of 1Co.10,32. none of these thi~gs,
Lut after admim~- an
we will be Pharaoh's servants. 6
Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyp- M.i.t.6.24-
q Ex.9.3,19. Job2.4.
~!~~~~ }~{t~~~epa~~: 26 And Joseph made it a law over the land
pie grateful, content-
tians came unto Joseph, and said, Give us mine.~B.C. 0
2 Sixth of the fa- ed, and prosperou!>.
-c.J
1701.
of Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should
bread: for why should we die in thy presence? r 2Ki.6.26.Je.:38.9. x ch.6.19.45.7;50.20. have the fifth part; except the land of the
fox the money faileth. 3 Joseph removed y ch.33.15;18.3. Ru.
2.13.
priests7 only, which became not Pharaoh's.
the E~yptians far
16 And Joseph said, PGive your cattle; and from their own land;,,
le"t they shoulcl after-
Farmers.
(i . 27, And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt,
I will give you for your cattle, if money fail. wards ciaim the pro-
perty of them.
7 Or, pnnces. m the country of Goshen; and they had pos-
17 And they brought their qcattle unto Jo- Or, princes, f
z ch.28.1-4;46,3; 9.7.
Ex. 7. De. 26. 5. Ps.
1. sessions therein, and grew, and •multiplied ex-
105.24.
seph: and Joseph gave them bread in exchange s Jos.xxi.Ezr.7.24- Heb. the days of
8
ceedingly.
for horses, and fop the flocks, and for the cattle Pr.13.23:
tMat.24.45. Ps.4r.1. the years ef his life.
II.~. ls.55.
28, And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt
:i:689. 9
of the herds, and for the asses; and he fed them 10.Ec.:u.6. a ch.3.19.2Sa.14.:r4. seventeen years: so the whole age 8 of Jacob
u Ps.41.:1; n2.5.ver. Ht:.9.27. Job 30,23.Ps.
with bread for all their cattle for that year. 25. 89.48;49.7,9,10. was an hundred forty and seven years. 9
18 When that year was ended, they came a ~fti ~~it~~gd:.J~ cb He.u.22.ch.49.:19; ch.24.2.
29 And the time drew nigh that Israel "must
2
unto him the second year, and said unto him, and faithfully for the
mercifully with them, 5o.:12-14,25.
die; and he called his son Joseph, and said unto
king.-[From ch. ,p. 1 Jacob and the
We" will not hide it from my lord, how that that 34, 35 it would appear other patriarchs de-
the produce col- sired to be buned in
him, If now I have found grace in thy sight,
our money is spent; my lord also hath our lected as a royal rent Canaan, to test_ify
was butthefiflhpart their firm persua.!>ion bput, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and
that God would brmg
herds of cattle: there is not ought left in the ~~J~h~th:;~~isc;is: their posterity to the
or was not, an in- full poSsession there-
deal kindly and truly with me; bury me not, I
sight of my lord, but our bodies, and our lands. mary amount does their
crease on the custo- of; and to manifest
deoire and ex. pray thee, in Egypt:
19 Wherefore shall we die before thine eyes, not appear; but, at pectation of th~ hea-
all e\·ents, it was a venly
moderate impost,and thereby typified.
inhentance 30 But I cwill lie with my fathers; and thou
both we and our land? buy us and our land for there appears fl:O dch.24.26.He.n.21. shalt carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in
bread, and we and our land will be servants &:ftti~fucti~n pub~~ 1Ki.I.47.ch,48.2. He
complaint. How far bowed-thanked God their burying-place. 1 And he said, I will do as
private individuals for his promises, anti.
unto Pharaoh; and give us seed, that we may themselves of Jo• seph
may have availed for the security Jo-
had given him
thou hast said.
seph 's interpretation, by his oat.a
live, and not die, that the land be not desolate. and laid up in store 31 And he said, Swear unto me. And he
20 And Joseph bought all the land of Egypt :r}:~~~~ dn;!~ip:it
appear. But to esti-
sware unto him. And dJsrael bowed himself
CHAP. XLVIII.
for Pharaoh; for the Egyptians sold every man mate JoseJ?h"s man-
agement aright, Pha-
raoh must be con- s.c. 168g. upon the bed's head.
his field,. because the famine prevailed over ;~'!:!~.t-:;, o~e ~hi~f n! Jb~e~~~:/~l,~~~~ CHAPTER XLVIII.
part, at least, of I fromcourt,tookleave
them: so the land became Pharaoh's. whose revenue con- of his father but not 1" Jweph with his sons visiteth his •ick father, who stren!J[heneth
sisted in agricultural without giv~g strict
21 And as for the people, he removed them dire.ct
produce, and not in charge to some of the himself t0 bless them. 3 He repeateth God's promise. 5 He talath
or inllllirect pe- family, that upon the Ephraim and Manasseh as his own. 7 He teUeth Joseph of his mother's
to cities from one end of the borders of Egypt :~f cumary taxes; an ar- vei first ahpearance
grai•e. S He ble,.seth Ephraim and Mana,seh. 17 He preferreth the
i:1:~~!t~~-~t~~~ i!ma;1i:~~1/;estdft~ younger before the elder. 21 He prophesieth their return to Canaan.
even to the other end thereof. 3 !'i:tih•~:d ~~tfsbJ ~~~ A~co;~~'1"ly~!!
22 Only the land of the priests" bought he ~ced in the sei~no- brought him that his
nal ,-en.ts of some father was dying, he AND it came to pass after these things, that
parts of Italy and took his two sons
not: •for the priests had a portion assigned them t10ns.
~ther European na- Manasseh and Eph-
It was, there- raim with him ;md
11. one told Joseph, Behold, thy father £s sick:
of Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which ~~~ii·sn~(e'rtb~ ii; :'.h~~ ~he:1hi~ ~~~n;J and he took with him his two sons, Manasseh
duty, to sell to the that his favourite son
Pharaoh gave them; wherefore they sold not best advantage bis wascome,summoned and Ephraim. 2
~~~!oyN~sr m.;~hhi; :~le:.~nJP:~ ~°f!;
their lands. employer bound by revived as to be able 2 And one told Jacob, and said, Behold,
any principle of even to sit up in his bcd.-
23, Then Joseph said unto the people, Be- chanty, to bestow his Stac~Jtou.e.
goods, while the pur-
thy son Joseph cometh unto thee: and Israel
hold, I have bought you this day, and your chaser
ye shall sow the land.

was able to
buy. Let the infidel
land, for Pharaoh: lo, here is tseed for you, and and
a Job4.3,-4-
j~~~~bro;':i~wfsdo~ u~ ch.28.12-19;35.6,7,
fidelity set the
example of besto-win1:
their goods to men
3,
astrengthened himself, and sat upon the bed.
And Jacob said unto Joseph, bQod Al-
mighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of
24 And it shall come to pass in the increase, able topayfo,-tMm;
and then, but not till
then, can they escape
Canaan, and blessed me,
5
that ye shall give "the fifth part unto Pharaoh, their the
from weight of
own revilings. 4 And said unto me, Behold, •I will make
Had Joseph, indeed,
and four parts shall be your own, for seed of the ,nslaved the people, thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make
quickly, increase. Wherever I am, in station or in habits of the wandering tribe called Gipsies in Eng- blessing, the prayers of such as fear God: and if he
place, let me attend to its relative duties, giving honour land will abundantly illustrate the evils of an unsettled put me into power, let my care be to do good to all,
to whom honour is due; and let me never be ashamed condition; and the success of at least one minister in especially to those of the. household of faith. Let
of an honest calling, but endeavour therein to abide Scotland in inducing a village of these wanderers, mercy, as well as equity, run through all my conduct.
with God. Be it my care and happiness to live always situate in his parish, to resign their nomadic habits, But go where I will, and enjoy what I may, let me
near the heavenly state, and as little connected with and come under the permanent inspection of the min- keep sight of the promises and of the everlasting
carnal and worldly men as possible; that when it istry and regular preaching of the gospel, and afford abodes: and though, for a while, I content mvself with
pleases God to call me hence, I may be willing and opportunities for the systematic education of their this world as a lodging, let my care, my ho'pe, be to
ready at his bidding. children, will be cause of gratulation to every Christian go to the heavenly Canaan at my death, and be with
philanthropist, and will form the best illustration and Christ, which is far better. Even here also let me
CHAPTER XI.NII. [Ver. 21. Cities. The removal defence of the conduct of Joseph in this regulation. C.] behold him presenting a lost world of his brethren
of the people to cities was necessary, for, in a rural dis- REFLECTIONS.-Let me never be ashamed of before the great King, the Lord of hosts, and prepar-
tribution of houses, it would have been difficult, if not my relations, however low they be in station, if they ing mansions for them :-behold him as giving out of
impossible, to provide them food. It is most probable, be honest; nor let me ever be an idler, an inactive his unbounded stores all the necessary blessings of time
however, that Joseph found many of the Egyptians, person, either in church or state. Activity and in- and eternity, not for our money, our cattle, our land,
what they are at this day, an unsettled, a nomadic people. genuity in my profession are the way to preferment. our persons, l:,:,t freely, according to the exceeding riches
By bringing them into cities during the famine he accus• What though man's days be shortened, and filled up of his grace; and by his oath concerning the promises
tomed them to stationary dwellings and settled habits; with troubles, yet my life on earth, whether perplexed of our present peace and everlasting happiness !
and where infidelity has accused him of cruelty, civiliza- or prosperous, is but a pilgrimage to the better country
tion must hail him as one of her chief benefactors. The above. In the meanwhile, let me highly esteem, as a CHAPTER XLVIII. [Ver. 8 . .Be!uld. Jacob, who
292
Joseph with his srmi visiteth his sick father. GENESIS XLIX: Jacob blesseth Ephraim and Manasseh.
of thee a multitude of people; and will give this A.M. 2315. B.C. 1689,
d ch.4r.50;46.:.?0,Jos.
A.M. 2315, B.C. 168g.
r ch.49.22.De.33.17,
Abraham and Isaac; and let them rgrow into a
}and to thy seed after thee for an everlasting 13.7. Nu.20.28,34,37.Jos.17. multitude in the midst of the earth.
~ Being heads of Ii.
possession. tribes, Jos. 14. 4; xvi.
xvii. :Su.1.10,32-35;26.
s ch.17.20,21; 25. 23.
Nu.1.3,,-:;5. The tribe 17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid
vf Ephraim became
5 And now thy c1two sons Ephraim and Ma- dren shal_i be incorpo- greatest m n~mber, his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it
28-37. Thyotherch1l-
power, alld dignity;
rated with the de-
nasseh, which were born unto thee in the land scendants of Eph- Joshua,
raim and Man~seh. queror of Canaan, displeased him: and he held up his father's
the COil•
and J erohoam, the

of Egypt, before I came unto thee into Egypt, first king of Israel, hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto
~t;if~/~6~~;;a: 8' Manasseh's head.
f ch. 35· 19. I Sa. IO.
2. Mat 2.18. Rachel
are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be ~~into~!:d~/ !~;! tu Ru.4-n,12.
children. ch.50.24. Ki.2.2-
I
mine.• l! ch. 30. 2; 3-,. 5- Ps.
4, Pe.1.14. 2 Ti. 4. 6.
2 18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so,
l2;'.3.fa.8.18.1Ch.25,5; !;t.DeJ:_J~:iu~xiii..
6 And thy issue, wpich thou begettest after 26.4,5. x As my first-born, my father; for this is the first-born: put thy
k ch.27.4;28.3. De. 21. 17. Jos. 24- 32.
them, shall be thine, and shall be called after the i Heb. heavy, ch. Jn.4.5.ch.3::p9. What right hand upon his head.
I first purchased, alld
27.1.1Sa..3.2, with De. afterwards
name of their brethren in their inheritance. 34.7. recovered
by force from those 19 And his father refused, and said, I know
k ch. 37. 33; 42, 36. Canaanites who had
7 And as for me, when I came from Padan, Ep.yio. robbed me of it. it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a
l ch.18.2;19.r.Ex.20.
Rachel' died by me in the land of Canaan in 12. _Le.19.3,32. Ep.6.1.
lK1.2.19.Pr.31.2E. In CHAP. XLIX.
people, and he also shall be great; but truly
the way, when yet there was but a little way to reverence to his fa.
ther, and in thank- a Ps.133.1-3. He.10. his •younger brother shall be greater than he,
fulness for lhehonour 24,25;13.1.
come unto Ephrath: and I buried her there in and affection shown
to him and his two 10
b Am. 3. 7. Ps.25.14; and his seed shall become a multitude of na-
the way of Ephrath; the same is Beth-lehem. J· j?~ture times,

Nu. 24. 14. De. -4,30. I tions.
3Imposition of Ti.4-1.2 Ti. 3. 1. Ac. 2,
8 4IJ And Israel beheld Joseph's sons, and hands was a Jewish 17.Da.2.29.ls.2.2.
ceremony, introduc- d Ex.20.12.Pr.1.8; 2.
20 And he blessed them that day, saying,
said, Who are these? ed not by any divine 1;3.1;4.1,4;5.1;6.20;7.1,
authority, but by 24;2~.22,26.
custom : it being the eDe.21.17. Ps.78.51;
In thee shall Israel bless, saying, tGod make
9 And Joseph said unto his father, They are practice among these 105._J{>. ch. 29.32. Sec thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh. And he set
people, whenever ch.46.8.
/ Reuben was be-
my sons, whom gGod hath given me in this for any person, to lay gotten in the vigour Ephraim before Manasseh.
they prayed to God
place. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee,

their hands on his
head. ~~ Jr~~~~~/~~l~hde 21 4IJ And Israel said unto Joseph, "Behold,
ori~inal claim to pre-
m ch. -41, 51; 46. 20; cedellce in digllity
unto me, and I will hbless them. ver.18.
anl <)b;;~~c~e~1~1J;
I die; but God shall be with you, and bring
n He.1r.2r. ch.27.4;
10 (Now the eyes of Israel were idim for age, 28.3;49.28.De.33.1. own opmions, when you again unto the land of your fathers.
they are not found•
o ch. 5. 22; 6.9; 17. 1.
so tkat he could not see.) And he brought Col,2.6. Ps.16. 8. 1 Co. ed
10.31.1 Ki.3.6. Lu.1.6. ance
on the sure word
of God- persever- 22 Moreover, I have given "to thee one por-
in our own
them near unto him; and he kissed them, and Is.,J8.3.2Co.1.12.
/' Mal.3. 1. ch.28.15;
plans, when these tion above thy brethren, which I took out of
are not )ruided by
embraced them. ~~: !'ttfi· 14c!;~~l9~' are
1 2
prosecuted in love- the hand of the Amorite with my sword and
divine wisdom, nor
dangerous rocks,
11 And Israel said unto Joseph, I khad not The messeng-er, upon which many with my bow .
.f
theredeemer,or kms- have been ship-
thought to see thy face; and, lo, God hath ~!n ~f )4~~~~~·tii t~~ less dangerous are
wrecked. But not
CHAPTER XLIX.
deem any alienated their opposites-va-
showed me also thy seed. inherit..i.nce, Le.25.25;
Ru.3.12. Inch.32.24
cillation of opinioll,
and illStabilityofpur• 1 Jacob calleth hiu<>n3 to bless them. 3 Their bluBing in particul<w.
12 And Joseph brought them out from be- we find Jacob en- pose. Unstable as 29 He chargeth them ahout his burial. 33 He dieth.
gaged in prayerful water I moved by
wrestlin~ with him every breath of air, a
tween his knees, and he bowed lhimself with whom, m ver 30, he
calls God. Again, in
spirit veering with
' every wind of doc-
AND Jacob called unto his sons, and said,
his face to the earth. Ho. 12. 4. 5 this same
person is called the
trille, descend~ to
every lower level, 1l. aGather yourselves together, that I bmay
13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in JoJ~ ~;:g.~~ell~ 0
b: evell as 'wicked men
and .seducers wax tell you that which shall_ befall you in the •last
his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and :;e~i~rrt ;h,fi\:~~
this glorious person
worse and worse.•
Thus water, which is
never fixed but when days.
is seen to be the frozen, is the cm•
Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right Lord Jesus Christ,
who is of • the seed
blem of the uncon-
verted heart ; never
2 Gather yourselves together and <lhear, ye
hand, and brought them near unto him. of David according
to the ftesh ;' but, at
fixed on any purpose
~~. :,:_~ty against
sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your
the same time, 'God
14 And Israel stretched out his right hand,3 over all, blessed for
ever,' Ro.9,5. C . -
E Heb. do not t/r,(JU
excel, ch.46.8.De.33.6.
father.
and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the The form of the
~Ch~:.~ik!.~?~~5,16. 3 -,r Reuben, thou art my •first-born, my
~~~~~ill~~ i:'fn~~ke°J 6 • Boiling up ,like
1might, and the beginning of my strength, the
younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's as the God before
whom his fathers
water, thou shalt
not have pre-emin-
head, guiding his hands w:i•_~ingly; for Man- walked, and as the
God who provided
ence ;' i.e. because
thou didst not re- excellency of dignity, and the excellency of
for Jacob himself strain thy lust, thou
asseh was the mfirst-born. during his long life.
The Anzd is also
shalt lose thy place
and thy power as my
power:
15 And nhe blessed Joseph, and said, God, invoked-that Anzd
of ;7eltovah who
first-born. Reuben in
fact sacrificed his 4 Unstable as water, 5 thou9 shalt not 6excel;
blessed him at birthright to his pas-
before whom mv fathers Abraham and Isaac Bethel, and saved
him at Mahanaim.
sion. During its
whole history the
because thou hwentest up to thy father's bed;
did •walk, the God which fed me all my life The constructioll of
the passage shows
tribe held a subor-
dinate pos1tion.-P.
then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch.
that the Angel is re-
long unto this day, f;~Je~lld e~:l ;/~~
h ch.35.22.1 Ch. 5.1:.
I Co.5.1. 5 4IJ Simeon and Levi are 'brethren; instru-
,· ch.34-25, 30; 29. 33,
16 The P Angel 4 which redeemed me from him. The Angel is
the second person of
34. See ch. .¢.10,11,
7 Or, tlin'r swrwds
ments of cruelty7 are in their habitations.
all evil, bless the lads; and let my qname be ~P. glorious Trinity. are -weapons ef vUJ-
lence. 6 0 my soul, come not thou into their ksecret;
k Je.15--17.Ps.64-2,5;
named on them, and the name of my fathers q ver.,5. De. 28. ro. 2
Ch.7.14.. Je.14-g.
26.9.
I Ps.16.9;30.12;57.8.
unto their assembly, mine 1honour, be not thou
is here said to behold Joseph's sons, is represented, ver. Ver. 22. [Reference is made to that 'parcel of a intimated to ourselves! and how pleasant to think of
10, as not able to see; some have therefore supposed the field' which Jacob bought from the children of Hamor, such deceased friends as we hope to meet in glory I
verses contradictory. They are not so. Jacob's eyes at Shechem. It would appear that after the purchase The favours of God often exceed the hopes of his
are only said to have been dim, not blind, so that he it had been seized by the Canaanites, and that Jacob people, and sweetly compel them to the most abundant
could not see more than dimly, and not being familiar had taken it from them by force. After the exodus it praise ! and what a mercy is redemption through
with Joseph's sons he had to inquire who they were. became the centre of Ephraim's allotted territory, and Jesus' blood! It is peculiarly precious in a dying
C.] one of the strongholds of Israel. P.] hour, and is sweeter than honey an,;! the honey-comb.
Ver. 14- Laying on of hands was used (1) In blessing REFLECTIONS.-It is becoming, and highly pro- Surely it becomes those who have shared it to mention
a person, Mat. 19. 15. (2) In transferring the guilt of fitable, for children to visit their godly parents in their the same, and bear testimony for God for the en-
offenders on ihe sacrifices offered for them, and devot• dying moments: and while it is necessary for parents couragement of others whom they leave behind. How
ing them to God's service, Le. I. 4; 16. 2I. (3) In to make their last wills with the greatest exactness, the compassion of God shines in acceptingoneperson
judging, condemning, and punishing, Le. 24. 14. (4) that there may be no disputes relative to them after as well as another! But rejoice, my soul, that the
In the miraculous curing of distempers, Mar. 6. 5; 16. they are dead, it is peculiarly useful and pleasant for Lord hath made us Gentiles fruitfui in, the land of our
18; Lu. 4- 40; 13. 13; Ac. 19. 11; 28. 5. (5) In con- them to commemorate at such a time God's former affliction. He hath blessed our church with numbers
ferring the miraculous influence of the Holy Ghost, kindnesses to their soul How encouraging is it to and privileges far superior to those of Israel his first-
Ac. 8. 17; 19. 6. (6) In ordination of men to office, found our prayers for, and our expectations of, the born. In infinite mercy, when our godly relations for-
Nu. 8. 10, 20; 27. 18, 23; De. 34- 9; Ac. 6. 6; 14- 23. prosperity of our friends upon the promises of God, sake us by death, our God remains with us I Nay,
293
Jacob blesseth his sons. GENESIS XLIX. Jacob blesseth his sons.
anited ! for in their anger they mslew a man, A.M. 2315. B.C. 1689. 23 5 6
A.M. ' · B.c. ' "" \ land that i'twas pleasant; and bowed his shoulder
and in their self-will they digged down4 a wall. ½
m ch,34.25,28.
Or, Jwughed c:a;·h:a~i~:t~fe~ i~ to bear, and became a servant unto tribute. 7
the fertile plam of
5
7 Cursed be their nanger, for it was fierce;

"Xffl,
n 2 Sa.13.15. ~~'!:~·;~ee~~'",h~ 16 1 Dan shall cjudge his people, as one of
o Jos.19.1 ;xxi. 1
and their "\\Tath, for it was cruel: I will divi.de 0
4.:24,39,40.
Ct.
~~~~~"a~~\~:,"{~~ the tribes of Israel.
give up it;.,_ pc•rtiun,
Smieon had in
them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel. 5 &
reality no sepa.-
ratt inheritance. The
~':.~;J~e~l~ ~~il;1·c~~~ 17 Dan shall be a dserpent by the ,vay, an
8 "ii Judah, thou art he whom thv brethren tribe WdS the !"omall-
est of the tv.dve,
"',,te<ltopa,uibu,e adder iri the path, that hiteth the horse-heels,
1
shall Ppraise: thy hand shall be qin the neck of anrl there wa:, a.~-
sig-ned to lt by I0~2~~Jt~·~;ti~~~l:
33.22. j 0<;,. 19.40-47.
~~: so that his rider shaH fall back"~ard. 8
Joshua only a :,ecuon
thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow out of the largr:: JJOO.-
se:,sions alloft.::d to D~J;•;;.· xvi. xviii 18 I' haYe waited for thy salYation, 0 LORD.
19 ~r Gad, 1a troop shall overcome him: hut
Judah, with whilh in
down before thee. the t::nd it appearc, to
havt; amalga1~:ateJ.
8The tmiton· of
1
9 Judah is 'a lion's whelp: from the prey, ~~r\io~:d tfe~ ~~~i~~ !
1 ~~s!!~;;i~~"'c\f{.i~t.: :)~·
the: mountain:, \_,or-
he shall overcome at the last.
my son, thou art gone up: he •stooped down, out of each tribe
::~!:, th~n ~~.:r~etf;1~~ I
~h\'.~f,i0 ~'ht'..a~,~;J 20 ~f Ont of Asher ghis bread shall be fat,
he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who literally scattered 1n I ;;~:sar~~~)\~c1~ 1~~~:
braeL-P. and were h,n.eu to
and he shall vield roval dainties.
shall rouse him up? P ch.46. 12; 29. 35. 1
Ch.5.2.He.7.14. :\·.~~~" ;~~·~s.~.'i",h:~
bec.ime !OO'c>t' 11\ lllO•
211'fi Naphtali is ha hind let loose: he giveth
10 The tsceptre shall not depart from Judah, q :-;u.10.14.Ju.1.1,2.
i1~i~lt\~'.UTfi:u1~u~~d! goody words.
nor a lawgiYer from "between his feet, until !'Ch~Jf~ }.\\~_thi:~: i~Ji~~1~1t;. r~~e\~);~;
10,II.
7 0
22 1 Joseph is a ifruitful bough, even a fruit-

r_~u.23.24. 25'.1·3:I. marker1 characterb- f
Shiloh come; and unto him shall the ~gather- 7;vi11. x. 2 Ch.x1i1. XlV.
xx.xxvi. I Co.15.:.>4.
,icsofthetnbe-1'. ul hough by a well, whose branches run over
ing of the people be: s Nu.23.24;24.9. 2/s~~-~1~t~~M;~;..1;:
Lu.2.25,30. Ps.119.166.
the ,vall.
tPs.6o.7;89.3,4; 112
11 Bindingu his foal unto the vine, and hi, n ~u.24.17.Je.30.::1
Zec.10.u.
xfx;;\l,~'ll'~;6i~~ 23 'fhe karchers have sorely grieved him, and
ass's colt unto ,the choice vine; he washed his u De.28.57. ,,,ch.s.,s.-,,. shot at him, and hated him:
E:/i/~;.\~~~t ,6":~f~/3;;;,~;.:'h
2
garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood Lu.1.32,33.Ps.7-i.8-11.
~:: 24 But his 1how abode in strength, and the
of grapes: R.-.:115.
y I Ki.,:.,20,25. Mi.4.
'°~~s:~',,,!J'i~t
3u.l:l.
Jos.19.32-39.
arms of his hands were made strong by the
12 His eyes shall be red with wine, and his 4.Joel 1.,8.Jn.15.1. ls.
5.1,2;27,2,3;25 6; 55.1; ' Sec ch. 30 22 -z,; hands of the mighty God of Jacoh; (from thence
teeth white\vith milk. 6
6:3.1.Re.19.18.,
6 The staple pro-
ducts of the territory
~;(flttt~{~d,~: is the mShepherd, the stone of Israel;)
13 "ii Zehnlun shall •dwell at the haven of allotted to the tnbe _;1ill:tj'.';.~';f;J. 25 Even by the "God of thy father, who
the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; i~<lic~::d-~i~~~ir~~~ 1//~~;t·;~_·i;~':4;~: shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall
flocks.-P.
and his border shall be unto Zidon. z ch.30.20.De.p.18. Zec.10.12.Ro.14-4-

mch.457;,,7.>2.Jos. o
bl eSS thee Wlt• h b'JeSStngs
• Of heaYen ab OVe,
l~J i ;;-:Xt tr~d~
1
i.-xxiv.
14 "ii Issachara is a strong ass couching down with Trre antl Zidon. blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings
n ch.28.,3;35.n;,7.
0 33 3
a See ch. 46. 13; 30.
between two burdens: 14-18.De.33.18. of the breasts and of the womb:
;: e ., -'"""·"''·
15 And he saw that brest was good, and the

b Resting-place,ch. T h
o xCo.3.21,22. 1Ti. !' h
8.9.Ps.116.7;132.8. Jos.
19.17-23. K,~~;M}"'·''· 26 he lessings of thy 1ather ave prevailed
•ince Jesus has left us, by going to the Father, the peculiarly remarkable, Ju. i.; 2 Sa. 3. 1; viii. x. xxi. markable prophecy has been variously interpreted. It
Lord the Spirit supplies his place, to guard and guide 2 Ch. xiii. xiv. xx. xxvi.; ls. 33. 4; 37. 36. In is interesting to know that ancient Jewish rabbins
us to the promised inheritance. Canaan they had the first lot of the country assigned almost unanimously adopted the Messianic interpreta-
them; it was very extensive and fertile; it abounded tion. Thus in the Targum of Onkelos it is rendered,
CHAPTER XLIX. [Ver. 2. The patriarchal bles- with vines and pastures, which rendered wine and milk 'Until Messiah comes, whose is the kingdom.' In the
sing is embodied in these remarkable words; and the almost as common as water. But the predictions re- Jerusalem Targum, ' Until King Messiah comes, whose
characteristics and future history of each son and tribe specting this tribe have their principal accomplishment is the kingdom.' Rashi, 'Until Shiloh come-King
are sketched in outline. Like most ancient prophecies in Jesus Christ, who is the Lion of the tribe of Judah, Messiah,' &c. The word Shzloh appears to be derived
the language is poetical and highly figurative; but to whom God hath given all power in heaven and in from a root which signifies 'to rest,' or 'to be secure;'
events are shadowed forth so plainly that the student earth, Mat. 28. 18; Ps. lxxii., and whom be hath com- and would therefore mean 'the giver of rest.' Refer-
of history can have little difficulty in recognizing manded all men to adore, Jn. 5. 22, 23; Phi. 2. 9-11. ence is undoubtedly made to a great personal Ruler
•:tern. P.] He conquers all his and his people's enemies, Col. 2. and Peace-giver, who should spring from the tribe of
Ver. 4. Whatever power or dignity the Reubenites 14, 15; Ps. ex, He bestows a fulness of grace and Judah. P.]
!tad at first, they quickly lost it, Nu. IO. 18-21; Jos. 4. glory upon his people, Ps. 68. 12, 13. He is the true Ver. 16, I 7. Though the Da:1ites were the offspring
12, 13; xxii. with Ju. 5. 15, 16; 1 Ch. 15. 18-26. They vine, who prepares for his people the wine and milk of a concubine, they had as much power as the other
never lendered themselves famous by any noted exploit; of gospel-truths, ordinances, influences, and blessings, tribes sprung of free women. They harassed the Philis-
nor dip any judge, king, or prophet, that we know of, ls. 55. 1; Joel 3. 18. He is called Shiloh, that is, the tines in Samson and others, Ju. xiii.-xvi But they
proceed from among them. Autlzor of our peace, prospen~v, and salvati'on, Is. 9. 6, proved a stumbling-block to the other tribes by their
Ver. 6. They digged down the walls of the house 7; Mi. 5. 5; Ep. 2. 14; J a. 23- 6; Mat. 1. 21. Till he idolatry, Ju. 18. 29-31.
where Hamor and Shechem secured themselves; or came in the flesh, Mat. i.; Lu. xi., the tribe of Judah Ver. 18. I pray for, and expect, the promised de-
they seized upon oxen and carried them off for a spoil. not only retained its distinct form as a tribe (which liverances to myself and posterity, but especially that
Ver. 7. The Simeonites had their inheritance in none of the rest, no not that of Benjamin, properly did), spiritual and eternal salvation, to be accomplished by
Canaan out of the lot of Judah, Jos. 19. 1-9; this being but retained a governing power in 'its princes, judges, the Son of God in human nature.
too small for them, they had to seize for themselves kings, deputies of the Chaldean, Persian, and Grecian Ver. 19. The Gadites were exceedingly exposed to
part of Arabia, I Ch. 4. 39-43; and it is said that many monarchs, Maccabean governors or kings, or in the the invasions and ravages of the Ammonites, Arabians,
of them dispersed themselves among the other tribes, S:mhedrim or great council of their elders. Scarcelv Syrians, Assyrians, &c., Ju. 10. 8; I Sa. II. 1, 2; 2Ki.
in the character of teachers. The Levites lived scat- had Jesus appeared in the flesh when Judea was alto"- IO. 33; 15. 29; l Ch. 5. 26.
tered among all the other tribes; and were the spiritual gether reduced into a Roman province, having no Ver. 21. [ l+ords. Or on the authority of the Sep·
instructors of their brethren, and the collectors of the sovereign but the Roman emperor, Jn. 19. 12, 15. No tuagint, Chaldee paraphrase, and Arabic version, :. ,
sacred revenues, Jos. xxi.; I Ch. vi. xxiii.-xxvi. sooner had the gathering of the Gentiles to Shiloh taken spreading tree, shooting out goodly branches. But
Ver. 8-12. The tribe of Judah was the most numer- place, by the spread of the gospel, than the city and as the noun translated words, signifies divergencits,
ous and powerful of all, Nu. I. 27; 26. 22; 2 Sa. 24. 9; temple of Jerusalem were destroyed, the constitution may we n<Jt retain the translation, 'a hind let loose,'
2 Ch. 14. 8; 17. 14-16. To them their fellow-tribes of their church and state dissolved, and themselves that giveth forth goodly branches or antlers? The
often submitted themselves, Ju. I. 2; 3. 9, 10; 20. 18; scattered as vagabonds among all nations, to be stand- image of freedom, and grace, and fruitfulness, is thus
chiefly under David and Solomon, I Ch. xii.; I Ki. iv.; ing witnesses, for many generations, that he is come. complete. C.--'Naphtali is a hind let loose,' or 'a
many individuals d( these adhered to them in the days --[Ver. 8. The birthright which Reuben had sacri- graceful hind '-timid and distrustful of its own powers,
of Rehoboam, I Ki. 12. 17; 2 Ch. 11. 16, 17; Asa, 2 Ch. ficed is here given to Judah. From first to last the tribe swift of foot to elude its enemies; but when brought to
15. 9; 16. 6; 17. 2; Hezekiah, 2 Ch. 30. II; and after of Judah was the most influential among the twelve; bay fierce and strong to defend its life. 'He giveth
their return from Babylon, Eze. 37. 15-22. The tribe and it finally gave a name to the whole nation-J'eu,. goodly words.' The tribe was to be famous for poetic
of Benjamin almost always adhered to them. In the P.--Ver. 10. Feet. ln ch. 48. 12, we find Joseph genius; and we have one noble ode ascribed in part to
march of the tribes, and in their going forth to war, bringing his two sons from beh.ote11 JuS knees, a.c; a place a Naphtalite, Ju. v. P.]
God appointed them the precedence, Nu. 10. 14; Ju. of parental endearment and protection. By the law- Ver. 22. Joseph's posterity spread themselves far
I. 2; 20. 18. The first of the judges was one of them, giver never departing from betw, en J'udah's faet, we and wide, dwelling on both sides of Jordan, Jos. 12. 6;
Ju. ,. 9, 10. The only kings that ever God in mercy may accordingly well understand a succession of rulers 13. 7; 16. 17. .
granted to the Hebrew nation were of them, 1 Sa. xvi. ; in the tribe of Judah, till the coming of Christ, the Ver. 24. Joseph's graces continued firm; enabling
~ Sa. vi,.; Ps. lxxxix. Their conquests and spoils were Shiloh, our peace, our peace-maker. C.--This re- him to withstand temptations, endure injuries, and per·
294
J)eath of Jacob. GENESIS L. His funeral.
A.M. 2315. B.C. 1689. A.M. 2315, B.C. 1689.
above the blessings of my progenitors unto the 2 And Joseph commanded his servants the
p Hab.3.6. Eze. 37.
atrnost bound of the Peverlasting hills: they 25,26. b 2 Ch. 16. 14; 21.19;
32.33.Jn.19. 39,40.
physicians to bembalm his father: and the phy-
q ch. 37. z8. Ps. 105.
shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the 17~n.Ac.7.9. sicians embalmed Israel.
c Nu.20.29. De.34-8;
~rown of the head of him that was qseparate 6 Ephrai~ got from 21.13. 3 And forty days were fulfilled for him; (for
l~~trh~igaht if l~~~~s::;:
from his brethren. 6 and it was propheuc
of the future gr~at-
9 It was against
rule for any person,
so are fulfilled the davs of those which are em-
27 1 Benjamin shall Travin as a wolf: in the territory
ness ofthetnbe. The
a:lotted toit
how great ~0ever, m
mourning apparel, tu
balmed;) and the Eg~·ptians cmourned for him
morning he shall devour the prey, and at night ofwas m the, ery ct!ntre
Pdlestme. It wa':.
appe.;.r m pul-!H., and
<::::,ptcially in trieruyal threescore and ten days.
naturally as strong- as i,re),e11<..e. Lec.i.u,:;e in
he shall divide the spoil. that of Tudah ; and
it po::,'ie-ssed llroad
that state they were
looked upon as defil-
4 1 And when the days of his mourning
28 1 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: vales, and spacious
upl.iil.nc:I plain'>, which
ed; dlld therefore
Joseph does nut g-,, were past,9 Joseph dspake unto the house of
mat.le much more 1t himself. but desire-;
and this is it that t}:ieir father spake unto them, the
productive. From
time of the settl<"-
somt! of the courtiers
to carrv his request
Pharaoh, saying, If now I have •found grace
rnent in Palestine
and blessed them; every one according to his Ephraim contenJed to the king-: and this
in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of
blessing he blessed them. 7
with Judah for the
sovereignty, and the
~~~h::t lbo;~d
make, because the
ti~~
Pharaoh, saying,
;.,trugi!"les of the ~wu retinue and guard
29 1 And he charged them, and said unto tocontributed rnamly
the fi.n.tl rending of
which the pomp of
the funeral, and the 5 My! father made me swear, saying, Lo, I
the nat10n.-P. danger ofn~olesta.tion
them, I am to be • gathered unto my people: r Sc~ ch.46.21.Ju.3. from enemies, 1nade
ne(..essary, could not
die: in my grave which I have gdigged for me
burv me with mv fathers in the cave that is in 15-29.1 Sa.11.1>-11; 1.;..
14, :_u, :47, 48; xv. xvii.
be obtained without
the king·s leave.- in the land of Canaan, there shalt thou hbury
Es. vii1.-x. Nu. 23. :>4-. Musculas.
the ·field of Eph;on the Hittite; . Eze. 39. 10. Zec.14. 1, i• me. Now therefore let me go up, I pray 1thee,
30 In the cave that is in the field of Mach- ble,ised Every tribe
by their fa-
7 wa':.
and bury my father, and I will come again.
ther with such a
pelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of l:lessin~ as the l .ord
mtemkct to bestow
eSee ch.:i:8.3- 6 And Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury thy
Canaan, twhich Abraham bought with the field upon them.
s ch.1:s.15;25.8. He.
/ch. 47.29-31;48.21; father, according as he made thee swear.
49.29,30.
of Ephron the Hittite, for a possession of a t ch. 47- 30; 23.16,1;i;
12.23- 7 1 And Joseph went up to bury his father:
burying-place. 50.13. 1; 2 Ch. 16, :::4. [s.22.
16.Mat.z7.oo. and with him went up all the servants 2 of
" ch, 23. 19; z5.9; 35.
31 (Thereu they buried Abraham and Sarah 29· Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the
xRachelwas buried
his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah 35. near Bethlehem, ch.
19, zo. 1 Sa. 10. 2.
elders of the land of Egypt,
his wife; and there I buried "Leah.) Mat.:.!.18.
Thus the good 8
1 It is customarv
8 And all the house of Joseph, and his
even in Eurup<::an 11:i-
32 The purchase of the field, and of the cave old p.itriarch having
gi\·en his blessing to
tions for the official brethren, and his father's house: only their little
attendants on ruyal
that is therein, was from the children of Heth. his children, accord-
ing tothedivinedirec-
courts n~ver to with·
draw without the
ones, and their flocks, and their herds, they
tion, and not accord-
33 And when Jacob had made an end 8 of tion, ing to his own inclina-
reminded them
special leave nf their
sovereign.-C. left in the land of Goshen.
commanding his sons, Yhe gathered up his feet :~1Pe~i:1?y~seroh b~~ ~ Officers, counsel-
9 And there went up with him both chariots
him a_munghis ances- lors.
into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was tors m the cave of
Machpelah; and so
and horsemen: and it was a very great com-
£ \V estward from
gathered unto his people. laying himself down
in his bed again, in a Jordan, De.:. r. pany.
short tune expired.
after h_e had lived 147 10 And they came to the thrashing-floor of
CHAPTER L. years m all, and 17 3 Not from Egypt,
1 The rrwurning for Jacob. 4 Joseph getteth lea'/Jf! of Pharaoh to go
of these in Egypt.-
Stackhouse.
whence the funeral
procession went, but
Atad, which is ibeyond Jordan; 3 and there they
from near Mount
to lrury him. 7 The funeral. 15 J useph comforteth his 1,,-ethren, who
craved his pardon. 22 His age. 23 He seeth the third genera,tion of
y Lu. 2, 29. ch. 15. 5;
25.8.Ec.12.7 .Job30.23. Sinai in the w1lder- mourned with a great and very sore lamenta-
He.12.~ ness, where Moses
1'is s01l.'I. 24 Hepr<Ypheswth unto his brethren of their return. 25 He wrote. tation: and khe made a mourning for his father
taketh an oa,th of them for his bones. 26 He dieth, and is chested.
k Ku.19.u. 1Sa.31. seven days.
CHAP. L. 13.Job2.13-
AND Joseph afell upon his father's face, and a ch. .¢-4;z3.2. 2 Ki. 11 And when 1the inhabitants of the land,
1l. wept upon him, and kissed him. 13-14.Mar.5.38. Jn.u.
35,36.
l ch.10.15,19;13.7.
the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the floor
form duties: and his honours were secured to him. of mankind, even in the same family, are greatly di- ual seed spring from his twelve apostles, those digni•
He was a shepherd, to direct and provide for the He- versified. Let me therefore, first of all, and above all, fied patriarchs in the gospel church.
brews in Egypt, and the stone, under God, upon whom make choice of Jesus, the once promised SHILOH, and
their happiness and safety were founded in that country. now glorified Lord and Christ, and of his salvation, CHAPTER L. Ver. 2. It has been customary with
Joshua, who brought them into Canaan, sprung of him. and then be content with such things as I have. many nations to embalm the dead bodies of persons
· Ver. 25. God blessed his posterity with plenteous Amidst all my work on eaith, let me seek and wait of rank, taking out the bowels, and so seasoning the
rains and dews, with fountains of water, and with mul- for the salvation of God, that when I have finished my body with salt and spices, &c., as to preserve it long
titudes of children, richly supplied with every enjoy- course I may be gathered to Jesus and his people from putrefaction. In Egypt they carried this art to
ment. above !-But is not the now-departed patriarch a glass such a degree, that bodies embalmed remained uncor•
Ver. 26. Jacob's blessings excelled those of Abraham to show me my Redeemer? Is not he justly named rupted for thousands of years: which are now some•
and Isaac, (I) In their extent, none of his children Jacob and Israel? How long expected, earnestly times sold in Europe under the name of mummies.
being excluded, as Ishmael and Esau had been. (2) In desired, and supernatural was his birth! Divinely Ver. 3. It was the custom of the Egyptians to mourn
their distinct clearness: the land of Canaan, which had was he chosen to be the Father of many nations of seventy days for their dead, and of the Hebrews to
been formerly bequeathed in general, was now distri- believers, the peculiar people of God. He took the mourn seven, I Sa. 31. I 3; and just so long the joy of
buted to Joseph and his brethren. (3) In the apparent first Adam by the heel, fulfilling the covenant which the latter lasted at their solemn weddings, ch. 29. 27;
nearness of fulfilment; his posterity now increasing he had broken; he supplanted and overthrew Satan Ju. 14- 17.-[The process of embalming was tedious and
fast. Joseph was separated from his brethren when and his works in the world; and, by his bloody service expensive. The brain and intestines w~re first removed,
he was sold into Egypt, and afterwards by his distin- and suffering, he secured his mediatorial heirship of and the head and body filled with spices. The corpse
guished honours there. all things. \Vhat inestimable blessings he obtained was then steeped in natntm for seventy days, and then
Ver. 33. [The phrase gathered to /us people occurs for men, by offering himself to God in the likeness of washed, wrapped in bandages of linen covered with
also ch. 25. 8, I 7; 35. 29, and intimates not that the sinful flesh ! In this his work of love, how exposed to gum, and placed in a wooden ca.se. The whole body
parties who died were buried, but that they still lived, trouble from Jewish brethren, from Satan, the accuser was thus preserved so well that the features remained
and were gathered in immortality to the people of the of men, and from JEHOVAH, his loving Father almost unchanged for centuries. The mummy prt"'
living God. It is the phrase employed by Paul, 2 Th. above! How distressful his earthly exile! Hard was served in its case was carried with the greatest care,
2. I, 'Now, we beseech you, brethren, by the coming his service, numerous his sorrows, unsettled his lot, and placed in the cave of Machpelah. That cave
of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together and remarkable his plainness and integrity. \Vhat has been deemed sacred ever since. May it not be,
unto him.' C.] love he bears to his mother and spouse the church ! therefore, that the remains of Jacob exist still, and
REFLECTJONS.-How important is the proper Faithful was he in his work, prevalent is he in his shall one day be brought to light by some enterprising
work of a death-bed ! for dying parents solemnly to intercession, and glorious and extensive in his reward; explorer? P.]
pray for, to warn, and to direct their surviving children, for in the multitude of his redeemed he shall see of the Ver. IO. Beyond Jordan, in the books of Moses,
is useful and becoming. The sins of parents often trava11 of his soul, and shall be satisfied. Having denotes the west side of' 7ordan, as he delivered his
entail disgrace and misery upon their posterity; and finished his work, and blessed his disciples, he retired writings on the east of it. In other parts of Scripture
the blessing of God fixes most remarkably where, for a to his rest in the heavenly Canaan-the midst of the the phrase denotes the east ef Jordan, as the writers
time, there is the least appearance of it. But the lots throne of God. And innumerable multitudes of spirit- lived on the west of it. Some. however, think that
295
Jo3eph's brethren entreat forgiveness. GENESIS L. He com/arts them, and dies.
of Atad, they said, This is a grievous mourning I ' 3_'5_·•_.c_.,_68<)_.
_A._"_· down before his face; and they said, Behold, we
•
tothe E gyptrnns: h C h f' 4That is, the
be thy servants.
w ere1ore t e name o 1t was 7;;;,-;:,:"'., fa .',~'.
4
called Abel-mizraim, which is beyond Jordan. ch:1~~:;~-;~;:~3~: 1
· 19 And Joseph said unto them, tFearnot; for
12 And his sons did unto him maccording as ::S:;;;':i;.,,,2s9; 8 Am linthepl•ce am "I in the place of God ?6
35 4 2
he commanded them: father was buried, tys~lf'up~ n ;~·:nro~
,; l~~ g~~1:·their 0
20 But as for you, "ye thought evil against
13 For "his sons carried him into the land i~~e~t·~~J:;~<;; ~~~ me!
the wrongi you did
wrongs they had for-
me; but God meant it unto good, to bring to
Of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of the :;;:,,, n~t": h\~~ ".:'f p,,,n9.71.Ro.8.28.x ch.37.4,18,28;45.5.
ls.
pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive.
field of Machpelah, which Abraham •bought h~~he~~~vep<;:~:,s~;
might have it in his
10.7.
21 Now therefore fear ye not: YI will nourish
---~
_y Mat. 5. 44- Ro.n.
with the field, for a possession of a burying- h'l~~;i~~, :~e::,\e1[~ 21.ch.<J7,:r:a. you, and your little ones. And he comforted
place, of Ephron the Hittite, before Mamre. :~f,';J :~~;~i:, ';.°;ci0
them, and spake kindly unto them.
14 ~11 And Joseph returned into Egypt, he, ;;;J;~;t •~a':'::"'h;~• 8 At the death of 22 1 And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he, and
Jacob the Israelites
and his brethren, and all that went up with him juries, lo",~:, thand
:,\ h;a~~ 1~d were seventeen years
continue
0
his father's house: and Joseph lived an 7hundred
te~r'ptifandJ~~;~b
to bury h is fath er, after he ha d buried his father. ~~;tio~n!erfo~~frl~: se\·enty-one years. and ten years. 8
The book of Genesis
15 1 And when Joseph's brethren saw that J,h~;ct, "';~.;; J~;"g;~ given here ends. having 23 And Joseph saw Ephraim's children of
, C h d d5 h d J h compassionate tem- history from Adam-
a summary of
th e1r 1at er was ea , t ey sai , t> osep will f:f;a}~: g1~~: a penod of about
1
0
~~~~~ the third generation: •the childreu also of
peradventure hate us, and will certainly requite ~no~et~hei~ rf~a~~. h~ 2369 years.-P.0
Machir, the son of Manasseh, were brought up
us all the evil which we did unto him. :~~:, ,:m~~d~':e'z~l~,~;
them with the same
upon Joseph's knees. 9
16 And they sent a messenger unto Joseph, ~h~n ~i~i: 10fath~ 9 He somctimH 24 1 And Joseph said unto his brethren, 4 1
, Th f; h
Y at er did CQIIlIIlaild b 01Of0 h wasalive,excusedtlie dandled
C these great
saying, e :~~fr!1s~ hi~inm~t~~~ grand-children
knee•
on his die: and bGod will surely visit you, and bring
died, saying, . :~<l°:~tnni~~ms~~~ you out of this land, unto the land which he
17 S0 sha11 ye say unto Joseph' qF OrO"lve,
, I assurances
tu,e love and adhe,.
aver, 5. Job 30. 23.
of his fu- He 9.27.Ec.12.5,7.Ge.
•sware to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.
0.. ence to them upon all 3.19.Ro.5.12.
pray thee now, the trespass of thy brethren, and ~h~i~~t~rn~o~h:i~ b ch.2:r:.1;15-1:4;.¢.4- 25 And dJoseph took an oath of the children
• sm;
th e1r • 1or
C
t h ey d'd
1 unto t h ee eVI.1: an d now, families full of joy Ex.4-3L
i~fckh:~:.faction.- ech.15.7,18;12.7; t3- of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you, and
we pray thee, forgive the trespass of the ~ser- p,f.5~h;f.;'s7·Le.'6.30. ~r ~~! :r:~.8~26ifi~:3~t ye shall carry up my bones from hence.
' ts of t h e God of thy 1a
van ~ ther. And Joseph Epq...... Mat, 6. 12, i:.t., 15. Nu.32,n. De.t.8;6.to;
L•. ,,. , ... 30.20- 26 1 So Joseph died, being an hundred and
1
c~.~~. i~.41. Mat.
wept when they spak e unto him. ,a. 42 ,,,. 40.Phile.8-,6. dHe.6.1:6; n.22.eh. ten years old: and they embalmed him; and he
G~-~h. 3;\m42.6;23. :i: /o S.3:J..';~fc~-~·J3-
0
0
18 And his brethren also went and •fell 7,12;44-14;45.3. was put in a coffin in Egypt.
the Hebrew word signifies either beyond or on this side. course. Their recollection of their offence against friends on the occasion of the death of their common
-[The route of the funeral-procession was no doubt Joseph makes them anxious for a renewed confirma• relatioru;, And it is altogether unlike a Christian to
the direct one from Egypt across the desert to Gaza lion of his forgiveness.-Note, How should the recol- make the death of friends, especially parents, a mean
and Hebron. The 'thrashing• floor of Atad' was lection of our offences against Christ, our brother (He. of commencing strife and debate, on account of some
probably somewhere to the south-west of Hebron. The 2. 11), lead us, with Peter, to 'weep bitterly' at the carnal bequeathments. Difficult is the work of quiet•
expression 'beyond Jordan' does not always mean east 'throne of grace, that we may both obtain mercy, and ing a guilty conscience, if thoroughly awakened: but
of that river. Its meaning must depend on the point find grace to help us in time of need,' He. 4 16. C.] it were hard-hearted, indeed, to refuse forgiveness of
of view of the writer or speaker. Here it must evi- Ver. I 7. Joseph wept, pitying their perplexity, and injuries, especially when requested by such as are at
dently signify west. P.] grieved at their jealousy of his good-will. once our brethren and the servants of the God of our
Ver. I I. [Mourning for the dead is both lawful and REFLECTIONS. -With tender affection ought fathers. And when penitential confessions of injury
salutary for believers; provided it be not accompanied children and others to take their last farewell of dying done meet with a ready forgiveness from the receiver,
with murmuring against God, and be mingled with the friends; and with due care should they be decently in- it is highly ornamental and becoming ; at the same
blessed hope of the immortality of the spirit, 2 Co. 5. 8, terred. Yea, in every case it is kind and dutiful, by time it is necessary for offenders principally to deal
or the resurrection of the body, 2 Th. 4 I 3. C.] partaking, to alleviate the sorrows of the afflicted. It with God himself, through the blood of his Son. But
Ver. 16. [Thy father did command before he died. i• proper that servants have their master's permission to finish a religious life in the vigorous exercises of
There is no reason to infer, because this command is to attend work of their own, be it ever so necessary; faith on God's promises, and in high friendship with
not previously mentioned, that therefore it is a fiction nor should that permission be withheld upon a reason- his people, must be the summit of the true Christian's
of Joseph's brethren. Joseph's employment about the able request. \Vhat a loss to a country, what an desire. Meanwhile, amidst the deaths of useful rela•
court, and his brethren's residence in Goshen, allowed alarming call to preparation for eternity, is the death tions, that our God cannot die, cannot leave us, and
but little time for intimacv, and that full restoration of oi one of God's true children! But it is comely to can and will deliver us out of all our distresses, is a
confidence which is best confirmed by habitual inter- have an amicable correspondence settled between source of unfailing comfort and abiding consolatio:i.
8
296
(
THE SECOND BOOK OF MOSES. CALLED
EXODUS,
i;:ontains a history of one hundred and forty-five years, and therein exhibits the fulfilment of God's promises to the patriarchs, in the multiplication of their
seed, and their deliverance from bondage in Egypt; and represents the establishment of those laws and ordinances which God required them to observe as memorials
of his favours. We have here particularly represented the tyranny of Pharaoh king of Egypt; the cruel bondage and marvellous increase of the braelites; the
birth, education, and exile of Moses; his and his brother Aaron's divine miBBion to deliver their brethren; the ten plagues inflicted on the Egyptians for refusing to
Jet the Israelites leave their country, and their destruction in the Red Sea; the Hebrews' celebration of the passover, departure from Egypt, and safe passage
through the Red Sea; God'11 sustenance of them by sweetened water, or water from a flinty rock, and by quails and bread from heaven; his laws relative to the
passover, feast of unleavened bread, fi~tlings, manna, &e.; his solemn publication of his moral law from Mount Sinai; his directions relative to their civil and
religious conduct; his entrance into covenant with them, ch. i.-xxiv.; his directions concerning the tabernacle and its furniture, and concerning the apparel and
consecration of his priests; the Hebrews' idolatrous making and worshipping the golden calf; Moses· intercession for them, and God's gracious reconcilement by
means of it; their voluntary contribution for, and actual making and erecting, the tabernacle and its whole furniture, ch. xxv.-xl There are, perhaps, more typea
of Christ in 1.his than in any other book in the Bible.
CHAPTER I.
A.M:. 2]651. B.C. 1635.
A.M • ...,,. B.c.,
63
s- I
12 But the more they afflicted them, tthe
--1 • 1• d
I 'I'M children of Iarad, after Joaeph'a death, multiply greatly. 8 CHAP. I.
nectedtheRcdS,:"
with the Mediterran-
can. Raamses was
more t h ey mwtip le an d grew. Ad n th ey
The more they are oppreaaed by a new Icing, the more they multiply. Ill Ge.29.31-3s; 3(). I-
b~~ n!~re ~o~; were grieved because of the children of Is-
th 1
15 The piety of the midwivea, in saving the men-children alive, is re- ~-~.:i:~6~jt!~:
warded by God. 22 Pharaoh commandeth the mate-children to be 2.:1,2; 12. 23-40; 27. 16- ~~~\n Ji:~en~~~J rael.
were probably in-
caat into the river. 22.
1 Heb. tlutlc. :~nc~~m':.'nd':\:~e~~~ 13 And the Egyptians made the children of
OW "these are the names of the children /J Ge. 46. 27• De. IO,
Israel to serve with mrigour:
N
22.Ac.7.14- vince.-P.
of Israel which came into Egypt; every ~~~ft~•:?u:i~

ber is given. De-
li:{?f~j~:: 14 And they made their lives bitter with
man and his household came with Jacob. 5 ;/:~:.~+ Jobs-o. hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick, and in
scendants of Jacob
66, Joseph and his
2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, f::s:tf.::. i:dJac;:. mch. :2.23:3-1. all manner of service in the field: all their ser-
20 -2
ne.+2();26.6. Ps.68.13;
It is stated that
3 Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, Jacob's sons' wives ••·•-Ge., 5.,:,.Ac.,-,9. vi_·ce, wherein they made them serve, was with
are not included. The li Cir. 1588.
4 Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. same number is ~ven
in Dc.10,32. It as re- o The grammatical ngour.
15 , An d the king of E gypt5 spak e t o the
markable that the
5 And all the souls that came out of the Septuagint version of
Genesis and Exodus ~~ ,:~;:,~: ~~!
structure of the ori-
loins1 of Jacob were •seventy souls: for Joseph makes the number Heb,ew,.a nd not.as Hebrew midwives; (of which the name of the
was in Egypt already. 2

75, of whom nine are
said to be children of ti: °Flia°:.:~IT~!ci
5
j.:';,"~'r,eos';;ct ~;:; one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other
!i!:h:~ ~~~;:;h::
6 And Joseph died,3 and all his brethren,
0 sent Joseph, and their whole nation. Puah ;)6
and all that generation.

a.lied
Mscot~t~'
his
:; a~fr:!
father
J:n~:nl~:!;
prnbably the heads
::i;
16 And he said, When ye do the office of 8
scon and fifteen ofthc profession.-P.
7 Anda the children of Israel were fruitful, souls.' Stephen may
either have followed "Re.... :,-s. Ps. s3. midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them
·and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and !r~.5:hf;~~ th~i;;
commonly used in
+Mat. ... JS.
1 Sit.all klll him.
upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall "kill
waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was Palestine; or, which Topmonseducated him; 7 but if it be a daughter, then she shall
::1hJ!1tia:r:.ca:~d°!.
is more probable, he
may have included
filled with them. the living wives of
the patriarchs, mak-
liberate cruelty of live.
Pharaoh seems al•
8 1 Now there arose up a "new king over ing up the number
thus - sons and :g:;~ ~e1;g!rie~:J 17 But the midwives •feared God, and did
0
grandsons 66, wives

Egypt, which knew not Joseph. 9.-P. ~e'5..\:.'lt~ (g~i:~ not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but
0
0
0
~d ~~ 1.:~u~~e~ saved the men-children alive~

c Cc 50.24,:26. Ac. 7.
9 And he said unto his people, /Behold, the :r5-17 Sparta (and these
a Cir 1635-
people of the children of Israel are more and ~«::~w!i~d l~W~:! 18 And the king of Egypt called for the mid-
dGe.:r:z., .3.16;:r:5.
oc C-reece). and that • d "d h Wh
mightier than we: ~.~J~~ !ef:~,e~~:~; wives, an sa1 unto t em, P
5;17 4~.16· a.17;26.4;
!18 4,14; 35.J ,; 46. 3; 47. y have ye done
10 Come9 on, let us deal wisely with them; ~;~:;.i·:.ii~!~: :.':,f 1
~' 1.":!t';;,;,h\~'1 . this thing, and have saved the men-children
37.Ac.7.17. record of a decree, .
lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, eCir.159J:. Ac.7.18.
Ec.9 :r5. ~p~b5:b1:;c~~:~ a1!Ve?
when there falleth out any war, they join also fJob5-2. Ec.4-.,iPt. ;r i~~e~,:•:t~: 19 And qthe midwives said unto Pharaoh,
unto our enemies, and fight against us, and so !t1A1:tJ!.!1.tt4, Mosaichi<to.-y.-C. Because the Hebrew women are not as the
"Pr.16.6,7;24-:n,J:2,
gcti. them up out of the land. Ps°:1~:!;/N·u~!:l' z9- Ac.5.29.4-19. Da.3-16. Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are
Gc.9.5,6.
" With Ge. :rs. i:4;
11 Therefore they did set over them task- .¢.4;50.24-ch.xii.:s.:iv. j> 2Sa.z3-:a8.Ee.8.,4. delivered ere the midwives come in unto them.
iGe.:a:5.:a:3- ch. 2. n. g Jos.2.-4-2 Sa.:r7.:a:9,
masters to ;afflict them with their burdens. Ps.81.6; 68. 13; :a:05- 25.
De.26.6. "°·,- He.6.:a:0.Ps.41.1,2. 20 Therefore ~God dealt well with the mid-
And they built for Pharaoh treasure-cities, 4 Pithom was situ• Mat.:a:o.,42;25--40-Pr.:a:9, wives: and •the people multiplied, and waxed
ated near the '7•
Pithom and Raamses.4, northern end of the
canal ...,hi-ch con- s See ver.7,i:2. very mighty.
CHAPTER I. Ver. 8. Perhaps this king pertained predecessors, that he ignored the claims and services on the north-east, or for retaining the Hebrews in their
to a new family, which obtained the throne about a of the Israelites. .P.] bondage.
hundred years after the Hebrews went down to Egypt. Ver. 10. The Israelites about this time began their Ver. 19. Probably, by virtue of the special assistance
-[It is known that a number of dynasties, different compliance with the Egyptian idolatry, for which God of God, it was really so with many of the Hebrew
in race and character, ruled over Egypt. It is pro- justly punished them by the hand of the Egyptians, women.
bable that we have here an indication of the rise of a Jos. 24- 14; Eze. 20. 7, 8; 23. 8; Ps. 105. 25. Ver. 21. While God exceedingly multiplied the
new dynasty-strangers to the country, and ignorant Ver. II. Perhaps these cities were not only intended Hebrews, he increased the families and happiness oi
of its history. If not entirely ignorant of history, the for depositing the stores of the country, but also for the midwives.
new king was at least so opposed to the policy of his protecting it from. the Arabs, Philistines, and others REFLECTIONS.-One generation quickly passes
297
OAD TO THE PYRAMIDS. [Exonus, 1:8.]-"Now there arose up a new king over loads of clover, and expecting from the sale of these to take back in the afternoon such
R Egypt which knew not Joseph." We give a beautiful picture above illustrating a
scene in Egypt just across the River Nile at the turn of the road, as we pass from
Cairo to the Pyramids. One meets here in the early morning market folk coming
from ,ne country with donkeys laden with all kinds of vegetables; camels bearing fresh
necessaries from the stores as they need. This is a macadamized road lined on either side
by acacia trees. This picture was taken by our artist instantaneously, hence the people
appear to be in motion. This scene is about a mile out from Cairo and about eight miles
from the Pyramids. though the Pyramids were in sight even at this ooint.
i
I
r E NILOMETER, WHE.RE MOSES WAS FOUND IN THE BULRUSHES. [Exonus

ii: 5. ]-' 'And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river; and
her maidens walked along hy the river's side: and when she saw the ark among the
flags she sent her m~id to fetch it. And when she had opened it, she saw the child.''
According to tradition, Moses was hid in the rushes near the scene which we give abo,·e.
The Nilometer measures the annual rise of the river. It is situated at the southern extrem•
ity of the Island of Rhoda opposite old Cairo. Egypt is often called the gift uf the Nile, and
hence this river is held in almost sacred re,·erence hy the natives. The inundation of the
Nile begins about the end of June and reaches its highest point at the end uf September.
It tl1en gradually subsides until hy the end I J January tl1e country he gins to dry up again.
E. rth and rnari-ellous preseri•ation of Moses. EXODUS II. Moses fteeth into Midian.
A,M. 2473. B,C, I53I,
21 And it came to pass, because the mid-
A.M. 2416. B.C, 1588,
; The child was

I will give thee thy wages. And the woman
wives feared God, that he tmade them houses. 4 t I Sa.z.35.zSa.7.n, weaneJ,and wasthi;:n took the child, and nursed it.
i.li.!~4;:~.-3~;_3bf&~~z~ according to ecl.!>tern
22 ~r And Pharaoh "charged all his people, custom about three
years olJ.-P. 10 And the child grew, 7 and she brought him
4 The original He- i Ac.7.21. He.u.24.
saying, Every son that is born ye shall cast into brew refers
hou~es or mcre~e of
the ~ The name
Egyptian, and 1s de-
1s unto Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her
families, not to the
the river, and every daughter ye shall save nuciwives, hut to the
nved irom
• water,' and ushe,
'Tn~',
ison. And she called his name l\Ioses :8 and
Isro.di~e~. C.--' May '!.aved,' or 'drawn
alive. Gud mcrea~e your
house· is a common
out from.' 1n the
ongin,11 Hebrew the
she said, Because I drew him out of the water.
eastern blessing". It
CHAPTER IL means g-rant you all
word i-. .4/osheh, and
m the !.;reek JJ,/oUses. 11 1 And it came to pass in those9 days,
prosperity. Houo;,e 1:, -P.
1 Moses is born, and laid in an ark cast among the flags. 5 He is the usual form of ex-
prt::ss1on for 'family.'
9 Cir. 1531.
k Forty years old,
when l\Ioses was kgrmvn, that he went out unto
fmmd, and brought up by Pharaoh's dau,qhter. 11 He sla1,eth an This pa1,sage appear~ Ac.7.23. He.11.24-20.
his brethren, and looked on their burdens: and
to signify that God
Egyptian. 13 He rep1·m·eth an Hebrew. 15 He fteeth into 21Iidian. blessed the midwiveo;, 1.{ te\~~~~-29. He.13.
21 He marrieth Zipporah. 22 Gershom is born. 23 God. respecteth
;!~~~:fuil~~.E.~~-s- m Ac.7,26.
n Hel.i. a man, a
he 1spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one
the cry of the Israelites.
" Ac. 7. 19. Ps. 105.
prb:ce, Ge. 19. 9. !\u.
16.3,q. Mdt,21.23. Ac. of his brethren.
AND there went aa man of the house of Levi, ~s. Pr. 27. 4i
See ver.10.
t.16;4-16. 7,26- 2c\,35.
o Pr.19.12.
P Ac,7. 29. Pr. 22. 3.
12 And he looked this· way and that way,
11. and took to wife a daughter of Levi. Mat. 10. z·{. Ge. 28.6,;.
'l (~e.25.2,i.t·. South and when he saw that there wa8 no man, he
MiJian.
2 And the woman conceived, and bare a son :5 CHAP. II. 1 Midian was the
<;on ut Al.iraham l,y
slew the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand.
and when she saw him that he was a goodly a ch.6.16--20. B.C. 159r.
Nu.26.
Keturah, and the
tribe whi;::h sprung- 13 And"' when he went out the second dav,
from him became
child, she bhid him three months. 59.1 Ch.23.13. the dominant people
in Arabia. They
behold, two men of the Hebrews strove togethe~:
3 And when she "could ·not longer hide him, 5 Cir. 2571. were nomads, roam
it)g over a wide re- and he said to him that did the wrong, Where-
g"trm, but they had a
she took for him an ark of bulrushes,6 and 25.Ps.112.5;3j.3.
b Ac.7.20. He.n.23,
fore smitest thou thv fellow?
perm,ment nucleus,
or • home,' on the 0
daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put c ch.1:.22. 14 And he said, Who made thee a nprince
eastern border of
Edom. Their pa;,-
ture grounds ex-
the child therein; and she laid it in the flags wellThe papyrus, so
6
known as an an-
and a judge over us? Intendest thou to kill
tended as far as
Gilead and Bashan
by the river's brink. cient substitute for
paper, to which it me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? And Moses
on the north, and
!{ave its name. It ci~~n!kra~i~i~1c~ilf o J
0
4 And his <lsister stood afar off, to wit what was generally used the south. Hence
by the Egyptians for Horeb was said to
feared, and said, Surely this thing is known.
0
would be done to him. Ji;h~~;~~~ls of bo~~ be in the land of 15 Now, when Pharaoh heard this thing, he
employed on the [:idi~n, c~~1dI, v.~ti!i
5 1 And •the daughter of Pharaoh came down the ~ile.P-Thereed, Jethro left the camp sought to slay Moses.
Cyperus Papyrus of Israel at Horeh
But Moses Pfled from
to wash herself at the river; and her maidens of Linn.eus, whence his • and went his way to the face of Pharaoh, and dwelt in the land of
own land,' that is
walked along by the river side: and when she ~~ea~kJ~!t~t~r:~~~
est importance to his tribe on the east qMidian:1 and he sat down •by a well.
Egypt.
to the chief seat of
The pith ofEdom.-P.
saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid served as food, and
the remainder was
r Ge.24.n;29.2,
.rOr,prmce, Ge.:14,
16 1 Now the 'priest of l\Iidian had seven
frequently formed 1
to fetch it. into boats, as may be
seen in many ancient
18;41,45.
t Ge.29.6,i. daughters: and they came and drew water, and
u Ge.29.9,10.
6 And when she had opened it, she saw the ~!{io~~~ errea;~~~~ Though learned filled the troughs to water their father's flock.
2
first tied up in and bred at a court,
child: and, behold, the babe wept. I And she were small bundles, and Moses could turn his 17 And the shepherds came and drove them
then formed into hand to such an office
had compassion on him, and said, This is one together
boats, being united as this when there
in a manner was occasion, and away: but Moses "stood up and helped them,
somewhat similar to loved to be doing
of the Hebrews' children. countries in the for- t~tf~s,a!~~~~~1:/:
the practice in many and watered their flock. 2
3
7 Then said his sister to Pharaoh's daughter, of straw.-C.
9 mation of bee-hives ing in the defence of
such as he saw in- 18 And when they came to Reuel their
jured., The conduct
Shall I go and call to thee a nurse of the He- d Miriam, ch.15.20. lesson of Moses affords a zfather, he said, How is it that ye are come so
to those who
brew women, that she may nurse the child for Nu.12.1;26.59.Mi.6.4.
e Ps. 46. 9.9;
ral education, not to soon to-day?
have received a libe-
5. be above working
1; 12.
thee? Pr.:n.1,
17;2.10.
with Jonah 1. with their hands, as
they know not to
19 And they said, An Egyptian deliveood us
8 And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, Go. fAc.7.2I. Pr.2I.I.I they may be reduced out of the hand of the shepherds, and also drew
what circumstances
Pe.3.8.l's.1o6.46.ls.16. in the coun.e of pro-

And the maid went and called the child's 4,Re.12.6. vidence.
3 See note ch.3.:r.
water enough for us, and watered the flock.
mother.1, ver. 4; ch. 25, 20.
If x Perhaps grand- 20 And he said unto his daughters, And
~:~,e~~e~h~·it2J<J:
Nu.12.1;26.59.
9 And Pharaoh's daughter said unto her, h Jochebed, ch. 6, 10.29. where is he? why is it that ye have left the
.-v Ge.24-31-33:29.13;
Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and 20,ls.46.3,4-
with 3; 27. IO.
t1~;.:i,-r;t~~3~:· man? Ycall him, that he may eat bread.
PS.I.
2
· l
away, and another comes. Those who wax great or Ver. 2. She had born Miriam about ten and Aaron Pharaoh's daughter, he would have had nothing to fear;
numerous sh0uld therefore remember their original about four years before. hut being an Israelite, and acting beyond the bounds
meanness. Remarkable is the birth of God's promise Ver. 6. Pharaoh's daughter knew this from her of justice on behalf of an Israelite, his own life was
when its full time comes. In two hundred and fifteen father's cruel edict, or from the beauty and circumcision imperilled. P.]
years Abraham's promised seed had increased to seventy of the babe. Ver. r 6. Reuel was a prince or priest of the true
persons: in as many more they are increased to about Ver. I I. Being forty years old, Ac. 7. 23, and in- God among the Midianites, who dwelt along the coast
three millions. Services done to men are soon for- structed by his parents and his God concerning his real of the east branch of the Red Sea; as Melchizedek was
gotten, but those done to God are had in everlasting kindred, _he resolved to abandon the honours of the among the Canaanites, Ge. 14. r8: but whether he was
remembrance. At the same time, God's kindness often court, join himself to the oppressed people of God, and the same with Jethro, and Hobab was his son, or
sharpens men's cruelty. And to what horrid and exert himself for their deliverance, He. I I. 24-26. whether Reuel was Jethro's father, and Jethro the same
savage barbarity their selfish designs often push them! Ver. 14- Perhaps the contempt which the Hebrews as Hobab, is not very evident, compare ch. 3- r with
But it is vain for devils or men to contend with the now showed to Moses provoked God to defer their 18. 1, 27; Nu. 10. 29.
Lord. Their hest-laid attempts against his designs deliverance forty years, Ac. 7. 25. REFLECTIONS.--While wicked men exert them-
will but promote their accomplishment: and God:s Ver. 15. Pharaoh was enraged at Moses taking part selves for the ruin of God's church, he is often prepar-
church often thrives hes! in the fiery furnace of troubles,
with the Hebrews, and afraid of his heading them in a ing matters for her deliverance, though frequently his
continued one after another. Let me,therefore always rebellion. great works and his greatest instruments are apparently
depend ,m God; always obey God rather than man. Ver. 14. [The act of Moses must be judged in the almost stifled in their birth. "When God calls to it, it
Never let such as are barbarous themselves make me light of the times in which he lived, and the circum- is becoming, v 1th cheerfulness and confidence, to ven-
an instrument of their cruelty; for if I hide or help stances of his people. It cannot be fully justified, and ture everything which concerns us on his providence.
it cannot be entirely condemned. l\.loses was trained
God's outcasts in the day of their distress, he is not un- But strong faith in God ought always to be attended
faithful to forget my labour of love, and may perhaps in the court of a despot. He still retained the strongest with the use of the most proper means which are in our
repay me in kind. feelings of love for his brethren. He saw one of them power. It is easy for God to raise up friends to his
on the point of being murdered by the hand of a cruel distressed children among his principal enemies; or to
CHAPTER II. [Ver. r. The man's name was Egyptian taskmaster. Moved by a generous impulse find out methods for qualifying beforehand such as he
Amram, of the family of Kohath, Levi's second son, to save a brother, and roused to madness bv a sense of intends for great work. And it is honourable for the
The woman was J ochebed, of the same family. Miriam wrong, he took the Jaw into his own harid, as those greatest to observe and sympathize with the meanest in
and Aaron, the brother and sist<r of Moses, were born occupying high places in the East are apt to do. Had their adversities, and to be made the instrument of
l.efore Pharaoh's cruel law was enacted. P.] Moses been the real, as he was the adopted, son of their relief: and where faith in and love ro God dulv
299
The Lcrrd appears to Moses in the lrush. EXODUS III. ltfoses sent to deliver Israel.
A.M. 2-474- B.C, 1530. A.M, 2512. B.C. I4Q2.
21 And Moses was content to dwell with the 8 And I am mcome down to delirnr them out
z ch. 4. 25; 18. 2. 20,
man: and he gave Moses •Zipporah his daughter. Nu.12.1. m Ge.n.5;15.14; 18. of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them
22 And she bare him a son, and he called -1~;~~~~~' ?-i!.<;!\i,~~~ 21;46.4; 50.24. ls.64-1.
Ps.18 9-19;12.s;22.4,5; up out of that land unto na good land and a
Ps.39.12;119.19. 91.15-
2 2 An atun or ertU.
his name aGershom : for he said, I have been a bc ch.3.7.Ps.I'..l.5.De.
Ac.7.3u.ch.4-19.
n Ge. 15. 18-21; 13. large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey;
14,1 5. Ve.1. 7;11.9,..-4;8.
stranger in a strange land. 3::q6; 26.6,7.Nu.20.16.
Ne.9.9.Ja.5.4- 7-9; 26.9. ch.13.5; 33.;;,
3; 23.23--:,1; 34-u. !\e.
unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hit-
d Ge.15.14; 17.7; 26.
23 1 And it came to pass 0in process of time, 3;!t~~~i~~!:~t3.7, 9.2z-:i5. Ps. 44. 2,3: 66. tites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and
~:t:~~~~~J.~_8,9;105.
that the king of Egypt died: and the children 8, with 1.8.Mat.7.23. o See ch.2.23; ver.7. the Hivites, and t:1e Jebusites.
of Israel csighed by reason of the bondage, and CHAP. B.C. 1492.
III.
9 J\;" ow therefore, behold, the •cry of the chil-
a ch.
they cried; and their cry came up unto God by 7.14,15. Ps. 78.
70,71. Lu.2.8, Am.1.1; 10{ !~-1~: ;:.-~i. l!:
2.16,21.
ls.63. ,12.ch. V.-.riv .1 I I

dren of Israel is come unto me; and I have also
reason of the bondage. ver. 5, 12; ch.
19.3,n; 24.15-17. K1.
18.5; Sa.12.6.Ho,12.13.
b
l
seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians
19.8.
24 And God heard their groaning, and God It would seem 1 3 .6. C~s6/:J~t;l~l.;: oppress them.
from careful exa- a Ki.3.7,9.2Co.2.16;
10 Come now therefore, and I will Psend thee
18.1
remembered his dcovenant with Abraham, with mmanon and com- 3.5.
parison of several
passages that Horeb
Isaac, and with Jacob. was a name given to The impartiality
of the sacred histor1•
0
5 unto Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth my
~:t\hs~ an in recording his
25 And God looked upon the children of !tf~u~fJ:
specific name of one : own infirmities, er-
I
people the children of Israel out of Egypt.
promin~nt and noted ~f;~ ~1~!r'!t~scfrt~~
Israel, and God •had respect unto them. h~!~·ver,Th:avtei~~ several succeeding
11 1 And Moses said unto God, 4Who am
CHAPTER III. name to a district, verses, peculiarly de-
Ex. 19.1,2. It should serves our attention.
I, that I should go unto Pharaoh, and that I
Moses narrates the
1 Moses keepeth Jethro's flock. 2 God appeareth to him in a burn- also be noted that the
names Horeb and various objections should bring forth the children of Israel out of
ffl{I bush. 7 He sendeth him to deli1!er Israel. 11 Moses inquireth, Sinai are more than made which his unbelief
5
presump• Egypt ?
once interchanged, to the divine
and told the name of God. 15 God's message to Israel.
is call, and his
and are given to the tiou and obstinacy m
N OW Moses akept the flock of Jethro his c Ac. 7.30. ver .6. Mal. notwithstanding all 12 And he said, Certainly rI will be with
same mountain.-P. adhering to them,
6
father-in-law, the priest of Midian: and he ~6~7-~~- tt3~.;·lt~: ed
20
to say in reply. thee: and this shall be a •token unto thee that
that God condescend.
This openness and
led the flock to the back-side of the desert, and !s:Jk.1s.13.Ps.66.12. J;· ~~t·R·o~:.·t impartiality
4
seems to I have sent thee; When thou hast brought forth
be peculiar to the
3 iec.13.7. ls.53.10,u.
came to the "mountain of God, even to Horeb. e Ps. n1.2. Da.10.5. which we have many the people out of Egypt, ye shall serve God
inspired writers, of
examples, such as
2 And the cAngel of the Lo RD appeared unto 33.2Co.4-17. Ac. 7. 31. Ro.8.28;
Samuel recording his upon this mountain.
II.
own mistakes to the

/Ge.46.2. 1Sa.3-4,6, chosen
him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: 8,10.Ps.62.n. E ch.19.12,21.
of God in the
family of Jesse, and 13 And Moses said unto God, Behold, when
and he looked, and, behold, the c1bush burned : {~\h~s;;s[· ~f;e the reproofs he re-
ceived from God on I come unto the children of Israel, and shall
shoes are always that account; and,
with fire, and the bush was not consumed. taken off on entering likewise,
mosque. church, or Divine states the
John the
say unto them, The God of your fathers hath
great danger he was
3 And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and other ing; and even on en- m of falling into idol- sent me unto you; and they shall say to me,
sacred build-
a room. Where ::? a~~ei.or:~!f P!h!
see this •great sight, why the bush is not burned. atering gentleman would
take off his hat in check he received
What is his name? what shall I say unto them?
Eni:land, an Eastern, from the heavenly
4 And when the LoRD saw that he turned whether male or fe- others, messenger;and many
which will oc-
14 And God said unto Moses, uI AM THAT
aside to see, God called unto him out of the male, would take off
the shoes. To facili- cur to the mind of I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto
tate this operation the attentive reader.
midst of the bush, and said, I Moses, Mosea ! loose over-shoes are the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto
cl~e:Y }t~~h;
And he said, Here am L eastern shoe, or san-
dal, was so con!>truct-
you.
5 And he said, uDraw not nigh hither: 1]>ut ed as to be easily re
moved, like the Eu- 15 1 And God said moreover unto Moses,
ropean slipper. In
off thy shoes from off thy feet; for the place eastern countries, to
take off the sh&e,
Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel,
whereon thou standest is holy ground. 4 both in ancient and
modem times, closely "The LORD God of your fathers, the God of
t Ex.xix.-xl. Le. L-
6 Moreover he said, •I am the God of thy corresponds with the
European custom of xxvii.Nu.i.-x. Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of
taking off the hat.-
father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, garment, or a vessel, To render a /)lace, a
Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is my name
and the God of Jacob. And Moses khid his orobject, other inanimate
holy.signified
to set it apart from
for ever, and this is my Ymemorial unto all
face; for he was afraid to look upon God. its comm,m use to the
service of God.-C.
x Ge. 17. 7, 8. ver. 6;
ch.4-5.Mat.22.33. generations. _
7 1 And the LoRD said, I have surely 'seen 32.iMat.22.32. Ac.7.
Ge. 17.7,8. ver.14. y Ho;12.5.Ps.t35.t3; 16 Go and gather the •elders of Israel to-
15;ch.4-5.
the affliction of my people w}lich are in Egypt, Kt.1!~J'fsl:~5~ 7z!_~~ 102.:12.He.:13-8. 6.
Mal3,
gether, and say unto them, The LoRD God of
and have heard their cry by reason of their 8.Mat.17.7.Re.1.17. 5.8.He.12.21. Da.10.7,
z Chief men, Ge.so. your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac,
7. ch.18.12; 24-4,u; +
G~-~:3:·. ~ 5~\~-1~:rs: '9·
5
taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; to6.44-
and of Jacob, appeared unto me, saying, I haYe
prevail_ in the heart, no carnal consideration will deter Ps. 46. 1-5. But perhaps it chiefly prefigured the God- Ver. 5. The pulling off his shoes marked with what
such an one from joining himself to God's church and head as dwelling in the manhood of Christ; and the holiness, humility, and reverence we ought to approach
people. The sincerest kindness and friendship is terrible execution of divine justice upon him, while unto God.-The ground was ho!;•, was occasionally
frequently requited with abuse and contempt, and the he was preserved by his Godhead, and his Father's consecrated by the special manifestation of God there•
strongest carnal affection quickly turned into murderous residence in him, J n. I. 14; Col. 2. 9; 1 Ti. 3. 16; Is. en.
rage. But God regards even the affectionate design, I. !iii.; 2 Co. 5. 19, 21.-[ The Angel o.f the Lord. That Ver. 6. God was the God ef Abraham, &c. He was
and graciously provides a place of refuge for his perse- God is essentially 'invisible' is the revealed doctrine engaged to them by manifold promises, which he was
cuted friends and servants, where they may be safe and of Scripture, I Ti. I. I 7, and, when his infinity is con- now come to perform. .
useful. No change of Jot, no change of country, can sidered, must be the deduction of reason. Yet to deny Ver. 7. I have seen, &c. I have kindly observed,
make us lose the enjoyment of our God; nor deprive God the power of rendering himself visible were to mercifully regarded, and pitied their misery.
us of him as our reconciled God in Christ, to sympa- limit both his omnipotence and his wisdom. Nay, it Ver. 8. I am about to manifest my infinite power
thize with us in, and bring us safely through, our most were to deny to God the capacity that he has actually and condescension in their deliverance.-A land.fi'OUI•
grievous afflictions. bestowed upon the spirit of man; which, though in- ing with milk and honey, is one abounding with neces•
visible to the eye, makes its presence, its will, and its sary and agreeable productions.
CHAPTER III. Ver. I. Horeb or Sinai was called excellence visible by spirit and action in a body. On Ver. 12. In the view of this solemn fellowship with
the mount of God, as he at this time appeared on it, this occasion God renders himself visible by a .flame me, encourage yourself to promote this deliverance.
and soon after proclaimed his laws from it, ch. xix. xx. o.f fire, by speech, promise, and command; and this Ver. 13- Which of these names should I use, that
-[Horeb. Sinai and Horeb were the names of two appearance is called ' the Angel of the Lord,' ver. 2; they may be most encouraged to expect the deliver-
eminences of the same mountain range. C.] 'JEHOVAH,' and' God,' ver. 4; and the 'God of Abra• ance?-[The names by which God revealed himself to
Ver. 2. This flame represented the awful majesty, ham, Isaac, and Jacob,' and 'God,' ver. 6. Now, it his people in primeval times were descriptive of the
perfect purity, and infinite power of God. The bush is declared, J 11. I. I 8, 'No man hath seen God at any attributes-of power, mercy, &c.-which he was about
!,urning and not consumed, denotes the church of God, time; the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of specially to manifest. At creation he was Elohzm, the
and particularly the Israelites, in their state debased, the Father, he hath declared (educed) him.' Therefore, 'God of power;' to Abraham in a strange land he was
exposed, persecuted, and afflicted; but preserved by this manifestation of the invisible God was 'the WORD El-Shaddai, 'God Almighty;' to Melchizedek he was
the presence and power of God, Jn. 16. 33; Ac. 14. 22; that was with God, and was God.' C.] El-Elyon, 'The M◊st High,' far above all other gods.
300
HEOPS FROM THE MENA HOUSE-A TOMB STANDING WHEN THE
C
chapter of Exodus as dying, but Cheops was the second king of the fourth dynasty,
CHILDREN OF ISRAEL WERE IN EGYPT. [Exodus, ii:23.]-"And it and lived B. C. 3733. Hts name was found written in red ink upon the blocks of
came to pass, in process of time, that the king of Egypt died; and the children stone inside the pyramid. The four sides measure about 7:i5 feet each. The height
of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto of the pyramid is now 451 feet, but it is said to have been originally 481 feet. This
God, by reason of the bondage." Cheops is the tomb of an Egyptian king by this pyramid had been standing 2202 years when Moses was sent to deliver Israel. This
name. This was not the king represented in the twenty-third verse of the second is according to the calculation of Wallis Budge.
Moses sent to deliver Israel. EXODl'S IV. The signs of his mission.
A.M. 2512, B.C. J:492,
mrely "visited you, and seen that which is done 2 And the LORD said unto him, \Vhat is that
b Ge,30.37.ver.20.
to you in Egypt: a Ge. 15, 14; 50. 24. c vcr.1;;ch.7.15. in thine hand? And he said, A brod.
Lu.1.68. ver.7; ch.2.23 8 ~hracles were
17 And I have said, bJ will bring you up out ~s. from the first the pal-
pable evidences of a 3 And he said, Cast it on the ground. And
of the affliction of Egypt unto the land of the b Ge. 15. 14, :rB-21.
See ver,8.
divine commission.
Man had no means che cast it on the ground, and it became a ser-
uf d1'rectlytesting the
Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, c ch.4.31;ver.t6. genuineness of the
Lommi,;sion of pro-
pent: and Moses fled from before it. 8
and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the dch.s-::;. Nu.23.3,4,
15,16. Ge.48.3; 12.1;15.
phet or apostle. He
could not be expect- 4 And the Lord said unto Moses, dPut forth
ed to admit it without
Jebusites, unto a land flowing with milk and 1;17.1. satisf,,ctoryevidence.
Hence God, in g-ra-
thine hand, and take it bv the tail. 9 And he
honey. ever. 12; ch. 7. 10;8.
27;9.r.Je.2.2,6.
cious condescens10n
to human weakness, put forth his hand and cal{ght it, and it became
gave to hi.'> servant'>
18 And they shall chearken to thy voice: and divuu power, the ex-
ercise of which wac;
a rod in his hand:
6 There is no at-
thou shalt come, thou and the elders of Israel, tempt at. or counten-
ance of, deception
to be the visible evid-
ence of their divme 5 'fhat •they may believe that the LoRD God
commtsston.-P,
unto the king of Egypt, and ye shall say unto here. This moderate
request wds in the d Ge. 22.1. Ps.91. 13. of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God
first in:.tance to be Mar.Ib.18.
him, The LoRD God of the Hebrews hath dmet made to Pharaoh, so
that in refu~ing he
9 The faith of Mo-
ses is tried and exem-
of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared
with us; and now let us go, we beseech thee, might be left without
~xcuse. The request
plified in thb first dCt
vf obedience. To unto thee.
implied that the Is- gl'aSp the serpent bv
three• days' journey into the wilderness, that radite~ must he com-
pletelyoutofEgypt-
the neck would have
been the dictate of
6 , And the LoRD said furthermore unto
we may sacrifice to the LoRD our God. 6 away from the idols,
the temples, the pol-
human experience
and wisdom, as even him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And
lution~ of the land, the lower anrmal.s
19 ~f And I am sure that the king of Egypt and the evil and re-
straining influence,;
that destroy serpents
practise this method.
he put his hand into his bosom: and when he
will not let you go, 1no, not by a mighty hand. of the people- ere
they could worshi~,
But Moses obey~
God without gam- took it out, behold, his hand was 1 leprous as
Jthovah freely and saying, and though
20 And I will stretch out my hand, and smite acceptably,-P. he fled on his own
impulse, he fear!esslv
snow.
Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in /Or, but by strong
seizes it by the tail
on God's authority.- 7 And he said, Put thine hand into thy
Nott, \Ve are not to
the midst thereof: and 9after that he will let hand, ch.tu; vii.-xiv,
Ps.136.n,12. Je.32.20.
combat sin and Satan
by our own wisdom
bosom again. And he put his hand into his
Is.63.12,13.
you go. and plan, but by
God's revealed com- bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom,
ff Ge.15.14. Ju.6.8;~. mand,-C..
21 And I will give this people hfavour in the 16.ls.26.n.ch. vii.-x,1.
Ps.w5.38,
~ Jn. 20. 27, 31.2Ch.
20.20. ch.3.18;4.31. Is.
and, behold, it was gturned again as his other
sight of the Egyptians: and it shall come to h ch.n.3; 12.36. Ps
7-9·
f~u.12.10.2Ki.5.27. flesh.
106.46.Ge,39.21. Pr,16. J;'De.32.39.Mat.8.3.
pass, that, when ye go, ye shall not go empty: 1· Jt ver.30.Mi.6.9.Ge.
9. 13; 15. 8; 24.14. Ju.6.
8 And it shall come to pass, if they will not
22 But' every woman shall borrow 7 of her i ch.n.2; 12.35. Ge.
15.14.Ps.xo5.37.
17,21, 36--40; 7.n,13,14.
1 S:i.w.2-7. 2 Sa. 5. 24.
believe thee, neither hearken to the "voice of
2 Ki. x3.17-19; 20.8-n,
neighbour, and of her that sojourneth in her I,;.28.10.
1 These three
the first sign, that they will believe the voice of
house, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and 7 Biblical
and
critics
commentators
signs are--1, A dead
rod endowed with the latter sign.
are generally agreed life. 2. A healthy
raiment: and ye shall put them upon your sons, in considermg the
word borrow as a
hving hand smitten
with instantaneous
9 And it shall come to pass, if they will not
and upon your daughters; and ye shall kspoil maltranslation ; the
proper meaning of
disease. 3. Water,
an essential to life believe also these two signs,1- neither hearken
the Hebrew term and fertility, con-
the Egyptians. shaat being • to ask,
or to solicit, or to de-
verted to blood, the
emblem of death.
unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water
CHAP'fER IV.
mand;' and it is so
understood in every
The demonstration
is coml?lete. He that of the river, and pour it upon the dry land:
other version but our can give ti.ft UJ tlte
1 Moses' rod is turned into a serpent. 6 His hand i8 leprom. own. - Sec note on
this verse, foot of the
dead, and that a ,rew
lift it never before
and the water which thou takest out of the river
10 He is loath to be sent. 14 Aaron is appointed to assist him. 18
Moses departeth from Jethro. 21 God's message to Pharaoh. 24 Zip-
page. possessed-that can
at his word inflict
shall become 'blood upon the dry land.
porah circumciseth her son. 27 Aaron is sent to meet Moses. 31 The k Eze.39.xo. Job 27,
disease and death
upon disobedience- 10 , And Moses said unto the LORD, 0 my
peopl,e, belie ce them. · 17.Pr.x3-:z2.ls.33.i. must be God, the
true and llving God.
-C. Lord, I am not keloquent, neither 2heretofore,
AND Moses answered and said, But, behold, i ch.x.22;7.x9. Mat.
7.1,2.Ju.1.7. Re.13.10; nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant:
1l. they will not abelieve me, nor hearken unto CHAP. IV.
16.6.
..t Heb. a man of
words, Job12.2. i Co.
but I am slow of speech, and of a slow 3tongue .
my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not 2
• ! J:b.v:,:~~yester- 11 And the LoRD ~aid unto him, Who hath
day, nor since the
appeared unto thee. · thz'rdday.
3 See note ch.3.11.
made man's mouth? or who maketh the dumb,
Moses now asked for a name that would represent the tion that the God of the Hebrews meditated, planned, hottest troubles. Let me trust in him as my own and
aspect in which God was about to appear to Israel. P.] and approved robbery, under pretence of borrowing. my father's God, and rejoice in the firmness and per-
Ver. 14. I am that I am, I am the Fountain of being, The passage obtains a triumphant defence upon two petuity of his new-covenant relations to us. Let me
eternally and unchangeably existing in, of, from, and principles. I. The word translated bornr.v, simply a<lmire his mercy and wisdom in appearing for the sal-
by myself.-[Moses having asked God by what name signifies to ask. 2. Let the objector reflect how long vation of his people, when they have given over look-
he would declare him to the Israelites, God gives the Israel had served Egypt, in a state of cruel .and unre- ing for him; and let me firmly hope, that, whatever be
name EH YEH, 'I am.' It signifies the self-existent, munerated slavery; and then say, were all the treasures the unworthiness of the object, the weakness of the
eternal, and immutable God. It signifies immutability of Egypt sufficient to pay them reasonable wages? He instrument, or the wickedness or power of the opposer,
exhibited especially in the fulfilment of promises after that buys a slave has some pretence (and but a pre- the Lord will exactly fulfil t;,e promises of his grace.
a long and almost hopeless interval. This was the tence) to use him as his property, and render him 0 may I have this great I AM to do all for me, give all
character God was now about to manifest to the Israel- nothing beyond food and raiment; but he that makes to me, and be ALL IN ALL unto me! May I in every•
ites. Hence he said to Moses, 'EHYEH is what I am,' a freeman a slave, as Pharaoh did, has not even that thing study to have his call cleared up and certified to
that is, 'EHYEH is my name:' - 'Thou shalt say prdmce. Let it be farther remembered, that the He- me! May I receive my directions from hiai, vrhat I
unto the children of Israel, EHYEH hath sent me unto brews were, at this period, not merely field-labourers, shall say or do! May I labour after faithfulness in my
you.' The translation in the English version of what but practical architects (ch. 5. 14), and accomplished work; and then, leaving it to the Lord, he will suc-
is in reality a proper name obscures the sense. P.] artisans (ch. 31. 3-6; 35. 30--35); and the amount of ceed my endeavours, and graciou!sly reward me on their
Ver. 15. This is my character, whereby I will be wages due will be still farther increased, and the account; and the wrongs done to me in this world will
remembered, owned, and served by my people, and 'spoiling of the Egyptians ' such an act of common be all rectified at last !
distinguished from all others. justice as an upright judge, in modem times, would
Ver. 19. N otwitlistanding manifold plagues inflicted inflict upon any one refusing to pay his servant's CHAPTER IV. Ver. 3, 4. This change ofhi• rod
on his kingdom, he will not let you go but by mere wages. C.] signified that his ministry and miracles would be de•
constraint. REFLECTIONS. -However long God seem to structive as serpents to the Egyptians, but helpful and
Ver. 22. The word here rendered borrow signifies neglect, he will visit me at last. Let me therefore directive to the Hebrews. In like manner, his laws
merely to ask: it was no sin thus to ask the Egyptians' attend to my lawful calling, however mean, expect- are to unbelievers a killing letter, a ministration of
property. God, the original and supreme proprietor ing his countenance in the way of my duty. If I death, 2 Co. 2. 15, 16; 3. 6; but to believers a means of
of all things, commanded it. The Egyptians had for- desire solemn fellowship with him, let me retire from life, Gal. 3. 24.
feited their right by their wickedness, with respect to the world, and inquire into what he hath revealed. Ver. 6, 7. This signified, that God, with the utmost
him. Hereby, too, he, as a righteous Judge, ordered Let me always approach his presence with strong faith, ease and despatch, can change the form of our lot; and
payment of their wages to the Hebrews, who had been holy awe, clean hands, and a pure heart. Let me, that it was by the power of God, not his own, that he
defrauded.-[Borrow. This statement has often become with joy and wonder, behold him as in Christ crucified, wrought his miracles..
the butt of the infidel's arrow, on the ignorant supposi- and as present in his church, to preserve her in her Ver. 9. This signified, that if the Hebrews should
302
AST FROM THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH - A SCENE IN THE LAND years of his life. The fortunes of Israel were committed to the keeping almost
E""
WHERE THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SPENT 430 YEARS. [Exodus,
iv:19.]-"And the Lord said unto Moses in l\lidian, Go, return into Egypt: for
all the men are dead which sought thy life." To understand men we must study the
wholly of Moses. Hence we shall illustrate his career by pictures of Egypt.
Standing at the pyramids and looking east, we see the direction the children of
Israel took when they left the land in which they had sojourned four hundred and
land in which they grew up. The relation of Moses to the children of Israel, to the thirty years. We see the back of the Sphinx, and in the distance in dim outline,
Exodus, and the civ'ilization which the Hebrew people developed, was such that we trees which skirt the banks of the Nile.
cannot do better than consider him through Egypt, in which he spent the first forty
.Aetron to assist Moses in his mission. EXODl:S V . God's message to Pharaoh.
A.M. :.1512. B.C. 1492.
or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? 'have not A,M, 25r2. B.C. 1492.
go, behold, I will s1ay thy son, even thy first.
9
l:' ch. 5; 12. 12,29; II.
I the LoRD? l Ge. 18.14- Am.3-6.
ls.35.5,6.Ps.94-9, 13.1.5. Ps.78.51; 105.36; born.
135. 8;q6. M;;.t. 7. IO. I,
12 Now therefore go, and m I will be with Mar. m Mat.

13. n. Lu.12.n.
2. Ju.1.7, withch.1.16,
22.2Th.1.6.
10. 19, 20.
24 1 And it came to pass by the way in the
Is.50.4;49.2. h Nu. zz. 22,31. Le.
thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say. n Je.1.6.Jn.1.6.Eze. Ps.99.8. ro.3.Ge.17.14-Am.3 2. inn, that the LoRD hm.et him, and sought to kill
13 And he said, 0 my Lord, "send, I pray 3.14. See ver.1.

3 Or, shouldst, 5 Whether this was him.
1·Jos.5.2,3.
said in anger, or for
thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt3 send. tCh.21.7.
a Sa.6.7. Ki.n.9.
tJ;b~~d\
2
heri~:y !:;
1 025 Then Zipporah took a ;sharp stone, a•,d
14 And the •anger of the LoRD was kindled u.6.Lu.21.15.
p 1Co.12.8,10. 2Co. saved, is uncertain.
6 By neglecting to cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast i/ at
against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the q ver. 16. 2Sa.14.3. circumcise his son
.Moses was, accord- his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband a, t 0
Levite thy brother? I know that he can Pspeak !~: 50. 4; 4j,2j 51. 10;59. guilty
ing- to the divine law,
5
offence. Some ju~g- thou to me.
of a capital
19, 20; 28. ment came upon hun

well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to r Mat. Co. 23. Eze.44.
20. 1
which
10.
11.
endangered
hi~ life. He knew it
26 So he let him go: then she said, A bloody
24- See ver.12.
meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be s ch.7.r,2;ver.28,30. came from God, and
he knew its cause. husband thou art, because of the 6circumcision.
Zipporah also knew
glad in his heart. t ch. 22,28;7.1.Jn.IO. 1t; and probably be•
cause it was on ac•
27 1 And the LoRD said to Aaron, Go into
34,35.
15 And thou shalt qspeak unto him, and put "ver.2-4,20,30.1Co. tions count of her objec- the wilderness to meet Moses.
that the rite And he went,
27.ch. 7.9,12,19;8.5, had not been previ-
t. 1
words in his mouth: and I will be •with thy :.11;17.9.
16;9.:i3; J0.13,:u; l4.to, ously performed, she and met him in the kmount of God, and kissed
mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you x ch.20.12. 1 Ti.6.1; ir°wus~~ fhe:fo~~'J;
him. 7
here recorded. The
what ye shall do. 5.1, with ch. 2.16-22;3
I.
word translated 'inn'
,;ig-nifies merely 'a 28 And Moses mtold Aaron all the words of
~l!~~gf~~r t~!t°iii~h~~
16 And he shall be thy 'spokesman unto 25.35; zq.7.2Sa.15.9. 2 -P.
y Ju. 18. 6.1 Sa.I.I];
the LoRD, who had sent him, and all the signs
Ki.5.19. Lu.7.50. Ac. .k ch. 3. r Ki.19.8.
the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to 16.36. ch. 19. 3;20.1:8;24. 17. which he had commanded him .
1.
l Ge. 29. ;13.4;48. 10. It

thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to ,3. Mat. 2.20. ch.2.15, that7 Itthewould
11
seem
divine mes-
29 1 And Moses and Aaron went and ga-
b.im tinstead of God. a Ti.5.8.Ro.12.17, sage was communi-
D ver.17;ch.17.g..
cated to Aaron in thered together all the "elders of the children
I
sufficient time to en•

17 And thou shalt take this "rod rn thine c Pow~r by thy rod, able him to reach of Israel.
Mount Sinai before
hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs. cb.vii.-:uv. Moses set out on his
journey to Egypt, 30 And Aaron spake all the words which the
d ch. 7. 3; 9.12; 10.1; seeing he met him 'in
18 ~f And Moses went and returned to Jethro Jos.
14.8.De.2.lo. Ro.9.18. the mount of God.' Lo RD had spoken unto Moses, and did the O
his father-in-law, and said unto him; ~Let me ,,.

11. 20. Is. 6.1o;v3. The historian here
the order of time to signs in the sight of the people.
goes back a little in
hardem"n,y brin_g up another part

go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren ofhas God's !
Pharaoh's heart of his narrative.-P.
been a subject Co. 4. 2. Ezc.3.
31 And the people Pbelieved: and when they
m I
which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet of much ditficu!ty to 17.Jonah3.2.Ac.20.27.
Ps.40.9;10;22.22. heard that the LoRD had qvisited the children
alive. And Jethro said to Moses, YGo in peace. :~~~h~~~ of 1t~~!c! u~ ch.3.16;18.12;24-1,
no room for either.
The cnditor who over.~.
of Israel, and that he had l0oked upon their
19 And the LoRD said unto Moses in Midian, demands
from a
his
dishonest
p Ps. 1o6.12.ch.3.18.
Jn.2.23;12.42.
(!'Wn
Mat.13. affliction, then they •bowed their heads and
debtor can practical. ,0.
Go," return into Egypt: for all the men are dead lymg explain the mean-
of the phrase. 63.7.
q ch.3.7; 2.23...z5. Is. worshipped,
which sought thy life. r Ge. 24.26; 47. 31. 2

~i lon~e~a~d ma~h! Ch.20.18.ch.12.27. CHAPTER V.
debtor sddom thinks
20 And Moses "took his wife and his sons, ofmakeshim;the when he
1 Pharaoh chidoth Moses and Aaron Jo,· their message. 6 Ho in-
first de- CHAP. v. creaseth the Israelites' task. 15 He checketh their complaints. 19 Yhey
and set them upon an ass, and he returned to mand he thinks of E:/!~613~~7-~C~~:~: ,.:ry out upon MoBeB and Aaron.
him with aversion-
2'2 Moses co-mplaineth to God.
the land of Egypt. And Moses took the brod an aversion increas-
ed by every repeti• ~t;:,.,s.'7;rn.o, AND
•~
0
afterward Moses and Aaron went in
when that claim is :/.~ZiN:;~_:;_ 1l.. and "told Pharaoh, Thus saith the LoRD
tion of his claim, and
of God in his hand. enforced by the
21 1 And the LoRD said unto Moses, When i!~."tie a;::,,,7~f ~~: 2 iPTh:· question of God of Israel, Let n1y people go, that they .may
into deter• :~fir:t :~h~;;!~:;, hold a bfeast unto n1e in the wilderness.
unJust debtor is often 0
thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou hardened
mined hatred. But a wanton insult to
do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I ~rr:: {:ili~:=i~~) ~~~- Mai,e:'y ,.".;. he:~ 2 And Pharaoh said, 0Who is the Lo RD, that
None. Who then idolater. He had k
have put in thine "hand: but I will dharden shall charge Jehovah ~:;;g~hd;.H~:!p~: I should obey his voice to let Israel go? I
with being the au-
now
4 8
his heart, that he shall not let the people go. the hardening of Pha- ;~;r,;er;•~t~~.=j not the LoRD, neither will I let Israel go.
thor of sin when
22 And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, •Thus mtind

raoh's heart arose his own natio-.. But
from the fust de- r:;.~~;~~m:'it.:~{
G f h b
that he would
3 And they said, dThe od o t e He rews
1
saith the LoRD, Israel is my son, even my C. let his people go?-
~~;;:e;bef~;:'.°dHe~~; ! hath met with us: let us go, we pray thee,
first-born : ech.5.:1;7.17. r Sa.2. he said to Mos,s, 'I h d ,. . h d d _:r-
27. Jos.7.13;24-2. Nu. ~;~;he~H~1;;_,__"J_' t r<:;,~ ays Journey rnto t e esert, an sacrn1ce
23 And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that fcb.6.7;19.5,6. Ro. . .d:~,'.~:"
23-19-
unto the LoRD our God; lest he •fall upon us
0
·'"'";
he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him 9.Je.31.9.Ja.1.18.

4,5. De.14-1; 32.6,9.
:~'~t;."· 7-'3· Zee. Wl'th pest"l
,,K,.,,.,s.,Ch....
1 ence, Or Wl
'th the SWOrd,
persist in their unbelief, God would bring upon them Ver. 22. The Israelites were the first and only nation them in the service he commands. But let no intended
more fearful calamities. which God adopted into his family as his peculiar service of God render me undutiful to my relations;
Ver. 13. Send the Messiah himself, or some one duly people, and heirs of a promised territory on earth. and, on the contrary, never let me fear men when I
qualified to deliver them. Ver. 24- By some dangerous disease, or in some have a clear call from God to my work, and a promise
Ver. 16. As thy spokesman he shall deliver thy fearful form, God threatened to take away Moses' life of his -presence to be with me in it. Meanwhile, let
message to Pharaoh and the Hebrews, while thou, in for his neglecting to circumcise his younger son. no distance from the public ordinances of God, and the
the name of God, shalt direct and enjoin him what to Ver. 25. Surely I have redeemed thy life, and, as it fellowship of saints, cool my zeal for his worship.
say. were, wedded thee anew to me in the bloody circum- Never let fond indulgence of my earthly relations make
Ver. 21. Wonders were put in Moses' hand, in his cision of my son. me to neglect any part of God's institutions, or of my
having power granted him of God to effect them by REFLECTIONS.-Learn, my soul, never to be religious duty towards them; if I do so God will make
means of his rod or staff.-As hardness of heart is a discouraged from present duty by former disappoint- me to smart for it in his time. Nay, it is better to part
,in, Pharaoh hardened his own heart, encouraging ments. God's promise is sufficient to balance all op- with relations for a time, than to have them an incum-
himself in his opposition to the command of God; but position. Let me accept of miracles recorded in God's brance to us in the service of God. Whatever know-
as it is a punishment of sin, men being free to choose word as the most convincing external proofs of a divine ledge, gifts, or grace God bestow• upon me, it becomes
what results in hardening or softening their heart, mission; and Jet me admire the kindness of God in so me to improve them for the benefit of others, particu-
Ps. 147. 20; or they refuse the outward grace which abundantly confirming the intimations of his will to larly of my fellow-labourers in the Lord; that with one
woulJ effectually soften it, or they give themselves mankind. Never should I excuse myself from the mind, and one mouth, we may glorifv God. But let
up to their own Justs, and to the power of Satan and work to which God calls me, from any wickedness my hopes never be too sanguine or, the first promising
the world; by the agency of whom they become more about others, or weakness in myself. God can make appearances; for if grace do not really touch the heart,
and more blinded, stupified, and encouraged in their mountains his way, and qualify me as is necessary. miracles themselves can produce but a temporary faith,
rebellion against God, 2 Th. 2, IO, II; Ro. II. 8, IO; Let me cheerfully connect the exercise of the gifts or a transient flash of religious affection.
2 Co. 4- ~, 4; 2. 5, 16; I Ki. 22. 22; I Pe. 2. 8; Ro. I. graces which God hath given me in whatever order of
28, 32. precedence or wbordination he pleaseth, employing CHAPTER V. REFLECTIONS.-Let me here
204
The Israelites' !,ask increased. EXODUS VI. The Israelites reproach .Moses.
4 And the king of Egypt said unto them, f Lu.23. 2. Ac. 24- 5. A.M. 2513. B.C. 1491. I A. M. :;,513. B.C. 14.91,
18 Go therefore :now and work: for there
t Mat.14. 24, 26. De.
Wherefore' do ye, Moses a'.nd Aaron, let the Am.7.10.Je.38.4;26.8.
E ch.1.n;ver,IJ,
32. 36. He.12.6. Am.3.
2,Ac.14-22.2 Ti.3.12.
shall no straw be given you, yet shall ye deliver
people from their works ? get you unto your 7 The task-masters the tale of bricks.
iliC:e ;,r~:tn~n~~~
m Ge. 16. s; 31. 53• I
Sa.24-15.ch.6.9.
burdens. them were Hebrews. c:. ~:
0~· 1 f'h. ~~-:~; 19 And the officers of the children of Israel
34
5 And Pharaoh said, Behold, the people of h ver.14,15,19. Sa.10.6. did see that they were in 1evil case, after it was
8 The brlCk py.,.a- o Ps.59.15; 91.15; 73.
the land now are many, and ye make them rest mids at Dashoor ;uid 25,26.28; 142.4, 5, .Sa. said, Ye shall not minish ought from your bricks
t
Faioum still contain 30.6. Je.12. 1. ch. 6. 1:'.!,
from their burdens. straw that is not
even yet discoloured.
30; 4.10-13. Nu.
1 5·
11. u-
of your daily task.
6 1 And Pharaoh commanded the same day fire, ~~i~r b~~i~~d inw~h! 1
!. Je.20.7.1 Ki. 19. 4, 20 1 And they met Moses and Aaron, who
but merely d~ied tJ Ps.nS.26.Je.u. 2 1.
thegtaskmasters7 of the people, and their hofficers, ~~~~:r;u~h:~~• ~~i~ Jn.5.43. stood in the way, as they came forth from
never falls, as is the r Is.26.17,18.He.10.
saying, . case in some parts of 21, 35, 36. Mar. 5. 36. Pharaoh:
fo~d~:~~
7 Ye shall no more give the people straw8 to ~J{liat~;:Je
turies.-C.
Mat.14-31.Job 35.14-,
4 Heb. delt'vering-
thou hastnotdeliver-
21 And they said unto them, The LoRD
make brick, as heretofore: let them go and luavy for tlu men. be
Let the work 9 ed. mlook upon you, and judge; because ye have
gather straw for themselves. i Je.43.2.Zec.1.6.
CHAP. VI.
made our savour nto be abhorred in the eyes of
J Pr.29.12. ver. 6, 13;
8 And the tale of the bricks, which they did ch.1.n. a ch.3.19,20;n.r;12. Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put
33,34;13.3; 14.16. De.4.
This cruel and
9,1:;,.1 Ch.17.:n,22.Da. a sword in their hand to slay us.
1
make heretofore, ye shall lay upon them; ye oppressive mandate
will not be rightly
34;5.r5;6.21;7.8. Is.03.
9.15.Je.32,20,21. Ac.7.
shall not diminish ought thereof: for they be alluding to thewithout
understood
fact,
36. 22 1 And Moses returned unto the LORD,
0
that not only the 5 We read (Ge. 1:z.

idle; therefore they cry, saying, Let us go and stubble and the dry 8) that Abram called and said, Lord, wherefore hast thou so evil-
upon the name of
~J:n~~~ wh?:h fo~~~!~
5
sacrifice to our God. JEHOVAH, that jGe. entreated this people? why is it that thou hast
substitute for straw,
a 15. 2) Abram said,
werefrequentlv burnt JEHOVAH
but, still more ex- sent me?
ELOHIM;
9 Let there more work be laid upon the stroyed up and entirely de-
by hot winds, pres,;Jy to the point,
men,9 that they may labour therein; and let with but that the grain
its straw was
we read, Ge. 15. 7, • I
am JEHOVAH that
23 For Psince I came to Pharaoh to speak
them not regard ivain words. likewise consumed
ere it was cempletely t:;~y~~/Chai°d:e~r qin thy name, he hath done evil to this people;
ripe for the sickle, How, then, are we
10 1 And ithe taskmasters of the people and thus a scarcity to reconcile these 'neither hast thou delivered 4 thy people at all.
prevailed to a greater statements with the
assertion in the text 1'
went out, and their officers, and they spake to every year.
or less extent almost
Some translate the
word ' know' by a.P• CHAPTER VI.
the people, saying, Thus saith Pharaoh, I will a dayHeb. hi.. a matter ef
day.
2
in
p,.-opr,'ate, but this
will, not solve the 1 God reneweth his promise by hi, name JEHOVAH. 14 The
difficulty, for Abram
not give you straw. a The task-masters
genealogy of Reuben, 15 of Simeon, 16 of Levi, ofwlwm came Mosu
:;~~r;~~~~~~. t~ g1r.tlf(r?o";:!'~r~~
,n- and Aaron.
11 Go ye, get you straw where ye can find may be seen by com- late the sentence
paring this account
it:1 yet not ought of your work shall be dimi- S!t:h :;ii::· ;?'m-Z:~ ~ill0C!11{fs f~~! HEN the LoRD said unto Moses, Now shalt
nished. in office is still com-
mon in China and
Persia, and is not un-
12 So the people were scattered abroad even to the aJ?plied
frequently
Lut, by this change,
no explanat10n is
gained. Let us then
seek the meaning of
the passage in the
word JEHOVAH it•
T thou see what I will do to Pharaoh: for
awith a strong hand shall he let them go, and
highest
officers of state. It self. JEHO\'AH
throughout all the land of Egypt to gather once did, and proba-
bly still does, prevail
means, he that IS,
that always ts, the
with a strong hand shall he drive them out of
stubble instead of straw. in some provinces of
Russia.-Note, How
unclr.aug-;abk one.
Now, the name 'AI- his land.
g-reat are the bless- mi~hty God,' in
13 And the taskmasters hasted them, saying, ings of a government
founded in Chris-
which (Ge. t7. 1)
Abram was called
2 And God spake unto Moses, and said unto
Fulfil your \forks, your daily tasks,2 as when force!tianity, and not in
C.-Thisis
and encouraged, re•
fers to puwer to pro- him, I am the LORD:
tect-the attribut•
there was straw. quite oriental. We
need only allude to which Abram's de•
fenceless condition
3 And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac,
China, which has
14 And the officers of the children of Israel, governed
been aptly said to be
by the
most required him to
seek for the support and unto Jacob, by the name ef God Almighty:
of his faith; but the
which Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, also, the InstickPersia,
stick.
i'i in name JEHOVAH-
the uncluzng-eable-
but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known
continual action. Men
were beaten,3 and demanded, vVherefore have ~t~o~~f~ai1;dli~ti! refers to time, and
therefore requires to them. 5
promi.se, and long
ye not fulfilled your task in making brick both toby heno beaten. It is
means a rare exj)eriena of faith•
fulness, to illustrate
4 And I have also established my covenant
occurrence for the
yesterday and to-day, as heretofore? highest and most
trusted persons in
and establish its evi-
dence. Thus Abram with them, to give them the land of Canaan,
had abundant evid-
15 1 Then the officers of the children of the state, in a mo-
ment of displeasure ence that God was
almiElity to defend
the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they
caprice m their
Israel came and cried unto Pharaoh, saying, orroyal master, to be and protect; but
were strangers.
handed over to the ~~~u~~utt {~:/z: ~1~
Whereforek dealest thou thus with thy servants? beaters of carpets,
who beat them with not allow him to test
his uncJuu1g-eable-
5 And I have also heard the groaning of
their sticks as if they
16 There is no straw given unto thy ser- weredogs.
practice
Thesame
descends
1uss; whereas now, the children of Israel, whom the Egyptians
when centurtes of
vants, and they say to us, Make brick: and, ~~dit~as ~~te:~!d~ ~~anto1fs ti:ePa::n~ keep in bondage; and I have remembered my
• slackness concern-
the writer's heart
behold, thy servants qre beaten; but the fault ache to see respect
ahle and even vener-
ing his/;romise,' Pe. covenant.
2
JfHhtvf~e~awfli~
i8 in thine own people. able w bite . bearded
men chastised bv unchauretzble,
inade known to his
is 6 Wherefore say unto the children of Israel,
the menials and meS
17 But he said, Ye are idle, ye are idle; sengers of great
persons, &c. - Pict b~ftih:r~u!~ :i~~; I am the LoRD, and I will bring you out from
therefore ye say, Let us go and do sacrifice to BiOk. ~;~~ :hic~~~sr~~~! under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will
.t Le. 25. 43. De. 24- his chief claim to
the LoRD.' . 14,15. Ep.6.9. Col. 4-1
Ja.5.4-
confidence and obedi- rid you out of their bondage, and I will redeem
ence.-C.
remark, that however poor and despicable the people that they have a God to go to with their complaints! minding nothing but carnal things !-the bondage of
of God may be on earth, he will acknowledge them, Surely there is need to believe in hope against hope, the fears of death and hell, which often render life a
and in bis own way plead their cause. The most since the heaviest trials may happen when we expect, burden !-and the bondage to Satan, who goeth about
presumptuous rebellion against God's will is founded and are ·even at the daybreak of, remarkable deliver- seeking whom he may devour! Blessed for ever be
in ignorance of him; and, while persecutors obstinately ances. Meanwhile, let me think of the bondage of the Lord, who hath sent a Saviour and a great One to
cleave to their wickedness, God's people ought to be heathenish and antichristian superstition, idolatry, op- deliver us ! Dare not, my soul, to murmur against
peculiarly careful of offending him. It is no new thing pression, and persecution, from which God hath him, though fires should go before him, and it should
for carnal men to look on religious worship as useless delivered, and will deliver, his gospel-church. But be very tempestuous round about him. Weeping may
or hurtful, and to improve God's demands upon his how much more oppressive is the bondage of our endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.
people as a spur to their own cruelty: and cruel princes natural and unregenerated state !-the bondage to a
never want cruel agents to rromote their barbarous broken law, which demands the perfect performance CHAPTER VI. Ver. 1. God's strong ltand, and
purposes. In evil times God s ministers may expect a of every duty, and yet denies all strength for that effect! stretched-out arm, denote the remarkable manifestations
double share of abuse at all hands; and be blamed as -the bondage to divers lusts, which lade men with of his power, in plaguing the Egyptians, dividing the
the causes of distress, when they are but the innocent guilt, drown them in perdition, and pierce them through Red Sea, &c.
and dutiful occasiom of it. But what a mercy is it with many sorrows !-the bondage to this world, in Ver. 3. God was not so much manifested to the
305
(/enea'l<Jgy of Moses and Aaron, EXODUS VII. Genealogy of Moses and Aaron.
A.M. 2513. B.C. I,49X.
you with a stretched-out arm, and with great A.Jd. 2$13• B.C. J.,t.9l.
dN1u6.1-32; 26.IO,
ram were an hundred and thirty and seveb
judgments. s Have a disagree.
II~xr~--:~~L·fl ~..30. years.
7 And I will take you to me for a people,
able manner of
speech, ch. 4- xo. ls.6.
5. Je.1.6. ver. 30. Mat,
/Nu.2.3; 1.7, 1iu.4.
19,20.1 Ch.:.:.IO.Mat.1. 21 1 And the sons of Izhar; dKorah, and
4-
a.nd I will be to you a God: and ye shall know :i4-3:i.Ma.r.5.J6.
g-1Ch.24,1:,2;6.I. N epheg, and Zichri.
Le.I0.1.Nu.3.2;26.6o.
that I am the LoRD your God, which bringeth « The expression
undrcumci.sMi is 22
h Nu.26.n. 1Ch.6,
22 And the •sons of Uzziel; Mishael, and
used in Scripture to ;~~~Z~ff."j, u; 31. 6.
you out from under the burdens of the Egyp- express any kind of Jos,22,1:3-32. Ju.20.28. Elzaphan, and Zithri.
unsuitableness which Ps.I06.30,31.
tians: there may be in any-
thing to answer us
k ver. 13, 27. Ps. 77.
20. Mi.6.4. Jos.24-5. 1 23 And Aaron took him Elisheba, daughter
proper purpose, as Sa12.5.
8 And I will bring you in unto the land, the carnal heart and 2The sacred histo- offAmminadab, sister of N aashon, to wife; and
depraved nature of rian here concludes
concerning the which I did swear to give it to mark of honour on she bare him gN adab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and
fallen men are en- with a particular
tirely unsuited to the
services of God, and the persons of whom
Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; and I will to the purposes of
his glory.
he is writing, though Ithamar.
himself was one of
give it you for an heritage: I am the LoRD. them. Communion.
with God, honour and 24 And the hsons of Korab; Assir, and El-
t ver.26--29.Ps.77.20.
church, are things kanah, and Abiasaph: these are the families of
serviceableness to hi'>
9 And Moses spttke so unto the children of Is. 63. u, 12. Mi. 6. 4.
Jos.24-5-1 Sa12.6.Ho. that above any other
put true honour upon the Korhites.
Israel; but they hearkened not unto Moses for 12.13.Ac.7.35,36.
men.
anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. u See Ge.46.9.1 Ch.
5.3.Nu.26.5,6.
I ch.12.37,51; 13.18,
Nu. ii. x. In numer-
ous tribes and fami-
25 And Eleazar, Aaron's son, took him one of
10 1 And the LoRD spake unto Moses, saying, lies, in military or- the daughters of Putiel to wife; and ishe bare
der, and with great
power.
11 Go in, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, 1 The organiza-
tion of the Israelites mch.5.1;7.10.
3There is abundant
him Phinehas: these are the heads of the fathers
was very complete,
that he let the children of Israel go out of his and was almost as evidence in Scripture of the Levites, according to their families.
precise as that of an that whenever God
land. army. They were
divided first into
had a great work to
accomplish in his
church or in the
26 These are kthat Aaron and Moses,8 to
trz"bes; then the tribes
12 And Moses spake before the LoRD, say- intofamitz.!s; and the world, he selected a whom the LORD said, Bring out the children
families into fathers' g-reat agent to do it.
ing, Behold, the children of Israel have not legislative of Israel from the land of Egypt, according to
houses. Over the In sublimity of
latter were placed genius,
officers, with the title wisdom, and admin-
hearkened unto me; how then shall Pharaoh heads ef fatlurs' istrative skill, Moses their 1armies.
houses; and the has never been sur-
hear me, who ani of •uncircumcised6 lips? names of these in the
time of Moses are
passed. He had be-
sides a very special 27 These are mthey which spake to Pharaoh
13 Andt the LoRD spake unto Moses and here given.-P. :~a!.?~ic\ fh~ ~~~~~~ king of Egypt, to bring out the children of
dally called. He had
unto Aaron, and gave them a charge unto the x See Ge.46.IO, Nu.
26.12,13-1 Ch.4,24- in the court and in Israel from Egypt: these are that Moses and
forty years' training
the schools of Egypt,
children of Israel, and unto Pharaoh king of then the most en- Aaron. 8
lightened nation in
Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the world. After-
wards he had another 28 1 And it came to pass, on the day when the
forty years' training-
the land of Egypt. z Nu.3-18.1Ch.6.17;
23.7-
to nomad life in the LoRD spake' unto Moses in the land of Egypt,
wilderness of Sinai;
14 1 These be the heads of their fathers' a Nu.26.57; 3-19. 1
and he there became
29 That the LoRD spake unto Moses, saying
Ch.6.:a,18., ~:i~l~~eihe h'li~nir
houses: "The sons of Reuben, the first-born of those whose home I am the LoRD: "speak thou unto Pharaoh king
/J Nu.3-2uCh.6.19; was the desert, and
Israel; Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi: and pasture ground of Egypt all that I say unto thee.
23.21. with every fountain
throughout that wide
these be the families of Reuben. 7 region where the Is-
raelites wandered 50
30 And Moses said before the LoRD, 0 Be-
15 1 And" the sons of Simeon; J emuel, and long.-P.
,t 1491. hold, I am of uncircumcised5 lips, and how shall
Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and 8 The Septua~nt
and Syriac both read
1t l/,~~3~~: li~~:~~: Pharaoh hearken unto me?
20.Ac.20.27,1 Co.4.2.
Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman: these unale's dauzhtn-,
...6o Seech.4,1:0.noteSeeon ver.
ver.
.CHAPTER VII .
are the families of Simeon. 9 Moses has here
recorded the mar-
1:2. 1 M0&u i8 enwuraged w go w Pharaoh. 7 His and Aaron', ag&
8 Aaron'8 rod i8 turned inw a serpent. 11 Th£ magicians do the likt.
16 1 And these are the names of the 11sons of riage of his father
Amram with Joche- 13 Pharaoh's heart i8 hardened: 14 God's message w Pharaoh. 19
bed and his own aunt,
Levi, according to their generations; Gershon, and it appears from
Nu.26. SQ, but 1t must
CHAP. VII.
a ch.4,1:6;22.28.Je.:r.
Th£ rivtr i8 turned into blood.
and Kohath, and Merari. And the years of the be taken !>trictly for
hisfather'sowns1ster,
10.Jn.10.34,35.Ps.&?.1,
6. AND the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have
life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven at least by the half
blood. Tl.e marriage
was afterward for-
6 This remarkable
declaration was cal-
culated to remove,
1i. made thee "a god to Pharaoh; and Aaron
years. bidden as incestuous,
Le.18.12, which might
and it did remove,
Moses' last doubts thy brother shall be thy prophet.6
be looked upon as a and fears. He was
17 The •sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, ~~~~;h 0i~ ~i~:a;:! 1
{~
made a god to Pha-
raoh-he was gifted
2 Thou shalt speak •all that I command thee:
B.Ccording to their families. before that law; and
Moses does not con-
with power over the
stubborn monarch, and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh,
to subdue him gradu-
18 And "the sons of Kohath; Amram, and ceal it, for he soug-ht
not his own praise,
but wrote with a sin-
that he send the children of Israel out of his land.
ally, yet effectually,
to his will. Aaron
Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel. And the years cere regard to truth,
whether it smiled or ~~ t~e~ia~~ hi~~U~ 3 And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and
0
to announce project-
of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty ed miracles and judg- multiply my dsigns and my wonders in the land
frowned upon him.
ments.-P.
and three years. 1 Aaron is here 2. Eze.3.17. Ac.20.27. of Egypt. .
b Mat.28.20. x Ch.4-
mentioned first as he Ps. n9. 46. Je. S-10,
19 And the "sons of Merari; Mahli and was older than Mo- 17,18. Nu.24-13. 2Co.
ses. It is, however, J:8.13.
i:.
4 But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you,
Mushi: these are the families of Levi, accord- usual in Scripture, as c ver. 13. See ch. 4, that I may lay my •hand upon Egypt, and bring
in the case of Shem, 2'-
Abraham,andothers,
ing to their generations. l~:t~_RHt5/!: forth mine 'armies, and my people the children
h~o~h!1:e lrsf U.::ff:~ Mar.16.20.
0 IQ~
20 And Amram took him Jochebed, hi~ ly excellent trait in $:.1~\tLaf:.•t IS- I of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great
0 there is any peculiar-
his character ; and
father's sister,8 to wife ;9 and she bare him Aaron fch.6.26; 13-n; 1:1.
thus we find Moses is 37,51.
generally mentioned :: See ch.6.1,6.
gjudgments.
and Moses. 1 And the years of the life of Am- before Aaron. Ps.9.16; 58.n; 83.
h
18.Eze.25.17;28.z-~.
5 And the Egyptians shall hknow that I am
patriarchs by this his name Jehovalz, which denotes his &c., by God Almighty.' Then it is added, 'but by from him his distinguished benefits, temporal and
self-existence, necessary existence, self-sufficiency, in- my name JEHOVAH was I not called to them;' that is, spiritual.
dependency; and his being not only Being itself, but 'I did not announce to them that as my name.' It is REFLECTIONS.-In our greatest extremity, God
also the effectual and eminent giver of being to his not said they did not know it; it is not said they had ofteIJ interposes for our relief; and the hardest work
promises and creatures; nor had he given actual being never heard it; it is simply affirmed that JEHOVAH is easily effected when he puts his hand to it. If hir
to his promises in the remarkable fulfilment thereof.- was not the name by which God declared himself orally mighty arm of mercy or judgment be stretched out.
[The name by which God specially and personally an• to the patriarchs; nor was it by the peculiar mode of when he begins he will make an end. Certain is that
nounced himself to the patriarchs was El-Shaddai, development expressed by that name he manifested deliverance for which the character, the covenant, the
'God Almighty;' and by that name were expressed himself. P.] pity, the purpose, and the power of God are all en•
the peculiar development and visible evidence of his Ver. 7. He took them under his immediate govern- gaged; and yet the objects thereof, through anguish of
presence. Hence it 1s said, 'I appeared unto Abraham, ment, that they might know and serve him, and receive spirit, or through his delay of performance, put his
306
-
·-1ata.a
I
I
f
I
I
ROM THE ANCIENT EMPIRE MUSEUM-CONTAINING ANTIQUITIES OLDER THAN
F
statues and antiquities are arranged in different rooms nndcr empires. The empire to
THE TIME OF ABRAHAM. [T<:xonus, vi: 27.]-" These are they which spake to which this illustration belongs antedates that of l\'Ioses hy 11ta11y ccntnries. Bnt in
Vhnraoh king of Egypt, to 11ri11g out the children of Is_rael from Egypt." The the study of the ancient land of Egypt ,..,e must remember that its lti<.lory is a co11necled
Ancient Empire of Egypt includes the first eleven rlynasites. It closed B. C. 2533. whole, and that the Ancient Empire made possible the 1\[iddle Empire. 'l'he parties
The chi1(1ren of Israel were in Egypt dnring the Midflle Empire, which lasted from B. C. who secured the pictnres illustrating this Bible were shown great co11rtcsy by E.
:;,,1on, when Se-a11clt-ka-Rii was ki11g, to B. C. 1300, when Seti was king. /'his last ki11g of Brugsch Bey, and Wet'e i:>ermitted to take photographs of anything fo1111cl 111 the
Egypt 1R thonght to have hecn the Pharaoh of the Exodus. In the Gtzeh Museum the Gizeh Museum.
- I I I _I
-
.Aaron's rod turned into a serpent. EXODUS VIIL The waters turned into blood,.
the LoRD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon A.M. 2513. B,C. 1491. A.M. 2513, B.C. 1491.
tknow that I um the Lo RD: behold, I will smite
,· ch.12.28. Ps.II9.4,
Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from 29;ver.4,10.
6. De,12.32. Ac.4- 19;5. with the rod that is in mine hand upon the
among them. Moses, now de-
livered from his fears,
5
waters which are in the river, and they shall
makes no more ob-
6 And Moses and Aaron did 'as the LoRD jections, u ch.1.22. Ps. 78.44;
but being 105.29. Re.8.8;16.3-6. be turned to "blood.
strengthened in faith,
commanded them, so did they. 5 goes about his ardu-
ous work with un- .xver.24-- 18 And the fish that is in the river shall die,
7 And Moses was kfourscore years old, and defatigable
daunted courage,and
proceeds in it with inch.4-2,20; 8.16;9.8,
persever- 22,23,&c.
Y and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians
Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they Ac.7.23,30,
ance.
k z Heb. gatluri'ng-
shall ~loathe to drink of the water of the river.
t ch.4.2,3,17,20.
spake unto Pharaoh. m ver.6,9.
n Ge.41.8. Da.2,2;4.
ef tkezr"Zllaters, Ge.I,
,o. rn 1T And the LoRD spake unto Moses, Say
8 1 And the LoRD spake unto Moses and 6.ls.47.12.2Ti.3.8. The Nile is the
o 2Th.2.9--u.Re,13. only river of Egypt;
1 unto Aaron, YTake thy rod, and stretch out
unto Aaron, saying, 13,14. but the countrr is
Moses does not filled with canals and
6 thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon
affirm that there was ducts, and cisterns
9 When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, sav- abetweenperfect conformity and pools, all con-
his works structed for the clif-
their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their
ing, Show a miracle for you: then thou sh~lt g"icians;
and those of the m.i.-
f usion of the water
he makes over the surface of ponds, and upon all their •pools of water, that
choice of a word the ground,and for its
say unto Aaron, Take thy irod, and cast it before sarily
which does not neces- preservation for pur-
express any-
they may become blood; and that there may
Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent. thing more. t.han
general
~~de\o~~e~~tfa~~~~
a
s1m1litude, after the Nile has be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both
in vessels ef wood, and in vessels ef stone. 1
such as is consistent become low.
10 And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pha- many with a difference in de!>cription in this
important reverse is thus mostac•
The
raoh, and they did so mas the LORD had com- or in like manner.-
spects-they did so, curate.-P.
20 And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LoRD
Farmer,
manded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Paul We learn from 17,a with
(2 Ti. 3. 8) that
7 Ps.78.44- Seever.
ch. 1, 22. Re.
commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and
Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became these, at least the 16.6.J e.2. 17, 19;4.18.
chief of them, were
smote the wa4-l:~ that were in the river, in the
a serpent. l~:,n::a ~~~y t~-~,,:: one The ~
Nile being
of the deities of
stood Moses, as Far- the Egyptians, this
sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his ser-
11 Then Pharaoh also called the "wise men mates in the preced- fore
mer judiciously inti- miracle was there-
well qualified to
vants; and all "the waters that were in the river
and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, suppose,
ing note, not as some teach them
by perform- there was no confid-
that
were turned to blood. 2
they• also did in like manner with their en- ~~~•
6 ;t~~~~~h~i~:~; their idols; and that
ence to be placed in
miraclt! that Moses what Moses told was
21 And the fish that was in the river died;
chantments :7 :l°G~~~ bb~~e~~:f; that an undeniable fact,
the God of Is- and the river stank, and the Egyptians could
in likt! manner, by rael, and he alone,
12 For they cast down every man his rod, dt!main, sleig-ht of dominion
what is called leger- held the uncontrolled
of the um-
not drink of the water of the river; and there
and they became serpents:8 but PAaron's rod hand, and visual de- verse, and that all
ception. with the pri- things were subject- was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.
awallowed up their rods. ~~~nfv~~~~r0o?°hP~~~
ed to his sway.
22 Andb the magicians of Egypt did so with
~~~h~m• ~?t1!'ri:~J~ lJ ver.n; ch.8,7,8.
13 And he qhardened Pharaoh's heart, 9 that appear.-C. 2
their enchantments: and Pharaoh's heart was
Ti.3.8.
he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had t!ye That is, they be-
came serpents to the
8
of the spf:Ctators ,,.

c ch.9.2:r. Is.5.12;63. hardened, neither did he hearken unto them;
said. -Moses re!atmg, not
what actually took SThemagiciansen-
as the LoRD had said.
14 1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Pha- the place, but what, to deavoured, by some
sens~, appeared sleight of hand, to 23 And Pharaoh turned and went into his
raoh's heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the e;a~e th~a~~~oJsts~ turn some small por-
0
~ tion of water mto house, neither did he set his cheart to this 3also.
~~~tdu~dofap~~~~~~ lead Pharaoh, in his
blood, which would
people go. is found, 1, In his state of mind, very 24 And all the Egyptians digged round about
rd easilv to conclude
15 Get thee unto Pharaoh in ~the morning: J~h~vagisr~f! tri! thatMosesandAaron
God, ch.5.2; and 2. In were only a little
the river for water to drink: for they could not
lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt local,
the idolatrous prin- more skilled in their
ciple that gods were arts than his magi-
and of diffir- cians, and he turned
drink of the water of the river.
stand by the river's brink against he come; and t!nt powers, contend- away from them de-
ing even in bitter fying the threaten-
25 And seven days were fulfilled, after that
the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt ence, and occasion-
rivalry for pre-emin- ings of Jehovah.-/.
the LoRD had smitten the river. 4
ally foiled or success-
thou take in thine hand. ful, according to fate 4 This plague seems
and circumstances.- to have continued a CHAPTER VIII.
Note, How many are week. It is the only
16 And thou shalt say unto him, •the LoRD the destruct'.··e con- ~o0\h~f;~ri~t:~; ~} 1 Frog• are sent. 8 Pharaoh BUeth to Mo11es, 12 and M08U by
sequences of one ori- pi-ayer ,·emoveth them away. 16 The dust is turned into lice, which
God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, ~{;i: rl.ik:~h! fo~~: tween
the plagues continu-
ed, or the interval be- the magicians could not do. 20 The plague of flia. 25 Pharaoh
them.-P.
saying, Let my people go, that they may serve dation on sand, it en-
sures the ruin of the
inclineth to let the people go, 32 lnlt yet is ha,·dened.
superstructure.-C.
me in the wilderness; and, behold, hitherto p Ac.6.10. 1JP.4-3,
. q See ch. 4-21; 8.15; CHAP. VIII. AND the LoRD spake unto Moses, «Go unto
thou wouldest not hear. 10.20,::-7. Ro.2.5. Ze.7.
ll. Pharaoh, and say unto him, 'l'hus saith the
9 See the explana- It 1:·1~-r~~:·!7~•!§:
17 Thus saith the LoRD, In this thou shalt 11,12.Is.63.17. LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve
Eze.2.5,6.Ps.u9.46. 1
tion of God's harden-
,,. ch.9.13.Ps.101.8.Ec.9.10.De.32.35,
17-19.N u.24.13.2 Ch. 18.1~.
ing- Pharaoh's heart,
ch.4.21.-C.
Co.4-2.Ac.20.27. me.
atrong consol,ations from them. The frowardness of Ver. 12-22. Whether the magicians imposed upon but miserable indeed are they who know him to be
gospel-heare,s makes ministers despair of success with the sight of the spectators by artfully conveying away God by the execution of his justice upon them l
others, and repeat the excuses which God hath already the rods, and putting serpents in their places; or whether The contest between Almighty God and the strongest
answered, till he charge them, on their peril, to obey Satan actuated the rods, and made them appear as worms of mankind is greatly unequal : let the potsherds
his appointments. 0 the perverseness of the human serpents; or whether, for the hardening of Pharaoh, strive with the potsherds of the earth; for, if men will
heart, and its enmity against God ! Before he calls, God himself effected this change, is hard to determine. not bow before the sceptre of his grace, they must
what numbers run unsent! When he calls to his It was more easy to impose upon spectators in turning break beneath the rod of his judgment. But, in mercy,
service, what averseness to comply !-Whatever my the water into blood, or in bringing up frogs. But it God often warns before he punishes them. Sinners
pedigree be, whether honourable or ignominious, let is manifest, that all which the magicians did increased frequently desire to see miracles, not for their convic-
me reckon it my chief honour to be God's child, the plagues, but could not remove them; and that the tion, but to strengthen their unbelief. And readily is
and to be made useful in doing good to souls.-Let me, swallowing up of their rods by Aaron's, and their in- Satan permitted to harden such in their sin by his lying
without gainsaying, obey his voice, and provoke him ability to produce lice, proved that Moses' miracles wonders. Through his influence men harden them-
not; and though my work be difficult or dangerous, as were effected by a power infinitely superior to what selves against warnings, against judgments and deliver-
my days are, so shall my strength be. they had in command. ances: and whatever other shifts they try for relief, they
REFLECTIONS.-How great is the condescension will not so much as cry to God when he bindeth them.
CHAPTER VII. Ver. 1. Moses was a god to of God, in putting some of his honour upon sinful men, But the cause of God and truth shall prevail at last,
Pharaoh: he dealt with him in the name and authority and in speaking to us by them, that his dread may not and reign without contradiction: and dreadful shall be
of God, and punished his disobedience with plagues make us afraid ! But, amidst trials and discourage- the just miseries of them who oppressed his people and
which none but God could inflict. ments, ministers have need to be fully satisfied that, contemned his admonition !
Ver. 6. They manifested the noblest courage in whatever contradiction they meet with, God will do
&peaking to or dealing with proud Pharaoh, and the right by their work, both in them that are saved CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTIONS.--How ter•
most exact Welay m tne execution of all God's com- and in them that pensh. Happy those who know the rible an enemy is God, who, even by frogs, flies, and
Dlaadi.. Lord to be God by his fulfilment of promises to ~hem : lice, can subdue the most proud and potent of his
308 10
The plagiu of frogs. EXODUS VIII. The plagues of lice and fUss.
2 And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, A,M, 2513. B.C. 1491. A.M. 2513. B.C. L49I,
the earth, and it became lice in man and in
30r, douzh. is farther to be ob-
I will smite all thy borders with frogs: 6 Ps.107.40;83-ro,11.
served that this beast; all the dust of the land became lice
3 And the river shall bring forth frogs 4 Had not God f~~;• ~~~as tf;.:
fl.icted Without any throughout all the land of Egypt.
commanded Moses to previous warnin;:,
abundantly, which shall go up, and come into threatenPharaoh and so that Jannes and
the idolatrous Egyp- Jambres could make
18 And the magicians did so with their en•
thine house, and into thy bed-chamber, and oftiansfrogswithbefore its in- being taken una• chantments to bring forth lice, but they "could
the plague no preparation, and
mcrease of this ili~fi~~o:!-edg;J, not: so there were lice upon man and upon
fliction. the uncom-
upon thy bed, and into the house of thy sermon amphibious reptile not because they
vants, and upon thy people, and into thine been attributed hide their own de· beast.
would doubtleS!! have honoured him, but to
to
some other cause. feat. That this was
ovens, and into thy kneading-troughs :3 It is not absolutely the real state of the
certain whether the case '6 rendered still
19 Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh,
4 And the frogs shall come up both on bthee, frogof worship or of ab- their continued at• This is the finger of God.
wer~ an object moro probable from 0
And Pharaoh's heart
and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants.4 inhorrence in Egypt, tempt to • stand be·
possibly of both; as fore Moses,' record- was Phardened, and he hearkened not unto
other instances ed in ch.9.u.-C.
5 1 And the LoRD spake unto Moses, Say ation where religious ador-
was offered n Lu. ro. :r8. Ac.16.
them; as the LoRD had said.
unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy from sentiments of 18,19.:.i Ti.3.8,9. De.32.
terror; and if so, they 31.
were punished as See ver.10. 20 1 And the LoRD said unto Moses, Rise
rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over venerated
well by what they
as by what up early in the morning, and stand before Pha-
the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon theyPs.abominated. 78, 45; 105. 30,
C
raoh, (lo, he cometh forth to the water,) and
the land of Egypt. Re.16.13,4 p See ch.4-:n;7.:r3,
14,22;ver.r5.Ro.2.5. say unto him, Thus saith the LoRD, qLet my
6 And Aaron stretched out his hand over dch.7.u,22.2Ti.3.8. ch.5.r-3;7.16; ver. people go, that they may serve me:
(J
e c:h.9.28;10.17. 1 Ki.
the waters of Egypt; and the •frogs came up, 13.6.Ac.8.24- Nu.21.7.
L
,.. Or, a mixture of
Pr. :r-4- 19. ls.49. 23; 6o. noisome beasts, &c.
21 Else, if thou wilt not let my people go,
and covered the land of Egypt. 1 4- Ps.78.45;105.31, behold, I will send '"swarms ef flies upon thee,
7 Anda the magicians did so with their en- which in all thmgs and upon thy servants, and upon thy people,
The Septuagint,
I
referring to Egypt
chantments, and brought up frogs upon the 50r, havethish,m- must be considered and into thy houses; and the houses of the
our over me. Pre- high authority, trans-
scribe yo1:1 the time lates the word dog-- Egyptians shall be full of swarms ef flies, and
1
land of Egypt. when this p!ag-ue fly-a most torment-
8 1 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Seever. shall be removed
10.
ing insect ; others
think it a species of also the ground whereon they are.
butle of most de-
Aaron, and said, •Entreat the LoRD, that he I willGlorytn1M"me, 6 i".e.
s~ructive propensi - 22 And I will •sever in that day the land of
in this point whilst and
ties powers ;
may take away the frogs from me, and from my follow and
thy command to
acknowledge of mean • a mixture Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no
some believe it
venomous and
people; and I fwill let the people go, that they thee as my master, so ravenous
that thou maye;;t -C. creatures.' swarms ef flies shall be there; to the end thou
have the appearance
may do sacrifice unto the LoRD. as if thy will had re- s Ps.ur.9.ch.9.4,26; mayest know that I am the LoRD in the midst
moved the plague. 10.23;12.13-
9 And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory5 over senseThis seems to be the
of these much- of the earth.
disputed words.- 28./ 9; ver. ro. Eze.25.17;
me:6 when shall I entreat for thee, and for thy (KaHsch).-P. 16;58.u.
39.19. Ps.83.18;9.
23 And I will put a division 2 between my
servants, and for thy people, to destroy 7 the 7 Heb. to cut off. Heb. a redemp-
2
tt011. people and thy people: to-morrow3 shall this
frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may GodHecould either thought
8
not re-
Or, 6y to-morrcrzq.
8
u Ps.78.45;105.31,
sign be.
move it immediately,
remain in the river only? or that it might soon
remove of its own
• Or, dutroyed. 24 And the Lo RD did so: and "there came
10 And he said, To-morrow.8 And he said, accord.
g-Ps.9. 16;83.i:8;58.
x ch.3-r8.2Co.6.14-
a grievous swarm efflies into the house of Pha-
Be it according to thy word; that thou umayest 7-17. n. De.32.31, See ch. A~i~!is43~fulh4~·ht: raoh, and into his servants' houses, and into all
worship, and will not
know that there is none like unto the LoRD our J6,37.Ja.5.16-r8.
h ch. 32.10,u. Eze. allow us to kill or eat the land of Egypt; the land was corrupted4 by
in their sight.
God. iver.9:-u. Is.45.r:r. That is, not what reason of the swarm efflies.
5
11 And the frogs shall depart from thee, and Mat.7.7.Mar,:rr.24-

k Joeh.
~!a~iptl~i:s . ; ~
Eze.~ Moses, as a worship-
20.
25 ~r And Pharaoh called for Moses and for
from thy houses, and from thy servants, and u.l~.34.3- called an abomina- Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God
per of the true God,
/ver.µ.ls.26.ro.Ec. t,o,z, because idola-
from thy people; they shall remain in the river 8.rr.Zec. 7.u,12. See
ch.7.14;4-:u. ~;us~he wE~1;:ftf::f.
in the land.
only. m Ps.105.31.
But why does Moses
employ such an otfen• 26 And Moses said, "'It is not meet so to do;
sivetermto PharaohP 5
12 And Moses and Aaron went out from Because if Pharaoh for we shall sacrifice the 11abomination of the
Pharaoh: and Moses hcried unto the LORD be-
o:iie~~
translate
:nedtJ!~:~ was an idolater, it
the word was the duty ~f Egyptians to the LoRD our God: lo, shall we
Moses to bear test1·
it~
habits is known to ~;~y Tf~n:~ll~~ad sacrifice the
cause of the frogs which he had brought against :::rt"::hiclinf~~m abomination of the Egyptians
be insufferably gaa- the cow are the ani-
Pharaoh. mals chiefly meant, before their eyes, and will they not stone us ?
to~eJ~;;fh~uj~!~fh both of which a He·
renders the brew would have sac-
13 An:l the LoRD did •according to the rabbis, 27 We will go three days' journey into the
vermin, of which the ~!!~edm~~t a~b}!ftf;
word lice, a species of
word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the singular attention
Egyptians, from their worshipped. That wilderness, and sacrifice to the LoRD our God,
to the Egyptians would
houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields. culiarly abhorrent. brews, as Moses as •he shall command us.
cleanliness, were pe- have stoned the He•
Others think it was affirms, had they sac-
14 And they gathered them together upon sug-us, the Avarus sang--,ez- rificed a cow, is well .
or greedy illustrated by the
28 And Pharaoh said, aJ will let you go, that
heaps: and the land ks tank. tick which buried it- years, they_ put a ye may sacrifice to the LoRD your God in the
bloodsucker, a small fact, that, in after
selfin the flesh of both Roman citizen of
15 But when Pharaoh saw that there was this man and beast, and rank to death for wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away:
is countenanced killing a cat-another
respite, he 1hardened his heart, and hearkened by the phraseology of they exceedin~ly bentreat for me.
of their gods-though
i~~~;t~~ec~~dt~~~ dreaded the power
not unto them; as the Lo RD had said. imitate this miracle, of Rome, and anxi-
because the plague ously courted her fa.
29 And Moses said, Behold, I go out from
16 1 And the LoRD said unto Moses, Sav wasonthemselves
ready, and therefore
a]. vour.-C. thee, and I will entreat the LoRD that the
unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite th~ they acknowledged it w:xf:·1"~~;5.r,3;ro.9,
to have been caused swarms efflies may depart from Pharaoh, from
9 ~fo~~~ !~~eph:r~o h~
0 0
dust of the land, that it may become m lice aware of their former 3'·a Ho. ro. Eze. 33. his servants, and from his people, to-morrow:
2.
chicanery in so often
throughout all the land of Egypt. attempting-to deceive 10.17. 1 Ki.t,.6. Ezr.6. but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more,
b ver. 8,29;ch. 9. 28; 0
him, refuses to be- 10.Ac.8.:24.Ro.15.30.

17 And they did so: for Aaron stretched out upon the miracle as a c Seever.8. 1 Ki.r8. in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the
lieve them. looking
his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of mere temporary tri-
umph of Jehovah. lt 36,57.Ga.6.7.
Job
2I, Ps.78.34,
13. 9.
LORD.
I l
human opposers;-can force them to their prayers, and ~is ag7nts;_ and marvellous his_ kindness _to his people, the shadow of his wings. But, alas! how quickly_un-
to feigned compliances with his will ! Great indeed is m d1stmgmshmg them from theu fellow-smners of man- renewed hearts return to their wickedness; and reign-
bis power who can, at his pleasure, restrain Satan and , kind, and hiding them from common calamities under ing lusts break through every bond, and render men
309
L
c1t1es on which the !:,rd.elites worked, as -we- a1e taught in Exodus
R
AMESES II., OR RAMESES THE GREAT-THE KING WHO
OPPRESSED THE CHILDREN OF ISRA!sL. [ExonL's, ix: 1. l - i:2, and wa~ ··anew kiug, who knew no~ Joseph.'' He built telllple~,
11 Then the Lord said unto l\1oses, Go in unto Pharaoh, aud lell obelisks and cities. }lis bo<h· now hes en1bahnea as \\'e see 1t
hin1, Thus sayeth the Lord God of the 1--Iehrews, Let 1ny people go, along v,·1th the kings of Egypt, in the Gizeh l\.Iuseu111. How
that they n1ay sen.,.e me." \Ve give a photograph of this Pharaoh, who wouderful that to-dav we can behold the features of a
oppressed the Children of Israel. He was the king of Egvpt who le,l to Yer'\"" king- whose nan1e carriec1 such terror to the people 3500
the exodus underthe leadership of 1\Ioses. }Iis n1nmmY "\vas discovered yer;rs ago I Besides this 111nn1my of Ran1eses II., there are many
i1-, The be~ in 188r. Raroeses II. \YflS a g-reat warrior, htiilder of treasure st.c1t.ues of him still in Egypt..
M urruin of beasts. EXODUS IX. The plague of hail.
A.M. 25t3. B.C. 1491. 11 A. M. 2511- H.C. 149r.
12 And the LoRD 1hardened 2
the heart of
30 And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and
d Ja. 5. 16. Mat.7.7. I 19;/7.Ps.81.12.ch.4.21;3.
entreated the LORD. Mar.11.24-
e Zec.7.:n, Ec.8.
3, 13, 14; 8.19, 32;
10.1,20,27; 10; 14. 8;
Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as
!~:r!.~;~~~~l~~¥.ifi: :~:~;~~5• Ro.2.5. Th. the LORD had spoken unto Moses.
12. II.
31 Andd the LORD did according to the word 2
of Moses; and he removed the swarms ef flies 2.,5.Job9.4.

4The only request 21.-C.
2 See note on ch. 4.
13 ~r And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise
before Pharaoh now ch. 7. 15. De. 32.
was permission to go 35. Is.30. 13,14.::: Cl1.36. up mearly in the morning, and stand before
m
from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his three days' journey 15.Je.44.4.ver.1.
people: there remained not one. to sacrifice. Mose,; n Wounding thee Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the
?~!~roh{ieldi~jun~~ ~~1~~i:~1.;:;;~!;.M1.
32 And Pharaoh •hardened his heart at this }~~na;~. toAft~/;/J o See ch.7.5;8.10,22.
LoRD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go,
time also, neither would he let the people go. 4 ing a_solemn promise Ps.9.10;83.18;5,:;.11.
thekmgdelibemte1y, ch.12.29;14.27,28.
jJ
that they may serve me.
CHAPTER IX. and without excuse. q Ro. 9. 17. Pr. 16.4.
i}~~~~~tt~:s~boun:~;: Ps.83.18.1 Pe.2.8.
14 For I will at this time send all my plagues
1 The murrain of bea..ts. 8 The plaµue of boils and blains. 13 His gravated.-P. st!n~~b~-.:na:~art:~ upon· "thine heart, and upon thy servants, and
messaoe about the hail. '.!2 The plague of hail. 27 Pharaoh sueth thee to the throne,
to Moses, :l5 but is still hardened. ~::~ht fo~a~~lestsinm 1 upon thy people; that thou mayest know that
0
HEN the LoRD said unto aMoses, Go in a ch. 8. r,20; 5.1,3;7. rd~? ~~s~~ic::1o~vi there is none like me in all the earth.
CHAP. IX.
T unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the r, 15. Je.6.8-10,17,18.9
~~~c~~:J;.?c~~/;_
thy kingdom.
2t/Jtt:~~tt4. :;2i:
1
LoRD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, ~ :~3~;t8•9· Le. 26 · 10/~~in is extremely I may smite thee and thy people with pesti-
15 For now I will stretc1\ out my hand, that
14 1
that they may serrn me. c ch.8.19,24.1 Sa.5.t,, i: :e!do!git•n:vne~ lence; and thou shalt he Pcut off from the earth.
1
-u. Ps.78. 50. The;,e seen in Delta, or

16 And in very deed for qthis cause lrnve I
!
2 For if bthou refuse to let them go, and wilt cattle they kept for
labour, milk,or wool,
Egypt propt:;r, and
hence Claudian de-
hold them still, for the Egyptians ! ,..:-nates the countr),
c, 1
raised thee up, 3 for to show in thee my power;
:1~~~hte:~one for i t/!~~~~y~~e /~~~/~
3 Behold, the chand of the LORD is upon thy 5 Camds were in ! Jul w1tlwut a cloud. and that my name may be declared throughout
ancient times very I In addition to thi,o,
cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, and munerou,o in Juc1e.1. h,1il an<l fire mingled all the earth.
over all the Ea.,t with it, as it ran
upon the asses, upon the camels,5 upon the after Job had at first three along
thousand camels. and ground, to the 2"reat
the day!> of lw, annovance of their
upon the
17 As yet Texaltest thou thyself against my
ox~n; and upon_ the sheep: there shall be a very adver;,1ty had µassc(t
away. six thousand sntion
diar.icteri;,tic super- people, that thou wilt not let them go?
respecting-
camels; ant! it a1,- portents and prod1-
grievous murram. pears from Ge. 12. IJ gies; sti:angely ad-
that camels were dieted to the worship
18 Behold, to-morrow about this time, I will
4 And the LORD shall dsever between the among the presentc, of fire and water as cause it to rain a very grievous hail, 4 such as
of Pharaoh to Abra- deines, and the for.
I
cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and hall'. mtr they even believ-
12~~;~·!;})~~:; · ; ;~~~~ be~d~i;~~f c!,itl:
10 23 hath not been in Egypt since the foundation
there shall nothing die of all that is the chil- Ec.3. ir; 9· rn;8. ~ni~ou~heH~r~~id?no; thereof even until now.
e I
11 Job 24.i.Pr.:27.t. deity, but the ek-
dren's of Israel. /Ps.78.50.ver.19,25. ments themselves, 19 Send• therefore now, and gather thy cattle,
6 If all the cattle were adored; conse-
5 And the LomJ appointed a set "time, say- died, how are the quently the present and all that thou hast in the field : for u_pon
~9~'Yse~1;r;1~0~~ ~l~~t1~n:t;-a~i au~~~
1
ing, To-morrow the LORD shall do this thing in ~;~ tradiction ~ ~ 0 . The their vain and idol-
every man and beast which shall he found in
answer is µlain. The dtrous confidence.
the land. interval between the Some cattle were the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail
s
two miracles is not to be Jilreserved for
6 And the LORD did that thing on the the mentioned; and as helping- them to pur- shall come down upon them, and they shall die.
cattle of the He- sue the Hebrew<; in.
6
morrow, and fall the cattle of Egypt died; but edbrew~m were the
µreserv-
nrmer xiv.
to the Red Sea, ch.
20 He that tfeared the word of the LORD
plag-ue. the Egy1,- t Jonah 1. 16; 3. 5, 6.
of the cattle of the children of Israel died not tune, had, by pur- Ac-.10."C\:,.
tians, in the mean-
u Heb. set not his
among the servants of Pharaoh made his ser-
one. chase,
themselves of a new b . .5.12. ch.5.2. Ho.4. vants and his cattle flee into the houses:
poc;scssed heart unto, P!>. 28. 5.
7 And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was stock.-C. g ch.1.19; 4.21; 7.14;
u.Jc.5.2_,,
5 To mark that God 21 And he that "regarded not the word of the
'1 :J~:i.~}~}·
not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And 7 By looking on the , . 2 Ec.8. 11. in!i~:~ ~~i:/~:~::r.
LoRD left his servants and his cattle in the field.
theg heart of Pharaoh was hardened, 7 and he disease as a mere 3y Re. 16. 17. 18, 21.
22 "If And the LoRD said unto Moses, Stretch
did not let the people go. na;u;;~s~::.~;i~. t~~7~~4~~J~,~~~3~3;:· forth thine hand toward heaven,5 that there may
8 To mark that z ch.10.6. Re. 16.18,
God himself mllicted 21.Da.12.1.
8 "If And the LoRD said unto Moses and the plague. 6 Here we have a be hail in all the land of Egypt, "'upon man,
i Le. 13. 18--20. De. picture of the awful
unto Aaron, wrake to vou handfuls of ashes of 28.27.Re.16.2. devastation and ruin and upon beast, and upon every herb of the
The Hebrew word this storm of hail pro
!.I
the furnace, and let ~loses sprinkle it toward transl.1ted 'boil· sig• duced; notice is how- field, throughout the land of Egypt.
nifi~5 • heat,' as the ever taken of the land
the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh;
8 hurnmg he,tt of fever of Goshen being pre-
or of acute 1uflamma• served from receiv• 23 And Moses stretched forth his rod toward
tion of the skin. The mg- any damage by
9 And it shall become small dnst in all the ~\:~~~f~re c~i:hi~nc~~~; ~/i;ecttalfi~e. clo~J:: heaven: and the Lo RD sent Ythunder and hail,
land of Egypt, and shall be a iboil breaking !ucal infl ..unmation, ,u1d causes rain or
tnd then the inllam• hail on one city and and the fire ran along upon the ground; and
2d ~,art broke out not on another. either
forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, into pu:-.tules.-P. :~en~~er~\ie ~1Ti~~llf~ the LoRD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.
0
k ch.8.18,19. 2 Ti. 3· h<td on Pharaoh is

throughout all the land of Egypt. 89.Re.6.16,1;. 1narked and striking
I It is particularly The haughty mon•
24 So there was hail, and fire mingled with
10 And thev took ashes of the furnace, and stated that the bod arch humbled him
w.1.s upon the magi- self to Moses in tho.:
the hail, very grievous, such as there was none
~~~ ;ne~:i:~t~~eif:~ t~~fua[~ ~a~ foe~::1 li.ke it in all the land of Egypt •since it became
5
stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it on the Egypti,in:, in have indee<l s,/>oken
up toward heaven; and it became a boil break- ofgeneral; 9 an<l as many
them were suppo.<,-
I etter. He owns hi., a nation.
wrongs. and the
ing forth with blains upon man and upon beast. ordmary skill m me• equity
ed to possess extra of God',o pro-
ceeding!>agamsthim, 25 And the hail smote throughout all the
~!~~~~~~!,5P~t~lly :;~ ;~Ill\ th:t, ::g:~( sehi~
11 And the magicians kconlcl not stand before another evidence of I heart remamed har-
land of Egypt all that wa8 in the field, both
Moses because of the boil: for the boil was npon the impotency of rlened
neither prevent nor 110
th-:: while;
tll'..'.irgods, who could for thm,e who g-row man and beast; and the hail smote everv herb
a')
better under mcr-

1
the magicians, and npon all tl1c EgYptian~. :,l!eviate the calam- c1es and j11di,:-ment~ of the field, and brake every tree of the field. 6
ity. , fre<juently g-et worse.
impudently presumptuous c:nd scandalously perfidious! signify all absolutely. It is frequently used just as the REFLECTIO!\'S. - God can execute the most
Let me, with ;'\loses and Aaron, be bold and faithful \Yord all is now used in common conversation-to ex- numerou~, diversified, and extem,ive judgments upon
in ·every point in the :-.ervice of l;od ! neither fearing press the idea of a Yery great number, or a very large such as hate him. He can easily make what ,ve have
the wrath of kings nor the opposition of devils: an<l proportion. In interpreting both written and spoken idolized, whether our cattle, our bodies, or our fields,
let me always be ready to pray for mine enemies when lan~uaq-e regard must be had to the usus !01;uendi. I~] the immediate objects of our punishment ; and how
I have any encouragement to it, any hopes of their Ver. 24. [The description shows that it was a terrific severe is the punishment which he hath laid up in store
change of heart, or of a blessing trorn the Lon..l upvn thunclerstom1. accompanied by a heavy fall of hail. In for ~uch as have been mo~t instrumental in deceiving
~hem. other countries such a. storm might have been natural; and hardening others l Satan can delude men into sin,
in Egypt ~t w8.s miraculous. Besides, it was pr-edicttd~· but he cannot preserve them from suffering. And in
CHAPTER IX. [Ver. 6. The Hebrew word ren- and ~his ot !tseii \YOuld show it to have been a miracle. 1bsolute w1sc10m,\jod overrules the devices of wicked
:lered 'all' does not in ev~ry case and necessarily .P.j men, and often their works are made to redound
311
The plague of hail. EXODUS X. Locusts cover the whole land.
26 Only> in the land of Goshen, where the 5 And they shall cover the face 1 of th.,
children of Israel were, was there no hail. 1. t~;/~s~2~:.~6~:; ~~: 1Heb. ,:yt. earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth:
27 1 And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses 1-10.
and they shall eat the gresidue of that which
and Aaron, and said unto them, bI have sinned h ver.14,15;ch,9.24;
n,6.Joel2.2, Da.12.
is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the
thiii1 time: the Lo RD i8 righteous, and I and my 1. No locusts were
like them m number, hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for
c See ch. 8.8,28. Job shape, or destrucfr.-e
people are wicked. 34.3 1 ,32. influence. yon out of the field.
28 Entreatc the LORD, (for it i8 enough,) d Heb. voices
God, Ps.:29.3,4.
of
i Means of destruc- 6 And they shall fill thy houses, and the
tion, ch. :;i3. 33. Jos.:;i3.
that there be no more <!mighty thunderings and ,: 2 Ch 6.13. Ezr.9-5-
13.1 Sa.18.21.Pr.29.6. houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all
Job n.13.Ps.143.6.
hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay k Ps. 107. 34; 8g. 10; the Egyptians; hw hich neither thy fathers nor
/See ch.7.5;8.10,22; 135.9;105.27-J6.
no longer. ver.14,. thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that
29 And Moses said unto him, As soon as I g- De.10.14,15. Ps.24.
1;50.12.1 Co.10.26.
/Ec.12.1. Jos.24-15,
~_<\J~ ~~li11b::j·~~;
they were upon the earth unto this day. And
am gone out of the city, I •will spread abroad cattle for sacrifices to
our God,and for food
he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.
my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder to ourselves.
7 1 And Pharaoh's servants said unto him,
shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; 6 Egypt being an-
nually overrlowed by
2 Let your God you
so much boastoftake
How long shall this man be a isnare unto us?
that 1thou mayest know how that the gearth i8 the .'.'iile, the people
sow various kinds of b!~~ w~~ h~uc:~. t~i Let the men go, that they may serve the LoRD
grain as the waters is plain you arc has-
the LoRD's. slowly recede; so that
an external belt, as ~~jjf y~u l~ou:br~~i their God. Knowest thou not yet that Egypt
30 But as for thee and thy servants, I know it were, of one kind
of grain is growing,
farther, you
smart for it,
shall
is kdestroyed ?
while another, nearer
that ye will "not yet fear the LoRD God. the river, is still un-
der the earth.-C. m Ps. 52.3. 2Ch.32.
8 And Moses and Aaron were brought again
31 And the flax and the barley was smitten: 7 Heb. hiddLn or
15.
unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go,
dark. n ch. 5- 4; ver. 28. 2
for the barley was in the ear, and the flax wa8 Ch. 16, 10;25. 16;36. 16. serve the LoRD your God; but who are they
Barl1::y and 8ax
8
bolled. begin to ripen in 3 He shook it to- that shall go?
32 But the wheat and the rye8 were not !f"J:itr~h: t~~e~t
0
.!1~~ wards the several
quarter~ of the land 9 And Moses said, 1We will go with our
spelt are a month of Egypt.
later. The former
smitten: for they were 7not grown up. 8 being in a forward
state were destroyed o ch. 14.21. Ge.41.6.
young and with our old, with our sons ~nd
33 And Moses went out of the city from by the hail; while the
latter, being yet
Ps.48.7.Je.18.17. with our daughters, with our flocks and with
young, were not seri-
Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the ous,y injured. About
one ha!f of the pro- o{. P:a. ~%".~·it::;~:
1
our herds will we go: for we must hold a feast
LoRD: and the thunders and hail iceased, and ~~~t~o~~dEgbr ;'hi~
Joel:.i.2-u.ver.6,
unto the LoRD.
plague.-P.
the rain was not -poured upon the earth. q Joel 2. 2-11, 20; 1.
10 And he said unto them, Let the LoRD
i ch.10. 18, 19. Ja. 5. i{li.1r~~-~t;S.{·lL3t
34 And •when Pharaoh saw that the rain, 16-18. 37.Re.9.2-10. be so with you, 2 as I will let yon go, and your
and the hail, and the thunders, were ceased, he k Ec.8.n. Ro.2.4,5.
2 Ch.28.~n; 36.13. ch.4. 4 Thi: locust is a
little ones: mlook to it; for evil i8 before you.
21;7.1-4,13,;,,,2,23; 8.15,
sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he 19, 32; 5.2, ver.7,12,:.a,
35.
creature akin to the
crfrket and pass- 11 Not so: go now ye that are men, and
and his servants. / Heb. /Jy tlu hand
e:t{~ioc~is
three inches in
!b~~! serve the Lo RD; for that ye did desire. n And
35 And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, of ,lfosu, ch. 3, 19; 4.
21;0.1;7.3,4-
length, has two a,i.
lenua: or feelers of they were driven out from Pharaoh's presence.
about an inch long,
neither would he let the children of Israel go; h~1J,c!~f t!g~ai~~f
12 ~f And the LoRD said unto Moses,
as the LORD had spoken 1by Moses. CHAP. X.
wm~s. \Vhen they
migrate from the Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt
place of their birth in
CHAPTER X. a ch. 4. 21; 7. 3-5,11,, the great African anc.l
Asiatic deserts, they
for the locusts, that they may come up upon
14, 22, 23; 8. 15,19,32;9.
1 God threaten-,th to send locusts. 7 Pharaoh, moved b11 his ser- 7,12,10,21,34,35. P!:>.81.
12.2Th.2.u,12.
always follow
leader, and appear
a
the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the
ronts, inclineth to let the Israelites .ao. 12 The plague of locusts.
16 Pharaoh sueth <rgain to Moses. 21 The plague of darkness. /J ch. 13. 8. De.6.20,
in such immense
flocks as to darken
the air. In whatever
land, even all that the hail hath left.
24 Pharaoh sueth unto Moses, 'N but is still hardened. 22.1-'s.Jxxviii.cv.; 44,1.
Joel 1.3.Ep.6.4. •
co•Jntry they settle,
they devour all the
13 And Moses stretched forth his rod3 over
AND the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto c Ps.9.16;58.n.Eze.
25. 17;28.22.ch.6.7; 16.
produce of the earth;
and though 'the land
be br.:fore them as the
the land of Egypt, and the LoRD brought an
11_ Pharaoh: afor I have hardened his heart, 1:J; :..'9.46. De.29.6. Je.
24.7;33.34- ~f;g~~e~~i~i!nde~~:
•east wind upon the land all that day, and all
and the heart of his servants, that I might show d Je.4-14;13.Z']. Js.z.
late wilderness.' Bo-

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COMMENTARIES, REFERENCES, HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS

ILLUSTRATED AND EXPLAINED

REFERENCES, EXPLANATORY NOTES, AND TABULATED STATISTICS EDITED AND REVISED BY

GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL AND EXPLANATORY COMMENTS BY

EXPOSITORY NOTES, DISSERTATIONS AND SIDE LIGHTS BY

A COPTIC CHURCH- ________ ---------------------------- __________________ -------------------------------------------------- 376

ON THE QUAY, SMYRNA ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- 629

MEMOIR OF REV. JOHN BROWN, D. D., LL. D.

ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE.

who sometime 1rere far off. '

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE HOLY BIBLE,

THE WHOLE EDITED BY

REV. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, D.D., LL.D.

GENUINENESS, AUTHENTICITY, INSPIRATION, PRESERVATION AND VALUE

I. THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD: FROl\I THE CREATION TO THE FLOOD...................................................... 1657

THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD,

THE ORIGIN. OF NATIONS,

Assyria. Syria. Persia. Asia Minor. Armenia.

HIZRAIH ... .. .... .. ...... .... .. ... . .• .... ..... Egyptians.

PliJRIOD OF THE P ATRIAROHS,

GENEALOGY. OF THE PATRIARCHS,

1~0 i i i i i i Ii _i i =i -: _; _i -~=t r-h~- ii j :_,; 1

r:;;.ca.:..:c::..._..._·.:.:= Born .... ~

SELAH .................. D'.ed .... · 2126 ~ _,_._,_ ... I

ABRAHAM .. y .......... Died....

FEASTS AND FESTIVALS OF THE JEWS;

~ v·•~:'.::R:..· I-A-b_i_b_o_r_N_i_s-an--(3_0_ 1._P_a_r_ts--o-f•_M_a_r. _3___L_e_v___v_i___;_J_e_r___v_i_i._2_1-.-l·----,--T-h_e_l_al-te_r_r_a_i_n_b_e_g-in-s-to_f:_a_l_l,-D-e_u_t_. - - - - - - - - -

721 The Kingdom of Israel overthrown by the Assyrians. Sha!,

Pr;J:ITyi; ;f~;; otf :~!1/:i:ti

THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

Jou ..................... Jon ..................•....•• Unknown. { At various times. -Those by

THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS

A.Hos. Between 810 Between 612

Between 810 ZECHARIAH, SHALLUM, Soon after the eiege of

NABUII. Between 720 A bout the close of

PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY

DEFORE BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN HEA.TIIB?I'

606 Prophet Habakkuk. 606 NEBUCHADNEZZAR, king of Babylon.

536 Return of exiles to Jerusalem under Zerub-

TEXT. THE PROPHECY. FULFILHENT.

THE PROPHETS, AND THEIR PROPHECIES,

i.-v; to and · xxxiv.20,21; 6, viii.-

E~ypt converted ...... . ,;:-~i_: . .... ...... ..... ....

PROPHECIES LITERALLY FULFILLED. '

PROPHECY COMPARED WITH HISTORY.

NO, THE FIRST BEAST.-DAN. vii. 4. NO. ASSYRIAN EM PIRI:.

THE BOOKS OF THE PROPHETS:

Dan. i. 20 ...•..•...•....•.•........ Commission of Ezekiel. ........................................................................ .. 595

THE JEWS AND THE LAND OF JUDEA.

PARABLES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.

THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT,

of the p.rincipal Jaws and some additional precepts; directions for

THE HISTORICAL BOOKS, FROM JOSHUA TO ESTHER.

THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS, IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

THE APOCRYPHAL PERIOD:

BEFORE BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS .EVENTS IN PERSIA, SYRIA BEFORE CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN

THE WORD. DEFINITION. TEXT. THE WORD. DEFINITION, TEXT,

Ef.}:~::::::::::::::::::: A ~on and heir .................... .

THB WORD. 1'Xl'LA.NATION. TEXT. THE WORD. EXPLANATION. TEXT•

~:r·::::::::::: A ilecure refuge ............................... .

TREES AND PLANTS, FRUIT AND FLOWERS,

TREES, ETC. ) DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERAL REMARKS.

TREES AND PLANTS, FRUITS AND FLOWERS,

A COPTIC CHURCH- ---------------------------- __________ -------------------------------------------------- 376