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Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) For Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) For Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Arts and Sciences Education
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Week 1 – 3
I. Historical antecedents in the course of Science and Technology
A. Ancient Time ………………………………………………………………………………… 7
1. Transportation and navigation
2. Communication
3. Weapons and armor
4. Early People
5. Civilization
a. Sumerian
b. Babylonian
c. Egyptian
d. Greek
e. Roman
f. Chinese
B. Medieval / Middle Ages………………………………………………………………… 17
C. Modern Times………………………………………………………………………………. 12
D. Philippine Inventions …………………………………………………………………… 13
Let’s Check Activity 1…………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Let’s Analyze Activity 1………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
In a Nutshell Activity 1………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time will be reduced by 5% of the possible the
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or
part day that the assessment item is late.
CC’s Voice: Hello, students! Welcome to this course, GE 5: Science, Technology, and
Society. By now, I am confident that you wanted to understand how
science and technology affect or even changed society's lives, especially
in the contemporary world.
CO: Upon the completion of this course, you are expected to articulate the impacts of
science and technology, how it affects society and the environment
particularly in nation-building; and analyzing human condition to reflect and
express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to you as part of the
community. Thus, in this course, you are expected to personally and
meaningfully assess contemporary and social issues.
Let us begin!
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expecting
to
a. Explain and identify the historical antecedents in the course of science and
technology;
b. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed how humans see the world
and describe the technological advancements that happened in the
information age; and
c. The role of science and technology in nation-building is to present
government policies on science and technology and its importance to the
nation.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Metalanguage
In this section, the essential terms, pictures to the historical antecedents of science and
technology, and to demonstrate ULOa will be operational to establish how science and
technology indeed play significant roles in everyday life. You will encounter these as we
go through this chapter.
Essential Knowledge
To identify the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3)
weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge
that will lay down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to refer
to these resources exclusively. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research
articles, and other resources that are available in the university's library, e.g., e-library,
search.proquest.com, etc.
The developments in this field are not just products of people's imagination or a one-
time thought process but also brought from gradual improvements to earlier works from
different periods or eras. The desire to raise the quality of life of the people is the driving
force to set continuous progress in the application of science and technology. The
following are the different period which has various contributions in the life of the early
people up to the present time:
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
1. ANCIENT TIME (began 3100 BC with the invention of writing & lasted 35
centuries) were concerned with the following:
Transportation and navigation - it was significant because people were trying to go
and discover new horizons. They traveled to search for food and find better locations for
settlements.
- They used this to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things they
lacked, and it helped them in their journeys to unfamiliar areas and
returned home after discovering new places or completing a vital trade to
another group of people.
Communication – this was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new
places relevant to communicating with the natives of the areas they visited. To facilitate
trade and prevent any possible conflicts:
Weapons and armor are essential tools in the discovery of new places and
establishments of new alliances with other tribes. Conflicts were common to different
groups struggled to control vital resources.
- It was their primary challenge for the conservation of life. They have
been successful in harnessing abundant resources that the world could
provide, but survival was a significant problem. Illnesses and diseases,
natural or human-made, hampered the full potential of a human being.
- Through this predicament, science and technology played a significant
role in the discovery and prevention of illness.
Early people ventured on the so-called Engineering to integrate their needs for better
transportation, establishments of structures for protection from personal attacks and
natural disasters, and build bigger and stronger infrastructures. This field of
development allowed humans to build structures that would address specific needs and
wants. Some of these still exist today.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The following are some of the significant technological advancements during the ancient
times from early civilizations:
Cuneiform is the first writing system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and left to dry.
These allow them to keep records of things with great historical value or
their everyday life.
Uruk City – It is a great wonder not only because it is the first erected real city,
but built from mud or clay coming from the river that mixed with reeds
producing sun-baked bricks.
Irrigation and Dikes – this was made as the population increased and the
demand for food. These Sumerians have their mass production of food
items as the environment’s elements seemed uncooperative since they
had the difficulty to get water from rives to provide their farmlands. This
method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering
works. Through this, they were able to enjoy year-long farming and
harvesting, which increased their food production.
Wheel – this was made not for transportation but farm work and food processes.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Mass production was made more accessible, and farmers could mill
grains with less effort and less time.
The Plow – used to dig the ground at a faster pace for planting the seeds.
Through this toll, the farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster to
produce mass production without so much effort and time.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION – emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They
were great builders, engineers, and architects.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of the seven wonders of the ancient world,
but today, people can only marvel at the beauty from stories of historians
and paintings that portray the place. It was said to be the structure made
up of layers upon layers of gardens that contain several species of plants,
trees, and vines. King Nebuchadnezzar II built this for his wife, Queen
Amytis. However, no physical evidence to prove the existence of this
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION – they are famous for its legacy and located in North Africa.
They built infrastructures established by the pharaohs through engineering technology.
They also contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential.
Paper or Papyrus – though they were not the first to develop a system of
writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Papyrus was
a plant that grew abundantly in the Nile River in Egypt. Processed the
plants to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. Since
clay tablets were fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle in bringing it to one
place to another. It is one of the significant accomplishments of Egyptians'
record-keeping and communication.
Cosmetics – this was for both health and aesthetic reasons. They used KOHL
and wore around their eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. It was
with soot or malachite with mineral galena. They believed that when a
person is wearing make-up, it is a protection from evil, and beauty is a
sign of holiness.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Wig – it is a material worn for wealth and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes.
Water Clock/ Clepsydra – Used for time-keeping device. It utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from one vessel to another.
GREEK CIVILIZATION – located in the southern part of Europe and known as the
birthplace of western philosophy. Their significant achievements include in-depth work
on philosophy and mathematics, and contributed much to the world, especially in
science and technology.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION – perceived to be the most influential political and social entity
in the west, and many of the other civilizations looked up to them as their model in
terms of legislation and codified laws.
Roman contributions:
Newspaper – It contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the
people. The first newspapers were known as gazettes. Engraved in metal
or stone tablets and then publicly displayed, but because of this, it became
more accessible for the Romans to publish announcements and pieces of
information.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Roman Numerals – devised their number system to address the need for
a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION is considered the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world,
and is located in the far east of Asia.
Chinese contributions:
Silk – Was naturally produced by silkworms and process to provide paper
and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade,
making cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges after the opening of
outside China.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
decrease in population after the war but an increase in the latter part of the
period. Some of the innovative minds came from this period and also known as
the Age of exploration.
Telescope – helps observe remote objects and was a great help for
navigators in the medieval time.
War Weapons – developed not only offensive tools but also for defensive
instruments. For open-area battles, they designed crossbows and longbows
and close-range hand-to-hand combat; they wore iron body armor.
3. MODERN TIMES – massive industrialization started and the booming of the world
population in the nineteenth century onwards. The demand for the production of
more goods, efficient transportation to trade more products, and to cover more
considerable distances, faster and the development of more natural means of
communication. But, food processing and medicine posed of the more significant
challenges since health was a great concern.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone. As more
people got connected by trade and exploration, they needed to maintain
connections and communicate in real-time as well as for government
communications.
The inventions named above are only some of the great designs and development
during the different periods - more innovations and discoveries in the course of history
that changed the world.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
McNamara, Daniel Joseph SJ, Valverde, V.M., Beleno, R. (2018). Science Technology
and Society.1st ed. C and E, Pub.
A History of Science and Technology in the Phils. –an article by Olivia C. Caoili
Floridi, Luciano (2014).The Fourth Revolution
https://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-
us-scientific-revolution
Zhouying JIN (2010). Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft
Technology. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanaoebooks/reader.action?docID
=685161&ppg=78
Nelson, Ken. (2020). History: Middle Ages for Kids. Ducksters. Retrieved from
https://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages_timeline.php
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Now, that you know the essential Historical Antecedents of Science and
Technology from the different periods up to the Philippine inventions. Let us try to check
your understanding of these historical antecedents. In the space provided, write the
correct words or terms needed to answer the following statements:
_______________2. A civilization known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things.
_______________3. Was the ancient people's primary challenge though they were
successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide?
_______________4. The early writing system of the Egyptians which they believed it
was provided to them by their gods by using symbols.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
_______________7. Known to be the strongest political and social entity in the west
and looked up by other civilizations as their model in terms of legislation and codified
laws.
______________10. The process of heating the product to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the science and technological developments in
different periods is not enough. What also matters is you should also be able to explain
its relationships to the lives of the people as we go over the advancements towards the
future. I will let you define your answers thoroughly.
1. How did the development in science and technology shape human history? You
set/mention some examples to defend your answer.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Studying and learning the historical antecedents in the course of science and
technology, especially in the present time, is relevant to appreciate and to be able to get
ideas on how it changed and improved people's life. It constitutes a different impact to
have a convenient experience and to leads to aiming for development continuously.
Thus, we cannot deny that we owe the early people’s ideas to come up with high
technology applications.
Based from the pieces of information and the exercises that you have done above,
kindly site your points of view after my ideas.
1. The historical antecedents ushered the most development in the society in terms
of infrastructures, medicines, preserving of information or transmitting
information, mass productions, agriculture, and even for the protection of one
another.
2. On the contrary, it shows improvements in people's lives as an effect of
technological progress. Due to its possible destruction to the environment, there
must be limitations in such developments and might lead to scarcity of natural
resources.
Your Turn
3. ______________________________________________________________________
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4. ______________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
5. ______________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________
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7. ________________________________________________________________________
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8. ________________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to have an operational
understanding of the following terms below. Please note that you will be cementing its
distant relationship from ULOa.
2. Geocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Earth as the center of
the solar system
3. Heliocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Sun as the center of
the solar system.
Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed to study intellectual revolutions, it is essential to recognize the works
of the brilliant minds behind the technological advancements that we benefited today.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
- In the early time, people questioned what created days and nights. They
wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and
planets are. Thus, many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about
planets to explain the movement of celestial bodies and their effect s on
the world.
https://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g37/
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
- This intellectual revolution was considered to be one of the most
controversial of its time. Charles Darwin (Naturalist, biologist, and
geologist) in 1859 published his book "On the Origin of Species"
introduced the "theory of evolution '.
- He stated that organisms could adapt to their environment and would
gradually change into something that would be more competitive to
survive, which he called "evolution."
https://biologywise.com/charles-darwin-theory-of-evolution
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
- Sigmund Freud explained that many conscious and unconscious factors
could influence behavior and emotions. He argued that one’s personality
is a product of id, ego, and superego.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
https://www.slideshare.net/LeilaZaim/freud-psycoanalytic-theory
These revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that
transformed and molded societies and beliefs. It brought changes to the perspectives
and perceptions of the scientific community and the public. Through research and
experiments, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the
universe.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
McNamara, Daniel Joseph SJ, Valverde, V.M., Beleno, R. (2018). Science Technology
and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub.http://hti.osu.ed/scientific revolution/lesson
plans
Martin, Evan Jay (2020). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud
Let’s Check
Activity 2. Clearly, the development of intellectual revolutions showed how society
transformed by science and technology with their perspectives and beliefs. At this
point, let us determine how it influenced and affected society's life and outlook. Discuss
and write your answers thoroughly to the questions below:
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
________________________________________________________________
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a. Meso-America
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
a. Asia
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b. Middle East
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c. Africa
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 2. The transformation to the perspective and beliefs of the society brought
pieces of evidence of sciences and technology's link to humanity. These lead to more
scientific research and experiments to deepen the understanding of what surrounds us
in different aspects.
At this juncture, you will be required to EXPLAIN your answers about the following
questions.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
________________________________________________________________
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2. Why did people accept these discoveries despite being contradictory to what was
widely accepted at that time?
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4. What do you think are the positive and negative results brought about
innovations and technological advances in the information age? Reflect on your
answers and come up which do you think the possible rules and guidelines in
using the different media information.
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In a Nutshell
Your turn
3. ________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Metalanguage
Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULOc.
Determine the early scientific development of the country. These will help you
understand the present development of the country.
Colonization - it is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over
the indigenous people of an area or the effect of appropriating a place or domain for
one's use.
The colonial period was the period in a country's history when it was subject to
administration by a colonial power.
Principalia class - The Principalía or noble class was the ruling and usually educated
upper class in the towns of Spanish Philippines, comprising the gobernadorcillo (who
had functions similar to a town mayor), and the Cabezas de barangay (heads of the
barangays) who governed the districts.
Essential Knowledge
The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long
way. There are a lot of significant inventions and discoveries that have been
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
A. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Philippines started its scientific and technological development began
at this period. Early Filipino settlers were already using specific plants and
herbs as medicines. There is an implementation of the systems of farming
and animal-raising. It also includes the development of different modes of
transportation this time.
B. COLONIAL PERIOD
Spaniards Colonization (1521-1898) – The Philippines were claimed in
the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer
sailing for Spain, who named the islands after King Philip II of Spain.
The construction of extensive infrastructures such as walls, roads, bridges
is used by engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. The
Spanish government also developed health and education systems that
were enjoyed by the principalia class.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The progress in science and technology continued even after the dictatorial rule, and
the presidents after him left their legacies.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
https://www.csub.edu/pacificrim/countryprospectus/history.htm.
https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-
and-Empire/The-Philippines/
Vicente L. Rafael (2020). Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines
1565-1946. Retrieved from
https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190277727-e-268
Let’s Check
Activity 3. The works of science and technology greatly influenced the development of
nation-building in the country. At this point, let us try to determine the extent of its
influence in the country. Please elaborate your answers to the questions below:
1. Discuss the traced development of science and technology from the pre-colonial
times up to the present.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
2. Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology from president
Marcos up to the present administration.
A. Ferdinand Marcos
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B. Corazon Aquino
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C. Fidel Ramos
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D. Joseph Estrada
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
E. Gloria Arroyo
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G. Rodrigo Duterte
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1. What do you think are the significant contributions of science and technology to
the Philippine nation-building?
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______________________________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
2. What specific government policy do you like the most in contributing to the
development of science and technology in the Philippines?
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4. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?
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In a Nutshell
1. It’s right that the key to nation-building is the continued development and
application of science and technology. But perhaps, there must be policies or
laws to be followed to control and limit the might destructive effect on the
environment and to the people, just to achieve nation-building.
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General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
2. ________________________________________________________________
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3. ________________________________________________________________
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science
2nd Flr. DPT Building,Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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