PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (CHAPTER 5) SKELETAL SYSTEM (CHAPTERS 6–9)

Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil
glands.

Functions: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make
vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body
movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).

MUSCULAR SYSTEM (CHAPTERS 10, 11)

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.

Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in
body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM (CHAPTERS 12–17)

Components: Specifi cally, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle
tissues include smooth and cardiac). Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking;
maintains posture; produces heat.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (CHAPTER 18)

Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid
gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in
several other organs.

Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood
from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

PRINCIPLES OF
MEDICAL
LABORATORY
SCIENCE 1
Kristianne Loren E. Horeerat Page
1
Defining the Practice of the
Medical
Technology/Clinical
Laboratory Science

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CHAPTERS 19–21)

Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and
carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

water content of body fl uids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood
vessels.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY (CHAPTER 22)

Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out
immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).

Functions: Returns proteins and fl uid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood;
contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing
microbes.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (CHAPTER 23)

Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea
(windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air;
helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces
sounds.

PRINCIPLES OF
MEDICAL
LABORATORY
SCIENCE 1
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Kristianne Loren E. Horeerat Page

1
Defining the Practice of the
Medical
Technology/Clinical
Laboratory Science
PRINCIPLES OF
MEDICAL
LABORATORY
SCIENCE 1
Kristianne Loren E. Horeerat Page
1
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Defining the Practice of the

Medical
Technology/Clinical
Laboratory Science
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

HISTORY of MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY URINE- one of the fluids that underwent

PROFESSION examination; provides wide information
about the body.
Disease was believed to be
caused by the negative interaction Hippocrates advocated the
between the environment and the tasting of urine, listening to lungs, and
body. observing outside appearance in the
diagnosis of disease. Appearance of
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
bubbles, blood and pus in urine
 Clinical laboratory science/ indicated kidney disease and chronic
Medical Laboratory Science illness.
 Collection, receipt,
preparation, investigation
and lab analysis of sample Galen
of human biological
 Discover diabetes as
material
“diarrhea of urine”, and
 Deals with the diagnostic of
established the relationship
therapeutic applause and
science technology between fluid intake and urine
volume
 Greek physician and
History of Medical Science & Practice philosopher
of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine  Practice medicine under
aritholean philosophy
Stone Age  Dissector – human and
Belief of unknown -> foundation of animan anatomy
superstition, astrology and folklore  Instigated a rudimentary
assessment of disorder
Disease -> work of evil spirits
through measurement of body
Treatment -> Prayers and rituals fluids called:
o Four “humors” of
Febrile Condition -> purgation,
body fluids in man
sweating, blood donation and diet
 1. Blood
restriction
 2. Phlegm
Iron Stage  3. Yellow bile
 4. Black bile
Hippocrates (460 BC – 3700 BC)
Middle Age
 Father of Medicine
 Hippocractic Oath  Urinalysis are practiced
o The code for practicing  Herbal medicine -> widely
physicians used therapeutic benefits
were not scientifically proven
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

 School of Salermo -> first Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1660)

school that organize medical (1632- 1723)
school in Europe
 Father of Microbiology
 Acupuncture -> China’s most
 Invented the compound
effective means of treatment
microscope (1632)
 Arabic Science -> Field optic
 First one to describe rbc, to
that lead to specialization in
see protozoa,
the treatment of eye disease
 First to classify bacteria
 Water casting (uroscopy)->
according to shape
widely practiced in medieval
Europe; diagnostic Edward Jenner (1796)
examination of urine simple
 Cross-immunity of smallpox
inspection
and cowpox
900 A.D – First book detailing the  Discovered vaccination,
characteristics of urine was written immunity to small pox and
contributed in immunology
Hindu Physician
- Recorded the sweet taste of
diabetic urine
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat
11th Century – Physician were not
allowed to conduct physical examination  Identified organs by their
of the patient’s body, thus, relied solely types of tissues, contributed in
on patient’s description of the symptoms histology
and their observations.
Agostino Bassi (1835)
 Produced disease in worms –
Era of Scientific (1500s) and beginning of bacteriology
Industrial Revolution (1700s)
Louis Pasteur (1857)
 Scientific Revolution
 Produced immunity to rabies
 Major era of transition
 Modern science Gregor Mendel (1866)
 Scientific method -> logical
 Enunciated law of Genetics
reasoning, experimental
observation, and rational
indirective
18th Century
 Industrial revolution
 Mechanical devices mechanical techniques and
cadaver dissection were used to provide
a more objective and accurate diagnosis
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

and to understand the insides of the 19th Century

body.
Physician begun using machines
 Improvement of Medical for diagnosis or therapeutics
Education
 Spirometer (John
 School were found in Vienna,
Hutchinson) -measuring
Edinburgh and Giagow
blood pressure
 Age of enlightment
 Sphygmomanometer (Jules
Robert Koch Herisson) – measuring the
vital capacity of the lungs,
 Presented first picture of
how well the lungs
bacilli (anthrax) and later
inhale/exhale
tubercle bacilli
 Creation of industrial research
Elie Metchnikoff (1886) laboratory

 Introduced steam sterilization CHEMISTRY – pivotal in the diagnosis

in surgery of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria and
syphilis
Erns Vonn Bergmann (1886)
1969 – 80% of medical professionals
 Developed ABO blood group
were non-physicians
system
August Von Wassermann (1906)
Vivan Herrick
 Developed immunologic test
for Syphilis  Traces the beginning of
Medical Technology back to
1550 BC when taenia
Howard Ricketts (1906) (tapeworm) and ascaris
(roundworm) were first
 Discovered microorganisms
identified
whose range lies between
 Ebers Papyrushave
bacteria and viruses called
descriptions of three stages of
rickettsiae
hookworm infections and the
Hans Fischer (1929) disease it could produce to
human
 Worked out the structure of
hemoglobin
Jonas Salk (1954) Ruth Williams

 Developed poliomyelitis
vaccine
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

 Believed that Medical  Searched and found answer

Technology began at (1096- to the diagnosis of his patients
1438) as by several means
 Urinalysis was a fad during  Investigation in a laboratory
the medivial period
 Urinalysis (the oldest lab
procedure) Baron Karl Wilhelm Von Humboldt
 Hindu doctor (1815)
 Urine attracted ants and has a
 Through his leadership
sweetish taste
medicine brought itself
Anna Fagelson brought itself in a complete
revolution
 Belived that the medical
 Anatomical, pathology, and
technology begins in the 14 th
bacteriology
Century when a prominent
doctor at University of Jules Dubosqo (1854)
Bologna hired
 Developed the first visual
 Allessandra Gillani by
colorimeter based on Beer’s
Mondino de Liuzzi to perform
Law
task how under the domain of
 Introduced the Clinical
the Medical Technology
Laboratory Rudolf Virchow
Profession
(1902)
 Allessandra Gillani died from
 One of the youngest of the
a laboratory acquired infection
medical specialist
Karl Landsteiner (1900)  Founded the archives of
pathology in Berlin in 1847
 Note of having first
distinguished the ABO blood Production of aniline dye at 19th
group system century, it become possible to stain
 Blood typing bacteria and then to study them under
the microscope.
Marcelo Malphigi
Pioneer of antiseptic
 The “Greatest of the Early
microscopists” Joseph Lister (1870) (1827-1912)
 Works in embryology and
 father of modern Surgery
anatomy definitely marks him
 Demonstrated that surgical
as the “Father of Pathology”
infections are caused by
 Discovered the capillaries
airbone
Dr. William Occam
Hermann Fehling (1847-1925)
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1
 performed the first
quantitative test for urine
sugar
Louis Pasteur (1880-1882)
 first attenuated vaccine
develops anthrax vaccine or
develop rabies vaccine
Emil von Behring (1890)
 serum anti-toxins
Wilhelm Conrad Ronigen (1895)
 discovered medical used of x-
ray in medical imaging.
Breakthrough in Medical Technology
that allowed physicians to examine
body parts.
Stethoscope (1816) – first diagnostic
medical breakthrough invented by Rene
Laennec; used to acquire information
about the lungs and the heartbeats.
Microscope (1840) – developed for
medical purposes due to advances in
lenses and lower costs; the first practical
microscope was devised by Anton van
Leewenhoek
Ophthalmoscope (1850) – first visual
technology invented by Hermann von
Helmholz
Laryngoscope (1855) – device by
Manuel Garcia using two mirrors to
observe the throat and larynx.
X-ray (1859) – invented by Wilhelm
Roentgen when he discovered by
accident that radiation could penetrate
solid objects of low density; allowed
physicians to view the inside of the body
without surgery; used to diagnose
pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis
since World War II.
Mid-1900s: Technical laboratories
regulated by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) began to be used for
medical diagnostics in the US
Electrocardiograph (1903) –
developed by William Einthoven to
measure electrical charges during the
beating of the heart.
Kenny Method (1910) – served as the
pioneering work for modern physical
therapy; devised by Elizabeth Kenny in
the treatment of polio (then called
infantile paralysis) using hot packs and
muscle manipulation; prompted the
invention of a new stretcher (called
Sylvia stretcher in 1927) intended or
transporting patients in shock.
Drinker respirator (1927) – invented by
Philip Drinker to help patients with
paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover
normal respirator with the assistance of
artificial respirator.
Heart-lung machine (1939) – first
visual technology invented by Herman
von Helmholz
Cardiac catheterization and
Angiography (1941) – first operated by
Forsmann in 1929; developed by
Moniz Reboul, Rousthoi between 1930
and 1940, discovered as safe method in
humans by Cournand in 1941; made
seeing the heart, lung vessels, and
 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

valves possible through inserting a  The Father of American

cannula in an arm vein and into the Pathology
heart with an injection of radiopaque dye  Set-up the first pathology
for X-ray visualization. laboratory in America at
Bellevue Hospital in 1878
Electron microscope – gave way to
the visualization of small cells including  First profession of Pathology
tumor cells. at John Hopkins University

Tomography & Magnetic resonance John Scott Burdon-Sanderson (1887)

imaging (MRI) – adaption of computer  Concluded that the use of
in medical researches, including Laboratory methods in Clinical
prosthesis Medicine elucidates
pathological problems.
Medical technology breakthroughs
persist through robotics, keyhole surgery
procedures, genetic engineering, and
Dr. Willamn Osler
telemedicine (information technology) Medical
technology has improved quality of life and  In 1986, first laboratory at
increased life expectancy. John Hapkins Hospital
 Routine examination were
History of Medical Technology in the carried out, special attention
United States of America being given to the search for
material parasite in the blood
It was in the United States of  A clinical laboratory was also
America that this science was highly opened at the University of
developed to a very great extent due to Pennsylvannia in1886
its financial capabilities, manpower, and (William Pepper Laboratory)
interest is more emphasized to cope up
in the modern world.
1895
Dr. Silas Douglas
 University of
 Started in the first laboratory
Pennsylvania’s William
instruction Pepper Laboratory of
 University of Michigan – first Clinical Medicine was
chemical laboratory in the opened to highlight the
USA service role of clinical
 Became the largest and the laboratories
best equipped chemical
laboratory opened to students Dr. Simon Flexner

Dr. Willman H. Welch

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

 First pathologist of John  Administrative units of clinical

Hopkins Hospital laboratories were directed by
 In 1900 census, 100 the physician
technicians. All male were  Clinical laboratories were
employed in the United divided into PATHOLOGY,
States. This increase to 3500 ASCP established the code of
BACTERIOLOGY,
in 1920 where roughly 60% MICROBIOLOGY,
ethics for technologists and technicians
was females. Two years later, SEROLOGY, AND
stating that all allied health
3035 hospitals had clinical RADIOLOGY
laboratories professionals should work under the
1922
Dr. James C. Todd supervision of a physician and refrain
- American Society for Clinical
from making oral or written diagnosis
 In 1908. Wrote “A Manual of Pathology (ASCP) was founded
Clinical Diagnosis” retitled to and advising cooperation
encourage physicians on how
“Clinical Diagnosis by between physicians and clinical
Laboratory Methods” pathologists, to maintain the
o The standard limitations of each department.
reference for
laboratories
1918

 John Kolmer called for a

development that would
certify medical technologists
on anational scale; published
The Demand for and Training
of Laboratory Technicians that American Society for Clinical
includes the first formal Laboratory Science - subgroup of
training courses in medical ASCP, helped in their cognition of
technology nonphysician clinical laboratory
 a law was enacted in scientists as autonomous professionals
Pennsylvania requiring all 1950s
hospitals and institutions to
have a fully-equipped  medical technologists in the
laboratory fit for routine US sought professional
testings. recognition from the
government of their
1920 educational qualifications
through licensure laws
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

HISTORY OF MEDICAL JOUNALS OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN THE MEDICINE
PHILIPPINES
 Balen de Medicina de Manila
Hospital Real (1886)
 Revista Farmaceutica de
 first hospital established by
Filipinas (1893)
the Spaniards in 1565 in
 Cronicas de Ciencias
Cebu, but was moved to
Medicas (1895)
Manila to cater military
patients 1806
1578 - Central board of vaccination
started producing and distributing
 the Franciscans built San
vaccine lymph; by 1898, there
Lazaro Hospital
were 122 regular vaccinators
(vacunadores) in Manila and
General Antonio Luna was
other major towns
employed as a chemical expert in this
laboratory and pioneered water testing,1876
forensics and environmental studies
- Provincial medical officers were
appointed to provide health care
services throughout the country
1883

1596 - The Board of Health and

Charity was established and was
 Hospital de San Juan de later expanded in 1886
dios was founded for poor
Spaniards 1887

1641 - Laboratorio Municipal de

Manila was established by the
 Hospital de San Jose was Spanish authorities for laboratory
founded testing of food, water and clinical
in Cavite samples

1611
1898
 The Dominicans founded
the University of Santo - After the fall of Manila, the
Tomas which in 1871 Spanish Military Hospital was
established the first faculties converted into the First Reserve
of pharmacy and medicine Hospital, modeled after American
military health care systems, by
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott, who - The Board of Health which was
was a chief surgeon of the later named as Bureau of Health
Division of the Pacific and Eighth was recognized as Philippine
Army Corps Health Service, but was reverted
back to Bureau of Health by 1933
Richard P. Strong, the successor of
the hospital’s laboratory, utilized it to performJune 1927
autopsies and to examine blood, feces, and - The University of the Philippine’s
urine. College of Public Health finaly
opened its Certificate on Public
Health
1901
- The US government, through the
Philippine Commission, MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH
established a Bureau of LABORATORY
Government Laboratories
- The first clinical laboratory in the
under the Philippine Commission
Philippines established during
Act No. 156 located in Calle
WWII by the 6th Infantry Division
Herran (Pedro Gil), Ermita,
of the US Army in Quiricada St.,
Manila
Sta. Cruz, Manila
June 1945
Unfortunately, the building was - The laboratory was endorsed to
destroyed during WWII. Presently, the the National Department of
National Institutes of Health of Health, and was non-operational
University of the Philippines-Manila
occupies the area. October 1945
- Dr. Piode Roda and Dr.Mariano
1905
Icasiano (Manila City Health
- The Bureau of Science was Officer) preserved and reopened
established and worked with the the laboratory
Army Board for the Study of
DR. PIO DE RODA
Tropical Diseases, but was
disbanded in 1914 - re-established the laboratory;
- The bureau worked closely with together with Dr. Prudencia Sta.
the Philippine General Hospital Ana, they conducted training
and the University of the programs for aspiring laboratory
Philippines workers, which was later joined
- It became and active center for by Dr. Tirso Briones
scientific research and instruction
1954
in the country
1915
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

- training program ended when the

Bureau of Private Education
approved a four-year course on
Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology

- first school to offer BSMT in the

Philippines under the leadership
of Dr. Willa Hedrick (wife of Dr.
Elvin Hedrick), affiliated with
Loma Linda University of
California
DR. JESSE UMALI
- first graduate of BSMT program
in Philippine Union College in
Baesa, Caloocan City, now
known as Adventist University of
the Philippines; graduated Doctor
of Medicine in FEU and became
a successful OB-Gynecologist
1961
- UST recognized BSMT as an
official program.