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History: India and the Contemporary World - II

India and the Contemporary World – II

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1
Nationalism in India
2
The Making of a Global World
3
Print Culture and The Modern World
4
 1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

How did the French Revolution play an important role in creating the Idea of Nation state ?
Explain

The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people—
(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens
within its territory.
(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was promoted as the common language of the nation.
 1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

Do you agree that the period of 1848 was considered as a phase of the Revolution of the
Liberals in Europe? Elucidate with suitable examples.

1848, in many European countries a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway along with the revolts of the poor,
unemployed, peasants and workers.
● In France, in February 1848 Emperor abdicated the throne and a republic based on universal male suffrage was proclaimed.
● In other parts of Europe such as in Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes
demanded a Constitution along with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the
creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
● In German speaking areas a large number of political associations (members were middle class educated professionals, businessmen and
well off artists) came together in Frankfurt and decided to vote for an All German National Assembly. On18th May 1848, 831 elected
representatives assembled in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a Constitution for the German nation
to be headed by a constitutional monarch. Under these conditions they offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia but he
rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The parliament which was dominated by the middle class ignored the
demands of the artisans and workers and consequently lost their support. Finally, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to
disband.
● The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one. A large number of women had participated actively in the liberal
movement. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the German National Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in
the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. So one feels the period of 1848 was considered
as a phase of the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe.
 1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe

UNIFIATIONS

Explain the process of unification of Italy.

● Italy faced political fragmentation over its long history.

● Italy was divided into seven states over the middle of the 19th century. Out of seven states only one state
was ruled by Italian princely house i.e. Sardinia-Piedmont.
● Giuseppe Mazzini wanted to put a programme to unify Italy in the 1830’s. He also started 2 secret
societies - Young Italy at Marseille and Young Europe at Berne but failed.
● The responsibility of unifying Italy through war fell on the ruler King Victor Emmanuel II of
Sardinia-Piedmont.The ruling elite thought that they would get political dominance and economic
development after unification of Italy.
● The Austrian forces were defeated in 1859 by Sardinia-Piedmont, after a diplomatic alliance was made
with the French, by Chief Minister Cavour.
● In order to drive out the Spanish rulers from the Southern regions of Italy, in 1860, a large number of
armed volunteers under Garibaldi marched into the Kingdom of two Sicilies and South Italy. They won the
support of Peasants.
● In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy
 1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Rise of Middle Class and Liberalism

How were the ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism? Explain.

Ideology of Liberalism
(i) Liberalism is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ‘free’.
(ii) Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all before law for the new
middle classes.
(iii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
(iv) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.

Ideas of national unity that allied to the ideology of liberalism:

(i) The abolition of state-imposed restrictions
(ii) Freedom for the individual
(iii) Equality of all before the law.
(iv) The concept of government by consent.
(v) End of autocracy and clerical privileges
(vi) A constitution and representative government through parliament.
(vii) Freedom of markets.
(viii) Removal of restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
 2.Nationalism in India

The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

Gandhiji felt the Khilafat issue as an opportunity to bring Hindus and Muslims under the
umbrella of a unified national movement.’’ Explain the statement.(

Causes of Khilafat Movement

● Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the first World War
● It was a rumour that a harsh treaty was going to dismember Turkey
● The Islamic spiritual head ‘Khalifa’ the Sultan of Ottoman Empire was to be removed
● All this agitated Muslims in India also
● They defended the temporal powers of Khalifa and wanted to keep it intact
Formation of Khilafat Committee
● It was formed in Bombay in March 1919 BY Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali),

● Gandhiji’s Support to Khilafat issue

● Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India with Hindus and
Muslims together
● Khilafat appeared to be a golden opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim unity and to bring
Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national Movement
● At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the
need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
History: India and the Contemporary World - II

India and the Contemporary World – II

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1
Nationalism in India
2
The Making of a Global World
3
Print Culture and The Modern World
4
 2.Nationalism in India

Towards Civil disobedience Movement

Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.

The role of business classes in the Civil Disobedience Movement :

➔ Indian industrialists had made huge profits during the First World War. They became
powerful. They wanted to expand their business
➔ They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign
exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
➔ They formed Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927.
➔ Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D Birla attacked colonial control over the Indian
economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
➔ They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
➔ Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business
would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints
➔ However, after the the failure of the Round Table Conference the participation waned.
They were worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing
influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.
History: India and the Contemporary World - II

India and the Contemporary World – II

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1
Nationalism in India
2
The Making of a Global World
3
Print Culture and The Modern World
4
 Making of the Global World

SILK ROUTE

The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre -modern trade and cultural links
between distant parts of the world.’ Elaborat

(i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant
parts of the world.
(ii) They were spread over land and sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking with
Europe and Africa.
(iii) They existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
(iv) Indian and Chinese pottery, textiles and spices travelled to Europe.
(v) In return, precious metals, gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
(vi) Buddhism, Christian missionaries, and Muslim preachers also travelled through this route to
Asia.
 Making of the Global World

FOOD

“Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” Support your answer
with three examples.

(i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.

(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.

(iii) Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy in the 5th century.

(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize,
tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our
ancestors.
History: India and the Contemporary World - II

India and the Contemporary World – II

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1
Nationalism in India
2
The Making of a Global World
3
Print Culture and The Modern World
4
 4.Print Culture and the Modern World

PRINT IN INDIA

Explain The Implication Of Print Culture On the Religious Reforms in India During 19th Century

Printing press played a major role in shaping the Indian society:

(a) It made people aware about various social issues and problems. For example, it created intense
debate and controversy between social and religious reformers and the orthodox Hindus.
(b) The ideas of reformers reached the wider population of the common people through printed
reading material. For example, the “Sambad Kaumudi” carried the ideas of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.In
response, the Hindu Orthodoxy released Samachar Patrika
(c) The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling the Muslim
readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives

The print culture had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in India.

(i) In spite of passing a Vernacular Press Act, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers.
(ii) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
(iii) The British Government tried to put down the criticism but there were more protests.
(iv) Punjab revolutionaries were deported,’ Tilak wrote in Kesari.
(v) It led to his imprisonment in 1908 provoking large protest
 4.Print Culture and the Modern World

EMERGENCE OF PRINT/ IMPACT OF PRINT

"Printing brought the reading public and hearing public closer." Substantiate the
statement with an appropriate argument.

Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier reading was restricted to the elite.
● Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk
tales narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally.

The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read books individually and silently. The
reasons behind this culture were:

● The books were expensive

● The books were produced in fewer numbers
● The literacy rate was low in most European countries.

To bridge the gap between these two public, printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such
books were illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in towns. Oral
culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.
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