Intro Med 1 HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Science I. 300 B.C – 180 A.D:

 from the Latin word scientia or “knowledge”
 Hippocrates
 the heart of technology
- Father of Medicine
 One of the main factors behind the invention and
- concluded the appearance of
development of many products such as
bubbles, blood and pus in the
technologies/gadgets.
urine indicates renal diseases
Technology and chronic illness.
 from the Greek work teknologia or “systematic  Galen
treatment”  refers to the practical application of an - described diabetes as “diarrhea
organized body of knowledge of urine”

SCIENCE IS…. Diabetes 3P’s Symptoms:

An organized body of knowledge
1) Polyuria
S Systematic derived from a sound methodology.
2) Polyphagia
It can be clearly explained and
3) Polydipsia
consistently applied
Hippocrates & Galen described the “four humors” in man:
C Conceptual Abstract and logical 1) BLOOD
2) PHLEGM
3) YELLOW BILE
Interdisciplinary; it offers a holistic
4) BLACK BILE
I Integrative approach that includes or uses
both classical and modem concepts Hippocratic Oath - the code of ethics for practicing
physicians
Constantly changing. Scientific
E Evolving concepts always become better and II. 900 A.D. “Uroscopy”
more advanced or complex
 “1st book for characteristics of urine was
written”
N Novel Geared towards inventing products
that are new and original Uroscopy - the historical medical practice of visually
examining a patient's urine for pus, blood, or other
symptoms of disease.
C Contemporar Up-to-date
y III. 11th Century
 Medical professionals were not allowed
E Exploratory A never-ending process of discovery to conduct physical examination of
and fact-finding patient’s body
IV. 18th Century
 mechanical techniques and cadaver
MEDTECH  WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT?
dissection were used to provide a more
 Ruth Heinemann objective and accurate diagnosis
- application of natural, physical, and
V. 19th Century
biological sciences to the
 physicians began using machines for
performance of laboratory
diagnosis or therapeutics
procedures which aid in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease.  John Hutchinson’s Spirometer
- measuring the capacity of the
 Anne Fagelson
lungs
- branch of medicine concerned with
the performance of laboratory  Jules Herisson’s Sphygmomanometer
determinations and analyses used in - measuring blood pressure
the diagnosis and treatment of the
VI. 1816: Stethoscope
disease and maintenance of health.
 “1st diagnostic medical breakthrough”
 RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act of  Rene Läennec
1969)  auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine - He invented the Stethoscope
which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion - used to acquire information
and excretion of human body and body fluids by about the lungs and heartbeats
various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and
VII. 1840: Microscope
other medical laboratory procedures or techniques
 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
which will aid the physician in the diagnosis strictly
- He developed the Microscope
and treatment of disease and in the promotion of
health in general.
VIII. 1855: Laryngoscope
 Manuel Garcia
- He devised laryngoscope using
two mirrors to observe throat
and larynx
IX. 1859: X-ray
 Allowed physicians to view the inside of
the body without surgery.
 Used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy,
and tuberculosis since World War II
 Wilhelm Roentgen XVI.
- invented X-ray by accident that
radiation could penetrate solid
objects of low density.
X. 1903: Electrocardiograph
 Measure electrical changes during the
beating of the heart
XVII.
 William Einthoven
- developed Electrocardiograph
XI. 1550 BC
 Vivian Herrick, MT
- traces the beginning of medical
technology
XVIII.
 Intestinal parasite such as Taenia and
Ascaris were mentioned in early
writings.
 Ebers Papyrus
- book for treatment of diseases.
- It contains description of the
XIX.
three stages of hookworm
infection
XII. 1096-1438
 Ruth Williams, MT
- believes that MT began from
the Medieval Period as
supported by the fact that
urinalysis (the oldest laboratory
procedure”) was a fad.
 Early Hindu doctors’
- Scientific observation - urine of
certain individuals attracted
ants, and that such urine has a
XXI.
sweetish taste
 600 BC - Hindu physician recorded the
sweet taste of diabetic urine
 1674 - the urine in diabetes had a taste
similar to honey
XIII. 14th Century
 Anne Fagelson XXII.
- a prominent Italian physician,
Mondino de’ Liuzzi at the
University of Bologna, she
employed one Allesandra
Giliani to do certain tasks now
under the MedTech profession.
Unfortunately, this lady died XXIII.
from a laboratory acquired
infection
- prefers to date MedTech from
14th century
XIV. 1492
 Pope Innocent VIII
- “1st unlucky recipient of blood
transfusion”
- blood from 3 boys was infused
into the dying pontiff.
XV. 1578-1657
 William Harvey
- discovered blood circulation
- the era of blood transfusion
1631-1691
 Richard Lower
- “1st physician to perform direct
transfusion of blood.”
- Showed it was possible for
blood to be transfused from
(Animal to Animal)
1643-1704
 Jean-Baptiste Denys
- notable for having performed
the “1st fully documented
human blood transfusion.
(Animal to Human)”
1829
 James Blundell
- performed the “1st successful
transfusion of blood to a patient
for treatment of a hemorrhage.
(Human to Human)”
1590
 Zacharias Jannsen
- developed the “1st crude model
of a compound model
microscope”
XX. 1632-1723
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- invented and improved the
compound microscope.
- First to describe red blood cells
to see protozoa, and to classify
bacteria according to shape.
- “Father of Microbiology”
1628-1694
 Marcello Malpighi
- “Founder of Pathology”
- “Greatest of the Early
Microscopists”
- He works in embryology and
anatomy.
1928
 Alexander Fleming
- His discovery of penicillin was
one of the greatest innovations
in the history of medicine.
- Discovered properties in mold
that fight bacteria.
1954
 Joseph Murray
- performs the first human
kidney transplant (on identical
twins)
 - wrote “A Manual of Clinical
Diagnosis”
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE US
A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis
I. 1844
 Dr. Silas Douglas - The book was retitled “Clinical
- started the first laboratory Diagnosis by Laboratory
instruction Methods” in 6th edition by Dr.
 University of Michigan Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford
- the “1st laboratory (chemical and then “Clinical Diagnosis and
laboratory)” it became the Management by Laboratory
largest and the best equipped Methods”, presently published
chemical laboratory open to under the editorship of
students in the United States. Davidson and Henry when the
authors die.
II. 1854-1858
- This book became the standard
 Medical College of St. Bartholomew
reference for laboratories.
- all part-time practicing clinicians
were reinforced as teachers by
VIII. 1977
whole time professional units
 The National Committee for Clinical
applying the new laboratory
Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
methods to medical practice
- a group of clinicians &
and medical teaching at the
laboratory scientists that have
University College at Cambridge
grouped together to discuss
III. 1878 ways of improving patient
 Dr. William H. Welch services.
- established another laboratory IX. 1999
at the Bellevue Hospital Medical  the term “Clinical Laboratory Science” is
College. adopted
- “1st professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University”
- gave the first laboratory course
in pathology ever offered in an
American Medical School
IV. 1885
 Dr. Simon Flexner
- the “1st pathologist of the John
Hopkins Hospital Department of
Pathology”
V. 1887
 Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson
- obtained significant results in
his works in medicine by
applying laboratory methods to
his practice of medicine
- concluded that the use of
laboratory methods in Clinical
Medicine elucidates
pathological problems
VI. 1896
 Dr. William Osler
- “1st clinical laboratory was
opened at the John Hopkins
Hospital”
- routine examination were
carried out, special attention
being given to the search for
malarial parasite in the blood.
- A clinical laboratory was also
opened at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1896 (William
Pepper Laboratory)
VII. 1908
 Dr. James C. Todd
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
At the end of World War II, medical technology practice
was introduced to the Philippines by the 26th Medical
Laboratory of the 6th US Army.
The US Army established the first clinical laboratory in the
Philippines at Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz,Manila where
the Manila Public Health Laboratory is presently located.
June, 1943
 The US Army left clinical laboratory and
endorsed it to the National Department
of Health. But the Department rendered
the laboratory nonfunctional for some
time
February, 1944
 The laboratory offered training programs
to high school graduates
October 1, 1945
 Dr. Alfredo Pio de Rod
- formally organized the Manila
Public Health Laboratory.
- he was assisted by Dr. Mariano
lcasiano who was then the
Manila City Health Officer.
1947
 Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
- training of high school graduated to
work as medical technicians was revised
under Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia
Sta. Ana.
- No definite period of training was set
and no certificates were given to
trainees
1953
 Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick
- was the founder of the Medical
Technology Education/course in the
Philippines.
- She was an American Seventh Day
Adventist missionary to the Philippines
and married to Dr. Hedrick, the first
medical internist of the Manila
Sanitarium and Hospital (now Manila
Adventist Medical Center).
1954
 Prudencia Sta. Ana
- prepared the syllabus of the training
program
- a six-month laboratory training with
certificate upon completion was given to
trainees.
- Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two doctors
in the training program at the Public
Health Laboratory
1954
 Philippine Union College - offered the first 4-year
B.S. degree in Medical Technology with Manila
Sanitarium (Manila Adventist Medical Center)
1955
 Mr. Jesse Umali
- 1st Medical Technology graduate of
Philippine Union College (now the
Adventist University of the Philippines)
- OB-Gyne practitioner and was an owner
of Omega Laboratories
June 17, 1957
 Dr. Antonio Gabriel & Dr. Gustavo Reyes
- offered Medical Technology as an
elective subject to 4th & 5th year B.S.
Pharmacy students.
 Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as a
course
June 1960
 University of Sto. Tomas
- the permit for the internship program
was issued
- a temporary permit was issued by the
Department of Education for 1st to 3rd
year students
June 14, 1961
 Full recognition of the 4 – year B.S. Medical
Technology course was given.
1960
 Centro Escolar University
- followed in 1960 through the pioneering
efforts of Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco
who was granted by the University
President Carmen de Luna, to work on
the feasibility of the offering the medical
technology course in the university.
- Their first graduates were in 1962
1961
 Far Eastern University
- started offering B.S. in Medical
technology under the College of
Medicine.
- Initiated by Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and
Dr. Serafin J. Juliano.
The idea was brought to the Advisory Council of the
University, hence, by the authority granted by the late Dr.
Lauro H. Panganiban, dean of the Institute of Medicine
and Dr. Jesus Nolasco, Secretary of the Institute. FEU
School of Medical Technology was finally opened in 1962
under the joint auspices of the Institute of Medicine (now
known as Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation) and Institute
of Arts and Sciences.
 It produced its first graduates in 1963
 Formal MT education in the Philippines
University of the Philippines Manila - Offers the similar
course but the degree conferred is B.S. Public Health
Inventions & Innovations in the field of Clinical (Additional Notes)
Laboratory:
A.D. – anno domini
1796:
 Cure – there is an available drug
 EDWARD JENNER - vaccination for smallpox;
immunology  Treatment – ease the pain
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1880:  Diagnosis – final statement given by the Physician
 MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT - identified after the laboratory test.
organs by their types of tissue; histology  Prognosis – statement given by Physician prior to
the Laboratory Test
1857: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LOUIS PASTEUR - immunity for rabies Mastectomy – surgery that removes the entire Breast
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1866:
 70% - Med Tech
 GREGOR MENDEL - law of inherited in studies on
 30% - Doctor
plants
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1870:  Sign – objective; Other person can observe
 JOSEPH LISTER - demonstrated that surgical  Symptom – subjective; Only the person can feel it
infections are caused by airborne organisms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 95% - Water
1877:
 5% - Solutes
 ROBERT KOCH - presented the first pictures of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bacilli (anthrax) and tubercle bacilli Cadaver – Dead body
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1886: 120-80 – Normal Blood Pressure
 ELIE METCHNIKOFF - descried phagocytes in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
blood and their role in fighting infections  120 - Systolic Pressure
 Systolic Pressure – pressure of our heartbeat
1902:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 KARL LANDSTEINER - distinguished blood groups
 80 – Diastolic Pressure
through ABO systems
 Diastolic Pressure – heart rest between beats
1906: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 AUGUST VON WASSERMANN - immunologic test Nosocomial Infection – Infection acquired in hospital
for syphilis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blood Types: A – A=A, A=O, AB – Universal Recipient, B –
1929:
B=B, B=O, O – Universal Donor, O=O
 HANS FISCHER - worked on the structure of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hemoglobin Vaccination – composed of a part or a portion of a
1954: pathogen
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 JONAS STALK - poliomyelitis vaccine  Disinfection – Killing microorganism
 Antiseptic – Applied on leaving materials
1973: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 JAMES WESTGARD - introduced westgard rules or Phagocytes – cell engulf pain
quality control ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We can transplant liver since it regenerates.
1980: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG - introduced Hepatitis B – has a vaccine but has no cure
Hepatitis B vaccine ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HIV – the virus; causes aids
1985:  AIDS – end or last stage of HIV and it has no cure
 KARY MULLIS - developed PCR (Polymerase Chain because of virus mutation
Reaction)
NATURE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY  To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge
to conduct myself at all times in manner befitting
First it is important to understand the connection
the dignity of my profession.
between science and technology.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1) physical artefact, machine, or instrument; o PERFORM CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTING
2) an activity or means to accomplished a goal; o PERFORM SPECIAL PROCEDURES
3) knowledge. o ENSURE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF RESULTS
o HONESTY IN PRACTICE
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY o ENSURE TIMELY DELIVERY OF RESULTS
 detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring o DEMONSTRATE PROFESSIONALISM
of diseases. o UPHOLD CONFIDENTIALITY
 diagnostics and therapeutic purposes. o COLLABORATE WITH OTHER HEALTH CARE
 contextual, interdisciplinary, interdependent and PROFESSIONALS
system based o CONDUCT RESEARCH
 clinical laboratory testing plays and important o INVOLVEMENT IN HEALTH PROMOTION
role in disease detection, diagnosis, and PROGRAMS
treatment.
LABORATORY PERSONNEL
MEDICAL TECHNLOGY PRACTICE DEFINED:
 Pathologist
SECTION 2. Practice of Medical Technology.  Medical Technician
 A person shall be deemed to be in the practice of  Phlebotomist
medical technology within the meaning of this  Cytotechnologist
Act, who shall for a fee, salary or other  Histotechnologist
compensation or reward paid or given directly or  Nuclear Medical Technologist
indirectly through another, renders any of the  Toxicologist
following professional services to the purpose of
aiding the physician in diagnosis, study, and
treatment of diseases and in promotion of health
general.

CODE OF ETHICS
As I enter the practice of Medical Technology, I shall...
 Accept the responsibilities inherent to being a
professional.
 Uphold the law and shall not participate in illegal
works.
 Act in the spirit of fairness to all and in the spirit
of brotherhood toward other members of the
profession.
 Accept employment from more than one
employer only when there is no conflict of
interest.
 Perform my task with full confidence, absolute
reliability, and accuracy.
 Share my knowledge and expertise with my
colleagues.
 Contribute to the advancement to the
professional organization and other allied health
organizations.
 Restrict my praises, criticisms, views, and
opinions within constructive limits.
 Treat any information I acquired in the course of
my work as strictly confidential.
 Uphold the dignity and respect of my profession
and conduct myself a reputation of reliability,
honesty, and integrity.
 Be dedicated to the use of clinical laboratory
science to promote life and benefit of mankind.
 Report any violations of the above principles of
the professional conduct to authorized agency
and to the ethics committee of the organization.