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    Guarani Basic Course. Part 1

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    Meli

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    . Communicate in Guarani in class and outside of class, the un. DOCUMENT RESOME ED 200 014 PL 012 18 Blaiz, Robert #.: And Ot Guarani Basic Course, Pert Feace Corps, Washington, D. 68 255p.: For related document, see FL 012 i42. may not reproduce clearly. English: Guarani S PRICE 4FO1/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTOZS =anerican Indian Language: (Languages) :, Cultural Awareness: Dialogs (La Grammar; Intensive Language Courses activities; Pattern Drills (Language Language Léarning: =Textbooks: Vo *Guarani; Paraguay This is the first in a two-volune basic course Guarani, the indigenous lenguage of Paraguay. The volune consists of an intzoductica to the Guarani language, some general principles # adult Zenguage-learning, and ten instructions! ts. Because the gcai of the course is to’encourage and lead the Learner to sganized in such @ way as to vaxinize the studext's role 12 earning. The units inthis voluze are sel-instructionai, “preparation stages" of the lessons which ere o: exercises in vocabulary, pronunciation, structure, ard coaversation for the student to study and practice befoze going to class. Following the preparation stage is the core stage 1a which the instructor presents the material in short question-answer exchangess The expianeticns are in English, and the exezcises and dialogues are in bota Guarani and Engiish, with occasional use of Spa: TEESE GE EGU BUDO EE OS EEO DE UCSD EEE UE BOG UEEE SE CCOOEE CEE ont * -Beproductions supplied by EDRS are the best taat can.pe ade « * rom the original document. * ZEEE HOUSES EOE GEESE OOOO DEE CE EAE EEE GUC 0 TE iv2uuula GUARANI BAST Fert I . ; Z Prepared by: Robert W. Bleir . é Charles 2. Granen a Delbert K. Groberg Carlos Z. Gomez Carlos R. spincle Vesrmrurstorsencm “"‘UPERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THs . MATERIAL HAS SEEN GRANTED 2 ce Corps TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES, INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) : ' DES 3 0 1620 The Guarani Lanruare Anon7 the notable accom: uded the shatterinr of certain © to discover, at leant for the Arerica: rovernrént, Porturuese aré not the only irrortant lanruares of !intin Arc indeed, in many larre and heavily rovilated arean from “texte the Andes and es fer as Pararuny, al lenmuares rreat over the lan/ the Ti Tt took the Pea rrassroots level, to * ly bilinrual, suck ar in fact Spanish is rarely snoken, and then only by a small minorit: then often heltingl tonrue, not renotely z P the mother-tonfue of the people, the lanmuare of heartit and “one, rilare of thourhts and drears, of: love and nraver, of conversation, work « It is a precfousiy held he: ugh which their individual onalities and group unity are e: fpanish in these sunposedly ual areas is the Lanmu Y ity for meetinr t! outside world. Spanish is the lanpuare of the schools, the rovernnent, an ilitary establishment, connotations of which do not narticularly enhance . vy took the Peace Corps to show also that these hirhly connlex lenquares, vhose structures and idions differed nost radically from that of myths about Lanrlares. ants of the Peace Corns mu’ that the European lenuages, could indeed ve learned--and indeed must be ly desiring to establish rapport and communicate effectively Siett she red in these areas. “Today PCV's in Latin fimerica are learninr several in=, direnous tongues whose strange-soundinr names are little known in the ed States: Guarani, Aymara, Cue: > Cakchiquel, “an, Wiché, In the future, nc doubt, as Volunteers push into.untouche? areas, other gues Will be added to the list. queness of Guarar 4 Unique in many ways anon these infienoys Lanmuare: ‘The mother-tonque of over one-nillion Pararuayans, Guarant indigenous lenguake in America to have been-fiven offic! national language. While the larre in@irenolis lanruares'of the Antes area and of Central fnerice are spoken alnost exclusively by the Indian populati in Paramuay, where there are relatively fev Indians, nnorle of all classes and of varied ancestries ‘speak the Indian tonrue. They are deenly prout of it. Farineers, doctors, and other professional neonle even tol city proudly proclain, "Guarani is our lanruege.” other respects perpetueted the Thus both hon? and religious trai Later, 2s Paraguay dragged itsel? 3, Guarani decane th: simost niraculo Paraguayan Guaren gan surely travel ove! Hotel and shop cl! sonnel all mus st that indeed everyone mu ce that, ‘outside of the cai y as these can be approximated, show ovhe es ever 95% of the population of eat majo: vine Sranish, Perhaps anoti tually. The veal bilinruals, those who kuow and use bo ity, make up no more than 25%of the total probably half of these feel more c~nfortable and’ more "chenselves" arani than in Spanish, Out side of Asuncién, Pararu: only sizeable city, only about 3%of the population have Svanish as Lanquage, “As one of the foremost scholars of Guarani wrote re- reporting of the contemporary lanruare situation in Paraguey: muallnation, but A Guarani sheakine stration, eduention, and wholesal: Snanish is U 1 of the 0 can't avoid contact «ith " these activities. “Parapuay is not really a bili trade, Spanish is used out of necessitz er strata and on the lower strata official activities, but only to the extent require? Only a smell elite uses it even in everiiay private .ifs. *athough Virtually all Pararuavans Jock upon Suarani with an attitude of pride and vindication, not mony are realty to allow it to dis place Spanish. Spanish is, after all, the door to . way to education and knowltdre, the key to Dronzess. Paraguay vould be totally isolated from the rest of Latin grovth stunted, the voice of its meets, writers and spokes Sé it is arreed that Spanish must contin {cial Lanmuare ‘the country, less movenents to have Guarani declared as 2 ave deen mugh rublicized and jnay yet bear 1 ever, is not ful: Neverti language vith Span Just what sich a decleration would rean, ° rele It is true thet nost Paragzavans fecl their ‘lanpuare is sure’ nest, most beautiful, flexible and lorical lanmuare in existence, capable of expressing’ every nuance of human thought anf exneriencc, in- “cluding the rather strict requirenents of scientific, mathenaticrl and lemal lauguage, but it is also true that the lanruare has never teen nressed to meet such challenzes, and it is doubtful that it could succeed concensus on the stangardization of the’lanmuare. sputed or ignore ejor debate is XB» vaich group inc end dietionari gage has been sorrowings accent an: all Gueragi speakers today ‘the fact chat Purists, h wily ‘refer to Soees oF 8 7 20%: en pest" the pris time of the concuest: The result of ¢! energies of almost all Paraguayan gueranistas, thos: Guefeni, have been spent in attempts to describe the 1 imagine it was, or worse yet, as they think it ought 8p Such >: sh influence, forts to recap’ to faiiure. And unfortunetely, energy to pursue e phantom, a real need has’ not bee: Produced no dictionaries an@ no grammars of Guarani w as it is.actually used today h ih is constantly filtered dow throug e Becones convinced thes the Langu of ‘study, not & proper vei influence 12 culled fron edie to the man se he ‘speake ie not the ele for litera. Guarani Literature . Literary. expression’ by Param alnost exclusively to Spanish. There are 70 no author of high reputation who has written-z v2 number of periodicals consistently devote space attitude of the " ed speeda as has becone for Le peons and such in Guarani. One author zublished and produged on stage @ series of plays gn Guereni. Sone trenslatian into Guarani most nctebly the New Testament. The magnum opus of" éne oF guarenistas, in fact, Dh,’ Reineléo Decowd Larrosa, is a transla’ New Testament into pure Guarani. Perhaps as 2 tour de of Spanish was conseiousty av nthe entize volume, wnderstand its very art: Guarani an the enslogy of Testament. . as been d @ifferent erens, it shouid be riven A orthograshy has not yet been achieved. _"h: and international congresses and Acadeny sess: settle the problen, There are, it sens, a nunber of com developed independently by rs of prammars and dictfonaries. seers, edch systen hes attracted a number of advocates i result: an enotional refusal to cornromise. The nisuiderstanding of the principles of adantine lette! Linguistic science has discovered that sdich lanruage has @ small set-of minimal sounds, between 20 and 0. These minina}, distinctive sounds, or phonemes. as they are called, include all the vovels and consonants as well as other elements like word stress, etc. rinciple it is easy, sto match one syrhol (letter or oti:e> nark) to one phonene, and one, phoneme to one written symbol. Probles arise ching symbol onevelse one's om: set attention to prin- to Sound only when one pronoses, to sor of natehings. If the matching were done with car ciples one could find no argument arainst it, & aispate the selection of certain symbols to represent.certain s\ And here precisely is the source of sone of the major controversies over syrbol ratching {n'Cuarani orthorraphy. Among the most disput ‘the pronosed sound-to-symbol matchings for @ sound in Guarani like h not have oursh sound, but the letter ocours frequent "Like hotel and hosptial, ctc., where the his "silent." nearest to our h sound is written with the letter Js" Jo the dilemma of how to represent the orlish-like sound i, in Guar population literate in Spanish and innorant of Fnrlish, three diffrrent Ratchings have been proposed ‘and subseouontly opposed"! a host of other guaranistas: (1) Repredent the s-und with J, diculous argument is mounted: "a detter cannot: have two sounds; jota ot have a Jota." “(The fact thet J sh, French, German and 5 ‘and r: has the sound of Jota and Guarani dors represents a very different sounMdir § not brought up by this faction.) (2). Represent the sound with h (against which equally absurd arguments are vollied). @ sound with doth Compromize the issue: repr Ane > José, or the woré aa hesound), the general conventi réluétance.to change orthogr ill be. Besides the selection of ¥ Tt "should be obvious 5 So many Peraguay’ certain unwritten r for example, in addre: hat 23 speaking to frien! angers that from it is elso used in ¢: conversation. For exampl ‘end during their about love end marrii 2 Spanish a subject matter nay es been easy to achie in creat ules ha pear to ds » Fes fession, e, though tirst get age he wi ‘the! ve discussed would elvays be discussed i Paraguayan who speaks 1g national DeEK 0: he knows that ly, servants, some locel officials, pearance -are Judged in prayers probed: not accustomed to it. These ar 2 convention nt places, a practice vh sh ‘1 javan’ ants to begil Guarani, and if she her She Goes not agree with And in Asuncifn Spanish which in the country side “ Renerel, the Paramiayan ups : ower classes; fuar ture of Guareni In spite of the faot thet Guerant is enone Sararuair's most mportant national traits, ‘ther@ are those who oredict that as national Interests bessre nore important than purely local anf donentie interests, Guarani wii! give way to Spansih throurhout the-innt, Ts in true chat in Nexies, Deru, Stuador ang Soliviay Indian languares which vere once" Widely spokes are now pradgelly being replaced ty Spanien. Aut. uniike those countries, Paraguay never exnerier @ master-slave relationship hetween Spanish and Tngiang in colonial Pron’ the conguest Gntil the present, Peremuay hes develope’ Ey howereneous in other Latin Anerican fe tne pom have never spoken the Indian toneue. sof natisnaltty, a common form ef ceted alize, ‘this accounts Zor bilingualism in Paraguay, “and may porte: successful syrbiosis of he tay Lencueres. ita stern in Pararuay ation 0° educated and u | n, lation: 8 Many of us, in se of 0 s and confusions about language wh: to learn a foreign languace, pexticul: There exists an can Indien language ~ stilt spoken‘in comm-> aAfalects by a Ses tered Indian tr re spoken todi areni is only cre of 2. Guarani is tive and degenerate len- " guage, incapable cf expres-. serviceable.. Linguistic science has distov- sing eny but the meanest cf ered thet all lang: iaees. spoken by Australien aber, men, or American Indians, as well as those tions , te be ‘the hunen ex gines AP ‘the language of the Ani the British Isles centuries after Christ, cow! not have served as well as Sng? guage of our society. otion thet Gua’ a closed ané Lim: languages use fi ‘te ranges of tho 3. Like other primitive languages, Suareni hes only e hendAx (200-300) of words. Commhication is necessarily supple- Lenents to- mented vith. sign Wenguages relationships these communication in the derk speakers sense is very highly restricted. no Hore linitation in jeans at their cispos- al then. ve do in the means at our disposal. a vocabulary of the average Guarani-speaker is as large 2s that of the average speaker Of any language. Cestures (nt sign language) are an soptionst concomitant of Guarani ‘speech Just : : as they ere of English. Parazuayans valk : dark or over t You vill hear in Guarani som “ul and cloguent speech yu can imagine. the kk, Guarani has no ie sean vhen th aremar. sre has no fran - ar is rot tap thea it is tone tint nany lanquaces ethat blensin waver, if the: . aacrien Se used c without miles of mearrar) tor forr'a sy cnen “ney are clearly Communication throurch Janmere Syase “ahd fn ayster of rules Sor reietine alenent syster, that ia, the cramer anil! lone before learned, of couse, i th Bone the althoust 2 5 : of thie ciles that ‘overn nor of havin? ever Inames an he cannot sneak a sinicle sentence vith © prannar rules. 5._ Guarani is not 5. A confused no! ts about "phonet: ys. “unshouetic” lunuaren. Tt is thought that some Janruares enanot be vr: their sounds are not phonetic. the letters of the alphat inherent values (those o° many lanruares. have ineRnelisn-like soun: eipn to the know values o% onr letters, these lanruares must he Yuapnonetic." This confused ' thinking probably results fron a basic risundér- standing of the nature of Lentv ne, nvely the false iden that writing is 2 that the +7 letters of the Ronin al; tant values) ( + phonetic langauge ety, since to have | . determined ty sone Prine yolation. In fact, i laneuage’is essentially 2nd rrina: 2 ji : Speech sounds to convey. renn Fepresentation, a transerirt is basic} the prinary Zorn c? communication. . writing is derived,a sc-on2aty fort ot ‘ + 6. The strenee and un- «46. “Every Zanruare in the world has selected and, phonetic sounds of Guarani - orpanized-into a system a snail set of niniral ere so infinitely varied * sound units from the vast total of noises the and so peculiar that they huran vocal apmazatus can produce, All the sounds cannot be leamed. One of all lankuares can be learned by all normal has to be “born into Gua- \. prople.n Paramuayans sneak with the sare vocal rani.” apparatus as anyone else. with ter They simply use it 7. Being unphonetic, Suarani is not a written lenmuare. 8, | There should be one “and only one correct way to‘spell the vords of # written language, and, of course, one and” caly one way to pronounce then. one ances: ence, not a dicloric.l ink 1 sound syste: Any the mal, as well te or ilindystani Gould be written Just Althourh every lanruare has its om does not fo language must have its oun netic 9 n most of the © Cyrillic, usi Ponan letters. assij fete (eer ely cena ‘transcript: as the Be consistent: ple. With 33 phoneres in letters in the alphabet, we rust ¢ our own lanmuare has a vory roor al: ati hand, has been phon for iqned “values” patterns native tn of 's linruistic environmen Tanpuare abet such an the ‘estern, Venruacs, ronean. languares, oF in Russian and mas lanmuares, can be used to rayrenent sound mits of give and take, to te sur itten in Cyrillic o1 iustani lette: nplish could Just Arabic oF rs, just as Russian, Arabic, he sane syrbol, seatsone and only one me princ cn, @ poor "fit." Guerant, on 26 Shon i contrary to the strictest conventions of + mic representation: Med alvost perfect=y there are 26 symbols Only one compron? iple of alrhatet adap. ign letter symbols, are pressed into’service to -present the mini=a: +s of a piven Lanpuape the or REAMERICY BULBS. sound teach be Converse- € lanmuares letter syr= the other toa se has been. e clear that: some of. the ph letter symbols, for example, As to the desirabil: tie of ters dialect differences. understand one enothe: differences in ferences in speech in area do equally well in cox other. make some importen generalizations from wt VALUES MUST . SINCE THE ASSIGNMENT.OF LETTER VALUES IS ARBITRARY, ies we nes are represented by double and n¢ to acount the kind of varistion character- uman behavior that prod and fos- VE WAYS " ~ Gusrani Can Be Leerned Adults do not learn languages in the sene way children do, but e high- ly motivated adult who wants to achieve aut of a foreign language in a short period of time can, under approach that goal within a period of 300-400 hours of training, if the training program fulfills certain conditions (a) Provides well-planned materials with useful content whi anticipated needs of the learner. a (>) Requires that the,nateriel be used for communication beyond the Point where it is superficially lesrnea. » checking of individuel progress, . ividualized corrective t (c) Provides for sufficient revie end diegnosing of indivigual problems, "therapy." The al Key of Language Learning The requirement thet the lenguage be used for commication is of ime importance. Tnis meens that as words and patterns are presented ‘hey, must be put to-use at once and kept in use in real ccmmunication. - It is often necessa:. to vractide the patterns and words briefly Yhrough vhat we cell manipuletion drills: repe:ition, substitution, pat- tered response and other drills, But no matter how adept one may becone at manipulating patterns in the preseribed ways, what really counts is us~ ing the lenguege not Just for practice but for reel communicati sttern Benipulation alone, no matter how vell programed or how prolonged, does not lead to success in lenguage learning. It does not simulate real com munication. It ney became so dull and urevarding thet even highly mot vated learners becone frustrated and bored. - This, then, is the principa’ xey in intensive language trai class and out of class maximum use is to ve mede of the lenguege for com ication--even erfect end impoverished. ( ( ( y 2 ‘The Overview Principle surrests that one ly not by mastering each point of erarmar or unre at ing ahead, 2 only a nofdine, passive wemaistanen or ‘of a considerable area, that is, lookinr ahead tc what : then coming back to drill and use the natterns, #raduv’*y brineine more and more aread under active control. It is held that nase + arquaintance is turned more efficiently into " than non-newiaiztanee is. And with less frustration and anxiety. pens Tonmiape moreyeftirient= comes, Ine hy view rstandir ‘The Overload Principle sugrests that if one is freauently challenred to and beyond his limit of powers, he will advance at the faztnst rate, reneral, overchallenge, wisely moderated, brinrs one's Learnine alone much faster, than underchaller tention of material saffieient frequen depends in part on using patterns that they becone automatic. It is well and be extinruished in tine unless it is re-use. The Overleara Principle sugrent Lanquage patterns be established throurh However, it is recomized that no matter how hirh the response str. be at one tine, unless it is reinforce! throurh méringic use, it v weakened or lost. course 5. desired vith one pr: and leed the learner to communicate in Guarani in class a) ‘The course is orpanized so ales = outlined above. Fach unit has a PREPARMSIOT STAAP which consists of a scl e= instructional program torether with other activities for the student tory +0 reeting with the instructor or comfur ‘> clann. Pollo’ ; which material is presented by the changes called seation and active to make use of the Tearnins on! ave _cyelen, “iero-wave cy t to designate a node of lanmage study characterized } put to use irnediately without lone reno: By means of the exercises is hoped that the student can then maintain. by the conti is Exnected of Te is: the exp¥ess philosophy of this course that the sty exert hinself to use every efficiert means to learn Guarasi. LAG A CREATIVA PROCESS. The teacher's role is a relatively s: whatever aids he and the teacher and the available the student must firht the battle on his omy tirest the material consumed. is mind must somehow provide for the reven- tion and later recall of wnat-is "learned." You thei, the Sy notified that you are responsible to dir out and o To aid you in ro Guarant the cou: 2. Look over the SUNMARY. 2. Read throurh the PROGRAM, (The student sho: with @ card, rive each arisver out loud, an z rentheses—i} 11 be she sims ‘i the ri ni" on the tape will be the signal to sdon the sonethine.} 1 be the sirnal to pronounee or sm "ROMPY once more. be expected to >: 3 - the following vay: 2, Avoid wasting tine in clags; keep up to temps." 3. Avoid questions in-class unless they ary a arant of “cold” nenorszation is strs recornn 6 ing fluency. The student will be eynect es ef sone cf the migrosunve ialom ans of deve rh quality perfornanc: other short niecz One Lest Word : y Your success in learning Guareni will not depend on the quality of the treining program. It will depend on you, on your attitude, your motivation and your application. Mexinun success will be achieved ty tee whe sets hig goels high, and vho 13 willing tp-dpply himself like mad to attain then. Attitude counts more The price of fluent Guareni is high, but if you desire to communicate heart to heart with the rural Paraguaydns, the reverds of being able to do so make the price cheap, one wh: ve LL take months of sweat S21 depend on Get yourself set for a long, herd run y begun in the formel training period, one after you reach Pereguay. Remember vi ou, D Unit One PREPARATION STAGE Progrem Geis i 25 (Remember to start he tape recorder at each Guarani is an Indian languege spoken in Peraguay. Because Indians originelly spoke Guarani, it is called and ‘Language. A. common greeting in Guarani is ‘How?" nis is easy to remember because Guarani is an Indian language and, as every one now, Indians greet each other by saying actuatty, tn duarent "1MB* ts snore for 'How ere jou?’ Tze Guarani vora for v2! is written mba'é ixatp does mba'é ixe”pa mean? Say the letter 'A.' and the word ‘a, Shex'. Now sayNBuy A. Shaw stressing the A., which is under: Now say ‘mm' like you are eeting thing good. Now put it all t: tem buy A. Shaw paw’ ‘yn vay A. deew paw! is close to the Guarani Vora mba'é ixe"pa. Sey ‘mm bay A. Shaw paw’ rapidly three = * times. Waat does it mean? * tow ven you see the Guerant word mba'é ixa™pa? you will pronounce it ——— to Indien ‘How (ere you)?" tim buy A. Shav pax’ . If you met,e Paraguayan now, you could : greet pim by saying ay which means 'How (ere you)” oa" ixa“pe? (7) (Listen ené repeat the word precisely as you hear it.) 8. Since zba'é ixa”pa is a question, the 5 Paraguayan Will give a response. A common response to 'How are you?! is ‘Just fine!. In Guarani ‘Just NIspordeite. I-poré-nte is @ comon seiponse te the greeting mba'é ixatpa Icpora-nte means ! Just fine 9. Say the English ssounds "pone on teh! stressing the 'ch'. “ow Say. the letter 'B.", 'E. pone on ten.' The 'on' is underlined because it must be stressed 10 very close to the : cone . ly three times. What -does it meen’ Just fine 11. Now when you see the Guarani word Inporg-nte you will pronounce it F EB. pone on teh “(n) © (Listen and re; © 2. Remenber that mba'é ixe"pa? means iow (are you)?’ and is pronounced : mm buy A. Shew paw 13. If you were greeted with mba'é ixe”pa? you could reply which means "Just,fine'. 1s. But you may vant to sey "Just fine. In Guarani ‘And you? . Ha _né means Aad you? g 15 Say the neme of the motorcycle 'Honde. Now say "deh" instead of ‘da’, stressing : the ‘deh! ndeh'. Whet does it mean? And you? Say '¥ongeh' rapidly three tines. Now when you see the Guarani words Ha ndé? you will know thet it is A pronounces +! . (2) j j 17. If a Pafeguayad walked in right now, 5 - < he might greet you by saying which means "How (are you)?" an ‘Just 18, What vould you say back to = fine. And you?! ao vue uf 19. He would probably answer meaning ‘Just fine 20 Or he might sey I-pord-nte evef which means "Just fine too.’ Avef means of : f ‘too; also say the English syllébles ‘eve’veh Bat emphasizing the E. ‘awe veh E. almost the same sound as the Cuerani ord avef. Say ‘ave veh 5.' rapidly three times. What,does it mean? too or also 22, Wow when you see avef-you vill pro- nounce it like the English syllebles ave veh @ ~~ 23, Sey Inporg-ate avef rapidly three tines. : Wnat does it meen? Just fine too. 2h. If you met e Paraguayan nov, how could you greet hin? : Moa'é ixe"pa? 25. If ne replied I-pori-nte pora-nte evef iow (are Just fin + And you? Just fine too. 1. Tne Guarani expression ha ndé means, o tand you?' Since he means ‘end’, . what does ndé mean? : you 2, Agtually na@ can meanveither tyou' 4 or ‘your’. For exemple nde-Féra means "your nane'. In tis case : ¢ naé means and name. your 3. Say the English ‘vor ‘data! pro- nounciag the first sylleble as in ebt'. Now put fan deh! in front and, say: ‘an deh date’, This is close to the Guarani words née-féra meaning Sey ton & your nane rapidly Three tines. 4, In English we say ‘What's your name?’, bat in. Guarani they sey "How your : ane?! In Guarani sbe'é ixa7pe méans how. Mea'é ixa”pe née-fére them literally . : means How your nexe oe ae 6. Sey mba"é ixa”pe nde-Fére rapidly vhree times. what does it mean? How (what's) your none? 7! How would you ask 2 Paraguayan his 7 : Moa'é ixe“pa nde-féra? My name is Carlos. 9. Since ndé can mean 'you' or ‘your’, at do you suppose x6 means? I or ay 10.. The word xé meaning 'T' or tny' sounds alnost like the English sound 'sheh’. x conouneed in English sh ao el 16. abe Say xe-féra ragidly. three times. (7) Now sey it agein followed by your ow nane: Xe-2éra (your haze). What you said means If someone asked you Mba'é fxa"pe née-Péra? what could you enswer? You could give your name and then ask for his neme by saying Mba'é ixa”Ga \ nde-féra? or more simply Handé? | Ha ndé? means Kara{ Gomez means 'Mr. Gomez". What does Karat mean? era sounds a lot like the English syllables 'Cod-eye E.' Say 'Cod-eye 5. rapidly three times: Which sound is stressed? «| ck Say Karef and then your lest nee. This our last name).' ‘Now say Xe-Péra_xerai (your lest neme). What does it mean? ej How would you answer e Paraguayan who asked your neme? ae Suppose you wanted to know a certain, - Pareguayan's name; how would you ask him whet his nome is? If he answered Xewéra HBra’ Gomez what vould it mean? If he also added Ha ndé? what could you answer pack? He may then say A-w'& roi“kuad vo which means 'I'm heppy to know you.’ Sey the English sound ‘ave’. No sey ‘ave voo ave’. Which sound emphasized? e ( My name is (your name) \ Xe-Féra (your name) And you . fe. (last My name's name) Xe-féra keraf (nam Moa'é ixa”pa nde-féra? My name is Mr. Gonez. Xe-Fére karef (nane) the last 3 ak / Say wwe! repidly vhree tines. Tris sountis sonething 1ike Acwy'é hich zéans ‘Sin hepry'. (1) Nod sey ‘Roy's sqiav' without the "S's" Now sey "Roy quex ave". you ex Sey 'voh'. Nov say these four sounds: "Roy quay ave voh’. Say it rapidly three tine’. This sounds like eh means ‘to know you" Ss stressed? Put it alt together nov’ ave Foy quay ave voh’. Wh Newe “100, at does Bt Wow vhén you see you will know that it j; "awe voo ave Tf you had just met a Paragueyari how would you say ‘what's your name?" in Guarani If.ne seid Xe-féra karat you could respond? Whet.coula you Say then? ave I'm heppy to know you. Roy quew Moa! ixe”pa nde~ féra? Xp-iéra karef (nane) avy! roi7kuad v Moa'é ixe”pa nd Xe-fére karat (name). Ha ndé? MerPéra keraf (name). \ Anvy‘& roi7kuaé vo. My name's Mr. (name). And you? Yy nane's Mr. (none). Tim happy’ to key you. 2. . 28 2) Tisteniag in ‘A. Karaf! Moa'é ixa”pa? B. I-pord-nte. He “naé A. I-poraente avef. Mba'é ixe“pa né -féra? Be Xes éra karat Gomez. Ha ndé? A. Xe-fére anténio. Aevy'é roi7kuad vo! A. heavy avef roi*kuaé vo. Menorizetion Gielog I. K, Mba'é ixe”pa? 3B, I-perd-nte. 4A. I-porB-nte avef. nde? how? How are you? just fine ‘too; also end yous 13 my your name my nene_ our Written ‘Exercises Copy eagh word or phrase in the summary two or three tines, onouncing it and thinking,of its meaning as you write it. Circle the corréct spellings: a. pord-ate iporé-nte be. HE nde Ea néé + Ha-ndé ce mbete ixa"pa - mat ixa"pa a. avei aves 2. ndé-f6re E : kardi anvyé anvtyé nh roiTkuad vo roitkuéa vo om the material in the-sumery create ten new sentences jat_you think could be valid Guarani sentences. New Expressions (mnemonic hook) not she but | | nad yous your c . , até he; she | | oré we; our ole for us \ : you-all: your pain 2 Su ~hendd Lister, hand to the ear stuaié study (frog Spenish) speak; telk Speak Russian? sey again age: that's fine on : ion of Sueren an approximation £ the people who speak Guareni also \. ea Span: Tne sounds of Guereni end Spdnish are quite different in many cts, but in some ways they ere the For example, the letter ‘a! is both languages. Spanish and fact all the Yowels (a, e, i, 0, u) are pronounced the same in Spanien end Guarani. Listen and say these vovele 2, i, 0, u. ‘These vowels (are/ are not) Guarani vowels. ere In Spanish the letter 'y! is sone used to represent the seme sound es the le But in-Suerani the letter ty" is used to represent ¢ sound thet does not exist in Spanish: listen ty" Sonetines this sound is pronounced in the 4S. Raich of the following Gusrani sounds do not exist in Spanish: 8, &) 4, 9) Bs ¥? “4 . Sone letters in Guarani are pronounced such like the sane letters in Eng! For exenple, the Guarani bh, vy, and nounced almost like the Englics Th’, "and 'j' in ‘home', 'very’, and ‘Jump’. ‘These are (the same as/different from) the % ation of these letters. aitferent fron aw 13. write (2) ts Hox vould you pronounce xa in Guaré In Guereni the letter Z represents the same sound that is spelled 'ng’ in the English vords ‘sing’, -'bring'. and ‘bans’. How voulé you represent the sound ‘long! in Guarani? How vould you pronounce the lette:s keg in Guarani? Ag in Guarani is usually pronounced like a 'g! in English es in the word 'go'~ But 2 gu in Cuarani is pronounced like the English 'w! as > ores in the Spanish 'guaro'. letters gua vould be pronounced Waat do you suppose the pronunciation of the word Guerani vould be? How would you write the sound 'vorg’ using Guarani letters? The Letters £, a, B,:né B are pro- nounced much the same in Guarani as in > Bey mba. Spanish. (7) téta, ‘The letters m, n, and nounced much the sane Spenish. (7) wa, na are also pro’ jarani as in ‘The Guarani >, s, end k 0 Like the Spanish *r’, 's', and "k's and "ct (vefore a, 0, u) or ‘qu’ (before i, e) fére or kerf. Some Guareni vords that have been boro: from Spanish may be-written with other letters such as 'c’ and 'z' as in the vords cemiséend zepaté. Say these words (7) dw G xe, leg kong (7) wa (7) \ Sane means thét There” lottel stop or’a lengthened vowel. 20. a. 22. Beaptne? Bay" €T) xué and ki not 7 If the glottal stop were not pronounced these words they (would/vould not} he same thitg?? The glottel stop 9 used in other English expressions e glottal stgp is the Only difference between the Guarani vords ‘delicate’ ané "loosen" (ers pof and pu'f). Pronounce the folfoving in Guarani pot, po't; haé, ha'é; ubaé, mbe'é. In Guarani, @ glottal stop top (could, ‘/could not) change .: e neaning‘of @ word? S e word -mba.ap6 the dot between the ‘vo vowels may be pronounced es a/glottal stop: (T) -mba.epé, But -ubeeaod cea also be pronounced with 2 lengthened vowel instead@t_ glottal stop: (T) wbe.apS.° So th Between the can be e: A dot betteen eny tuo vowels signifies e lengthened vowel or a ; Another feature of the Guar-ni sound system is naselizatio: example, the Guarani words for 'hole' and ‘finger! che same except for nasalization: (7) & (hole) and kud (finger). Naselization (does/does not) make a difference in Gey the following Guarani syllebies, first oral, then nasalized: (T) ke, ké; ko, 43, ku, KOs ky, ky Tepresented by a tile (~). would not could dot. glottel stop does 23. 2k. 25. at. 28. 29. 30. 2 syllable 2 tilde (~) over it is cetled a ‘source or center of nasalizetion A ‘source or center of naselizetion' has an effect on the syllables surrounding it. For example, the phrase I-pordtpe contains the nasalized syllable (source or center of nasalizetion) r&. (7) as e other syllebles are also Sey isvora"pe. (7) r& is the "source ox center of The effect of naselization becones weaker the farther it is from the ‘source or center of naselizetion', and finally dies but completely or runs into a barrier which stops the effect. (lNasalizetion barriers will be discussed in a leter lesson.) The span or stretch of speech that is nasalized is called a ‘nasal span’. The four syllables in inporé“pe are an example of @ When certain letters lie within e nesel an, they are written and pronounced fferently. e, when the letter J falls ‘a nesel span it is written i end pronounced H. Thus if Je. were within a nesel spen, it would be izten ___ and pronounced Woen b is ine ngsel span, ic is writes with @ dot under Ws (p) to signify thet it 'zeros out! (3s not pronounced). How would you write tHe phrase mba’é r@, in which the b lies ‘thin the nasal span! ys would you pronounce mba'é ri? When @ is in a nasal span it is writt with a dot under it () to signify they it is not pronounced. How would you write the phrase ndewkua, in whica he & lies within the nasal span? How would you pFonounce nde-kua? ‘ines (g5 p) you will know thet. i pronounced, because it falls vi nasal spen. ; 13 naselizat! flay fa nge'é r& met'S rf ne-kua, A 4. marks &__ of naselization. » then, actualy marks the a Strongest nasalization as ctured below. end, ceater which of the above syllebles is least Salized? the pee 3k. 4 you picture the nasalization word née? = (7) hee . 35. Since the source or center of’ nasaliza~ tion is also the point of stréss, the tilde really marks tvo things, the source or center of nasalization, and the pdint . 36. Where is the stress in the vord te? (r) on the 7. If a word is not nasalized, the stress located with an accent mark (“). Wnere is the stress in the word keraf? (T) on the i 38. Certain compound forms have two stresses. The strongest one will be located with the primary accent (°), and the other one will be shovm with the — secondary accent zark (~). Where is the a primary accent in the words ha'é kuéra? on the kué : 39. he secondary accent in hat ho. ‘he primary accent in the wo: on the ra ne secondery accent in 42. «Listen and: repeat agein the vowels in Guarani: a, 2, i; oyu, ¥.~ (7) 43, Listen end repeat the vovels time nasalized: kb. How do you pronounce and Guereni? 45. Remember that the glottal sti change the meaning of @ word. ‘delicate’ and ‘loosen’: pots 46. What ere two possible pronunciations of pe 2p fit. Neselization (can/cannot) chenpe the meaning of e word? — 48. "Say the words for ‘hole’ and 'finger’ in Guarani: ind; kud. would the foll they fell mba'é, naé? 50. ng words be written ansel span, ja, 52. “How would fa, mpa'é and ngé be pro- nounced? 52. How is the primary stress located on e° nasalized word? _ 53. How is the secondary str naselized word? * "ess located on a es 54. The hyphen (-) is used to connect syllables thet don't have nearing by jemselves. In Engli re" doesn't mean anything by itself, but when it is connected to awerd 2s ‘unite’ it means 'to do again’; ‘reunite’. 'Re! (aces/doesn!t have) meaning by. itself? I on the i can (t) doesn't have © 57. 60. a. 62. a ess ts it means ‘Just! used to connect studi are preceded ‘cetes thar they (are/are not) used es meaningful itexs yy thenselve: Some verb st following the hyphen. Japs. This velong to the Ss ems have a capital Lor J. Bxenple: indicates that these verbs discussed later.) ‘The hat (~) stand alone. verd class or the _- cless. (I-verbs and J-verbs wi Tiwaé, oF is simil-r to the hyphen (-) in that it connects syllables that cannot However the } (7) only to connect the questicn marker.pa_ and the negative markers. discussed later.) The pa s used (These will be and the negat e markers (can/cannot) stand by themselves. A dot over an r does not affect the pronunciation but indicates that the factor vord. word is what devail.) is called en fis/is not) pronunced like an undotted 'r' (r). A dot over an. 'h' (R) or 2 signifies that the word is ‘t! (£) also an Ro# factor word. The dot does not affect the A dot under a 'd' (2) or a "a! (a) does. affect the pronunciation of t! word. this case the dot means that the letter "zeros out’ or ig not A dot between two vowels (as in -mba-apd) (does /does int) affect the pronunciation? meaning. are not cannot pronunciation pronounced does 1é & ie A dot vetveen ti as © glotel stop or as a 2 vowel. Summer} - vowEts: ; and ware like the Spanish ¥ ie pronounced with tongue positioned for u (as in put) end lip consonants: . GLOTTAL, STOP (1). A dot vetveen tvo vowels (a.2) may also represent a glottal stop. However such a dot means 2 lengtnened vovel can be used in place of ‘the glottal stop. RASALIZATION: The vowel of any syllable may be nasalized and become e ‘nasal center’. 4, %, I, 5, 4, Z- The effects of nasalizetion spread outward from the ‘source or center of nasalizetion' with a de~ ; creasing effect, until it i-por“pa is stopped or dies out. The area that is affected is called the ‘nasal span’. Within a ‘nasal span' a j decones H, a a becomes ¢ end a b vecomes §. The p and g are not pronounced. STRESS: nasal word non-nasal word Primary’ stress. ‘7 Secondary stress . e Ws 12 ‘The hyptien is used to connect cert parts waieh cennot stend alone, 7. RAT: The hat (7) connects the suffix pa,the negative markers, and the object pronoun. Thesé elements may be called ‘clitics'. A aottea £, 2, or fi is pronounced like the seme letter without the dot. The dot signifies that the word is an Ro# facto: word. : . CAPITAL LETTERS: A-verb stem that begins with a capital i : or J is called an I-verb or J-verb re- spectively. Written Exercises 1, Write each vowel and consonant in the summary, pronouncing it as you write it. 2. ‘rite and pronounce the nasalized vowels and a J, d and b thet fall within a nasal span. . . Copy the following vords end pronounce then: A : J 50'S wHenad roi7xusd he'é neé : hee mbe'é nde-Féra xe-fére He's of-port mba'é ixe"pa Seve pee aqvy'é Which of the folloving verbs are I-verbs or J-verbs? ~Tkued, Japs -ké -jeruré 6 sstudid -Iné 5. Which of the following cannot stend alone? . Gy SS Sey erkuak ~~ je-hé..JepS_ nda une até Listen again to the tape (Prep C: Advanced Oxgdnizer-Program) and vithout referring to the program or swmary write all the sounds thet you hear. ko'BBe nor ko'are today peter one t ] | mokdi two | L ! | zbonepy 1 1 srundy four L 5 . 1 he and L ! } tere or t 2 20 ‘Sremmer point: asking ques a. by upvaré intonation b. by question marker pe ex singular isperative, second person Sez plural inperetive, second person imperative forms of x'e (to sey) commend sofzener pronoun prefixes xé a position of pa egular conjugetiéna of vowel stem verbs & - to say ’ Interrogatives pavapa? moSpa? 9 22 FEES ipa es e question marker) ri 2. There are, then, arkers: & 3 is easy to remember ink cf the p as standing for ould you tell two people English ve ng the comand vert. equivelent prinary stress is on the iow would you polite: Write and prondunce the following commands in Guarani, directing th command tovard one person: study Listen Teik im Penstudié, 2a 25. Now'say the folles polite Gy: ani, direct: towaré’a g-oup of peoplé: ing commends in che command Study Listen 2k : Say (iv) Read pronoun prefix Gy i Spanish when the subject is the first person singular pronoun yo the ver adds - 2 corresponding first person singuler urtix, after the stem. For example, =o in ‘yo hebio’. In Guarani when the Subject is the first person singular pronoun x& the verb adds 2 corresponding first person singuler prefix vefore the vowel stem verbs, this How would you 1. Wetice th joined to How would you say a) Fok would you say (-henet) 1g. Ig the st the pers would be tke listens uw would you 20... How would 21. How vould you 22. Tae other proncy ing pers © correspond the examples XS anstudié Haté o-studié Ha'é oniie’é fa'é o-hendt 2s 23. h ar. The person prefix for 'you-all' (peé) is pe. What doe Pe’ pe~nendii mean? = é The. per'son prefix for 've' (oré) is ro. What mean in English? you' (né) is studié mean? rases below: x6 __-stuaid. + T stuey. _nstuaia. You study. até _-studié. He studies. What are the appropriate prefixes for -the phrases below: Xé _-fe'é. Z speek. Bete. We speak. ntera. Yourall speak. Wet ere the abpropriate prefixes for the phrases below: Pe® _-hendd. You-all listen. oré _-henati. We listen. Ha'é __-hendt. -nendi Naé __-hen You-all listen We listen You study ore 29. Write and prosiounce the following in Guarani: I study I listen. You study. \ “ @ie talk. We read. (dropping the independent pronoun) 30. 'I listen’ could be Xé ad or just AchenéG. Since the person prefix a is used only for the first person, the: independent pronoun xé does not need to be expressed. How vould you say 'He Listens", withcut using the pro- noun? 31. Write and ‘pronounce the following in Guarani without using the pronouns: We talk. Yourall listen. You study. We read. Hy xé a-studié. Xé a-hendi. Naé re-studié. Oré ro-fie'é. oré ro-leé o-hendti A-studia. Achendd. O-nendti. onfie"’. Pe-hendd. Re-studié. -1eé. : 2a studying’ is AchendG means Achendi nine 33. Write and pronounce the following in Guarani I am studying. (x6) a-studié nine. We are studying. You-all are studying. would X6 acstudié bine guarani mean? I am studying Guarani. 35. Inglés means ‘English’ in Gueran: would you say "I'm studying English'? Xé a-studia a inglés. (-pe as tin") 35. We could sey or "I'm speakin common also Inglés-pe means means fin’. pe 2 31. How vould you sey ‘He is talking in a English’? (ia'é) o-fe'é hina POSITION OF SINGLE VOWEL STEN VERBS: -te old teat Ssay', ~sg, cecomes -ze- In Guarani ced after the SUBJECT if sentence. is the first + - Naé“pa re-hendG hina? Are you listéning? It is placed after t word in tae sentence. Re-hendipa hina? Ave you listening? Ocstudia"pa bina? Is he studying? A handful of verb stems vowel. Their conjugatié regular, but they ae de up of a single is slightly ir- nigh frequency verbs. Make singuler and plural comaniés out of the. folléving verbs and give Engli ations. (Make the commands polite.) wie! whendé "6 wstudia Change the folloving words or‘ phrases into questions Carlos Re-fe'é guara: vaé s Inglés Onstudié inglés. Carlos o-studié inglés. port-ate “eabays Make the following sentences progressiv Carlos o-studié g:erani. Xé a-studié guaran: Ped“pa pe-studia guarent. oré rochendé guaran’. ‘Translate the Sollowing into Guarani: I am studying English. b. He is b ng (to) Guare: c. Wé Speak in Guarani. 4. Yourall speak in English. Z tell (it} in Guarani. 2 f. Teat seat (so'S) on 3 34 Carics is speaking in Guarani. fh. Speak in Guarsni. i. Say (it) again. He is reading in Span: Listening In Moa'$ ixa”pa, Carlos? Inpordente. Ha na6? Iepori-nte evel. mué“pa re-stidié bine guaran Ha hi: Wahdiniri, he's o-stugié hina inglés. Of-pora! xé ha Glédys ro-studié hina inglés avef. Giddys ha Carlos, mba'é ixa"pa? Inpordente. Ha néé? I-pord-nte avef. Pe-fie'S"pa inglés? fello' guarani-ne. "Mba'é ixe"pa.” He, of-pora. aie are you, Carlos? Just fine, And you? Are.you studying Guaran’ Yes, I am. G And David? Is he study Guarani too? Gladys and Carlos, how are you? Just fine. And you? too. Do you Re-studié"pe hina guarent, Cerios? * He, a-studid hina. Xé e-fie'é guarani-ne. ord; Carlos. Halon D Naé"pe ve-studif bine guarani? Be, avstudid hina guerent. Wahanir: guarant-ne. Guarani-ne“pa? Loo! (ouns) Spanish (sefor-talk) Ahead It 36 Are you studying Guarani, Carlos? Yes, I an. yu do you study?>/ i . T'speak in Guarani. ‘That's fine, Carlos Are you studying Guarani? Yes, I'm studying Gua: Are you studying English too? No, Hels study! glish. Are you talkin Ho, we are talking”ine cuarer Guarani? That's good! (verbs) snba.apd work Tied know along ~Jepd do} snake cscrivi write vleé reed * ~hugé play i e-porenaé Ixu-pé/ -porandii Txu-pé mbe!é"pe o-studia. 37 Retz evel. fa mba'é"pe o-studié ha Gléeys? studié AvstBdie-s= escuela-pe. Naé"pa rei-kuad Cerlos-pe? wy % Spanist vnat are Carlos and Gledys studying? ‘They are studying Guaren‘. We shoulé study Guarani Let's study then! What do you want to study? I want to study Guarani. ere. to do want Yt to study in the school. Do you know Carlos? Carlos? Yes, 1 know Card weil. Aud you "now Julio toc? fo. Ha mbe'! ixa”pa Ha! oi-k6 pore. 37 Where do they They live in Der And you get al Paraguay? Yee, we get along J fine. And how is Carles? So D. he!’ kuere (t 3. Letts. de (or 4. VERB-sé : 5. I-VERBS (require i on the pronoun prefix} require j on the pronoun prefix) ‘In, art; "To! rect object marker for persons ‘SHOULD’; 'MusT'; ‘ouGHT® 10. pa as "WHETHER"; ‘IF’ "FROM"; "OF" 12. spe gué ‘ASSOCIATED WITH"; OF" 23. aj@"pe? RIGHT?" ‘YES, INDEED" 7 of complete set of person prefixes 16. Review of three! imperative forms singular 2nd person plural 2nd person We Viac) plural Ist person ‘LET'S: 40 Yooabulary, fiouns Banco véisbol biblictece cacerola cafeterfa cancaa clase cocina coledor cucnara Cuerpo de Pez _ donitorio escuela excused fabrica de acéro sapaterfa zubol Nominals organisacién pelota peluguerta péve plato peicologfa . tate Zombie" _ tenedor eupad universidad voluntari Names of Places ‘and Peoples Africa alenén Bolfvia Boliviano Brasil Colombia Costa Rica tades Unidos raguey Paraguaya (o) Peru portugués Rusia Yérbs ust Hera whexh wIpoté -inytyvs ontende onje-'é ~porenés eserivi ar Oo cal Itexs Ox clause ta future tense fra ha pyharé ko pyharé pyneré 2a pet erson Prono’ ha’é kuéra xu-pe Interrogatives Biva-pe"pa? 41 ogre ("We', including person addressed vs. 'We', excluding person addressed) i. In Guarani there ere tvo words thet ere ranslated 'We': oré aia Sanié... Or used when the person or persons spoken to ere not included. Sandé is used when the person or persons spoken to aze included. Suppose you and a grc-p of friends vere Looking for a park and stopped to ask a policeman how to get there. You could say "How do we (oré) get to the park?” Then one of your friends might ask you, ‘what did he say? How do we (Sandé) get there?” ould 'We’ be translated oré or fiendé in ‘the folloving situations? Two shoppers talk to a clerk in a store: a., “Where can ve find the me's clothes? oré b.. "How do ve pay for this?” oré e. fer about the price?” Senaé 4. "How do we know you're not cheating us?’ oré e. "Where can ve go to find a better “ selection?" oré f. “Way don't you come with us and ve a will find the naneger?" Renaé g. "Cane meet some place after work . and fight it out?” Banaé Nandé will be celled 'WE INCLUSIVE’ mE (inci}'. wWaenever you see "WE. ( . you Will know thet’it refers to fianaé .L)! person prefix je-) aires the prefix je before t! @ying' is Rende je~ Reaembering that 3 =f hin @ nasal span, how would you say ‘We (incl) are talking’? are Listening. are telki B+ are studying. (xugra = pluralizer) ©. Zn bnglish ve say "book’ and. ‘books’. Tne 's’ is the pluralizer. In Guarani they say Livro and livro kuére. The kuéra is the plurelizer. Lapis means ypeneii' in Guarani. How would you say 'pencils'? Note that kuéra tekes the primary stress. a'é means ‘ue’ or ‘she’. If you mean ore than one ‘he’ or 'she', you woulé say Ha’3 = (tne 32a person verb pr 8. kuéra is the Guarani word for ‘they studying’ is Ha"B kuera onstudid ng. The verd prefix is tne same for a'S kuéra and ha!é. 9. how would you say ‘They are listening’? fandé fie-hendd fiandé fa~fe'é Rendé ja-studié 44 (review) You h ven the complete set cf person prefixes. These ere; chast. for al. 'Let!s study? i: How would you say ‘Lez's listen!? Jachend! *Let's tedkt would be e- cause of the effect of the nasalizatios in He?& the Jax becomes fe~ 13. Listen to, pronounce and thes wi following in Guarani: Let's talk. bd. Let's study. t's listen. "a, Let's sey (it). seté You have now béen giveh three impers- tive fore. . 1. e-hendé 2. pe-hendti 3. - He-hendd Ja-studid study! is Xé u-studiasse. like the "want to’ in English. How would you sey "They want to study bat® kuéra sten to, pronounce and write the following in Guaren Z want to study. want to listen. wants to talk. we (incl) want to study, Verb stems writtén with 2 capital 'I' such as 1k6 end -Ikued are I I-VERBS Fequire end i prefix. Compare the following: x8 a-studié xe a x8 aici flandé je-stidie-sé. study. know get along (live) well. oi-kuad, 22: Ik6 meaning 'to get along’ or 'to live! 5 Tg another I-VERS. How would you say "LE livel? x6 23. How vould you say ‘We (incl) Live"? Hengé 5 (s-VERES) A 24. Verb stens written vith a egpitel J such 25 ~Japo are J-VEPES. “J-VERBS quire @ J on she pronoun prefix. Coupare the follovin REGULAR VERB: enstudié Irstugy VERBS: I know J-VERBS : I do (it) 25. How would you soy tHe does (it)1? od-ap6 26. How would you say "we (incl) do [it)'? jaj-apé ~ 27. How would you sey ‘We (excl) want to . do (it)!? roj-apé-s6 {-pe as Locat: 28. -Pe means * can also mean ‘at! cr ‘to’. Compare the shrases below: Acstuaié.escuele-pe. . I study at school. 2i-k6 Peragudi-pe. I live in Paraguay. Snfie'@ bina Carlos-pe. ~ . . ‘I am talking to Carlos. 29. Write and pronounce the following in ~ Guarani: 7 a. I atudy at sehool. ( Xé a-studié escuele-pe. I live at school. Xé ai-k6 escuela-pe. e. I live in Texas. XE ai-ké Texas-pe- Ha'é c-fie'é bine Glédys-pe. a. He is talking to Gladys. as direct object marker for persons) 30., In Spanish we sey 'conozeo a Carlos (I know Ce] Carlos.‘ In Guarani we say ues Cal « would you say I know Gladys’? Xé ei-xued (vaceraé should, must, etc.) 31. In Guarani there is only one word for cule’, ‘ougnt', ‘mist’, "have to’, ete. Look at the examples pelow: Xé a-studid va.era. X@ a-studia va-era. ‘X@ a-studia ve. eri +32. How would you say 'I ought to listen'? xe end 33. Guarani: ° to Listen > b. I must, study. c. We should know. a. nuld talk in Guarani. (pa as ‘whether', 'if") Examine the sentence: E-poranaG txu-pé o-studié"pe hina - 'Ask him studying O-studia"pe hina means sh it is less common'to say Ask him is he studying’ than 'Ask hin is studying’. The translati valent Of pa in the latter sentence o 4 47 I have to stu: I must study. I should study. o-hendii va.era. x6 a-studia va.e: Nandé fia-fe'é va.er& guareni-ne. is he studying? a fs *eron', tof!) Cbserve a. Mob gué“pa nae? bd. Xé Peregudi gud. c. N48 NorteamBrica gué? : Tae post gull indicates origin Compare the following equivalents in Guarani: : x6 Mebicano 7 Xé MBhico gud. X Raraguiya | x6 Peraguai guf. ‘Xé Boliviano a Xé Bolivia gué. Say and write the equivalents: x Peruana x6 X@ Colombiano xé - (-pe_gua associated with', of") 38. yo. Observe the folloving: a. Mba'é gué*pa ndé? >. X8 Cuerpo de Paz-pe gud. The suffix -ge 'in' plus the post- positian gud "trom; of’ combine to mean ‘fron in' or ‘associated vith Often ~pe gz is translated by ge in Spanish. How would you say ‘He's a VISTA volunteer"? where are you fr from Peraguay. Pera gud Colombia “gud What ere you associated with? I'm a volunteer asso- ciated with the Peace Corps 4g 4l. dn French it's n'est-ce pas?, in ‘Spanish no es verdad? in Gueran: it’s ajépa? )In sxglish a wide variety, of .c. Riess are available: He is siek, isnt he? has money, doesn't § He will go, won't he? 7 vou7tike it, right, tastes good, don'+ you agree? 7 42, How would you sey ‘Just fine, right?’ -nte, ajétpa? 3. He ts one vay of attimming. More smphatic is the expression Upé ixe hina! "Yes indeed!" _ 4k, Which would be the more emphatic rmation to the question re-kBrucsé"pa? (Do you want to eat?), Hée or Upé Axe Waat?' Mba'é"pa means ‘What are you How would you say, ‘what is ha’é o-studia? Moa!é"pa 46. Write and pronounce the following i ? * Guarani: a. whet ere we (incl) studying? Moa'é"pa je-stui does he study? Moa'é"pa o-studia? c. wnat is he liste: 1g to? Noa'é"pa o-hendd nine? oF ¢ dé end ha'3-kuére are | We Sine) gar (flangé) jerstudié. ve (ines) : | they Ha'8 iuéra) | I knox. He knows. “VERES require a jon the VERS WANT TO. A VERS plus -s8 makes the ‘WANT 70...7 form. SrbBr uss, He wents £6 listen be *SHOULD..:" "MUST." A VERB plus z vace: ete. form. Acstudi& va.era, | Ro-kendi va. f2 SPANISH LOANS ere frequently used to designate | x6 vereguayo. I'm Paraguayan. — ; : | X@ mehicdno. I'm Mexican *RIGHTT" ‘The equivalent of English 7?" (Spanish ‘no es verded?"} is aj6"pe ; A EBA: A more er-hatic ai "Yes indeed’. oh ten te three centences in Buciish lated Sengé hree sentences in Engl’ sh Guarani. «' forms out of the following verbs and give Englii Example: Jex'é. Let's say (it).) folloving into ¢: We know. We (incl) know. You-all know. You do. a c a, er f. Pe 3 Covzect th anslate the following nistekes Xé o-hendu-se Gnaran Qré a-hBendu-sé Guaren Ha'é kuéra o-kuag. A-studi2 ve.éra. Onhendu-sé. I am studying. I want to study I ought to study. T ougat I onght Guarani. < ought to talk in English. Se cught to talk in Gua.ani. er. i'n a Peace I'm a Horta Corps Vol 6 a-stuaié 2 a-studié b stiidia-sé escuela-re. Naé“pa rei-xuad Cerlos. Carlos-pé“pe? Hée, xé ai. Ha Julicepe"pa rei xuad avel? into Guarani: Ina guaranT. We (ircl) ought to talk in Guarani. 2 wants to live here, He wants to talk to Carlos. He ought to know Gladys. Do you want to study at school? Ask him if he is listening. Do you know if I am listening? You're from New York, right? ee wp b> ee A. Mo3*pa rei-k6 ndé? Xé"pa?_¥6 ai-k6 Paraguéi-pe. Ha no8*pa oi-x6 hg’ kuéra? Ha'é kuéra ol-k6 Denverape- Ha peé"pa pei-k6 pord-nte Paraguéi-pe? Hée. Roi-k6 pord-nte. a Ha mba'é ixa”pe oi-k6 Carlos? Ha'é oi-k6, pord-nte avef, gracias. Kufii-karel Peralte o-studié inglés universidad-pe. Kara{ Pinero o-studié ruso universidad-pe- Antonio o-studié alem&n escuela-pe. XE a-studié guarant Paragudi-pe. Xé a-studié guaran! Paragudi-pe avef. Re-studié”pa inglés Estados Uridos-pe. Ege, a-studié inglés Estados Unidos-pe. Moa'é"pa rej-apé hina? keral~fe'@ ko'@ga. Moa'é"pa je-studié va.erd ko" ge? Naé re-studié va.erd guerant ha xé a-studié ve.era inglés. Naé“pa rei-xuad Carlos-pe? née, ei-kucd pord. Ha'® kuéra”pa of-k6 Utah: Nahiniri. Mo8~pa oi-K6? Oi-ké Peraguéi-pe, pero o-ube.ep6 bina Uteh-pe. Moa'é ixe”pa rei-ké? Ai-ké pord-nte. Ha ndé? Ai-k6 poid-nte avel. i aie ooking Ahead (nouns) (time expressions) ga house (Sp. hoger) fra any XK tuped church ko @ra ” today escuela school pyhar&é * night ko pynaré tonight fre ha pyharé day and night (verbs) ang’ pyharé last night - ses first wntendé understand (Sp. entender) upéi afterwards; next; then expression just elicited. E-porindG nt xé-ve mbs!@ i: ts owing 1 is said ( ist of Spanish words and n Guarani}. Write te 04.2 et? 2 eas” ask him how to say the should go like this: a o-je-'é me gusta. Er-e mi xé-te mbe'é i "€ me gusta, “AL Onje-'S xe" gusté Find Out How to Say no eatiendo no me acuerdo no sé / vemos la comida es muy buena SF Unit Five CONTENTS geamar points: 1. ta future tense “, 2. kurt “recent past tense (statements) 3. kurt optional in past context 4, re.8 in recent past tense questions 5. VERB-kuad "to know how to VERE" 12. 13. ak. 5. 26. te ikatGi ‘it is possible; can; my!

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