‘TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION BASIC ELECTRICITY Electricity -is the movement or flow of electrons, protons and neutrons in a conductor Electrons - negatively charged particles, Protons - positively charged particles. Neutrons = uncherged particles Charge = is the pressureforcelpotential diference that enables something to move. ‘The Law of Attraction and Repulsion states that “Like poles repel while unlike poles attract.” ‘The Law of Conservation expiains that energy is neither created nor destroyed but conserved. How Electricity Works: * Proton and Neutrons are bounded at the region called the nucleus or the center of the atom. These are heavier in mass than the electrons. * Electrons move around the nucleus on the path called orbital shells, othe outermost shell is called the valence shell where: loosely bound electrons are found. The movement of valence electrons in @ conductor is the essence of elacric curent ® Conductors - are materials with very_low resistance and thus, garmi's the flow of current Good Conductors: Silver, Copper, Aluminum, Zinc, Brass and Insulators - are meters with very high ‘resistance hence, does not easily allow the flow of electric current. Good Insulators: Dry air, glass, ceramics, mica, rubber and plesstics. Sources of Electricity: |. Mechanically generated electicity ') Geothermal Energy b) Hydropower (two-way and one-way current) ©) Soler Eneroy @) Wind Power Ik Cheriical Source a) Coal Energy ) Nuclear Energy c) Natural Gas d) Biomass Energy 6) Electric cells or battery Kinds of Electricity I Statis Electricty ~ electricity at rast and is generated through fiction. IL Dynamic Electricity - electricity in motion. Types of Electric Current: + Direct Current (DC) - the flow of election in the anductor is in only one direction trom negative pole throug’ an electrical device to the positive pole. The direction end intensity of the current is. constant against time Methods of Causing Direct Current: A. Chemical - chemical energy is converted to electrical energy’ by the use of primary cell. Voltait Gell or Battery - an acid reects with the metal tlocircdes to generate electromotive force such as when & Chemical energy is Converted to electricity in dry calls, wet calls, and batteries. B. Photoelectric - when a negative ior-rch photosensitive ‘material lke slicon is struck or exposed tolght, it releases electrons and produces direct current. Popularly known as solar cel, | ©. Thermo coupling - by coupling afd heating two negative ionich thermally sensitive materia, electrons dre released causing electron flow with high temperature in ‘one of the junctions. I 2 alternating Current - the flow of electron changes. Zitrnatay, Rrone moment it goes postive anc then it goss negative and so on as a cycle. | 1 Cycle or 1 Hertz - one complete positive and negative movement of the electric wave. | Frequency ~ refers to the number of performed in one second. Methods of causing Altemating Current: A. By Induction - the most useful methpa of generating ‘lectvicity. When a wire passes through an electromagnetic field, the electromagnetic field induces electricity. B Magnetic - use of magnet to go back and forth or to rotate inside a col rotates around @ magnbt C. Piezoelectric Effect - this method works when crystal or quarts or ceramic meterial are sandwiched between two metal plates and pressure is applied, it generates electricity Properties of Electricity: 4.GURRENT - is the intensity or flow of electrons in conductor. Unit of measurement: Ampere (A or }) 2. VOLTAGE - is the electromotive foreg that enables or Dushes the electrons to flow in a conductos toward @ certain direction, Unit of measurement: Vott (V of €) 3. RESISTANCE - is the force that opobses the flow of electrons, Urit of measurement: Ohm (R br £2) 4, POWER - it is the total measure of plete cycles ‘cal energy consumed in a circuit. Unit of measurement: Watt (P) i ‘OHMS LAW. Current Is directly proportional to vol proportional to resistance, Where: Applied Vplage in Volts Current injAmpere.~ R-Resistanct in Ohm | | (ocompute: (eo compute, and inversely. rvottage) 5 resistance) current) (eo compute 4. Current (1) is directly proportional to vo} 2. Current (\)'s inversely proportional to POWER in WATTS ge (E) sistance (R). = power in wats | ren in amperes voltage in volts Pp P=IxE PxR P=EIR | MAGNETISM - any thing that attracts Steel or iron is a magnet and this attraction ability is called megnetism. “these materials are called ferromagnetic, ELECTROMAGNETISM - is the produttion of magnetic field by a current in conductor. | Any piece of iron or metal can be made|as electromagnet by winding an insulated copper wire around it and allow ‘current to pass through the wire. CIRCUIT - the route where the current flows. = is the complete flow of current through 2 conductor or path from the source to the load and back to the source. TLE} Basic BlectrcityParts of an Eleotric Circuit: 1. Source - provides electrical power to the circuit. 2, Load - an electrical device usually an appliance, lights 6 any equipment connected to the circuit thet consumes power or electricity 3. Controv/Switch - an electrical device that tums the current ON and OFF conveniently, 4, Path - a conductor composed of two or more lines that provide passage for electric current from the source to the load, CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS 1. SERIES CIRCUIT - loads are connected end to end ath of current ina single closed loop hen two ot more resistors are connesiéd in| series, the fotal resistance isthe sum of all the resistances! in the circuit | Rroat= Ry + Re + Ry + Ry | ‘Rule 2: The total voltage in series circuit is the sum of all jindividuat voltage drops of the toads. Ero = Ey + Ep + Ey Ey [Rule 3: The current following in a series circuit is the same} lor constan: | \ Trott = f= Ie = hy = ly | [Rule &The tol pover in sve cul is he sum of ine \ J individual power consumption of each load in the circuit 5, Overloaded Circuit - when the totel current flowing in the circuit is more than the current capacity or ampacily of the conductor of the branch circuit, Fuse - an overcurrent protective device with a circuit Ee ey rele ren Sear ees eee tailed ier tat ear) from one focation. | pe igercunliginn areas lear ene ee Soro ea 1. Cross-Sectional Area - the smaller the wire the higher is the resistance. The bigger the wire the}lower is the Meee eer cy ‘The shorter the wire, the lower is the resistar 3. Materials - silver, copper and alumindim are best ae resistance. ete a Rae 4. Temperature | 2, PARALLEL CIRCUIT loads are connected side by side Wires and Cables: i, i geross the path of current. The current flowing in each /ms 14 AWG - for ighting fixtures and circuit Incwiiee Wike 6a branch is independent from each other that when one 2+)» #12 AING - circuit for convenience outlets | branch or load apens, the other toads will stil function, 3. 5~ #8 AWG - Cable for service entrance Rule 4: Ths resistance in parallel circuits the reciprocal of “= Light Fixtures ‘the sum of the reciprocals of all the branches, The total resistance is always lower than the lowest velue in the Circuit once the resistance decreases. en 1 1 pis ig Sieve Row Ry RR R, Ines se on two reali of forever Bux RAR Rule 2: The voltage in parallel cirouitis always equal to the Voltage drop in each lone = Ey =By=S8-8, Rute 3: The current in parallel circuit is distributed in every branch. The total current is the sum of the currents of each branch Lehth+l, 1, Rule 4: The tote power consumed in the circuit is the sum of all the power consumed by each branch. B=P+P,4P, P, 3. SERIES-PARALLEL - used when it is necessary to Provide the various amounts of current and voltages at Gifferent paints of the circuit using only one source of supply voltage. CONDITIONS OF A CIRCUIT 4. Short Circuit - when uninsuiated conductors from line 1 and line 2 f a circuit come into contact with each other without pas sing any [oad or when the resistance of the load becomes unnecessarily low. 2. Open Circuit - when the flow of currant in a citcuit is incomplete or when the circutt is switched OFF. 3. Closed Circuit - when ihere is @ complete flow of current in a circuit or when the circuit is switched ON. 4. Grounded Circuit - when one un-insulated conductor in a circuit touches the metal part of the appliance. It causes voltage drain and may cause electrocution when touched by an un-insulated individual, 4. Task Lighting - used to iluninate the area where a visual activity such as reading, sewing, or preparing foods, 2. Accent Lighting - itis primarily decorative is consist largely of directional ight, but is used to focus attention on artwork, highlight architectural features or set a mood. 3. Ambient or General Lighting - provides a level of light appropriate to such activities as watching tolevisions of entertaining House Wiring 4. Schematic Diagram - shows the possible flow of circuit using electrical symbols. 2. Wiring Diagram - ilustrates actual wire connections. | Line Diagram — use of single line (o represent ‘connections for outlet and receptacles PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE LOAD & SIZE USEFULL FORMULA’S: tage EN) | T +