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Introduction
• Sometimes, two or more gears are made to
mesh with each other to transmit power from
one shaft to another. Such a combination is
called gear train or train of toothed wheels.
• The nature of the train used depends upon the
velocity ratio required and the relative position
of the axes of shafts.
• A gear train may consist of spur, bevel or spiral
gears.

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 Gears
What we need to Know about them.
1. Type of gears
2. Terminologies or nomenclatures
3. Forces transmitted
4. Design of a gear box

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 Type of Gears

• Spurs
• Helical
• Bevel
• And Worm Gears

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 Spur Gears

Are used in transmitting torque between parallel shafts

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 Helical Gears

Are used in transmitting torques between parallel or non

parallel shafts, they are not as noisy as spur gears

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 Bevel Gears
• Are used to transmit
rotary motion
between intersecting
shafts

Teeth are formed on conical

surfaces, the teeth could be
straight or spiral.

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 Worm Gears

Are used for transmitting motion between non parallel

and non transmitting shafts, Depending on the number
of teeth engaged called single or double. Worm gear
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mostly used when speed ratio is quiet high, 3 or more
 Nomenclature

Smaller Gear is Pinion and Larger one is the gear

In most application the pinion is the driver, This reduces
speed but it increases torque.
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 Internal Spur Gear System

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 pitch circle, theoretical circle upon which all calculation is based
p, Circular pitch, p the distance from one teeth to the next, along
the pitch circle. p=πd/N
m, module=d/N pitch circle/number of teeth
p= πm
P, Diametral Pitch P=N/d
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pP= π
 Angle Φ has the values of 20 or 25 degrees. Angle 14.5
have been also used.
Gear profile is constructed from the base circle. Then
additional clearance are given.
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 How Gear Profile is constructed

A1B1=A1A0, A2B2=2 A1A0 , etc

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 Standard Gear Teeth
Item 20o full depth 20o Stub 25o full depth
Addendum a 1/P 0.8/P 1/P
Dedendum 1.25/P 1/P 1.25/P
Clearance f 0.25/P 0.2/P 0.25/P
Working depth 2/P 1.6/P 2/P
Whole depth 2.25/P 1.8/P 2.25/P
Tooth thickness 1.571/P 1.571/P 1.571/P
Face width 9/P<b<13/P 9/P<b<13/P 9/P<b<13/P
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 Law of Gearing and force

What happens when gear is moved?

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 Self Study

• Cycloidal teeth • Only theory

• Length of path of contact • Distance along common tangent
• Length of arc of contact • Wrt length of path (divide by cosine)
• Contact ratio • Wrt length of path (divide circular pitch)
• Interference • Tip undercuts root of other

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Types of Gear Trains
• Following are the different types of gear trains, depending
upon the arrangement of wheels :
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train
• In the first three types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts
over which the gears are mounted are fixed relative to each
other.
• But in case of epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on
which the gears are mounted may move relative to a fixed
axis.

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Simple Gear Train
• When there is only one gear on each shaft, as shown in Fig., it
is known as simple gear train.
• The gears are represented by their pitch circles.
• When the distance between the two shafts is small, the two
gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with each other to transmit
motion from one shaft to the other, as shown in Fig. (a).
• Since the gear 1 drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the
driver and the gear 2 is called the driven or follower.
• It may be noted that the motion of the driven gear is opposite to
the motion of driving gear.

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Compound Gear Train
• When there are more than one gear on a shaft, as
shown in Fig. , it is called a compound train of gear.
• We have seen that the idle gears, in a simple train of
gears do not effect the speed ratio of the system.
• But these gears are useful in bridging over the space
between the driver and the driven.

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Compound Gear Train ( Continued)
• But whenever the distance between the driver and the driven or
follower has to be bridged over by intermediate gears and at
the same time a great ( or much less ) speed ratio is required,
then the advantage of intermediate gears is increased by
providing compound gears on intermediate shafts.
• In this case, each intermediate shaft has two gears rigidly fixed
to it so that they may have the same speed.
• One of these two gears meshes with the driver and the other
with the driven or follower attached to the next shaft as shown
in Fig.

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Reverted Gear Train
• When the axes of the first gear (i.e. first
driver) and the last gear (i.e. last driven
or follower) are co-axial, then the gear
train is known as reverted gear train as
shown in Fig.
• We see that gear 1 (i.e. first driver)
drives the gear 2 (i.e. first driven or
follower) in the opposite direction.
• Since the gears 2 and 3 are mounted on
the same shaft, therefore they form a
compound gear and the gear 3 will rotate
in the same direction as that of gear 2.
• The gear 3 (which is now the second
driver) drives the gear 4 (i.e. the last
driven or follower) in the same direction
as that of gear 1. Thus we see that in a
reverted gear train, the motion of the first
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gear and the last gear is like.
Epicyclic Gear Train
• In an epicyclic gear train, the
axes of the shafts, over which the
gears are mounted, may move
relative to a fixed axis.
• A simple epicyclic gear train is
shown in Fig., where a gear A
and the arm C have a common
axis at O1 about which they can
rotate.
• The gear B meshes with gear A
and has its axis on the arm at O2,
about which the gear B can
rotate.

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• If the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple
and gear A can drive gear B or vice-
versa, but if gear A is fixed and the arm is
rotated about the axis of gear A (i.e. O1),
then the gear B is forced to rotate upon
and around gear A.
• Such a motion is called epicyclic and the
gear trains arranged in such a manner
that one or more of their members move
upon and around another member are
known as epicyclic gear trains (epi.
means upon and cyclic means around).
• The epicyclic gear trains may be simple
or compound.
• The epicyclic gear trains are useful for
transmitting high velocity ratios with gears
of moderate size in a comparatively
lesser space.
• The epicyclic gear trains are used in the
back gear of lathe, differential gears of
the automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks,
wrist watches etc.
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 Algebraic method

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Tabular method.
Consider an epicyclic gear train as shown in Fig.
• Let TA = Number of teeth on gear A, and TB =
Number of teeth on gear B.
• First of all, let us suppose that the arm is fixed.
Therefore the axes of both the gears are also fixed
relative to each other.
• When the gear A makes one revolution anticlockwise,
the gear B will make T A / TB revolutions, clockwise.

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Tabular method.
• when gear A makes + 1 revolution, then the gear B will make (– TA / TB)
revolutions. This statement of relative motion is entered in the first row of the
table.
• Secondly, if the gear A makes + x revolutions, then the gear B will make – x
× TA / TB revolutions. This statement is entered in the second row of the
table. In other words, multiply the each motion (entered in the first row) by x.
• Thirdly, each element of an epicyclic train is given + y revolutions and
entered in the third row.
• Finally, the motion of each element of the gear train is added up and entered
in the fourth row.

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