To demonstrate different nursery technique

The artificial method of vegetative propagation is carried out by humans in the fields and
laboratories.
1. Cutting
2. Layering: Mound layering, Air layering ( Gootee)
3. Grafting: Tongue or whip grafting, Wedge grafting, Crown grafting, Side grafting,
Approach grafting

Cutting
• The small piece of any plant part used for propagation from stem / root / leaf is call
cutting
• Piece is around ~20-30 cm long
• On putting cuttings into moist soil, they develop adventitious roots and buds at base later
it develops into new plants
• Favourable time: Spring
• Leaf cuttings are used to propagate Sansevieria, Begonia, Bryophyllum, Glocinia ,
Kalanchoe
• Root cuttings are used to propagate Citrus, Tamarind
• Stem cuttings: Grapes, Sugarcane, Rose, Carnation, Coleus, Duranta, Pothos)
 Diagram: Stem Cutting

Diagram: Stem Cutting

Layering
• Development of roots on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
• Stem or branch that develops adventitious roots while still attached to the parent plant is
called a layer.
• It is common naturally in some plants but can be artificially induced in many plants
• Artificial method
o Induced by bending branch to ground
o Covering a medium portion of it below soil
o Keep apical portion of branch is exposed to air to form leaves
o Part below soil develops adventitious roots
o Now connection of layered branch can be cut from parent plant and grown
independently
• Layering is common naturally in black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis) , trailing
blackberries (Rubus fruticosus)
 Diagram of general Layering

• 2 common methods for layering:

• Mound layering
o lower branch of stem is bent & covered in such a way that tip of branch remains
above ground
o After a few days, covered part of stem produces adventitious roots
o At this stage branch is cut off from parent plant and it grows into a new plant
o Mound layering is commonly used in Strawberry, Jasmine, Grape vine, Raspberry
 • Air layering ( Gootee)
o Employed in plants with thick branches which can not be easily bent.
o In this method, part of stem is girdled (i.e., a ring of bark is removed) or slit at an
upward angle.
o This part is covered with moist moss or cotton and enclosed in a polythene bag to
prevent drying.
o The wrapped portion is called gootee.
o Roots appear after sometime and at that stage branch is cut and planted
o Air layering ( Gootee) is commonly used in Litchi, Pomegranate, Orange, Lemon,
Guava, Bougainvillia

Grafting
o Generally practiced in plants which do not root easily or have a weak root system.
o Art of joining parts of 2 plants of same/allied species in such a way as to bring about an
organic union or fusion of tissues
o There will be no variation in grafting
o In this process, a detached part of one plant is inserted into the stem or root system of
another plant.
o Part of detached shoot is called scion
o Part on which scion is put is called stock which fixed to soil by its root system
o The scion is generally taken from the plant having superior characters.
Type of Grafting:
1. Tongue or whip grafting
2. Wedge grafting
3. Crown grafting
4. Side grafting
5. Approach grafting
1. Tongue or whip grafting
 Whip and tongue technique is most commonly used to graft nursery crops or woody
ornamentals. Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and preferably no more
than 1⁄2-inch in diameter. The technique is similar to splice grafting except that the whip
on the rootstock holds the tongue of the scion in place (and vice versa). This leaves both
hands free to wrap the joint.
For the whip and tongue graft, make similar cuts on both the stock and scion. These cuts
should be made with a single draw of the knife and should have a smooth surface so that
the two can develop a good graft union. Up to this point, rootstock and scion are cut the
same as for a splice graft.
2. Wedge grafting/ Cleft grafting
When the scion is smaller than the rootstock, wedge grafts are made on one side of the
rootstock.
Common applications for cleft grafting include changing the variety of an existing
orchard (topworking), adding a branch of an untested scion cultivar to an existing tree for
observation, or repairing a tree that may have had a branch broken off by storm damage
or fruit overloading.
It is useful in guava plantation

3. Crown grafting
A method of grafting in which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them
is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise.
Crown grafting is a type of grafting used to establish a variety of fruit on a single tree.
4. Side grafting
A plant graft in which the scion is inserted into the side of the stock and the aerial head of the
stock permitted to grow until union is established between stock and scion
5. Approach grafting
Inarching, or approach grafting (in which a scion and stock of independently rooted plants
are grafted and the scion later severed from its original stock), is widely practiced in tropical
Asia but is tedious and relatively expensive.