Temperature Crack index

[°C] [-]
40 1.5
38 1.3
1.2
35
1.0
33 0.8
30 0.7
28 0.5
25 0.3
23 0.2
20 0.0

Staggered Structural-Heat Flow Analysis of Young Hardening Concrete

Outline

1 Description 3
1.1 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Modeling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Finite Element Model 6
2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Convection in the Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4 Convection in the Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 Thermal Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 Static Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Phased Transient Analysis 29
3.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Phase 1 - Base Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.2 Phase 2 - Wall Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 Degrees of Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 Crack Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.4 Young’s Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.5 Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Appendix A Additional Information 58

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1 Description
1.1 Problem Definition
In this tutorial we show a thermal and structural analysis of the early-age concrete in a purification wall1 by means of a staggered flow-stress phased analysis. The structure, shown in Figure
1, is 28.5 m long and consists of a base slab (0.8 m thick and 5.3 m wide), on which a water purification wall (0.7 m thick and 2.3 m high) is casted 36 days later. The structure is directly
founded on the underlaying soil. The formwork of the base slab and the wall are removed when the concrete is 7 days old (the detailed timeline of the construction phases is shown in Figure
2).
day 1 Base casting
base
purification wall
day 7 base formwork removed
mid section

PHASE 1
soil

day 36 Wall casting

3.0 0.8 2.3

day 43 wall formwork removed

.5
28

PHASE 2
2.35
2.25
0.7 2
.25 2.35 day 72
Figure 1: Purification wall (dimensions are in meters) Figure 2: Timeline of the construction phases
Since in this example we neglect the effects at the boundary, we model only the mid section of the problem (represented in dashed line in Figure 1). To analyze the structure we perform a
staggered analysis for each of the two construction phases: i) the casting of the slab and ii) the casting of the wall.

1
Hendriks and Rots, Finite elements in civil engineering applications – Proceedings of the Third DIANA World Conference, 2002

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1.2 Material Properties

The base slab and the purification wall, made of concrete, are modeled according to the specification in the Japanese Standards for Civil Engineering (JSCE). The soil is considered elastic
and isotropic. The corresponding material properties of the concrete and the soil are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Material properties

Concrete
Characteristic strength at 91 days 2.9e+07 N/m2
Modulus of elasticity at 91 days 2.7e+10 N/m2
Young’s modulus 2.7e+10 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.2
Thermal expansion coefficient 1e-05 1/°C
Mass density 2300 kg/m3
Conductivity 3.11e+05 N/day °C
Capacity 2.657e+06 J/m3 °C
Convection coefficient (with formwork) 7.0+e05 N/m day °C
Convection coefficient (without formwork) 1.5e+06 N/m day °C
Soil
Young’s modulus 6.3e+08 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.3
Mass density 1720 kg/m3
Thermal expansion coefficient 7e-06 1/°C
Conductivity 1.91e+05 N/day °C
Capacity 3.20e+06 J/m3 °C

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1.3 Modeling Approach

= convection
The following aspects were considered:
wall boundary = fixed temperature
• 2D plane strain is used for the modeling of this problem
• only half of the model is considered due to symmetry
20 °C
• a phased analysis is performed to take into to account the construction steps required for this structure: i)
casting of the base slab and ii) casting of the wall Text = 20 °C

• the lateral and bottom boundaries of the model are constrained in the normal direction [Fig. 3] base boundary (temporary)
base boundary (permanent)
• interface boundary elements (denoted by the colored lines in Figure 3) are used to model convection. Due to
the different construction phases (i.e., different puring and casting of the concrete during time) two interfaces
are considered: i) a boundary interface around the base slab (blue) and ii) a boundary interface around the 20 °C
wall (green). DianaIE automatically deactivates the temporary boundary around the slab during the second Tinit = 20 °C
analysis phase since it is covered by the wall 15 °C

• the external temperature (Text ) is assumed equal to 20 °C around the concrete wall and 15 °C around the
soil; both temperatures are assumed constant through the analysis
• the temperature around the right and bottom edges of the soil is set to 15 °C
• the initial temperature (Tinit ) of the concrete is set equal to 20 °C while that of the soil to 15 °C Tinit = 15 °C 15 °C
• a transient staggered thermo-structural analysis is performed in order to investigate the hydration (i.e., the
degree of reaction) and temperature variation in time and the formation of cracks in the concrete
• the model is discretized using quadratic elements. To ensure strain compatibilitya , DianaIE automatically Y
solves the heat flow problem using linear elements and the structural one with quadratic elements. Conse- Z
quently, the thermal strain and total strain fields are linearly interpolated across the elements X
a
The differential equations governing the heat flow problem are one order lower than those defining the structural problem. Thus,
15 °C
if the same approximation was employed in the staggered analysis, the strain field from the heat flow problem would be one order
higher than that from the structural one. Figure 3: Model of the purification wall in DianaIE (the details
of the geometry are shown in Figure 1)

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2 Finite Element Model
For the modeling session we start a new project in which structural and heat flow analyses can be performed [Fig. 4] and plane strain conditions are imposed. The dimensions of the domain
are set equal to 100 m. Quadratic finite elements are used in the analysis. We dominantly use quadrilateral elements in the mesh.
DianaIE

Main menu File New [Fig. 4]

Figure 4: New project dialog

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We choose meter for the length unit, day for time unit and Celsius for the temperature unit.
DianaIE

Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 5]

Property Panel [Fig. 6]

Figure 5: Geometry browser - reference system Figure 6: Property panel - units

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2.1 Geometry
To model the geometry of the problem we create three polygon sheets representing the Soil, the Base and the Wall [Fig. 3]. We model only half of the problem due to symmetry.
Although the sheets defining the geometry of the Soil and the Base are rectangular, their shapes are created using five nodes. These are needed to have extra edges to apply the thermal
boundary conditions.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 7] – [Fig. 9]

< Repeat 3 × >

Figure 7: Add polygon sheet Soil Figure 8: Add polygon sheet Base Figure 9: Add polygon sheet Wall

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 DianaIE

Main menu Viewer Viewpoints Top view

Main menu Viewer Fit all [Fig. 10]

Figure 10: Geometry - top view

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2.2 Properties
2.2.1 Soil
We assign the material properties to the Soil. The soil is modeled as linear elastic isotropic (see the properties in Table 1).
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 11]

Shape Properties Material Add material [Fig. 12] Edit material [Fig. 13]

Figure 11: Property assignments to the Soil Figure 12: Add new material - Soil Figure 13: Material properties - Soil

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2.2.2 Concrete
We assign the material properties to the Base and the Wall. The mechanical properties of the concrete are defined according to the JSCE standards (see Table 1).
Once the cement type is specified, the Young’s modulus, compressive strength, tensile strength and adiabatic temperature rise during hardening are automatically computed based on JSCE
specifications.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 14]

Shape Properties Material Add material [Fig. 15] Edit material [Fig. 16 to 18]

Figure 14: Property assignments to the Base

and Wall Figure 15: Add new material - Concrete Figure 16: Material properties - Concrete

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As mentioned in the previous slide, the variation of the concrete Young’s modulus, compressive strength, tensile strength and adiabatic temperature rise are automatically computed based on
JSCE specifications. The variation of these material properties during time can be inspected through the Edit material dialog box in Figure 16 [Fig. 17 to 20].

Figure 17: Young’s modulus development during hardening Figure 18: Tensile strength development during hardening

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 Figure 19: Compressive strength development during hardening Figure 20: Adiabatic heat development during hardening

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2.2.3 Convection in the Base

We model the convection phenomena along the edges of the Base. Therefore, we assign the properties to edges of the slab that are exposed to the external environment. Convection is modeled
using boundary interface elements.

DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add connection [Fig. 21]

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 23] Edit material [Fig. 24] [Fig. 25]

Figure 21: Connection property assignment Figure 22: Top view - edge selection Figure 23: Add new material - Interface base Figure 24: Edit interface properties

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Since we perform a transient analysis we need to specify the variation of the concrete conduction coefficient in time [Fig. 25]. The sudden changes for the conduction coefficients correspond
to the removal of the concrete formwork occurring 7 days after the beginning of the casting.
DianaIE

Edit connections Time-heat transfer coefficient Edit table [Fig. 25]

Figure 25: Time vs. conduction coefficient curve for the Base concrete

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2.2.4 Convection in the Wall

We model the convection phenomena along the edges of the Wall exposed to air.

DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add connection [Fig. 26]

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 28] Edit material [Fig. 29] [Fig. 30]

Figure 26: Connection property assignment Figure 27: Top view - edge selection Figure 28: Add new material - Interface wall Figure 29: Edit interface properties

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We specify the variation of the concrete conduction coefficient in time also for the interface around the Wall [Fig. 30]. The sudden changes for the conduction coefficients correspond to the
removal of the concrete cast formwork that happens at day 43 (7 days after the beginning of its casting).
DianaIE

Edit connections Time-heat transfer coefficient Edit table [Fig. 30]

Figure 30: Time vs. conduction coefficient curve for the Wall concrete

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2.3 Boundary Conditions
2.3.1 Thermal Boundary Conditions
To set a constant temperature equal to 15 °C around the edges of the Soil, it is first required to attach a fixed temperature condition along these edges (this keeps the temperature constant
during the analysis).
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add fixed temperatures [Fig. 31] [Fig. 32]

Figure 31: Attach thermal boundary condition to the Soil Figure 32: Edge selection

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We can now impose to the Soil a temperature equal to 15 °C.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add thermal conditions [Fig. 33] [Fig. 34]

Figure 33: Attach thermal boundary condition to the

Soil Figure 34: Edge selection

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We assign the time curve to the fixed temperature around the Soil (in this example, the temperature is considered constant during the analysis).

DianaIE

Geometry browser Boundary conditions Prescribed soil boundaries temperature Edit time dependency [Fig. 35] – [Fig. 37]

Figure 35: Geometry browser - boundary conditions Figure 36: Edit time dependent factors Figure 37: Geometry browser - boundary conditions

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We set the external temperature equal to 20 °C along the edges of the Base and Wall shapes (i.e., along the Slab boundary and the Wall boundary).
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add thermal conditions [Fig. 38]

Figure 38: Attach thermal boundary condition

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We assign the time curve to the external temperature around the Base and Wall.

DianaIE

Geometry browser Boundary conditions External temperature Edit time dependency [Fig. 39] – [Fig. 41]

Figure 39: Geometry browser - boundary conditions Figure 40: Edit time dependent factors Figure 41: Geometry browser - boundary conditions

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By default DianaIE assumes a zero temperature field for the shapes of the model at the start of a transient heat flow analysis. However, in this example the environmental temperature is
20 ° C and around the soil 15 ° C. Therefore, we assume that these are also the initial temperatures of the concrete structure (Base and Wall) and the soil (Soil).
We assume that the initial temperature of the edge between the Base and the Wall is 20 ° C. To ensure this we need to assign an initial field also to the bottom edge of the Base (see Figure
44).

DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add initial fields [Fig. 42] – [Fig. 45]

Figure 42: Attach initial temperature to the Base Figure 44: Attach initial temperature to Base
and Wall Figure 43: Attach initial temperature to the Soil edge Figure 45: Geometry browser - initial fields

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2.3.2 Static Boundary Conditions
We constrain the horizontal displacement (X direction) of the left and right edges of the model [Fig. 47].
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add supports [Fig. 46] [Fig. 47]

Figure 46: Attach support - horizontal displacement Figure 47: Geometry view - supports

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We constrain the vertical displacement (Y direction) of the bottom edge of the Soil [Fig. 49].
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add supports [Fig. 48] [Fig. 49]

Figure 48: Attach support - vertical displacement Figure 49: Geometry view - supports

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2.4 Loads

We include the effect of the deadweight in the analysis.

DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Add global loads [Fig. 50]

Figure 50: Attach global load - Deadweight

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2.5 Mesh
We set the mesh properties such as the elements in the Soil, Base and Wall have a characteristic size of 0.4, 0.16 and 0.06 m, respectively.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Assign Mesh properties [Fig. 51] – [Fig. 53]
< Repeat 3× >

Figure 51: Mesh properties - Soil Figure 52: Mesh properties - Base Figure 53: Mesh properties - Wall

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Now, we generate the finite element mesh.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Generate mesh [Fig. 54]

Figure 54: Finite element mesh

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3 Phased Transient Analysis
3.1 Commands
The problem is investigated through a phased analysis. Since we first analyze the casting of the base and later that of wall, the phased analysis has the following two steps [Table 2]: 1) casting
of the base slab (Base casting) in which the Wall is not considered in the analysis and 2) casting of the wall (Wall casting).
In both phases we perform a staggered analysis to account for the thermal and mechanical response of the model.

Table 2: Phased analysis

Phase Name Active model parts Analysis type
Transient heat transfer
1 Base casting Soil + Slab and
Structural nonlinear
Transient heat transfer
2 Wall casting Soil + Slab + Wall and
Structural nonlinear

To set up a phase we follow these steps:

1. create a new Phase (rename accordingly)

2. open the Edit properties dialog box to:
• select the Element sets to be active during the phase
• select the element material properties (if required)
• select the Support sets and Tying sets to be active during the phase (if required)
3. add the required analysis commands - in this tutorial we perform Transient heat transfer and Structural nonlinear analyses);
for the Structural nonlinear analysis:
• add a Start steps block if new elements are included in the model
• add a Time steps block such that the Structural nonlinear analysis takes into account the material development in the Transient heat transfer analysis
• set up the details for the calculations (e.g., solver, convergence criteria, superposition, ...)

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3.1.1 Phase 1 - Base Casting
We start by creating the first phase to analyze the thermal and structural response of Base and Soil during the casting of the Base. This is performed by means of a staggered analysis coupling
Transient heat transfer and Structural nonlinear analyses. In this first phase, the Wall and the corresponding interfaces, used to model the convection transfer, are not considered.
In the phase analysis editor [Fig. 58], check in the “Covered and not connected boundaries”. This allows for the automatic deactivation of the portion of the boundary interface around the slab
that is covered by the Wall in the next phase (i.e., during Phase 2 the interface elements corresponding to this portion of boundary are not considered during the calculations).
DianaIE

Main menu Analysis Add analysis

Analysis browser Analysis1 Rename PhasedAnalysis [Fig. 55]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Add command Phased [Fig. 56]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Phased Rename Base casting [Fig. 57]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Base casting Edit phases

Figure 58: Edit properties

phase of Base
Figure 55: Analysis browser Figure 56: Command menu Figure 57: Analysis browser casting

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We add a Transient heat transfer analysis command to the Base casting phase. This is to analyze the hydration processes and heat transfer in the model.
We need to specify the initial conditions for the heat transfer analysis [Fig. 60]. We use the Initial temperature field previously defined. Furthermore, by performing a nonlinear analysis,
we can take into account the hydration process in the young concrete of the Base slab, setting the initial degree of reaction equal to 0.012 . To take into account of the maturity dependent
properties of the concrete during time, we need to calculate the concrete equivalent age during the analysis. For this we select the Calculate equivalent age option for the initial condition
properties as shown in Figure 60.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Add command Transient heat transfer [Fig. 59]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Transient heat transfer Initial conditions Edit properties [Fig. 60]

Figure 59: Analysis browser Figure 60: Initial conditions

2
This very small value is required to start the hydration.

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We define the time steps to perform the transient heat transfer analysis - 0.1(20) 0.5(10) 1(3) 5(4) 6 - in which the notation n (m) means that a time step equal to n days is repeated m times
consecutively.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Transient heat transfer Execute Analysis Edit properties [Fig. 61]

Figure 61: Properties execute analysis

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We now add a Structural nonlinear analysis command to compute the mechanical response.
We remove the existing new execute block command and add a Start steps block to account for the initialization of the stresses at the Base and Soil and the deadweight in the Soil.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Add command Structural nonlinear g[Fig. 62]

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear new execute block Remove
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Start steps [Fig. 63]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear new execute block 2 Rename Add Base [Fig. 64]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear Add Base Start steps Edit properties [Fig. 65]

Figure 62: Add Structural nonlinear Figure 63: Add Execute steps - Start step Figure 64: Rename new execute block 2 Figure 65: Start step properties

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We add a Time steps execute block to calculate the mechanical problem during the first 36 days after the casting of the base slab. More specifically, this is to monitor i) the stress interactions
between Base and Soil due to the deadweight and ii) the mechanical response of the Base induced by the thermal effects from the hydration process in the concrete.
The time steps used for this execution blocks are the same employed for the transient heat transfer analysis: 0.1(20) 0.5(10) 1(3) 5(4) 6).
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Time steps [Fig. 66]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename 1st 36 days [Fig. 67]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear 1st 36 days Time steps Edit properties [Fig. 68]

Figure 66: Add a new execute block Figure 67: Rename new execute block as
Execute steps - Time step 1st 36 days Figure 68: Time steps for the nonlinear structural analysis

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We select the desired output results: displacements, stresses and crack indexes.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 69]
Properties - OUTPUT Modify Results Selection [Fig. 70] [Table 3] [Fig. 71]

Figure 70: Results selection

Displacements DISPLA TOTAL TRANSL GLOBAL

Stresses STRESS TOTAL CAUCHY GLOBAL

Crack index STRESS TOTAL CAUCHY CRKIND

Figure 69: Output properties Table 3: Required output data Figure 71: Output properties

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3.1.2 Phase 2 - Wall Casting

We add a second phase to the analysis that accounts for the installation of the concrete wall. Compared to the previous phase, the model considers the element sets for the Wall and its
boundary interfaces (i.e., Wall boundary and Wall boundary). At the same time, the element set Temporary slab boundary, where the Wall and the Base are in contact, is not considered.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Add command Phased [Fig. 72] [Fig. 73]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Phased Rename Wall casting [Fig. 74]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Wall casting Edit phases [Fig. 75]

Figure 75: Edit properties phase of Wall

Figure 72: Analysis browser Figure 73: Command menu Figure 74: Analysis browser casting

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The commands for the Transient heat transfer and Structural nonlinear analyses for this second phase (Wall casting) are created by copying those from the previous phase (Base casting).
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Transient heat transfer Duplicate [Fig. 76]

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear Duplicate [Fig. 76]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Copy of Transient heat transfer Rename Transient heat transfer 1 [Fig. 77]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Copy of Structural nonlinear Rename Structural nonlinear 1 [Fig. 77]

Figure 76: Duplicate commands Figure 77: Rename commands

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We rename the Start step and Time steps execution blocks in analysis Structural nonlinear 1.
DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear 1 Add Base Rename Add Wall [Fig. 78] [Fig. 79]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear 1 Base casting Rename Wall casting [Fig. 78] [Fig. 79]

Figure 78: Duplicate execute blocks Figure 79: Rename execute blocks

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In this phase we use the same time steps as in the previous one. Nonetheless, some changes are required both in Transient heat transfer 1 and Structural nonlinear 1. Namely, we need to
change the start time of the Transient heat transfer 1 analysis and the Add Wall execution block in Structural nonlinear 1 to 36 days (see Figure 80 and Figure 81). Moreover, in Add Wall
execution block, we specify that we use the same load set from the previous phase [Fig. 82].

Then, we can run the analysis.

DianaIE

Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Transient heat transfer 1 Initial conditions Edit properties [Fig. 80]
Analysis browser PhasedAnalysis Structural nonlinear 1 Add Wall Start steps Edit properties [Fig. 82]
Main menu Analysis Run selected analysis

Figure 80: Initial condition

properties Figure 81: Start steps properties Figure 82: Start steps properties

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3.2 Results
We investigate the development of degree of reaction, temperature and crack width in the concrete base and wall during time. Since in this tutorial we are not interested in the thermal and
mechanical response of the soil, we display only the mesh of the Base and the Wall.
DianaIE

Mesh browser Mesh Shapes Base Show only [Fig. 83]

Mesh browser Mesh Shapes Wall Show [Fig. 84] [Fig. 85]

Figure 83: Mesh browser - show only Base Figure 84: Mesh browser - show Wall Figure 85: Base and Wall mesh

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3.2.1 Degrees of Reaction
We investigate the degree of reaction DGR in the concrete.
We specify the color scale limits based on the minimum and maximum value that DGR can take: 0 and 1 correspond to no reacted and fully reacted concrete, respectively.
DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Element results Degrees of Reaction DGR [Fig. 86]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values [Fig. 87]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 0 [Fig. 88]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 1 [Fig. 88]

Figure 86: Results browser Figure 87: Property panel - specified values for color scale limits Figure 88: Property panel - color scale limits

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We show the changes in DGR after 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 36 days from the beginning of the base slab casting.
After 2 days [Fig. 94] almost all the concrete in the Slab has reacted.
DianaIE

Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 1, Time 2 hour 24 min [Fig. 89]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 90 to 94] >

Figure 89: Degree of reaction (0.1 day) Figure 90: Degree of reaction (1 day) Figure 91: Degree of reaction (2 days)

Figure 92: Degree of reaction (4 days) Figure 93: Degree of reaction (6 days) Figure 94: Degree of reaction (36 days)

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Similarly, we display the degree of reaction in the Wall that is installed 36 days after the casting of the Base.
As for the Base, after 2 days of casting (i.e., at 42 days in the analysis [Fig. 99]) almost all the concrete in the Wall has reacted.
DianaIE

Results browser Case Wall casting, Time-step 1, Time 36 day 2 hour [Fig. 95]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 96 to 100] >

Figure 95: Degree of reaction (36.1 days) Figure 96: Degree of reaction (37 days) Figure 97: Degree of reaction (38 days)

Figure 98: Degree of reaction (40 days) Figure 99: Degree of reaction (42 days) Figure 100: Degree of reaction (72 days)

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3.2.2 Temperature
We investigate the temperature field PTE in the concrete.
We specify the color scale limits based on the minimum and maximum value that PTE takes during the simulation: 20 and 50 °C, respectively.
DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Nodal results Temperatures PTE [Fig. 101]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 20 [Fig. 102]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 50 [Fig. 102]

Figure 101: Results browser Figure 102: Property panel - color scale limits

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We show the changes in PTE after 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 36 days from the beginning of the base slab casting. The maximum temperature in the Base is reached after 1 day from the casting
[Fig. 105].
DianaIE

Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 1, Time 2 hour 24 min [Fig. 103]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 104 to 108] >

Figure 103: Temperature (0.1 day) Figure 104: Temperature (1 day) Figure 105: Temperature (2 days)

Figure 106: Temperature (4 days) Figure 107: Temperature (6 days) Figure 108: Temperature (36 days)

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Similarly, we display the temperature in the Wall. The maximum temperature in the Wall is reached after 1 day from the casting (i.e., 37 days in the analysis) [Fig. 110 to 111].
DianaIE

Results browser Case Wall casting, Time-step 1, Time 36 day 2 hour [Fig. 109]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 110 to 114] >

Figure 109: Temperature (36.1 days) Figure 110: Temperature (37 days) Figure 111: Temperature (38 days)

Figure 112: Temperature (40 days) Figure 113: Temperature (42 days) Figure 114: Temperature (72 days)

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For a better understanding of the temperature development, we make a graph of the temperature at some nodes along the symmetry axis with respect to time. We choose 3 nodes along the
symmetry axis of the Base (Y = 3.1 m, Y = 3.4 m and Y = 3.7 m) and 3 nodes along the symmetry axis of the Wall (Y = 3.83 m, Y = 4.98 m and Y = 6.07 m) shown in Figure 115.

DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Nodal results Temperatures PTE Show table [Fig. 116] [Fig. 117]

Y
6.7

4.98

3.83
3.7
3.4
3.1

Figure 115: Select nodes Figure 116: Show table for PTE Figure 117: Chart view

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The nodes can be selected either manually or through python command. In this tutorial, due to its simplicity, we use the second option.
Once we write the python command in the DianaIE command console, the nodes are selected.
DianaIE

Command console select( NODE, findNearestNodes( [ (0,3.1,0), (0,3.4,0), (0,3.7,0), (0,3.83,0), (0,4.98,0), (0,6.07,0) ] ) ) [Fig. 118] [Fig. 119]

Figure 118: Results table - all cases Figure 119: Results table - cases Wall casting ...
Due to the casting of the Wall, the temperature in the slab shows a second maximum at about 37 days.

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To investigate the variation of the temperature along an arbitrary line intersecting the model and at a specific time, in DianaIE it is possible to plot the corresponding graph along a probe
curve. We plot the temperature profile along the probe curve that starts at (0, 3.4, 0) m and ends at (2.65, 3.4, 0) m (see Figure 124).

DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Nodal results Temperatures PTE [Fig. 101]
Property Panel Result Probing curve setting Add... Curve [Fig. 120]
Property Panel Result Probing curve setting probe-curve Number of intervals between points 20 [Fig. 121]
Property Panel Result Probing curve setting probe-curve Add... Point coordinates [Fig. 122]
Property Panel Result Probing curve setting probe-curve Point coordinates [Fig. 123]

Figure 120: Add probe curve Figure 121: Rename curve and interval number Figure 122: Add coordinates for probe curve Figure 123: Probe curve point coordinates

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It is possible to visualize the diagram along the probe curve in Figure 125 on a Cartesian plane as shown at different time steps [Fig. 126 to 127].
DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Nodal results Temperatures PTE Show contour probe [Fig. 125]
Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 20, Time 2 day [Fig. 126]
Results browser Case Wall casting, Time-step 20, Time 38 day [Fig. 127]

Figure 126: Temperature along probe curve at 2 days

probe curve

Figure 124: Probe curve Figure 125: Show contour probe Figure 127: Temperature along probe curve at 38 days

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3.2.3 Crack Index

We investigate the formation of cracks in the concrete through the crack index ICR defined as
ft
ICR =
,
σI
where ft is the tensile strength of concrete and σI is the maximal principal stress, thus cracks occurs when ICR is lower than 1. As general guidelines:

• 0.7 ≤ ICR < 1.2 ⇒ high risk of harmful cracks in the concrete
• 1.2 ≤ ICR < 1.5 ⇒ few cracks might form
• ICR ≥ 1.5 ⇒ probability of crack formation is very low.

To better visualize if the concrete is cracked, we display the contour plot of ICR only if its value is smaller than 1.5. This is achieved by setting the color scale between 0 and 1.5 and hiding
data outside the color scale limits. Moreover, we set the lower bound color to red (high risk) and the upper bound color to blue ( small risk) [Fig. 129].

DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Element results Crack Indices ICR [Fig. 128]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values [Fig. 129]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 0 [Fig. 129]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 1.5 [Fig. 129]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Values outside specified bounds Hide data outside bounds [Fig. 129]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Bounding colors Upper bound color Blue [Fig. 129]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Bounding colors Lower bound color Red [Fig. 129]

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 Figure 128: Results browser Figure 129: Color scale limits

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Here, we show the results for some time steps. We do not consider the contour plot of ICR at the start steps: since the strength ft of the concrete is null at time 0, from Eq. (3.2.3) we obtain
ICR equal to 0 for any σI .
The results show that the value of ICR in the core of the base slab and the wall is about 0.7 to 0.2 between 36 and 72 days from casting [Fig. 131 to 133]. Therefore, there is a high risk of
harmful cracks in the concrete.

DianaIE

Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 20, Time 2 day, Deadweight [Fig. 130]
Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 38, Time 36 day, Deadweight [Fig. 131]
Results browser Case Wall casting - 2nd 36 days, Time-step 21, Time 38 day, Deadweight [Fig. 132]
Results browser Case Wall casting - 2nd 36 days, Time-step 39, Time 72 day, Deadweight [Fig. 133]

Figure 130: Crack index (2 days) Figure 131: Crack index (36 days) Figure 132: Crack index (38 days) Figure 133: Crack index (72 days)

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3.2.4 Young’s Modulus
We investigate the development of the Young’s modulus during time. We specify the color scale limits based on the minimum and maximum value that the Young’s modulus of the concrete
takes during the simulation: 1.5 and 27 GPa, respectively.
DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Element results Elastic Parameters YOUNG [Fig. 134]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values [Fig. 135]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 1.5e+09 [Fig. 135]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 2.7e+10 [Fig. 135]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Values outside specified bounds Color by minimum/maximum value colors [Fig. 135]

Figure 134: Results browser Figure 135: Color scale limits

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We display the variation of the Young’s modulus during time in the Base and in the Wall.
As shown in [Fig. 136 to 141] the Young’s modulus of the concrete increases during time reaching the maximum value of 33 GPa as in agreement with the JSCE code.
DianaIE

Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 2, Time 2 hour 24 min, Deadweight [Fig. 136]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 139 to 141]>

Figure 136: Young’s modulus (2.5 hours) Figure 137: Young’s modulus (4 days) Figure 138: Young’s modulus (36 days)

Figure 139: Young’s modulus (37 days) Figure 140: Young’s modulus (40 days) Figure 141: Young’s modulus (72 days)

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3.2.5 Tensile Strength
We investigate the development of the tensile strength during time. We specify the color scale limits based on the minimum and maximum value that the tensile strength of the concrete takes
during the simulation: 0.3 and 2.5 MPa, respectively.
DianaIE

Results browser PhasedAnalysis Analysis Output Element results Total strain parameters TENSTR [Fig. 142]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values [Fig. 143]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 3.0e+05 [Fig. 143]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 2.5e+06 [Fig. 143]

Figure 142: Results browser Figure 143: Color scale limits

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As in the previous section, we display the variation of the tensile strength during time in the Base and in the Wall.
As shown in [Fig. 144 to 149], the tensile strength of the concrete increases during time reaching the maximum value of 2.9 MPa as in agreement with the JSCE code (see Figure 18).
DianaIE

Results browser Case Base casting, Time-step 2, Time 2 hour 24 min, Deadweight [Fig. 144]
< Repeat for the other time steps [Fig. 147 to 149] >

Figure 144: Tensile strength (2.5 hours) Figure 145: Tensile strength (4 days) Figure 146: Tensile strength (36 days)

Figure 147: Tensile strength (37 days) Figure 148: Tensile strength (40 days) Figure 149: Tensile strength (72 days)

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Appendix A Additional Information

Folder: Tutorials/PurificationWall

Number of elements ≈ 550

Keywords:
analys: flow flowst heat nonlin phase physic stagge transi.
constr: initia suppor temper.
elemen: b2ht cq16e ct12e flow potent pstrai q4ht t3ht.
load: elemen node temper time weight.
materi: concre conduc elasti isotro jsce maturi power viscoe.
option: direct newton regula units.
post: binary ndiana.
pre: dianai.
result: cauchy crkind displa equage flux inttmp reacti stress temper total.

References:

[1] M. A. N. Hendriks and J. G. Rots. Finite elements in civil engineering applications – Proceedings of the Third DIANA World Conference. A. A. Balkema Publishers, Tokyo, Japan, 9–11
October 2002, 2002.

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