HEALTH, WELLNESS AND ILLNESS
WHAT IS HEALTH?
• - Presence or absence of disease.
• - A state of being well and using every
power the individual possesses to the
fullest extent. (Florence Nightingale,
1860/1969)
• - A state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity.
(WHO)
• - Individuals’ views of health vary
among different cultural orientations
(Pender et al.,2015)
• - Conceptualized health as the ability to
maintain normal roles. (Talcott Parsons)
• - Health and illness are human
experiences. The presence of illness
does not preclude health, nor does
optimal health preclude illness. (ANA)
OTHER DEFINITION OF HEALTH
• Being free from symptoms of disease
and pain as much as possible
• Being able to be active and to do what
they want or must
• Being in good spirits most of the time.
WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING
- Wellness is a state of well-being
- Basic aspects of wellness include self-
responsibility; an ultimate goal; a
dynamic, growing process; daily
decision making in the areas of
nutrition, stress, management, physical
fitness, preventive health care, and
emotional health; and most
importantly, the whole being of the
individual.
7 COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
• Environmental- ability to promote
health measures that improve the
standard of living in the community.
• Social- ability to interact successfully
with people and within the
environment of which each person is a
part, develop and maintain intimacy
with significant others, and to develop
respect and tolerance for those with
different opinions and beliefs.
• Emotional- ability to manage stress and
to express emotions appropriately.
• Physical- ability to carry out daily tasks,
achieve fitness, maintain adequate
nutrition and proper body fat, avoid
abusing drugs and alcohol or using
tobacco products, and generally
practice positive lifestyle habits
• Spiritual- belief in some force (nature,
science, religion, or a higher power)
that serves to unite human beings and
provide meaning and purpose to life. It
includes a persons’ own morals, values,
and ethics.
• Intellectual- ability to learn and use
information effectively for personal,
family, and career development.
• Occupational- ability to achieve a
balance between work and leisure time.
5 MODELS OH HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Models can be helpful in assisting health
professionals to meet the health and
wellness needs of individuals.
• Clinical Model- people are viewed as
physiological systems with related
functions, and health is defined by the
absence of signs and symptoms of
disease or injury. It is considered the
state of not being “sick’.
• Role Performance Model- health is
defined in terms of an individual’s
ability to fulfill societal roles, that is, to
perform his or her work.
• Adaptive Model- health is a creative
process; disease is a failure in
adaptation, or maladaptation. The aim
is to restore the ability of a person to
adapt, that is, to cope.
• Eudaimonistic Model- incorporates a
comprehensive view of health. health is
seen as a condition of actualization or
realization of person’s potential.
• Agent-Host-Environment Model- also
called as ecologic model. This is used
primarily in predicting illness rather
than in promoting wellness, although
identification of risk factors that result
from the interactions of agent, host,
and environment are helpful in
promoting and maintaining health.
• Agent- any environment factor
or stressor (biologic, chemical,
mechanical, physical, or
psychosocial) that by its
presence or absence can lead to
illness or disease.
• Host- person(s) who may or
may not be at risk of acquiring a
disease. Family history, age, and
lifestyle habits influence the
host’s reaction
• Environment- all factors
external to the host that may or
may not predispose the person
to the development of disease.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• A model is a theoretical way of
understanding a concept or idea.
Models represent different ways of
approaching complex issues.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
The HBM helps you understand factors
influencing patients’ perceptions, beliefs,
and behavior to plan care that will most
effectively help patients maintain or restore
health and prevent illness.
• First component involves the
individual’s perception of susceptibility
to an illness.
• Second component is an individual’s
perception of seriousness of the illness.
This perception is influenced and
modified by demographic and
sociopsychological variables, perceived
threats of the illness, and cues to action.
• Third component is the likelihood that a
person will take preventive action. This
component results from a person’s
perception of the benefits of and
barriers to taking action.
Individual Perceptions
• Perceived susceptibility- one’s
belief regarding the chance of
getting a given condition
• Perceived severity/ seriousness-
one’s belief regarding the
seriousness of a given condition
HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
• HPM is proposed by Pender (1982;
revised, 1992) was designed to be a
“complementary counterpart to models
of health protection”
• Health promotion is directed at
increasing a patient’s level of being.

• Perceived threat- combination of

both to determine the total
perceived threat of an illness to a
specific individual

Modifying factors

• Demographic variables

• Sosiopsychological variables

• Structural variables

• Cues to action

Likelihood to action
• Perceived benefits to action-
one’s belief in the ability of an
advised action to reduce the
health risk or seriousness of a
given condition
• Perceived barriers to action-
one’s belief regarding the
tangible and psychological costs
of an advised action
FOCUSED ON HEALTH PROMOTION
- Prevention of chronic health problems
- Improve quality of life
- Positive motivation
- Provide a foundation for nursing
- Long term benefits
- Health preventive measures and health
promoting behaviors

6 CONSTRUCTION OF HBM HOLISTIC HEALTH MODELS

 Perceived susceptibility • Health care has begun to take a more

 Perceived severity holistic view of health by considering
 Perceived benefit emotional and spiritual well-being and
 Perceived barriers other dimensions of an individual to be
 Perceived action important aspects of wellness.
 Cues to action • Holistic health model of nursing
 Self-efficacy attempts to create conditions that
promote a patient’s optimal level of
health
• In this model nurses using the nursing
process consider patients to be the
ultimate experts concerning their own
health and respect patients’ subjective
experience as relevant in maintaining
health or assisting in healing
• Holistic health or holistic healing is
often defined as a form of healing that
looks at the whole person:
VARIABLES INFLUENCING HEALTH AND HEALTH
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- Internal variables
- Developmental stage/ Biological
Dimension
- Intellectual Background / Cognitive
Dimension
- Spiritual factors
- Emotional/ Psychological Dimension
- Perception of functioning
- External variables
- Family practices
- Environment
- Standards of Living
- Psychosocial Social Support
HEALTH PROMOTION, WELLNESS AND
ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Health Promotion- any combination of
health education and related
organizational, economic, and
environmental supports for behavior,
groups, or communities conducive to
health. (Green and Kreuter, 1991)
• “Enables people to increase control
over their own health. It covers a wide
range of social and environmental
interventions that are designed to
benefit and protect individual people’s
health and quality of life by addressing
and preventing the root causes of ill
health, not just focusing on treatment
and cure. (WHO)
• Behavior motivated by the desire to
increase well-being and actualize
human health potential.
• Illness prevention- motivate people to
avoid a decline in health or functional
levels.
LEVELS OF PREVENTION

• Primary Prevention- prevention of

problems before they occur. True
prevention.

• Secondary Prevention- Early detection

and prevention

• Tertiary Prevention- Correction and

prevention of deteriorating of a disease
state.