bb
bmls 1b
Timeline Reviewer
Topic Outline
1. Overview of Public Health
2. The Philippine Health Care
Delivery System
3. Community Organizing
4. Epidemiology
5. Community Assessment
6. Vital Statistic
7. Noncommunicable Disease
8. Communicable Disease
9. Health Programs
10. Nutrition and Health
11. Environmental Health and
Sanitation
12. Occupational Health
13. Disaster Management
Public Health
Definitions according to:
Dr. C.E Winslow- “the science and
art of preventing disease, prolonging
life, and promoting health and
efficiency through organized
community effort”
WHO- “art of applying science in the
context of politics so as to reduce
inequalities in health while ensuring
the best health for the greatest
number”
YACH- “a set of fundamental
activities that address the
determinants of health, protect
population’s health and treat
diseases.
May 19, 2022
Health (WHO)- "a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of
disease and infirmity"
Factors (Determinants)
1. Income and social status
2. Education
3. Physical Environment
4. Employment and working
conditions
5. Social support networks
6. Culture
7. Genetics
8. Personal behavior and coping
skills
9. Health services
10. Gender
Optimum Level of Functioning
(OLOF)
- Individuals, families, and
communities being influenced by
several factors in the eco-system.
political, behavior, heredity, health
care delivery system, environment,
and socioeconomic.
Core business of public health as:
1. Disease control
2. Injury prevention
3. Health protection
4. Health public policy
(environmental hazards-
workplace, housing, food, water,
etc.)
5. Promotion of health and equitable
health gain
Public Health Functions
1. Health situation monitoring and
analysis
bb
bmls 1b
2. Epidemiological
surveillance/disease prevention
and control
3. Development of policies and
planning in public health
4. Strategic management of health
systems and services for
population health gain
5. Regulation and enforcement to
protect public health
6. Human resources development
and planning in public health
7. Health promotion, social
participation and empowerment
8. Ensuring the quality of personal
and population-based health
service
9. Research, development and
implementation of innovative
public health solutions
Global And Country Health
Imperatives
- context of ongoing changes,
which exert a number of
pressures on the public health
system.
These changes include:
1. Shifts in demographic and
epidemiological trends in
diseases, including the
emergence and re-emergence of
new diseases and in the
prevalence of
risk and protective factors;
2.New technologies for health
care, communication and
information;
3. Existing and emerging
environmental hazards some
associated with globalization;
4. Health reforms.
May 19, 2022
Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
Fundamental Values
1. Freedom
2. Equality
3. Solidarity
4. Tolerance
5. Health
6. Respect for nature
7. Shared responsibility
8 MDGs
1. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary
education
3. Promote gender equality and
empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat AIDS malaria and
other diseases
7. Ensure environmental
sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership
tor development
The Philippine Health Care Delivery
System
THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
SYSTEM: MAJOR PLAYERS
The Philippine health care delivery
system is composed of two sectors:
(1) PUBLIC SECTOR
(2) PRIVATE SECTOR
Goal of FOURmula ONE for Health
1. Better health outcomes
bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
2. More responsive health systems b. Choose an organizational
3. Equitable health care financing structure
c. Identity, selects, and recruit
The four elements of the strategy are:
organizational members
1. Health financing d. Define organizational mission
2. Health regulation and goals
3. Health service delivery e. Clarify roles and
4. Good governance responsibilities of people
involved in the organization
f. Provide training and
Community Organizing recognition
Stage 3: Implementation
Studies have underscored some key a. Generate broad citizen
elements of the community which may participation
he reactivated to bring social and b. Develop a sequential work
behavioral change These include social place
organizations (relationships. structure c. Use comprehensive
and resources) ideology (knowledge. integrated strategies
beliefs and altitudes) and change d. Integrate community values
agents. This process of change softens into programs, materials, and
termed as empowerment or building messages
the capability of people for future
Stage 4: Program Maintenance-
community action.
Consolidation
Five stages of Organizing: A Community
a. Integrate intervention activities
Health Promotion Model
b. Establish positive
Stage 1. Community Analysis organizational culture
c. Establish ongoing recruitment
Steps in community Analysis
plan
a. Define the community d. Disseminate results
b. Collect Data
Stage 5: Dissemination – Reassessment
c. Assess community Capacity
d. Assess community barriers a. Update the community
e. Assess readiness for change analysis
f. Synthesis data and set priorities b. Assess effectiveness of
interventions/ programs
c. Chart future directories and
Stage 2: Design and Initiation
modifications
a. Establish a core planning d. Summarize and disseminate
group and select a local results
organizer
bb
bmls 1b
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- is the study of occurrences and
distribution of diseases as well as
the distribution and determinants
of health states or events in
specified population, and the
application of this study to the
control of health problems.
- This emphasizes that
epidemiologist is concerned not
only with deaths, illness and
disability, but also with more
positive health states and with the
means to improve health.
- Backbone of the prevention of
diseases
- “The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related
states in specified populations,
and the application of this study
to control health problems.”(CDC)
The first area
- distribution of health status in
terms of age, gender, race,
geography, time and so on might
be considered in an expansion of
the discipline of demography to
health and diseases.
The second area
- explanations of the patterns of
disease distribution in terms of
causal factors.
1. Descriptive
Epidemiology
May 19, 2022
Uses of Epidemiology:
According to Morris, epidemiology is
used to:
- Study the history of the health
population and the rise and fall of
diseases and changes in their
character.
- Diagnose the health of the
community and the condition of
people to measure the
distribution and dimension of
illness in terms of incidence,
prevalence, disability and
mortality, to set health problems
in perspective and to define their
relative importance and to identify
groups needing special attention.
- Study the work of health services
with a view of improving them.
- Estimate the risk of disease,
accident, defects and the
chances of avoiding them.
- Identify syndromes by describing
the distribution and association of
clinical phenomena in the
population.
- Complete the clinical picture of
chronic disease and describe
their natural history
- Search for causes of health and
disease by comparing the
experience of groups that are
clearly defined by their
composition, inheritance,
experience, behavior and
environments.
Approaches to Epidemiology
2. Analytic
Epidemiology
bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
Functions of Epidemiology Vital Statistics
Public Health Surveillance - refers to the systematic study of
vital events such as births.
Investigation
illnesses, marriages, divorce,
Data Analysis separation and deaths.
- Statistics of disease (morbidity)
Intervention
and death (mortality) indicate
Evaluation the slate of health of a community
and the success or failure of
Communication
health work.
Management and
Teamwork Use of Vital Statistics:
·Indices of the health and illness status
of a community
Host ·Serves as bases for planning,
implementing, monitoring and evaluating
community health nursing programs and
services

Agent Environment

Components of Environment Presentation of Data

1. Physical environment
Line or curved graphs- shows peaks,
2. Biological environment
valleys and seasonal trends. Also used
3. Socio-economic environment
to show the trends of birth and death
rates over a period of time
Disease distribution Bar graphs -represents or expresses a
quantity in terms of rates or percentages
Time ,Persons , & Place
of a particular observation like causes of
illness and deaths.
Area Diagram- (Pie Charts) -
shows the relative importance of parts to
Distribution
the whole.
1. Sporadic Occurrence
2. Endemic Occurrence
3. Epidemic Occurrence
4. Pandemic
bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
• Functional impairment or disability
Community Assessment Types of NCDs
• Cardiovascular disease (e.g., Coronary
heart
Identifying the strengths, assets, needs
and challenges of a specified disease, Stroke)
community. • Cancer
Types of Community Needs: • Chronic respiratory disease
1. Perceived needs • Diabetes
2. Expressed needs • Chronic neurologic disorders (e.g.,
Alzheimer’s,
3. Absolute needs
dementias)
4. Relative needs
• Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases
Types of Assessments
• Unintentional injuries (e.g., from traffic
1. Community Meeting crashes)
2. Asset inventory
3. Survey
4. Interview Risk Factor: Definition
5. Focus group
“An aspect of personal behavior or
6. Community Mapping lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or
a hereditary characteristic that is
associated with an increase in the
Non-Communicable Disease occurrence of a particular disease,
injury, or other health condition.”
Definitions:
Modifiable Risk Factor- can
Chronic conditions that do not result
from an (acute) infectious process and Non-Modifiable Risk Factor- Cannot
hence are “not communicable.”

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Characteristics of NCDs
- are the #1 cause of death globally
• Complex etiology (causes)
Coronary heart disease
•Multiple risk factors
Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)
• Long latency period
Peripheral arterial
• Non-contagious origin
Congenital heart disease
(noncommunicable)
• Prolonged course of illness
bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
-most often leading causes of illness in
the country today.
- person to person
Diseases and Agents
Diabetes
Tuberculosis- Mycobacterium
disorder of metabolism— the way the tuberculosis
body uses digested food for growth and
energy Leprosy- Mycobacterium leprae
• There are 4 types: Type 1, Type 2, Schistosoma -Schistosoma species
Gestational, and Pre-Diabetes (Impaired
Glucose Tolerance). Filariasis - Filarioidea superfamily
Malaria -Plasmodium species

Cancer Dengue fever - Dengue viruses (DEN-

1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN4) –
“Rapid creation of abnormal cells that Flaviviruses
grow beyond their usual boundaries,
and which can then invade adjoining Measles - Measles virus
parts of the body and spread to other Chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus
organs.” (WHO, 2012) (VZV)
Benign tumors • Malignant tumors Mumps -Mumps virus
Cervical Cancer Diphtheria - Corynebacterium
Lung Cancer diphtheriae

Breast Cancer Pertussis (whooping cough) -

Bordetella pertussis
Prostate Cancer
Tetanus (lockjaw)- Clostridium tetani
Colorectal Cancer

Health Programs
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease ADPH- 10-19- Convention Human
Rights
“smoker’s cough”
BNS- RA. 1569- Nutrition
Metabolic Risk Factors
BBP RA 7719 of 2004
1. Raised Blood Pressure
(Hypertension) BGH- Overweight
2. Raised Cholesterol
3. Raised Blood Glucose RA9257 (Expanded Senior Citizen of
4. Overweight and Obesity 2003)

Communicable Disease NIP- Immunization Program

bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
RA 11036- Mental Health Act Classification by chemical composition: -
Proteins – Fats – Carbohydrates –
PD856- Code of Sanitation
Vitamins – Minerals
10152- Mandatory Infants and Child
VIPP- Injuring, traffic, drowning, burns,
falls, poison.
Proteins
ASIN- RA 8172
Are complex organic nitrogenous
Fortification
compounds
NBS RA 9709 of 2008
Made of monomers called amino acids
RA 11215- Cancer
Family Planning
Environmental Health and Sanitation
Male- Vasectomy
Environmental Health
Female -tubal ligation
- “a branch of public health that
Two Day -Secretion deals with the study of preventing
illness by managing the
Sympothermal- basal Temperature
environment and changing
Pills people’s behavior to reduce
exposure to biological and non-
Condom- thin plastic biological agents of disease and
Nutrition and Health injury” by John Tomarro (USAID)

Nutrition Environment Sanitation

“biochemical and physiological process Study of all factors in man’s physical
by which an organism uses food to environment
support its life.”
-“It may be defined as the science of
food and its relationship to health. It is Water Supply Sanitation Program
concerned primarily with the part played Level 1- Point Source
by nutrients in body growth, Level 2- Communal Faucet
development and maintenance.” System or Stand- Post
Level 3- Waterworks System or
Individual House Connections
Good nutrition means “maintaining a
nutritional status that enables us to grow Food Sanitation Program
well and enjoy good health.” Rights of Food Safety
- Right source
- Right Preparation
bb
bmls 1b
- Right Cooking
- Right Storage
Laws and Policies Affecting
Environmental Health and
Sanitation
1. Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants
2. RA 6969 Toxic Substances
and Hazardous and Nuclear
Waste Control Act of 1900
3. RA 8749- Clean Air Act of
1999
4. RA 9003- Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of
2000
5. RA 9275- Clean Water Act of
2004
6. PD 856- Code of Sanitation of
the Philippines
Occupational Health
- is an area of work in public health
to promote and maintain highest
degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all
occupations. (WHO)
Radiologic Health
- Art and science of protecting
human beings from injury by
accidental exposure to radiation,
as well as of promoting better
health through beneficial
applications of radiation.
May 19, 2022
Occupational Hazards
- risks associated with working in
specific occupations.
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) describes five
categories of occupational hazards:
physical safety hazards, chemical
hazards, biological hazards, physical
hazards, and ergonomic risk factors.
Physical safety hazards include
anything that could lead to injury in a
workplace accident. This could be
slipping hazards, the operation of
machinery, electrical hazards, or any
other potentially dangerous condition
that could exist in a workplace. they
describe risks of injury after cumulative
exposure to a harmful condition or
substance rather than a singular
accident.
Chemical hazards include solvents,
adhesives, paints, toxic dusts, among
other potentially toxic fumes or acids.
Biological hazards include infectious
diseases, molds, toxic or poisonous
plants, or animal materials.
Physical hazards include excessive
noise, elevated or low temperatures, or
radiation.
Ergonomic risk factors include
repetitive actions, such as heavy lifting
or the use of tools with significant
vibration.
Three modes of
bb
bmls 1b May 19, 2022
Hazard
Dormant
Armed
Active

Preparedness
Mitigation
Recovery
Response
Waste Management Flow Process

NDRRMC Council

EO. No. 307- OSHC established

Hazard is something that can cause
harm.
Risk is the chance, high or low, that any
hazard will actually cause somebody
harm.
Secretary of
Disaster Management National Defense
as Chairperson

- process of effectively preparing

for and responding to disasters
Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson
Sec. of DOST Sec. DILG Sec. DSWD Sec. NEDA

Disaster Management Cycle