Yellow Top/Gold Top

–  NO ANTICOAGULANT
WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?  Blood will clot in order to centrifuge the blood to settle
Medical Technology different layers
 Aka Clinical Laboratory Science or Laboratory Medicine  Blood cells = Bottom
 Application of diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic medicine to  Serum = Top
monitor and improve the management of health conditions  Red Blood Cells – it is not whole blood
DEFINITIONS  Serums are used for different tests – uric acid, etc.
Anne Fagelson  SERUMS = NO ANTICOAGULANT
 Medical technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the  PLASMA = HAS ANTICOAGULANT
performance of laboratory determinations and analysis used in the MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
diagnosis and treatment of disease and maintenance of health 4 SUBJECT MATTERS
Ruth Heinemann  Bacteriology – for bacteria
 Application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences  Parasitology – for parasites
in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of  Virology – for viruses
diseases
 Mycology – for fungi
R.A. 552 – PMT ACT OF 1969 (PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT)
IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY
 Approved on June 21, 1969
 Uses serum for testing
“Examination of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the
 Requires lab kits
human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical,
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
microscopic, and other medical lab procedures or
techniques either manual or automatic.”  Aka “Blood Banking”
 Aids the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease  Will determine different blood types
and in the promotion of health in general GENERAL PATHOLOGY
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IS INTERDISCIPLINARY – Does not focus on one branch of  Biopsy – sample from living human being
science alone  Autopsy – sample from dead human body
TRAINS IN:
HISTORICAL NOTES
 Hematology
EBERS PAPYRUS (1500s)
 Clinical Chemistry
 Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical text
 Medical Microbiology
 110-page long scroll
 Clinical Microscopy
 20 meters long
 Immunology
 Contains chapters on contraception, pregnancy, eye and skin
 Serology
problems, surgery, burns, intestinal diseases, and parasites
 General Pathology
 Describes the treatment of hookworm disease and infection
HEMATOLOGY
transmissible to humans
 CREEPING ERUPTION – adult worm burrows through skin;
very itchy and uncomfortable ( Serpiginous tunnel)
Vivian Herrick
 Medical technologist who traced the beginning of medical technology
when intestinal parasites such as Taenia (tapeworm) and Ascaris
(roundworm) or Ascaris lumbricoides were first identified (1500 B.C.)
Hippocrates – Father of Medicine
 Advocated the use of mind and senses as diagnostic tools
Lavender/Purple Top/Cover  Described 4 humors or body fluids of a human body
 Contains anticoagulant  Body Fluids – Basis as to why we get sick
 ANTICOAGULANT  Balanced = healthy
 Prevents clotting  Deficit or excess = disease or disability
 Will not solidify  4 Humors of the body
 Different tubes contain different anticoagulants  Source of a person’s disposition (frame of
 EDTA – Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid mind) and disease
 Whole blood (liquid)  Blood
 Phlegm
 Yellow Bile
 Black Bile
 4 Humors and Blood Sedimentation
 4 humors were based upon the observation of
blood clotting
 Blood is drawn in a glass container and left
undisturbed for about an hour

 Will learn near to perfect blood smear

 2 types:
 Unstained – Hard to appreciate cellular elements
 Stained – Has color; Can determine various elements
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

The 4 Layers
 Black Bile
 Dark clot at the bottom
  Packed red blood cells  Was known as a novelty item – was not used for diagnosis;
 Blood Magnification is only 9x
 Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells  Was later improved by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (200x magnification
 Phlegm power); Used for diagnosis
 Above is a whitish layer of white blood cells (also known MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1096-1438)
as “buffy coat”) Ruth Williams
 Yellow Bile  Believed that medical technology began from this period as supported
 Top layer is clear yellow serum by the fact that urinalysis was a fad/trend
CENTRAL HIPPOCRATIC DOCTRINE OF HUMORAL PATHOLOGY 14th CENTURY
 All diseases were due to the disorder of these 4 humors/body fluids Anne Fagelson
 During this time, urine was regarded as composite of these humors  Believed that medical technology started when a prominent Italian
 Doctors were not allowed to touch the patient doctor at the University of Bologna employed ALESSANDRA GILLIANI
 Urinalysis to perform different tasks in the lab
 Oldest lab procedure  Died due to laboratory inquired infection
 Routine lab examination (Includes: CBC and 15th CENTURY
fecalysis)  Discovery of different dyes and stains such as the ANILINE DYES used
 Uroscopy in staining microorganisms
 Medical examination of urine  Easier to discover bacteria in STAINED
 Urine Flask Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632) – Father of Microbiology
 Symbol of medieval medicine  Saw bacteria and classified them according to shapes (morphology)
 Described blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and protozoa
 E.g. GENERAL NAMES OF BACTERIA BASED ON SHAPE

Athanasius Kircher (1646)

 Greatest of the early microscopists
GREEKS
 Blood of patients infected with the plague contained “worms”
 Poured urine on ground; When it attracts ants = patient is diagnosed
 Extracted blood from the patients and examined it
with diabetes
HINDU DOCTORS  CAUSE OF PLAGUE
 Made the “scientific observation” that the urine of certain individuals  Taenia pestis – bacteria
attract ants  Yersinia
 Such urine have a sweetish taste It was not a worm, but rather BLOOD CELLS was seen in the microscope
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
 POLYURIA of diabetes was also noted (600 B.C.)
 Excessive urination; Major sign of diabetes  English philosopher, architect, and polymath
CHINESE  Published the book MICROGRAPHIA which featured
 Practiced immunization by inhaling powder made from small pox scabs illustrations of his observations using a microscope
to develop immunity to the disease  Made use of a cork (scraped part of the cork and
ROMANS examined it)
 Developed laboratory tools: Forceps, scalpels, specula, and surgical  CELLS – like rooms or stations at a monastery
needles  What he actually saw – CELL WALL
INDIANS  Also examined fleas and insects that can be seen in
 Practiced toxicology (Agada Tantra) micrographia

RUFUS OF EPHESUS (50 A.D.)

 Made the first description of Hematuria
 Due to inability of the kidneys to filter blood
 Hematuria
 Presence of blood in the urine
 Hema = blood
 Turia = urine Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
 Italian microscopist; Founding father of modern anatomic pathology
MIDDLE AGES (500-1500 A.D.)  His contributions to embryology and anatomy made him
Isaac Judaeus – Jewish Physician & Philosopher known as the founding father of modern anatomic
 Formulated rules for the use of urine in patient’s diagnosis – examine pathology
what is inside the urine sample and what condition it is related to  Also identified taste buds
 One of the founders of the origins of NEPHROLOGY Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644)
 NEPHROLOGY  Introduced gravimetric analysis of urine by weighing a number of 24-
 Urine; Kidney hour urine specimens
 NEPHRONS – basic unit of the kidney  SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE
Kitab al Baul (Body of Urine)  Normal Value = 1.002-1.030, 1.035 (too much sugar solute
 Book on detailed concepts of urine formation, urine sediments, and in urine)
urine characteristics in relation to diseases  Not normal value = Condition/disease
Jerusalem Code of 1090  1.000 = specific gravity of water
 Failure of physicians to examine patient’s urine was punishable by  Urine did not stay too long in urinary bladder
public beatings  IMPORTANCE – To know if a patient has a disease of not depending
Zaccharias Janssen & His father Hans on the specific gravity of urine
 Invented the microscope (1590s)  24-HOUR URINE SAMPLE
 Not the whole microscope – only the lens, which created the idea of  During the duration of 24 hours, patient will collect urine
a microscope
  Usually in gallons and it needs to be preserved (inside the  SIGNIFICANCE
refrigerator)  To prove that a specific microbe can cause a specific
 Since the process was very tedious, the URINE DIPSTICK disease
was invented  KOCH’S POSTULATES
 Has reagent pads  Postulate 1
 The same microorganisms are present in every
case of the disease

 Postulate 2
 The microorganisms are isolated from the
tissues of a dead animal, and a pure culture is
prepared
 Postulate 3
 Microorganisms from the pure culture are
inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The
disease is reproduced
 Proteins, glucose, specific gravity can be
 Postulate 4
determined
 The identical microorganisms are isolated and
 Dip it in urine sample; Wait 1 minute for color
reticulated from the tissue specimens of the
reaction to take place
experimental animal
 Compare it to standard level
Richard Lower (1631-1691)  PURE CULTURE IS PREPARED
 Investigated and showed that blood transfusion from the animal to  In 1 petri dish = 1 bacteria
another is possible
 Distinguished venous and arterial blood
 Only allowed to extract venous blood as a MedTech (vein)
 Palpate (not palpitate!) the vein of the patient
 Arterial – pulse
 Basilic vein
 Vein in the arm
 Last resort (near to artery and
nerve); Much more painful
 It starts with a series of cultures until it reaches a pure culture which
will then be inoculated in an experimental animal
 There are instances where an animal is immune to the disease
 E.g. rats – Leptospira interrogance
MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY OF IMPORTANT DISEASES
 Gives the causative agent agent for specific diseases
 SHORTCUT OF TERMS
 DSC – disease
 SPX – specimen
 PX – patient
 DX – diagnosis
 SPP – species
Frederick Dekkers (1964)  Cholera – Vibrio cholerae
 Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with  Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
acetic acid  Anthrax – Bacillus anthrasis
 Useful diagnostic indicator of PROTEINURIA MID-1800s
 PROTENURIA  Lab tests for the following were introduced:
 Protein in the urine  Tuberculosis – sputum AFB (Acid Fast Bacilli)
 Macromolecules; Should not pass through  Cholera – culturing bacteria
glomerulus of urine  Typhoid – kits (like pregnancy kits)
 Problem in glomerulus (damage)  Diphtheria – culturing bacteria
William Hewson (1739-1774)  FOR TB
 Discovered that plasma could be separated from blood cells when blood  Smear sputum (fixed shape & size; standardized)
clots  FOR TYPHOID
 COAGUABLE LYMPH – could be precipitated from the plasma upon  Put serum and reagent wait for reaction to take place
application of temperature higher than 50C  GUY’S HOSPITAL – First hospital lab in Britain
 FIBRINOGEN  UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HOSPITAL – First clinical laboratory set up in
 Protein found in the blood the United States
 If activated, will form stable clot  CLINICAL LAB – Use of biological samples; No food/water analysis
 If lacking fibrinogen
 Possible bleed out after surgery/trauma, or
injury LATE 19TH CENTURY
 Wounds do not heal immediately  The emergence of Clinical Laboratories in the U.S. started
Matthew Dobson (1775) Dr. William H. Welch
 Medical doctor  Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital Medical College (1878)
 Identified sugar in blood and urine in diabetes  He gave the first lab course in pathology ever offered in an American
Francis Home (1780) Medical School
 Medical doctor  Became the 1st professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University
 Developed the yeast test for sugar in diabetic urine (1885)
 Waited for yeast to grow Dr. William Osler
 If there is yeast = sugar  Opened the first clinical laboratory in 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital
 Indirect test  In this laboratory, “routine exams” was performed and
Robert Koch (1843-1910) special test for blood malarial parasites identification
 Provided experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a  5 TYPES OF MALARIAN PARASITES
specific microbe causes a specific disease  Plasmodium spp.
  Plasmodium falciparum  University of Minnesota, issued a course bulletin entitled “Courses in
Plasmodium malariae Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”
 Plasmodium vivax  1st to offer a degree level program in 1923
 Plasmodium ovale  Licensure Law
 Plasmodium knowlesi  Has a specific percentage in order to pass the board
exams
 Usually 75% - RMT; 70%-74% - Lab Technician
1936
 The American Board of Pathology was established
1950
MedTech in the U.S. sought professional recognition from the
government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws
WORLD WAR II
 Marked a great effect on Laboratory Medicine
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM  RESULT = Development of:
 Has stages  Use of blood for transfusion = closed system blood
 Has distinct gametocytes (banana shaped) collection
 Before, blood collection used to be an open system – blood
 Clinical Laboratory also opened at the University of Pennsylvania is exposed to air
(William Pepper Laboratory)  Instrumentation was advanced
1908  Automation in the laboratory
Dr. James C. Todd  Quality controls programs
 Wrote “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods”  Growth of the clinical laboratory
 “Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods”
 Edited by John Bernard Henry
 Fundamental source in the practice of lab medicine
 Considered as the “Bible” for Medical Technology

Hematology Analyzer

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila (1887)

1918
 John Kolmer published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory
Technicians”
 Stated the course training for Medical Technology
State Legislature of Pennsylvania
 Required all hospitals to have adequate laboratory and employ a full
time laboratory technician
 States that “All hospitals shall have a laboratory unit inside and has 1
full time laboratory technician”
WORLD WAR I
 Important factor in growth of clinical lab
 Created a great demand for clinical laboratory technicians
 Assistants were taught to do some tests by practicing physicians
1920
 Administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were
directed by a chief physician
 CHIEF PHYSICIAN – Topmost position
1922
 ASCP was founded – American Society for Clinical Pathology
 Encourages cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists
 Established Code of Ethics for technicians and technologists
 These people should work under the supervision of the
physician
 Refrain from making oral or written diagnosis
 Advising physicians on how patients should be treated
 Antibiotic susceptibility testing
 Give a test of antibiotics that work for the patient
 American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS)
 Formerly a subgroup of ASCP; Formerly ASMT
 Recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory
scientists as autonomous professionals
 Not really recognized
1923
 Established by Spanish authorities
 For lab exam of food, water, and clinical samples
 Not adequately used in the study of outbreaks
General Antonio Luna
 Employed as chemical expert and pioneered water testing, forensics,
and environmental studies
 MedTech
Bureau of Government Laboratories (1901)
 Established because of the Philippine Commission Act No. 156
 Had a science library, chemical section, and serum lab for production
of vaccines
 Biology Lab – Address and develop methods for diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of human and animal diseases
 Chem Lab – Food, plant composition, and minerals were investigated
 Paul Freer – Bureau’s first director
 Destroyed in WWII; Occupied by the National Institutes of Health of the
University of the Philippines – Manila
WORLD WAR II (SEPTEMBER 1 1939 – SEPTEMBER 2 1945)
 December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor was invaded by Japan then invaded
the Philippines after 3 days, causing U.S. to flare up
 Effects – Sickness and death were rampant
1944
 U.S. bases were built in Leyte
 U.S. brought members of health care team to the Philippines to resolve
health problems of soldiers and Filipinos
6th Infantry Division of the U.S. Army
 Established the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th U.S. Army and
introduced Medical Technology in the Philippines
 First clinical laboratory in the Philippines
 Located at 208 Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz Manila
 Because of the U.S., Philippines had a laboratory
 Now known as the Manila Public Health Laboratory, a division of the
Manila Health Department; Renovated
FEBRUARY 1944
 High school graduates were provided with one year training to work
as laboratory technicians
JUNE 1945
 Staff of the 6th U.S. Army left the facility
 Clinical laboratory was endorsed to the National Department of Health
Dr. Pio de Roda
  Filipino doctor and a dislocated staff of the 26th Medical Laboratory  New name is Adventist University of the Philippines
 Preserved the remains of the laboratory with the help of Dr. Mariano 1957-1958
Icasiano  UST offered an elective course in Pharmacy leading to Bachelor of
 First city health officer of Manila Science in Medical Technology
 The laboratory was later named Manila Public Health Laboratory  Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of the Faculty of
19TH CENTURY: ERA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Pharmacy
 Water treatment  Rev. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as a course; but
 Pasteurization of Milk it was only an elective
 Improvement of Hygiene  June 14, 1961 – full recognition of the 4 year BSMT course
Rudolf Virchow (1847) Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco
 FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY  Undertook feasibility study for the offering of BSMT course
 Recognized as the FATHER OF MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY  First batch graduated in 1962
 Founder of ARCHIVES (Collection of records) of pathology  The University of the Philippines offered a similar course: BS in Public
in Berlin Health
 Along with Theodore Schwann, they made the cell theory  Postgraduate Courses:
 CELL THEORY – All cells come from preexisting cells  MSMT (UST, PWU) – Has thesis
Herman von Fehling (1848)  NON THESIS MPH – 1 year (UP)
 Performed the first quantitative test for urine 
 FEHLING’S TEST – Identification of reducing/non-reducing sugars
 Reducing – glucose, fructose,  AIDING the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of diseases,
 Non-reducing – sucrose and in the promotion of health in general:
 FEHLING’S REAGENT – Blue 1. Examination of tissues, secretions, and excretions of the
human body and other body fluids through electronic,
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic,
immunologic, nuclear, or other laboratory procedures and
techniques either manually or not
2. Blood banking procedures and techniques or other blood
transfusion services
 Blood Center – Red Cross; Blood donation and
processing of donated blood units; tested if
safe to release to the public
John Snow (1854)  Blood Banking Section – Cross-matching
 FATHER OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY 3. Parasitologic, mycologic, and microbiologic procedures and
 Studied cholera outbreak in London and brought situation under control techniques
 How? Due to contaminated water in Broad Street pump
 MIASMA THEORY – “night air”; “bad air”
Louis Pasteur (1861)
 Studied aerobic & anaerobic bacteria
 Aerobic – Bacteria needs oxygen to survive; easier to
culture
 Anaerobic – Will die in the presence of oxygen
 1867 – Pasteurization at 55-60C can prevent wine spoiling and
prevent diseases from raw milk
 Developed ANTHRAX VACCINE (1881)
 Anthrax – caused by Bacillus anthrasis
1947 GRAM STAIN
 A training program for individuals aspiring to become lab workers was Gram Stain Reaction
offered by Dr. Pio de Roda in collaboration with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana  Violet = gram positive
 Trainees were mostly high school graduates and para-medical  Red = gram negative
graduates
 Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana to prepare a formal
syllabus of the training program
 Syllabus – Indicates different activities in line with the
objective of the study
 Like a lesson plan
1954
 The training began using a syllabus and it was to last for 6 months
 After a short while, Dr. Tirso Briones, joined the two
 Training program did not last long
GERM TUBE (name of the test)
 Important if fungi is present
Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick  Candida albicans – most common fungi in the lab
 Founder of Medical Technology Education in the Philippines
 An American Medical practitioner and a missionary of the 7th Day
Adventist church
 Established the first Medical Technology School in the Philippines
together with Dr. Reuben Manalaysay
 With the help of Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey – prepared course
curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in
microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at Manila Sanitarium
Hospital
1956 Ancylostoma duodenale
Mr. Jesse Umali  Can burrow through your skin
 First student to graduate from the Philippine Union College (1954)  Hookworm
 First to offer a 4 year BSMT through its sister
establishment, Manila Sanitarium Hospital What is the Code of Ethics?
 PUC adapted the curriculum from MSH
  A written set of guidelines issued that govern decisions and behavior  Human Participants – Harder to get approval
at a company or organization  Animal – 20th generation of the animal; Requires training for research
Code of Ethics of Medical Technology on how to handle the animal
 Original version was made by Nardito Moraleta (PAMET President 6. Preparations and Standardization of reagents, standards, stains, or others;
1967-1970) Provided that such reagents, standards, stains, or others are exclusively for the
 Revised version was made by Prof. Rodolfo Rabor (PASMETH President use of their laboratory
1996-2000)  Agar Media – Cooked in the laboratory; Food for bacteria
7. Clinical laboratory quality control
CODE OF ETHICS  Each laboratory should be enrolled or registered in National External
“As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology, I shall accept Quality Assurance Scheme (NEQUAS)
the responsibilities inherent to being a professional; I shall uphold the  Exam for the laboratory; Each section in the laboratory
law and shall not engage in illegal work nor cooperate with anyone so
has a reference laboratory
engaged; I shall avoid associating or being identified with any
enterprise of questionable character;  REFERENCE LABORATORY – standard/teacher for what a lab should
have (requirements); To check on how we perform inside the
I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employer, clients, laboratory
contractors, employees, and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and  Pass the NEQUAS in order to get a license to operate
fraternity toward other members of the profession  Follows the proper flow of the 3 phases in:
THE QUALITY ASSURANCE CYCLE
I shall use only honorable means of competition for professional
 Data and Lab Management
employment or services and shall refrain from unfairly injuring,
directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, projects, or  Safety
business of a fellow medical technologist; I shall accept employment  Customer Service
from more than one employer only when there is no conflict of PRE-ANALYTIC
interest;  Identification of patient; (What is your name?)
 Patient (Client Preparation and Sample Collection)
I shall perform professional work in a manner that merits full
 Personnel Competency Test Evaluations
confidence and trust carried out with absolute reliability, accuracy,
fairness, and honesty; I shall review the professional work of other  Sample Receipt and Accessioning
medical technologists, when requested; fairly and in confidence ANALYTIC
whether they are subordinates or employees, authors of proposals for  Running of the sample (Before you run a sample, always do quality
grants or contracts, authors of technical papers or other publications control check)
or involved in litigation;  Quality Control Testing
 Quality Control – Depends on the protocol of the
I shall advance the profession by exchanging general information and
laboratory
experience with fellow medical technologists and other professionals
and by contributing to the work of professional organizations; POST-ANALYTIC
 Reporting of results (Normal values will depend on what machine you
I shall respect my praises, criticisms, views, and opinions within are using)
constructive limits and shall not use the knowledge I know for selfish  Check if there is signature affixed
ends; I shall treat any information I acquired about individuals in the  The laboratory DOES NOT verbally report results
course of my work as strictly confidential, and may be divulged only HEMATOLOGY CONTROL SAMPLES
to authorized persons or entities or with consent of the individual
when necessary;

I shall report any infractions of these principles of professional

conduct to the authorities responsible of enforcement of applicable
laws or regulations, or to the Ethics Committee of the Philippine
Association of Medical Technologies as may be appropriate

To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct myself

at all times in a manner befitting the dignity of my profession.”

4. Histopathologic and Cytotechnologic techniques 8. Collection and Preservation of specimens

 Biopsy – also does staining to see the specific structures
 In every biopsy, product should be a TISSUE BLOCK (either
wax or nitrogen)
 Needed so that tissue block will be sliced into
thin pieces and put in a slide under the
microscope
 2 TYPES OF BIOPSY
 Typical Biopsy
 Makes use of wax
 Put in a bottle without formaline
and processed by a MedTech in
histology
 Remove abnormal mass from the
patient and fresh sample will be
put
 Wait 1-2 months or 1-2 weeks for
the result
 Frozen Biopsy
 Makes use of liquid Nitrogen
 Benign – Non-
cancerous
 Malignant – Cancerous
 PAP Smear
 Look at cervix to know if it is healthy or has presence of
HPV (human papilloma virus) which causes cervical cancer
 Done on sexually active and child bearing females
5. Clinical research involving human beings or animals requiring the use of and/or
application of medical technology knowledge and procedures
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE
 Some of those may not be exclusive to medical technologists alone
 Microbiologists
 Biologists
 Chemists
 Sanitary Engineers
 A LICENSE should first be acquired before the practice becomes legal,
otherwise, penalties of fine and imprisonment may be meted out
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDTECH PROFESSIONALS
1. Perform Clinical Laboratory testing
 A graduate of BSMLS who is capable of performing basic
to advanced lab tests
2. Perform special procedures
 Includes operation of advanced diagnostic equipment;
Molecular and nuclear diagnostics
 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – subject
3. Ensure Accuracy and Precision of results
 Accuracy – Closeness of measured value to the true value
 Precision – Closeness of 2 or more measured values to
each other

 Impacts interpretation of results by the physician to
provide treatment
4. Be HONEST in practice
 Must be honest in the conduct of test procedures to come
up with accurate and precise results
5. Ensure TIMELY DELIVERY of results
 Aware in the urgency of delivering results especially in
cases that require urgent treatment
 Take note of “STAT” or source of request (ER o OR)
 TURN AROUND TIME (TAT)
 Time instructed in patient to get
the results
 SHORT TURN AROUND TIME (STAT)
 We have to prioritize the sample; A
case in the ER or OR
 The result can be claimed in 15-30
minutes
6. Demonstrate PROFESSIONALISM
 Aware of the laws and regulations governing the practice
 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE MANUAL (SOP
Manual)
 Job description as medical technologists
 Medical technologists is only allowed to collect
blood samples TWICE
7. Uphold CONFIDENTIALITY
 E.g. HIV testing; Medical mission
8. COLLABORATE with other health care professionals
 Projects fail because people fail to cooperate with others
often
 Success lies not in availability of highly sophisticated
instruments, but because of TEAMWORK
 Having a non-collaborative and incompetent member may
result to potential dire repercussions
9. Conduct RESEARCH
 Discover new knowledge, access and revisit old ones
 Further development of the field and future reference
for patient care
10. Involvement in HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS
 Actively involved in reaching out to the community
 Cooperate with other health care professionals in health
promotion campaigns
 Implement pre-planned programs of health promotion
campaigns
 Offer free lab lists beneficial to the community (Medical
Missions)
CLINICAL LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS
PATHOLOGIST
 A duly REGISTERED PHYSICIAN who is especially trained in the methods
of laboratory medicine
 Gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues,
secretions, and excretions of the human body; And of its
functions
 Diagnose disease; Follow its course
 Determine the effectivity of treatment
 Ascertain the cause of death
 Through AUTOPSY or NECROSY
 Corpse; Remove internal organs; Weight;
Analyze; And stitch
 Considered as the HEAD of the clinical laboratory
 He/she is expected to countercheck the work done by a
medical technologist
 Not done in the Philippines
 His/her signatures should always be attached in every
result form released by the lab
 NO SIGNATURE = RESULT IS INVALID
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
 A person who engages in the work of medical technology under the
supervision of a:
 Pathologist
 Or licensed physician authorized by the DOH
 In places where there are no pathologists
 Who have passed a prescribed course in BSMT
or BSH (formerly BPH) of training or
examination and is registered
 Usually in remote areas
 FRONT LINER of laboratory diagnostics
 Process the specimens and release the results after the tests have
been confirmed by the pathologist
 Signature should always be affixed in every result form
 Only registered or licensed medical technologists are allowed to
practice
 CROSSMATCHING – 2 MedTechs or 1 Lab Head
 RMT – 20 years old and above
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
 A person certified by and registered with the Professional Regulatory
Board of MT
 He/she is qualified to ASSIST a MedTech and/or a pathologist
 He/she has failed to pass the board exam for MT but obtained a
general rating of at least 70%, and provided, finally, that a registered
MLT when employed in the government shall have the equivalent civil
service eligibility
 BOARD EXAMS – 3 times to take before you are required
to take the refresher courses
PHLEBOTOMIST
 Is someone trained to collect blood sample either through a SKIN
PUNCTURE, VENIPUNCTURE, or ARTERIAL PUNCTURE
 SKIN PUNCTURE – capillary puncture; very limited sample;
use microcollecting tubes (0.5 mL)
 FOR BABIES – in the heel
 Nowadays, MedTech interns perform the procedure under the
supervision of a licensed staff member
 Given the chance to perform phlebotomy
 In the Philippines
 This practice is part of the usual specimen collection done
by the MedTech
 Training only, not examination
 Abroad
 He/she refers to a specially trained person who is
responsible for drawing blood samples from patients
 High school graduate (trained on the job/have
gone through a phlebotomy training program)
 May take exam from ASCP, AMT, National
Healthcare Association (NHA), National
Credentialing Agency (NCA), or American
Society of Phlebotomy Technicians
 There is only ONE phlebotomist designated for the job; not changing
 RR/Receiving & Releasing – Blood collection
 Specimen Processing – Put tube in machine and MedTech
will analyze the result
 May be given expanded responsibilities
 Specimen Processing
 Simple Laboratory testing (Macroscopic analysis of urine
specimen)
CYTOTECHNOLOGIST (CELL PROCESSOR)
 Cyto – cell
 Abroad
 Lab practitioner who examines human specimens to
detect cancer cells or diseases
 Most common specimen examine: Genital smear for
cervical cancer – Papanicolau test (PAP smear)
 Other body fluids/tissues may also be examined for
abnormal changes (color, size, shape); Providing clues to a
possible disease
 Works closely with pathologist to arrive at a final diagnosis
 Has a baccalaureate degree with a strong science background
 1 year post-baccalaureate program in a hospital provides specialized
training
 Knows how to perform special chemical stains and techniques as well
as determine differences among inflammatory, viral, and malignant
changes in cells.
 Philippines
  Cytologic examination may also be performed by the  CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGY
MedTech assigned in the histopathology section of the lab  Highly complex and in the clinical library that provides the
 Required to have a Bachelor’s Degree in Medical diagnosis of inherited and acquired chromosomal disorders
Technology  Leukemia, solid tumors, underlying chromosomal
 Training in histopathology laboratory by a senior MedTech changes in children
 Training programs by PAMET  Advanced Laboratory Test – Cellular and molecular tests
HSITOTECHNOLOGIST (TISSUE PROCESSOR)  Has a special area in the laboratory
HISTOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (HT) NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
 Routinely prepare, process, and stain biopsies and tissue specimens  Works alongside nuclear physicians
for microscopic examination by a pathologist  Apply their knowledge of radiation physic and safety regulations to:
 Basic processing  Limit radiation exposure
 Microtome – Used to cut tissue block; Has different types  Prepare and administer radio pharmaceuticals
 PRODUCT OF CUTTING:  Use radiation and detection devices
 RIBBONS – Thin and long  DISADVANTAGE
 Exposed to radioactive elements
 X-ray not allowed more than twice a year
TOXICOLOGIST
 Designs and conducts studies to determine physiologic effects of lab
animals, plants, and human tissue through biological and biochemical
Stained and examined by the MedTech techniques
 Staining  Not seen in the Philippines; Considered as MedTech
 Prepare samples by cross examination (HT will  ASSISTANT RESEARCHER
create a tissue block with the use of wax)  May perform toxicology test
 Made use in gross examination terminology
 Abroad
 12-month training program has to be completed and
passed before a student can become a histologic
technician. Coursework includes classes in:
 Anatomy; Biology; Chemistry; Lab Mathematics;
Medical Ethics; and Terminology
HISTOTECHNOLOGISTS (HTL)
 Perform all aspects of the lab that HT’s do and other more complex
processing, staining, or identification procedures
 Complex processing
 May initiate or develop new procedures, evaluate quality control data,
or operate an electron microscope
 Does the Quality Assurance/Quality Check (QCQA)
 Abroad
 Histotechnology students must have a baccalaureate
degree with 30 hours in chemistry and biology to be
accepted into the 1-year clinical program
 Upon successful completion of the clinical experience, the
students may sit for National Examinations
 Needs licensure examination
 Cannot be seen in the Philippines because it is still the work
of a MedTech
SPECIALIST
 A CLS/MT who has work for a number of years in a specific discipline
and has extensive knowledge and experience in that area
 Considered a medical technologist
 Abroad
 One may take an exam to demonstrate his/her expertise
in the discipline
 E.g. SBB (ASCP) – specialist in blood bank
 Examination in the specific area of the laboratory; PRIMARY PERSON
for that area
 Philippines
 Stationed in a particular section for a long period of time
 Skills are higher level
 Some passed the PROFICIENCY TESTS conducted by the
DOH
 Not called a specialist, but they are called SECTION HEAD
 Enroll and register in trainings for that specific
area only
 SENIOR MEDTECHS
 Assigned during the morning shift and no work
during weekends (run patient samples and
create written reports)
 Junior MedTech - Night shift; MORNING –
Phlebotomist
HEIRARCHY IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY
Pathologist  Chief Medical Technologist  Assistant Chief Medical Technologist
 Section Heads
CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGIST
 CYTOGENETICS
 Study of the structure of human chromosomes and their genetic
content in relation to health and disease diagnostics