Definition of

Terms
HEALTH
• State of complete physical mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
(World Health Organization)

• An individual adapts to changes in internal and external

environment to maintain a state of well-being. (Patricia
Potter and Anne Pervy, 1993)

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WELLNESS
× Is the condition in which all parts subparts of an individual
are in harmony with the whole system. (Newman)
× Is a choice; a process; efficient handling of energy,
integration of body, mind, and spirit, and loving acceptance
of self. (Travis and Ryan 1988)

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Illness
× Is a highly personal state in which the person feels
unhealthy or ill.
• Acute Illnes-usually of short duration and is severse.
Symptoms appear abruptly and often subside after a
relatively short period, may affect functioning in any
dimension.
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• Chronic Illness-persists, usually longer than 6 months and
can also affect functioning in any dimension. Client may
fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious health
relapse that may be life threatening.

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DIMENSION
OF
WELLNESS
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Physical Dimension
• Encourages regular physical activity, cardiovascular
flexibility and strength, knowledge about food and nutrition,
medical self-care and appropriate use of the medical system.

• It discourage excessive us of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol.

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Emotional Dimension
• Focuses on the degree to which a person feels positive
about the self and enthusiastic about life.
• It emphasizes awareness and acceptance of one’s feelings,
the capacity to manage one’s feelings.

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• The ability to cope effectively with stress, the ability
to maintain satisfying relationships with others, and
the assessment and acceptance of one’s limitations.

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Social Dimension
• Focuses on the interdependence with others and
nature, develop of harmony in the family, and
contribution to the welfare of the human and environment
community.

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Intellectual Dimension
• Encourage stimulating and creative mental activities and
the use of available community resources to expand one’s
knowledge and increase the potential for sharing with others.

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Spiritual Dimension
• Involves seeking meaning and purpose in human life.
MODELS OF
HEALTH AND
ILLNESS

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- A model is a theoretical way of understanding a concept
or idea.

- Models represent different ways of approaching complex

issues.
- Because health and illness are complex concepts,
models are used to understand the relationships between
these concept and the clients attitudes toward health and
health behavior.

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Health beliefs are a person’s ideas, conviction, and
attitudes about health and illness. They may be based
on factual information or misinformation, common sense
or myths, or reality or false expectations.

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A. Positive Health Behaviors- are activities relate to maintaining,
attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness.

Example: Immunization proper sleep patterns, adequate

exercise, and nutrition.

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B. Negative Health Behaviors- includes practices actually
or potentially harmful to health, such as smoking, drug or
alcohol abuse, poor diet and refused to take.

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 HEALTH-
ILLNESS
CONTINUUM
MODEL
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• According to this model health is a dynamic state that
fluctuates as a person adapts to changes in the internal and
external environments to maintain a state of physical,
emotional,

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intellectual, social, development, and spiritual well being.

• Illness is a process in which the functioning of a person is

diminished or impaired in one or more dimensions when
compared with persons previous condition.

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• According to Newman (1990), “health on a continuum is the
degree of client wellness that exist at any point in time, ranging
from a optimal wellness condition, with available energy at it’s
maximum, to death, which represents total energy depiction.”

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 HEALTH
BELIEF MODEL

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Rosenstoch’s (1974) and Becker and Mainman’s (1975)
-Addresses the relationship between a person’s belief and
behaviors.

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It provides a way of understanding and predicting how clients
will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply
with health care therapies.

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 THIS MODEL
HAS 3
COMPONENTS:
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1st- Involves the individual perception of susceptibility to an
illness.

2nd- Is the individual perception of the seriousness of the

illness.

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3rd- the likelihood that a person will take preventive action-
results from the person’s perception of the benefit and barriers
of taking action.

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 HEALTH
PROMOTION
MODEL
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-Proposed by Pender (1982, 1993, 1996) was designed
to be “a complimentary counter part to models of health
protection.”

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-Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s
level of well-being.

-Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as

they interact within the environment to pursue health.

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 THE MODEL
FOCUSES ON
THE FOLLOWING
THREE AREAS:

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(1)Client’s cognitive perceptual factors (individual
perceptions)
(2)Modifying factors (demographic and social)
(3)Participation of (likehood of action.)

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 LEAVELL AND CLARK’S AGENT-HOST-
ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL (ECOLOGIC MODEL)

• Used primarily in predicting illness rather than in

promoting wellness, although identification of risk factors
that result from the interaction of agent-host-environment
are helpful in promoting and maintaining health

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1. AGENT
• Any environmental factors or stressor (biological,
chemical, mechanical, physical, or absence) can
lead to illness or diseases
e.g., lack of essential nutrition
2. HOST
• Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring
a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits
influence, the host’s reaction

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3. ENVIRONMENT
• All factors external to the host that may or may not
predispose the person to the development of
disease.
• Physical environment includes climate, living
conditions, sound levels and economic level.

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• Social environmental includes interactions with others
and life events, such as the death of a spouse.

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 PICTURE OF
AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENTAL TRIANGLE

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HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUA
• Used to measures a person’s level of health
• Views health as a constantly changing state with
high level wellness and death on opposite sides of
continuum.
• Illustrate the dynamic state of health
PICTURE OF THE HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM

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 Dunn’s High-Level Wellness Grid

PICTURE OF DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID

What is Illness Behavior?

- Illness behavior is the belief that one is threatened

by illness and in need of protective action including
medical care.

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 Following are stages of IllnessBehavior:

Symptoms experience- is the perception of frequency,

intesnsity, distress, and meaning of symptoms as they are
produced.a

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 Assumption of the Sick Role
- The sick person receives social support from others.

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Medical Care Contact
- In this stage the client seeks expert acknowledgement
of the illness as well as the treatment.

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 Dependent Client Role
-The clients depends on healthcare professionals for the
relief of symptoms.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
-This stage can arrive suddenly, such as when the
symptoms appeared.
Levels of Prevention:

*Primary Prevention
*Secondary Prevention
*Tertiary Prevention

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 Factors Affecting Health:

A. Political-involves one’s leadership how he/she rule,

manages and involves other people in decision
making.

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1. Safety- is the condition of being free from
harm,injury, and loss.

2. Oppression-unjust or cruel exercise of authority or

power.

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3. Political Will- determination to pursue something
which is in interest of the majority.

4. Empowerment-the ability of a person to do

something.
B. Cultural-relating to the representation of non-
physical traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes, and
customs sahred by a group a group of people and
passed from one generation to the next.
1. Practices- a customary action usually done to
maintain or promote health.

2. Beliefs- state or habit of mine wherein a group of

people place a trust into something or a person.

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C. Heredity- the genetic transmission of traits from parents to
offspring; genetically determined.

D. Environment- sum total of all conditions and elements that

make up the surrounding and influence the development of an
individual.

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E. Socio- Economic- refers to the production activities,
distribution and consumption of goods and individuals.

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Levels of Health Care

1. Promotive- the act of promoting or to promote

something.

2. Preventive- serving to ward of harm, disease, or

giving precautionary measures.

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3. Curative- relating to the cure or remedy of diseases.

4. Rehabilitative- to restore or make one capable of

becoming a useful member of society.