PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL “...

an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which

TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE 1 deals with the examination of tissues, secretion,
and excretion of the human body and body fluids by
various electronic, chemical, microscopic, and other
medical laboratory procedures or techniques either
manual or automated which will aid the physician in
​OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL
the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and
TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY
in the promotion of health in general.”
SCIENCE PROFESSION
Before 1969, there was no licensure examination.
In the UK – MedTechs do not have board exams Graduating means you can practice without a
and are called Biomedical Scientists. license. In 1969, MedTech was classified as a
profession regulated by the Professional Regulation
What is Medical Technology? Commission.
• Ruth Heinemann - Scientist Primary Care – physicians and nurses
“...application of the principles of natural, physical, Auxiliary services/ Support Group – MedTech,
and biological sciences to the performance of Radtechs, Pharmacists etc.
laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis
and treatment of diseases.” Fundamentals of the Practice

Medical Technology belongs to an area of practice · Performance of laboratory procedures

under life sciences, so we bridge between life using patient samples and thorough
sciences and basic science and everything that we analysis and we help the physician with
do contributes largely to the detection of the the proper diagnosis and treatment.
diseases and its management through laboratory Take note: We do not diagnose; we
procedures. generate results and correlate it to the
condition of the patient
• Anne Fagelson
“...branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and
analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of
disease and the maintenance of health.”

Anne Fagelson mentioned that the practice of

Medical Technology is an intrinsic practice of
medicine so if you are a medical doctor, the realm Clinical Laboratory
of medical technology will fall under pathology or
laboratory medicine. • It is a facility that performs chemical and
microscopic examinations of various body
Maintenance of Health – performing tests to make fluids.
sure the patient is healthy
Example: regular medical check up Inside the Clinical Laboratory
✓ Pathologist
RA 5527 or The Philippine Medical Technology ✓Medical Technologist
Act of 1969 ✓Medical Technician
Approved on June 21, 1969
What does a Medical Technologist do?
Medical Technologist as Medical Detectives.

Roles of a Medical Technologist

✓Observe, identify, and analyze organisms and
cells causing infection and disease
✓Perform blood tests
✓Measure substance in blood and other body - Contains chapters on contraception,
fluids pregnancy, skin and eye problems, surgery,
✓Operate complex apparatus, instruments, and burns, intestinal disease, and parasites
machines
✓Use standards and controls to improve reliability 1577-1644
of results • Jean Baptiste van Helmont
✓Work under pressure with accuracy and precision - Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine
(accurate is correct, precision is consistent) using several 24- hour urine specimens
✓Adhere to high ethical standards of performance
1673
History of Medical Technology • Frederick Dekkers
- Presented a test for the detection of protein
Early Beginnings based on boiling of specimen in the presence
400 B.C. of acetic acid
• Hippocrates (Father of Medicine)
- Described the “four humors” in man 1632
- Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Red blood: enthusiastic, sanguine - Invented the single-lensed microscope
Yellow bile: choleric, aggression, temper, - First to described red blood cells, protozoa,
ambition, decisiveness and to classify bacteria according to shape
Phlegm: lymphatic fluids, phlegmatic, humorism,
old age
Black bile: laziness, sickly
‣ Urinalysis: the oldest laboratory procedure

600 B.C.
• Hindu physicians recorded the sweet taste of 1628-1694
diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes. • Marcelo Malphigi
• People with diabetes excrete glucose - Founder of Pathology
- Greatest of the early microscopists
1500 B.C. - Contributed to embryology and anatomy
• Vivian Herrick
- Identified Taenia and Ascaris 1847
‣“Ebers Papyrus” was discovered • Rudolph Virchow
- German physician, anthropologist, politician,
“Ebers Papyrus” and social reformer
- The oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of - Founder of the field of cellular pathology
medical texts - He stressed that most of the diseases of
- 110-page long scroll mankind could be understood in terms of the
dysfunction of cells.
***19th Century - “The Era of Public Health
1854
• John Snow
- Showed that cholera was waterborne and
brought the situation under control
1861
• Louis Pasteur
- Discovery the concept of aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria
- (1867) discovery that cause of wine spoiling
and it could be prevented by partial heat
sterilization at 55-60oC
- (1881) Pasteur’s discovery of vaccine against
anthrax
Not shown but mentioned
· Robert Coch
- Discovered the Koch’s bacillus
mycobacterium tuberculosis
1848
• Hermann von Fehling
- Performed the first quantitative test for urine
sugar (Fehling’s test)
- Fehling's solution is used as a chemical test
to differentiate between water- soluble
aldehyde and ketone functional groups, and
as a test for monosaccharides.
- It can be used to screen for glucose in urine,
thus detecting diabetes
1884
‣In 1884, the Danish physician Hans Christian
Joachim Gram further developed a method of
staining bacteria originally developed by the
German biologist Paul Ehrlich.
• Ehrlich used aniline water and gentian violet
(a cationic dye) to stain cells, and the cell walls
would appear purple after staining.
• Gram devised his method that used Crystal
Violet (Gentian Violet) as the primary stain, an
iodine solution as a mordant followed by
treatment with ethanol as a decolorizer.
In The United States
1878
• Dr. William H. Welch
- Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital
Medical College (now known as the New York
University Medical School)
- First professor of Pathology at John Hopkins
University (1885)
- Offered the first laboratory course in
pathology after studying in German
laboratories
- First dean of JHU School of Medicine
- Appointed as head of Dept. of Pathology
1896
• Dr. William Osler
- Opened the first clinical laboratory at John
Hopkins Hospital
or - William Pepper Laboratory was opened at the
University of Pennsylvania
1908
• Dr. James C. Todd
- Wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” which
became the standard reference of
laboratories
1915
· The Pennsylvania State Legislature
passed a law requiring all hospitals to be
equipped with adequate laboratories.
1919
· Due to the law passed by the Legislature,
there were 100 medical technicians working
in the USA. A year later, the number of
workers became 3500. Two years after the
law, more than 3000 hospitals had
laboratories in the USA.
‣1921: Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was
organized
‣1936: American Board of Pathology was organized
World War I
- Produced a great demand for clinical
laboratories and technicians
- University of Minnesota: One of the first
schools to establish trainings for workers in
1922
- First to offer degree program in 1923
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was
adopted
- Advanced instrumentation
- Automated equipment
- Quality control programs
In The Philippines
1887
• Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
- Established by Spanish health authorities
January 9, 1945
• First clinical laboratory
- 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th U.S. Army
‣Located at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila Known
as Public Health Laboratory
Feb 1945
- US armies started training high school
graduates as medical technicians.
• Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
- Offered a formal training for high school and
paramedical graduates
- Training had no specific period and certificate
of completion
1954
• Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana
(with Dr. Briones)
- Formal syllabus
‣Six-month laboratory training was offered
“The training program offered by Dr. Pio de
Roda did not last long, for during the same
year, the formal education of Medical
Technology in the Philippines began.”
After 1954
Philippine Union College (Manila Adventist)
opened and offered the Medical Technology
program.
· Willa Hilgert Hedrick
- Founder of Medical Technology Education in
the Philippines.
- American medical practitioner of the Seventh
Day Adventist Church in the Philippines
- Her efforts allowed Manila Sanitarium and
Hospital in Pasay City (Manila Adventist
Medical Center and Philippine Union College
in Baesa Caloocan (Adventist University of
the Philippines) now in Silang Cavite, to offer
1st 4-year BSMT course.

1956
· Dr. Jesse Umali
- 1st graduate of PUC
- First MedTech graduate in the Philippines
- Owner of Megalab in Vito Cruz, Manila

1957-1958
October 1, 1945 · UST
• Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano · Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes
- Reopened as Manila Public Health offered MT as elective to 4th and 5th year
Laboratory pharmacy students

1947
June 1960: Internship permit for MT was issued
to UST
June 14, 1961
- Through Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez, O.P.,
MT was recognised as a separate course
from Pharmacy
1960
· Centro Escolar University
- Mrs. Purificacion Sunico – Suaco made the
feasibility study for offering the MedTech
program
- First batch graduated in 1962
1962
· Far Eastern University
- Pioneered by Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr.
Serafin Juliano
- First batch graduated in 1963
1927
· UP
- Offered a similar course called B.S. Public
Health.
- Graduates were allowed to take the licensure
exam for MedTech.
Professional Organizations
PASMETH - Philippine Association of Schools of
Medical Technology and Public Health, Inc.
- National organisation of all recognized
schools of medical technology.
- Goal is to maintain the highest standards of
Medical Technology and Public Health in the
Philippines.
PAMET – Philippines Association of Medical
Technologists
- Founder: Crisanto Almario
- Organisation of all MedTech
CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER
CMO no. 14 s. 2006: Policies, standards, and
guidelines (PSG) for medical technology
education
· Objectives of MT Education
- Develop knowledge, attitude, and skills in the
performance of clinical lab procedures
needed to help the physician in the proper
diagnosis, treatment program and prevention
of diseases.
- Develop skills in critical and analytical thinking
- Develop leadership skills
- Uphold moral and ethical values
CMO no. 6 s. 2008: Guidelines for the
Accreditation of Clinical Laboratories Involved in
the Training of MLS/MT Interns
CMO no. 46 s. 2012: Policy Standards to enhance
Quality Assurance in the Philippine higher
education through and OUTCOMES-BASED and
TYPOLOGY BASED QA
CMO no. 13 s. 2017: Policies, standards, and
guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in mt/mls
program
- Signed on May 8, 2017, by CHED Chairman
Patricia Licuanan
· Based on the guidelines of CMO No 46 S.
2012 - Shift to learning competency-based
standards/outcomes-based education
· With core competencies expected
regardless of the type of HEI they graduated
from
· PSG allow HEI to initiate curricular
innovations in line with the assessment of
how best to achieve outcomes in their
contexts and their respective missions
· HEI are allowed to design curricula suited to
their own contexts and missions – based on
the K-12 basic education system and on the
new GE program
Section 5
· 5.1 degree name - BS MT/Bachelor of
Science and medical laboratory science
 · 5.2 nature of field of study - four-year
program with general education and
professional courses, internship program of
one year
· 5.3 program goals
for the mls/mt graduates to:
· Develop knowledge, skills, professional
attitudes, and values
· acquire critical thinking skills
· engage in research and community related
activities
· participate in activities related to promoting
the profession and actively engage in
lifelong learning undertakings
· develop collaborative and leadership
qualities
Article 5: Curriculum – Section 9 Minimum
Curriculum
Nature of the Field of Study
· Program course shall be called as:
- Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
- Bachelor of science in Medical Laboratory
Science
· Four-year program: One year internship
with rotational duties in different laboratory
sections in a CHED-accredited training
laboratory
· Passed the licensure exam
Expected Performance Outcomes
· technical competence
· analytical and critical thinking skills
· proper collection, analysis, and projection of
health information
· interpersonal skills, leadership qualities, and
ethical practice of profession
· research skills
· community oriented activities
· lifelong learning activities
· effective teaching and communication skills
Republic act no. 5527: an act of requiring the
registration of medical technologists, defining their
practice and for other purposes.
Employment Opportunities for Medical
Technology Graduates
· Medical technologies (generalist/specialist)
· clinical laboratory supervisor
· chief medical technologist
· laboratory owner
· sales and public relations representative
· educational representatives
(company/health program)
· researcher (industrial/medical)
· teacher/instructor (secondary/tertiary levels)
· employment abroad