ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURKMENISTAN

OGUZ HAN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF

TURKMENISTAN
FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

SELF-ASSIGNMENT
Theme: Branches of Chemistry

Group: 115
Performed by: Medetova Gulay
Accepted by: Begencheva Zamira

Ashgabat 2021
 BRANCHES OF
CHEMISTRY
There are many branches of chemistry or chemistry disciplines. The five main
branches are considered to be organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical
chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

 Overview of the 5 Branches of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of
the chemistry of life
Inorganic Chemistry: The study of compounds not covered by organic
chemistry; the study of inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't
contain a C-H bond (many inorganic compounds contain metals)
Analytical Chemistry: The study of the chemistry of matter and the
development of tools to measure properties of matter
Physical Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the
study of chemistry, which commonly includes the applications of
thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry
Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living
organisms
There are other ways chemistry can be divided into categories. Other examples of
branches of chemistry might include polymer chemistry and geochemistry. Chemical
engineering might also be considered a chemistry discipline. There is also overlap
between disciplines; biochemistry and organic chemistry, in particular, share a lot in
common.
  Organic Chemistry Introduction
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which extends to
understanding chemical reactions in living organisms and products derived from
them. There are numerous examples of organic chemistry in everyday life.
Organic chemistry is more than simply the study of carbon or the study of
chemicals in living organisms. Organic chemistry is everywhere.
 Polymers consist of long chains and branches of molecules. Common
polymers you encounter every day are organic molecules. Examples
include nylon, acrylic, PVC, polycarbonate, cellulose, and polyethylene.
 Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from crude oil or petroleum.
Fractional distillation separates the raw material into organic compounds
according to their different boiling points. Examples include gasoline,
plastics, detergents, dyes, food additives, natural gas, and medicines.
 Although both are used for cleaning, soap and detergent are two different
examples of organic chemistry. Soap is made by the saponification
reaction, which reacts to hydroxide with an organic molecule (e.g., an
animal fat) to produce glycerol and crude soap. While soap is an
emulsifier, detergents tackle oily, greasy (organic) soiling mainly because
they are surfactants, which lower the surface tension of the water and
increase the solubility of organic compounds.
 Whether a perfume fragrance comes from a flower or a lab, the molecules
you smell and enjoy are an example of organic chemistry.
 The cosmetics industry is a lucrative sector of organic chemistry. Chemists
examine changes in the skin in response to metabolic and environmental
factors, formulate products to address skin problems and enhance beauty,
and analyze how cosmetics interact with the skin and other products.
  Products With Common Organic Chemicals
Shampoo
Gasoline
Perfume
Lotion
Drugs
Fertilizers
Vitamins
Dyes
Soap
Candles
Asphalt
Most products you use involve organic chemistry. Your computer, furniture,
home, vehicle, food, and body contain organic compounds. Every living thing you
encounter is organic. Inorganic items, such as rocks, air, metals, and water, often
contain organic matter, too.
 Inorganic chemistry
 The word "organic" means something very different in chemistry than it does
when you're talking about produce and food. Organic compounds
and inorganic compounds form the basis of chemistry.
The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds is that organic
compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain
carbon.

 Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules

Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These include nucleic
acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and hydrocarbon fuels. All organic molecules
contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen.
DNA
table sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11
benzene, C6H6
methane, CH4
ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O
  Organic Compounds Without C-H Bonds
Few organic compounds don't contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Examples of these
exceptions include
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
urea [CO(NH2)2]
 Organic Compounds and Life
While most organic compounds encountered in chemistry are produced by living
organisms, it's possible for the molecules to form through other processes.
For example, when scientists talk about organic molecules discovered on Pluto,
this doesn't mean there are aliens on the world. Solar radiation can provide energy to
produce organic compounds from inorganic carbon compounds.

 Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the chemistry discipline that studies the chemical

composition of materials and develops the tools used to examine chemical
compositions. It involves wet lab chemistry as well as use of instrumentation.
Analytical chemistry is important in science, engineering, medicine, and industry.
 Analytical chemistry makes use of standards and error analysis.
 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis characterizes the identity of a specimen, while quantitative
analysis examines its mass or concentration. Techniques used in qualitative analysis
include chemical tests, spectroscopy, spectrometry, microscopy, flame tests, and bead
tests. Quantitative analysis employs analytical balances, gravimetric analysis,
volumetric analysis, and separation techniques, such as filtration, centrifugation, and
chromatography. There is overlap of techniques used between the two branches,
especially since samples may require purification in order to characterize them.
 Biochemistry Introduction and Overview

Biochemistry is the science in which chemistry is applied to the study of living

organisms and the atoms and molecules which comprise living organisms. Take a
closer look at what biochemistry is and why the science is important.
 What Is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic
molecules and their chemical reactions. Most people consider biochemistry to be
synonymous with molecular biology.
 What Types of Molecules Do Biochemists Study?
The principal types of biological molecules or biomolecules are:
 carbohydrates
 lipids
 proteins
 nucleic acids
Many of these molecules are complex molecules called polymers, which are made
up of monomer subunits. Biochemical molecules are based on carbon.
  What Is Biochemistry Used For?
Biochemistry is used to learn about the biological processes which take
place in cells and organisms.
Biochemistry may be used to study the properties of biological molecules,
for a variety of purposes. For example, a biochemist may study the
characteristics of the keratin in hair so that shampoo may be developed that
enhances curliness or softness.
Biochemists find uses for biomolecules. For example, a biochemist may use
a certain lipid as a food additive.
Alternatively, a biochemist might find a substitute for a usual biomolecule.
For example, biochemists help to develop artificial sweeteners.
Biochemists can help cells to produce new products. Gene therapy is within
the realm of biochemistry. The development of biological machinery falls
within the realm of biochemistry.
 What Does a Biochemist Do?
Many biochemists work in chemistry labs. Some biochemists may focus on
modeling, which would lead them to work with computers. Some biochemists work
in the field, studying a biochemical system in an organism. Biochemists typically are
associated with other scientists and engineers. Some biochemists are associated with
universities and they may teach in addition to conducting research. Usually, their
research allows them to have a normal work schedule, based in one location, with a
good salary and benefits.
 What Disciplines Are Related to Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is closely related to other biological sciences that deal with
molecules. There is considerable overlap between these disciplines:
Molecular Genetics
Pharmacology
Molecular Biology
Chemical Biology
Physical chemistry
 Physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, and particulate phenomena
in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts
of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum
chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
 Physical chemistry is the study of the fundamental physical principles that govern
the way that atoms, molecules, and other chemical systems behave. Physical chemists
study a wide array of topics such as the rates of reactions (kinetics), the way that light
and matter interact (spectroscopy), how electrons are arranged in atoms and
molecules (quantum mechanics), and the stabilities and reactivities of different
compounds and processes (thermodynamics). In all of these cases, physical chemists
try to understand what is happening on an atomic level, and why. Students who
concentrate in physical chemistry may go onto pursue careers in industry, research or
teaching. A lot of the current physical chemistry research in industry and academia
combines the techniques and ideas from several fields. For example, some chemists
apply physical chemistry techniques to investigations of the mechanisms of organic
reactions (what collisions and bond rearrangements occur, how fast are they, how
many steps are there, etc.) - this type of study is called physical organic chemistry.
Others apply physical techniques to the study of biological systems (why do proteins
fold into the shapes that they have, how is structure related to function, what makes a
nerve work, etc.) - this type of study is biophysical chemistry. Still others may use
physical techniques to characterize polymers or study environmental systems.
Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not
always) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles
on which it was founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular/atomic structure
alone (for example, chemical equilibrium and colloids).
Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to resolve include the
effects of:
 Intermolecular forces that act upon the physical properties of materials
(plasticity, tensile strength, surface tension in liquids).
 Reaction kinetics on the rate of a reaction.
 The identity of ions and the electrical conductivity of materials.
 Surface science and electrochemistry of cell membranes.[1]
 Interaction of one body with another in terms of quantities
of heat and work called thermodynamics.
 Transfer of heat between a chemical system and its surroundings during
change of phase or chemical reaction taking place called thermochemistry
 Study of colligative properties of number of species present in solution.
 Number of phases, number of components and degree of freedom (or
variance) can be correlated with one another with help of phase rule.
 Reactions of electrochemical cells.

REFERENCES

 https://www.uwlax.edu

 https://www.thoughtco.com

 https://en.wikipedia.org
 Ralph H. Petrucci- General Chemistry
 CONTENTS
1. Overview of the 5 Branches of Chemistry
2. Organic Chemistry Introduction
3. Products With Common Organic Chemicals
4. Inorganic chemistry
5. Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules
6. Organic Compounds Without C-H Bonds
7. Organic Compounds and Life
8. Analytical Chemistry
9. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
10.Biochemistry Introduction and Overview
11.What Is Biochemistry?
12.What Types of Molecules Do Biochemists Study?
13.What Is Biochemistry Used For?
14.What Does a Biochemist Do?
15.What Disciplines Are Related to Biochemistry?
16.Physical chemistry
17.References