PMLS MIDTERMS Courses:

Definition of Curriculum 1. Understanding the self

2. Readings in Philippine History
- Latin currere which means to run
3. The Contemporary World
a. Systematic and organized
4. Mathematics in Modern World
b. States outcomes the learners/students
5. Purposive Communication
have to achieve and learn (outcome
6. The Life and Works of Rizal
based)
7. Science, Technology and Society
c. Consists of a planned process of
8. Art Appreciation
measurement, assessment, and
9. Ethics
evaluation to gauge student learning
d. Designed for students Professional Courses
R.A. No. 7722 - Taken to develop the knowledge,
technical competence, professional
- Higher Education Act of 1992
attitude and values necessary to practice
- Established CHED on May 18, 1994
and meet the demands of the profession
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) 1. Principles of Medical Laboratory
Science 1: Introduction to Medical
- The government agency under the
Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety
Office of the President of the Philippines
and Waste Management
that covers institutions of higher
- Basic concepts and principles related to
education both public and private
MT/MLS
Technical Committee for Medical Technology 2. PMLS 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance
Education (TCMTEE) and Phlebotomy
- Concepts and principles of the different
- Setting standards among institutions
assays performed in the clinical
offering BS Medical Technology/Medical
laboratory
Laboratory Science program and in
3. Community and Public Health for
monitoring and evaluating such
MT/MLS
institutions
- Study the foundations of community
CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 13, health
series of 2017 4. Cytogenetics
- Study the concepts and principles of
- Policies, standards and guidelines for the
heredity and inheritance
BS in MT/MLS program
5. Human Histology
- Contains the goals, program outcomes,
- Study the fundamentals of cells, tissues
performance indicators and the
and organs with emphasis on
minimum course offerings
microscopic structures, characteristics,
General Education differences and functions
- Theoretical
- Aims to develop foundational
- Tissue processing, cutting of processed
knowledge, skills, values and habits
tissue, staining, mounting of stained
necessary for students
tissue for microscopic examination,

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

 performing biosafety and waste
management
6. Histopathologic Techniques of
Cytology
- Covers the basic concepts and principles
of disease processes, etiology, and the
development of anatomic, microscopic
changes brought about by the disease
process
7. Clinical Bacteriology
*Hemostasis – blood stopping
- Study of the physiology and morphology
of bacteria and their role in infection and
immunity
- Preparation of culture media, collection
of specimen, preparation of bacterial
smear, staining smear, etc.
8. Clinical Parasitology
- Study of animal parasites in humans and
their medical significance in the country
- Emphasis on the pathophysiology,
epidemiology, life cycle, prevention and
control and the identification of ova
and/or adult worms
- Unholy trinity: nematodes (round
worms), trematodes (flat worms),
cestodes
9. Immunohematology and Blood Bank
- Identification of red cells antigens and
their corresponding antibodies
- ABO and Rh typing, Coombs test (direct
and indirect), blood donation process,
Research Courses
etc
10. Mycology and Virology
- Study of fungi and viruses
- Emphasis on epidemiology and
laboratory identification and
characterization and prevention and
Clinical Internship training
control
11. Laboratory Management
- Concepts of laboratory management
which are planning, organizing, staffing,
directing and controlling
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
12. Medical Technology Laws and
Bioethics
13. Hematology 1
- Study of concepts of blood as a tissue
- Physiologic characteristics (normal)
14. Hematology 2
- Concepts and principles of hemostasis,
and abnormalities involving RBC, WBC
and platelets
15. Clinical Microscopy
- Study of urine and other bodily fluids
16. Clinical Chemistry 1
- Concepts and principles of
physiologically active soluble substances
and waste materials present in body
fluids, particularly in blood
- Study includes formation, laboratory
analyses, reference values and clinical
correlation with pathologic condition
17. Clinical Chemistry 2
- Study of endocrine glands and
hormones and their formation,
laboratory analyses, and clinical
correlation
18. Seminars 1 and 2
- Taken during the student’s fourth year in
the program
19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics
1. Research 1: introduction to laboratory
science research
2. Research 2: research paper writing and
presentation
- 32 hours of duty per week not exceeding
a total of 1,664 hours in one year
Professional Regulation Committee with situations, problems, and conflicts
in the practice of their profession
- Government agency, under the Office of
4. Actively participate in self-directed life-
the President of the Philippines, tasked
long learning activities to be updated
to administer licensure examinations to
with the current trends in the profession
different professionals
5. Actively participate in research and
Professional Regulatory Board community-oriented activities
6. Be endowed with leadership skills
- Under PRC, tasked to prepare and
7. Demonstrate collaboration, teamwork,
administer the written licensure
integrity, and respect when working in a
examinations for graduates qualifies to
multicultural environment
take the examination
Function of Assessment Techniques
R.A. 5527
1. Provides feedback
- The Medical Technology Act of 1969
2. Identifies flaws
Courses in the Licensure Examination 3. Serves as a diagnostic tool
4. Serves as a motivation to further
Clinical Chemistry 20%
improve a student’s skill
Microbiology and 20%
5. Provides information on students’
Parasitology
Hematology 20% response to a particular learning
Blood Banking and 20% strategy
Immunology and Serology 6. Provides information to the teacher if
Clinical Microscopy 10% there is need to improve teaching and
Histopathologic 10% learning strategies
Technologies
MTLaws and Bioethics and Not included in Types of Assessment
Laboratory Management R.A. 5527, but 1. Formative assessment
are now - Done during and/or within the
included in the instructional process of a course
board exam
2. Summative assessment
Program outcomes of BSMT/BSMLS degree
- Done at the end of instruction
expect students to:
3. Diagnostic assessment
1. Demonstrate knowledge and technical - Given prior to instruction
skills needed to correctly perform
History of Laboratory Safety
laboratory testing and ensure reliability
of test results 1943
2. Be endowed with the professional
- US Biological Weapons Program (Cold
attitude and values enabling them to
War) under President Franklin Roosevelt
work with their colleagues and other
- Ira L. Baldwin – 1st scientific director of
members of the health care delivery
Camp Detrick (now known as Fort
system
Detrick)
3. Demonstrate critical thinking an
- Establish biological weapons program
problem solving skills when confronted
for defensive purposes.

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

1969
- Termination of program by President
Richard Nixon
- Newell A Johnson – designed
modifications at Camp Detrick.
o Class III safety cabinets
o Laminar Flow Hoods
1984
- American Biological Safety Association
(ABSA)
1907 and 1908
- Arnold Wedum
o One of the pioneers of Biosafety
o use of mechanical pipettors to
prevent laboratory acquired
infections.
1909
- Pharmacy Company in Pennsylvania
developed a ventilated cabinet to
prevent MTB.
1967
- smallpox outbreak
- WHO aggressively pursued eradication
of virus
- Remaining virus stocks were
consolidated in the following locations:
o Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
o State Research Center of
Virology and Biotechnology
VECTOR (SRCVB VECTOR)
1974
- CDC published Classification of
Etiological Agents on the Basis of
Hazard
1976
- NIH published Guidelines for Research
Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules.
1983
- Laboratory Biosafety Manual (WHO).
1984
- Biosafety in Microbiological and
Biomedical Laboratories (CDC, NIH)
1996
- US government enacted the Select
Agent Regulations
- Monitor transfer of select list of
biological agent from one facility to
another.
2001
- Amerithrax
- Revised Select Agent Regulations
- required specific security measures for
any facility that used or stored one or
more agents on the new, longer list of
agents.
2012
- Revision of Select Agent Regulations
- Creation of two tiers of select agents
- Tier 1 agents pose greater risk of
deliberate misuse.
Guidelines on Laboratory Biosafety and
Biosecurity
Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN)
- CEN Workshop Agreement 15793 (CWA
15793), February 2008.
- Updated in 2011 and expired in 2014.
World Health Organization
- Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 1983
- Contaiment levels 1-4.
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB), 2003
- Provides international regulatory
framework to ensure “an adequate level
of protection in the field of safe transfer,
handling, and use of living modified
organisms (LMOs) resulting from
Biosafety level
modern biotechnology”.
National Committee on Biosafety of the
Philippines (NCBP)-established under EO.430
s 1990.
Biohazard Symbol
- National Biosafety Framework (NBF),
March 17, 2006
- Combination of policy, legal,
administrative, and technical
instruments developed to attain
objectives of CPB.
Department of Agriculture (DA) – AO No. 8
- Policies on importation and release of
plants and plant products derived from
modern biotechnology.
Department of Health (DOH)– AO No. 2007-
0027
- Policy guidelines on laboratory biosafety
and biosecurity.
- Minimum standards and requirements
for clinical laboratories.
Different Organizations in the Field
1. American Biological Safety Association
(ABSA)
2. Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (A-
PBA)
3. European Biological Safety Association
(EBSA)
4. Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity
Association (PhBBA)
5. BioRisk Association of the Philippines
(BRAP)
Biosafety
- “Protecting People from Bad Bugs”
Principles:
To protect: the patient, you, environment
- Level of the biocontainment precautions
required to isolate dangerous biological
agents in an enclosed facility.
- Developed by the Dow Chemical
Company in 1966
- Characteristic of the symbol
o Striking – to draw immediate
attention
o Unique and unambiguous
o Quickly recognizable and easily
recalled
o Easily stenciled
o Symmetrical
o Acceptable to groups of varying
ethnic backgrounds
- There are four circles within the symbol,
signifying the chain of infection.
o Agent: The type of
microorganism, that causes
infection or hazardous condition.
o Host: The organism in which the
microorganism Infect. The new
host must be susceptible.
o Source: The host from which the
microorganism originate. The
carrier host might not show
symptoms.
o Transmission: The means of
transmission, mostly direct or
indirect. Some routes of
transmission include air, insect,
direct contact and contaminated
surfaces.
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
Risk Groups to another, directly or indirectly.
Effective treatment and
 Risk Group 1 (no or low individual and
preventive measures are not
community risk)
usually available.
o A microorganism that is unlikely
cause human or animal disease. Biosafety Cabinets
 Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk,
- Primary means of containment,
low community risk)
developed for working safely with
o A pathogen that can cause
infectious microorganism
human or animal disease but is
- BSCs are only one overall part of
unlikely to be a serious hazard
biosafety program, which requires
o Laboratory exposures may cause
consistent use of
serious infection, but effective
o Good microbiological practices
treatment and preventive
o Primary containment equipment
measures are available and the
o Primary containment facility
risk of spread of infection is
design
limited.
 Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low BSC Class 1
community risk)
- Allows room air to pass into the cabinet
o A pathogen that usually causes
and around the area and material within,
serious human or animal disease
sterilizing only the air to be exhausted
but does not ordinarily spread
o Effective treatment and BSC Class 2
preventive measures are
- Sterilizes air that flows over the
available.
infectious material, as well as air to be
 Risk Group 4 (high individual and exhausted.
community risk)
o A pathogen that usually causes BSC Class 3
serious human or animal disease
- Air coming into and going out of the
and that can be readily cabinet is filter sterilized, and the
transmitted from one individual infectious material within is handled
with rubber gloves that are attached and
sealed to the cabinet.

Biosecurity
- “Protecting Bad Bugs from Bad People”
Challenges
- One of the major challenges of
biosecurity is that harmful technology is
becoming more available and accessible.

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

 - Biomedical advances can make it easier
for terrorists to produce biological
weapons
Achieved Through
 Physical barriers
 Psychological barriers
 Monitoring Activities
 Personnel Clearance
Bioterrorism
- is terrorism involving the intentional
release or dissemination of biological
agents.
Types of Agents
 Category A
- These high-priority agents pose a risk to
national security, can be easily
transmitted and disseminated, result in
high mortality, have potential major
public health impact, may cause public
panic, or require special action for public
health preparedness.
o Tularemia or "rabbit fever“
o Anthrax
o Smallpox
o Botulinum toxin
o Bubonic plague
o Viral hemorrhagic fevers
 Category B
- Category B agents are moderately easy
to disseminate and have low mortality
rates
o Brucellosis (Brucella species)
o Epsilon toxin of Clostridium
perfringens
o Food safety threats (for example,
Salmonella species, E coli
O157:H7,
o Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus)
o Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
o Melioidosis (Burkholderia
pseudomallei)
o Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
o Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
o Ricin toxin from Ricinus
communis (castor beans)
o Abrin toxin from Abrus
precatorius (Rosary peas)
o Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
o Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
 Category C
- Category C agents are emerging
pathogens that might be engineered for
mass dissemination because of their
availability, ease of production and
dissemination, high mortality rate, or
ability to cause a major health impact.
o Nipah virus
o Hantavirus
o SARS
o H1N1 (a strain of influenza)
o HIV/AIDS
BIOSAFETY + BIOSECURITY = BIORISK
Real-life Scenarios
 2003
o Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
o infected over 8,000 people and
killed almost 800
o Laboratory acquired SARS
outbreaks
o Singapore –September 2003
o Taiwan –December 2003
 Mainland China (Beijing and Anhui) –
March 2004
Infection:
 Who: Singapore Male graduate student
 Where: BSL3 lab, Environmental Health
Institute
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
  How: Inappropriate lab procedures and AMP Model of Biorisk Management
cross-contamination of West Nile virus
Assessment
with SARS CoV
 Who: Taiwan Male lab scientist - Risk
 Where: BSL4 lab, Inst.Of Preventive identification
Medicine, National DefenseMedical - Hazard/threat
Center identification
 How: Was working on SARS CoV. Found - Likelihood
a spillage of material disinfected with evaluation
70% ethanol and cleaned manually - Consequences evaluation
o (+) SARS -Environmental Mitigation
samples from handle of alcohol
spray bottle and switch panel of - Elimination or substitution
cabinet - Engineering controls
- Administrative controls
The risk associated with biological materials in - Practices and procedures
the laboratory has a safety and a security - Personal protective equipment
component
Performance
Laboratory Biosafety
- Control Assurance Improvement
- containment principles, technologies,
and practices implemented to prevent 5Ps
unintentional exposure to pathogens 1. Pathogen
and toxins, or their unintentional release 2. Procedures
- PROTECTING PEOPLE FROM 3. Personnel
DANGEROUS PATHOGENS 4. PE
Laboratory Biosecurity 5. Place

- institutional and personal security Risk Management

measures designed to prevent the loss,
theft, misuse, diversion, or intentional
release of pathogens and toxins
- PROTECTING PATHOGENS FROM
DANGEROUS PEOPLE
Laboratory Biorisk Management
- System or process to control safety and
security risks associated with the
handling or storage and disposal of
biological agents and toxins in
laboratories and facilities
- Identify the specific hazard or threat
- Determine the consequences of an
identified risk
- identify all the existing controls and any
additional ones that need to be applied
Hazard
- is an object that can cause harm
Threat
- a person who has intent and/or ability to
cause harm to other people, animals, or
the institution

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

Risk
- can be based on either a hazard and/or a
threat
- the likelihood of an event/incident with a
hazard that has consequences
Likelihood
- The probability an event occurring
Consequence
- The severity of an event
Engineering Controls
- Physical changes to work stations,
equipment, materials, production
facilities, or any other relevant aspect of
the work environment that reduce or
prevent exposure to hazards
Administrative Controls
- Policies, standards and guidelines
Practices and Procedures
- Processes and Activities
Personal Protective Equipment Devices
- worn by the worker to protect against
hazards
Implementing Mitigation Measures
- Ideally, you should first consider
elimination or substitution
- A combination of control measures
should be used based on their
effectiveness and your ability to
implement them

Advantages and Disadvantages

Control Advantages Disadvantage
Risk Mitigation Control Measures Measure s
Engineering Efficient, Cost,
*arranged by the most difficult to implement to eliminates complexity
easiest hazard
Significantly
* arranged by the most effective to least
reduces the
effective potential
Elimination and the level
of exposure
- Removing the risk to
pathogens.
Substitution
Administrativ Authority Indirect
- Substitution of a serious pathogen with e Approach approach,
one that is much less pathogenic addressed the
human factor

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

 Practices and SOP Based Training and - Actively involved in research,
Procedures (Standardize supervision community outreach programs,
d approach) requirements surveillance, infection control in the
PPE Ease of use, Does note hospital and community settings,
relative cost eliminate information dissemination, and
hazard: if PPE evaluation of the applicability of current
fails exposure and innovative diagnostic technologies
happens,
- It is the place where specimens (e.g.
uncomfortabl
Blood and other body fluids, tissues,
e, limits
ability feces, hairs, nails) collected from
individuals are processed, analyzed,
preserved and properly disposed
Performance Evaluation - A medical technologist/clinical
- A systematic process intended to laboratory scientist plays a very
achieve organizational objective and significant role in the performance of
goals laboratory testing and ensuring the
- The model ensures that the reliability of test results
implemented mitigation measures are Classification of Clinical Laboratories
indeed reducing or eliminating risks
 According to function
Performance management 1. Clinical Pathology
– reevaluation of overall mitigation - It focuses on the areas of clinical
strategy chemistry, immunohematologyand
blood banking, medical microbiology,
immunology and serology, hematology,
parasitology, clinical microscopy,
toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring
and endocrinology.
- Concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases performed
through laboratory testing of blood and
other body fluids.
2. Anatomic Pathology
- It focuses on the areas of
histopathology, immunohistopathology,
cytology, autopsy and forensic
Clinical Laboratory pathology
- An essential component of a health - Concerned with the diagnosis of
institution diseases through microscopic
- Its main task is to provide accurate and examination of tissues and organs
reliable information to medical doctors
for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment,
and management of diseases

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C

 According to Institutional
Characteristics:
1. Institution-based
- it operates within the premises or part of
an institution such as a hospital, school,
medical clinic, medical facilities for
overseas workers and seafarers, birthing
home, psychiatric facility, drug rehab
center, etc.
- Most common example: hospital-based
clinical lab
2. Free standing
- It is not part of an established institution
- Most common example: free-standing
outpatient clinical laboratory
 According to Ownership
1. Government-owned
- These laboratories are owned, wholly or
partially, by national or local
government units
- Examples are clinical and anatomical
laboratories of DOH-run government
hospitals:
o San Lazaro Hospital, Jose R.
Reyes Memorial Medical Center,
UP-PGH
- Examples are LGU hospital-based
clinical laboratories
o Ospital ng Maynila Medical
Center, Sta. Ana Hospital,
Bulacan Medical Center
2. Privately Owned
- Owned, established and operated by an
individual, corporation, institution,
association, or organization
o Examples: St. Luke’s Medical
Center, Makati Medical Center,
MCU-FDTMF Hospital,
UERMMMCI
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
 According to Service Capability
1. Primary Category
- Licensed to perform basic, routine
laboratory testing – routine urinalysis,
routine stool examination, routine
hematology, complete blood count,
blood typing and gram staining (if
hospital-based)
- Equipment requirements –microscopes,
centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge
- Space requirement –at least 10 square
meters
2. Secondary Category
- Licensed to perform laboratory tests
being done by the primary category
clinical labs along with the following:
Routine clinical chemistry tests like
o blood glucose concentration
o Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
o Blood uric acid (BUA)
o Blood creatinine
o Cholesterol determination
o Gram staining,
o KOH and
o cross matching(if hospital-based)
- Minimum equipment requirements -
same with primary category plus
semiautomated chemistry analyzer,
autoclave, incubator and oven
- Minimum space requirement –20 square
meters
3. Tertiary Category
- Licensed to perform all the laboratory
tests in the secondary category plus:
o Immunology and serology
o Microbiology, bacteriology and
mycology
o Special clinical chemistry (clinical
enzymology, antimicrobial drug
monitoring, markers)
o Special hematology(bone
marrow studies, special staining
 for abnormal blood cells, red cell
morphology) ,
o Immunohematology and blood
banking
- Minimum equipment requirements –
those seen in secondary category
Sections in the Clinical Laboratory
laboratories along with automated
chemistry analyzer, biosafety cabinet
class II, serofuge
- Minimum space requirement –at least
60 square meters
4. National Reference Laboratory
- a laboratory in a government hospital
designated by the DOH to provide
special diagnostic functions and services
for certain diseases
- These functions include:
o referral services
o provision of confirmatory testing
o assistance for research activities
o implementation of External
Quality Assurance Programs
(EQAP)
o Resolution of conflicts regarding
tests of different labs
o Training of medical technologists
R.A. No. 4688
- An act regulating the operation and
maintenance of clinical laboratories and
requiring the registration of the same
with the department of health,
providing penalty for the violation
thereof, and for other purposes.
Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001
- Rules and Regulation Governing the
Establishment, Operation and
Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories in
the Philippines
o BHFS/HFSRB–Health Facilities
and Services Regulatory Bureau
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
o CHD–Center for Health
Development
- Issues a valid license to operated based
on compliance with the minimum
licensing requirements
1. Clinical Chemistry
- Intended for the testing of blood and
other body fluids to quantify essential
soluble chemicals including waste
products useful for the diagnosis of
certain diseases.
- Most common specimen: blood (serum
or plasma) and urine
- One of the most busiest section in the
lab; in majority of tertiary level lab, this
section is fully automated
- Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) ,
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQA)
and participation in National External
Quality Assurance Program (NEQAP)
are important activities that med tech
performs
2. Microbiology
- Subdivided into 4 sections:
o Bacteriology,
o mycobacteriology,
o mycology and
o virology
- Specimens usually submitted –blood,
other body fluids, stool, tissues and
swabs from different sites in the body
- Tests includes:
o Microscopic visualization after
staining
o Isolation and identification of
bacteria and fungi using different
culture media and biochemical
tests
o Antibacterial susceptibility
testing (AST)
 3. Hematology and Coagulation Studies
- Deals with the enumeration of cells in
the blood and other body fluids
- Tests include:
o Complete blood count (CBC)
o Hemoglobin and hematocrit
determination
o WBC differential count
o Red cell morphology and cell
indices
o Platelet count
Coagulation studies –testing for the
determination of various coagulation factors
4. Clinical Microscopy
2 major areas:
a) for routine and other special
examinations in urine –macroscopic,
microscopic examination and chemical
examination in urine
b) for the examination of stool or routine
fecalysis– detection and examination of
parasitic worms and ova
5. Blood Bank/Immunohematology
- Two main activities -blood typing and
compatibility testing
- Screening and identification of
antibodies as well as the blood
components used for transfusion
- Considered as the most critical in the
clinical lab
- Hospital-based clinical lab
o blood donation activities prompt
other activities such as donor
recruitment and screening,
bleeding of donor and post-
donation care
6. Immunology and Serology
- Analyses of serum antibodies
- Tests include (but not limited):
o Hepatitis B profile tests
o Serological test for syphilis
o Tests for hepatitis C and Dengue
fever
7. Anatomic Pathology
- Activities performed include:
o Tissue processing (removed
surgically as in biopsy and
autopsy
o Cutting into sections
o Staining
o Preparation for microscopic
examination by a pathologist
Specialized Sections in the Laboratory
1. Immunohistochemistry
- Combines anatomical, clinical and
biochemical techniques where
antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal)
bounded to enzymes and fluorescent
dyes are used to detect presence of
antigen in tissue.
- Useful for diagnosing some types of
cancer
2. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
- DNA and RNA are identified and
sequenced to detect any pathologic
conditions/disease processes.
- Most common technique –polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)
PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C
Quality Assurance (QA) San Lazaro Infectious immunology
Hospital STD- hepatitisB surface antigen
- encompasses all activities performed by
AIDS (HBsAg), human
the laboratory personnel to ensure Cooperative inmmunodeficiency virus
reliability of test results. Center (HIV), hepatitis C virus
- It is an organized, systematic, well- Laboratory (HCV)
planed and regularly done with the (SACCL)
results properly documented and
consistently reviewed
 2 Major components
1. Internal Quality Assurance System
(IQAS)
- day-to-day activities that are
undertaken in order to control factors or
variables that may affect the test results
2. External Quality Assurance System
(EQAS)
- System for checking performance
among clinical laboratories and is
facilitated by designated external
agencies
- National Reference Laboratories (NRL)
is the DOH-designated EQAS
Designated NRL-EQAS

Institution
National Kidney Hematology and
and Transplant Coagulation
Institute (NKTI)
Research Microbiology
Institute of (identification and
Tropical antibiotic susceptibility
Medicine (RITM) testing) and
Parasitology(identification
of ova and quantitation of
malaria
Lung Center of Clinical Chemistry (for
the Philippines testing 10 analytes–
(LCP) glucose, creatinine, total
protein, albumin, BUN,
BUA, cholesterol, Na, K,
Cl)
East Avenue Drugs of abuse
Medical (methamphetamine and
Center(EAMC) cannabinoids)

PMLS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS | GABITO MT1C