principles of medical laboratory science
nu mwa | 1st semester midterm 2023-2024 | tinetine :p
OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY
SCIENCE PROFESSION
OUTLINE
● Historical Perspective
● Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory
Science Practices
● Medical Technology Education
LEARNING OUTCOMES
● Trace the history of Medical Technology
Globally and in the Philippines.
● Enumerate the scope of Medical Technology
Practices.
● Discuss the scope of medical technology
curriculum and different job opportunities.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
is also known as:
Clinical Laboratory Science
Medical Laboratory Science
What is Medical Technology (according to) ?
Ruth Heinemann
- is the application of natural, physical and
biological sciences to the performance of
laboratory procedures which aid in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Anne Fagelson
- is the branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations
and analyses used in the diagnosis and
treatment of the disease and maintenance of
health.
Walters
- is the health profession concerned with
performing laboratory analyses in view of
obtaining information necessary in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease as well
as in the maintenance of good health.
RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act
of 1969)
- is an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine
which deals with the examination of tissues,
secretion and excretion of human body and
body fluids by various chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic and other
medical laboratory procedures of technic
which will aid the physician in the diagnosis
strictly and treatment of disease and in the
promotion of health in general.
What is common among them?
- Performing laboratory procedures
(samples)
- Analysis (results)
- Diagnosis and treatment (disease)
CLINICAL LABORATORY
It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic
examinations of various body fluids (e.g. blood
tissues).
Inside the Clinical Laboratory
- Pathologist
- Medical Technologist
- Medical Technician
Medical Technologist acts as…
MEDICAL DETECTIVES
Roles of Medical Technologist
● Observe, identify, and analyze organisms
and cells causing infection and disease.
● Perform blood tests.
● Measure substance in blood and other body
fluids.
● Operate complex apparatus, instruments
and machines.
● Use standards and controls to improve
reliability of results.
● Work under pressure with accuracy and
precision.
● Adhere to high ethical standards of
performance.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
GLOBAL AND LOCAL
EARLY BEGINNINGS
400 B.C.
- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) described
the “four humors” in man; BLOOD,
PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE and BLACK
BILE
- Urine was regarded as composite of these
humors.
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600 B.C.
- Hindu physicians recorded the sweet taste
of diabetic urine as well as polyuria in
diabetes.
1500 B.C.
- Vivian Herrick identified Taenia and
Ascaris.
- “Ebers Papyrus” was discovered.
- “Ebers Papyrus” – the oldest preserved
Egyptian compilation of medical texts.
1632
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the
compound microscope.
- He was the first to describe the red blood
cells, protozoa, and to classify bacteria
according to shape.
1628-1694
- Marcelo Malphigi (Founder of Pathology)
- Greatest of the early microscopists.
- Contributed to Embryology and Anatomy.
1847
- Rudolph Virchow
- Founder of the “Archives of Pathology” in
Berlin.
1848
- Herman Fehling
- Performed the first quantitative test for
urine sugar.
15th Century
- Discovery of dyes (aniline dyes) made
possible the staining and study of
microorganisms such as bacteria.
IN THE UNITED STATES
1878
- Dr. William H. Welch
- Established a laboratory at Bellevue
Hospital Medical College.
- Became the first professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University (1885).
1896
- Dr. William Osler opened the first clinical
laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital.
- William Pepper Laboratory was also
opened at the University of Pennsylvania.
1908
- Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of
Clinical Diagnosis” which became the
standard reference for laboratories.
1921
- Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists
was organized.
- American Board of Pathology was
organized in 1936.
World War I
- Produced a great demand for technicians.
- University of Minessota is one of the first
schools to establish trainings for workers in
1922 and first to offer degree program in
1923.
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was
adopted.
- Advanced instrumentation.
- Automated equipment.
- Quality control programs.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Jan. 9, 1945
- First Clinical Laboratory in Phil. at
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila ws
established and is known as Public Health
Laboratory.
Oct. 1, 1945
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano
reopened Manila Public Health Laboratory.
1947
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta.
Ana offered a training for highschool and
paramedical graduates.
1954
- 6-month laboratory training was offered.
- Formal education of Medical Technology
began.
IN THE UNITED STATES
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MRS. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
Founder of Medical Technology Education in the
Philippines
1954
- Philippine Union College of Baesa
- First to offer BS Medtech.
- Dr. Jesse Umali was its first graduate after 2
years.
1957-1959
- Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo
Reyes of UST offered MT as an elective to
pharmacy students. Due to its popularity, it
was decided to be offered as a course.
1960
- CEU offered MT course
- First batch graduated in 1962.
1662-1662
- Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin
Juliano applied for the offering of BSMT
courses in FEU which was approved in
1662.
- First batch graduated in 1663.
U.P – offers the same course but the degree is
conferred to as B.S. Public Health.
Professional Organizations of Medical Technology
in the Philippines:
- The Philippine Association of Schools of
Medical
- Technology and Public Health, Inc.
(PASMETH)
The Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
(PAMET)
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Nature of the Field of Study
Program course shall be called as:
- Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
- Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory
Science
- It is a four year program consisting of a
one year internship with rotational duties
in different sections during the 4th level in a
CHED-accredited training laboratory.
- A licensure examination is given to all
applicants for registration as Medical
Technologist.
Program Goals
The program aims for the graduates to:
- Develop knowledge, skills, professional
attitude and values in the performance of
laboratory procedures.
- Acquire critical thinking skills.
- Engage in research and community-related
activities.
- Participate in activities promoting the
profession and engage in the life-long
learning undertakings.
- Develop collaborative and leadership
qualities.
Expected Performance Outcomes of Graduates
The graduates must be able to:
- Demonstrate technical competence in the
performance of clinical laboratory tests.
- Demonstrate analytical and critical
thinking skills in the workplace.
- Engage in the proper collection, analysis
and projection of health information.
- Demonstrate interpersonal skills, leadership
qualities and ethical practice of the
profession.
- Apply research skills in relevance to areas
to areas of Medical Technology/Laboratory
Science practice.
- Participate in community oriented
activities.
- Engage in life-ling learning activities.
- Demonstrate effective teaching and
communication skills.
Program Curriculum
The Course shall be at least four years,
including a 12-month long internship in accredited
laboratories and shall include the following subjects:
GENERAL EDUCATION
CORE COURSES
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
Scope of Licensure Examination
The given examination covers the following subjects
with its specific percentage:
Clinical Chemistry 20%
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Microbiology and Parasitology ● Justify and explain various information on a

20% laboratory requisition.
Hematology ● Identify the different phases of laboratory
20% testing.
Blood Banking and Serology 20%
Clinical Microscopy 10% CLINICAL LABORATORY
Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws ● Facility
● Specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma,
10%
urine, stool, etc.) from the human body
● Collected, processed, examined or analyzed
● Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
Employment Opportunities of Medical
Technology Graduates CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL
● Medical technologist (generalist/specialist) LABORATORY
● Clinical laboratory supervisors
● Chief medical technologist DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
● Laboratory owners Administrative Order no. 20017-0027
● Sales and public relations representative
● Educational representatives (company/health A. Based on ownership
program) 1. Government
● Researcher (industrial/medical) 2. Private
● Teachers/Instructors (secondary/tertiary
levels) B. Based on Function
● Employment abroad 1. Clinical Pathology
2. Anatomical Pathology
(Medical Technologist Specialist, Phlebotomist, Clinical Pathology:
Industrial/Medical Researcher, Medical Doctors, 1. Clinical Chemistry
Medical Sales Representatives) 2. Hematology
3. Microbiology
UNIT 2 4. Clinical Microscopy
CLINICAL LABORATORY 5. Immunology
6. Molecular Biology
7. Immunohematology
8. Cytogenetics
OUTLINE
9. Endocrinology
● General overview
10. Toxicology
● Classification of medical laboratories
11. Therapeutic drug monitoring
● Organization of the laboratory
Anatomical Pathology:
● Laboratory Sections
1. Surgical Pathology
● Information flow in the clinical
2. Immunohistopathology
laboratory
3. Cytology
● Three phases of the laboratory testing
4. Autopsy
● Laboratory policies
5. Forensic Pathology
6. Molecular Pathology
LEARNING OUTCOMES
● Identify and differentiate the classification
C. Based on Institutional Character
of clinical laboratory settings.
1. Institution-based
● Construct an organizational
2. Freestanding
chart/architectural plan.
● Explain the roles, functions and services
D. Based on Service Capability
offered by the different sections of the
1. General Clinic Laboratory
laboratories.
2. Special Laboratory
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General Clinical Laboratory

a. Primary Category
1. Routine hematology (CBC) LABORATORY SECTIONS
2. Qualitative platelet determination
3. Routine urinalysis and fecalysis A. SPECIMEN PROCESSING
4. Blood typing – for hospital-based B. HEMATOLOGY SECTION
b. Secondary Category C. COAGULATION SECTION
1. Routine clinical chemistry D. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
2. Quantitative platelet determination E. PARASITOLOGY
3. Cross matching F. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
4. Gram staining G. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
5. KOH staining for fungal disease H. IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY
c. Tertiary Category SECTION
1. All secondary lab services SEROLOGY TESTS
2. Special chemistry (Cardiac markers) ● Pregnancy test – detects B-HCG
3. Special hematology (coagulation tests) ● Dengue Test
4. Immunology/Serology (HIV, hepa ● HbsAg – for hepatits
profile, tumor markers) ● Bacterial Agglutination test
5. Microbiology – culture of sensitivity a. Widal test –typhoid fever
d. Limited Service Capability b. Weil-Felix – nonspecific test for
Special Clinical Laboratory typhus fever
a. Assisted reproduction technology laboratory I. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/BLOOD
b. Molecular and cellular technology BANK
c. Molecular pathology, Forensic pathology, and J. HISTOPATHOLOGY/
Anatomic laboratory CYTOPATHOLOGY

E. National Reference Laboratory Why is Laboratory Testing Performed?

1. Confirmatory testing
2. Surveillance
3. Resolution of conflicting results
4. Training and research
5. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
F. Satellite Testing Sites
● Testing site owned by a licensed laboratory
but situated in a location some distance from
the main laboratory.
G. Mobile Clinical Laboratories
● Laboratory testing unit
● Moves form one testing site to another
testing site
● Has a temporary testing location
● Shall have a base laboratory
● Permitted to collect specimen only
● Operate within a 100-km radius from its
main lab
ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY
…….
1. To assign a diagnosis
**confirm clinical diagnosis
**to establish an appropriate plan of
action
2. Prevention by early detection of diseases
through screening tests.
3. Ongoing assessment of the patient’s
progress and treatment.
INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL
LABORATORY
❖ Laboratory requisition
⮚ A form used by physician to document the
tests that are to be performed on patients.
⮚ Contains the following
✔ Patient’s demographic data, name data,
address, birth data
✔ Test selection – should be marked clearly
✔ Date and time of collection
✔ Identification of the person who
performed the collection, name of
ordering physician
✔ Additional comments
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❖ Laboratory Directory ⮚ Responsible Personnel

⮚ Stability of the specimen ***Medical Technologist, Section
⮚ Minimum volume Supervisor, Chief Medical Technologist,
⮚ Test schedule office clerk or staff
⮚ Specimen processing
⮚ Method LABORATORY POLICIES

LABORATORY REPORTS A. Laboratory hour and emergency work

⮚ to transmit test results ● Definite working hours
⮚ Reference rangers ● Outside regular working hours organize a
⮚ Date and time of the specimen collection system for testing urgent specimens.
⮚ Name, address of the laboratory
⮚ Name and identification number of B. Range of tests to be performed and those to
patient be referred to higher level
⮚ Source of specimen ❖ Range of tests to be performed
⮚ Date and time the report was generated 1. The number of staff available
2. The availability of material
THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING resources
3. The types of health institutions
A. PREANALYTICAL PHASE (hospital or health center)
❖ occurs first in the laboratory process ❖ Referral of specimens (when
⮚ Patient preparation necessary)
⮚ Paper work and data entry Example specimens for HIV
⮚ Specimen collection, processing, storage, detection and water samples for
and transportation bacteriological analysis.
⮚ Responsible Personnel
***Phlebotomist, laboratory technician C. Collection of laboratory specimen
1. The specimen containers should be clearly
B. PREANALYTICAL PHASE labeled with the patient’s name,
❖ Considered the “actual” laboratory testing or identification number, date of collection and
the diagnostic procedures, processes and time of collection
products 2. A fully completed request form should
⮚ Proper instrument maintenance accompany each specimen with the detail
⮚ Reagent supplies mentioned above.
⮚ Quality control
⮚ Responsible Personnel D. Workload capacity of a laboratory
***Medical Technologist or Medical Lab - Should match to the number of staff
Scientist - Their level of training
❖ Ensure accuracy, precision, reliability - Size of the laboratory
of the test procedure - The availability of laboratory facili
❖ Validates the following:
⮚ Test reagents/kits
⮚ Testing process
⮚ Training of the lab personnel
performing the test

C. POST-ANALYTIC PHASE
❖ Includes the following:
⮚ Review and analysis of results
⮚ Recording and reporting of test results
⮚ Storage and disposal of specimen
⮚ Releasing of results