MT 51: Principles of Medical Laboratory Science

College of Allied Health Sciences

1st Semester A.Y. 2022-2023

● Romans - scalpels, forceps, specula,

HISTORY OF MT IN A GLOBAL
CONTEXT
300 BC - 180 AD
● Hippocrates - “Father of Medicine”
- Qualitative assessment of disorder =
measurement of body fluids.
- Four Humors (body fluids) = Blood,
Black Bile, Phlegm, Yellow BIle
- Tasting of urine, listening to lungs
(auscultation), observing appearances
in diagnosis diseases
- Hippocratic Oath = code of ethics for
(practicing) physicians
- Uroscopy = examination of urine,
OLDEST FORM OF DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING, (normal urine = 2L/24hrs for
adult)
- Humoral pathology = source of
person’s disposition and disease in the
ancient times based on the four humors
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
● Urine - marker for diagnosis
- Urinalysis = examination of urine,
MODERN FORM OF DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING
● Physical examination
examines the color, clarity and
odor (hazy, clear, turbid)
● Chemical examination = reagent
strips and microscopic analysis
(formed elements
microorganisms)
- Polyuria = excessive production of urine, can be
a sign of diabetes, kidney stone, urinary bladder
infection, and kidney failure
● Hindu physician - sweet taste of
diabetic urine.
● Greeks - concluded diabetes if ants are
attracted to urine.
● Chinese - immunization to smallpox
and surgical needles
● India - toxicology, distillation, pharmacy
analysis, and separation of minerals
● Rufus of Ephesus - 1st described
hematuria (blood in urine) by correlating
blood to the physiological function of the
kidney.
- Wrote a book on Characteristics
of Urine
● Early Egyptians - healthiest man
tagged by Herodotus
- Maintain hygiene, balanced diet, and
beauty practices
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
● S/S = signs (objective evidence; manifestation
that the physician perceives)
= symptoms (subjective evidence;
manifestation apparent to the patient)
- SIGNS = skin rash, redness, blisters
- SYMPTOMS = stomach cramps,
headache, fatigue, body pain, thirst,
chest pain
IMMUNITY
● Immunity - protection against infectious agents
(bacteria, fungi, virus)
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
1. Innate/Natural - naturally occurring and
= non-specific immune response.
- White blood cells (WBC)
● Granulocytes = contain
granules or sac
- Neutrophil
or (fight against bacterial
infection)
- Eosinophil ( fight
against parasitic
infection)
- Basophil (mediates in
allergic reaction).
● Agranulocytes = do not contain
granules or sac
 - Lymphocytes = ● Traces the beginning of Medical Technology.
involved in immune ● Intestinal parasites were first identified:
response of the body. - Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworms)
T-cells (immune response) and B-cells (produce - Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
antibody) - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator
- Monocytes = they are americanus (hookworm)
considered as - Strongyloides stercoralis
phagocytes (threadworm)
(they eat the infectious - Enterobius vermicularis(sit worm)
agents; dead cells)
EBERS PAPYRUS
2. Adaptive/Acquired - specific immune response.
- Active = immunization with antigen. ● Believe that Medical Technology began when a
● Natural (naturally exposed to book of treatment of disease published
antigen) containing three stages of hookworm
● Artificial (vaccination) infection (egg, larva, adult)
- Passive = through injection or infusion
of antibody. RUTH WILLIAMS
● Natural (maternal antibody
● Medical Technology began from Medieval
during fetus)
● Artificial (antibody; anti toxins Period.
are being injected)
MEDIEVAL LABORATORY PRACTICES EARLY HINDU DOCTORS
(16TH - 18TH CENTURY) ● Urine of certain individuals attracted ants = has
● Advancements in technology sweetish taste
● Development of new scientific methods
HISTORY OF MT IN UNITED STATES
● Discovery of disease-causing microorganisms
OF AMERICA
● Invention of microscope by Zacharias Janssen
● Outbreak of Cholera (vibrio cholerae bacteria)
was traced by Jon Snow ANNE FAGELSON
● Believes that Medical Technology began when
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS an Italian doctor employed Alessandra Giliani
DURING THE MEDIEVAL ERA to perform different task in the laboratory but
● Athanasius Kircher - microscope to investigate died from infection.
causes of diseases ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
● Robert Hooke - micrographia
● Invented compound microscope (upright
● Jean Baptiste van Helmont - gravimetric
microscope with two lenses).
analysis (specific gravity) of urine
● DESCRIBED: RBC, protozoa, and bacteria
● Frederick Dekkers - protein in urine
according to shape (bacillus, coccus, vibrio, and
(proteinuria)
spirillum)
● Richard Lower - 1st transfusion in animals
● William Hewson - process of coagulation MARCELO MALPIGHI
(clotting of blood) ● Greatest of the early microscopist
● Francis Home - yeast test for sugar in diabetic
urine RUDOLF VIRCHOW
● Matthew Dobson - sugar in the blood and urine ● Youngest medical specialist
of diabetics ● Described leukemia
VIVIAN HERRICK HERMAN FEHLING

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 ● First quantitative test for urine sugar
19TH CENTURY
● Emergence of clinical laboratories
WILLIAM H. WELCH
● Established laboratory in Bellevue Hospital
Medical College (1878).
- 1st course in pathology
● First professor of pathology (John Hopkins
Hospital)
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
● A clinical laboratory was opened in 1896.
JAMES C. TODD
● Wrote Manual of Clinical Diagnosis renamed
to Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods
(standard reference for laboratories).
WORLD WAR 1
● Important factor in the growth of clinical
laboratory
● Produced great demand for technicians
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
● One of the 1st schools for training workers
● First to offer a degree level program
● Course bulletin: COURSES IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL
LABORATORY TECHNICIANS (1992).
WORLD WAR 2
● Marked effect on laboratory medicine
● Use of blood increased (blood transfusion)
● Blood collection using closed system (uses
tube with anticoagulant and syringe)
● Laboratory medicine moved to era of
sophistication
2 IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT PAVED
THE WAY FOR MT PRACTICE IN THE
PH
1. Opening of Suez Canal
2. Outbreak of World War 2
1895
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● University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper
Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened for
the service role of clinical laboratories.
1918
● John Kolmer
-
Certification of Medical Technology nation
scale.
1920
● Administrative units of clinical laboratories were
directed by chief physician.
1922
● American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
was founded = encouraging cooperation
between physicians and clinical pathologists.
1950
● Medical Technology in the US sought
professional recognition from the government of
their educational qualifications through licensure
laws.
HISTORY OF MT IN THE PH
1565
● First hospital Spaniards established.
AND - Hospital Real in Cebu, was to move to Manila
to cater Military Patients.
1578
● Franciscans built San Lazaro Hospital for the poor
and the lepers.
1596
● Hospital de San Juan de Dios.
1641
● Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite.
1611
● Dominicans founded the UST.
1871
● UST established the first faculties of Pharmacy and
Medicine.
1876
 ● First Provincial Medical Officers were appointed.
1883 - 1886
● Establishment of Board of Health and Charity.
1887
● Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established
- Testing for food, water, and clinical samples.
1901
● Established Bureau of Government Laboratories.
1944 - 1945 (END OF WW2)
● The 26th Medical Laboratory, US Army introduced
the practice of medical technology in the
Philippines by establishing the first clinical
laboratory at Quiricada Street, Santa Cruz, Manila
where the Manila Public Health Laboratory was
now located.
- Public Health Laboratory , in Santa Cruz, Manila
* 1944, FEBRUARY
● Training programs were offered to high school
graduates by the clinical laboratory.
* 1945, JUNE
● The US Army left the clinical laboratory to the
Department of Health (DOH), but the latter
rendered non-functional for some time.
* 1945, OCTOBER 1
● Dr. Pio de Roda formally organized the Manila
Public Health Laboratory from the remnants of the
clinical laboratory
- He was assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano,
Manila City Health Officer.
1947
● Dr. de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana revived
the training of high school graduates to work as
medical technicians, but with no definite period of
training set and no certificates given to trainees
which eventually disinterested them.
1954
● A six-month laboratory training with certificate
upon completion was given to trainees and Dr. Ana
prepared the syllabus for the training program.
● Dr. Tirso Briones also joined Drs. de Roda and
Sta. Ana in the said training program.
WILLA HILGERT-HEDRICK
● “Founder of Medical Technology in the Philippines”.
● American medical practitioner and a missionary of
the Seventh Day Adventist Church in the Philippines.
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● Offered the first four-year BS degree course in
medical technology through the Philippine Union
College (Adventist University of the Philippines) and
the Manila Sanitarium (Manila Adventist Medical
Center).
1954
● The five-year curriculum leading to the degree BS
Medical Technology of the Philippine Union (PUC)
and the Manila Sanitarium was approved by the
Department of Education, Culture, and Sports
(DECS).
1956
● PUC produced its first graduate - Dr. Jesse Umali,
who became a successful OB-Gynecologist and
owner of Omega Laboratory at Vito Cruz, Manila.
1957 - 1958
● Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas
(UST), offered medical technology as an elective
subject to 4th and 5th Years BS Pharmacy
students.
● Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer
medical technology as a course in UST because of
its popularity among pharmacy students.
* 1957, JUNE 17
● A temporary permit was issued to UST by DECS
for the first third year students.
* 1960, JUNE
● The permit for the internship program was issued
to UST.
* 1961, JUNE 14
● The full recognition of the four-year BS Medical
Technology was given to UST.
1960
● Centro Escolar University (CÉU), through
Purification Sunico-Suaco, after the approval of
Carmen de Luna, President, offered BS Medical
Technology.
● The first graduates of CEU were in 1962.
1961
● Far Eastern University (FEU) started its school of
medical technology, thru Dr. Horacio Ilagan Ylagan
and Dr. Serafin Juliano after the approval of Dr.
Lauro Panganiban and Dr. Jesus Nolasco, dean
● and Secretary of the FEU Institute of Medicine,
respectively.

1962, JULY 5
● FEU formally opened its school of medical
technology after the Bureau of Education
approved its application.
● Dr. Ylagan became the Technical Director.
● The first graduates of the school were in 1963.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
(UP)
● BS in Public Health
-POST-GRADUATE STUDIES-
● Master of Science in Medical Technology
- Philippine Women’s University (PWU)
- Saint Louis University (SLU)
- Baguio City
- University of Santo Tomas (UST)
● Master in Public Health
- UP
● Master in Public Health (Thesis and Non-Thesis)
- CSU
COMMISION ON HIGHER
EDUCATION
● Requires post-graduate studies as an important
requirement for tertiary faculty members and as a
prerequisite for accreditation for schools of medical
technology that wish to upgrade their levels {CMO
No. 14, s, 2006}
DEFINING MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
● Wikipedia
- The diagnostic or therapeutic application of
science and technology to improve the
management of health conditions.
- Technologies may encompass any means of
identifying the nature of conditions to allow
intervention with devices, pharmacological,
biological, or other methods to increase life span
and/or improve the quality of life.
● Heinemann
The application of principles of natural, physical, and
biological sciences to the performance of laboratory
procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment
of diseases.
● Fagelson
- A branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and
analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of
disease and the maintenance of health.
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● Generally involved in the use of technology as a
means to evaluate health status. It assists the
medical term to deliver quality healthcare through
the performance of different laboratory-controlled
determinations that provide them the most reliable
results for their proper diagnosis and treatment of
disease.
● Walters
- A health profession concerned with performing
laboratory analyses in view of obtaining
information necessary in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease as well as in the
maintenance of good health.
CAREER IN CLINICAL LABORATORY
SCIENCE
Why Choose to Become a Clinical
Laboratory Professional?
● Clinical Laboratory Professional analyzes:
a. Blood
b. Body fluids
c. Cells
to determine the presence or absence of
disease;
● They are highly skilled in the use of the latest
in bio-medical techniques and instrumentation.
IMPORTANT WORK
● Clinical laboratory professionals are vital members
of the healthcare team;
● Up to 70% of physician decisions regarding patient
diagnosis and therapy are based on laboratory test
results;
● Modern medicine cannot function without clinical
laboratory professionals.
OPPORTUNITIES
● Clinical laboratory professionals are in great
demand;
● Multiple employment opportunities immediately
after graduation;
● Flexibility in working hours and shifts;
● High versatile skills that translate into an unlimited
choice of practice settings;
● An excellent background in careers in research,
medicine, and biotechnology.
WHERE DO CLINICAL LABORATORY
PROFESSIONALS WORK?
Most clinical laboratory professionals work in -
● Hospital clinical laboratories
● Physician office laboratories
 ● Commercial or reference laboratories ● Tests plasma to monitor therapy, and plasma for
● Public health laboratories safe transfusion;
● Uses techniques to detect antibodies to-
There are many other exciting employment - Streptococcal infections
opportunities for clinical laboratory professionals - - Lyme disease
● Pharmaceutical and chemical industries - Infectious mononucleosis
● Biotechnology companies - And many other diseases.
● Forensic and law enforcement laboratories ● Performs testing on DNA, RNA, and
● Veterinary clinics chromosomes to help identify genetic causes of
● Research and teaching institutions disease or to identify pathogens and their drug
● Transplant and blood donor centers resistance mutations.
● Fertility clinics
● Cosmetic and food industry
CYTOTECHNOLOGIST - CELLS
● Medical informatics
● Basic science and cancer research ● examines cell samples
● Sales, marketing, and product development ● analyzes microscopic cellular changes
● Law and public advocacy ● detects benign or cancerous diseases
● Education
● examines cells from all body sources taken by
A degree in Clinical Laboratory Science is also an swab/fine needle biopsy
excellent starting point for career advancement in -
● Medicine (ex: PAP SMEAR - looks for precancer)
● Public health
● Biomedical technology
● Healthcare Management and Administration HISTOTECHNOLOGIST/
HISTOTECHNICIAN - TISSUES
WHO WORKS IN A CLINICAL
LABORATORY?
● sections(cutting), stains, analyzes tissues from
Clinical Laboratory Scientist or Technician surgery
● Analyzes body fluids for many diverse proteins, ● allows Pathologist to determine if disease is present
sugars, enzymes, lipids, hormones, and drugs;
in tissue
● Provides information to physicians to help
diagnose-
- Cancer PATHOLOGIST - HEAD OF
- Diabetes and kidney disease LABORATORY (Medical Doctor)
- Drug overdose
● Detects and identifies disease-causing bacteria ● specialized in detecting diseases
and parasites;
● Determines the best antibiotics to be used for PHLEBOTOMIST - BLOOD SAMPLES
bacterial infections; (AST= antimicrobial
susceptibility testing) ● collects blood specimen
(Antimicrobial resistance-happens when germs ● careful and accurate in processing samples
like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to
● excellent communicators with patients
defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That
means the germs are not killed and continue to
grow. Resistant infections can be difficult, and MASTERAL, DOCTORAL, & MD LEVEL
sometimes impossible, to treat.)
(Antibiotics- are drugs responsible to treat
bacterial infection) ● Pathologist
● Examines and counts blood cells to detect ● Administrative Director
abnormalities found in anemia, leukemia, and ● Manager
infections so appropriate therapy can be started; ● Technical Supervisor
● Analyzes blood to find causes for abnormal
● Laboratory Information Specialist
bleeding or clotting;
● Quality Assurance (QA) Coordinator

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 ● Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Coordinator
● Marketing and Outreach Coordinator
CLINICAL LABORATORY PROFESSIONALS
● Enjoy the challenge of science theory, laboratory
discovery, technology, and medicine;
● Have high level of responsibility and
commitment to help others;
● Have a capacity for calm and reasoned
judgment;
● Organized, efficient, good problem solvers,
communicators, and team players;
● Have high standards and demand quality
performance and accuracy;
● High versatile skills;
● Solve medical mysteries;
● Provide vital information to save a life and cure a
disease.
OVERVIEW OF THE CLINICAL
LABORATORY
THE CLINICAL LABORATORY
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
(CLIA) of 1988
- facility for the biological, microbiological, serological,
chemical, immunohematological, hematological,
biophysical, cytological, pathological or other
examination of materials derived from human body
- provides information for diagnosis, prevention, or
treatment of any disease or impairment, or assessment
of the health of human beings.
- also include procedures to determine, measure, or
describe the presence or absence of various substances
or organisms in the body.
LEGAL BASES (in the Philippines)
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● Republic Act No. 4688 - Clinical Laboratory Act
of 1966 - an Act Regulating the Operation and
Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories and
Requiring the Registration of the Same with the
Department of Health, Providing Penalty for the
Violation Thereof, and for other purposes
● DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027 -
Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the
Licensure and Regulation of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines.
THE CLINICAL LABORATORY - facility where tests are
done on specimens from the human body to obtain
information about the health status of a patient for the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of dxs (diseases)
OTHER FUNCTIONS
● provides consultative advisory services covering
all aspects of laboratory investigation including
the interpretation of results and advices on
further appropriate investigation;
● may be involved in the pre-analytical processes
such as the collection, handling, preparation of
spx, or acts as a mailing or distribution center,
such as in a laboratory network or system
THE TESTING PROCESS
PRE-ANALYTICAL - very crucial
● First in the laboratory process. This phase
includes spx handling issues that occur even
prior to the time the specimen is received in the
laboratory. Errors can occur in this phase with
spx handling and identification. Therefore, this
phase must have rigorous control to avoid
unwittingly allowing errors to travel further
downstream.
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE PRE-ANALYTICAL
PHASE???
1. Selection of the assay/test relative to the
patient's needs.
2. Implementation of assay/test selection.
3. Patient identification and preparation.
 4. Specimen collection.
THE SATELLITE TESTING SITE
5. Specimen transport, preparation, and storage.
6. Monitoring of specimens condition. - Any testing site that performs examination under
the administrative control of a licensed
laboratory but performed outside the physical
ANALYTICAL - testing phase confines of that laboratory
- EXAMPLE: screening of hemoglobin and blood
- In this phase, you have to monitor, evaluate,
typing during bloodletting activities.
and maintain this phase to have accurate and
precise results before releasing it to the doctor. THE PHYSICIAN’S OFFICE
● Second Phase. This includes the “actual” LABORATORY
laboratory testing or the diagnostic procedures,
processes, and products that ultimately provide -An individual doctor’s office or clinic wherein laboratory
results. examinations are performed;
Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)
3 COMPONENTS OF ANALYTICAL PHASE
● A diagnostic testing at, or near the site of patient
1. equipment care rather than in the clinical laboratory. It
2. examination procedure includes bedside testing, out-patient, and home
3. quality of examination care;
● Example - Monitoring of glucose level of diabetic
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ANALYTICAL PHASE??? patients using a glucometer.
THE NATIONAL REFERENCE
1. Instrument selection.
LABORATORY (NRL)
2. Assay/test validation.
3. Lab staff competence. ● A laboratory in a government hospital which has
4. External and internal quality control. been designated by the DOH to provide special
functions and services for specific disease
areas. It may, or may not be a part of a general
POST ANALYTICAL - final phase
Clinical Laboratory.
● This phase culminates in the production of a ● They evaluate the performance of the
final value, result, or in the case of histology, a laboratories.
diagnostic pathology report.
Functions :
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE POST-ANALYTICAL ● Provision of referral services such as
PHASE??? confirmatory testing, surveillance, resolution of
1. Accuracy in transcription and filing of test result. conflicting results between or maong
2. Content and format of lab report. laboratories;
3. Timeliness in communicating critical values to ● Training
patient and physician. ● Research;
4. TAT - turn around time ● Implementation of EQAS (External Quality of
5. It is the time of interval between specimen Assessment Scheme)
received in the lab, to the time of releasing of lab - They evaluate the performance of
result/report. participating laboratories by assessing
6. 1 hour - standard time in TAT the integrity of the entire testing.
● Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
THE MOBILE CLINICAL LABORATORY
1. East Avenue Medical Center,
- A laboratory testing unit that moves from one
testing site to another Diliman, Quezon City
- Has temporary location
- It shall have a base laboratory

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 - NRL for Environmental and Occupational - Tests done on urgent cases, the results of which
Health, Toxicology, and Micronutrient Assay shall be released immediately, within an hour or
less after the procedure;
2. National Kidney and Transplant
- STAT in latin is,”sta’tim” which
Institute, Diliman, Quezon City
means,”immediately”
- RL (Reference Laboratory) for
Hematology(study of blood and blood diseases),
including Immunohematology(combination of Classification of Clinical
Immunology and Serology; deals with the Laboratories
transfusion practices/ blood bank).
3. San Lazaro Hospital, Santa (A.) By Ownership
Cruz, Manila
- RL for HIV-AIDS, Hepatitis, and Sexually
(B.) By Function
Transmitted Diseases (STD or also known as
the Venereal Diseases)
- HIV is the causative disease(virus); causing the (C.) By Institutional Character
disease AIDS
- Immunodeficiency (low immune system)
- Acquired means a mode of transmission, (D.) By Service Capability
through body contact, etc.
- Syndrome(group of Signs and Symptoms
(A.) Classification by Ownership
associated with each other.)
4. Lung Center of the Philippines,
Quezon City Government
- NRL for Anatomic Pathology and Biochemistry ● Operated and maintained, partially or wholly, by
the national government, a local government
5. Research Institute for Tropical
unit (provincial, city, or municipal, or any other
Medicine
political unit or department, division, board, or
- NRL for Dengue, Influenza, TB and other agency;
Mycobacteria, Malaria and other Parasites, ● Example: Philippine General Hospital, Cagayan
Bacterial Enteric Diseases, Measles and other Valley Medical Center, Tuguegarao City People’s
Viral Exanthems, Mycology, Enteroviruses, General Hospital, Rural Health Unit
Antimicrobial Resistance and Emerging
Diseases for Confirmatory Testing of Blood Private
Donors and Units ● Owned, established, and operated by any
individual. Corporation, association, or
Routine Tests
organization
● The basic, commonly requested tests in the ● Example: St. Paul Hospital Tuguegarao
laboratory, the results of which are not required
to be released immediately upon completion. It (B.) Classification by Function
shall follow the usual procedures and systems of
the laboratory.
Clinical Pathology
● Example - Lipid Profiling (Cholesterol,
Triglyceride, HDL(High Density Lipoprotein), ● Includes clinical chemistry, hematology,
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) immunohematology, microbiology, immunology,
clinical microscopy, endocrinology, molecular
The STAT Tests biology, cytogenetics, toxicology, and therapeutic
- The opposite of routine test drug monitoring, and similar disciplines.

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 ● Pathology is the study of diseases; study and ➔ Routine Hematology (Complete Blood
diagnosis of diseases Count)-includes the hemoglobin mass
● We examine specimens (blood, urine and other concentration, erythrocyte volume
body fluids like the: fraction, leukocyte number
- Saliva, sputum, CSF, synovial fluid, concentration, and leukocyte type
vaginal discharge, gastric fluid, breast number fraction;
milk, sweat, semen and the serous fluid( Complete Blood Count (CBC):
Peritoneal Fluid, Pericardial Fluid and RBC count, Hemoglobin,
Pleural Fluid) Hematocrit(packed cell volume), Total
WBC Count, WBC Differential
Anatomic Pathology
Count(Neutrophils, Eosinophils,
● Includes surgical pathology, Basophils, Lymphocytes and
immunohistopathology, cytology, autopsy, Monocytes)
forensic pathology and molecular pathology. ➔ Qualitative Platelet Count
● We examine samples or specimens from organs ➔ Routine Urinalysis
or tissues that are most commonly acquired ➔ Routine Fecalysis
after surgery. ➔ Quantitative Platelet Count and
(C.) Classification by Institutional Blood Typing- if hospital based
Character ● Secondary Category- provides the minimum
service capabilities of a primary category
laboratory, plus the following- - -
● Institution -Based ➔ Routine Clinical Chemistry -includes
● A laboratory that operates within the premises blood glucose concentration, blood urea
and as part of an institution, such as, but not nitrogen, blood uric acid, blood
limited to hospital, medical clinic, school, creatinine, and total cholesterol;
medical facility for overseas workers and ➔ Cross- matching- “Compatibility testing”
seafarers, birthing homes, psychiatric facility, ➔ Gram-staining- staining procedure
and drug rehabilitation center; wherein we identify if a bacteria is gram
● Example: CVMC Department of Laboratory, positive( blue or purple) or gram
RPGMC negative(red or pink)
● In- patients are those confined and stays in the ➢ Gram positive- thick layer of
hospital. peptidoglycan
➢ Gram negative- thin layer of
● Free -Standing peptidoglycan
● A laboratory that does not form part of any other
institution ➔ Potassium Hydroxide Test
● Example: Immaculate Heart Diagnostic - (KOH Test)
Laboratory, Trimedica Laboratory - Examine skin lesion to detect fungi
● Out- patients are those who receives medical
treatment without being admitted to a hospital. Example: Tuguegarao City People’s General Hospital,
(D.) Classification by Service Holy Infant Hospital Department of Laboratory, Clinica
Capability de Leon Laboratory

● Tertiary Category- provides the minimum service

General Clinical capabilities of a secondary category laboratory,
Laboratory plus the following- - -
● Primary Category- provides the following ➔ Special Chemistry
minimum service capabilities

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 ➔ Special hematology, including Incubator, Microtome,Spectrophotometer,
coagulation procedures Waterbath
➔ Immunology MATERIAL/S
➔ Microbiology - culture and sensitivity
● A substance that is made or can be made
testing (aerobic and anaerobic if hospital ● Synonymous with apparatus
based;) ● NON-ELECTRICAL: Blood bag, Blood Infusion
-culture means to grow Set, Blood Typing Set, Blood typing sera,
- to grow bacteria (WHY? We need to Capillary tube, Counting chamber, Culture
identify that bacteria; processed to media, Evacuated tube system, Hypodermic
sensitivity testing(anit-microbial needle and syringe, Staining Dyes, Tourniquet,
Urine Dipstick, WBC differential counter
susceptibility testing or the AST) in order
to know the antibiotics to be given to the ❖ MEDICAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
patient. -comprises equipment, instrumentation & consumables
Example: CVMC Department of Laboratory, RPGMC -used in clinical labs and hospitals for routine testing and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Saint Paul monitoring
Hospital Laboratory
❖ FACTORS DRIVING THE DEMAND FOR
● Limited Service MEDICAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Capability ● Rising demand for medical treatment and
research
-provides the laboratory tests required for a
● Fast-expanding life sciences industry
particular service in institutions such as, but not ● Aging population
limited to dialysis centers and social hygiene
clinics
SPECIAL CLINIC LABORATORY IMPORTANT INDUSTRY TRENDS
LAB TESTING TECHNOLOGY
-offers highly specialized laboratory services that are - becoming more automated & more sophisticated
usually not provided by a general clinical laboratory - making testing processes simpler, more
-EXAMPLE: HLA Typing, Stem Cell Culture accurate and more efficient
- MAJOR ADVANCES (that occur less
DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE
frequently):may provide entirely new tests or
LABORATORY testing methods
● Clinical Chemistry IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC SECTOR
● Clinical Hematology - Several new assays have been introduced over
● Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology the past decade
● Microbiology - The publication of human genome & advances
● Blood Banking and Serology in bioinformatics & related fields has contributed
● HIstopathology (Clinical/Anatomic) in particular, the development of diagnostic
● OPD (Phlebotomy) testing technology (Market Research.com)
- Has fueled the growth of immunoassays &
EQUIPMENT/S AND MATERIAL/S in a nucleic acid tests- help in diagnosis and
CLINICAL LABORATORY treatment of important health issues: cancer,
diabetes, heart disease and autoimmune
disorders.
EQUIPMENT/S
● Set of articles/physical resources POINT-OF-CARE SECTOR
● Serving to equip a person or a thing - Growing faster than the overall market
● Apparatus - Represents emergency testing, home tests,
● Supply / tools needed for purposes doctor office screening, decentralized hospital
● ELECTRICAL: Autoclave, Clinical Centrifuge, tests and more
Compound Microscope, Dry Bath, Hot air oven,
GLOBAL BLOOD INDUSTRY

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 - Growing at a fast rate due to the growing and - Commonly used to separate: serum from the
aging global population, spread of infectious cellular components, plasma from cellular
diseases, and other factors components and in washing red blood cells
- KEY MARKET SEGMENTS IN THIS - Separate solid portion from liquid portion based
INDUSTRY: Products (RBCs and platelets), from their densities
Equipment (Chemistry & hematology analyzers,
coagulation analyzers, blood gas analyzers, 1. PLASMA-55% of Total Blood Volume
testing) 91% Water-main component
7% Blood Proteins (fibrinogen, albumin,
❖ New technology is expensive globulin)
❖ To partner with an established online medical lab 2% Nutrients(amino acids, sugars, lipids)
equipment supplier-best way for clinical Hormones (arythroprotein, insulin,etc.)
laboratories to source the latest instruments for Electrocytes(sodium, potassium, calcium,
accurate and timely testing etc)
❖ A reliable supplier CELLULAR COMPONENTS
- Can supply quality instruments, reagents and 2. BUFFY COAT
consumables at reduced prices White Blood Cells (7,000-9,000 per mm^3 of
- Offer affordable equipment rental options to help blood)
their customers stay competitive - Leukocytes
- Made through Leukopoiesis
Platelets (250,000 per mm^3 of blood)
EQUIPMENT/S - Thrombocytes
- Made through Thrombopoiesis
3. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
AUTOCLAVE About 5,000,000 per mm^3 of blood
● USES - Erythrocytes
- carry out industrial & scientific - Made through Erythropoiesis
processes requiring elevated USED IN:
temperature and pressure in relation to
ambient pressure/ temperature - Clinical chemistry, Immunology &
- Used in medical applications to perform serology, Hematology
sterilization
- MAIN PURPOSE: Sterilization- process
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
that removes all forms of of life
(microbes)
● USED IN
- Microbiology/ Bacteriology section\
● TYPES OF AUTOCLAVE
- Pressure Cooker Type
- Vertical autoclave
- Common laboratory autoclave
- Horizontal autoclave
- Large Automatic Hospital autoclave
● PRINCIPLE: Steam under pressure
- Works at 121 degrees Celsius at 15 pounds
pressure for 15-30 minutes
CLINICAL CENTRIFUGE
● USES
- Uses centrifugal force(at high speed) to
separate various components of a fluid
(achieved by spinning the fluid at high speed
within a container, separating fluids of different ● USES:
densities) - uses multiple lenses to enlarge the image of a
sample

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 ● USED IN: - WORKING DISTANCE between the objectives
- Hematology, Microbiology, clinical microscopy and the slide varies with the make and model of
and histopathology the microscope.
● Employs 2 separate lens systems, objective and 7. 3 OR 4 OBJECTIVE LENSES
eyepiece, the product of which produces the 8. STAGE
final magnification. - Supports the prepared microscope slide to be
❖ OBJECTIVE-lower part(where the reviewed.
sample is put) - SPRING ASSEMBLY- secures the slide to the
stage
- STAGE CLIPS- holds the slide in place
OBJECTIVE MAGNIFI TOTAL COLOR
9. FOCUS CONTROLS (or adjustments)
CATION MAGNIFI
- Can be incorporated into one knob or can be 2
CATION
separate controls
- SINGLE KNOB
SCANNER 4x 40x RED
❖ Moving it in 1 direction engages the
coarse control
LPO (Low 10x 100x YELLOW
❖ Moving it in the opposite direction
Power
engages the fine control
Objective)
10. CONDENSER
- Consists of several lenses in a unit
HPO(HIgh 40x 400x BLUE
- May be permanently mounted or vertically
power
adjustable with a rack-and-pinion mechanism
objective)
- Gathers, organizes and directs the light through
the specimen
OIO( Oil 100x 1000x WHITE
11. STAGE CONTROLS
Immersion /BLACK
- located under the stage move it along an x-axis
Objective)
or a y-axis
- To move the stage clips
1. EYEPIECE-upper part 12. FIELD DIAGRAM
- product of the eyepiece and objectives: - located below the condenser within the base
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
-10x magnification
2. INTERPUPILLARY CONTROL DRY BATH
- To adjust the lateral separation of the eyepieces ● USES:
for each individual. - to heat samples
- PROPERLY ADJUSTED=user should be able to ● USED IN:
focus both eyes comfortably on the specimen - Molecular biology, Microbiology, BIochemistry
and visualize one clear image and genetic applications
3. OPTICAL TUBE
- Connects the eyepieces with the objective lens
- Intermediate image:formed in this component HOT AIR OVEN
- Standard length:160mm (distance from the real ● USES:
image plane (eyepieces) to the objective lenses. - Uses dry heat to sterilize
4. NECK/ARM ● USED IN:
- Provides a structural site of attachment for the - Hematology and Microbiology
revolving nosepiece.
5. STAND
- Main vertical support of the microscope INCUBATOR
- Supports stage assembly, condenser and base
● USES:
6. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
- Holds the objectives - to grow and maintain microbiological or cell
- Allows for easy rotation from one objective to cultures
another - Maintains optimal conditions like: temperature,
humidity, Co2, and oxygen content of the
atmosphere

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 - CULTURE MEDIA - where they let the bacteria ● USED IN:
grow and to be put in the incubator for optimal - Blood banking
temperature, humidity, and CO2 to identify what
type of bacteria
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING MATERIAL/S
- to determine what antibiotic
● USED IN:
- Microbiology or Bacteriology BLOOD
-sample
MICROTOME BLOOD BAGS
● USES: ● USES:
- A cutting tool used to produce extremely thin - for collection, separation, storage, and transport
slices of materials (aka. sections) of blood
● USED IN: - TRIPLE TOP AND BOTTOM BLOOD BAGS:
- Histopathology used to collect and separate 3 different blood
● TYPES: components:
- plasma, red cells, and buffy coat
- Each bag is composed of:
TYPE DESCRIPTI INVENTOR
- anticoagulant additive solution, primary
ON
bag, platelets transfer bag (for 5 days
storage), and a donor needle gauge
1. Rocking Simplest Paldwell
● 3 BLOOD BAGS
Trefall
● (Primary Bag)1st Bag-undergo centrifugation
● 2nd Bag-plasma
2. Rotary Most Minot
● 3rd Bag-buffy coat
common
● USED IN: blood banking and in donation drives

3. Sliding Most Adams

dangerous

4. Freezing Only used Quekett

for making
freezing
sections

SPECTROPHOTOMETER BLOOD INFUSION SET

● USES: ● USES:
- to measure the amount of protons it (intensity of - Single use, sterile, winged blood collection
light) absorbed after passing through a sample needle bonded to a flexible tubing with a luer
solution to get the solution’s absorbance connector
● USED IN: ● USED IN:
- Clinical Chemistry - Phlebotomy procedures
● BLOOD TYPING & CROSS-MATCHING- must
WATER BATH be done before blood infusion
● USES: BLOOD TYPING SERA/REAGENTS
- to incubate samples in water at constant
● USES:
temperature over a long period of time
- Made from a container filled with heated - Used in forward blood typing procedures
water ● USED IN:

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 - Blood banking procedures - to collect liquid samples
● Sera (reagents) - Capillary action - a process where the sample
● ABO Blood Group System flows up into the tubes against the effects of
-Karl Land Steiner gravity
● LANDSTEINER RULES ● USED IN:
1) A person does not have an Antibody to - Hematology
his own Antigen ● 3rd/4th finger of non dominant hand
2) Each person has Antibodies to the ● Lancet- used to puncture the skin, once it is
Antigen he/she lacks being punctured, your blood will go through the
capillary tube through the capillary action.
BLOOD TYPE ANTIGEN ANTIBODY ● MEANING: The capillary tube is a tube or a
(found around (found in vessel that collects blood after skin puncture
the RBC) plasma)(naturally ● Used for pediatrics patient/ new borns/ senile
occuring) patients or ederly patients that are fragile
● The red part at the ends of the tube are the
A A Anti B anticoagulant.

B B Anti A HEMOCYTOMETER
O NONE Anti A & B - or haemocytometer
● USES:
AB A&B NONE - A counting-chamber device originally used for
counting blood cells
● FORWARD BLOOD TYPING ● USED IN:
-Principle: Agglutination (clumping of blood) - Hematology and Clinical Microscopy
-Antigen + Antibody
-Check or detect ANTIGEN CULTURE MEDIA
-Reagent: ANTIBODY (Blood typing sera)
-Sample:Blood - aka. growth media
❖ ANTI A-blue ● USES:
❖ ANTI B-yellow - Are specific mixtures of nutrients/substances
❖ ANTI D-white that support the growth of microorganism like:
-RH Blood Group System bacteria and fungi (yeasts and molds)
-determines if positive or negative ● USED IN:
(ex: AB+, AB (ABO Group); +(RH - Microbiology and Bacteriology
Group) ● Stored in the incubator

CAPILLARY TUBE

EVACUATED TUBE SYSTEM

● USES:
- for routine venipuncture
● USES:

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 - Consists of: a needle device, a tube
GAUGE NUMBER HUB COLOR
holder(adapter), and an air-evacuated tube
- 2 needles: 1 to puncture and 1 to enter the tube
18 Pink
● USED IN:
- Phlebotomy procedures 19 Brown

COLOR ANTI- USES 20 Yellow

COAGULANT
21 Green
Yellow Sodium For bacterial
polyanethol culturing 22 Black
sulfonate
23 Blue green/Blue
Light Blue Sodium Citrate Coagulation ● 23 cc are usually used for pediatric
test patients
Green Heparin Blood gas/pH STAINING DYES
analysis ● USES:
- to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the
Lavender EDTA Complete Blood
microscopic level
(ethylenediamine Count
● USED IN:
tetra acetic acid)
- Histopathology, Hematology, and
Gray Sodium Chloride Glucose testing Microbiology/Bacteriology

● STAIN- the organic compound

COLOR DESCRIPTION OF USES ● DYE- the coloring agent
NON-COAGULANT
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION AND USES
Red Glass evacuated tube For Clinical STAIN
Chemistry Test,
Gold Plastic evacuated Lipid Profile, Na, Simple Single stain
tube(clot activator) K, Ca, Creatine,
Urea, and Uric Differential To differentiate and contrast
Acid specimens
● PLASMA- THE LIQUID PORTION OF THE
Special To stain specific parts of
UNCLOTTED BLOOD
bacteria/body/tissue
● SERUM- THE LIQUID PORTION OF THE
CLOTTED BLOOD ● GRAM STAIN- differentiate G+ (thick layer
● ANTIBODIES- CAN BE SEEN IN BOTH where the stain grips more tightly; thick
SERUM AND PLASMA peptidoglycan) and G -(thin layer;thin
peptidoglycan)
HYPODERMIC NEEDLE AND SYRINGE
4 COMPONENTS
● USES: 1.) CRYSTAL VIOLET- primary stain(violet/purple)
- to inject substances or extract fluids from the 2.) GRAMS IODINE- the mordant (pampakapit ng
body stain)
- It is a hollow needle used with a syringe 3.) ALCOHOL- decolorizer
- The gauge number of the needle is inversely 4.) SAFRANIN- secondary stain(pink/red)
proportional to the size of the bore (hole) ● The color of gram positive is
- The higher the gauge number the smaller the BLUE/PURPLE/VIOLET
bore ● The color of gram negative is PINK/RED

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva

 SPECIAL STAINS SUBSTANCE 3. Protein 9. Nitrite
DEMONSTRATED
4. Glucose 10. Leukocyte
Van Gieson Collagen
5. Ketones 11. Ascorbic Acid
Periodic acid schiff Glycogen
6. Blood
Oil Red O Fat and lipids

Lead Method 5 - nucleotides DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD COUNT/

COUNTER
Felipe and lake Acetylcholinesterase
- “Coulter counter”
Methyl green pyronin RNA & DNA - USES: check the WBC
- Gives the relative percentage of each type of
Feulgen DNA WBC
- Helps to reveal abnormal WBC populations
Alkali fast green Histones & protamines - USED IN:
- Hematology
Perls’ Prussian Blue Ferric Iron
WINGED INFUSION SET
Turbull’s Ferrous Iron - USES:
- for both intravenous delivery of fluids/drugs or
Von Kossa Calcium blood collection
- USED IN:
Wade Fite Legionella - Phlebotomy procedures
Pneumophila ● Gauge #: 25
Levaditi Spirochetes

TOURNIQUET
● USES:
- Used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity to
limit (not stop) blood flow
- USED IN:
- Phlebotomy procedures
● 18-20 inches long and 1 inch wide
URINE DIPSTICK
- Dipstick - a thin, plastic stick with strips of
chemicals on it
- USES:
- Placed in the urine to find abnormalities
- USED IN:
- Clinical Microscopy

11 PARAMETERS

1. pH 7. Bilirubin

2. Specific Gravity 8. Urobilinogen

BSMLS - 1C | Aguinaldo, Allauigan, Baligod, Canapi, Gonzalez, Reglos, Salva