Pakistan Affairs

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ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)

 4th Lecture

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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

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 INTRODUCTION
An effort to ??
Role of Khilafat in Islamic society??
Khalifa ?? Last C ??
World War-I ??
Pan-Islamic movement & sick man of Europe ??

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The caliphate was endangered first ??
The empire’s defeat in World War I (1914–18) and
Istanbul Accord ?? Peace armistice ??
Fears of the loss of the caliphate were intensified
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by the Treaty of Sèvres (August ??)
 TREATY OF SÈVRES (AUGUST 1920)
 Purpose??
 Signed?? at Sèvres ??, between ??
 Result ??
 Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Palestine
(including Trans - Jordan)??
 Syria (including Lebanon) ??
 The Kingdom of Hejaz ??
 Armenia ??

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 Turkey retained Anatolia ??
 Smyrna (modern Izmir) and its environs ?? Condition ??
 Eastern Thrace and certain Aegean islands??
 Dodecanese and Rhodes ??
 The treaty was accepted by the government of Sultan Mehmed ??
Vahdettin ?? at Istanbul but was rejected by the rival nationalist
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government of ?? at Ankara.
 Atatürk's separate treaty with the ?? and his subsequent victories
against the ?? during the War of Independence forced the Allies to
negotiate a new treaty in ??, in Lausanne - ??.
 REACTIONS OF INDIANS
April-May ?? Khilafat Conference organized, why??
At conference (KC), in Sep 1919, at ??, resulted in
Khilafat Committee:1st president: ?? & 1st
secretary General of K.M??
All India Khilafat conference ?? presided by??

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Where ?? Resolutions??
19th January, 1920: the deputation headed by ??
met viceroy??
Viceroy’s assurance?? ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 K. DELEGATION TO ENGLAND
 In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and
Congress held their meetings simultaneously at ?? and a
delegation was prepared which was sent to England under
the leadership of ?? to see the British Prime Minister,
Cabinet Member and Members of Parliament and to

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explain the Indian point of view regarding the Khilafat.

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 The delegation visited England in ??. The leaders of the
delegation addressed the ?? and saw the British Prime
Minister, ?? who paid no heed to the delegations demand.
The delegation stayed at London for ?? months and won
many hearts and sympathies of people in Britain delivering
speeches.
 However, the delegation returned to India unsuccessful in
October ?? .
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 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
The leaders of Khilafat Movement (Khilafat
Conference) passed a resolution in favor of Non
Co-operation in Feb. ??, at ??, Under leadership of
??
Congress extended support ??

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The leaders of the two met at ?? and resolved to
launch a country wide agitation under the
leadership of Mr. ?? in September 1920.
Purpose ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)

 Against the ??
 Ruling style ??
 TARK-E-MAWALAT
 ?? issued a Fatwa of ??
On 6th ??, 1920. Agenda ??
 In January 1921, nearly ?? thousands students of
various colleges and schools boycotted their classes and a number of
teachers most of them were Muslims tendered their resignation.

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The Movement became so powerful that the Government was obliged to
pay attention to the problem. The British Government invited ??, the
President of ?? to visit London to discuss the issue. A delegation under has
leadership visited London and discussed the sentiment of Muslims but the
delegation also returned unsuccessfully. ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)

 Impacts on Muslims??
 DAR-UL-HARB

 ?? and ?? issued a
fatwa for migration from India stating India
as “??”

 Under the hypnotism of Mr. Gandhi, Muslim ulama had

issued a verdict and declared India as ?? and the Muslims

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therefore needed to migrate to some other country or ??.
 Thousands of families sold out their properties for a ?? of
their value and hastily left for ??, in August 1920.
 In beginning, Afghan government welcomed Muhajirs but
later it closed down it frontiers due to its own miserable
condition
 Impacts?? ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 CALLED OFF A CAMPAIGN OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
 On February 4, ??, supporters of the Khilafat movement and
the Indian National Congress clashed with local ??. An angry
mob subsequently set the local ?? on fire, killing ?? Indian
policemen who had taken shelter inside. The incident dealt a
blow to the nonviolent non-cooperation movement led by ??,
who denounced the violence in ?? and called off a campaign

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of civil disobedience that he had been about to launch in
Bardoli, Gujarat state.

 Gandhi initiatives/reactions ??

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 KARACHI TRIAL

 1921, a resolution passed in Khilafat committee in ??

condemning ?? services;
 Government arrested Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar and six
other people;
 Ali brothers, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madni, Dr. Saifuddin

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Kitchlew, Pir Ghulam Mujadid, Maulana Nisar Ahmad and
Swami Shankar Acharya were trialed;
 Trial proceedings held in Khaliq Dina Hall, Karachi on 26tth
December, ??;
 They presented case strongly but were sentenced for ??
years.

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 MOPPILLA REVOLT 1921

 A peasant revolt??
 Hindu-Muslim unity was at its peak in
Malabar district in ?? which came to be
known as ?? revolt??

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 communal feelings??

 According to an estimate as many as 2339 Moppillas were

??, 1652 ?? and 5955 ?? during the riot

 The prominent leaders of the rebellion were Ali Musaliyar

and ??.
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 TREATY OF LAUSANNE (JULY 1923)

 This treaty was signed on 24th of July ??.

 The signatories of the Treaty of Sevres ??.
 Turkey recovered Eastern Thrace, several Aegean islands,
a strip along the Syrian border, the Smyrna district, and the
internationalized Zone of the Straits (Bosphorus and

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Dardanelles), which, however, was to remain demilitarized

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and remain subject to an international convention.
 Turkey recovered full sovereign rights over all its territory,
and foreign zones of influence and capitulations were
abolished. ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 Outside the Zone of the Straits, no limitation was imposed
on the Turkish military establishment.
 THE END OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

 The end of movement was brought about indirectly by ??’s

announcement to discontinue the non-cooperation
movement.

 The Ottoman position of Caliphate was formally abolished

on ?? March ??

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 The GNAT??
Caliphate
NOA elected ?? as their leader who abolished
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 1924, ?? announced setting up of a democratic government

in Turkey demolishing Caliphate.
Reasons for the Failure of Khilafat
Movement??

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ANALYSIS

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 ANALYSIS

 AIML to stay way

 Unity of purpose
 Religious consciousness – Religious identity
 Religion became instrumental for future politics

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 Political strategy of Indian Muslims for future
 New type leadership for Muslims
 Popular politics - Involvement of masses in politics
 Plight of migrants ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 Results of the Khilafat Movement
 Maulana Mohd Ali Jauhar (?? and ?? spread message –
Muslim press - connected to Pakistan Movement)
 Al Hilal and ?? were published by Maulana ??
PARTITION OF BENGAL

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 INTRODUCTION

 Decision of Div. was made by Lord ?? in July ??

Enforced on ?? Oc. 1905 under Viceroy ??
 Purpose: efficiency
 St John B??

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 Parts: ??
 Hindu’s claim of D&R policy
 Bengal was reunited in 19??
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 REASONS/BACKGROUNDS
i. Administrative reasons
– like country??, total pop. ?? mn,
–?? largest province of India
(present-day West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Bangladesh and Assam)

ii. Religious reasons – E pop mn?? and W pop??

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iii. Geographical reasons??
iv. Political reasons?? – growing nationalism e.g. BG Tillak
v. Social reasons ??
vi. Linguistic reasons ?? ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
vii. Legal issues e.g. riots
viii. Governance reasons e.g. Capital
ix. Economic reasons e.g. Jute/Port
x. Cultural reasons?? e.g. 42mn +12 mn, 12 mn +18 mn
 ANALYSIS
i. The British response?? Initial??. Change??
ii. Hindus’ response
a. Hindus’ anti British campaigns??
b. Terrorist activities??
c. Swadeshi movement ??
d. Congress’ delegation to London ??Under leadership of ??

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e. Civil disobedience movement ??
f. Psychological factor ??
g. Pol. Factor e.g. day of mourning??
h. Congress also opposed led by Sir Henry Cotton
iii. Law and order situation e.g. HM riots
iv. Muslims’ response ?? ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 ANNULMENT / REVERVAL OF PoB/CONCLUSION
i. Change in the government ?? Lord H??,
& Lord C??

ii. J. Jenkins?? floated proposal in June ??

iii. King George?? visited India along with Queen ??

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in ?? 1911, ?? holding of Darbar at ?? on ?? Announcements ??
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iv.?? left the politics??

v. In ??,Hindu Maha Sabha was founded by Madan??

vi. ?? announced the Home Rule Movement??

 SIMON COMMISSION

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ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 INTRODUCTION
 India Act 1919
 In the late 1920s
 May 1924 MLs mer under the leadership of ?? Delhi Proposals ??
 Stanley Baldwin ??
 Aims of Commission??
 Composition ??
 Peculiarity ??
 Headed by ?? SJS

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 Clement Atlee??
 All-India Committee --- Lord Irwin
 Rebellion
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 Congress Response December 1927 - Madras (now Chennai) -

Lord B??
 Muslim League??
 The Simon Commission visited India twice
 1st time arrived in ?? on the 3rd of February ?? and was greeted??
Left India??
 2nd time arrived October 11, ??, to April ??, 1929
 JINNAH VIEWS
Jinnah reservations for not allowing Indians in SC??
 ?? passed a resolution in the Legislative Assembly on the
16th of February 1928, which was strongly supported by
Jinnah.
Jinnah strongly criticized the commission calling it a ?? of
our souls.

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As president of the Muslim League he said:

‘A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a

settlement are not to come from our side. We are denied equal partnership.
We will resist the new doctrine to the best of our powers. I welcome Pandit
Malaviya, and I welcome the hand of fellowship extended to us by Hindu
leaders from the platform of the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha. This
offer is more valuable than any concession which the British Government
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can make’.
 ANALYSIS
 LLR was a ?? by profession, led a non-violent protest against the Simon
Commission when it visited Lahore on 30 October ??, witnessed a brutal
attack and ??.
 In 1928, ??Singh??, Raj?? and Sukh?? planned to kill the police chief
responsible for the death of Rai, one of the founders of National College,
during a silent march opposing the Simon Commission. However, they
failed to identify their target and junior officer J.P. Saunders was killed.
They had to flee Lahore to escape the death penalty, sentenced to ??.

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 On 8 April 1929, BS?? and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central
Legislative Assembly to protest the implementation of ??. They raised
slogans of 'Long Live the Revolution.‘ (??)
 HSRA was a revolutionary party set up by Ram Prasad Bismil and his
associates in 1923 to ?? in India and achieve independence for the country
through ?? if necessary. --In 1928, the name of the party was changed to
HRSA ??-- Kakori Conspiracy Case
 In March 1929, ?? labour leaders including ?? Englishmen were arrested
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the charge of conspiracy. The trial which lasted ?? years is known as the
Meerut Conspiracy Case ??
 FEATURES
 Federation
 Flexibility
 Dyarchy at centre??
 Dyarchy at provincial level??
 Special powers to the Governor??
 The govt. of India’s control over high court??
 The governor general’s authority to appoint members of his

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cabinet??
 The number of member of provincial legislative council was
increased??
 Separate communal electorates??
 The Council of State would continue working as the ??, but its
members would not be elected based on ??, rather they would be
elected based on ?? election by the provincial councils.
 ?? should be segregated from British India and issued with a
constitution all of its own. ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
 The Commission published its ??-volume report in ??
 CONCLUSION
It proposed the abolition of the diarchy and the
establishment of authoritarian governments in the
provinces.
Government of India Act ??
?? the first elections

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The arrival of the Commission has provided an impetus
to the Indian Freedom Struggle for Independence by
inspiring leaders and masses
Limitations??

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9/1/2021 ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)