August 11, 20220
Health
- The presence or absence of disease.
-men have a responsibility to take care of
themselves not to win life but to preserve life
"..state of being well and using every power
the individual possesses to the fullest extent" -
Florence Nightingale
state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity"
- WHO
Personal Definitions of Health:
Being free from symptoms of disease and
pain as much as possible.
Being able to be active and to do what they
want or must.
Being in good spirits most of the time
Education -
Health Education
- Is a process concerned with designing,
implementing and evaluating educational
programs that enable families, groups,
organizations and communities to play active
roles in achieving, protecting and sustaining
health.
-education is raising awareness
Government has health programs
-any combination of learning experiences
designed to facilitate voluntar
WELLNESS - a state of well-being
Basic aspects of wellness include:
*self-responsibility
*an ultimate goal
*a dynamic, growing process
*daily decision making in the areas of nutrition
*stress management
*physical fitness
*preventive health care
*emotional health
*whole being of the individual
Dimensions of Health
1. Physical – ability to carry out daily task,
achieve fitness
-maintain adequate nutrition and body fat
-avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using
tobacco products
-generally practice positive lifestyle habits
-combination of nutrition and physical ability
that will help to reduce chronic disease
2. Social – ability to interact successfully with
people and within the environment of which
each person is a part;
-to develop and maintain significant other
-and to develop respect and tolerance for
those with different opinions and belief
3. Emotional – ability to manage stress and
to express emotions appropriately
-people who are emotionally healthy can
control and handle their selves
4. Intellectual – ability to learn and use
information effectively for personal, family,
and career development
5. Spiritual - belief in some force (nature,
science, religion, or a high power)
-provide us with system of faith, values,
principle, belief, moral and ethics
6. Occupational - ability to achieve a balance
between work and leisure
7. Environment – ability to promote health
measures that improves the standard of
Disease – there is a pathologic change in the
structure or function of the body/mind
-inherited genetic defect
-developmental defects
-biologic agents/toxins
-physiologic and emotional reactions to stress
Illness- is the response of the person to a
disease
Models of Health and Illness
The Health Illness-Continuum
-measures a person’s level of health
– person's perceived level of wellness-illness
(pananaw nimo sa imong health)
-no boundary
-means complete range of health
-it’s your choice to be healthy or not
1. Agent-Host-Environment Model Leavell
and Clark (1965)
Agent – any environmental factor for illness to
occur
-lack of essentials nutrition
-chemical substance
Host – person(s) who may or may not be at
risk of acquiring a disease
-a living organism capable of being affected or
affected by an agent
Environment- all factors external to the host
that make illness more or less likely (climate,
living condition, cultural factors)
2. Health-Illness Continuum - measure a
person’s level of health
3. High-Level Wellness Model (Halbert Dunn
(1961)
- functioning to one’s maximum potential while
maintaining balance and a purposeful
direction in the environment
Wellness - is a more active state oriented
toward maximizing the potential of the
individual, regardless of his state of health
Good health - a passive state wherein the
person is not ill
4. Health Belief Model (Rosenstuck, 1974)
*insert picture*
5. Health Promotion Model (Pender, 2002)
-illustrates how people interact with their
environment as they pursue health
-incorporates: (individual characteristics,
experiences, behavior-specific knowledge and
beliefs)
Major Areas of Risk Factors
Age
- School aged children are at high risk for
communicable diseases.
- After menopause women are more likely to
develop cardiovascular disease.
Genetic Factors
- A family Hx of cancer, DM, predisposes a
person to developing the disease.
Physiologic Factors
- Obesity increases the possibility of heart
disease.
- Pregnancy places increased risk on both the
mother & the developing fetus
Health Habits
- Smoking increases the probability of lung
cancer
-everyone has the right to a standard of
living adequate for the health and well-
being of himself and his family (food,
clothing, housing, medical care)
2.Phil. Constitution of 1987

- Poor nutrition can lead to a variety of health -the state shall adopt an integrated and
problems comprehensive approach to health.
Development which shall endeavor to
Lifestyle make essential goods and other social
- Multiple sexual relationships increase the service to all at affordable cost.
risk for STI 2. World Health Organization (1995)
- Events that increase stress may precipitate -believes that governments have a
accidents or illness responsibility for the health of their
Environment people which can be fulfilled only by the
provision of adequate health and social
- Working & living environments may measures.
contribute to disease.
3 basic positive concepts
a. Reflecting concern for the individual
"Health as Basic Human Right!"
as a total person
1. Universal Declaration of Human b. Placing health, in the context of
Rights Article 25, Sec.1 environment
c. Equating health, with productive and
creative living
August 13,2020
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
Introduction and Concepts
-The world’s most information-intense
industry
-Complexity and uncertainties inherent
in the sector - (may complications pa rin),
mahirap I extract ang information from
remote areas
-”Glue” that links health information to
the health care delivery system, all the
information ay important at kailangan I
manage to decide for a physician
Point of Care Testing (POCT) in the hospital
example is glucometer so instead that the
patient will go to the doctor or laboratory,
the patient itself can use it without going to
the hospital
Another example is 911, before arriving to
the hospital the 911 team will gather
information on their way and will manage it
-Critically necessary tool - naga store,
transmit
-BUT NOT SUFFICIENT for ensuring
effective management support – we need
people to man the technology
Disadvantage: pwede ma hack
-strongly influence quality and efficiency
of health care;
if naa kay high quality na technology the
faster the results will be given
-technical progress offers advanced
opportunities to support health care
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH
CARE?
1.Information Procssing
a. Important quality factor, but an
enormous cost factor
(productivity cost) - if you want a
high quality results the you should
spend
b. Should offer a holistic view of the
patient and of the hospital -
relationship between the nurse,
patient, and health care in the
hospital and also consider the
wellness that leads to the patient’s
recovery
c. MEMORY and NERVOUS of the
hospital - analogy for the
brain/nervous system for health
information system and the body as
the human resources in the hospital
Effects of Information System
Examples:
a. Incorrect reports – may lead to
erroneous and even harmful
treatment decisions
b. Repeated Examinations of Lost
Findings – have to be searched, and
the cost of health care may increase
c. Information should be documented
adequately – enabling health care
professional to accesss the
information needed and to make
sound decisions
“In general clinic patient-related
information should be available ON
TIME, and should be UP-TO-DATE and
VALID”
NOTE:
 Information processing as a cost
factor:
2007 data:
-States o OECD spent between 6% and
15% of their total gross domestic product for
health care
-Computer-based (from the machine itself,
Laboratory Information System (LIS), and
non-computer-based information (log book
lang)
Then I transport ang information sa different
wards ng hospital (LIS-HIS)
 Information as a productivity
factor
21t century – century of information
technology or information society
Informatics and information and
communication technology (ICT) are playing
a key role
PRODUCTIVITY = ratio of output and input
Hospital based productivity = ratio of
number of cases and full-time employees
 Holistic View of the patient
“Information processing in a hospital should
offer a comprehensive, holistic view of the
patient and the hospital.”
HOLISTIC- have complete picture of the
care of a patient available, independent of a
health care institutions and hospital
departments in which the patient has been
or will be treated.
-The holistic view can reduce undesired
consequences of highly specialized
medicine with various departments and
health care professionals involved in patient
care.
mutual understand from one laboratory to
the other laboratory naa na silay gipirmahan
HIS as MEMORY and NERVOUS SYSTEM
-comprising the information processing and
storage in a hospital to a certain extent can
be compared to the information processing
of a human being
-Also receives, transmits, processes, stores
and present information
Heath Institutions and Information
Processing
-A paper-based patient record archive as
one information storing part of the hospital's
memory and nervous system
-Snapshot in a server room of a hospital
showing the computer-based nerve cords of
the hospital’s memory and nervous system
Information and Communication
Technology
1. Impact on quality of care
-computer-supported information systems
+clinical documentation and knowledge-
based decision support system
LEADS to: progress on costs and quality of
information processing in health care
2. Impact on economics
ICT worldwide market volume is nearly 2.5
trillion euro in 2009 with a growth rake of
about 5% per year
-major factor for quality and efficiency of
health care
-ICT in health care also emerged to a
leading industry
-Increase in economic relevance (in health
care)
Changing health care
1. Computer-based tools and
Computer-based trainings
2. Computer-based do0cumentation
3. Decision Support Tools
4. Communication using technology