MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND BIOETHICS ANNE FAGELSON
PRELIMS - WEEK 1  Prefers to date Medical Technology from the 14th
DEFINITION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
RUTH HEINEMANN
“The Application of principles of natural, physical
and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory
procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases.”
ANNE FAGELSON (1961)
“The Branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and analysis
used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and
maintenance of health.”
THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT
“An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which
deals with the examination of various chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical procedures,
technique which will aid the physician in the diagnosis,
study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of
health in general.”
HIPPOCRATES (460 B.C.)
 A Greek Physician who formulated the famous
Hippocratic Oath, the code of ethic for practicing
physicians.
 Father of Medicine
 Described the four "humors" or body fluids in
man. These four humors or body fluids were felt
to be the source of a person's disposition and
disease in ancient times.
The Four Humors:
1. Earth - blood and brain
2. Air - phlegm and lungs
3. Fire - black bile and spleen
4. Water- yellow bile and gall bladder
VIVIAN HERRICK (1500 B.C.)
 Traces the beginning of Medical Technology when
intestinal parasites such as TAENIA and ASCARIS
were mentioned in early writings.
EBERS PAPYRUS
 A book for treatment of diseases contains
description of the three stages of hookworm
infection.
RUTH WILLIAMS
 Believes that Medical Technology began from the
MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1096-1438) as supported by
the fact that urinalysis was a fad.
 EARLY HINDU DOCTORS made the "Scientific
Observation" that the urine of certain individuals
attract ants, and that such urine has a sweetish
taste.
 QUACKS, calling themselves doctors reaped
fortunes from diagnosing diseases by the
appearance of the urine.
Mazon, D.M. | BSMT2-B
Century when a prominent Italian physician at
the University of Bologna employed one,
ALESSANDRA GILIANI to perform tasks now
under the domain of the medical technology.
 Unfortunately, this young lady died from a
laboratory acquired infection.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
 Invented and Improved the compound
microscope
 The first to describe red blood cells, to see
protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to
shape.
 Invention of the microscope led to the rapid
progress of microbiology and pathology.
MARCELO MALPIGHI (1628-1694)
 Described as the "GREATEST" of the early
microscopist.
 His work on embryology and anatomy definitely
marked him as "THE FOUNDER OF PATHOLOGY"
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
 One of the youngest medical specialists
 Founded the ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY in BERLIN
in 1847.
HERMANN FEHLING
 Performed the FIRST QUANTITATIVE TEST in
URINE SUGAR in 1848.
MIDDLE OF 15th CENTURY
 Aniline Dyes were used in staining microorganisms
 Bacterial staining and microscopic study on
bacteria were made possible.
ESTABLISHMENT OF LABORATORIES
FIRST CHEMICAL LABORATORY
 Established at the University of Michigan by Dr.
Douglas (not identified)
 Dr. Douglas pioneered laboratory instruction in
this well-equipped laboratory.
DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH
1878
 Established another laboratory at the BELLEVUE
HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE.
 He gave the first laboratory course in pathology
offered in an American Medical School.
1885
 Dr. Welch became the first professor of pathology
at John Hopkins University.
FIRST CLINICAL LABORATORY (1896)
 Opened in 1896 at JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL by
DR. WILLIAM OSLER
  In this laboratory, routine examinations were
carried out, special attention being given to the
search for malarial parasites in the blood.
WILLIAM PEPPER LABORATORY
 A clinical laboratory was also opened at the
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA in 1896 (WILLIAM
PEPPER LABORATORY).
DR. JAMES C. TODD (1908)
 Wrote the book: A MANUAL OF CLINICAL
DIAGNOSIS
 Retitled "CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS BY LABORATORY
METHODS", in its 6th Edition by Dr. Todd and Dr.
Arthur Sanford.
 The book became the standard reference for
laboratories.
1919 census
 100 technicians, all male were employed in the
UNITED STATES.
 This increased to 3500 in 1920. In
 1922, 3035 hospitals had CLINICAL
LABORATORIES.
1915
 The State Legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a
law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have
an adequate laboratory and to employ a full time
laboratory technician
WORLD WAR 1
 It was an impact factor in the growth of clinical
laboratory and produced a great demand for
technicians.
 The demand for technicians in clinical laboratories
continued, so practicing physicians with
knowledge on laboratory works began to teach
their assistants to do some of the tests for them.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
 One of the First schools for training laboratory
workers was established here.
 A course bulletin titled: "COURSES IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL AND LABORATORY
TECHNICIANS" was issued in 1922.
 They were the FIRST to offer a DEGREE LEVEL
PROGRAM in 1923.
1931
 DENVER SOCIETY OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGISTS
was organized.
1936
 AMERICAN BOARD OF PATHOLOGY established.
WORLD WAR 2
 Marked effects in laboratory medicine
 The use of blood increased and the "closed
system" of blood collection was widely used.
Mazon, D.M. | BSMT2-B
 Instrumentation advanced and these instruments
paved the measurement of the intensity of color
produced.
 Automated equipment appeared and quality
control programs became common
Pathology  Clinical Microscopy  Blood Cells, Chem, etc.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE 26TH MEDICAL INFANTRY OF THE 6TH US ARMY
 Introduced the Medical Technology Practice
QUIRICADA ST., Sta. CRUZ, MANILA
(MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH)
 First Clinical Laboratory in the Philippines
FEBRUARY, 1944.
 The lab (MPHL) offered training programs to high
school graduates.
1943
 THE US ARMY LEFT in JUNE
 Endorsed it to the NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH
 The Department rendered the laboratory
nonfunctional for some time.
DR. PIO DE RODA, OCTOBER 1, 1945
 ORGANIZED MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH
LABORATORY from the remnants of the deserted
laboratory.
With DR. MARIANO ICASIANO as his assistant and
who was then the MANILA CITY HEALTH OFFICER.
1947
 By: Dr. Pio De Roda, Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
 Training of high school graduates to work as
medical technicians
 No period of training was set and No certificates
were given.
1954
 A 6 months laboratory training with certificate
upon completion was given to the trainees.
 Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the training
program.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Training program offered by Dr. Pio De Roda
did not last long.
 The FIRST B.S. Degree course in Medical
Technology was offered by the PHILIPPINE UNION
COLLEGE and MANILA SANITARIUM.
 After 2 years, PUC produced its first graduate, Dr.
Jesse Umali, now a successful OB-Gynecologist.
S.Y. 1957-1958
 Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of the
FACULTY OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF STO.
TOMAS offered medical technology as an elective
th th
subject to 4 and 5 year B.S. Pharmacy students.
REV., FR. LORENZO RODRIGUEZ
 Decided to offer MedTech as a course because of
the popularity of medical technology among
pharmacy students.

JUNE 17, 1957

 Temporary permit was issued by the DepEd, for
first to third year students.

JUNE 1960
 The permit for the internship program was issued.

June 14, 1961

 Full recognition of the 4 year B.S. Medical
technology course was given on June 14, 1961.

Many schools followed to offer B.S. Medical Technology

course.
DECS and CHED
 47 colleges and universities offering the course.

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Offers a similar course but the degree being
conferred in B.S. Public Health

POST GRADUATE STUDIES

 Offered to B.S. Medical Technology graduates

MS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
 UST Graduate School
 Philippine Women's University
 Manila Central University

MS in Public Health (one year, non-thesis degree)

 University of the Philippines

Mazon, D.M. | BSMT2-B