MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY Equipments/Tools:

(MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE) - Microscope – investigate small objects

- Centrifuge – separate sediments
- Automated Machines
Baseline Tests: Sections:
- CBC 1. Hematology
- Urine - Blood
- Stool - Blood Typing
- Ex. Erethrocyte Sedimentation Rate – how quick RBC
Medical Technology
settle at the bottom of a test tube.
- Interdisciplinary science devoted to diagnosis of human Normal : Men (0-22mm/hr)
samples Women (0-29mm/hr)
- Diagnostic of human sample
2. Clinical Chemistry
Human Samples - Bodily Fluids
- Ex. Glucose -> Diabetes
- Blood
Creatinine -> Urine – Kidney Func. Test
- Stool
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) – Kidney Func. Test
- Urine
Potassium Test – Electrolyte Panel
- Fluids (CSF & Peritoneal)

Forensic Diagnostic DIABETES

- Used for evidence  TYPE I

Ex. Nails, semen, hair - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
- Hereditary
- On-set/early
DIAGNOSIS  TYPE II
- Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Qualitative - Idle on-set
- Descriptive - Dependent on lifestyle

Quantitative

- Statistics or count 3. Clinical Microscopy

- Non-blood bodily fluids
Semi-Quantitative - Metabolic Dysfunction
- Ex. Urine, Semen, Stool
- Specific estimate
4. Microbiology/Bacteriology
Confidentiality
- Separated from the lab to prevent contamination
- Only the doctor has the power to interpret the results. - Ex. Sputum, pus, urine, stool and bodily fluids

5. Blood Banking
- Blood
Process for HIV Tests - Cross-matching
1. Screening - Ex. Apheresis- method in blood banking with zero waste
2. Screening
3. Confirmatory 6. Histopathology
- Body parts
- Ex. Tissues, organ system, organ

Types of Tests:  Pap-smear – cervical cancer

 Biopsy – exam. of tissue and discovery
1. Routine
of the cause of disease
- Without preparation
2. Special
7. Serology
- With preparation
- Immune system
Ex. Fasting, 24 hr urine & stool
- Ex. HIVTests and HEPA Tests
24 hour stool – a test used to find the tapeworm (Taenia
Solium) or a parasite from the stool. You must find its
head.
 DEFINITION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

RA5527 (1969)

- Law of MedTech 1. Blood –Sanguine

 Auxilliary branch of Medicine 2. Phlegm – Phlegmatic
 Deals with various specimen 3. Black Bile – Melancholic
 Treatment of disease 4. Yellow Bile – Choleric

ANNE FAGELSON 4Ps of Diabetes

- Branch of Med concerned with performance of laboratory 1. Polyuria – urine

determinations and treatments of diseases. 2. Polydipsia – thirst
3. Polyphagia – appetite
RUTH HEINEMANN (1963) 4. Pruritus Ani
- Application of Principles of natural, physical and biological Rufus of Ephesus
sciences to the performance of lab procedures.
- To detect diseases. - He attributed hematuria to the failure of kidneys to function
properly in filtering the blood.
JEANNE M. CLERC (1922)

- MT is a profession concerned with providing info based on

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
the perfomance of analytical test.

NORMA J. WALTERS (MIDDLE AGES)

- MT is a health profession -Associate diseases with curse

- Performance of lab analysis in the diagnosis and treatment - kill or pray over
of disease. - AD 900

Isaac Judaens
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
- Jewish physician and philosopher
(ANCIENT)
- Guidelines on how t use the urine in the diagnosis of
-before 400 BC diseases.

Urine Specimen Jerusalem Code of 1090

- Ants = diabetes and other conditions - If physicians won’t use urine they will be penalized.
- Collect, pour and wait for the ants - Punishment: Public Beating
- The container of the urine are color coded based on your
Hippocrates of KOS social status.

- Humoral Theories- equilibrium and balance of all fluids;

along with Claudius Galen of Pergamum
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Galen of Pergamum
(17TH CENTURY)
- Father of Experimental Physiology
- added characteristics, for it to be more diagnostic Richard Lower
- Moist & dry/ cold & hot
- Described diabetes as the diarrhea of urine. - Direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another

William Harvey

YELLOW BILE - Described the systemic circulation – process of pumping

HOT DRY blood.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

- Microscope
BLOOD BLACK BILE - 1st drawing of bacteria

Robert Hooke

- Used Microscope and found out the existence of cell

MOIST through the use of plant cells (cork)
PHLEGM COLD
Marcello Malpighi
 - Father of Histology – study of tissue
- Served Pope Innocent the 12th
- Viewing of the embryology of the chick. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Jean Baptiste Van Helmont (19TH CENTURY)

- 24 hour urine volume -sophisticated diagniostic technique

- Found the gravimetric method of urine - diproved all myths
- more accurate
Frederik Dekkers
Johannes Evangelista Porkinje
- Protein in urine using the Acetic Acid Method
- Pioneer in using the Microscope
Thomas Willis
- Described the protoplasm, geminal vesicle, sudoriterus and
- 1st person to use the urine. glands of the skin
- Polyuric patient – he tasted the urine
John Snow
- Defined urine as sweet as honey and sugar
- Worked in the elimination or findings of specimen during
the ‘Great Cholera Outbreak’ or ‘The Great Plague’
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Louis Pasteur
(18TH CENTURY) - an aerobic ( lactic acid or butter)- character of bacteria of
butyric fermentation
-blood coagulations/clotting - Pasteurization – process in which water and certain
- Prothrombine Time (PT) – ability to clot blood packaged food are treated with mild heat to extend shelf
life and eliminate pathogens.
William Hewson
Robert Koch
- Delay in the blood - discovery of the blood coagulation
- Procedure in blood coagulation - Complete life cycle of sporulation of anthrax bascillus
- Blood clot (lymph > fibrinogen)
- KOCH’s POSTULATE LAW:
Serum

- Fluid in the blood that is clotted.

1. Pathogenic Microorganism – bacteria,
Plasma fungi or virus that is present in all diseases.
2. Inoculation of Pure Culture – mixed
- With anti-coagulant
culture that contains many species.
EDTA (Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid) 3. Reinoculated – can be obtained
4. Transmitted- to be susceptible host
- Common anti-coagulant
Gerardus Mulder
Gabriel Fahrenheit
- Chemical analysis of proteins
- Mercury thermometer
- Fahrenheit Joseph Jackson Lister

John Hill - Achromatic microscope

- Dark field microscopy
- Method of obtaining specimens for microscopic studies
James Marsh
J.W. Tichy
- Developed the standard test for arsenic
- Observations of urine of febrile patients
Karl von Vierordt
Mathew Dobson
- Hemocytometry – accurate blood counts
- Sweetness of urine
- Caused y sugar William Perkin

Francis Home - First synthetic dye – enhancing bacteria and stains it for us
to view the cells.
- Yeast test for sugar determination in a diabetic urine.
Jules Duboscq
Antoine Francois de Fourcroy
- First visual colorimeter based on Beer’s Law –
- Discovery of cholesterol spectrophotometer; absorbance and transmittance of
solution.
Herman Luer Francis William Aston

- Glass hypodermic syringe - Developed the mass spectograph

Oscar Brefeld 1920

- Gelatine in isolation of fungi - Use of venipuncture for diagnostic testiing

- 1st clinical lab method fro serum phosphorus.
William Henry Corfield
ASCP (American Society of Clinical Pathology) 1922
- 1st public lab in England
- Imperial Hygienic Lab in Osaka, Japan - Founded at St. Louis, Missouri

Paul Ehrlich George Nicholas Papanicolaou

- Dyes method of drying and fixing smears (EhrlichTest) - 1st to recover cancer in vaginal smears
- Discovered mast cells and classification of WBC - Beginning of clinical cytology
- Pap-smear
Max Jaffe
Otto Folin
- Alakaline Picrate Method or Jaffe Method – used to
determine creatinine levels in blood and urine. - Use of light filter in the colorimeter
- Kidney Function Test - Folin-Wu Method – estimation of blood glucose level
- Analytical methods of urine analytes – urea, ammonia,
Franz Zhiel and Friendrich Neelsen creatinine, total nitrogen, uric acid, electrolytes, phosphorus
and chloride.
- Acid Fast Bascilli Stain for tubercolosis
- Developed normal values of analytes:
Charles Purdy and Ferdinand Widal  Hypoglycemia – below 70 mg/dl
 Normal – 70-110 mg/dl
- Published ‘Practical Urinalysis and Urinary Diagnosis’  Hyperglycemia – above 110 mg/dl
- Agglutination Test (Widal Test) – a manual test for typhoid - Protein determinations
fever; it has serum and a widal reagent to look for
agglutination or the clumping of cells. Normal Values Units

The Clinical Research Association - Conventional Unit – mg/dl

- SI Unit – mmol/mL
- First commercial clinical lab established in England
- Received specimens by mail H.D. Kay

- 1st clinical lab method for alkaline phosphate

- beginning of clinical enzymology

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY Ian Cherry and Lathan Crandall

- serum lipase activity

(20TH CENTURY)
- Gastric Analytes (lipase) – Cherry-Crandall Method
-After WWI Michael Somogyi
Alexander Fleming (1928) - 2 major clinical lab methods for serum and urine amylase
activity
- Anti-biotic Era
- Anti-bacteria will not be toxic for animals Alexander Gutman
Staphylococcus Aureus Culture - 1st assay for acid phosphatise – enzyme which can indicate
a rape victim or a prostatic cancer
- Present on the skin
- Normal and does not cause any illness William Sunderman
H.J. Betchtold (1905) - Applied refractometry of proteins in the clinical lab
- discovered immunodiffusion 1947
Oskar Heimstadlt - American Association of Blood Bank was founded
- Fluorescent microscope –enhance bacteria and spiral 1948
bacteria
- American Association of Clinical Chem was founded
Philip Adolf Kober

- Developed the colorimeter --- nephelometer

Rosalyn Sussman Yallow and Solomon Berson - Pioneer of Lab in the Philippines

- Radioimmunoassay – hazards for MedTechs Mariano Icasiano

S. Levey and E.R. Jennings - Pbulic Health Officer of Manila

- Shewhart Q.C. Chart – quality control in clinical chem 1945

- contains Westgard Rules - Dr. Icasiano and Dr. de Roda continued offering
Laboratory
1971
1947
- AFP (Alpha Fetoprotein)
- Commercialized by Abbott Lab, Inc. - Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana
 gave the syllabus for the MedTech
James Westgard
- PUC (Philippine Union College) – known as Adventist
- Westgard Control Rules – quality control
University of the Philippines
Karl Landsteiner  1st to offer Medical Tech Program
 by Dr. Wilma Hilgert Hedrick
- Described the presence of blood types  produced one graduate on the year of
March 1955– Jessie Umali obgyn
Rhesus Typing (Anti-D)
1957
- To know if your blood type is either +/-
- followed by UST
BLOOD TYPES:
- MedTech was still under one program
1. A - MedTec is an elective subject of BS Pharmacy
2. B
1960
3. AB – universal acceptor
4. O – universal donor - CEU Manila
- Produced eight graduates on the year of 1962
-before transfusion, a waiver will be given to the donor and reciever.
1961
Sub- Blood Types:
- FEU – under the College of Medicine
- Kell
- UP - offered under BS Hygiene/ Public Health
- Duffy
- Immaculate Conception College -1st in Mindanao (Davao
Massive Blood Transfusion City)

- Temporary chande in blood type 1962

- Always get the original blood type
- In UST, MedTech is no longer an elective of BS Pharmacy
Charles Richard Drew - Separate program
- University of San Agustin - 1st in Visayas (Ilo-Ilo)
- Blood transfusion
- Improving techniques in blood storage 1963
- Developed the large scales in blood banks
- Mr. Crisanto Almario
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk  Held the 1st organizational meeting
 PAMET
- Discovered the red dye
- Protonsil Rubrum –associated with red; protected the 1964
animals from the streptococci (chain like) and
- PAMET was organized in FEU Auditorium
staphylococci (grape like)
- 1st National Convention

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1966

IN THE PHILIPPINES - Law passed…

 RA 4688 - Clinical Laboratory Act
1944 Different provisions of Clinical Lab
Main Law of Clinical Lab
- MT started in the Philippines
- WWII 1969
- 26th Medical Lab of the 6th US Army; introduced laboratory
- PAMET (June 1969)
Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda - Formaly recognized

LAWS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
1. RA 5527 – Law of Medical Technology/Philippine
Medical Technology Act
2. RA 4688 – Clinical Lab Act
3. RA 1517- Blood Banking Law
4. RA 7719 – Volutary Blood Donation Act 1994
- Freestanding Blood Bank – commercialized
blood bannk store. It was closed by RA 7719.
5. RA 9288 – Newborn Screening Act 2004
- Requires all newborn for detection of any disease
6. RA 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
7. RA 8504 – Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Acrt
of 1998
8. RA 6511 - Professional Regulation Act
9. RA 7722 – Higher Education of 1994 –CHED
THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)
VISION
- The PAMET is an association that envisions all
its member to be highly motivated medical
technologists who can be well-rounded
individuals to readily face challenges and adapt
to changes in order to become globally
competitive; be recognized in their field and
other endeavors through excellent performance
and quality service; be service oriented and an
instrument of unity, harmony, and oneness in
work and in spirit
MISSION
- To realize its vision, the PAMET shall be an
association:
- That will develop and sustain programs/projects
to enhance the personal and professional growth
and development of its members
- That will encourage involvement in research and
public service, participation in local and
international undertakings for advancement in
technology and for the global recognition of a
worth profession.
- That will effectively address the needs and
concerns of its members, and protect their rights,
privileges and interest by upholding and
safeguarding the practice of the profession
- That will support activities which will strengthen
linkage and bonding among its members
CORE VALUES
- Excellence
- Professionalism
- Commitment
- Unity
PRESIDENTS:
1. Charlemagne T. Tamondong
- (1963-1967- UP Inst. Of Hygiene)
- Legacy: Emergence of the Profession
- Highlights of Accomplishment
- Public acceptance and recognition of PAMET
- Approval on May 10, 1967 of HB 7082 (MT Bill)
2. Nardito D. Moraleta
- (1967-1970-FEU)
- Legacy: Professional Recognition
- Highlights of Accomplishments
- Approval of RA 5527 (SB #996)
- SEC Registration of PAMET (Oct.14.2969)
- First MT Board
- PAMET Code of Ethics
- PAMET NEWS: 1ST Official Newsletter
3. FELIX E.ASPRER
- (1970-71/1973-1977- UST)
- Legacy: Professional Recognition
- Highlights of Accomplishments
- Approval of PD 498
- Accreditation of PAMET as bonafide
professional organization for Med.Tech by the
PRC
- La Union, Pangasinan,Zambales, Zamboanga
4. BERNARDO T. TABAOSARES
- (1971-1973- FEU)
- Legacy: Celebration of the Practice
- Highlights of Accomplishments
- Amendments to the Teves Law
- Proclamation on September 15, 1972 of the Third
week of September as the Philippine Medical
Technology Week
- Davao City
5. Angelina R. Jose
- (January 1973-September 1973-UST)
- Legacy: Career Advocacy
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
- Approval of 75.00 professional tax of RMT by
the BIR
- Upgrading of the Med.Tech profession by raising
its professional code number from 20 to 3
6. Venerable C.V.Oca
- 1977- February 1982
- Legacy: Educational Enhancement
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
- Monthly CPE
- Monthly medical missions
- Monthly quiz contests
- Classification of PAMET members
7. Carmencita P. Acedera
- (1982-1992-College of Holy Spirit)
- Legacy: Image Building
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
- Conferment of Awards
- Approval of the upgrading of the salary
standardization of government of MT
- Inclusion of hazard pay
- Aggressive implementation of CPE
- Longest serving President
8. Marilyn R. Atienza
- (1992-1996 PWU)
- Legacy: Proactivism
- Highlights of Achievements:
- Closer coordination between PAMET and
PASMETH
 - Acquisition of the PAMET Secretariat Office in - Recor keeping
Makati - Reporting
- Approval of the PAMET Constitution and By-
Laws
9. Norma N. Chang
- (1997-2001 UST) LABORATORY BIOSAFETY
- Legacy: International Leadership
Laboratory Acquired Infections
- Highlights of Accomplishments
- Approval of the 1997 Code of Ethics of the - 4.079 LAIs resulting in 168 deaths occurring
Med.Tech Profession between 1930 and 1978 (Pike and Sulkin)
- Bayanihan Plan - Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, HBV, Salmonella
- Registration of the Philippine Journal of Medical typhi, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium
Technology in the International Library Congress tuberculosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis,
- Formation of the Phil.Council for Quality Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Chlamydia
Assurance in Clinical Laboratories psittaci, Coccidiodes immitis
10. Agnes B. Medenilla
- (2001-2002/2005-2006 UST) Historical Accounts of LAIs
- Legacy: Organizational Dynamism
- Fort Detrick (1944-1969)- he provided the
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
foundation for evaluating the risks of handling
- Submission of proposed amendments to RA 527
infectious microorganism and for recognizing
to the House of Reps.
biological hazards and developing practices,
- Job fair for new Med.Techs
equipment, and facility safeguards for their
- Ratification of the 2002 PAMET Constitution
control
and By-laws
- 1974, the CDC published Classification of
- Recipient of the Most Outstanding Professional
Etiologic Agents on the Basis of Hazards. NIH,
Organization by CHAP 2001.
published National Cancer Institute Safety
11. Shirley Fabian Cruzada
Standards for Research Involving Oncogenic
- (2002-2005 FEU)
Viruses
- Legacy: Interdisciplinary Networking
- 1976- NIH, published the NIH Guidelines for
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
Research Involving Recombinant DNA
- Partnership with P&G in awarding scholarship
Molecules (NIH Guidelines)
grants
- Collaborative activities: PAMET webs Classification of Infective Microorganism by Risk Group
- Implementation of electronic ID system
- Formation of the Institution Review Board • Risk Group 1 (no or low individual and community risk)
12. Leila M. Florento
- (2006-2013 UST) A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal
- Legacy: Beyond Expectations disease
- Highlights of Accomplishments
• Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community
- CPE for Medical Technologists
risk)
- Intensified collaboration with P&G
- Heightened research related activities through the A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely
help of Ms. Lily Alquiza to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community,
13. Romeo Joseph Ignacio livestock or the environment
- (2013-2016 San Juan De Dios)
- Legacy: Soar Higher through VOICE • Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk)
- Highlights of Accomplishments:
- VOICE- Visibility, Oneness, Integrity, A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal
Commitment and Excellence disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected
14. Ronaldo E. Puno individual to another
- (2016-present) • Risk Group 4 ( high individual and community risk)

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal

disease and that can be readily transmitted from individual to
another, directly and indirectly
LABORATORY WORK FLOW
Points to Consider in LAI
1. Pre-analytic
• Causative incident for most LAIs is unknown
- Patient Preparation & Sample Collecting
- Sample Receipt • Most manipulations of liquid suspensions of MO produce
- Sample Transport aerosols and droplets.
2. Analytic
- Quality control Testing
3. Post-Analytic
 • Release of MO into the air as aerosols and droplets is the • Aerosol concentration
most important operational risk factor that supports the
need for containment equipment and facility safeguard. • Particle size

Biological Risk Assessment Approach to Assess Risks and Select Appropriate Safeguards

• Risk assessment is a process used to identify the hazardous 1. Identify agent hazards and perform initial assessment of
characteristics of a known infectious or potentially risk
infectious agent or material, the activities that can result in
2. Identify laboratory procedure hazards
a person’s exposure to an agent, the likelihood that such
exposure will cause a LAI, and the probable consequences 3. Make a determination of the appropriate biosafety level and
of such an infection. select additional precautions indicated by the risk
assessment
Hazardous Characteristics of An Agent
4. Evaluate the proficiencies of staff regarding safe practices
• Routes of transmission of laboratory infection
and the integrity of safety equipment
• Infective Dose
5. Review the risk assessment with biosafety professional,
• Stability of Environment subject matter expert and the IBC

• Host Range Principles of Biosafety

• Endemic Nature • Containment- is used in describing safe methods, facilities

and equipment for managing infectious materials in the
Routes of Transmission laboratory environment where they are being handled or
maintained.
1. Direct skin, eye or mucosal membrane exposure to an agent
• Use of vaccines + risk assessment
2. Parenteral inoculation by a syringe needle or other
contaminated sharps or bites from infected animals and • STRICT ADHERENCE TO STANDARD
arthropod vectors MICROBIOLOGICAL PRACTICES AND TECHNIQUES

3. Ingestion of liquid suspension of an infectious agent or by Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers and PPE)
contaminated hand to mouth exposures

4. Inhalation of infectious aerosols

Facility Design and Construction

Genetically Modified Agents
• Separation of the laboratory work area from public access
• NIH Guidelines are the key reference in assessing risk and
establishing an appropriate biosafety level for work • Availability of a decontamination facility
involving recombinant DNA molecules
• Handwashing Facility
• Introduction of recombinant DNA into risk Group 2, 3, 4

Parameters that characterize aerosol hazards

Biosafety Levels
• Agent inhalation of infective dose
• Biosafety Level 1 practices, safety equipment and facility
• Viability in an aerosol design and construction are appropriate for undergraduate
and secondary educational training and teaching
 laboratories in which work is done with defined and
characterized strains of viable MO not known to
consistently cause disease in healthy adult.

• B.subtilis, Nigeria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis virus

and exempt organism

Biosafety Level 2

• BSL2 practices, equipment, and facility design and

construction are applicable to clinical , diagnostic, teaching
and other laboratories in which work is done with broad
spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents that are
present in the community and associated with human
disease of varying severity

• HBV, HIV, the Salmonella and Toxoplasma

Biosafety Level 3

Biosafety Level 4

• BSL4 practices, safety equipment, and facility design and

construction are applicable for work with dangerous and
exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of life-
threatening disease

• Marburg virus, Congo-crimean hemorrhagic fever