BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION – CHAPTER 13 ARTERY AND VEIN

BLOOD VESSELS

Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two

classes:

1. The pulmonary vessels, which transport blood

from the right ventricle of the heart through the
lungs and back to the left atrium
2. The systemic vessels, which transport blood
from the left ventricle of the heart through all
parts of the body and back to the right atrium

BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTIONS

➢ Carry blood
➢ Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases
within tissues
➢ Transport substances
➢ Regulate blood pressure
TYPES OF ARTERIES
➢ Direct blood flow to tissues
➢ Elastic arteries
VESSEL STRUCTURES
- largest in diameter
➢ Arteries - thickest walls
- carry blood away from heart - Example - aorta and pulmonary trunk
- thick with a lot of elastic ➢ Muscular arteries
➢ Veins - medium to small size
- carry blood toward heart - thick in diameter
- think with less elastic - contain smooth muscle cells
➢ Capillaries - can control blood flow to body regions
- exchange occurs between blood and tissue
ARTERIES
fluids
[refer to page 349]
BLOOD FLOW
CAPILLARIES
➢ Blood flows from arteries into arterioles
➢ Arterioles into capillaries ➢ Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
➢ Capillaries into venules ➢ Capillaries branch to form networks
➢ Venules to small veins ➢ Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells,
➢ Veins return to heart precapillary sphincters

BLOOD VESSEL WALLS CAPILLARY NETWORK

➢ Tunica intima ➢ A capillary network stems from an arteriole. The

- innermost layer network forms numerous branches. Blood flows
- simple squamous through capillaries into venules. Smooth muscle
➢ Tunica media cells, called precapillary sphincters, regulate
- middle layer blood flow through the capillaries. Blood flow
- smooth muscle with elastic and collagen decreases when the precapillary sphincters
➢ Tunica adventitia constrict and increases when they dilate.
- outermost layer
- connective tissue
 ➢ Folds in the tunica intima form the valves of
veins, which allow blood to flow toward the
heart but not in the opposite direction.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION VESSELS

➢ Pulmonary circulation
- blood vessels that carry blood from right
ventricle to lungs and back from left atrium
of heart
➢ Pulmonary trunk
- blood pump from right ventricle towards
lung
➢ Pulmonary veins
- exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left
CAPILLARY STRUCTURE atrium

SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION VESSELS

➢ The systemic circulation carries blood from the

left ventricle to the tissues of the body and back
to the right atrium.
➢ Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle
and from the left ventricle into the aorta.
➢ Arteries distribute blood from the aorta to all
portions of the body

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCULATION

[refer to page 352]

TYPES OF VEINS
PARTS OF THE AORTA
➢ Blood flows from capillaries into venules
➢ Blood flows from venules into small veins ➢ Ascending
➢ All 3 tunics are present in small veins - passes superiorly from left ventricle
➢ Medium sized veins ➢ Aortic arch
- collect blood from small veins and deliver to - 3 major arteries which carry blood to head
large veins and upper limbs
➢ Large veins ➢ Descending
- contain valves - extends through thorax and abdomen to
pelvis
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE
➢ Thoracic
[refer to page 349] - part of descending aorta that extends
through thorax to diaphragm
VALVES ➢ Abdominal
- descending aorta that extends from
diaphragm where it divides at the common
iliac arteries

MAJOR ARTERIES

[refer to page 353]

MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND THE THORAX

➢ Right common carotid artery

BRANCHES OF THE AORTA - branches off brachiocephalic artery
[refer to page 354] - supplies blood to right side of head and neck
➢ Right subclavian artery
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK - branches off brachiocephalic artery
➢ Branches of aortic arch - supplies blood to right upper limbs
- brachiocephalic artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian
➢ Brachiocephalic artery
- first branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to right side of head and neck
➢ Left common carotid artery
- 2nd branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to the left side of head and
neck
➢ Left subclavian artery
- 3rd branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to left upper limbs
CEREBRAL AARTERIAL CIRCLE
ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS
➢ Axillary arteries
- continuation of subclavian
- supply blood deep in clavicle
➢ Brachial arteries
- continuation of axillary
- where blood pressure measurements are
taken
ARTERIES OF PELVIS
➢ Ulnar arteries
- branch of brachial artery
- near elbow
➢ Radial arteries
- branch of brachial artery
- supply blood to forearm and hand
- pulse taken here
ABDOMINAL AORTA BRANCHES
➢ Celiac trunk arteries
- supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen,
liver, upper duodenum
➢ Superior mesenteric arteries
- supply blood to small intestines and upper
portion of colon
➢ Inferior mesenteric arteries
- supply blood to colon
➢ Renal arteries
- supply blood to kidneys
➢ Hepatic arteries
- supply blood to liver
➢ Testicular arteries
- supply blood to testes
➢ Ovarian arteries
- supply blood to ovaries
➢ Inferior phrenic arteries
- supply blood to diaphragm
➢ Lumbar arteries
- supply blood to lumbar vertebra and back
muscles
➢ Common iliac arteries
- branches from abdominal aorta
- divides into internal iliac arteries
➢ External iliac arteries
- division of common iliac artery
- supply blood to lower limbs
➢ Internal iliac arteries
- division of common iliac
- supply blood to pelvic area
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER
LIMBS
➢ Femoral arteries
- supply to thigh
➢ Popliteal arteries
- supply blood to knee
➢ Anterior and posterior
arteries
- supply blood to leg
and foot
➢ Fibular arteries
- supply blood to
lateral leg and foot
MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
VEINS
➢ Veins return blood to the heart.
➢ In the systemic circulation, the blood returning
to the heart is deoxygenated.
➢ In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returning
to the heart in the pulmonary veins is
oxygenated.
Superior vena cava
➢ returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and right
upper limbs
➢ empties into right atrium of heart
Inferior vena cava
➢ returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
➢ empties into right atrium of heart
MAJOR VEINS
[refer to page 360]
VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
➢ External jugular vein
- drain blood from head and neck
- empties into subclavian veins
➢ Internal jugular vein
- drain blood from brain, face, neck
- empty into subclavian veins
➢ Subclavian veins
- forms brachiocephalic veins
➢ Brachiocephalic veins
- join to form superior vena cava
[refer to page 361]
➢ Azygos veins
- drain blood from thorax into superior vena
cava
➢ Internal thoracic veins
- empty into brachiocephalic veins
➢ Posterior intercostal veins
- drain blood from posterior thoracic wall
- drains into azygos vein on right side
➢ Hemiazygos vein
- receives blood from azygos vein of left side
VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
➢ Common iliac vein
- formed from external and internal iliacs
- empty into inferior vena cava
➢ External iliac vein
- drains blood from lower limbs
- empty into common iliac vein
➢ Internal iliac vein
- drains blood from pelvic region
- empties into common iliac vein
➢ Renal vein
- drains blood from kidneys
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
➢ Liver is a major processing center for substances
absorbed by intestinal tract.
➢ Portal system
- vascular system that begins with capillaries
in viscera and ends with capillaries in liver
- uses splenic vein and superior mesenteric
vein

VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMBS

➢ Brachial veins
- empty into axillary vein
➢ Cephalic veins
- empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
➢ Median cubital veins
- connects to cephalic vein
- near elbow

[refer to page 361]

VEINS OF THE THORAX

➢ Right and left brachiocephalic veins

- drain blood from thorax into superior vena
cava
MAJOR VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS BLOOD PRESSURE

➢ Femoral veins ➢ Blood pressure is the measure of force blood

- drain blood from thigh and empty into exerts against blood vessel walls.
external iliac vein ➢ Systolic pressure: contraction of heart
➢ Great saphenous veins ➢ Diastolic pressure: relaxation of heart
- drain from foot and empty into femoral vein ➢ Average Blood Pressure: 120/80
➢ Popliteal veins
- drain blood from knee and empty into
femoral vein
MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE CAPILLARY EXCHANGE

[refer to page 365]

PULSE PRESSURE

➢ Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic

and diastolic blood pressures.
- Example - 120 for systolic / 80 for diastolic;
pulse pressure is 40 mm Hg
- pulse pressure points can be felt near large
arteries

BODY LOCATIONS TO EVALUATE PULSES

1. At the arterial end of the capillary, the

movement of fluid out of the capillary due to
blood pressure is greater than the movement of
fluid into the capillary due to osmosis.
2. At the arterial end of the capillary, the
movement of fluid out of the capillary due to
blood pressure is greater than the movement of
fluid into the capillary due to osmosis.
3. At the arterial end of the capillary, the
movement of fluid out of the capillary due to
blood pressure is greater than the movement of
fluid into the capillary due to osmosis.

LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW

➢ Local control achieved by relaxation and

contraction of precapillary sphincters
➢ Sphincters relax blood flow increases
➢ Precapillary sphincters controlled by metabolic
needs of tissues
➢ Concentration of nutrients also control blood
flow
➢ Blood flow increases when oxygen levels
decrease
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE

➢ Most exchange across capillary wall’s occurs by

diffusion
➢ Blood pressure, capillary permeability and
osmosis affect movement of fluids across
capillary walls.
➢ Net movement of fluid from blood into tissues
➢ Fluid gained in tissues is removed by lymphatic
system

NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
➢ Vasomotor center
- sympathetic division
- controls blood vessel diameter
➢ Vasomotor tone
- state of partial constriction of blood vessels
- increase causes blood vessels to constrict
and blood pressure to go up
HORMONAL CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
➢ The sympathetic division also regulates
hormonal control of blood flow through the
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from
the adrenal medulla.
➢ In most blood vessels, these hormones cause
constriction, which reduces blood flow.
➢ In some tissues, such as skeletal muscle and
cardiac muscle, these hormones cause the blood
vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow.
NERVOUSE REGULATION OF BLOOD VESSELS
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
➢ An adequate blood pressure is required to
maintain blood flow through the blood vessels of
the body.
➢ Several regulatory mechanisms ensure that
blood pressure remains adequate for this task.
➢ Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a calculated
value that reflects an average arterial pressure in
various vessels of the body.
➢ The body’s MAP is equal to the cardiac output
(CO) times the peripheral resistance (PR).
➢ Cardiac output is equal to the heart rate (HR)
times the stroke volume (SV).
➢ Peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood
flow in all the blood vessels.
- MAP = CO × PR
➢ The MAP changes in response to changes in HR,
SV, or PR.
➢ The mean arterial pressure changes over our
lifetime.
➢ MAP is about 70 mm Hg at birth.
➢ It is maintained at about 95 mm Hg from
adolescence to middle age, and may reach 110
mm Hg in a healthy older person.
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
➢ Baroreceptor reflexes activate responses to
blood pressure in normal range
➢ Baroreceptors respond to stretch in arteries due
to increased pressure
➢ Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch
➢ Change peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke
volume in response to blood pressure
BARORECEPTOR REFLEX MECHANISM
 1. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic
arch monitor blood pressure.
2. Sensory nerves conduct action potentials to the
cardio regulatory and vasomotor centers in the
medulla oblongata.
3. Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
heart decreases the heart rate.
4. Increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release
increases the heart rate and stroke volume renin
5. Increased sympathetic stimulation of blood 2. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce
vessels increases vasoconstriction. angiotensin I
3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts
BARORECEPTOR EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE
angiotensin I to angiotensin II
[refer to page 372] 4. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
5. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
aldosterone
➢ Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in 6. Aldosterone acts on kidneys causes them to
blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and Ph conserve sodium and water
➢ Chemoreceptors are located in carotid bodies 7. Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure
and aortic bodies which lie near carotid sinuses maintained
and aortic arch [refer to page 375]
➢ They send action potentials along sensory nerve
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE MECHANISM
to medulla oblongata
[refer to page 373] 1. Nerve cells in hypothalamus release antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) when concentration of solutes
ADRENAL MEDULLARY MECHANISM
in plasma increases or blood pressure decrease
1. Stimuli increase sympathetic stimulation to 2. ADH acts of kidneys and they absorb more water
adrenal medulla (decrease urine volume)
2. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and 3. Result is maintaining blood volume and blood
norepinephrine into blood pressure
3. This causes increased heart rate and stroke
volume and vasoconstriction
4. Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal and
cardiac muscle
LONG-TERM CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE

[refer to page 377]

AGING AND BLOOD VESSELS

➢ Arteriosclerosis
- makes arteries less elastic
➢ Atherosclerosis
- type of arteriosclerosis
- from deposit of materials in artery walls
(plaque)
➢ Factors that contribute to atherosclerosis
- lack of exercise, smoking, obesity, diet high
in cholesterol and trans fats, some genetics