LESSON 8- DATA QUALITY

-Data quality- accurate, reliable data. Steps in applying LQAS

-Large companies:major concern is data
quality esp in the areas of customer
relationship management (CRM), data
integration, and regulation requirements.
-Aside from the fact that data quality
generates costs, it also affects customer
satisfaction, company reputation, and
even the strategic decisions of the
management. 
-To know how company is doing well-
obtain customer satisfaction survey.
ROUTINE DATA QUALITY
-Data quality: overall utility of a ASSESSMENT (RDQA)
dataset(s) as a function of its ability to -a simplified version of the Data Quality
be processed easily and analyzes for a Audit (DQA) which allows programs and
database, data warehouse or data projects to verify and assess the quality
analytics system.  of their reported data.
-it also aims to strengthen their data
-Aspects of Data Quality  management and reporting systems.
Accuracy, completeness, relevance, - using this would allow programs and
consistency, reliability, presentability, projects to verify and assess the quality
accessibility of data obtained. 
-good quality data is useful and -only effective when routinely used
consistent. 
-Data cleansing- increase or raise the Objectives of RDQA 
quality of available data. 

-LOT QUALITY ASSESSMENT

(LQAS ) 
- A tool allows the use of small random
samples to distinguish between different
groups of data elements (or lots) with
high and low data quality. 
-LQAS is used for quality assurance of
products
-by using LQAS, it makes your survey
more efficient because it’s easy to
perform. 
-The concept and application of LQAS
technique has been adopted in the
context of DISTRICT HEALTH -can do RDQ checking during planned
INFORMATION SYSTEM (DHIS) data supervision visits and service delivery
quality assurance  sites
- adopting and implementing LQAS in Example: DOH checking the BHW and
data health information system, it would BHC
involve designating health facilities,
monthly reports, sections of monthly Development Implementation Plan
reports, and group of data elements as -a project management tool that shows
'lots' to provide representative samples how a project will evolve at a high level
for data quality assurance of DHIS - Helps ensure that a development team
is working to deliver and complete tasks
-lots: designating health facilities, DHIS on time
monthly reports, sections of monthly
reports
-allows you to monitor how the team is
working to complete the various task
necessary for the completion of the
project.
1. Define goals and objectives
    2. Schedule milestones
    3. Allocate resources
    4. Designate team member
responsibilities  tools started to focus on Data Quality
    5. Define metrics for success
DATA QUALITY TOOLS
-analyze information and identifies
incomplete or incorrect data
-by maintaining data integrity, the
process enhances the reliability of the
information being used by a business
-determine the integrity of a data so that
they will be processed and becomes
reliable information.
-next is data cleansing: remove merged,
duplicate and, abnormalities of data.  -the aim is to improve the quality of the
1. Parcing and standardization-
refers to the decomposition of
fields into component parts and
formatting the values into
consistent layouts based on
industry standards and patterns
and user-defined business rules.  protocols and strategies to address
2. Generalized "cleansing"- means
the modification of data values to
meet domain restrictions,
constraints on integrity or other
rules that define data quality as
sufficient for the organization.  problem, the root cause can be
3. Matching- Is the identification and
merging related entries within or
across data sets
4. Profiling- refers to the analysis of
data to capture statistics or
metadata to determine the quality
of the data and identify data
quality issues.  -what actions are implemented to
5. Monitoring- the deployment of
controls to ensure conformity of
data to business rules set by the
organization
6. Enrichment- enhancing the value
of data by using related attributes
from external sources such as
consumer demographic attributes
or geographic descriptors.
 -more or less performed by a software
Application/Scope of Data Quality
tools
-first generation of data quality tools was
characterized by a dedicated data
cleansing tools designed to address
normalization and de-duplication. 
-Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) tools
which allow the optimization of the
alimentation process. Recently, these
Management (DQM), which generally
integrates profiling, parsing,
standardization, cleansing and matching
processes. 
-mas taas ang process and mas daghan
syag himuon to ensure completeness
ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
-a class of problem solving methods
aimed at identifying the root causes of
the problems or events instead of simply
addressing the obvious symptoms. 
products by using systematic ways in
order to be effective. 
-addresses the problem and aims to
improve quality of products and services
by using systematic ways to address a
problem in order to be effective. 
- The analysis will help develop
underlying issues and reduce future
errors
- ASK WHY 5 TIMES to determine the
strategies to address its root cause---
getting progressively deeper into the
strategically identified and tackled
 Failure mode and effect analysis
- a technique which is aimed to find
various modes for failure within a
system.
-how many times does a failure occur
prevent this cause from occurring
again?
-are the actions effective and efficient?
-FMEA is used when there is a new
product or process or when there are
changes or updatesin a product and
when a problem is reported through
customed feedback.
- the higher the results, the riskier it is or
sya ang  root cause of the problem. 
Pareto chart
- using pareto principle (20% of the work
creates 80% of the results)  -A rational process is intended to break
-when there are multiple potential
causes to a problem
-significant: few; insignificant: many
-bar graph
-daghan cause pero 2 ra ang main
cause sa problem
Fault tree Analysis
- uses boolean logic to determine the
root causes of an undesirable event.  4. Potential problem analysis- what
-This technique is usually used in risk
analysis and safety analysis
-shapes and symbols
-identify possible causes  Problem Diagnosis)
- 1 problem, daghan cause depende if
naay condition if mahapen together or
usa ra
-Exclusive Or gate- the output occurs if
exactly one input occurs.  members gather data and analyze
-Priority And gate- the output occurs if
the inputs occur in a specific sequence
specified by a conditioning event
-Inhibit gate- the output occurs if the
input occurs under an enabling condition
specified by a conditioning event
Current Reality Tree (CRT)  proper root cause was identified.
-analyzes a system at once
-it would be used when many problems
exist and you want to get to the root
causes of all the problems
-contains a lot of problems and identifies
only 1 root cause.
Fishbone or Ishikawa or Cause-and-
Effect diagrams
-it is a useful technique that will help you
in yohr root cause analysis. A fishbone
diagram will group causes into
categories including: people, materials,
measurements, machines, methods,
environmental, employee
-1 problem, identify causes, and
categorize the causes
Kepner-Tregoe Technique
-Rational process is intended to break a
problem down to its root cause
-This process begins with an appraisal
of the situation.
-where the problem is broken down to its
root cause by assessing a situation
using priorities and orders of concern for
specific issues.
a problem down to its root cause.
-complicated problems.
    1. Situation appraisal - what is going
on?
2. Problem analysis- why did it
happen
3. Decision analysis- what should we
do? 
lies ahead? 
Rapid Problem Resolution (RPR
 
-it deals with diagnosing the causes of
recurrent problems
1. Discover: data gathering and
analyzing of the findings. Team
their findings. 
2. Investigate- a diagnostic plan is
creates and the root cause is
identified through careful analysis
of the diagnostic data. 
3. Fix- the problem is fixed and
monitored to ensure that the
 
Sustaining a culture of information
uses
-if we do our decisions based of
evidences from the data and process it
as the information gathered, the better is
the decision and performance were able
to to do. 
-managers should consider taking the
pulse of information of their own
organizations. 
-reason y obtain data quality: use data
and process it as information and use as
basis for decision-making (evidence-
based decision-making).
-Evidence-based decision-making:
Ensures all decisions are based on
information obtained thru data collection
and ensuring that the data is of good
quality. 
Management plays an important role in
achieving information culture