PLEASE DO NOT REDISTRIBUTE WITHOUT ASKING FOR MY PERMISSION/CONSENT. THANK YOU! ^_^ - PROF.
NICOLE ANN CAGUINGIN
September 13-18, 2021
Principles of Medical Laboratory Science (MLSP111)
1st Semester of Academic Year 2021-2022
Prepared by: Caguingin, Nicole Ann R., RMT
for: OLFU-QC CMLS A.Y ’21-’22 MT1-YA (-1,-10,-11,-12)
OVERVIEW
A. Medical Technology as a Profession
B. History of Medical Technology
1. General History of Medicine
2. Earliest Onset of Medical Technology
3. In the U.S
4. In the Philippines
C. Introduction on Professional Organizations for
Medical Technology in the Philippines
1. PAMET
2. PASMETH
D. References
A. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AS A PROFESSION
What is Medical Technology?
(as defined by a registered medical technologist)
Medical Technology, also known as Clinical
Laboratory Science, or Medical Laboratory
Science, is a branch of science that deals with
the study and analysis of bodily fluids and
tissues via laboratory tests. These laboratory
tests are either done through the use of
machines, or manually, following standard
procedures and protocols.
These tests aim to produce accurate results
that can help physicians to detect, diagnose
and/or monitor diseases. In the Philippines,
these laboratory tests are done by registered
medical technologists, and verified by
pathologists.
As defined in the book “Principles of Medical
Laboratory Science 1”
“Medical Technology is designed to improve the
detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring
of diseases.”
“Clinical laboratory scientists who perform most
of these laboratory tests, are involved in the
examination and analysis of body fluids, tissues
and cells.”
B. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
1. GENERAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE
EARLY MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
- disease is treated as mystery & caused by the negative
interaction between the environment and the body.
HIPPOCRATES (“Father of Medicine”)
- author of the Hippocratic Oath
GALEN
- Greek physician and philosopher
Both instigated a rudimentary and qualitative
assessment of disorder through the measurement of
body fluids in relation to seasons.
FOUR HUMORS
1. Blood
2. Phlegm
3. Yellow bile
4. Black bile
“Water Casting” (Uroscopy)
- widely practiced in Medieval Europe
- Patients submitted their urine specimen in
decorative flasks.
- Physicians who failed to examine the urine were
subjected to public beatings.
900 A.D
- First book detailing the characteristics of urine
(e.g., color, density, quality) was written.
Medicine and medical technology advanced because
of the high mortality rate caused by plagues and
other diseases.
Early 11th Century
- Medical practitioners relied solely on the
patient’s description of symptoms and their
observations as they weren’t allowed to conduct
physical examination of the patient’s body.
18th Century
- Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection
19th Century
- Spirometer by John Hutchinson - measures the vital
capacity of the lungs
- Sphygmomanometer by Jules Herisson - measures
the blood pressure
- Use of chemistry to diagnose diabetes, anemia,
diphtheria & syphilis
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The onset of mechanical and chemical devices spurred
the turn from general practice to specialization.
Increased number of patients -> increased demand for
special health practitioners (generalists could no longer
handle the demand for increasing amount of medical
knowledge due to the influx of patients with different
cases)
Complex machinery and equipment required technical
expertise.
Medical service became organized in hospitals.
Large amounts of data required to diagnose and treat
patients leading to demand for information technology.
Invention of the Following Equipment/Apparatus
1816 - Stethoscope by Rene Laennec (used to acquire
information about the lungs & heartbeats)
1840 - Microscope by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (for
medical purposes)
1850 – Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholz
(first visual technology)
1855 - Laryngoscope by Manuel Garcia (to observe the
throat & larynx)
1859 – X-ray by Wilhelm Roentgen
1903 - ECG by William Einthoven
Kenny Method (1910)
- Developed by Elizabeth Kenny
- Pioneer work for physical therapy
- Treatment of polio (aka infantile paralysis)
- Polio Disease: “Poliomyelitis, an acute and
sometimes devastating viral disease. Man is the
only natural host for poliovirus. The virus enters
the mouth and multiplies in lymphoid tissues in
the pharynx and intestine”
- Using hot packs and muscle manipulation
Other Advances in Medicine
- Nuclear medicine
- Electron microscopy
- Imaging devices
- Prosthetic heart valves
- Artificial blood vessels
- Robotics
- Genetic engineering
- Telemedicine
CDC
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
- Regulates technical laboratories
- Began in mid-1900s
2. EARLIEST ONSET OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
460 BC- Hippocrates (father of scientific medicine)
adopted the triad of regimen in treating diseases and
infections with the use of drugs, surgery, and
bloodletting.
1550 BC - Vivian Herrick showed the incidence of
intestinal parasitic infection caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides and Taenia species.
Ebers Papyrus- a book that describes the treatment of
diseases and the three stages hookworm infection.
Anenzoa- a Arabian physician, proved that scabies are
caused by parasites.
During the medieval period (1098-1438), urinalysis
became a fashion of practice. All these information were
mentioned in the book of Ruth Williams entitled ‘’An
Introduction to the Profession of Medical
Technology.”
14th century- Anna Fagelson strongly confirmed the
beginnings of Medical Technology when she correlated
that the cause of death by Alessandra Gilani, a
laboratory worker in the University of bologna, was due
to laboratory-acquired infection.
1660 - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (father of
microbiology); known for his work on the improvement of
the microscope
1796 – Edward Jenner discovered vaccination to
establish immunity to small pox.
1857 – Louis Pasteur successfully produced immunity
to rabies.
Marcelo Malphigi - Father of pathology and histology
Medical Technology in the 18th Century
1821-1902- Rudolf Virchow was recognized as the
‘’father of microscopic pathology’’. He was also the first
scientist to emphasize the study of manifestation of
diseases and infections.
1850 – Department of Pathology was established.
Dr. Calvin Ellis was the first to utilize the microscope in
examining specimen at the Massachusetts General
Hospital.
Dr. William Occam - used lab findings as preliminary
evidence in diagnosing and evaluating disease
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APOTHECARIES ACT of 1815
A law initiated by Baron Karl von Humbeldt;
It was formulated for the regulation of the practice of
apothecaries throughout England and Wales. It is the
beginning of regulation of the medical profession in UK.
Herman Fehling - performed first quantitative test for
urine sugar.
3. IN THE U.S.
The first chemical laboratory related to medicine was
established at the University of Michigan by Dr.
Douglas. He pioneered laboratory instruction in this
well-equipped laboratory.
1878 - Dr. William H. Welch established another
laboratory at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College.
He gave the first laboratory course in Pathology ever
offered in an American Medical School.
John Kolmer published “The Demand for and Training of
Laboratory Technicians”
Divisions of a Laboratory (1920):
- Clinical pathology
- Bacteriology
- Microbiology
- Serology
- Radiology
In 1922, ASCP was founded.
ASCP = American Society for Clinical Pathologists
Its objective is to maintain cooperation between
physicians, pathologists, medical technologists and
laboratory technicians.
1885 - Dr. W. Welch became the first professor of
pathology at the John Hopkins University.
Dr. Simon Flexner - the first pathologist of the John
Hopkins Hospital Department of Pathology
1896 - Dr. William Osler – first clinical laboratory
opened at the John Hopkins Hospital- routine
examination were carried out, special attention being
given to the search for malarial parasites in blood.
1896- Another clinical laboratory was also opened at the
University of Pennsylvania (William Pepper
Laboratory).
Burdon Sunderson- obtain significant results in his
works in medicine, he initiated the use of laboratory
animals for experimentation as part of his lab
examination.
1896- first clinical laboratory was opened at John
Hopkins Hospital.
1908 - Dr. James C. Todd wrote the book “A Manual of
Clinical Diagnosis”. It was retitled “Clinical Diagnosis
by Laboratory Methods” in its 6th edition by Dr. Todd
and Dr. Arthur Sanford. This book became the standard
reference for laboratories.
1919 census, 100 technicians, all male employed in the
United States. This increased to 3,500 in 1920. In 1922,
3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories.
1915 - The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a
law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have an
adequate laboratory and to employ a full time
laboratory technician.
1922 - University of Minnesota is one of the first school
to trained laboratory workers. A course bulletin was titled
“Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and
Laboratory Technicians”.
1923, University of Minnesota first to offer a degree
level program.
1940 United States required a 2 year collegiate
education and a twelve-month actual training in the
laboratory for the preparation of its practice.
1950, Standard curriculum was formalized in
preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree.
4. IN THE PHILIPPINES
University of Sto. Tomas (UST), founded by the
Dominicans in 1611, published journals of science.
Vaccine lymph in 1806 – 122 regular vaccinators
(vacunadores)
Laboratorio Municipal de Manila – established by
Spanish (Gen. Antonio Luna); lab exam of food, water
and clinical sample
Gen. Antonio Luna- chemical expert, pioneered water
testing, forensics and environmental studies
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End of World War II (1939-1945)-Medical Technology

practice was introduced in the Philippines by the 26th 2. PASMETH
Medical Infantry of the 6th US Army

The US Army established the first Clinical laboratory at

Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila where the Manila
Public Health Laboratory (a division of the Manila Health
Department) is presently located.

February 1944 - laboratory (MPHL) offered training

program to high school graduates.

June 1945 – The US Army left the Clinical Laboratory

and endorsed it to the National Department of Health.
The Department rendered the laboratory non-functional
for some time.

October 1, 1945, Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda organized

the Medical laboratory and was given the name Public
Health Laboratory. He was assisted by Dr. Mariano
Icasiano who was then the Manila City Health officer. “Philippine Association of Schools of Medical
Technology/Public Health”

1947 - Training of Medical Technicians started under Dr.

Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia C. Sta. Ana. Trainees D. REFERENCES
were mostly high school and paramedical graduates.No
definite period of training was set and no certificates
were given to trainees. Benitez, P.A. et. al (2019). Principles of Medical
Laboratory Science 1. C&E Publishing, Inc.
1954 - a six-month laboratory training with
certificates upon completion was given to the trainees. OLFU Prepared Canvas Module 01: Week 1
Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the training
program
.
Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two doctors in the training
program at the public health laboratory.

C. INTRODUCTION ON ORGANIZATIONS FOR

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES

1. PAMET

“Philippine Association of Medical Technologists”